How Constantinople Really Fell in 1453 | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back. 
My weary friends that are eager 

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to get some good quality rest. 
Tonight, you will walk through 

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one of history's most famous 
sieges but not as you might 

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expect. 
We will move slowly through the 

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spring of 1453 feeling the 
weight of those ancient walls, 

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smelling the Harbour air and 
understanding how a 1000 year 

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old city finally changed hands. 
If you are new here or haven't 

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had the chance to get into the 
community more for this type of 

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content, daily feel free to 
follow, leave a good review on 

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our content within the app and 
please let me know how your day 

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was and what time it is for you.
Now be sure to get cozy dim 

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those lights and let's begin. 
The year is 1453 and 

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Constantinople stood for more 
than a millennium as the Jewel 

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of the Byzantine Empire. 
Its massive walls of turned, 

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back armies for centuries but 
this spring will be different. 

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A young ottoman Sultan named 
mehmed. 

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The second has brought something
new to these ancient stones. 

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The city's long stories about to
reach its final chapter. 

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You stand on the land walls of 
Constantinople on a morning in 

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early April and the stone 
Beneath Your Hands still holds 

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the chill of winter. 
Sun rises over Asia behind you 

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warming the back of your neck, 
while the Western Horizon stays 

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dim. 
These walls have been here 

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longer than most kingdoms. 
They were already ancient when 

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your grandparents were young. 
The triple line of 

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fortifications runs from the sea
of mamara to the Golden Horn, 

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cutting across the peninsula, 
like a promise carved. 

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In Limestone, the outermost wall
stands, low and thick meant to 

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slow attackers and keep Siege 
engines at a distance. 

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Behind it, rises a second, wall 
taller, and more substantial 

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behind that. 
The great in a wall Towers 40 

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feet, high studded with 96 
towers that catch the Morning 

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Light. 
Each Tower could hold a small 

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Garrison each section of wall 
could stop an army. the entire 

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system is nearly four miles long
and every inch of it has a story

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You have walked these walls, 
your entire life. 

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You know which stones are 
original laid down by the 

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emperor. 
Theodosius almost 1000 years 

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ago, you know which sections 
were prepared after earthquakes,

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after sieges, after the simple 
erosion of centuries. 

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The mortar between some Stones 
is Roman. 

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The patches on others are 
Byzantine. some repairs are so 

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recent you remember watching the
Masons at work their hammers, 

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tapping steadily in the 
afternoon Heat The towers rise 

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at regular intervals, each one 
slightly different from its 

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neighbors, some are square. 
Some are octagonal Each has 

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firing slits at different 
heights, Arrow Loops that look 

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out over the killing ground 
between the walls. 

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You know, which Towers have the 
best views you know which ones 

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leak when it rains you know 
which ones have pigeons nesting 

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in the upper chambers the city 
behind you holds perhaps 50,000 

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people. 
Now once it held half million 

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The population has been dropping
for Generations, as presenting 

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territory shrank as trade route 
shifted, as the Empire that once

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controlled the Mediterranean, 
the Empire that controlled 14 

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miles of wall and whatever lay 
inside them. 

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But the walls remain the same 
size and closing neighborhoods 

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that have returned to Gardens 
and Orchards. 

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In some quarters, you can walk 
for blocks and see only ruins 

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churches with their roofs gone, 
palaces empty, except for birds.

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Other neighborhoods are crowded 
and vital markets. 

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Full of noises workshops 
producing silk and metal work, 

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and the things are City needs to
survive. 

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The message the Great Central 
Street runs from the Golden Gate

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to the Imperial Palace. 
It was once lined with columns 

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and statues shops selling goods 
from three continents crowd. 

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So thick you could barely move 
Now, sections of it, nearly 

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empty. 
Some of the columns remained and

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leaning slightly. 
Some of the shops are still 

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open, but others have wooden 
shutters nailed across their 

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doors, locked for years or 
decades. 

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Yet they may see still 
functions, people still walk it 

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for a moment. 
Everything is still Market still

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operate. 
A city finds ways to continue 

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even as it shrinks you can see 
the Golden Horn from your 

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position on the wall that 
perfect natural Harbours that 

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curves along the northern edge 
of the city, like a scythe. 

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The water is calm this morning, 
reflecting the pale sky. 

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A massive chain stretches across
the Harbour mouth supported by 

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floating logs. 
Each link has thick as a man's 

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die. 
The chain has been there for 

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weeks now, ever since word came 
that the Ottomans were preparing

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for war. 
It is thick enough that you 

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could walk across it if you had 
good balance and no sense of 

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self-preservation. 
It is the sort of defensive 

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measure that makes perfect sense
until you think about what it 

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means. if you need a chain that 
large to keep enemies out you're

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expecting serious enemies, the 
genoese colony of Galata sits 

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across the Golden Horn from 
Constantinople. 

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Proper technically neutral 
practically useful to whoever 

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pays the customs fees. 
The general is a Merchants above

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all else, they will trade with 
Byzantium, they will trade with 

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the Ottomans, they will trade 
with anyone who has gold and 

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goods. 
Right now, they are maintaining 

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a polite fiction of neutrality 
while fortifying their own walls

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and watching to see which way 
the wind blows. 

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You can see their watchtowers 
from here and you can 

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construction the stones still 
pale. 

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Where is not yet? 
Whether your Emperor is 

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Constantine, the 11th a man in 
his 40s, who inherited a throne 

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that once ruled the 
Mediterranean, but now rules 

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those 14 miles of wall, he is 
the last of a dynasty that 

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traces back, more than 1,000 
years through bizantine Emperors

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to the Romans Seasons 
themselves. 

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The weight of that history sits 
on his shoulders, like a 

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physical thing, he's not a bad 
Emperor, he is simply the 

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Emperor of not very much. 
He has perhaps 7,000 offenders a

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mix of presenting citizens who 
can hold a spear January's 

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volunteers under the command of 
Giovanni justiniani and a few 

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hundred trained soldiers, who 
have seen real Combat against 

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what is coming? 
It will not be enough. everyone 

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knows this, the math is simple 
and brutal but nobody says it 

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out loud because saying it makes
it real The harbor smells of 

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salt and tar and fish guts. 
Drying on the docks. 

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The city smells of bread baking 
and communal. 

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Ovens of charcoal fires of 
horse, dung, and human waste. 

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And the particular Center of Old
Stone that has absorbed a 

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thousand years of human life. 
Incense drifts from churches? 

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Where Services have been held 
every day, since the buildings 

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were consecrated? 
Some of these churches are 600 

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years old, summon newer, all of 
them smell the same, beeswax and

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mirror and the accumulated 
prayers of centuries, the Hagia 

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Sophia dominates the skyline, 
his great Dome visible from 

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anywhere in the city. 
A reminder of what 

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Constantinople once was and what
it still believes itself to be. 

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The church was built by the 
emperor, Justinian, 900 years 

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ago. 
And The Story Goes that when it 

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was completed for a moment, 
everything is still just Indian 

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looked up at the Dome and said 
he had surpassed Solomon. 

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Whether or not that happened, 
the Dome is remarkable. 

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It seems to float above the 
Interior Space held up by light 

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rather than Stone. 
On sunny days, the light from 

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the windows circles, the base of
the Dome like a crown of Fire. 

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You have heard the stories, all 
your life. 

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How the city has been besieged? 
More than 20 times and has never

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fallen how the Virgin Mary 
herself protects these walls, 

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how the Arab armies tried for 
years to take Constantinople and

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failed every time. 
How previous ottoman Sultans 

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laid Siege in gave up how the 
walls are in pregnant of all 

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blessed, invincible. the older 
people tell these stories with 

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confidence, their voices steady,
their faith unshakeable The 

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younger ones, listen and wonder 
and try to believe the Farms 

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outside. 
The walls are being abandoned 

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now. 
Families are moving inside, 

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bringing what they can carry 
driving their animals ahead of 

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them. 
You watch them arrive every day,

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a farmer with two cows, and a 
cart full of belongings, a 

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family carrying bundled 
possessions on their backs, an 

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old woman leading a donkey, they
come through the gates, looking 

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exhausted and frightened and 
soldiers, direct them to empty 

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buildings where they can 
shelter. 

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Suburbs are emptying. 
Everyone who can reach the walls

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is coming inside. 
Because staying outside means 

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being in the path of what 
approaches from the West. 

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You can feel it coming, even 
though you cannot see it yet. 

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The roads are too quiet. 
The normal traffic of merchants 

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and travelers has stopped 
completely. 

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No, Caravans arrived. 
From the interior know, farmers 

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bring produce from the 
countryside. 

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The world beyond the walls has 
gone silent. 

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In a way that makes your skin 
prickle. 

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A generous Merchant arrives, one
evening, his horse layered and 

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blowing hard. 
He tells you, he has seen the 

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ottoman camping miles to the 
West near the village of Loki 

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onion. 
He says the tent stretch further

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than you can see in one glance. 
He says, there are more soldiers

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than he can count. 
He says, they have brought 

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Cannon's larger than any he has 
seen before. 

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Canon's, that required, special 
roads to be just to transport 

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them. 
You listen and try not to let 

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your face show what you're 
thinking Merchants sees through 

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you. 
Anyway, He puts a hand on your 

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shoulder and says nothing else, 
because there is nothing else to

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say. 
Your job is to watch a section 

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of wall near the courageous gate
to report any problems to help 

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coordinate the defense of your 
assigned Towers. 

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It is not complicated work but 
it matters. 

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These walls are all that stand 
between the city and whatever 

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comes next, you know, every 
stone in your section, you know,

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where the mortar is weakest, 
where water damage is made 

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repairs necessary, where the 
facing stones of spawned away 

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from the rubble core For a 
moment. 

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Everything is still you know 
which sections drain properly 

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when it rains and which ones 
collect water in pools that 

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freeze in Winter and crack the 
stone at night. 

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You can see fires in the 
distance. 

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Now, campfire spreading across 
the Westin approaches like a 

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constellation, Fallen to Earth. 
Each fire marks a group of 

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soldiers each group of soldiers 
represents men who are preparing

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to kill you or Die. 
Tryin the ottoman Army is here 

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the mood in the city, shifts 
markets, continued people buy 

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bread and oil and whatever else 
they need. 

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But the conversations are 
different. 

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Now, quieter more tense, People 
glanced toward the walls more 

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often mothers, keep their 
children closer. 

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There is a sense of waiting of 
something poised to break. 

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Constantly in visits the walls 
regularly, he walks. 

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The circuit talks to Defenders 
asks questions about supplies 

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and morale. 
He is a good emperor in the ways

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that matter at the end, he cares
about his people. 

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He does not hide in his Palace. 
He shares the danger when he 

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speaks to you, he remembers your
name from previous visits. 

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He asks about your family. 
He makes you feel like you're 

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section of wall matters as much 
as any other. 

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You're not sure if this is 
genuine or performance. 

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New decided does not matter. 
The effect is the same either 

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way. 
Jewish tiny. 

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The general is Commander is 
different. 

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He's all business. 
No warmth, but extremely 

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competent. 
He walks the walls with 

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engineers and makes notes, the 
orders repairs to weak sections.

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He positions reserves, he 
calculate angles of fire and 

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Fields of view. 
He knows what he is doing in a 

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way that is both reassuring and 
terrifying because it means he 

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understands exactly how bad the 
situation is. 

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Food is still plentiful for now.
The Granary is hold enough wheat

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for months if rational properly.
fish boats, go out into the sea 

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of marmara, every morning and 
return with caches of mackerel 

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and anchovy Gardens inside the 
walls. 

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Produce onions. 
Cabbages herbs. 

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A few cows and goats provide 
milk chickens lay eggs, it is 

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not abundant, but it is 
adequate. 

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You eat bread and cheese and 
fish. the same things you have 

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always eaten for a moment, 
everything is still For now, 

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hunger is not the problem. 
Water is not a problem either. 

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Constantinople has excellent 
systems vast underground 

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chambers, that store rainwater 
collected from roofs across the 

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city, the largest, the Basilica 
system holds enough water for 

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months. 
You've been down into it once 

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00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:07,100
years ago, walking carefully on 
the Rays walkways between pools 

231
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:10,100
of Dark Water. 
The ceiling is held up by 

232
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:13,800
hundreds of columns, each one 
salvaged from some earlier. 

233
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,100
Roman building. 
Some of the column capitals are 

234
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:18,500
carved with the elaborate 
designs. 

235
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:22,500
Some have faces looking down at 
you, the whole Space feels like 

236
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:24,600
a temple. 
To some forgotten, god of water 

237
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:28,800
and darkness, April continues, 
the weather improves slightly, 

238
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:32,000
the chill of early spring, gives
way to milder days. 

239
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,800
Fruit trees, in the gardens 
Bloom, pink and white blossoms 

240
00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,100
against Grace Stone. 
Birds returned from wherever 

241
00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:43,700
they spent the winter building 
nests in Tower crevices, life 

242
00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:47,200
continues its Cycles. 
Regardless of human Wars you 

243
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,500
develop routines morning 
inspection of your wall section.

244
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:54,300
Checking for new cracks or loose
Stones supervising. 

245
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:57,000
A crew of workers who carry 
stones and mixed mortar 

246
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,200
afternoon meetings where 
different section commanders, 

247
00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,800
share information, evening. 
Rounds to make sure centuries 

248
00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,600
are posted sleep when you can, 
which is never quite enough. 

249
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,500
The ottoman Camp grows, larger 
each day, more tense appear, 

250
00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:15,500
more Fires at night. 
The forces Gathering to the west

251
00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:18,200
of vast, in a way that makes 
your mind, struggle to 

252
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:20,500
comprehend. 
You have never seen an army 

253
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:23,100
before this. 
Now, you are about to see the 

254
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,600
largest army or generation has 
faced on April 6th. 

255
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:31,700
The bombardment Begins mehmed 
the second is 21 years old and 

256
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:34,600
has been Sultan for two years in
his second Reign. 

257
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:38,500
This is actually a second time 
being Sultan, which is unusual. 

258
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:42,900
He was Sultan briefly as a boy 
of twelve, then his father Murad

259
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:46,200
decided being retired was boring
and took the throne back then, 

260
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,300
Murad died. 
And now mathemat is salt and 

261
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:51,100
again, for real this time. 
No, take backs. 

262
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,800
This history has give him some 
interesting ideas about proofing

263
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:56,400
himself and securing his 
position. 

264
00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:01,100
He is not particularly tall the 
Venetian painters who were later

265
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:03,100
to pick him. 
Show a man of average height, 

266
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:07,300
perhaps five feet, six or seven.
For a moment, everything is 

267
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:11,000
still with the prominent nose 
and dark eyes that seem to miss 

268
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,700
nothing. 
He is not particularly 

269
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:16,600
intimidating in the normal ways.
He does not have the physical 

270
00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:20,200
presence of a warrior. 
What he has is intelligence and 

271
00:15:20,200 --> 00:15:24,000
absolute certainly He's been 
planning to take Constantinople 

272
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,600
since he was a child. 
He has studied every previous 

273
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:30,200
seed. 
He knows exactly why the old 

274
00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:32,500
failed. 
He believes he has a solution. 

275
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:35,800
The solution involves a man 
named Urban. 

276
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:40,400
Is a Hungarian Cannon founder 
who showed up at Constantinople,

277
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,600
first offering his services to 
the byzantines. 

278
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:46,900
He told them he could build a 
cannon that would knock down any

279
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:50,200
wall in the world. 
Constantine listened, politely, 

280
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,100
and then explained that 
Byzantium could not afford 

281
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,300
Urban's fees. 
So, Urban crossed the Bosphorus 

282
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:59,100
to the ottoman court and made 
the same offer to mehmed. 

283
00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,300
Mehmed said yes immediately and 
gave Urban everything he needed.

284
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:09,600
Unlimited funds workers 
materials a workshop time. 

285
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:14,300
The Canon is 27 feet long and 
weighs nearly 20 tons. 

286
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,000
The barrel is cast bronze, 30 
inches across at the mouth. 

287
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:22,700
It can fire a stone ball that 
weighs 1200 pounds loading, it 

288
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:24,600
requires 200 pounds of 
gunpowder. 

289
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:29,500
Nobody has ever built anything 
like it before the technology 

290
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:31,200
barely exists. 
To make something. 

291
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:35,000
This large, the Metallurgy is at
the absolute edge of what is 

292
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:36,500
possible. 
Getting it. 

293
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:41,200
Constantinople required, 60x, 
and 700 men just to move it 

294
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,300
along the roads. 
They had to reinforce Bridges 

295
00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:46,700
ahead of it. 
Replacing wooden beams with 

296
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,600
stone because the wait would 
have collapsed normal Bridge 

297
00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,100
construction. 
They had to fill in ditches and 

298
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:54,300
level Hills, where the gradient 
was too steep. 

299
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,800
The journey from Adrian, opal 
took two months, moving perhaps 

300
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:02,900
three miles per day. 
The gun itself became a kind of 

301
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:07,500
mobile Fortress proceeded by 
Engineers, followed by Supply, 

302
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:12,099
wagons visible from miles away. 
Mehmed has more than one of 

303
00:17:12,108 --> 00:17:15,800
these enormous cannons. 
He has three of the truly, 

304
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:20,599
massive ones, plus 60 or 70 
smaller cannons, ranging from 

305
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,599
respectable to enormous by 
previous standards. 

306
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,099
He has possibly the most 
powerful artillery train ever 

307
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:29,800
assembled up. 
To this point in history, he 

308
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:33,900
also has somewhere between 
80,000 and 150,000 soldiers, 

309
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,200
depending on which sources you 
believe and how you counter 

310
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:42,100
regulars and support personnel. 
The exact number matters, less 

311
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:45,600
than the basic fact that he has 
many many more people than 

312
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:49,300
Constantinople has. 
His Camp sprawls Across the 

313
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:52,800
Western approaches to the city 
from the sea of marmara to the 

314
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:56,100
Golden Horn. 
Tents are organized by unit. 

315
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:59,300
And by function, there are areas
for the Janice series. 

316
00:17:59,300 --> 00:18:02,400
The Elite infantry Corps 
recruited as boys and trained 

317
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:06,300
their entire lives for war areas
for the Anatolian provincial 

318
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:09,100
troops. 
Experienced soldiers but not 

319
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:14,200
quite Elite. for a moment, 
everything is still Areas for 

320
00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:16,100
the Romanian forces from 
ottoman. 

321
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:19,800
Europe areas for a regular 
troops adventurers and 

322
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,400
volunteers hoping for plunder. 
Areas for the engineers and 

323
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:27,300
sappers who will dig tunnels and
build Siege Towers areas for the

324
00:18:27,308 --> 00:18:30,300
Cannons and their enormous 
supplies of powder and shot. 

325
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,900
Areas for food, storage areas 
for horses by the thousands 

326
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:39,000
areas for Smiths and carpenters 
and all the Craftsmen and army 

327
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,800
needs. 
It is a city made of canvas and 

328
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:45,700
wood but it has streets and 
neighborhoods and its own logic.

329
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,800
method sets up his own tent 
opposite, the Roman Escape, the 

330
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:53,500
traditional weak point in 
constantinople's defenses. 

331
00:18:54,500 --> 00:18:58,400
Land here, sloped slightly the 
wall crosses a small Valley 

332
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,300
Where the leica's River wants 
flowed. 

333
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:03,400
Now reduced to assure that runs 
in a culvert under the 

334
00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:07,100
fortifications. 
Every previous Siege has focused

335
00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:10,100
its main effort here. 
Mehmed is not particularly 

336
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,400
interested. 
In Innovation for its own sake. 

337
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:15,800
He has studied what worked? 
And what did not work, he's 

338
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,100
going to do what worked but with
overwhelming Force. 

339
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,100
The Cannons are positioned with 
enormous care. 

340
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:24,700
The really big ones cannot be 
moved. 

341
00:19:24,700 --> 00:19:28,100
Easily once they are placed, so 
their positioning matters in 

342
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:33,100
enormously Mechanics Engineers, 
spend days on calculations they 

343
00:19:33,100 --> 00:19:36,400
measure distances. 
They test fire at dummy walls 

344
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:38,900
built for the purpose, they make
adjustments. 

345
00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:43,000
The science of ballistics is 
still more art Than Mathematics,

346
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,400
but they are learning fast and 
they have something previous 

347
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,200
procedures did not have. 
They have guns large enough that

348
00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:52,900
Precision matters less than raw 
destructive power. 

349
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,500
Each of the great cannons 
requires its own fortification. 

350
00:19:56,500 --> 00:20:00,200
The gun is positioned in a pit 
line with stones to absorb 

351
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,900
recoil Earthworks are piled up 
around it to protect the crew 

352
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:06,900
from defensive fire. 
Supply dumps, nearby. 

353
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,500
Hold the enormous quantity of 
powder and shot each gun 

354
00:20:10,500 --> 00:20:15,000
consumes A single shot from 
Urban's monster requires, 200 

355
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:17,800
pounds of power. 
That powder has to be stored. 

356
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:21,200
Safely. 
Kept dry measured carefully, the

357
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:25,800
logistics are staggering. 
On April 6th 1453. 

358
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:30,400
The bombardment Begins, the 
sound is extraordinary, you have

359
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:33,600
never heard anything like it and
your mind struggles to process 

360
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,400
what your ears report. 
The great cannons. 

361
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,600
Make a noise that you feel in 
your chest before you hear it 

362
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,500
with your ears. 
It is not just loud. 

363
00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:45,600
It is a physical force that 
ripples through the air and 

364
00:20:45,608 --> 00:20:47,900
Shakes, the ground and makes 
your teeth ache. 

365
00:20:47,900 --> 00:20:51,600
When the shot leaves the barrel,
the explosion, produces a flash 

366
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,800
of fire and a cloud of smoke 
that takes minutes to clear. 

367
00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,000
When the stone ball hits the 
walls, the impact sends dust and

368
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,500
rock fragments flying in all 
directions. 

369
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:06,200
Birds explode from trees, half a
mile away, dogs, howl. 

370
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:09,800
For a moment. 
Everything is still horses panic

371
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,300
in their Stables. 
The walls were built to 

372
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:16,500
withstand battering rams and 
Siege towers and catapults They 

373
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:19,700
were not built for this each 
impact from the Great Guns, 

374
00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:23,200
cracks the facing stones and 
sends shockwaves through the 

375
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,000
rubble core. 
The walls do not collapse 

376
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,100
immediately. 
They are two well-built for that

377
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:32,700
but each impact weakens them 
cracks spread mortar, crumbles 

378
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:37,200
sections of wall shudder and 
shift after each impact repair 

379
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,800
Crews Rush forward during the 
brief silence while the Cannons.

380
00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:44,300
Cool and a reloaded, they 
stuffed the gaps with whatever 

381
00:21:44,300 --> 00:21:48,200
they can find barrels. 
Filled with Earth to absorb 

382
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:52,000
impacts bales of wool that 
compress rather than shatter. 

383
00:21:52,900 --> 00:21:56,800
Timber beams to shore up. 
We can sections rubble from 

384
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:58,900
previous hits packed back into 
holes. 

385
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,300
The work is frantic and 
dangerous. 

386
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:03,700
You never know when the next 
shot will fire. 

387
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:07,300
The giant cannons can fire 
perhaps seven times a day. 

388
00:22:07,308 --> 00:22:11,600
They heat up too much to fire 
more frequently. the metal 

389
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,000
barrels expand from the 
explosive force and if they fire

390
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:19,400
too often, the barrels can crack
or split catastrophically, So, 

391
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,100
there is a rhythm to The Siege. 
Cannons. 

392
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:24,500
Fire the repair Crews Rush 
forward. 

393
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,500
The Defenders work frantically 
for an hour or two the Canon's 

394
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:30,600
cool. 
The Gunners swap out the barrels

395
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,900
with wet cloths to remove powder
residue and cool. 

396
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:37,600
The metal they reload, which is 
a production in itself. 

397
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:41,200
The process takes hours, then it
happens again. 

398
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,300
Between the great cannons 
smaller guns, fire, more 

399
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:47,700
frequently. 
These are still substantial 

400
00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:52,100
pieces capable of knocking down 
a wall of giving time but they 

401
00:22:52,108 --> 00:22:55,000
can fire every hour or two in 
stead of every few hours. 

402
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,000
They keep up a steady 
harassment, forcing to fenders 

403
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,200
to stay alert, preventing 
effective. 

404
00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:05,800
Repairs, gradually chipping away
at the Fort of occasions, The 

405
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,000
byzantines have some cannons 
too, but not many and not as 

406
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,000
large. 
They have perhaps 15 guns of 

407
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:15,100
various sizes. 
Most of them old and unreliable.

408
00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:19,300
They fire back when they can. 
Sometimes they hit ottoman 

409
00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:21,500
positions and kill Gunners or 
damaged equipment. 

410
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:25,200
More often, they waste powder 
and shot on targets that are too

411
00:23:25,208 --> 00:23:29,400
far away, or too well protected.
Byzantine Metallurgy is not what

412
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,400
it used to be some of their guns
crack off after a few shots for 

413
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:37,100
a moment, everything is still 
one explodes and kills its own 

414
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,900
crew. 
Mehmed also orders mining 

415
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:42,700
operations to begin Cruise of 
sappers. 

416
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:46,000
Start digging tunnels toward the
walls planning to undermine the 

417
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,300
foundations and collapse 
sections with explosive or fire.

418
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:53,900
The work is slow and dangerous. 
The tunnels have to be short up 

419
00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:56,000
as they advance, or they will 
collapse on their own. 

420
00:23:56,000 --> 00:24:00,400
The miners working shifts, 
digging in darkness by the light

421
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,500
of oil lamps carrying out spoil 
in baskets. 

422
00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:06,600
The business teams counter with 
their own tunnels, trying to 

423
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:08,700
intercept the ottoman miners 
Underground. 

424
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:11,800
They have an engineer named 
Johannes, Grant. 

425
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:16,600
A German or possibly Scottish 
specialist in Siege Warfare who 

426
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,000
supervises the counter mining 
Grant has good instincts. 

427
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,600
He can hear the ottoman tunnels 
advancing, he can calculate 

428
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:25,900
where they are from the sound of
pics on Stone. 

429
00:24:25,900 --> 00:24:28,800
He directs Byzantine miners to 
intercept them. 

430
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:31,700
When two tunnels meet 
underground, the fighting is 

431
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:34,600
desperate and strange. 
There is no room to swing a 

432
00:24:34,608 --> 00:24:38,400
sword properly, men fight with 
knives and short Spears and 

433
00:24:38,408 --> 00:24:42,500
their fists, in absolute 
Darkness, the only light from 

434
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,900
dropped lamps that gutter out in
the bad are sometimes. 

435
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:49,400
One side breaks through into the
other's tunnel and sets off 

436
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:53,300
explosives or lights fires, that
fill the space with smoke. 

437
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:57,000
Men die from Suffocation as 
often as from violence. 

438
00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,800
At Sea the ottoman Fleet. 
Tries to force its way into the 

439
00:25:00,808 --> 00:25:05,300
gold and horn, but the great 
chain holds ships cannot simply 

440
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:07,900
sail over it. 
They cannot easily cut it. 

441
00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:12,300
Some captains, try ramming it. 
But the chain stretches and then

442
00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:14,800
snaps back, damaging the ship's 
that hit it. 

443
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:18,600
It is a remarkable piece of 
defensive engineering that chain

444
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,700
and it frustrates, every Naval 
attempt to break through. 

445
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:26,300
The bazan teen Fleet is small 
but determined a few galleys 

446
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,500
Patrol inside the harbor, they 
can sort out through small 

447
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:32,000
breaks in the chain that can be 
opened and closed. 

448
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:36,100
They harassed ottoman ships. 
They sink a few smaller vessels.

449
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,600
It is not enough to change 
anything, but it helps morale. 

450
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:42,600
Mehmed watches all of this from 
his tent. 

451
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:46,700
He receives reports constantly, 
commanders come and go 

452
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:51,500
Engineers, present problems and 
solutions Supply officers report

453
00:25:51,500 --> 00:25:55,300
on ammunition expenditure and 
food stocks mehmed listens to 

454
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:58,500
everything and issues orders 
with a calmness that are nerve 

455
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:01,800
some of his commanders. 
He's patient in a way that 21 

456
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:06,100
year old rarely are, he knows 
this will take time, he's 

457
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,200
brought enough supplies for 
months if necessary. 

458
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:13,100
He's not going anywhere until 
Constantinople Falls inside the 

459
00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:16,500
city Constantine, the 11th, does
everything a good Emperor should

460
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:18,900
do? 
He visits the walls daily? 

461
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:21,300
From a moment, everything is 
still. 

462
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:26,100
He talks to Defenders learning 
names asking about families, 

463
00:26:26,100 --> 00:26:30,500
making himself present He 
oversees repairs personally, 

464
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:32,700
sometimes helping to carry 
stones. 

465
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:36,900
He rationals food carefully. 
Making sure supplies will last 

466
00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:40,300
He sends message to Western 
Europe begging for help, 

467
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,300
promising religious concessions,
to the pope offering anything, 

468
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,200
he can think of, to get ships 
and soldiers sent to relieve the

469
00:26:47,208 --> 00:26:49,100
seed. 
Ships. 

470
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:52,100
Arrived Never Enough. 
Never nearly enough. 

471
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,200
The bombardment continues day 
after day. 

472
00:26:55,900 --> 00:26:58,800
The sound becomes almost normal,
which is a strange thing to 

473
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:02,400
realize your mind adapts. 
You learn to work during the 

474
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:05,800
intervals between shots. 
You learn to distinguish the 

475
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,100
sound of different guns. 
So, you know how much time you 

476
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,900
have before the next impact? 
The Great Guns, boom, like 

477
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:18,000
thunder, the medium guns crack 
sharply, the small guns, pop, 

478
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,200
almost cheerfully each has, its 
Rhythm the walls. 

479
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:23,800
Hold, but they are being ground 
down each day. 

480
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,100
There are a little weaker than 
the day before the facing stones

481
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:30,500
are pop marked and cracked the 
towers have lost their clean 

482
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:32,600
lines. 
Everything looks battered and 

483
00:27:32,608 --> 00:27:35,500
tired. 
Like the Defenders, you learned 

484
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:39,200
to sleep through the Canon fire 
after a few days this surprises,

485
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:41,800
you initially. 
But human beings are adaptable 

486
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:43,700
creatures. 
And you cannot stay alert every 

487
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:47,100
hour of every day. 
The bombardment happens during 

488
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:51,000
daylight mostly. 
The Ottomans do not waste powder

489
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,000
shooting at targets. 
They cannot see clearly At 

490
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,800
night, the guns fall silent and 
the cruise rest. 

491
00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:01,500
So you sleep at night when you 
can and during the day you 

492
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:04,300
alternate between frantic 
activity and long periods of 

493
00:28:04,308 --> 00:28:08,300
boredom, while the guns reload. 
Food is rationed but not yet. 

494
00:28:08,300 --> 00:28:12,300
Scarce the city's granaries. 
Hold enough wheat for several 

495
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:15,700
months if nobody panics and the 
distribution is managed 

496
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:18,500
properly. 
Constantine appoints officials 

497
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:21,900
to oversee, rationing each 
household receives a weekly 

498
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,900
allotment based on the number of
people, the amounts are 

499
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:27,200
adequate. 
If not generous bread remains 

500
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,900
available though, the loaves are
smaller than they used to be. 

501
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:32,800
Fish still come from the sea of 
marmara. 

502
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:35,900
Boats. 
Go out before Dawn and return by

503
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:39,800
mid-morning, with catchers of 
mackerel Rancho V, and whatever 

504
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:42,400
else the Nets bring up, The 
fisherman. 

505
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,600
Take risks every day. 
Ottoman ships. 

506
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,100
Patrol the water's getting 
caught outside? 

507
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:49,800
The Harbour could mean death or 
capture? 

508
00:28:50,900 --> 00:28:54,500
for a moment, everything is 
still but the fishermen keep 

509
00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:57,400
going because the city needs 
food and fishing as what they 

510
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:00,600
know guards inside the walls 
produce vegetables. 

511
00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:06,100
Constantinople as always had 
Guardians, even during its peak.

512
00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:09,700
When the population was dense, 
every available piece of land, 

513
00:29:09,700 --> 00:29:14,200
gross, something, onions, 
cabbages leaks herbs, some 

514
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:15,800
families. 
Keep a few chickens for eggs. 

515
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:18,400
A few lucky ones. 
Have a goat for milk. 

516
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,800
The city is not self-sufficient 
but it is less dependent on 

517
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:25,000
outside supplies than many Urban
centers. 

518
00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:29,500
Water is not a problem at all, 
the systems were filled during 

519
00:29:29,508 --> 00:29:33,000
the winter rains. 
In constantinople's water supply

520
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,400
system is one of the marvels of 
the ancient world. 

521
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:39,200
The Basilica cistern alone. 
Holds enough water for months. 

522
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,600
Other smaller systems are 
scattered throughout the city. 

523
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:46,600
Some are open reservoirs. 
Some are covered Chambers 

524
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,000
supported by columns. 
The water is clean and cool 

525
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,200
collected from rain rather than 
drawn from potentially 

526
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,700
contaminated sources. 
You fill your water jar each 

527
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:59,700
morning from a neighborhood 
system and never worry about 

528
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:03,100
running out. 
The mood in the city shifts day 

529
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:06,300
by day. 
Sometimes our by our some days, 

530
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:09,900
people are comforted convinced 
that relief will come, that the 

531
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:13,300
walls will hold that. 
God will provide a miracle the 

532
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:16,400
precinct courage. 
This belief Services at 

533
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,100
churches, emphasize 
constantinople's Divine 

534
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:21,600
protection. 
The many times, the city has 

535
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:25,400
been saved at the last moment. 
People cling to be stories. 

536
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:29,100
Other days are kind of hollow, 
fear, settles over everything 

537
00:30:29,100 --> 00:30:31,600
and people move through the 
streets quietly. 

538
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,600
Avoiding each other's eyes, each
person alone with thoughts. 

539
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,900
They do not want to share. 
You can see it in phases in the 

540
00:30:39,908 --> 00:30:43,300
way people hold themselves in 
the two quick, movements of 

541
00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:45,400
those who are trying not to 
think about what might be 

542
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:47,900
coming. 
Children still play because 

543
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:50,700
children always do, but their 
games are quieter than they used

544
00:30:50,708 --> 00:30:53,300
to be. 
They play at defending walls and

545
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:56,100
Manning Towers. 
They turn War into something 

546
00:30:56,100 --> 00:30:58,800
manageable something with rules.
They can understand. 

547
00:30:59,900 --> 00:31:02,400
You watch them sometimes and 
wonder what kind of adults they 

548
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:03,800
will become if they survive 
this. 

549
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,400
Religious processions, move 
through the streets, carrying 

550
00:31:07,400 --> 00:31:10,500
icons the most. 
Holy relics are brought out from

551
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:13,700
their normal resting places and 
carried along the walls 

552
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:16,700
blessing, the stones asking for 
protection. 

553
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:21,600
The icon of the Virgin hotter 
believed to have been painted by

554
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,000
Saint Luke's himself is carried 
in solemn procession. 

555
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,500
People press forward to touch it
to feel some connection to the 

556
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:31,600
Divine protection. 
They hope will save them. 

557
00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:34,500
Services at the hair gear, 
Sophia are packed. 

558
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:38,900
People pray in shifts because 
the church enormous as it is 

559
00:31:38,908 --> 00:31:43,600
cannot hold everyone at once. 
The chanting of him's drifts 

560
00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:47,400
across the city at all hours. 
The sound is beautiful and sad 

561
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:49,500
voices. 
Raised in praise and 

562
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:53,200
supplication asking for 
deliverance, that may or may not

563
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,100
come. 
There are moments of absurdity 

564
00:31:56,100 --> 00:32:00,200
that break the tension in 
unexpected ways one afternoon a 

565
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,000
section of wall, collapses from 
a direct hit by one of the Great

566
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:07,200
Guns For a Moment. 
Everything is still When the 

567
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,300
repair Crews Rush forward to 
fill the Gap, they find an 

568
00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:14,300
ancient wine jar in the rubble, 
somehow, surviving intact, 

569
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:16,500
despite being buried in the 
wall, for who knows how long. 

570
00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:19,800
Someone suggests opening it. 
Why not? 

571
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,400
What is the worst that could 
happen at this point? 

572
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:25,500
The wine turns out to be 
spectacularly, bad? 

573
00:32:25,500 --> 00:32:28,100
So vinegar and sharp that it 
makes your eyes water. 

574
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,400
But everyone takes a sip anyway,
passing the jar around. 

575
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:36,500
Laughing at how terrible it is. 
For a few minutes, The Siege 

576
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,800
does not matter. 
There is just a group of people 

577
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:40,900
sharing awful wine and laughing 
about it. 

578
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,300
Then the moment passes and 
everyone goes back to work a cat

579
00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:49,000
adopts, your section of wall and
refuses to leave, despite the 

580
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:52,600
Canon fire. 
It is a great, happy skinny and 

581
00:32:52,608 --> 00:32:54,800
scarred from previous battles. 
With other cats. 

582
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,000
It's sleeps in a gap between 
Stones where it is. 

583
00:32:58,008 --> 00:33:02,200
Partially protected from debris.
At night, it hunts rats with 

584
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,100
impressive efficiency during 
bombardments, it simply curls up

585
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,200
and sleeps, apparently, 
convinced that the walls will 

586
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:13,400
hold because they always have 
someone named the cat theodosius

587
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,100
after the Emperor who built the 
walls. 

588
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:18,600
The cat does not seem to care 
what it is called, but accepts 

589
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,900
offering of fish scraps with 
Regal indifference It becomes a 

590
00:33:22,900 --> 00:33:26,200
kind of mascot for your section.
People check on it every morning

591
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,200
when it survives another day. 
It feels like a good omen. 

592
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:32,700
The genoese Defenders are 
professionals mostly. 

593
00:33:33,500 --> 00:33:36,400
Many of them have fought in 
seizures before they know what 

594
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,400
they're doing. 
In a way that most Byzantine 

595
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:42,200
militia do not they show the 
Byzantine Defenders how to shore

596
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,100
up damaged sections properly, 
how to create firing positions 

597
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:50,000
that provide cover, how to time 
counter attacks, how to survive 

598
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,100
this kind of warfare. 
Their experience is valuable 

599
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:56,500
beyond measure. 
Giovanni justiniani becomes the 

600
00:33:56,500 --> 00:33:59,100
de facto military commander of 
the entire defense. 

601
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,700
Constantine gives him Authority 
gladly because giustiniani knows

602
00:34:03,700 --> 00:34:07,400
what he is doing and Constantine
is wise enough to delegate to 

603
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:10,500
experts. 
Justiniani is everywhere, 

604
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:15,300
inspecting positions, directing 
repairs, moving reserves 

605
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:17,699
planning for assaults that have 
not happened yet. 

606
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:21,000
But will he sleeps, perhaps 
three hours a night? 

607
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,000
He drives himself relentlessly 
and expects the same from 

608
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:28,900
everyone under his command. 
At night, you can hear music 

609
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:33,000
from the ottoman Camp, sometimes
drums and horns and singing. 

610
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:36,699
The sound carries across the 
empty ground between the camp 

611
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:38,800
and the walls. 
This strange to think of the 

612
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,300
procedures. 
Having normally evenings making 

613
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:45,000
music cooking meals, living 
their lives, while preparing to 

614
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,900
kill you. 
More makes neighbors of enemies 

615
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:50,400
in odd ways. 
There are occasional assaults, 

616
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:54,000
small probing attacks where 
ottoman soldiers, rushed the 

617
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,300
walls with ladders trying to 
force their way over damaged 

618
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:01,300
sections. for a moment, 
everything is still These are 

619
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:03,200
not serious attempts to take the
city. 

620
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:05,400
They are tests probing for 
weaknesses. 

621
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:09,600
Forcing Defenders to react 
keeping everyone exhausted. 

622
00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:14,000
When the alarm sounds you rush 
to your post, ottoman soldiers, 

623
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,300
appear at the base of the wall 
carrying ladders. 

624
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:20,200
They prop them against the 
stones and start climbing, you 

625
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:21,800
and other Defenders. 
Throw down, whatever. 

626
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:27,100
You can find rocks, broken 
Stones, pots of boiling water 

627
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:29,900
heater on braziers for exactly 
this purpose. 

628
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:34,000
Arrows, and crossbow Bolts from 
those who have ranged weapons. 

629
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:37,500
The ladders are pushed away from
the wall, they toppled backward,

630
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:40,300
carrying men with them. 
The attackers retreat. 

631
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:44,400
Sometimes they take their dead 
with them, sometimes they leave 

632
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:47,100
bodies at the base of the wall 
until Nightfall when they can 

633
00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:50,500
retrieve them safely. 
The whole thing might last 20 

634
00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:53,000
minutes. 
Then it is over and you go back 

635
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,600
to waiting. 
Your hands, develop thick. 

636
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:58,400
Calluses from handling Stone and
Timber all day. 

637
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:02,600
Your shoulders ache constantly 
from lifting, Rubble your back 

638
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:04,400
hurts from bending over a 
repairs. 

639
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,300
You have lost weight. 
Everyone has the rations are 

640
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:11,500
adequate, but not generous. 
You're burning more energy than 

641
00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:14,300
usual, from the physical labor 
and the constant tension. 

642
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:18,000
You learn to recognize the sound
of different canons by their 

643
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,800
reporter alone. 
The truly massive guns. 

644
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,900
Make it deep, boom, that you 
feel in your chest before your 

645
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:28,000
ears process, it to sound. 
The medium cannons, crack 

646
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:31,900
sharply a sound that makes you 
Flinch even when you're 

647
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,900
expecting it. 
The smaller guns, make an almost

648
00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:37,600
cheerful pop that seems out of 
proportion to the damage they 

649
00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:41,900
cause News arrives, occasionally
from the outside world brought 

650
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:44,900
by the few ships that managed to
slip through the ottoman Naval 

651
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:47,800
blockade. 
The news is a mix of Hope and 

652
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:50,700
disappointment. 
Venice is debating whether to 

653
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:53,400
send help the debate has been 
going on for weeks. 

654
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:56,800
The pope is calling for a 
crusade, which is inspiring 

655
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,600
except that Crusades take months
to organize and Constantinople 

656
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:01,500
needs help. 
Now. 

657
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,900
The Hungarian region is 
considering an attack on ottoman

658
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,900
positions in the Balkans to draw
a forces, which would be 

659
00:37:08,908 --> 00:37:11,000
wonderful. 
Except that considering is not 

660
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:14,100
the same as doing. 
None of this translates into 

661
00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:17,900
actual soldiers or ships 
arriving at Constantinople, it 

662
00:37:17,900 --> 00:37:20,300
is all very interesting and 
entirely useless. 

663
00:37:20,300 --> 00:37:23,800
You listen to the news and try 
not to let your face show what 

664
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,400
you're thinking. 
Hope is important for morale but

665
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:29,700
too much hope can be as 
dangerous as despair. 

666
00:37:30,500 --> 00:37:34,800
April becomes May the weather 
improves the days grow longer 

667
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:38,600
and warmer for a moment. 
Everything is still bring 

668
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:42,300
flowers bloom in Garden's, that 
somehow continue their Cycles 

669
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:46,500
regardless of human violence. 
The sky is blue and clear. 

670
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,500
Kind of weather that would be 
perfect for anything, except to 

671
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:53,700
see the bombardment continues 
with without pause. 

672
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:56,900
The Great Guns fire 7 or 8 times
per day. 

673
00:37:57,700 --> 00:38:00,700
The smaller guns, fire more 
often, the walls continued to 

674
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:04,100
hold but barely. 
Each day The Defenders patch and

675
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:07,600
repair stuffing gaps with 
whatever material they can find.

676
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500
And each day, the Canon's tear 
open new holes. 

677
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,100
Constantine continues his daily 
visits. 

678
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:17,600
He has lost weight too. 
His face is thinner more lined. 

679
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:21,500
He looks older than he did two 
months ago, but he never misses 

680
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,200
a day. 
He walks the entire Circuit of 

681
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:28,600
walls talks to every section. 
Commander asks questions, 

682
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:32,500
remember as details from 
previous visits his presence 

683
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:34,900
matters, more than any tactical 
decision. 

684
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:38,300
He makes you realize one evening
that you have stopped thinking 

685
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:41,800
about after there is only now, 
only the next day. 

686
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,000
The next repair the next 
bombardment. 

687
00:38:44,700 --> 00:38:47,500
The future is compressed to 
hours in stead of years. 

688
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:51,300
This is probably not healthy, 
but it gets you through each 

689
00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:54,100
day. 
The Golden Horn is the key to 

690
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:56,200
everything and everyone knows 
it. 

691
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,700
The harbor is perfect for 
defense a narrow inlet 7 miles 

692
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:02,200
long. 
That curves along the northern 

693
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:07,300
shore of Constantinople like a 
natural moat It is deep enough 

694
00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:10,500
for large ships protected from 
storms, by the surrounding Hills

695
00:39:10,500 --> 00:39:14,000
and easily defensible with that 
massive chain stretched across 

696
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,400
its mouth. 
The chain itself is an 

697
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:20,500
engineering Marvel. 
Each link has a thick as a man's

698
00:39:20,508 --> 00:39:24,900
thigh, forged from Iron 
connected in a continuous line 

699
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:27,900
that stretches nearly half a 
mile from Constantinople to the 

700
00:39:27,908 --> 00:39:31,200
Galata Shore. 
The chain is supported by 

701
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:34,800
floating logs, that keep it at 
the right depth, low enough, 

702
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,800
that ships cannot sail over it 
high enough that they cannot 

703
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:41,500
easily dive under it. 
The end to Anchored to massive 

704
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:45,800
Stone Towers on both Shores, 
wound around capstans that can 

705
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:47,500
tighten or loosen the chain as 
needed. 

706
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:51,400
As long as the byzantines 
control the horn, they can 

707
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:54,500
receive supplies by sea from any
ships that managed to break 

708
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:56,400
through the ottoman Naval 
blockade. 

709
00:39:57,100 --> 00:39:59,300
The docks on the Northern side 
of the city remain. 

710
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:03,100
Functional ships. 
Can unload cargo the defense has

711
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:07,200
a Lifeline, however, tenuous 
Meade understands his perfectly,

712
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:11,200
he has tried multiple times to 
force the Chain by direct Naval 

713
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,700
assault. 
Ottoman War galleys row up to it

714
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:18,500
at full speed attempting to 
break through by sheer force. 

715
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,400
The results are uniformly, 
unsuccessful. 

716
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:24,000
Chain stretches but does not 
break. 

717
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:28,600
Ship's a hit it too. 
Hard damage their own holes. the

718
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:31,200
bazan teams have cannons, 
positioned on the walls, 

719
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,500
overlooking the horn and they 
sink several ottoman vessels 

720
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:38,000
during these attempts, One, 
particularly ambitious, attack 

721
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,800
involves fire-ships vessels 
loaded with flammable material 

722
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:45,400
and set alight steered toward 
the chain in hopes that the heat

723
00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:49,000
will weaken the iron. 
The plan fails from a moment, 

724
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,000
everything is still the chain is
too massive. 

725
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:55,700
The fire ship's burn themselves 
out without doing significant 

726
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:58,700
damage. 
The byzantines capture a few 

727
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:01,500
ottoman Sailors from the 
rectifier ships, and hang them 

728
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:03,800
from the walls in full view of 
the Ottoman camp. 

729
00:41:04,800 --> 00:41:07,100
Mehmed orders. 
His own prisoners executed in 

730
00:41:07,100 --> 00:41:10,000
response. 
It is an ugly escalation that 

731
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:13,000
helps nobody but seems necessary
to both sides. 

732
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,700
So mehmed decides to try 
something different. 

733
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,600
He cannot go through the chain. 
He will go around it. 

734
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:24,800
North of Galata the land rises 
in gentle Hills covered with 

735
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,100
olive Groves and Vineyards. 
The hills are not particularly 

736
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:30,600
steep but they are steep enough 
that nobody has ever. 

737
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:32,900
Seriously considered them as a 
route for ships. 

738
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:37,000
Mehmed looks at those Hills and 
decides, they are steep enough 

739
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,100
to be considered impossible, 
which means nobody will be 

740
00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:41,600
defending against the 
possibility. 

741
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:45,400
He orders his Engineers to build
a road, over the hills, from the

742
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:47,900
boss Forest to the gold and Horn
behind Galata. 

743
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:51,800
Not a road for people or horses 
a road for ships. 

744
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:55,300
The engineers think he's lost 
his mind but they follow all 

745
00:41:55,300 --> 00:41:58,600
orders, they cut trees and lay 
them as cross beams. 

746
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:02,100
They Place Long Planks on top of
the crossbeams to create a 

747
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:04,800
smooth surface. 
They greased the planks with 

748
00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,600
animal fat and soft soap to 
reduce friction, then they build

749
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,100
rolling. 
Cradles enormous wooden 

750
00:42:11,100 --> 00:42:13,800
structures that can support the 
weight of a war galley. 

751
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,700
The cradles have rollers that 
run on the greased planks. 

752
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,500
A ship can be positioned in a 
cradle and then pulled or pushed

753
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:24,500
across the road by teams of 
oxen, and hundreds of men. 

754
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:29,900
The logistics are staggering 
each ship weighs tons, and the 

755
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:32,300
road has to be strong enough to 
support that weight without 

756
00:42:32,300 --> 00:42:35,100
collapsing. 
The grade has to be carefully, 

757
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:39,200
calculated too Steep and the 
ships will roll out of control 

758
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:42,400
too gradual and the effort to 
move them becomes impossible. 

759
00:42:43,300 --> 00:42:47,200
On the night of April 22nd. 
The operation begins ottoman, 

760
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:50,100
Crews position, their ships at 
the Bosphorus End of the Road 

761
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:54,300
teams of oxen are hitched to the
cradles of men, take up 

762
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:58,000
positions to push and guide. 
The first ship begins to move. 

763
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:00,200
You hear about this before you 
see it. 

764
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:03,600
The messenger arrives at your 
section of a wall in the early 

765
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,100
morning out of breath from 
running. 

766
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:07,300
He's saying something 
impossible. 

767
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:09,700
Ships are being dragged over the
hills. 

768
00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:13,300
You think he has had too much 
sun or as lost his mind from 

769
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:16,000
stress. 
But other Messengers arrive 

770
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:19,700
saying the same thing and 
Constantine himself, appears, 

771
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:24,000
climbing to the top of your 
section to see from self. you 

772
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:28,200
join him on the tower, atop you 
look, North toward Galata and 

773
00:43:28,208 --> 00:43:32,500
the hills Beyond for a moment. 
Everything is still there. 

774
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:35,600
Moving across the landscape in 
the dawn, lighter ships. 

775
00:43:36,300 --> 00:43:39,500
Ottoman War galleys, moving 
across dry land, like some kind 

776
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:42,300
of fever dream. 
Teams of oxen pull them, 

777
00:43:42,300 --> 00:43:46,500
hundreds of men, pushed from 
behind the ships roll on their, 

778
00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:50,800
cradles across the greased Road.
Their hulls gleaming or shipped 

779
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:53,600
neatly along their side moving 
slowly. 

780
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,300
But definitely moving. 
It looks like the world has lost

781
00:43:57,300 --> 00:43:59,600
its mind. 
It looks like someone has 

782
00:43:59,600 --> 00:44:02,500
decided the normal rules of 
reality, no longer, apply. 

783
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:04,600
Ships. 
Belong on water. 

784
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:08,400
Everyone knows this. 
But they are moving across 

785
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:09,900
Hill's. 
Dozens of them. 

786
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:14,200
One after another, Constantin 
watches in silence for a long 

787
00:44:14,208 --> 00:44:17,200
time. 
Finally, he speaks his voice 

788
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:20,100
very quiet. 
He says something about mermaid,

789
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:22,300
being more clever than anyone 
gave him credit for. 

790
00:44:23,100 --> 00:44:25,600
And he climbs down and begins 
issuing orders. 

791
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:28,400
The seawalls along the Golden 
Horn. 

792
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:31,300
Need to be manned. 
Immediately reserves need to be 

793
00:44:31,300 --> 00:44:33,700
shifted. 
Everything Has Changed. 

794
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:36,600
By the time, the sun is fully 
up. 

795
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:40,300
More than 70, ottoman, ships are
in the Golden Horn, behind the 

796
00:44:40,300 --> 00:44:43,400
chain inside the harbor. 
That was supposed to be 

797
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:46,900
completely safe. 
The Strategic situation changes 

798
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,200
in an instant Now, the 
byzantines have to defend the 

799
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,700
sea walls, along the horn walls 
that are lower and weaker than 

800
00:44:53,708 --> 00:44:56,400
the land walls because they were
never supposed to face a serious

801
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,200
threat. 
Now, the Defenders have to split

802
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,600
their already inadequate forces 
to cover more ground. 

803
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:04,400
Now, there is no safe quarter of
the city. 

804
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:08,700
Everywhere is the front line, 
the sea walls, along the horn 

805
00:45:08,700 --> 00:45:10,500
and nothing like the great land 
walls. 

806
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:12,700
They are perhaps 15 feet high 
in. 

807
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:16,200
Most places made of simple stone
without the triple line of 

808
00:45:16,208 --> 00:45:18,600
defenses. 
They were built to protect 

809
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,800
against Smugglers and Pirates, 
not against organized military 

810
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,000
assault. 
Some sections are in poor repair

811
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,700
the stones crumbling gaps, never
properly. 

812
00:45:27,700 --> 00:45:32,500
Filled giustiniani has to shift,
nearly 1000 Defenders to cover 

813
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:35,600
the horn, which means taking 
them from the land walls, where 

814
00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:39,100
they are desperately needed. 
It is a nightmare of logistics. 

815
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:43,100
Every Defender matters. 
Every section of wall is already

816
00:45:43,100 --> 00:45:46,000
stretched to thin. 
Now, the forces have to be 

817
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,800
spread even thinner. 
The byzantines attempt to 

818
00:45:48,808 --> 00:45:52,400
counter-attack with fire-ships 
of their own, small vessels are 

819
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,400
loaded with pitch tar, and 
anything else that burns. 

820
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,600
They are set a light and steered
toward the ottoman Fleet now, 

821
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:02,900
anchored in the horn, The plan 
is to create chaos to destroy as

822
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:06,400
many ships as possible to drive 
the Ottomans back out of the 

823
00:46:06,408 --> 00:46:09,000
harbor. 
For a moment. 

824
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:13,400
Everything is still the attack. 
Almost works the fire ships 

825
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:16,900
caused genuine panic. 
Several ottoman galleys are 

826
00:46:16,900 --> 00:46:20,500
damaged or destroyed flame. 
Spread from ship to ship in the 

827
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:23,400
crowded Harbor. 
For a few hours, it seems like 

828
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:25,300
the byzantines might actually 
succeed. 

829
00:46:26,300 --> 00:46:27,800
But the attack is not 
coordinated. 

830
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:31,700
Well enough, some fire ships, 
launched too early, others too 

831
00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:34,300
late. 
The ottoman Fleet recovers more 

832
00:46:34,300 --> 00:46:37,200
quickly than expected. 
They capture some of the 

833
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:41,600
fire-ship cruise before the men 
can escape The execution has 

834
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,000
happened the next morning 
visible from the city walls 

835
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:47,500
mermaid, make sure of that. 
Bodies are displayed. 

836
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:51,100
The message is clear. 
This is what happens to those 

837
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:54,000
who resist. 
The psychological impact of the 

838
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:57,200
ship's in the horn is as normal 
as the Defenders thought they 

839
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,400
had at least one advantage, one 
area where they were secure. 

840
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:05,400
Now, that is gone, there is no 
safe area anymore. 

841
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:09,100
The sense of being completely 
surrounded, completely besieged,

842
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:11,100
settles over the city, like a 
weight. 

843
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:15,500
Constantine orders church bells,
melted down to cast into 

844
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:18,600
cannonballs. 
It is a practical decision and 

845
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:20,200
also a deeply symbolic. 
One. 

846
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:23,300
The bells that have called the 
faithful to prayer for centuries

847
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:24,800
are being turned into 
ammunition. 

848
00:47:25,500 --> 00:47:28,700
Some people protest. 
How can you melt holy objects 

849
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:32,300
into weapons of war? 
Constantine explains that 

850
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:36,000
defending the city is itself. 
Holy work and the bells will 

851
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:39,100
serve, God better as projectiles
than a silent ornaments. 

852
00:47:39,100 --> 00:47:43,500
If Constantinople Falls, the 
metal from Bells is not ideal 

853
00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:47,200
for this purpose, bronze is 
softer than iron and does not 

854
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:50,400
fly as true. 
But it is better than nothing. 

855
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:53,200
And nothing is what the 
Defenders have plenty of 

856
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:57,800
Foundries, work day and night, 
melting bells, and casting 

857
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,200
Spears of various sizes. 
The work is hot and dangerous. 

858
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:04,300
More than one Foundry, man is 
burned. 

859
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:08,400
When molten metal splashes. 
Food starts to become genuinely 

860
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:10,800
scarce. 
Now, the fish catch from the 

861
00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:14,200
mamaRoo drops because boats 
cannot go far from shore without

862
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,200
being intercepted by ottoman 
ships. 

863
00:48:16,900 --> 00:48:20,000
The rationals are cut again. 
People begin to look gaunt 

864
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,100
cheekbones. 
Become prominent eyes seem 

865
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:25,400
larger in thinning faces 
Children. 

866
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:28,800
Cry from Hunger more, often 
fights break out occasionally 

867
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:30,800
over food. 
For a moment. 

868
00:48:30,808 --> 00:48:34,200
Everything is still someone 
accuses, a neighbor of hoarding 

869
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:36,600
supplies. 
The accusation is probably 

870
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:39,600
false, but hungry, people are 
not always rational. 

871
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:44,400
The city watch has to intervene,
Constantine issues, orders that 

872
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,500
anyone caught hoarding will have
their supplies confiscated and 

873
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:51,300
redistributed. 
This stops the worst of it but 

874
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:54,800
the underlying tension remains 
there are quiet discussions 

875
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:57,800
about surrender. 
They happen in corners and 

876
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:01,000
Whispers people testing whether 
others feel the same way. 

877
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:05,600
Members sent several offers by 
now, he will let the population 

878
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,100
leave freely. 
If they open the gates, he will 

879
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,900
guarantee the safety of those 
who yield he will spare the city

880
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:13,800
from sacking if they surrender 
now. 

881
00:49:14,800 --> 00:49:16,800
Constantine listens to these 
proposals. 

882
00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,700
When they are led to him, he 
always refuses. 

883
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:23,100
He cannot surrender, 
Constantinople the weight of 

884
00:49:23,108 --> 00:49:26,600
History prevents it. 
He is the heir to an Empire that

885
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:31,400
stretches back more than a 
thousand years to roam itself to

886
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:33,300
Emperors who ruled the known 
world. 

887
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:37,100
That Heritage means he cannot 
simply open the gates and walk 

888
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:40,200
away, no matter how hopeless the
situation becomes. 

889
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:42,600
Some people start to leave 
anyway. 

890
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:45,200
They slip out through small 
gates at night. 

891
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:47,500
When guards are distracted, or 
can be bribed. 

892
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:50,700
They swim across the Golden 
Horn, which is dangerous, but 

893
00:49:50,700 --> 00:49:53,900
possible, if you are desperate 
enough, They find other ways to 

894
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:56,400
escape because people always do 
when they are sufficiently 

895
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:00,300
motivated, those who escaped 
head for Galata hoping the 

896
00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:03,800
genoes will shelter them, some 
are welcomed, some are turned 

897
00:50:03,808 --> 00:50:06,300
away. 
January is trying to maintain 

898
00:50:06,300 --> 00:50:10,100
their neutrality, which means 
not taking sides, which means 

899
00:50:10,100 --> 00:50:13,800
being unhelpful to everyone 
equally Some refugees, make it 

900
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:15,900
further. 
Finding ships willing to take 

901
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:18,800
them away heading for Greek 
Islands or Italian ports or 

902
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:20,000
anywhere. 
That is not here. 

903
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:23,800
The Defenders Who Remain grow 
harder, they know they are 

904
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:27,300
probably going to die. 
This knowledge changes people in

905
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,600
different ways. 
Some become Reckless, taking 

906
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:34,100
unnecessary risks, almost 
welcoming the chance to go down 

907
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:38,300
fighting to die with a weapon in
hand and to wait for the 

908
00:50:38,300 --> 00:50:40,800
inevitable others become more 
careful. 

909
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:44,500
Husbanding their strength 
determined to survive as long as

910
00:50:44,508 --> 00:50:47,400
possible. 
A few become very quiet and 

911
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:52,000
withdrawn move through their 
duties like ghosts present but 

912
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:55,200
not really there. 
You find yourself thinking about

913
00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:59,600
strange things at odd moments. 
The way after noon, light falls 

914
00:50:59,600 --> 00:51:03,900
on Old Stone, turning it gold 
and Amber the taste of good 

915
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:06,000
wine, which you have not had in 
weeks. 

916
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:09,600
The sound, your mother's voice 
made when she sang years ago 

917
00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:12,700
before she died. 
These memories come unbidden, 

918
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:15,400
while you're holding Rubble or 
standing, watch or trying to 

919
00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:18,200
sleep, and you let them come 
because they have better than 

920
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:20,900
thinking about what tomorrow 
might bring may continue. 

921
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:25,600
For a moment. 
Everything is still the ottoman 

922
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:30,000
noose, tightens day by day. 
The walls continued to hold but 

923
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,100
everyone can see. 
They will not hold forever. 

924
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,200
It is only a matter of time. 
Now, the question is not if 

925
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:40,400
Constantinople will fall, but 
when and whether any of you will

926
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:45,000
survive to see what comes after,
By late May the entire world has

927
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,600
narrowed to a very small space 
containing Stone cannon, fire 

928
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:51,300
exhaustion, and the ache of 
insufficient food. 

929
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:53,300
You have lost significant 
weight. 

930
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:57,700
Everyone has your clothes hang 
loose on a frame that was never 

931
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:00,300
particularly large to begin with
the face. 

932
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:03,000
You see reflected in Stillwater 
looks older than it. 

933
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:07,800
Did three months ago, the skin 
drawn tight over bones Shadows 

934
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:09,700
under eyes that do not get 
enough sleep. 

935
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:13,700
The big ottoman cannons have 
been firing steadily for nearly 

936
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,600
two months. 
Now, Urban's greatest gun, that 

937
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:21,900
enormous 27 foot monster 
develops, a crack in its Barrel 

938
00:52:21,900 --> 00:52:24,800
on May 20th. 
The ottoman Engineers try to 

939
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:28,300
reinforce it with iron bands 
wrapping the barrel to contain 

940
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:32,100
the stress. 
It works for two more days on 

941
00:52:32,100 --> 00:52:36,900
May 22nd the gun fires, its 
final shot, the barrel splits 

942
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:41,000
catastrophically, the explosion 
kills, Urban himself, and most 

943
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:45,600
of his crew when word reaches 
the city, The Defenders cheer, 

944
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:49,300
you find yourself cheering along
with everyone else, then feel 

945
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,900
strange about it. 
Your celebrating a man's death, 

946
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:54,800
which should bother you more 
than it does. 

947
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,200
But one less super weapon is 
one. 

948
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:01,600
Less thing trying to kill you 
and that matters more than 

949
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:04,700
philosophical question about the
value of human life. 

950
00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:08,500
The cheering dies down quickly 
anyway because men had plenty of

951
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,200
other canons. 
The bombardment continues almost

952
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:13,700
without pause the Great Guns 
fire. 

953
00:53:13,700 --> 00:53:16,700
Perhaps six times per day. 
Now, instead of seven because 

954
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:20,000
some are showing signs of metal 
fatigue and the engineers want 

955
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:22,700
them to last The medium cannons,
fire. 

956
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:27,200
More frequently, the small guns 
fire constantly a steady 

957
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,500
harassment that never lets 
Defenders, relax. 

958
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:32,700
The walls. 
Develop a patchwork appearance. 

959
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:35,900
That would be fascinating if it 
were not so terrifying. 

960
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:40,700
Original theodosian stonework 
from 1,000 years ago, sits next 

961
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:44,300
to repairs made last week. 
Some sections have been rebuilt 

962
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:48,000
through or four times the Masons
work with whatever material they

963
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:52,200
can find in places the repairs 
in corporate gravestones, pulled

964
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:55,600
from cemeteries column capitals 
from ruined buildings. 

965
00:53:55,600 --> 00:53:59,400
Ornamental stonework from 
churches that are themselves for

966
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,000
falling apart. 
The walls become an 

967
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:05,100
archaeological record of their 
own destruction and rebuilding 

968
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:08,300
each layer telling the story of 
a different days damage. 

969
00:54:09,300 --> 00:54:11,900
Constantine. 
The 11th is everywhere. 

970
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:15,100
He sleeps, perhaps, three hours 
a night may be less. 

971
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:19,800
He visits every section of wall 
at least once per day, often 

972
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:22,400
twice. 
He knows every Defender by name.

973
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:26,100
Now, he shares food from his own
rationals with soldiers who look

974
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:29,100
ready to collapse. 
He is not a brilliant military 

975
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:32,900
mind, he is not a political 
genius, who can negotiate his 

976
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:42,400
way out of this. for a moment, 
everything is still You stand at

977
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:46,300
the threshold of your new life. 
Feeling the salt wind push 

978
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:49,000
against your coat. 
Like an insistent hand, trying 

979
00:54:49,000 --> 00:54:50,700
to turn you back towards 
civilization. 

980
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:54,500
Behind you. 
The supply boat is already 

981
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:57,800
growing smaller heading back 
toward the mainland Village that

982
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:00,400
will now exist only as a 
collection of distant lights 

983
00:55:00,400 --> 00:55:03,600
after sunset. 
Before you rise your light 

984
00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:07,400
house, a White Tower, standing 
70 feet, tall Against the Grain 

985
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,800
November of 1887. 
This is your new home. 

986
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:15,600
The calling it home feels like 
calling the ocean upon and The 

987
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:18,600
light house occupies a rocky 
Promontory that juts into the 

988
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:22,700
Atlantic, like, a defiant finger
surrounded on three sides by 

989
00:55:22,700 --> 00:55:24,500
water that changes color with 
the weather. 

990
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,600
Today, it's the color of pewter 
tomorrow. 

991
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:32,400
It might be emerald green and 
during storms, it turns almost 

992
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:34,700
black Though, you don't know 
that yet. 

993
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:37,600
You will learn the Seas, moods 
the way other people. 

994
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:39,400
Learn their spouse's 
Expressions. 

995
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:42,400
The lighthouse itself is 
surprisingly graceful, 

996
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:44,800
considering its utilitarian 
purpose. 

997
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:47,700
Tower is built from Granite 
blocks. 

998
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:51,600
Each one, weighing several 
hundred pounds and fitted 

999
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:53,000
together with the kind of 
precision. 

1000
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,100
That suggests the builders 
understood that lives were 

1001
00:55:56,100 --> 00:56:00,000
depend on their craftsmanship. 
The exterior is painted white 

1002
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:03,900
and shows signs of the constant 
maintenance required to 

1003
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:08,500
withstand salt, spray and wind. 
At the top, the lantern room 

1004
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,900
gleams with hundreds of glass 
panes refracting. 

1005
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:15,300
The afternoon light into 
scattered diamonds attached to 

1006
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:17,300
the base of the tower is the 
keepers dwelling. 

1007
00:56:18,100 --> 00:56:21,200
The two-story Stone building, 
that looks almost cozy compared 

1008
00:56:21,200 --> 00:56:22,900
to the towers or steer 
functionality. 

1009
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,600
Smoke rises from the chimney 
evidence that the previous 

1010
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,500
keeper followed protocol and 
left, the stove burning to 

1011
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,300
prevent dampness from setting 
into the walls in a few hours 

1012
00:56:34,300 --> 00:56:37,200
that previous keeper will finish
explaining your duties. 

1013
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,300
And depart on the supply boats 
return trip. 

1014
00:56:39,300 --> 00:56:43,200
Leaving you alone with your new 
responsibilities, the path from 

1015
00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:45,000
The Landing. 
To the lighthouse is paved with 

1016
00:56:45,008 --> 00:56:48,100
stones that have been worn 
Smooth by countless footsteps 

1017
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:52,500
alongside it runs a wooden rail 
currently decorated with dried 

1018
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:55,100
salt crystals that sparkle in 
the weak sunlight. 

1019
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:58,900
You'll learn to appreciate that 
rail during winter storms. 

1020
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:02,000
When the wind tries to pluck. 
You off your feet and send you 

1021
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:04,900
tumbling into the Rocks. 
Below your appointment is 

1022
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:06,900
assistant Lighthouse. 
Keeper came through the 

1023
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:09,300
lighthouse board. 
After months of paperwork and 

1024
00:57:09,300 --> 00:57:13,000
references. 
The position pays $40 per month.

1025
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:17,100
Not a fortune, but steady 
employment in an era when 

1026
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:20,400
economic depressions come as 
regularly as seasons. 

1027
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:24,400
More importantly, it offers 
something that is increasingly 

1028
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:27,800
rare. 
Clear purpose, every ship 

1029
00:57:27,800 --> 00:57:30,000
captain. 
Who safely navigate past this 

1030
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,800
Promontory, Willow. 
Their success partly to your 

1031
00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:35,200
diligence, though? 
They'll never know your name. 

1032
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:38,700
The isolation is already 
palpable and you've been here 

1033
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:41,500
less than an hour. 
The nearest Village is six miles

1034
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:45,700
by water 12, by the coastal road
that becomes impossible during 

1035
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:48,600
winter storms. 
The supply boat comes, once a 

1036
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:51,700
month, where the permitting 
During bad Winter's. 

1037
00:57:51,700 --> 00:57:54,700
You might go 10 weeks without 
seeing another human face beyond

1038
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:57,400
your head keeper. 
For some people, this would feel

1039
00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:00,900
like imprisonment, For you. 
It feels like an escape from the

1040
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:04,400
increasingly crowded and 
complicated world of the 1880s, 

1041
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:08,200
where cities grow faster than 
anyone can manage them and 

1042
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:11,400
Telegraph wires, connect 
everything, to everything else. 

1043
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:16,000
In ways that make privacy feel 
obsolete, the previous keeper 

1044
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:18,600
emerges, from the dwelling 
wiping, his hands on his apron, 

1045
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:22,400
he's a weathered man in his 60s 
whose face has been carved by 

1046
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,800
wind, and Sun into something. 
Resembling, the surrounding 

1047
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:27,900
rock. 
Formations, his name is 

1048
00:58:27,908 --> 00:58:31,300
Jeremiah, and he spent the last 
15 years at this station. 

1049
00:58:32,400 --> 00:58:35,800
Now, his rumors is grown, too. 
Severe for the constant climbing

1050
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,100
that the position requires, and 
he's been transferred to a 

1051
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:41,800
Harbor Light with shorter stairs
and more medical access. 

1052
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:45,700
He gestures for you to follow 
him in your education, begins. 

1053
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:50,700
first lesson, he explains his 
understanding that the light 

1054
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:54,900
house is not just a building 
It's a machine, a living system 

1055
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:57,300
that requires constant, 
attention, and care. 

1056
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:02,400
Every component depends on every
other component and neglecting 

1057
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:05,200
any single element can mean 
disaster for ships. 

1058
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,600
Depending on your light, you 
climb the towers interior spiral

1059
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:12,200
staircase, your footsteps, 
echoing off the curved iron 

1060
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:16,800
walls, the stairs are Steep and 
narrow designed to fit within 

1061
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:21,400
the towers tapering structure. 
There are 93 steps from bottom 

1062
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:24,700
to top and Jeremiah informs you,
that you'll climb them at least 

1063
00:59:24,708 --> 00:59:27,500
six times per day more during 
storms. 

1064
00:59:27,500 --> 00:59:30,700
When you need to monitor the 
light more frequently, Your legs

1065
00:59:30,708 --> 00:59:33,400
will hurt for the first month, 
then they'll adapt. 

1066
00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:36,900
Becoming strong in ways that 
surprise you when you eventually

1067
00:59:36,900 --> 00:59:40,000
visit town and find you can walk
up hills that wind other people 

1068
00:59:40,000 --> 00:59:43,100
the rooms within the tower are 
surprisingly cozy. 

1069
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,700
There's a small storage area for
lamp oil, another for cleaning 

1070
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:50,200
supplies and a third that serves
as a workshop for repairs. 

1071
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:53,900
Everything smells of oil and 
metal and the particular 

1072
00:59:53,900 --> 00:59:56,700
mustiness that comes from Stone 
buildings near the sea. 

1073
00:59:57,500 --> 01:00:00,700
The walls are thick enough that 
the Roar of waves become muted 

1074
01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:04,600
to a steady background, like 
living inside a large sea shell 

1075
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:07,700
at the top, you emerge into the 
lantern room and the view 

1076
01:00:07,700 --> 01:00:10,000
steals, whatever. 
Breathe The Climb hasn't already

1077
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:13,100
taken. 
Glass around you on all sides 

1078
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:17,400
offering a panoramic. 
Vista of Ocean Sky and the rocky

1079
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:21,600
Coastline stretching in both 
directions, the fresnel lens, 

1080
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:25,400
dominates, the center of the 
room, a magnificent, arrangement

1081
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:29,200
of glass prisms that stands 
taller than you and represents 

1082
01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:33,400
the Pinnacle of 19th century. 
Optical engineering, Jeremiah 

1083
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:36,800
explains that this particular 
lens is a third order from now 

1084
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:41,400
with 186 separate glass prisms, 
arranged in concentric rings 

1085
01:00:41,400 --> 01:00:45,300
around the lamp at its Center. 
the lens rotates on A Clockwork 

1086
01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:48,100
mechanism, powered by weights 
that descend through the tower, 

1087
01:00:48,100 --> 01:00:52,900
requiring rewinding, every four 
hours, When properly maintained 

1088
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:56,700
and lit, this lens can amplify 
the light of a single lamp to be

1089
01:00:56,700 --> 01:01:00,600
visible for 15 miles at sea. 
A beacon that can mean the 

1090
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:02,900
difference between safe passage 
and shipwreck. 

1091
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,700
The lamp itself Burns, coals or 
oil derive from rapeseed. 

1092
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:09,400
It requires. 
Careful trimming of the wick, 

1093
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:12,400
every few hours to prevent 
smoking, which would blacken the

1094
01:01:12,408 --> 01:01:16,200
lens and diminish the light. 
The lens must be cleaned daily 

1095
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,300
with special polishing cloths. 
That never quite lose, the smell

1096
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:22,600
of the cleaning solution. 
The Clockwork mechanism needs 

1097
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:25,600
weekly oiling. 
The windows require constant 

1098
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:29,700
washing to remove salt deposits.
The list of Maintenance tasks, 

1099
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:33,000
feels endless, but Jeremiah 
shows you that they'll soon 

1100
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:35,800
become second nature As Natural 
as breathing. 

1101
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:39,400
You spend the afternoon, 
learning these tasks, your hands

1102
01:01:39,400 --> 01:01:41,900
Awkward on equipment that 
Jeremiah handles with 

1103
01:01:41,900 --> 01:01:44,800
unconscious Grace. 
He shows you how to judge when 

1104
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:48,000
the wick needs trimming by the 
color of the flame, how to wind 

1105
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:51,400
the Clockwork with exactly, the 
right tension and how to clean 

1106
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,000
the lens without leaving 
streaks, that will scatter the 

1107
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:57,400
light in efficiently. 
Each task has been refined 

1108
01:01:57,400 --> 01:01:59,800
through Decades of keeper 
experience into something 

1109
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:02,400
approaching ritual as the sun 
begins. 

1110
01:02:02,400 --> 01:02:05,900
Its descent toward the Western 
Horizon and Jeremiah checks his 

1111
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:09,200
pocket watch and nods. 
It's time for the most important

1112
01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:13,200
moment of the Keeper's day. 
The lighting ceremony, you 

1113
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:15,700
follow him through the 
preparation opening the 

1114
01:02:15,700 --> 01:02:17,500
ventilators to prevent heat 
buildup. 

1115
01:02:18,400 --> 01:02:21,100
King the oil reservoir and 
adjusting the wick to the proper

1116
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:26,400
height. then as the sun touches 
the Horizon Jeremiah lights, a 

1117
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,200
match and applies it to the 
wick, the lamp catches with a 

1118
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:32,800
soft whoosh and immediately, the
lens begins working its magic 

1119
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:35,500
The simple flame becomes 
something else. 

1120
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,200
Entirely a brilliant beam of 
light. 

1121
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:41,200
That sweeps across the darkening
sea as the lens rotates. 

1122
01:02:42,400 --> 01:02:45,000
Standing in the lantern room, 
your surrounded by moving 

1123
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:48,100
patterns of Illumination. 
There's a few somehow stepped 

1124
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:51,700
inside a collider scope. 
Beautiful enough that you forget

1125
01:02:51,700 --> 01:02:54,800
to breathe from a moment, 
Jeremiah allows himself a small 

1126
01:02:54,808 --> 01:02:58,000
smile. 
This he says never gets old. 

1127
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:03,100
For 15 years, he's lit this lamp
and it still feels like a small 

1128
01:03:03,100 --> 01:03:06,500
miracle every time. 
Then he reminds you that the 

1129
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:10,100
miracle requires constant, 
vigilance, the lamp must, never 

1130
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:12,100
go out between sunset and 
sunrise. 

1131
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:17,000
Never flicker never fail. 
Ships are depending on it and 

1132
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:19,600
ships carry, human lives that 
night. 

1133
01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:22,900
You take your first watch 
sitting in the lantern room 

1134
01:03:22,900 --> 01:03:25,400
while the lens rotates and the 
lamp burn steady. 

1135
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:27,900
Through the Windows, you can see
nothing. 

1136
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:31,200
But Darkness punctuated by stars
and the occasional 

1137
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:34,100
phosphorescent wave crest. 
You understand? 

1138
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:36,500
Now, why Lighthouse? 
Keepers develop a particular 

1139
01:03:36,500 --> 01:03:40,100
philosophy about their work. 
Your responsible for something 

1140
01:03:40,100 --> 01:03:43,400
larger than yourself a light 
that guides strangers. 

1141
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:47,000
Through danger. 
It's both humbling and oddly 

1142
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:49,200
comforting as midnight, 
approaches. 

1143
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,100
You climb down to wake. 
Jeremiah for his watch shift. 

1144
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:55,700
Tomorrow, he'll depart and this 
light house will become your 

1145
01:03:55,700 --> 01:03:58,900
soul responsibility, shared only
with the head keeper. 

1146
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:03,300
You haven't yet met Tomorrow, 
your new life, truly begins at 

1147
01:04:03,300 --> 01:04:06,100
the edge of the world where the 
most important thing you'll do 

1148
01:04:06,100 --> 01:04:09,000
each day is simply keep a light 
burning through the darkness. 

1149
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:13,700
The head Keepers alarm clock 
sound at 4:45 a.m. which in 

1150
01:04:13,700 --> 01:04:17,600
December means your waking in 
full Darkness, your room in the 

1151
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:21,800
keepers dwelling is small but 
adequate about 10 ft square with

1152
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,400
a narrow bed. 
A dresser a washstand and a hook

1153
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:29,100
for hanging your coat. 
The walls are whitewashed stone 

1154
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:32,500
that stays cool in summer and 
holds Winter's chill like a 

1155
01:04:32,500 --> 01:04:35,300
grudge. 
You've learned to sleep in wool 

1156
01:04:35,300 --> 01:04:38,400
socks and under multiple 
blankets, you like the bedside 

1157
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,000
candle from The Embers, you 
banked in your small stove 

1158
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:44,500
before retiring. 
Flame struggles briefly in the 

1159
01:04:44,508 --> 01:04:47,600
cold air. 
Before steadying casting Shadows

1160
01:04:47,600 --> 01:04:49,200
that make the room feel even 
smaller. 

1161
01:04:50,400 --> 01:04:52,300
Outside. 
You can hear the Eternal 

1162
01:04:52,300 --> 01:04:56,200
conversation between Wind and 
Sea. though, after two months 

1163
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,600
here, you barely notice it, 
unless the weather turns violent

1164
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:03,900
dressing requires efficiency in 
the cold, you pull on wool 

1165
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:05,100
trousers over your long 
underwear. 

1166
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:09,500
Add a flannel shirt, the wool 
vest and your Keepers uniform 

1167
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:13,300
jacket. 
The jacket is regulation, dark 

1168
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:15,700
blue Wool with brass buttons 
bearing. 

1169
01:05:15,700 --> 01:05:19,200
The light house board insignia, 
you're supposed to wear it 

1170
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:22,000
whenever you might encounter 
visitors though, out here, 

1171
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,600
visits a rare enough that you 
mostly wear it to remind 

1172
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:26,800
yourself. 
That you have a real job with 

1173
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:30,300
real Authority. 
Even if your kingdom is only 70 

1174
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:33,500
feet of Tower and a few Acres of
rock, the water in, your 

1175
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:36,900
washstand, has a thin skin of 
ice that cracks when you push 

1176
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:41,700
your finger through you face 
quickly, gasping at the cold, 

1177
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:45,700
then dry with a rough towel. 
Your reflection in the small 

1178
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:47,900
mirror shows. 
Someone, whose face is already 

1179
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:50,200
changing from two months of wind
and weather. 

1180
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:54,700
Skins slightly rougher eyes 
adapted to constantly. 

1181
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:58,800
Scaning her eyes and a general. 
Air of competence that wasn't 

1182
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,200
there. 
When you arrived down stairs, 

1183
01:06:01,200 --> 01:06:03,600
the head keeper is already 
staking the kitchen stove, 

1184
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:07,500
coaxing last night's colds, back
in to flames and adding split 

1185
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:09,200
wood from the box beside the 
half. 

1186
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:13,800
His name is Samuel and he's been
a keeper for 20 years, the last 

1187
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:17,000
five at this station. 
He's a methodical man in his 

1188
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:19,700
forties who approaches 
Lighthouse, keeping the way, a 

1189
01:06:19,700 --> 01:06:23,100
good watchmaker approaches 
timepieces with absolute 

1190
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:25,900
attention to detail and a 
conviction that proper 

1191
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:27,700
maintenance prevents most 
problems. 

1192
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:31,900
The kitchen is the heart of the 
dwelling warm and practical as 

1193
01:06:31,900 --> 01:06:36,100
the cast iron stove, a sturdy 
table with two chairs, open 

1194
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:40,300
shelves, holding dishes and dry 
goods and windows Facing East to

1195
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:42,400
catch morning, light, when it 
eventually arrives. 

1196
01:06:43,700 --> 01:06:45,700
A kettle perpetually sits on the
stove. 

1197
01:06:45,700 --> 01:06:49,500
Ready for tea or coffee, and the
room smells of wood smoke. 

1198
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:51,400
Yes. 
To this fish stew. 

1199
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:53,400
And the yeasty center of the 
bridge. 

1200
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:56,400
You bake two days ago. 
Samuel nods is greeting. 

1201
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,700
He's not a morning toker and You
Begin your part of the routine. 

1202
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:04,500
Coffee goes into the pot. 
Rough grounds measured by Ai and

1203
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:07,100
water from the system that 
collects rainwater from the 

1204
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:09,700
roof. 
While it Brews you slice bread 

1205
01:07:09,700 --> 01:07:14,800
from the loaf and set up butter 
jam and the smoke tearing that's

1206
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:17,000
been a breakfast. 
Staple since the supply boats 

1207
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:20,700
last visit three weeks ago. 
Breakfast is functional rather 

1208
01:07:20,700 --> 01:07:24,200
than elaborate the smoked 
Herring is salty enough to wake 

1209
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,900
your mouth. 
The bread is dense and filling. 

1210
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:30,100
And the coffee is strong enough 
that you can feel your thoughts 

1211
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:35,700
organizing themselves with each 
sip Samuel reads yesterday's 

1212
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:38,700
newspaper, already four days 
old, when the supply boat 

1213
01:07:38,700 --> 01:07:43,200
delivered it now a week old, but
still your primary connection to

1214
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:47,300
the larger world You learn that 
President Cleveland has made 

1215
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:48,900
some pronouncement about 
tariffs. 

1216
01:07:48,900 --> 01:07:52,400
That there's been another labor 
dispute in Pittsburgh and that 

1217
01:07:52,400 --> 01:07:55,700
the weather in New York has been
unseasonably warm after 

1218
01:07:55,700 --> 01:07:57,600
breakfast. 
Comes the morning inspection, 

1219
01:07:57,600 --> 01:08:00,900
which Samuel treats with the 
seriousness of a military drill.

1220
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:05,000
You both Don your coats and step
into the pre-dawn darkness, 

1221
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:08,100
where the light from your 
Lantern room, still sweeps 

1222
01:08:08,100 --> 01:08:10,100
across the sea in its endless 
rotation. 

1223
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:13,300
The path of the tower is 
familiar enough. 

1224
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:14,900
Now that you could walk it 
blindfolded. 

1225
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:17,600
Oh, your careful. 
Anyway, the stones can be 

1226
01:08:17,608 --> 01:08:20,899
slippery with overnight content.
Sensational inside the tower, 

1227
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:23,700
you climb the 93 steps with the 
ease of repetition. 

1228
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:27,600
Your legs no longer Burn by the 
time you reach the top and you 

1229
01:08:27,608 --> 01:08:32,200
stopped counting steps weeks ago
In the lantern room that lamps 

1230
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:35,300
still Burns deadly, tended 
during the night watches. 

1231
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:39,899
The first task is extinguishing 
it properly waiting until dawn 

1232
01:08:39,899 --> 01:08:43,000
is fully established. 
Then carefully reducing the wick

1233
01:08:43,000 --> 01:08:44,600
before. 
Extinguishing the flame. 

1234
01:08:45,399 --> 01:08:49,700
Timing matters, extinguished, 
too early and a ship might be 

1235
01:08:49,700 --> 01:08:53,100
approaching in the last 
Darkness, too late and you're 

1236
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:55,600
wasting expensive oil with the 
lamp out. 

1237
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:58,899
You open the ventilators to 
clear accumulated, heat and 

1238
01:08:58,899 --> 01:09:01,200
fumes. 
Then begin the cleaning routine.

1239
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:05,899
The lens is your primary 
concern, dust, salt, crystals, 

1240
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:09,500
and any such from the lamp must 
be removed to maintain optimal, 

1241
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:13,300
light transmission. 
You use special cloths dampened 

1242
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:16,000
with cleaning solution. 
Working, methodically through 

1243
01:09:16,000 --> 01:09:17,899
each section of the fresnel 
lens. 

1244
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:22,000
Prisms, catch and Scatter. 
The dawn light as you work 

1245
01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:26,399
throwing rainbow patterns across
the lantern room walls, Samuel 

1246
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:30,000
inspects the Clockwork mechanism
while you clean checking for 

1247
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:32,399
anywhere. 
In the gears ensure the weights 

1248
01:09:32,399 --> 01:09:36,000
moves smoothly during the night 
and adding tiny drops of oil to 

1249
01:09:36,000 --> 01:09:39,800
pivot Points. 
The mechanism is remarkably 

1250
01:09:39,800 --> 01:09:43,300
precise but also remarkably 
unforgiving of neglect. 

1251
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:46,700
A few missed maintenance 
sessions, could lead to a 

1252
01:09:46,700 --> 01:09:49,399
regular rotation. 
An irregular rotation means 

1253
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,899
ships, might not see the light 
at expected in tools after the 

1254
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:55,000
land and room. 
You descend to check the oil 

1255
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:57,900
storage noting, the current 
level in the reservoir and 

1256
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:01,100
calculating how many more days 
before you'll need to transfer 

1257
01:10:01,100 --> 01:10:02,800
oil. 
From the storage barrels. 

1258
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,400
Everything is recorded in the 
keepers. 

1259
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:09,800
Log oil levels weather 
conditions, visibility any 

1260
01:10:09,800 --> 01:10:13,600
ships, cited, maintenance 
performed, and even notable bird

1261
01:10:13,600 --> 01:10:16,700
site in. 
The lighthouse board reviews. 

1262
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:20,000
These logs during inspections 
and keepers have been dismissed 

1263
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:22,800
for an adequate record. 
Keeping the fog Bell gets 

1264
01:10:22,800 --> 01:10:26,700
checked next even though fog is 
unlikely in the current crisp 

1265
01:10:26,700 --> 01:10:30,500
December weather. 
The Bell mechanism uses a wound 

1266
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:33,300
spring to strike at regular 
intervals, during low visibility

1267
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:36,700
like everything else. 
It requires regular maintenance 

1268
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:41,600
You test it briefly? 
Clang Echoes across the rocks 

1269
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,800
and see a sound, both mournful 
and reassuring. 

1270
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:49,000
By the time, you complete the 
morning inspection real Dawn as 

1271
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:51,800
arrived. 
The sun rises over the ocean. 

1272
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:56,300
Turning the water from black to 
gray to blue green revealing the

1273
01:10:56,300 --> 01:11:00,400
endless texture of waves. 
A fishing Schooner is visible to

1274
01:11:00,400 --> 01:11:02,900
the South. 
Probably heading back to Port 

1275
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:06,400
after a night's work. 
You make a note in the log. 

1276
01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:09,200
One vessel sighted Schooner 
rigged. 

1277
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:13,600
Coarse approximately Northwest 
distance, three miles back in 

1278
01:11:13,608 --> 01:11:17,000
the dwelling you and Samuel 
divide, the day's work, you'll 

1279
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:19,900
handle the paperwork and begin 
repairs, on the supply sheds 

1280
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:23,200
roof, which leaked during the 
last storm, your manage, the 

1281
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:25,700
daily maintenance tasks and 
start preparing tomorrow's 

1282
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:28,000
bread. 
There's also laundry that needs 

1283
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:31,000
doing the lighthouse board is 
particular about Keepers, 

1284
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:34,400
maintaining neat appearances. 
And that means regular washing, 

1285
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:38,200
despite the extra work involved 
the rest of the morning unfolds 

1286
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:40,600
in productive routine. 
You refill oil. 

1287
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:42,000
Lamps Suite. 
Floors. 

1288
01:11:42,000 --> 01:11:45,400
Check the rain system. 
Level an inventory supplies 

1289
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:47,200
against the list. 
You're preparing for the next 

1290
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:50,200
supply boat. 
There's a meditative quality to 

1291
01:11:50,200 --> 01:11:52,900
these tasks. 
Each one contributing to the 

1292
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:55,000
smooth operation of your small 
domain. 

1293
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:57,700
Your responsible for 
infrastructure. 

1294
01:11:57,700 --> 01:12:02,200
Safety, navigation and record, 
keeping which makes you part 

1295
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:06,300
engineer part, bureaucrat, and 
part guardian of Travelers. 

1296
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:09,600
You'll never meet around. 
Mid-morning you start bread 

1297
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:13,900
dough mixing flour, salt, yeast 
and water in proportions. 

1298
01:12:13,900 --> 01:12:15,400
You've learned to judge by 
field. 

1299
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:19,300
The dough is sticky and 
resistant at first then 

1300
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:22,300
gradually becomes smooth and 
elastic under your kneading. 

1301
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,500
Set it to rise near the stove 
covered with a damp cloth 

1302
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,000
knowing it will double in size 
by afternoon. 

1303
01:12:29,000 --> 01:12:33,000
There's something satisfying 
about bread, making the way 

1304
01:12:33,008 --> 01:12:35,900
basic ingredients. 
Transformed through patient work

1305
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:39,400
into something essential lunch 
is simple yesterday. 

1306
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:43,300
Stewie heated, more bread and 
tea, the stew is improved with 

1307
01:12:43,308 --> 01:12:45,300
time. 
The waist used do all the 

1308
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:48,600
flavors melded together. 
Samuel mentioned that he'll 

1309
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:50,100
likely transfer to a land 
station. 

1310
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:53,700
Next year, his wife is tired of 
the isolation and wants to be 

1311
01:12:53,700 --> 01:12:56,900
near their grandchildren. 
This means you might become 

1312
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:00,900
headkeeper here or transfer to 
another station or possibly 

1313
01:13:00,900 --> 01:13:03,800
train, a new assistance. 
In light housekeeping, 

1314
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:06,800
everything is temporary. 
Except the lights themselves. 

1315
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,200
After lunch comes more 
maintenance. 

1316
01:13:09,200 --> 01:13:13,200
There's always more mints. 
He cleaned Windows trim lamp 

1317
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:17,700
Wicks polish brass fittings. 
Check the storm shutters inspect

1318
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:21,200
roofing shingles and perform. 
A doesn't other small tasks, 

1319
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:23,300
that collectively. 
Ensure the light house remains 

1320
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:26,500
functional and presentable The 
light house bored sends 

1321
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:30,100
inspectors without warning and 
Keepers who fail inspection can 

1322
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:34,000
be demoted or dismissed by 
mid-afternoon, you've earned a 

1323
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:37,300
brief rest, he sit on the bench.
Outside the dwelling drinking 

1324
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,100
tea and watching the sea. 
The fishing schooner from the 

1325
01:13:40,100 --> 01:13:43,100
morning is returning. 
Probably successfully, give him 

1326
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:46,900
how low it sits in the water. 
A few goals wheel overhead, 

1327
01:13:46,900 --> 01:13:49,200
their cries mixing with the 
Wind. 

1328
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:52,300
The bread dough has risen 
properly and now sits in the 

1329
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:55,000
oven filling the dwelling with 
yeasty warmth. 

1330
01:13:55,000 --> 01:13:59,800
This is your life now routine 
and responsibility isolation and

1331
01:13:59,800 --> 01:14:03,500
purpose, and the endless cycle 
of Maintenance and vigilance 

1332
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:07,400
It's not the life you imagined 
in your youth but it's proving 

1333
01:14:07,400 --> 01:14:10,500
to be the life you needed. 
Here at the edge of the world. 

1334
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:14,700
Things are simple, if not easy, 
the light must burn, the 

1335
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:17,900
Machinery, must work and the 
ships must be guided safely 

1336
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:20,800
through the night. 
Everything else is just details.

1337
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:24,500
The fresnel lens that dominates 
your land of room represents. 

1338
01:14:24,500 --> 01:14:28,200
Decades of optical research 
compressed into crystalline 

1339
01:14:28,200 --> 01:14:32,600
precision, before, Augusta genre
revolutionized Lighthouse 

1340
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:36,100
technology in the 1820s 
Lighthouse is used simple 

1341
01:14:36,100 --> 01:14:40,600
reflector that wasted most of 
their light fornells Invasion, 

1342
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:44,600
arranging prisms, in concentric 
circles to capture and focus 

1343
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:48,800
light, that would otherwise 
scatter uselessly Transformed 

1344
01:14:48,800 --> 01:14:52,400
Maritime navigation. 
Standing before your third order

1345
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:54,000
lens. 
You're looking at technology. 

1346
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:56,700
That's essentially unchanged 
since for Snell's original 

1347
01:14:56,700 --> 01:14:59,100
designs. 
Because sometimes, the first 

1348
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:01,000
solution is also the perfect 
solution. 

1349
01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:06,100
Your lens consists of 186 
individual, glass prisms, held 

1350
01:15:06,100 --> 01:15:09,100
in a bronze framework that 
rotates around the central lamp.

1351
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:13,600
The innermost ring features the 
largest prisms called bullseyes.

1352
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:17,000
Each one hand, ground and 
Polished to tolerances measured 

1353
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:19,600
in fractions of millimeters 
surrounding. 

1354
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:22,800
These are smaller refracting 
prisms that capture light 

1355
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:25,800
traveling at Angles and redirect
it toward the horizon. 

1356
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:30,900
The entire assembly weighs 
nearly two tons yet floats, on a

1357
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:34,100
Mercury bath, that allows the 
Clockwork mechanism to rotate it

1358
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:36,800
with remarkable. 
Smoothness understanding the 

1359
01:15:36,800 --> 01:15:40,300
lens means, understanding light 
itself, you've learned that 

1360
01:15:40,300 --> 01:15:43,200
light travels in straight lines,
until something makes it change 

1361
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:47,500
direction, which is exactly what
each prism does with exquisite 

1362
01:15:47,500 --> 01:15:50,800
precision. 
The bullseye's concentrate the 

1363
01:15:50,800 --> 01:15:54,500
lamps output into focused beams.
That sweep across the sea as the

1364
01:15:54,500 --> 01:15:58,000
lens rotates. 
Ship's captains, can identify 

1365
01:15:58,000 --> 01:16:00,900
your light house by counting the
interval between flashes. 

1366
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:07,200
Your station produces one, flash
every 30 seconds, a signature is

1367
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:09,800
distinct as a fingerprint the 
lamp at the lenses. 

1368
01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:12,700
Heart is simpler than you'd 
expect given the sophisticated 

1369
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:16,300
Optics surrounding it. 
It's essentially just a fancy 

1370
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:20,500
oil lamp, a brass Reservoir 
holding culture oil, a circular 

1371
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:23,700
Wick that can be raised or 
lowered and a chimney to direct 

1372
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:27,300
fumes upward but getting that 
simple lamp to burn. 

1373
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,600
Steadily for 12, winter hours, 
requires attention that borders 

1374
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,100
on meditation. 
You've learned to read the flame

1375
01:16:33,100 --> 01:16:35,200
like a language, a yellow 
orange. 

1376
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:37,600
Flame means the wick is too high
or needs trimming. 

1377
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:40,000
A blue, white flame means its 
perfect. 

1378
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:44,000
A flickering flame suggests 
draft problems or contaminated 

1379
01:16:44,000 --> 01:16:47,200
oil. 
The Wicket itself is cotton tape

1380
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:49,900
about two inches wide and it 
needs trimming every four hours 

1381
01:16:49,900 --> 01:16:52,800
to remove the carbon buildup 
that accumulates, as it burns 

1382
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:55,500
too much trimming and you'll use
up the wick. 

1383
01:16:55,500 --> 01:16:58,300
Prematurely two little and 
smoke. 

1384
01:16:58,300 --> 01:17:01,100
Will blacken your beautiful 
lands, trimming the wick 

1385
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,100
requires small scissors designed
specifically for the purpose, 

1386
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:08,600
Sharp enough to cut cleanly 
through, Chardon small enough to

1387
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:10,900
maneuver in the confined space 
around the lamp. 

1388
01:17:11,800 --> 01:17:15,200
You wait until the flame is at 
its lowest safe level then 

1389
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:17,400
carefully. 
Snip away, the black and Edge. 

1390
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:22,600
Creating a smooth circular cut. 
The flame responds immediately, 

1391
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:27,100
burning brighter and cleaner. 
It's a small satisfaction. 

1392
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:32,400
Satisfaction nonetheless the oil
itself comes in 50 gallon, 

1393
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:35,600
barrels delivered by the supply 
boat each Barrel, weighing over 

1394
01:17:35,608 --> 01:17:39,600
400 pounds you and Samuel roll 
them from The Landing, to the 

1395
01:17:39,608 --> 01:17:43,200
oil storage room using a wooden 
track, then to Camp the oil into

1396
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:46,900
smaller containers for daily. 
Use the oil has a faintly 

1397
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:50,400
vegetable smell and a viscosity 
that varies with temperature 

1398
01:17:50,400 --> 01:17:55,000
thinner in summer, thicker and 
winter in extreme cold. 

1399
01:17:55,000 --> 01:17:58,100
You sometimes need to warm the 
oil slightly before adding it to

1400
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:00,700
the lamps of War. 
Cleaning, the lens is your 

1401
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:04,500
favorite task the calling it to 
task, doesn't capture the 

1402
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:08,800
ritualistic quality at acquired.
you work in the early morning, 

1403
01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:12,100
after extinguishing the lamp, 
when sunlight streams, through 

1404
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:15,400
the lantern room windows and 
turns the lens, into a sculpture

1405
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:19,800
of light, Your cleaning, cloths 
are soft flannel dampened with a

1406
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:21,600
solution of alcohol, and 
distilled water. 

1407
01:18:21,600 --> 01:18:25,800
You work systematically 
cleaning, one prism at a time 

1408
01:18:25,808 --> 01:18:30,100
buffing until no streaks remain.
Each prism reveals its 

1409
01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:34,200
personality during cleaning Some
collect dust preferentially on 

1410
01:18:34,200 --> 01:18:37,500
their upper surfaces. 
Others show salt, crystals at 

1411
01:18:37,500 --> 01:18:40,800
their edges where spray somehow 
penetrates the lanterns 

1412
01:18:40,800 --> 01:18:43,800
weatherproofing. 
The bullseyes require extra 

1413
01:18:43,800 --> 01:18:46,500
attention because any 
imperfection in their surfaces 

1414
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:48,200
will scatter light and weaken 
the beam. 

1415
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:51,800
You've learned that the best 
technique is small circular 

1416
01:18:51,800 --> 01:18:55,300
motions, followed by vertical 
buffing and that checking your 

1417
01:18:55,300 --> 01:18:58,300
work against sunlight reveals 
streaks that are invisible in 

1418
01:18:58,300 --> 01:19:01,100
other conditions. 
The Clockwork mechanism that 

1419
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:04,200
rotates, the lens is Victorian 
engineering at its finest. 

1420
01:19:05,100 --> 01:19:09,100
Brass gears still cables and 
iron weights, working in concert

1421
01:19:09,100 --> 01:19:11,200
to produce perfectly consistent 
rotation. 

1422
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:15,800
The weights, descend through the
towers Center connected by 

1423
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:18,700
cables that wrap around a drum 
can connected to the lens 

1424
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,700
assembly. 
As the weights fall, they turn 

1425
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:25,000
the drum, which rotates the lens
through a series of reduction 

1426
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:28,700
gears that slowed the rotation 
to the prescribed speed winding.

1427
01:19:28,700 --> 01:19:32,000
The Clockwork happens, every 
four hours regardless of whether

1428
01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:35,900
or fatigue You open the access 
panel in the lantern room floor,

1429
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:38,800
grass, The Windlass handle and 
begin cranking. 

1430
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,100
The weights rise slowly through 
the towers Hollow core 

1431
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:46,600
accompanied by clicking sounds 
as the ratchet mechanism 

1432
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,300
prevents reverse motion. 
Your arms learned quickly. 

1433
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:54,400
To judge the proper Rhythm too 
fast and you'll exhaust yourself

1434
01:19:54,400 --> 01:19:59,300
too slow and you'll waste time 
the full winding takes about 15 

1435
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:00,700
minutes and leaves your 
shoulders. 

1436
01:20:00,700 --> 01:20:04,000
Feeling pleasantly worked. 
Occasionally usually during 

1437
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:06,700
storms. 
Something goes wrong, a gear 

1438
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:09,100
tooth might chip a cable might 
Fray? 

1439
01:20:09,100 --> 01:20:13,100
Or the Mercury bath, might 
develop a regularity. these 

1440
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:16,600
problems transformed from 
abstract possibilities into 

1441
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:20,800
urgent crises because the light 
must keep turning You've learned

1442
01:20:20,800 --> 01:20:23,400
to perform repairs while the 
system continues operating 

1443
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:26,800
working around. 
Moving Parts with tools held in 

1444
01:20:26,808 --> 01:20:30,700
hands that can't afford to shake
bunts during a January nor 

1445
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:33,800
Easter the Clockwork began. 
Grinding ominously around two 

1446
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,500
a.m. during your watch, You 
discovered that moisture at 

1447
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:41,300
somehow penetrated the gear 
housing causing rust to bind one

1448
01:20:41,300 --> 01:20:44,700
of the reduction gears. 
Samuel joined you in the lantern

1449
01:20:44,700 --> 01:20:48,000
room and together you performed.
Emergency field maintenance. 

1450
01:20:49,000 --> 01:20:51,200
Disassembling. 
The mechanisms section by 

1451
01:20:51,200 --> 01:20:54,900
section while manually rotating 
the lens to keep the lights, 

1452
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:59,400
sweeping properly cleaning, each
gear, applying fresh oil, and 

1453
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:03,200
reassembling everything before. 
The next rotation interval, the 

1454
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:04,600
repair took three hours and 
left. 

1455
01:21:04,600 --> 01:21:06,400
You both exhausted and 
exhilarated. 

1456
01:21:07,300 --> 01:21:09,700
When the Clockwork, resumed, its
smooth operation. 

1457
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:12,900
Samuel actually smiled. 
And said, this was why 

1458
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:14,400
Lighthouse? 
Keeping wasn't for everyone. 

1459
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:17,800
It required, people who could 
solve problems at 2 a.m. during 

1460
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:21,600
storms while maintaining a light
that ships were depending on You

1461
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:25,700
felt a pride that had nothing to
do with ego and everything to do

1462
01:21:25,700 --> 01:21:29,600
with competence validated the 
lens has taught you patience. 

1463
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:32,800
You cannot Rush its cleaning 
without leaving streaks. 

1464
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,100
You cannot force the Clockwork 
to wind faster than its 

1465
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:38,700
mechanics. 
Allow you cannot make the lamp 

1466
01:21:38,700 --> 01:21:40,900
burn brighter than it is 
designed permits. 

1467
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:45,500
Instead you work within 
constraints achieving Excellence

1468
01:21:45,500 --> 01:21:48,100
through consistent attention, 
rather than dramatic 

1469
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:51,100
intervention. 
It's a philosophy that applies 

1470
01:21:51,100 --> 01:21:53,300
Beyond light housekeeping 
though. 

1471
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:55,900
You don't often have time to 
contemplate such connections, 

1472
01:21:55,900 --> 01:21:58,700
sometimes during quiet after 
noon's. 

1473
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,000
When all maintenance is complete
in the sea is calm. 

1474
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:04,300
You simply sit in the lantern 
room and watch light move 

1475
01:22:04,300 --> 01:22:08,200
through glass. 
The sun strikes prisms, changing

1476
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:12,100
angles, as a cross as the sky 
creating patterns, that shift 

1477
01:22:12,100 --> 01:22:16,500
with geometric precision. 
You understand now why fernel 

1478
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:18,800
devoted years to developing this
technology? 

1479
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,200
There's something profound about
shaping like with such 

1480
01:22:22,200 --> 01:22:24,600
precision. 
About taking something as 

1481
01:22:24,600 --> 01:22:29,000
ephemeral as photons and bending
them to human purpose, the lens 

1482
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:32,000
will Outlast you. 
It was here before you arrived 

1483
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,200
and will remain after you depart
serving keeper after Keeper in 

1484
01:22:35,208 --> 01:22:38,500
its patient mission of guiding 
ships through Darkness. 

1485
01:22:38,500 --> 01:22:42,000
This isn't Melancholy, it's 
comforting. 

1486
01:22:42,000 --> 01:22:45,700
Your part of a Continuum, a 
Lincoln, a chain of 

1487
01:22:45,708 --> 01:22:48,700
responsibility that extends 
backward through decades and 

1488
01:22:48,700 --> 01:22:51,200
forward into an unimaginable 
future. 

1489
01:22:52,100 --> 01:22:55,600
Your job is simply to maintain 
your link, keeping it strong and

1490
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:59,100
bright for whoever comes next. 
The sunset approaches and you 

1491
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:01,800
prepare to like the lamp for 
another night, you run through 

1492
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,400
the checklist that's become 
second, nature ventilators, open

1493
01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:10,000
oil reservoir full Wick trimmed 
and positioned Clockwork. 

1494
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:12,900
Wound, cleaning completed and 
log entries. 

1495
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:16,500
Current Then you strike the 
match and touch it to the wick. 

1496
01:23:16,500 --> 01:23:20,500
And once again, the machine 
comes to life, transforming a 

1497
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:22,500
simple flame into a beacon 
visible. 

1498
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:26,300
For miles, across the darkening 
sea, the light sweeps outward 

1499
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:28,300
and somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

1500
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:31,600
A ship's Captain sees it and 
marks their position with 

1501
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:34,300
relief. 
You'll never meet that captain 

1502
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:37,300
or know their name. 
But for this moment, you're 

1503
01:23:37,300 --> 01:23:39,400
connected through the 
intermediary of light and glass,

1504
01:23:39,400 --> 01:23:44,000
it's enough, it's everything. 
The isolation accumulates 

1505
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:45,900
gradually like snow on a 
rooftop. 

1506
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:49,300
The first week felt like a 
peaceful Retreat from city 

1507
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:53,300
crowds and social obligations. 
The second week introduced 

1508
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:55,700
moments of Silence. 
So complete, you could hear your

1509
01:23:55,700 --> 01:23:58,000
own Heartbeat by the third 
month. 

1510
01:23:58,000 --> 01:24:01,100
You've learned that Solitude 
isn't simply the absence of 

1511
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:05,300
people, it's its own presence as
tangible as wind or weather. 

1512
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:08,800
Samuel is good company, but 
light housekeeping doesn't 

1513
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:10,600
encourage extensive 
conversation. 

1514
01:24:11,400 --> 01:24:15,300
You work parallel rather than 
together, each managing a sign 

1515
01:24:15,300 --> 01:24:19,500
tasks with practice deficiency. 
Meals are brief and functional 

1516
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:21,800
evening's. 
Find you both absorbed in 

1517
01:24:21,808 --> 01:24:26,500
separate Pursuits him reading or
doing repairs writing letters or

1518
01:24:26,500 --> 01:24:30,000
maintaining personal equipment. 
The dwelling has become like a 

1519
01:24:30,008 --> 01:24:33,300
ship where two Sailors share 
space while respecting each 

1520
01:24:33,300 --> 01:24:36,900
other cycle territory, you've 
discovered that Solitude 

1521
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:40,600
changes, how you think? 
Without constant social input. 

1522
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:45,100
Your mind, develops, its owns 
and preoccupations you find 

1523
01:24:45,100 --> 01:24:47,000
yourself contemplating 
questions. 

1524
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:51,300
That would seem absurd in City. 
Contexts, Whether the gulls 

1525
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:56,100
recognize individual humans, how
fish experience storms and what 

1526
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:59,000
percentage of waves break 
without anyone watching them? 

1527
01:25:00,000 --> 01:25:04,200
These aren't practical questions
but they occupy the mental space

1528
01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:08,000
that social obligations 
previously filled the sea 

1529
01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:10,000
itself, becomes a companion of 
sorts though. 

1530
01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:14,400
An impersonal one, it has moods 
but no intentions patterns but 

1531
01:25:14,400 --> 01:25:17,200
no purposes. 
You've learned to read its 

1532
01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:21,300
Changing Faces, the long rolling
swells that signal, distance 

1533
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,900
storms, the sharp chop, that 
means local wind shifts. 

1534
01:25:24,900 --> 01:25:28,800
And the, glassy calm that 
precedes, where the changes each

1535
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,600
condition creates its own sound 
track, gentle lapping against 

1536
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:35,200
rocks. 
Explosive crashes against 

1537
01:25:35,200 --> 01:25:39,700
Cliffs, all the peculiar hissing
sound of spray suspended in 

1538
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:43,300
strong wind, winter storms, 
transform the light house in to 

1539
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:45,100
something between a fortress and
a prison. 

1540
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:49,400
Where northeasters blowing from 
the Atlantic waves reach 

1541
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:52,900
Heights, that seem impossible 
until you witness them water 

1542
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:55,100
explodes against rocks with 
force. 

1543
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:58,300
That makes the tower vibrate 
sending spray high enough to 

1544
01:25:58,300 --> 01:26:01,500
coat the lantern room glass with
salt despite its 70 foot 

1545
01:26:01,500 --> 01:26:05,300
elevation During the storms, you
cannot leave the lighthouse 

1546
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:07,600
grounds. 
Even the short walk between 

1547
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,300
dwelling in Tower. 
Becomes dangerous as wind tries 

1548
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:12,800
to lift you off your feet. 
You've learned to prepare for 

1549
01:26:12,800 --> 01:26:14,600
storms. 
The way squirrels prepare for 

1550
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:17,000
winter. 
When the barometer drops and 

1551
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:21,000
clouds Mass on the horizon, you 
and Samuel spring into action, 

1552
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:23,500
Storm shutters gets secured 
over. 

1553
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:27,400
Dwelling Windows, extra oil 
gets, hold up to the lantern 

1554
01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:30,100
room. 
The fog Bell mechanism gets 

1555
01:26:30,100 --> 01:26:33,700
checked and double-checked. 
Fresh water containers, get 

1556
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:37,200
filled from the system. 
Firewood gets stacked inside 

1557
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,300
near the stove. 
Then you wait knowing that. 

1558
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,400
The next few days will test both
the light House's construction 

1559
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:46,800
and your own endurance. 
The worst storm hit in February,

1560
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:49,600
a three-day Tempest that made 
previous storm. 

1561
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:52,500
Seemed like rehearsals waves 
reached Heights. 

1562
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:56,100
That seem to violate natural 
laws, sending green water 

1563
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:59,100
crashing over rocks. 
You thought was safely above sea

1564
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:01,700
level. 
The wind howled with voices, 

1565
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:05,000
that sounded Almost Human. 
Finding every Gap in the 

1566
01:27:05,008 --> 01:27:07,400
lighthouse is weatherproofing 
and exploiting it. 

1567
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:11,500
You and Samuel took two, our 
watches and four. 

1568
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:14,000
Because the strain of 
maintaining the light during 

1569
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,500
such conditions exhausted 
concentration faster than normal

1570
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:20,000
during that storm. 
You discovered depths of 

1571
01:27:20,008 --> 01:27:21,800
fatigue, you hadn't known 
existed. 

1572
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:25,300
You're watch shifts became 
exercises in sustained. 

1573
01:27:25,300 --> 01:27:29,700
Focus, despite overwhelming 
tiredness wind noise and the 

1574
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:34,200
towers constant motion as waves,
hammered its foundation you 

1575
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:38,400
learn to climb the 93 steps in a
zombie-like state respond to 

1576
01:27:38,408 --> 01:27:41,300
routine problems. 
Through muscle memory alone and 

1577
01:27:41,300 --> 01:27:44,500
stay alert enough to catch 
actual emergencies, through the 

1578
01:27:44,500 --> 01:27:48,200
fog of exhaustion, when the 
storm finally broke and the Sea 

1579
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:51,200
calmed, you and Samuel emerged 
to brilliant. 

1580
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:54,300
Sunshine that made the violence 
of the preceding days, seem like

1581
01:27:54,300 --> 01:27:57,900
a loosen Nation. 
The Rocks were scoured, cleaner 

1582
01:27:57,900 --> 01:28:02,100
vegetation Driftwood, littered 
the grounds several Windows had 

1583
01:28:02,100 --> 01:28:03,600
cracked. 
Despite their storm shutters 

1584
01:28:03,600 --> 01:28:08,100
that the lighted burned steadily
throughout and that was the only

1585
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:12,100
measure of success that mattered
Solitude or so brings unexpected

1586
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:15,300
encounters with Wildlife that 
shares this Rocky promontory. 

1587
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,700
Seals haul out on rocks, below 
the light house their barking. 

1588
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:24,900
Carrying up on quiet, evening's 
Harbor, porpoises, sometimes, 

1589
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:26,500
pass. 
Close enough that you can hear 

1590
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:29,600
their breathing. 
During spring and fall 

1591
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:33,400
migrations, Birds stopped to 
rest warblers thrushes. 

1592
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:37,200
And even once up a bewildered 
looking wood duck, that seemed a

1593
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:40,400
surprise to find itself here as 
you were to see it the Birds 

1594
01:28:40,400 --> 01:28:42,600
teach you about navigation and 
determination. 

1595
01:28:43,400 --> 01:28:47,200
The small ones, weighing barely,
an ounce somehow cross hundreds 

1596
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:49,000
of miles of ocean during 
migration. 

1597
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:52,500
Occasionally they're drawn to 
the lighthouse beam during 

1598
01:28:52,500 --> 01:28:55,500
foggy. 
Nights circling the lantern room

1599
01:28:55,500 --> 01:28:58,300
in confusion. 
You've learned to extinguish the

1600
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:01,800
lamp briefly during these events
allowing Birds to escape the 

1601
01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:06,300
Fatal Attraction then related. 
Once they've Departed The 

1602
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:08,400
lighthouse board doesn't 
officially sanction this 

1603
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:12,300
practice, but you suspect most 
Keepers do it anyway, you've 

1604
01:29:12,300 --> 01:29:16,000
also become acquainted with the 
resident, gulls three pairs that

1605
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:18,800
nest on the rocks, each spring, 
and maintained territories year 

1606
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:21,900
round. 
One pair which you've mentally 

1607
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:25,500
named Friedrich and Clara for no
particular reason as grown 

1608
01:29:25,500 --> 01:29:27,500
accustomed to your presence 
enough that they don't 

1609
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:29,900
immediately flee when you emerge
from the dwelling. 

1610
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:33,700
They've learned your routines 
and appear expectantly when you 

1611
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:38,000
dispose of fish scraps. 
It's not exactly friendship but 

1612
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:41,400
it's a relationship of sorts the
psychological weight of 

1613
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:43,700
isolation varies with seasons 
and weather. 

1614
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:47,700
Summerfield's easier to spite 
longer watches because decent 

1615
01:29:47,700 --> 01:29:51,000
weather allows outdoor work that
provides variety and sunshine. 

1616
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:55,300
Winter compresses life into 
smaller spaces with shorter 

1617
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:57,800
days. 
Intensifying the sense of being 

1618
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:00,700
contained in a small Stone box 
at the edge of civilization. 

1619
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:05,100
You've learned to recognize the 
warning signs in yourself and 

1620
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:07,500
Samuel. 
Increasing irritability 

1621
01:30:07,500 --> 01:30:10,200
attention, lapses, sleep 
disturbances. 

1622
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:13,500
And to address them through 
deliberate routing changes 

1623
01:30:13,500 --> 01:30:15,200
before they become serious 
problems. 

1624
01:30:15,200 --> 01:30:19,900
Letters become life lines during
deep winter. the supply boat 

1625
01:30:19,900 --> 01:30:23,200
brings male monthly when weather
permits, and you've developed 

1626
01:30:23,200 --> 01:30:26,700
corresponded with family 
friends, and even other 

1627
01:30:26,700 --> 01:30:30,800
Lighthouse keepers, Writing 
letters forces articulation of 

1628
01:30:30,808 --> 01:30:34,100
experiences that might otherwise
remain wordless impressions. 

1629
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:38,500
Reading letters brings news of 
the outside world, though, their

1630
01:30:38,500 --> 01:30:41,800
content often highlights how 
different your daily concerns of

1631
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:44,700
become from those of City 
dwellers your mother writes 

1632
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:46,600
about church, socials and 
neighborhood. 

1633
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:49,000
Gossip difficulties with 
servants. 

1634
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:53,600
The rise in cost of groceries, 
your brother describes his work 

1635
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,500
at the bank and his concerns 
about his eldest son's 

1636
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,400
education. 
These letters arrive from a 

1637
01:30:59,400 --> 01:31:02,800
world that feels increasingly 
foreign despite having left it 

1638
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:06,000
only months ago. 
You write back with descriptions

1639
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:10,000
of Storms and seals lends 
maintenance and supply boat 

1640
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:13,600
visits and wonder if your life 
seems a strange to them as 

1641
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:15,700
theirs. 
Now seems to you, you've 

1642
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:18,800
discovered that Solitude sharp 
and certain perceptions, While 

1643
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,700
dulling others, you've become 
exquisitely, attuned to where 

1644
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:27,200
the patterns mechanical sounds 
and the oceans moods but you've 

1645
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:30,900
noticed your social skills 
growing Rusty during the supply 

1646
01:31:30,900 --> 01:31:34,200
boat Captain's monthly visits 
you sometimes struggle with 

1647
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:38,100
casual conversation having grown
on a custom to the rapid fire 

1648
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:41,300
exchanges that characterize 
normal social interaction. 

1649
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:45,300
You find yourself Talking Too 
Long about topics, the captain 

1650
01:31:45,300 --> 01:31:48,900
clearly find boring or falling 
silent when social conventions 

1651
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:51,900
suggest you should respond, but 
there are compensation. 

1652
01:31:51,900 --> 01:31:54,700
You've learned to find 
entertainment in things. 

1653
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:58,100
City dwellers would consider 
mundane watching some sunset 

1654
01:31:58,100 --> 01:32:00,200
colors. 
Change minute by minute across 

1655
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:03,600
the water, tracking, cloud, 
formations and predicting, the 

1656
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:06,500
next days weather, Observing how
different wins. 

1657
01:32:06,500 --> 01:32:09,200
Create different patterns and 
grass, that's managed to rout 

1658
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:12,500
itself between rocks. 
These aren't substitutes for 

1659
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:16,100
human interaction, but their 
sources of genuine interest that

1660
01:32:16,100 --> 01:32:20,100
expand rather than diminish. 
Your experience Solitude has 

1661
01:32:20,100 --> 01:32:22,900
also forced self-reliance in 
ways that proved surprisingly, 

1662
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:27,300
satisfying When equipment breaks
you repair, it yourself for 

1663
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:30,800
improvised Solutions. 
When Food Supplies run low, 

1664
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:33,800
before the supply boat arrives, 
you get creative with what 

1665
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:37,400
remains when loneliness 
threatens to overwhelm you 

1666
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:41,200
develop strategies. 
Vigorous physical work details, 

1667
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:43,900
letter writing. 
Self-assigned projects that 

1668
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:48,000
restore psychological balance. 
The sea continues as Eternal 

1669
01:32:48,000 --> 01:32:50,100
conversational with the Rocks, a
sound. 

1670
01:32:50,100 --> 01:32:54,000
So constant, it's become silent.
You've learned that isolation 

1671
01:32:54,000 --> 01:32:55,600
isn't the absence of 
stimulation. 

1672
01:32:55,600 --> 01:32:58,500
It's a different quality of 
Engagement with the world. 

1673
01:32:59,500 --> 01:33:02,700
Instead of the scattered 
attention demanded by City Life 

1674
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:07,800
you've developed sustained focus
on narrower concerns instead of 

1675
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:10,000
superficial interactions with 
many people. 

1676
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:14,000
You've built deeper 
relationships with Place purpose

1677
01:33:14,000 --> 01:33:17,200
and the handful of individuals 
who share this isolated 

1678
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:21,000
existence a spring approaches 
and Ice finally, Retreats from 

1679
01:33:21,008 --> 01:33:23,000
the Rocks. 
You find yourself and 

1680
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:25,600
anticipating, rather than 
dreading another season at the 

1681
01:33:25,608 --> 01:33:28,400
light? 
The isolation that initially 

1682
01:33:28,400 --> 01:33:33,300
felt like deprivation has become
a kind of Freedom here, stripped

1683
01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:35,600
of social performance and urban 
distraction. 

1684
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:38,900
You've discovered a version of 
yourself that's perhaps more 

1685
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:42,400
authentic than the person who 
navigated City street six months

1686
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:45,800
ago. 
It's not a discovery, you'd have

1687
01:33:45,800 --> 01:33:48,500
made anywhere else, and while 
you occasionally Miss 

1688
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,500
civilizations comforts, you 
wouldn't trade this knowledge 

1689
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:54,300
for an easier life. 
The supply boats arrival is 

1690
01:33:54,300 --> 01:33:57,800
always an event even after 
multiple experiences with the 

1691
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,400
routine. 
You spot it while making our 

1692
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:04,700
afternoon rounds, a dark shape 
materializing from Coastal Haze.

1693
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:08,100
Gradually resolving into the 
familiar lines of the light 

1694
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:10,200
house. 
Tender that serves this section 

1695
01:34:10,200 --> 01:34:13,200
of coast. 
Samuel sees it too and remarks. 

1696
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:15,900
The captain Morris in is making 
good time despite yesterday's 

1697
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:18,100
rough Seas. 
He both head down to The 

1698
01:34:18,108 --> 01:34:21,000
Landing, carrying the outgoing 
mail, and your acquisition list 

1699
01:34:21,000 --> 01:34:24,200
for next month's supplies. 
The Landing is a stone platform 

1700
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:28,200
built into the most sheltered 
section of rocks with iron rings

1701
01:34:28,200 --> 01:34:30,200
set into the stone for securing 
boats. 

1702
01:34:30,200 --> 01:34:34,700
Even in calm weather, the tender
doesn't dock directly Morrison 

1703
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,700
anchors offshore and send 
supplies in on a smaller Dory 

1704
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:40,400
Road by his assistant. 
Fantastic. 

1705
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:43,800
Turn main native named Webb, you
can read waves the way you read 

1706
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:46,700
lamp Flames. 
The Doria arrives loaded with 

1707
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:50,700
crates, barrels and canvas bags,
you and Samuel help haul 

1708
01:34:50,700 --> 01:34:53,700
everything up to The Landing 
while Morrison himself comes a 

1709
01:34:53,700 --> 01:34:55,400
shorter conduct his monthly 
inspection. 

1710
01:34:56,100 --> 01:34:58,800
He is required to verify that 
the lighthouse meets Lighthouse 

1711
01:34:58,800 --> 01:34:59,700
board. 
Standards. 

1712
01:34:59,700 --> 01:35:02,600
Check the keepers logs and 
Report any deficiencies. 

1713
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:05,800
In practice, he's also your 
primary connection to the 

1714
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:10,300
outside world bringing News 
letters, occasional treats and 

1715
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,700
the simple presence of someone 
new to talk with Morrison has 

1716
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:17,100
been running this Supply route 
for 12 years and knows every 

1717
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:19,900
light housekeeper on his Circuit
by name and temperament. 

1718
01:35:20,700 --> 01:35:24,400
He is a compact man in his 50s 
with weathered hands and the 

1719
01:35:24,400 --> 01:35:27,400
kind of practical competence 
that inspires confidence. 

1720
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:31,000
While you and Samuel unload 
supplies, he performed his 

1721
01:35:31,000 --> 01:35:33,800
inspection with the thoroughness
of someone who takes 

1722
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:37,400
bureaucratic responsibilities, 
seriously, but isn't looking to 

1723
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,600
create problems unnecessarily, 
he climbs, the tower checks, the

1724
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:46,000
lens and lamp examines the fog, 
Bell mechanism and reviews, your

1725
01:35:46,000 --> 01:35:50,900
log entries for the past month. 
Everything passes inspection as 

1726
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:54,500
you knew at would? 
Samuel runs two tighter station 

1727
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,200
for things to slip. 
Morrison signs. 

1728
01:35:57,200 --> 01:36:00,400
The log to indicate his 
approval, then produces letters 

1729
01:36:00,400 --> 01:36:02,300
and newspapers from his coat 
pocket. 

1730
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:05,500
You resist the urge to tear into
the immediately. 

1731
01:36:05,500 --> 01:36:09,100
Maintaining the social courtesy 
of offering Morrison tea before 

1732
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:12,800
he departs over T in the 
dwellings kitchen, Morrison 

1733
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,300
shares news from his other 
Lighthouse stations, The Keeper 

1734
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,100
at Portsmouth Harbor, Light is 
retiring after 30 years. 

1735
01:36:19,900 --> 01:36:22,300
There was a rescue at Baker's 
Island during the February 

1736
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:24,500
storm. 
A fishing boat driven onto 

1737
01:36:24,500 --> 01:36:26,700
rocks. 
All Cruise saved, thanks to the 

1738
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:28,600
keeper, spotting their distress 
signals. 

1739
01:36:29,900 --> 01:36:32,100
A new assistant. 
Keeper at Cape Ann Lite, is a 

1740
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:35,600
struggling with the isolation 
and might not complete his 

1741
01:36:35,600 --> 01:36:38,500
probation period. 
He also shares news from the 

1742
01:36:38,500 --> 01:36:40,900
wide world. 
Filtered, through his own 

1743
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:44,300
perspective, the economy is 
improving though, fishing 

1744
01:36:44,300 --> 01:36:47,700
remains difficult. 
There's talk of new light house 

1745
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:49,400
construction. 
Further up the coast. 

1746
01:36:50,200 --> 01:36:52,900
Some inventor claims to be 
working on an electric lights. 

1747
01:36:52,900 --> 01:36:55,400
That might eventually replace 
oil lamps though. 

1748
01:36:55,400 --> 01:36:58,500
Morrison is skeptical. 
He seemed too many innovations 

1749
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:01,500
that looked good on paper but 
failed in real conditions. 

1750
01:37:01,500 --> 01:37:05,800
You Savor this conversation even
though Morrison's topics are 

1751
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:10,200
Ordinary by City standards after
weeks of only Samuel's company. 

1752
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:14,400
Anyone knew as fascinating, you 
find yourself listening to 

1753
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:18,300
Morrison's stories about routine
Supply runs as if they're hired 

1754
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:21,800
Venture which probably says more
about your isolation than about 

1755
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:24,700
the stories. 
Actual interest level Morris and

1756
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:27,800
also brings small luxuries that 
aren't on the official supply 

1757
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:30,200
list. 
Fresh apples from his own 

1758
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:34,300
Orchard, a tin of fancy tea and 
recent issues of Harper's 

1759
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:36,900
Weekly. 
These gifts are technically 

1760
01:37:36,900 --> 01:37:40,800
outside regulations but their 
part of the informal economy 

1761
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,700
that makes Lighthouse life. 
Bearable in return, you give him

1762
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:47,200
fresh baked bread and smoked 
fish items. 

1763
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:49,900
That Morrison will appreciate 
during a Supply runs to other 

1764
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:53,200
stations after an hour Morrison 
prepares to part. 

1765
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:56,600
The Tide is turning and he wants
to make his next station before 

1766
01:37:56,600 --> 01:37:59,100
dark. 
He helped carry empty barrels 

1767
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:01,400
back to the Dory. 
These will be cleaned and 

1768
01:38:01,400 --> 01:38:03,000
refilled for next months to 
delivery. 

1769
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:06,500
Web loads them efficiently. 
While Morrison does a final 

1770
01:38:06,500 --> 01:38:07,700
check. 
That he hasn't forgotten 

1771
01:38:07,700 --> 01:38:09,900
anything. 
The Dory pulls away from The 

1772
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:12,100
Landing and you watch it return 
to the tender. 

1773
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:16,000
Morrison waves from the deck as 
the tenders engine costs to life

1774
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:18,700
and the vessel turns back toward
the mainland. 

1775
01:38:19,500 --> 01:38:23,100
Within minutes, it's disappeared
into the same Coastal, Hazard 

1776
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,200
emerge from and you're left with
the supplies to sort and the 

1777
01:38:26,200 --> 01:38:28,900
letters to read and the renewed 
awareness that you won't see 

1778
01:38:28,900 --> 01:38:31,800
another human face for at least 
four weeks late. 

1779
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:34,300
March brings, whether that can't
decide what season it wants to 

1780
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:37,100
be. 
One Day offers spring Sunshine, 

1781
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:40,700
warm enough for shirtsleeves. 
The next brings freezing rain 

1782
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:42,700
that coat, everything and 
treacherous ice. 

1783
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:46,200
The barometer has been falling 
steadily for two days. 

1784
01:38:46,200 --> 01:38:50,700
The sky is taken on that 
peculiar, yellowish quality that

1785
01:38:50,700 --> 01:38:53,400
experience to keep his 
recognized as a storm. 

1786
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:56,900
Warning Samuel checks the 
barometer again and notes the 

1787
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,600
reading in the log, 29.2 inches 
and dropping. 

1788
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:04,600
The winter shifted to the north 
east, and the swells are 

1789
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:06,900
building with the slow powerful 
Rhythm. 

1790
01:39:06,900 --> 01:39:11,300
That indicates a major storm 
system approaching you both know

1791
01:39:11,300 --> 01:39:14,800
what's coming. 
Bringing nor Easter potentially 

1792
01:39:14,800 --> 01:39:17,500
worse than winter storms, 
because the temperature contrast

1793
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:21,300
between systems create 
traditional violence, storm, 

1794
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:25,000
preparation, begins with the 
kind of practiced urgently, you 

1795
01:39:25,000 --> 01:39:27,500
secure, everything that could 
blow away or get damaged. 

1796
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:33,500
Tools spare parts, anything left
outside gets moved into storage.

1797
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:37,900
Storm shutters go up over the 
dwellings, Windows, plunging, 

1798
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:40,100
the interior into premature 
Twilight. 

1799
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:44,200
Extra lamp oil gets hold up to 
the lantern room along with 

1800
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:47,600
spare Wix cleaning supplies and 
Emergency Equipment. 

1801
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:51,200
The fog Bell gets a thorough 
check because low visibility is 

1802
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:55,100
virtually, guaranteed. 
You test the mechanism oil, the 

1803
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:58,700
moving parts and verify that the
spring tension is correct. 

1804
01:39:59,600 --> 01:40:03,200
The bells deep tone Echoes 
across the rocks, and gulls 

1805
01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:05,900
scatter from their roosting 
spots in a parent irritation at 

1806
01:40:05,900 --> 01:40:09,800
the noise food, preparation 
comes next, you bake extra 

1807
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:11,800
bread. 
Knowing that the stove may be 

1808
01:40:11,800 --> 01:40:15,000
needed continuously for heat and
that you won't want to deal with

1809
01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:19,300
baking during the storm's Peak. 
Samuel makes a large pot of stew

1810
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:21,700
enough for several days of 
reheating. 

1811
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:26,400
Freshwater containers, get 
filled from the system can 

1812
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:29,400
candles and matches get staged 
where they'll be accessible. 

1813
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,400
If the storm knocks out your 
ability to move freely between 

1814
01:40:32,400 --> 01:40:36,700
building's storm arrives that 
evening announcing itself with 

1815
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:40,100
wind that goes from fresh to 
Violent in less than an hour. 

1816
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:45,100
rain comes horizontally finding,
every tiny Gap in the lighthouse

1817
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:48,700
is weatherproofing Waves begin 
their assault on the rocks. 

1818
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:52,100
With increasing Fury. 
Sending spray high enough that 

1819
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:54,400
you can hear it. 
Hitting the lantern room glass. 

1820
01:40:54,400 --> 01:40:58,600
70 feet above sea level. 
Your watch begins at 8 p.m. and 

1821
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:00,000
climbing. 
The tower is already. 

1822
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:03,700
Noticeably more difficult. 
The wind makes the iron stairs 

1823
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:07,900
vibrate and you can feel the 
tower swaying slightly within 

1824
01:41:07,900 --> 01:41:11,300
its design parameters but still 
disconcerting. 

1825
01:41:12,200 --> 01:41:15,500
In the lantern room, the lamp 
burn steady, despite the chaos 

1826
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:19,800
outside the lens rotate, with 
its usual Precision, sending 

1827
01:41:19,800 --> 01:41:22,200
beams of light out into the 
storm though. 

1828
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:24,300
You wonder if any ships are 
close enough to see it through 

1829
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:28,700
the rain and spray, the noise is
extraordinary, wind howls 

1830
01:41:28,700 --> 01:41:31,200
through the lantern rooms 
ventilators with a sound that 

1831
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:33,900
Varys from whistling to 
shrinking depending on wind 

1832
01:41:33,900 --> 01:41:37,100
direction. 
Waves, crash against the rocks 

1833
01:41:37,100 --> 01:41:41,200
with reports, like Canon fire. 
Rain hammers, the glass with 

1834
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:45,000
such force that you worry about 
cracks though, the thick pains 

1835
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:47,500
are designed to withstand 
exactly this abuse. 

1836
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:51,200
Through the Windows when 
lightning flashes you catch 

1837
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:54,200
glimpses of seas. 
So wild, they look like moving 

1838
01:41:54,200 --> 01:41:56,900
mountains. 
You perform your watch duties 

1839
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,300
with extra attention. 
The lamp needs checking every 30

1840
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:04,200
minutes and set of every hour. 
Wind-driven variations in the 

1841
01:42:04,208 --> 01:42:06,900
ventilator air flow can affect 
the flame stability. 

1842
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:10,300
The Clockwork requires 
monitoring because temperature 

1843
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:13,000
changes from the violent weather
can affect its precision. 

1844
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:16,900
The windows need constant 
inspection for any signs of 

1845
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:19,000
water. 
Infiltration that could threaten

1846
01:42:19,000 --> 01:42:22,400
the lamp or damage the lens 
around midnight, you notice 

1847
01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:25,600
water beginning to pool on the 
lantern room floor, beneath the 

1848
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:27,500
East and windows, this shouldn't
happen. 

1849
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:30,900
The weatherproofing is supposed 
to prevent any significant 

1850
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:34,700
infiltration, you investigate 
and discover that wind-driven 

1851
01:42:34,700 --> 01:42:38,000
spray has found a tiny Gap where
the window frame meets the wall 

1852
01:42:38,000 --> 01:42:41,100
and the sheer volume of water, 
hitting the light house as 

1853
01:42:41,100 --> 01:42:43,700
overwhelmed. 
The normal drainage you stuff 

1854
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:47,200
the Gap with Rags from your 
cleaning supplies which slows 

1855
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,800
but doesn't stop the leak. 
The water is coming in faster 

1856
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:53,500
than it can drain through the 
floors intended drainage holes. 

1857
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:57,800
Cumulate enough to reach the 
lens mechanism, it could cause 

1858
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,800
damage or freeze the rotation. 
You grab every of available 

1859
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,700
cloth and begin a cycle of 
mopping up, water ringing out, 

1860
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:10,000
cloths and repeating all while 
maintaining your watch duties 

1861
01:43:10,000 --> 01:43:13,100
and monitoring the lamp. 
By the time Samuel comes to 

1862
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:15,300
relieve. 
You at 2, a.m. your exhausted 

1863
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:17,200
and soaked despite your oil 
skin. 

1864
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:21,400
You explain the leak situation 
and he nods Grimley. 

1865
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:25,000
This storm is testing the 
lighthouse in ways that routine.

1866
01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:29,100
Whether doesn't you descend the 
dwelling change into dry clothes

1867
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:31,700
and try to sleep. 
Despite wind noise that 

1868
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:35,300
penetrates even through thick, 
stonewalls four hours later, 

1869
01:43:35,300 --> 01:43:39,100
Samuel wakes, you early. 
The leakers worsened and he 

1870
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:41,900
needs help. 
You climb back up to find the 

1871
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:44,300
lantern room floor, covered in a
quarter inch of water. 

1872
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:48,700
Despite Samuel's efforts 
Together you work out a system 

1873
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:52,300
one, person constantly mocks 
while the other maintains the 

1874
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:56,200
watch duties and tens the lamp. 
You trade off every 30 minutes, 

1875
01:43:56,200 --> 01:44:00,100
to prevent exhaustion, the storm
continues through the next day 

1876
01:44:00,100 --> 01:44:03,600
and into the following night. 
You and Samuel fall into a 

1877
01:44:03,608 --> 01:44:06,900
rhythm of work refreshed and 
more work. 

1878
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:11,200
Meals become Hasty, Affairs of 
bread and cold, Stewie, and 

1879
01:44:11,200 --> 01:44:14,300
standing up. 
Sleep comes in two-hour chunks, 

1880
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:17,700
between watches, the leak 
remains manageable, but requires

1881
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,800
constant attention. 
The lamp burned, deadly. 

1882
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:25,100
The lens keeps rotating and 
that's what matters on the third

1883
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:27,200
day. 
The wind finally begins to 

1884
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:31,500
decrease the rain continues, but
without the driving force of 

1885
01:44:31,500 --> 01:44:35,200
gale force winds, The waves, 
gradually diminish from 

1886
01:44:35,200 --> 01:44:38,300
terrifying to merely dangerous, 
to Simply rough. 

1887
01:44:39,000 --> 01:44:42,000
You and Samuel repair the leak 
properly using materials from 

1888
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:45,300
the maintenance supplies, 
sealing it with okum and tar, 

1889
01:44:45,300 --> 01:44:47,300
that should withstand any future
storms. 

1890
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:50,400
When the storm finally ends? 
You both emerge into a world 

1891
01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:52,500
that's been scrubbed clean, the 
Rocks. 

1892
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:56,700
Gleam in returning Sunshine, the
sea still agitated, but no 

1893
01:44:56,700 --> 01:44:59,700
longer violent shows, colors. 
You'd almost forgotten during 

1894
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,900
the storm's gray, chaos. 
Driftwood is scattered 

1895
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:06,000
everywhere, including a massive 
Timber that must have come from 

1896
01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:08,700
a ship somewhere. 
You may make a note in the log 

1897
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:11,400
to report it as it might 
indicate a wreck. 

1898
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:15,000
The dwelling shows, minor 
damage, several roof shingles 

1899
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:18,800
missing one window cracked 
despite its storm shutter and 

1900
01:45:18,800 --> 01:45:21,500
water stains on the ceiling 
where rain found gaps in the 

1901
01:45:21,508 --> 01:45:24,300
roofing. 
The lighthouse Tower itself is 

1902
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,600
essentially undamaged. 
It's been standing here for 40 

1903
01:45:27,600 --> 01:45:30,800
years and will probably stand 
for another 40 by people who 

1904
01:45:30,800 --> 01:45:34,200
understood what forces it would 
need to withstand your both 

1905
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:37,000
exhausted in a way that goes 
beyond physical tiredness. 

1906
01:45:37,000 --> 01:45:40,800
Three days of heightened, 
alertness irregular, sleep, and 

1907
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:43,000
constant work. 
Of depleted reserves. 

1908
01:45:43,000 --> 01:45:46,500
You didn't know you were using 
But there's also satisfaction 

1909
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:49,500
the storm tested you and you 
passed. 

1910
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:52,200
The light burned steadily 
throughout. 

1911
01:45:52,900 --> 01:45:55,100
Any ship that needed guidance 
received it. 

1912
01:45:55,100 --> 01:45:58,600
You did your job, Samuel makes 
proper coffee. 

1913
01:45:58,600 --> 01:46:01,000
The good kind. 
He reserves for special 

1914
01:46:01,000 --> 01:46:04,300
occasions and you sit together 
in the kitchen, not talking 

1915
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:08,200
much, but sharing the quiet 
satisfaction of people who have 

1916
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:09,600
weathered something difficult 
together. 

1917
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:13,600
Outside the gulls of return to 
their usual spots. 

1918
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:17,300
Apparently unbothered by having 
spent three days hunkered down 

1919
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:20,200
in whatever shelter. 
They'd found the next supply 

1920
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:21,800
boat visit is still two weeks 
away. 

1921
01:46:21,800 --> 01:46:25,000
You've already started the 
mental list of items you'll need

1922
01:46:25,000 --> 01:46:28,800
to repair storm damage. 
More roofing shingles window, 

1923
01:46:28,800 --> 01:46:32,500
glass Oakham and tar and paint 
for areas. 

1924
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:33,800
Where the storm. 
Stripped it away. 

1925
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:38,100
The list is long but manageable 
storm damage is part of 

1926
01:46:38,108 --> 01:46:42,300
Lighthouse Life as a routine as 
daily maintenance, even if the 

1927
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:46,300
specific damage varies that 
night lighting, the lamp feels 

1928
01:46:46,300 --> 01:46:49,300
different than usual. 
You go through the same physical

1929
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:53,300
motion, checking oil trimming 
Wick, adjusting ventilators 

1930
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:57,200
striking the match, but with 
renewed appreciation, for the 

1931
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,500
ritual, significance. 
This lamp has burned through 

1932
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,300
worst storms than you'll 
probably ever experienced. 

1933
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:06,500
It will continue burning long. 
After you've moved on to another

1934
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:10,300
station or retired from 
Lighthouse service entirely the 

1935
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:13,500
lens, catches the flame and 
transforms it into beams that 

1936
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:17,000
sweep out across the darkening. 
Sea Somewhere beyond your 

1937
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:19,500
horizon. 
A ship's Captain Marks their 

1938
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:22,400
position and continues safely on
their course. 

1939
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:27,200
The storm is over. 
The light burns on all is well, 

1940
01:47:27,200 --> 01:47:30,200
Samuel receives his transfer 
orders in late April. 

1941
01:47:30,200 --> 01:47:33,600
He'll be moving to a harbor like
closer to his family by the end 

1942
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,500
of May. 
The news arrives in a letter 

1943
01:47:36,508 --> 01:47:40,100
from the lighthouse board formal
and impersonal as all official 

1944
01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:43,200
correspondents. 
He rated allowed over breakfast,

1945
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:46,600
his tone neutral though. 
You detect relief underneath. 

1946
01:47:47,500 --> 01:47:51,000
He's been at this isolated 
station for five years and while

1947
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:54,000
he's never complained, you know,
his wife's letters, have grown 

1948
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:56,500
increasingly urgent about 
wanting him closer to home. 

1949
01:47:56,500 --> 01:47:58,700
This means changes for you as 
well. 

1950
01:47:58,700 --> 01:48:02,000
The light house board offers you
the position of head keeper, 

1951
01:48:02,000 --> 01:48:05,700
which comes with a modest paying
Chris and full responsibility 

1952
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:08,500
for the station. 
You'll also receive a new 

1953
01:48:08,508 --> 01:48:11,600
assistant keeper. 
A young man named Thomas who's 

1954
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:14,800
completing his training at a 
more accessible station and will

1955
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:18,600
arrive when Samuel departs, you 
accept the promotion with mixed 

1956
01:48:18,600 --> 01:48:22,800
feelings on one hand, it's 
recognition of competence and a 

1957
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:24,500
step forward in the lighthouse 
service career. 

1958
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:28,900
Structure on the other hand, it 
means losing Samuel's steady 

1959
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:32,800
presence and experienced 
judgment. you've learned to read

1960
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:37,000
his moods, trust his decisions 
and appreciate his particular 

1961
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:40,900
approach to Lighthouse, keeping 
Breaking in a new assistant will

1962
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:43,600
require patience and attention. 
You're not certain, you have 

1963
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:47,300
Samuel spends his remaining 
weaks training you in aspects of

1964
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:50,700
headkeeper responsibilities. 
You haven't handled there's more

1965
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,400
paperwork than you'd realize 
monthly reports to the light 

1966
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:58,300
house board Inventory management
Supply requisitions and personal

1967
01:48:58,300 --> 01:49:01,300
evaluations. 
There's also the weight of final

1968
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:05,900
Authority As assistant keeper, 
you could always defer difficult

1969
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:08,400
decisions to Samuel as 
headkeeper. 

1970
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,800
Those decisions will be solely 
yours. 

1971
01:49:10,800 --> 01:49:14,300
He also shares wisdom that isn't
in any manual. 

1972
01:49:15,300 --> 01:49:18,400
How to judge when someone's 
isolation difficulties are a 

1973
01:49:18,400 --> 01:49:21,400
temporary adjustment versus a 
genuine unsuitability for light 

1974
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:23,800
housework. 
Health balance, necessary, 

1975
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,500
discipline with the flexibility 
required, when two people must 

1976
01:49:27,500 --> 01:49:29,700
live and work in very close 
quarters. 

1977
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,600
How to represent the lighthouse 
service properly during the rare

1978
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:37,000
occasions when outside is visit.
These lessons come through 

1979
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:41,100
stories and observations rather 
than lectures Samuels preferred 

1980
01:49:41,100 --> 01:49:43,700
teaching method. 
One evening sharing Tobacco on 

1981
01:49:43,708 --> 01:49:46,300
the bench outside. 
The dwelling Samuel tells you 

1982
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:50,100
about his first station a remote
light where he served under a 

1983
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:52,900
head keeper he'd been Lighthouse
keeping for 30 years. 

1984
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:56,600
That keeper had taught Samuel 
something that proved more 

1985
01:49:56,600 --> 01:49:58,200
valuable than any Technical 
Training. 

1986
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:02,100
Light housekeeping isn't really 
about maintaining equipment or 

1987
01:50:02,100 --> 01:50:04,800
following procedures. 
It's about maintaining your 

1988
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:08,600
self, your alertness, your 
judgment, your sense of purpose,

1989
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:11,900
because everything else depends 
on the keepers, reliability. 

1990
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:16,000
You ask what happens when you 
can't maintain yourself when the

1991
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:18,600
isolation or exhaustion or sheer
routine? 

1992
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:22,100
Where is udown? 
Samuel takes a long draw on his 

1993
01:50:22,108 --> 01:50:25,500
pipe and says, that's when you 
either find new ways to stay 

1994
01:50:25,500 --> 01:50:27,600
engaged or you request to 
transfer. 

1995
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:30,900
There's no shame in recognizing 
your Limits. 

1996
01:50:30,900 --> 01:50:34,000
The Shame is in staying at a 
station, you can no longer 

1997
01:50:34,008 --> 01:50:37,200
manage properly, because then 
ships are depending on someone 

1998
01:50:37,200 --> 01:50:40,200
whose no longer Dependable, 
Thomas arrives on the same 

1999
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:42,000
supply boat that takes Samuel 
away. 

2000
01:50:42,000 --> 01:50:47,300
He's 23 eager and clearly 
nervous about this posting You 

2001
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:49,800
remember feeling similar 
nervousness six months ago, 

2002
01:50:49,800 --> 01:50:53,700
which now seems like years? 
Samuel introduces. 

2003
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:56,600
You both hands. 
You a formal letter, confirming 

2004
01:50:56,600 --> 01:50:59,800
your promotion and says, he'll 
write once he settled at his new

2005
01:50:59,808 --> 01:51:02,700
station. 
Then he's in the Dory, heading 

2006
01:51:02,700 --> 01:51:05,600
toward the tender and you're 
alone with your new assistant 

2007
01:51:05,600 --> 01:51:08,500
Thomas has that scrubbed 
Earnest. 

2008
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:11,200
Look of someone who spent more 
time studying manuals than 

2009
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:14,400
actually working His uniform is 
pristine. 

2010
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:17,800
His equipment is new and his 
questions reveal that he's 

2011
01:51:17,800 --> 01:51:19,500
memorized procedures without 
yet. 

2012
01:51:19,500 --> 01:51:23,200
Understanding why they matter 
you recognize this because you 

2013
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:27,100
were similar not long ago. 
Time and experience will season 

2014
01:51:27,100 --> 01:51:30,000
him. 
Your job is ensuring he survives

2015
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:31,500
long enough to gain that 
experience. 

2016
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:34,800
You start his training the same 
day because Lighthouse work 

2017
01:51:34,800 --> 01:51:38,300
doesn't pause for transitions. 
The afternoons tasks, become 

2018
01:51:38,300 --> 01:51:41,500
teaching opportunities. 
You demonstrate proper lens 

2019
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:44,700
cleaning while explaining why 
technique matters, you show him 

2020
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:47,700
how to read the barometer and 
what different patterns indicate

2021
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:50,900
you have him practice Wick 
trimming until he can do it 

2022
01:51:50,908 --> 01:51:55,100
smoothly each task comes with 
context, that connects procedure

2023
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:58,600
to purpose, Thomas is quick to 
learn mechanical tasks, but 

2024
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:02,900
struggles with the isolation 
cycle aspects, After a week. 

2025
01:52:02,908 --> 01:52:05,400
He admits that the silence 
bothers him. 

2026
01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:09,300
He's from Boston accustomed to 
constant noise and activity. 

2027
01:52:10,300 --> 01:52:13,500
The lighthouses quietness feels 
oppressive and he's having 

2028
01:52:13,500 --> 01:52:16,800
trouble sleeping because the 
wind and wave sound too loud in 

2029
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:19,700
the absence of City. 
Sounds, you remember, feeling 

2030
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:23,900
similarly disoriented by the 
acoustic environment You suggest

2031
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:27,100
strategies that helped you 
focusing on the natural rhythms 

2032
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:29,600
treating. 
The sounds as information rather

2033
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:32,700
than noise and understanding 
that adjustment takes time. 

2034
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:35,600
You will also share something, 
Samuel, talk to you. 

2035
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:38,600
That some people adapt to 
isolation and others don't. 

2036
01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:42,000
And there's no predicting, which
types someone is until they're 

2037
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:44,400
actually living it. 
The first storm you wear with 

2038
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,300
Thomas Reeves. 
Both his potential and his gaps.

2039
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:49,800
He handles the increased watch 
duties. 

2040
01:52:49,800 --> 01:52:52,100
Well, staying alert and 
following procedures. 

2041
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:55,900
But he becomes anxious in ways. 
That interfere with judgment. 

2042
01:52:57,000 --> 01:53:00,900
When the fog Bell mechanism jams
during the storm's Peak Thomas 

2043
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:04,400
and wants to wake you 
immediately your already awake. 

2044
01:53:04,400 --> 01:53:08,800
No experience keeper sleep 
soundly during storms and you 

2045
01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:11,400
talked him through diagnosing 
and fixing the problem himself. 

2046
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:15,700
Afterward you explain that light
housekeeping requires a 

2047
01:53:15,700 --> 01:53:20,000
particular kind of calm 
Emergencies will happen often at

2048
01:53:20,008 --> 01:53:23,800
the worst possible moments 
panicking, waste time and clouds

2049
01:53:23,800 --> 01:53:26,700
judgement. 
The solution is trusting your 

2050
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:28,900
training, working 
systematically. 

2051
01:53:28,900 --> 01:53:32,300
And knowing when to ask for help
versus when to solve problems 

2052
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:37,300
independently, Thomas nods, but 
you can see he's still 

2053
01:53:37,308 --> 01:53:40,900
processing. 
This experience will be his real

2054
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:43,100
teacher. 
You're all so learning lessons 

2055
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:45,500
about leadership, that didn't 
seem important when you were 

2056
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:48,900
assistant keeper, you discover 
that different people require 

2057
01:53:48,900 --> 01:53:52,800
different management approaches.
Thomas responds, well to Patient

2058
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:57,100
explanation but poorly to 
criticism even constructive 

2059
01:53:57,100 --> 01:54:00,100
criticism. 
He needs explicit, praise for 

2060
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:02,900
good work. 
Whereas Samuel operated on the 

2061
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,800
assumption that no comment meant
satisfactory performance. 

2062
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:10,500
You find yourself thinking about
how Samuel managed you his mixed

2063
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:13,300
of giving you responsibility 
while remaining available for 

2064
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:15,700
questions. 
His way of correcting mistakes, 

2065
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:18,900
without making you feel 
incompetent and his patients 

2066
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:20,300
with your adjustment to 
isolation. 

2067
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,600
You try to emulate this approach
with Thomas while developing 

2068
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:28,000
your own leadership style, 
letters from Samuel arrived. 

2069
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,300
Monthly, with the supply boat. 
He settling well at his new 

2070
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:35,400
station, enjoying being closer 
to his grandchildren but admits 

2071
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:38,100
missing the clean Simplicity of 
the remote light house. 

2072
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:42,500
Harbor Lights have more 
visitors, more bureaucracy, and 

2073
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:44,600
more distractions from the 
essential work. 

2074
01:54:45,400 --> 01:54:48,700
He asks, how Thomas is 
developing and offers advice on 

2075
01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:50,900
managing a young assistance. 
Enthusiasm. 

2076
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:54,300
Without crushing his Spirit, you
write back with updates and 

2077
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:56,900
questions grateful for the 
continued mentorship. 

2078
01:54:56,900 --> 01:55:01,100
Even a distance Samuels, letters
become a kind of professional 

2079
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:04,100
development resource offering 
perspectives. 

2080
01:55:04,100 --> 01:55:07,200
You can't get from manuals or 
even from direct experience. 

2081
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:11,400
His teaching you to see patterns
across situations, rather than 

2082
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:15,800
treating, each challenges unique
as summer arrives, you and 

2083
01:55:15,800 --> 01:55:17,500
Thomas settle into a functional 
partnership. 

2084
01:55:18,300 --> 01:55:21,500
He's growing more comfortable 
with isolation developing his 

2085
01:55:21,500 --> 01:55:24,900
own routines and interests. 
He's revealed a talent for 

2086
01:55:24,900 --> 01:55:28,900
sketching and fills notebooks 
with drawing of birds waves, 

2087
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:31,200
cloud, formations, and 
Lighthouse equipment. 

2088
01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:35,600
His mechanical skills improve 
with practice and his Panic 

2089
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:38,700
responses diminish as 
experience, builds confidence. 

2090
01:55:38,700 --> 01:55:42,100
You've also discovered 
unexpected satisfaction in 

2091
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:46,200
teaching, helping Thomas of 
competence feels meaningful in 

2092
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:48,700
ways that simply maintaining the
light house does not. 

2093
01:55:49,400 --> 01:55:52,800
You're not just keeping a light 
burning your training, someone 

2094
01:55:52,800 --> 01:55:54,800
who will continue the work after
you move on. 

2095
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:59,100
It's a kind of immortality 
passing skills and knowledge 

2096
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:01,100
forward through generations of 
Keepers. 

2097
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:04,500
One evening, Thomas asks, why 
you became a Lighthouse Keeper, 

2098
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:08,300
you realize you've never 
articulated this clearly even to

2099
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:11,000
yourself. 
After thinking, you say 

2100
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:14,300
something about wanting work 
that matters that has a clear 

2101
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:18,500
purpose and measurable results. 
You want to be responsible for 

2102
01:56:18,500 --> 01:56:21,500
something important but not be 
crushed by administrative 

2103
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:23,300
complexity or social 
performance. 

2104
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:26,100
Lighthouse. 
Keeping offered honest work, 

2105
01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:29,000
where competence is obvious and 
where your effort directly 

2106
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:32,700
affects other safety Thomas. 
Considers this and admits. 

2107
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:35,000
He became a keeper partly to 
escape family. 

2108
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:36,700
Pressure to join his father's 
business. 

2109
01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:39,500
Lighthouse. 
Work seemed adventurous 

2110
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:43,500
romantically. 
Even the reality has been harder

2111
01:56:43,500 --> 01:56:46,500
and less romantic than he 
imagined, but also more 

2112
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,300
satisfying. 
There's something real about 

2113
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:51,900
this work that his father's 
import business lacked. 

2114
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:53,900
You understand exactly what he 
means. 

2115
01:56:53,900 --> 01:56:58,700
Modern Life in the 1880s feels 
increasingly abstract money 

2116
01:56:58,700 --> 01:57:02,600
represents, labor contracts, 
represent relationships and 

2117
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:07,500
cities represent communities. 
That deliver anonymity, Here, at

2118
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:11,500
the Lighthouse, everything is 
concrete the Lighty the burns or

2119
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:15,000
it doesn't the lenses either 
clean or it isn't ships. 

2120
01:57:15,000 --> 01:57:16,400
Either pass safely or they 
don't. 

2121
01:57:17,300 --> 01:57:20,300
There's Clarity here that's 
increasingly rare in a world 

2122
01:57:20,308 --> 01:57:23,600
growing more complex by the year
as you and Thomas, share, 

2123
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:26,700
tobacco and watch Sunset color. 
The water you realize you've 

2124
01:57:26,700 --> 01:57:30,600
become what Samuel was to you. 
A bridge between the lighthouse 

2125
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:33,900
Services institutional 
requirements and the human 

2126
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:37,500
reality of doing this work. 
It's a role you never sought but

2127
01:57:37,500 --> 01:57:40,900
of apparently accepted. 
You're no longer just keeping a 

2128
01:57:40,900 --> 01:57:44,300
light house, you're keeping a 
tradition, maintaining a skill 

2129
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:47,800
set and preparing the Next 
Generation to continue the work.

2130
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:51,100
The light will Outlast. 
You both serving Keepers you'll 

2131
01:57:51,100 --> 01:57:54,100
never meet and guiding ships 
that haven't been built yet. 

2132
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:58,400
But for now in this moment you 
and Thomas are its Guardians, 

2133
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:02,600
you're doing work that matters 
in a place that demands your 

2134
01:58:02,600 --> 01:58:06,100
best with a purpose that needs 
no justification. 

2135
01:58:06,100 --> 01:58:09,400
It's enough. 
The inspector arrives in August 

2136
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:12,100
without warning which is 
precisely how the light house 

2137
01:58:12,100 --> 01:58:14,700
board. 
Prefers it You spot his boat 

2138
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:17,800
approaching on a Tuesday 
morning, not the regular Supply 

2139
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:21,400
tender but a smaller vessel that
carries only the inspector and 

2140
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,500
his assistance, you have about 
15 minutes to ensure. 

2141
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:27,500
Everything is presentable. 
Those Samuels training has made 

2142
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:31,100
you meticulous enough that the 
light house is always inspection

2143
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:33,100
ready. 
The inspector is a career 

2144
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:34,900
Lighthouse service man named 
Henderson. 

2145
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:39,300
Severe and thorough in ways that
make you understand why Keepers 

2146
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:43,900
sometimes dread these visits. 
He examined everything running 

2147
01:58:43,900 --> 01:58:47,000
white gloved, fingers along 
windowsills, to check for dust. 

2148
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:49,800
Sting the fog. 
Bell mechanism repeatedly. 

2149
01:58:50,600 --> 01:58:54,600
Scrutinizing log entries for any
irregularities and measuring oil

2150
01:58:54,600 --> 01:58:56,600
consumption against your 
reported usage. 

2151
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:00,600
Thomas is visibly nervous but 
you've learned that the best 

2152
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:03,700
approach to inspection is quiet 
confidence in your work. 

2153
01:59:03,700 --> 01:59:08,100
Henderson finds minor issues. 
Some brass fittings could be 

2154
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:10,900
more polished and your login 
entries, occasionally lack 

2155
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:15,000
detail lead prefer to see But 
nothing that suggests inadequate

2156
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:17,700
performance. 
He signs your station log to 

2157
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:19,800
indicate satisfactory 
inspection. 

2158
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,500
Then does something unexpected. 
He asked to talk with you 

2159
01:59:23,500 --> 01:59:27,000
privately in the lantern room 
once their Henderson severity 

2160
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:30,000
softens slightly. 
He explains that he's been 

2161
01:59:30,000 --> 01:59:33,800
inspecting lighthouses for 20 
years visiting every station 

2162
01:59:33,800 --> 01:59:37,100
from Maine to Maryland. 
He seen excellent Keepers, 

2163
01:59:37,100 --> 01:59:40,700
adequate Keepers and Keepers who
should never have been assigned 

2164
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:44,900
to isolated stations. 
You he says a developing into an

2165
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:47,600
excellent keeper. 
Your station is well. 

2166
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:51,400
Maintained, your assistance is 
progressing properly and your 

2167
01:59:51,400 --> 01:59:55,200
login trees, demonstrate the 
kind of attention to detail that

2168
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,600
prevents problems, rather than 
merely responding to them, then 

2169
01:59:58,600 --> 02:00:01,000
Henderson, share something that 
stays with you for years. 

2170
02:00:01,000 --> 02:00:04,300
He says that light housekeeping 
is entering a transitional 

2171
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:09,300
period Electricity is coming. 
Not this year or next, but 

2172
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:13,400
within your career lifetime. 
When it arrives, it will change 

2173
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:16,100
everything about how lights are 
maintained and operated. 

2174
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:19,000
The lighthouse service will need
Keepers. 

2175
02:00:19,000 --> 02:00:22,600
Who can adapt to new technology 
while maintaining the core 

2176
02:00:22,600 --> 02:00:26,400
values of vigilance and 
responsibility that have always 

2177
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:30,400
defined the profession. 
He sees that adaptability in you

2178
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:34,300
more importantly, he sees 
someone who understands that 

2179
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:36,500
Lighthouse keeping isn't really 
about technology. 

2180
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:40,100
It's about maintaining 
reliability and systems that 

2181
02:00:40,100 --> 02:00:43,300
others depend on that 
understanding will remain 

2182
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:45,900
relevant regardless of whether 
the lights burn oil or 

2183
02:00:45,900 --> 02:00:49,800
electricity, He's recommending 
you for Advanced Training when 

2184
02:00:49,800 --> 02:00:53,000
it becomes available, preparing 
you for a eventual promotion to 

2185
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:57,200
inspector, automate multiple 
stations, this conversation 

2186
02:00:57,200 --> 02:00:59,200
transforms how you think about 
your work. 

2187
02:00:59,900 --> 02:01:02,500
You'd been viewing light 
housekeeping as an honest job at

2188
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:06,300
civilization's Edge, a way to 
escape modern complexity. 

2189
02:01:07,100 --> 02:01:09,500
Henderson helps. 
You see it differently as 

2190
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:12,500
participation in a critical 
infrastructure that enables 

2191
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:16,600
Maritime Commerce, military 
operations and safe passage for 

2192
02:01:16,600 --> 02:01:18,200
anyone who Ventures onto the 
sea. 

2193
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:22,000
Your Lighthouse is one node in a
network of lights, that 

2194
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:25,800
collectively make Ocean Travel 
safer than its ever been in 

2195
02:01:25,800 --> 02:01:28,600
human history. 
After Henderson departs, you 

2196
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:30,700
find yourself looking at the 
Lighthouse differently. 

2197
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:35,300
The tower is 70 feet of granite 
but it's also an idea made 

2198
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:38,000
physical. 
The idea that humans have a 

2199
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:40,100
responsibility to help each 
other navigate Danger. 

2200
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:45,400
The lens is 2 tons of glass and 
bronze, but it's a commitment 

2201
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,500
that darkness and distance don't
absolve as of Duties to 

2202
02:01:48,508 --> 02:01:50,600
strangers. 
Will never know our names. 

2203
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:53,500
You share some of Henderson's 
comments with Thomas over dinner

2204
02:01:53,500 --> 02:01:55,000
though. 
Not the part about your 

2205
02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:57,700
potential advancement. 
That feels like boasting. 

2206
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:01,900
But you tell him about the 
coming changes about electricity

2207
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,500
and modernization and about the 
need to balance traditional with

2208
02:02:05,500 --> 02:02:08,400
adaptation. 
Thomas listens carefully and 

2209
02:02:08,400 --> 02:02:11,100
asks, intelligent questions 
about how electrical lights 

2210
02:02:11,100 --> 02:02:14,600
might work and whether they'll 
still require constant tending, 

2211
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:18,500
the truth is you don't know. 
You've read articles about 

2212
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:22,100
Edison's electric light and New 
York City, but applying that 

2213
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:24,800
technology to light houses 
involves challenges. 

2214
02:02:24,800 --> 02:02:28,900
You can barely imagine Will 
electric light need the same 

2215
02:02:28,900 --> 02:02:32,700
kind of focused lenses. 
Will they burn as steadily as 

2216
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:35,200
oil lamps? 
Will they require different 

2217
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:38,400
maintenance skills? 
These questions are above your 

2218
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:42,000
pay grade, but there are in 
relevant to your professionals 

2219
02:02:42,000 --> 02:02:45,800
future as Autumn arrives. 
You notice changes in your own 

2220
02:02:45,800 --> 02:02:47,300
perspective on light 
housekeeping. 

2221
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:53,400
The work hasn't changed the same
daily maintenance the same. 

2222
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:56,600
Watch rotations. 
The same endless attention to 

2223
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:59,400
detail. 
But your understanding has 

2224
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:01,900
deepened. 
You see connections between 

2225
02:03:01,900 --> 02:03:06,100
tasks that once seemed separate,
you anticipate problems before 

2226
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:09,000
they develop, you've 
internalized, The rhythms of 

2227
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:11,600
this place. 
So completely that you can sense

2228
02:03:11,600 --> 02:03:15,100
when something slightly wrong 
even before you consciously 

2229
02:03:15,100 --> 02:03:17,500
identify. 
What Thomas is developing 

2230
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:20,200
similarly, though. 
He's months behind where you 

2231
02:03:20,200 --> 02:03:23,300
were at his stage. 
He no longer panics during 

2232
02:03:23,300 --> 02:03:25,600
routine. 
Problems has learned to read 

2233
02:03:25,600 --> 02:03:28,600
weather signs and can clean the 
lens without your supervision. 

2234
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:32,000
He's also growing more 
comfortable with isolation, 

2235
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:35,500
having found his own ways to 
stay engaged through his artwork

2236
02:03:35,500 --> 02:03:38,400
and let her writing. 
He'll make a good head keeper 

2237
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:41,100
someday. 
Probably sooner than he expects 

2238
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:43,300
give them the Light House 
services constant need for 

2239
02:03:43,300 --> 02:03:45,900
qualified Personnel. 
Why not October evening. 

2240
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:48,600
A vessel passes close enough 
that you can see Crew moving on 

2241
02:03:48,600 --> 02:03:51,700
Deck, they're probably 
repositioning after a day's 

2242
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:55,000
fishing heading back to Port 
while daylight Remains The 

2243
02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:56,800
Vessel is completely 
unremarkable. 

2244
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:00,700
A working Schooner like doesn't 
use you've seen, but watching 

2245
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:04,200
it, you're suddenly aware of 
your role in this safety that 

2246
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:06,200
crew trust that your light will 
burn tonight. 

2247
02:04:07,100 --> 02:04:08,600
They've probably never thought 
about it. 

2248
02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:12,000
Consciously lighthouses are just
part of the maritime landscape 

2249
02:04:12,000 --> 02:04:16,600
like tides and prevailing winds.
But their trust is real. 

2250
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:21,700
If your light fails, if you make
a mistake and maintenance, or if

2251
02:04:21,700 --> 02:04:25,000
you fall asleep during watch, 
their vessel could run onto 

2252
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:29,900
these rocks their lives, their 
families, their Futures, all of 

2253
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:31,900
them. 
Depend partly on your vigilance,

2254
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:37,000
this recognition carries no 
drama or grand, emotion, it's 

2255
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:39,400
simply true the way mathematics 
is true. 

2256
02:04:39,400 --> 02:04:44,200
Your work matters, not in 
abstract, theoretical ways, but 

2257
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,300
in concrete life and death 
terms. 

2258
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:50,000
Ship's Captain who safely 
navigate past, your light 

2259
02:04:50,000 --> 02:04:53,800
doesn't owe you thangs, they owe
you competence which you provide

2260
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:56,800
through attention to tasks that 
have become routine but remain 

2261
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:59,200
crucial. 
You've also begun to understand 

2262
02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:02,000
your place in the Continuum of 
Keepers who have maintained this

2263
02:05:02,000 --> 02:05:06,700
light The first keeper lit in 
1847, when your parents were 

2264
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,600
children. 
Since then dozens of keepers of 

2265
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,800
performed, the same tasks, you 
perform maintaining the same 

2266
02:05:12,800 --> 02:05:16,200
light through similar storms and
identical daily routines. 

2267
02:05:17,100 --> 02:05:20,000
After you leave others will 
continue the work using 

2268
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:21,500
techniques. 
You're currently teaching 

2269
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:24,400
Thomas, this continuity is the 
real Legacy. 

2270
02:05:24,400 --> 02:05:28,000
Not any individual, keeper 
service, but The Unbroken chain 

2271
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:31,200
of responsibility that keeps 
lights burning year after year 

2272
02:05:31,200 --> 02:05:34,900
decade after decade your 
maintaining that chain. 

2273
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:38,200
Adding your link while preparing
the next keeper to add theirs. 

2274
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:42,300
It's work that lacks Glory. 
But possesses genuine, dignity, 

2275
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,700
winter returns with its shorter 
days and longer watches. 

2276
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:49,700
The cold is familiar. 
Now the isolation is normal, and

2277
02:05:49,700 --> 02:05:52,500
the routines have become so 
ingrained that you could perform

2278
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:56,300
them while half asleep. 
Thomas is fully adapted and no 

2279
02:05:56,300 --> 02:05:59,700
longer needs close supervision. 
You've developed the kind of 

2280
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:02,700
functional partnership that 
allows two people to share small

2281
02:06:02,700 --> 02:06:06,700
spaces without friction each 
person occupying their own 

2282
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:11,400
psychological territory while 
contributing to Shared goals the

2283
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:13,200
supply. 
Boat brings news of changes 

2284
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:14,400
throughout the lighthouse 
service. 

2285
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:17,900
Two new light houses are under 
construction further up the 

2286
02:06:17,900 --> 02:06:20,400
coast. 
Several older lights, are being 

2287
02:06:20,408 --> 02:06:22,200
upgraded with more powerful 
lenses. 

2288
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:26,000
There's talk of establishing a 
training center, where keeper 

2289
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:29,000
candidates would receive formal 
instruction before station 

2290
02:06:29,000 --> 02:06:32,300
assignments. 
The service is professionalizing

2291
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:36,200
becoming more systematic, and 
less dependent on informal, 

2292
02:06:36,200 --> 02:06:39,100
knowledge transmission. 
You wonder how this will change 

2293
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:42,400
the keeper experience? 
Will formal training. 

2294
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,300
Replace the apprenticeship model
where experienced Keepers teach 

2295
02:06:45,300 --> 02:06:48,600
newcomers. 
Will standardization eliminate 

2296
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:51,900
the local variations and 
individual techniques that 

2297
02:06:51,900 --> 02:06:55,100
currently characterized 
different, stations progress, 

2298
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:57,900
seems inevitable. 
But you hope something essential

2299
02:06:57,900 --> 02:07:01,700
isn't lost in the modernization 
on the winter, solstice the 

2300
02:07:01,700 --> 02:07:04,700
longest night of the year, we 
stand alone in the lantern room 

2301
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:07,900
during your evening. 
What The lamp Burns, deadly. 

2302
02:07:07,900 --> 02:07:12,100
The lens rotates with its 
precise Rhythm and the beam 

2303
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:15,700
sweeps out across darkness that 
seems especially absolute 

2304
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:18,600
tonight. 
Below the dwellings Windows glow

2305
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:22,300
with Thomas's Lamplight. 
Beyond that, there's only sea 

2306
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:24,900
and stars and the distant lights
of other vessels navigating 

2307
02:07:24,900 --> 02:07:28,500
through the night. 
Your 32 years old in excellent 

2308
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:31,300
Health, with potentially 20, 
more years of light 

2309
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:34,100
housekeeping, ahead of you, You 
could have eventually manage 

2310
02:07:34,100 --> 02:07:38,200
multiple stations, train new 
inspectors or maybe participate 

2311
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:41,200
in the transition to electrical 
light that Henderson mentioned. 

2312
02:07:42,200 --> 02:07:44,300
Future is uncertain, but not 
frightening. 

2313
02:07:44,300 --> 02:07:47,200
You've learned to be comfortable
with uncertainty in this 

2314
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:50,100
profession where weather and 
mechanical failures. 

2315
02:07:50,100 --> 02:07:53,900
Provide constant reminders, that
control is limited and temporary

2316
02:07:53,900 --> 02:07:58,000
what you know with certainty is 
that tonight tomorrow night and 

2317
02:07:58,000 --> 02:08:00,300
every night for. 
As long as you're assigned to 

2318
02:08:00,308 --> 02:08:03,400
this station, the light will 
burn ships. 

2319
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,000
Will pass safely captains, will 
mark their positions and 

2320
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:10,700
continue their voyages. 
This work will continue long 

2321
02:08:10,700 --> 02:08:13,900
after your gone, maintained by 
Keepers who learn the same 

2322
02:08:13,900 --> 02:08:15,900
lessons. 
You've learned face similar 

2323
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:19,500
challenges and find similar 
satisfactions in work, that 

2324
02:08:19,500 --> 02:08:23,300
demands their best, the lens 
catches, the Lamplight and send 

2325
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:25,900
it out. 
Across the Dark Water Somewhere 

2326
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:28,400
Beyond your horizons. 
Someone sees it and knows where 

2327
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:30,700
they are. 
That's enough, that's 

2328
02:08:30,700 --> 02:08:33,600
everything. 
The legacy of the light isn't 

2329
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:37,600
written in records or celebrated
in ceremonies, it's written in 

2330
02:08:37,600 --> 02:08:41,700
safe, passages in ships that 
reach port and in cruise that 

2331
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:44,200
return Home to families who 
never knew they were in danger. 

2332
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:47,700
You check the oil reservoir, 
trim the wick and wind the 

2333
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:50,900
Clockwork mechanism. 
The routines continue because 

2334
02:08:50,900 --> 02:08:55,200
the need continues, Dawn is 
still 8 hours away and the light

2335
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:58,000
must burn until then. 
And through every night that 

2336
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:03,100
follows, this is your work, your
purpose, your contribution to 

2337
02:09:03,108 --> 02:09:06,300
the slower, accumulation of 
human efforts that make the 

2338
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:10,400
world's slightly safer. 
Slightly more navigable and 

2339
02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:13,000
slightly more survivable. 
For those who Venture into 

2340
02:09:13,008 --> 02:09:17,000
dangerous places, the light 
sweeps across the sea regular as

2341
02:09:17,000 --> 02:09:19,000
a heartbeat reliable as a 
sunrise. 

2342
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:22,300
You stand watch through another 
night at the edge of the world, 

2343
02:09:22,300 --> 02:09:25,900
guardian of a flame that guides 
strangers through Darkness. 

2344
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:28,800
Its work. 
That requires no applause 

2345
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:30,300
because it provides its own 
meaning. 

2346
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:38,500
And that meaning is enough. 
Your earliest ancestors were 

2347
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:40,800
performing before Netflix. 
Before Broadway. 

2348
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:43,400
And before anyone even 
considered charging for 

2349
02:09:43,400 --> 02:09:46,800
entertainment. 
Imagine a cave from 40,000 years

2350
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,600
ago, the fire is crackling. 
Someone begins to tell a story 

2351
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:54,300
about the days, Mammoth hunt and
the dishes are finished, all 

2352
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:56,600
their weren't dishes, but you 
get the idea. 

2353
02:09:56,600 --> 02:10:00,200
The interesting part though, is 
that they did more than merely 

2354
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:02,800
recount the tale. 
Oh no, that would be too easy. 

2355
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:05,900
Someone took a mammoth hide and 
began to play the role of the 

2356
02:10:05,908 --> 02:10:08,700
mammoth someone else posed as 
the courageous Hunter. 

2357
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:11,200
To symbolize the shaman, who 
blessed the hunt. 

2358
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,200
A third person, picked up some 
berries and painted stripes on 

2359
02:10:14,200 --> 02:10:17,100
their face before. 
You know it, you have the first 

2360
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:20,500
dinner theater in human history.
Complete with method acting 

2361
02:10:20,500 --> 02:10:23,000
reel, costumes, and a small 
intimate setting. 

2362
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:27,400
Remember these weren't just any 
old Shenanigans directors of 

2363
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,000
contemporary Community. 
Theater would be envious of the 

2364
02:10:30,000 --> 02:10:33,100
practical uses of these early 
Productions, importance of 

2365
02:10:33,108 --> 02:10:35,200
survival knowledge. 
Such as which berries won't kill

2366
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:38,400
you and how to avoid becoming 
something else is dinner was 

2367
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:39,700
passed down. 
Thanks to them. 

2368
02:10:39,700 --> 02:10:43,200
They strengthen ties within the 
community because nothing unites

2369
02:10:43,200 --> 02:10:46,200
people like seeing Uncle grok 
perform his encounter with a 

2370
02:10:46,200 --> 02:10:50,100
saber tooth tiger for the 15th 
time, complete with homemade 

2371
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:52,600
sound effects and increasingly 
complex mind work. 

2372
02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:54,600
The irony is that we were 
already. 

2373
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:56,700
Formulating, what would 
eventually become the 

2374
02:10:56,700 --> 02:10:58,400
fundamental principle of all 
performance? 

2375
02:10:58,400 --> 02:11:00,700
Is the audience must 
voluntarily? 

2376
02:11:00,700 --> 02:11:04,200
Suspend their disbelief everyone
gathered around that fire was 

2377
02:11:04,200 --> 02:11:06,900
well aware that it wasn't 
actually a mammoth, but rather 

2378
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:09,100
Bob in a first suit. 
His hands. 

2379
02:11:09,300 --> 02:11:13,200
Up around his mouth making 
trumpet like noises however they

2380
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:16,400
consented to comply allowing 
themselves to be drawn into the 

2381
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:19,200
narrative, even though the 
costumes have become much more 

2382
02:11:19,200 --> 02:11:22,000
elaborate and the venues are 
much less likely to be overrun 

2383
02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:25,400
by real wild animals. 
That is the magic contract 

2384
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:28,300
between the performer and the 
audience that still exists 

2385
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:30,400
today. 
These early performances also 

2386
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:32,200
appear to have been more than 
casual Affairs. 

2387
02:11:32,200 --> 02:11:35,700
According to archaeological 
evidence figures wearing or 

2388
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:37,900
Nate, headdresses, and 
participating in ritualistic 

2389
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:41,400
activities, are depicted in 
cave, paintings from lesko, and 

2390
02:11:41,400 --> 02:11:45,000
other locations in what seemed 
to be ceremonial, poses, certain

2391
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:48,400
cave, formations, According to 
some researchers were picked a 

2392
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:52,000
for their acoustic qualities, 
natural amphitheaters, where 

2393
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:55,000
Tales could be told and retold 
with the most dramatic effect. 

2394
02:11:55,000 --> 02:11:57,700
These early societies 
performance, traditions of 

2395
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,900
evolved, along with them coming 
of age, rituals, successful 

2396
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:04,400
hunts, territorial agreements 
and seasonal celebrations of the

2397
02:12:04,400 --> 02:12:07,300
solstice's all became occasions 
for Evermore. 

2398
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,600
Complicated theatrical 
performance is The shaman or 

2399
02:12:10,600 --> 02:12:13,200
tribal Storyteller developed 
into something like a director 

2400
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:16,200
directing group activities and 
maintaining the customs of 

2401
02:12:16,208 --> 02:12:19,900
telling some stories, a few 
thousand years later you're in 

2402
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:22,500
ancient Egypt, where someone had
the brilliant notion that if 

2403
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:25,900
ordinary stories were good, then
stories about pharaohs and gods 

2404
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:29,700
must be fantastic with intricate
costumes makeup techniques that 

2405
02:12:29,700 --> 02:12:32,700
would make a contemporary drag 
queen, weep with admiration and 

2406
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:38,000
scripts, hieroglyphic ones, of 
course, the Egyptians transform,

2407
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:41,000
the Primal human urge to perform
into something that approached 

2408
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:44,100
professional theater. 
In essence Egyptian, religious 

2409
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:46,600
ceremonies were high stakes 
theatrical Productions. 

2410
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:50,200
If you fumbled your lines, you 
risked up setting, a god, which 

2411
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:52,600
was far worse than receiving a 
poor review in the local 

2412
02:12:52,600 --> 02:12:55,400
papyrus. 
Nor were these solemn quiet 

2413
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,900
Services, they were Grand events
with hundreds of participants, 

2414
02:12:58,900 --> 02:13:02,200
intricate processions and 
special effects that must have 

2415
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:05,100
appeared completely magical to 
viewers who are unaware of their

2416
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:08,800
workings, the story of the Gods 
death and Resurrection was 

2417
02:13:08,800 --> 02:13:12,000
narrated over several days of 
performances that swept across 

2418
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,800
entire cities during the yearly 
Osiris festivals which were 

2419
02:13:15,800 --> 02:13:18,900
especially theatrical parts. 
Of the story would be assigned 

2420
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:21,600
to different neighborhoods. 
Resulting in a theatrical 

2421
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,900
experience that stretched 
throughout the entire city and 

2422
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:27,900
made contemporary sites, 
specific theater appear, 

2423
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:30,600
positively modest. 
The fact that Egyptian 

2424
02:13:30,600 --> 02:13:32,500
performance created numerous 
Customs. 

2425
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:35,500
That still existed today is what
makes it so fascinating. 

2426
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:39,700
They created complex methods for
implying Supernatural happenings

2427
02:13:39,700 --> 02:13:42,300
on stage. 
Such as trapdoors for Gods to 

2428
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,800
come and go or Nate masks and 
costumes to turn human actors 

2429
02:13:45,800 --> 02:13:48,700
into gods and meticulously 
planned movements. 

2430
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:52,200
That gave the appearance of 
Supernatural strength, the idea 

2431
02:13:52,200 --> 02:13:54,600
of a theatrical season linked to
Agricultural. 

2432
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:58,500
And religious calendars was 
invented by the Egyptians, a 

2433
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:01,300
year-round cycle of theatrical 
activity that kept audiences 

2434
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:03,700
interested. 
And performers employed was 

2435
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:06,900
created by the various festivals
that held various kinds of 

2436
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:08,300
performance is throughout the 
year. 

2437
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,200
They realize something that 
contemporary theater producers 

2438
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:14,200
are still discovering audience. 
Loyalty is increased by 

2439
02:14:14,208 --> 02:14:17,800
consistent programming. 
Papyri and Egyptian tomb 

2440
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,400
paintings also, demonstrate that
these performances weren't 

2441
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:23,200
stuffy or overly solemn. 
There was a place for comedy 

2442
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:26,300
frequently in the form of minor 
characters and servants who 

2443
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:29,000
offered lighthearted relief from
the more somber Divine drama, 

2444
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,800
the Egyptians recognized that 
audiences needed a few laughs to

2445
02:14:32,800 --> 02:14:34,100
keep things from becoming too 
serious. 

2446
02:14:34,100 --> 02:14:37,900
Even entails about life, death, 
and eternal judgment. 

2447
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:41,500
We now travel to ancient Greece,
where someone had the brilliant 

2448
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:45,500
idea to elevate, storytelling to
a formal activity, complete with

2449
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:49,000
regulations contests, and the 
kind of critical thinking that 

2450
02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:51,800
would make graduates students. 
Today, feel completely at home, 

2451
02:14:51,800 --> 02:14:55,100
it was impossible for the 
Greeks, blessed them to Simply 

2452
02:14:55,100 --> 02:14:58,900
appreciate a good story, they 
had to classify it evaluate it 

2453
02:14:58,900 --> 02:15:01,900
and then most likely compose a 
philosophical Treatise on 

2454
02:15:01,900 --> 02:15:04,900
whether or not it effectively 
elicited catharsis through fear 

2455
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:08,500
and pity the Greeks created what
is now known as formal drama 

2456
02:15:08,500 --> 02:15:12,000
during religious festivals 
celebrating Dionysus the god of 

2457
02:15:12,008 --> 02:15:15,000
wine which explains a lot of 
theaters relationship with 

2458
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:18,500
Altered States of cons. 
In the sixth Century, BCE 

2459
02:15:18,500 --> 02:15:22,100
picture, the scene throngs of 
people gathered in massive 

2460
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:24,700
outdoor, amphitheaters carved. 
Into the sides of Hills 

2461
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:28,800
listening to actors and flowing,
robes and ornate masks narrate, 

2462
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:31,800
Tales of Heroes gods. 
And the occasional dysfunctional

2463
02:15:31,800 --> 02:15:34,600
family that would make 
contemporary soap operas appear,

2464
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:37,400
positively, restrained. 
Let's take a moment to discuss 

2465
02:15:37,400 --> 02:15:40,300
those amphitheaters though, as 
they were engineering Wonders, 

2466
02:15:40,300 --> 02:15:44,500
that contemporary Architects, 
continue to admire about 17,000,

2467
02:15:44,500 --> 02:15:47,500
people could fit in Athens 
theater of Dionysus and the 

2468
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:50,300
Acoustics was so well designed 
that a whisper from the stage 

2469
02:15:50,300 --> 02:15:53,300
could be heard in the back row. 
Excellent knowledge of sound and

2470
02:15:53,300 --> 02:15:56,000
space without the use of 
microphones or amplification, 

2471
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:59,400
every audience member had an 
unhindered view of the action, 

2472
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:02,100
thanks to the seating 
arrangement, which was set up in

2473
02:16:02,100 --> 02:16:04,900
a perfect semicircle. 
By the way, the masks weren't 

2474
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:08,000
merely decorative, the person in
the back row, who is likely 

2475
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:10,200
squinting in questioning? 
Whether they should have brought

2476
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:13,300
their Antiquated equivalent of 
opera glasses, needed something 

2477
02:16:13,300 --> 02:16:16,300
to help project emotion in those
enormous amphitheaters. 

2478
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:20,100
These masks were artistic 
Creations carved to symbolize 

2479
02:16:20,100 --> 02:16:24,500
various character types and 
emotions, happy sad, angry 

2480
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:28,300
confused, all the emotions you 
go through on a normal Monday 

2481
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:31,500
morning, but artistically 
captured in plaster wood and 

2482
02:16:31,500 --> 02:16:33,200
linen. 
That would make contemporary 

2483
02:16:33,200 --> 02:16:35,799
designers cry. 
The Greeks are credited with 

2484
02:16:35,799 --> 02:16:38,500
creating the idea of the tragic 
hero, but they also 

2485
02:16:38,500 --> 02:16:40,600
unintentionally created stage 
fright. 

2486
02:16:40,600 --> 02:16:43,500
His name lives on in the word 
thespian, though. 

2487
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:45,799
I'm sure he never imagined 
future actors would use it to 

2488
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:47,500
sound more important at dinner 
parties. 

2489
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:51,400
Imagine poor thespis, who was 
frequently regarded as the first

2490
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:54,799
actor, standing alone on stage 
for the first time and likely 

2491
02:16:54,799 --> 02:16:58,100
thinking, what have I gotten 
myself into yesterday? 

2492
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,799
I participated in a chorus and 
now suddenly everyone is staring

2493
02:17:01,799 --> 02:17:05,100
at me, expecting me to be 
engaging on my own Greek 

2494
02:17:05,100 --> 02:17:08,299
tragedy, dealt with serious 
issues, such as Justice fate, 

2495
02:17:08,299 --> 02:17:11,000
family, honor, and whether or 
not the gods were amused at 

2496
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:13,700
human expense. 
Spoiler alert, they usually were

2497
02:17:13,700 --> 02:17:16,299
escaloes created. 
What were effectively ancient 

2498
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:19,000
min with greater production 
values and more divine 

2499
02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:22,100
intervention through his 
trilogies, which Examined a 

2500
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:25,100
single theme across several 
plays in order to create that 

2501
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:28,900
delicious tension that keeps you
wriggling in your seat Sophocles

2502
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:32,500
perfected, the art of dramatic 
irony in which the audience 

2503
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:34,400
knows something that the 
characters do not. 

2504
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:38,100
However, the Greeks also 
provided us with comedy and it 

2505
02:17:38,108 --> 02:17:41,100
was Politically Incorrect and 
delightfully crude in ways that 

2506
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,000
would make audiences today. 
Gasp and then giggle in private 

2507
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:47,400
because Aristophanes plays were 
full of political satire, 

2508
02:17:47,400 --> 02:17:50,400
bathroom humor and the kind of 
jokes that made respectable 

2509
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:53,299
citizens, clutch, their togas 
and pretend to be scandalized 

2510
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:54,799
while actually enjoying every 
minute. 

2511
02:17:54,799 --> 02:17:57,700
He would have thrived on social 
media. 

2512
02:17:57,700 --> 02:18:01,200
It is impossible to exaggerate 
how competitive Greek Theater is

2513
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:05,299
playwrights actors and choruses,
competed for prizes and public 

2514
02:18:05,299 --> 02:18:08,400
recognition during the dramatic 
festivals, which were more than 

2515
02:18:08,400 --> 02:18:11,100
just parties think of the 
Olympics for the theater 

2516
02:18:11,100 --> 02:18:14,500
complete, with all the political
scheming, artistic competitions 

2517
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:16,900
and heated public arguments over
the judges. 

2518
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,900
While losers, likely went home 
and grumbled about the judges, 

2519
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:23,400
not appreciating their artistic 
Vision winners Rose to fame 

2520
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:26,299
throughout the Greek world. 
The chorus was the center of 

2521
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:29,700
these Productions, despite being
frequently disregarded in 

2522
02:18:29,700 --> 02:18:31,400
contemporary discussions of 
Greek Theater. 

2523
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,400
They were talented performers 
who represented the voice of the

2524
02:18:34,400 --> 02:18:37,400
community in the play, by 
dancing, singing and commenting 

2525
02:18:37,400 --> 02:18:40,299
on the action, they weren't 
merely background singers. 

2526
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:44,100
A production success or failure 
depended on its chorus and 

2527
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:46,400
training, one required months of
rigorous rehearsal. 

2528
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,900
When the Roman saw Greek 
Theater, they thought this is 

2529
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,400
nice but what if we made it 
bigger more spectacular and 

2530
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:56,600
threw in some Gladiators because
if the Romans were good at 

2531
02:18:56,600 --> 02:18:59,799
anything, it was taking someone 
else's brilliant idea and making

2532
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:03,299
it much better with more marble,
more violence and much better. 

2533
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:05,799
Engineering. 
Roman Theater was entertainment.

2534
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,000
On a scale that would make 
contemporary production company 

2535
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:12,400
shiver with fear and jealousy. 
They constructed massive 

2536
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,900
theater's some of which could 
accommodate up to 40,000 people.

2537
02:19:15,900 --> 02:19:19,200
Can you imagine packing a 
theater that big today for a 

2538
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:22,299
single dramatic performance 
rather than A sporting event or 

2539
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:26,299
Rock concert Rome's, 20,000 seat
theater of Marcellus was so 

2540
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:28,500
exquisitely. 
Designed that portion of it 

2541
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,700
still standing today and are 
used as the base for Renaissance

2542
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:35,299
palaces that were erected on its
Remains, the Romans changed 

2543
02:19:35,299 --> 02:19:37,900
theatrical technology in ways 
that would not be matched until 

2544
02:19:37,900 --> 02:19:40,100
the modern era but they didn't 
stop at size. 

2545
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:43,400
They featured, elaborate set 
pieces, that could be changed 

2546
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:45,600
between acts using sophisticated
Machinery. 

2547
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:49,400
Hidden beneath the stage floor. 
Hoists, that could lift actors 

2548
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:52,600
into the air to represent gods 
or flying creatures, and trap 

2549
02:19:52,600 --> 02:19:55,700
doors that were controlled by 
intricate mechanical systems, 

2550
02:19:55,700 --> 02:19:58,700
special effects that wouldn't 
look out of place in a 

2551
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:01,100
contemporary theme park. 
Roman Theater engineering 

2552
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:03,100
produced. 
The first retractable awnings to

2553
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:06,900
Shield Spectators from the Sun 
and Rain intricate Subterranean 

2554
02:20:06,900 --> 02:20:10,000
spaces beneath the stage for the
storage of equipment and sets 

2555
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:13,800
and even crude air conditioners 
that cooled the air on hot days 

2556
02:20:13,800 --> 02:20:17,600
using Aqueduct water instead of 
relying on ideal whether they 

2557
02:20:17,600 --> 02:20:20,400
made going to the theater, a 
cozy year-round activity. 

2558
02:20:21,200 --> 02:20:23,900
From a social point of view. 
This is where Roman Theater 

2559
02:20:23,900 --> 02:20:27,200
becomes truly fascinating. 
The Romans viewed theater more 

2560
02:20:27,200 --> 02:20:30,200
like we do television today. 
Popular entertainment for the 

2561
02:20:30,208 --> 02:20:33,200
masses supported by the 
government or wealthy sponsors. 

2562
02:20:33,200 --> 02:20:36,300
An intended to keep the popular 
content and distracted. 

2563
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:40,000
This is in contrast to the 
Greeks who saw theater as both 

2564
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:42,800
entertainment and a spiritual 
experience connected to 

2565
02:20:42,800 --> 02:20:46,000
religious festivals. 
Free admission was provided by 

2566
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:49,500
wealthy individuals, seeking 
social status or politicians. 

2567
02:20:49,500 --> 02:20:52,600
Hoping to win over voters. 
The shows had to be suitable for

2568
02:20:52,600 --> 02:20:55,200
everyone from Senators to Doc 
workers. 

2569
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:57,800
In order to appeal, to the 
widest possible audience. 

2570
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:00,900
This Democratic approach to 
entertainment, gave rise to 

2571
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:03,900
storytelling innovations that 
put Mass Appeal ahead of 

2572
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:06,400
creative. 
Experimentation the clever 

2573
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:08,100
servant who was always smarter 
than his master. 

2574
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:10,700
The young lover who was 
attractive but not very 

2575
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:13,300
intelligent. 
The irascible old man who 

2576
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:16,600
stinginess caused, most of the 
plot complications and the 

2577
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:20,400
cunning parasite who flattered 
wealthy patrons in exchange for 

2578
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:23,100
food and favors were all 
examples of stock characters 

2579
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,100
that audiences would instantly 
recognize in Roman comedies. 

2580
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:29,500
Does that sound familiar? 
Even today, these character 

2581
02:21:29,500 --> 02:21:32,000
types can be found in sitcoms 
and romantic comedies. 

2582
02:21:32,000 --> 02:21:36,000
The Ensemble comedy model that 
we still use today to 2000 years

2583
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:38,500
later was essentially 
established by the Romans. 

2584
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:42,100
It is impossible to overestimate
the impact of Roman comedy on 

2585
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:44,800
subsequent theatrical 
Traditions, throughout the 

2586
02:21:44,800 --> 02:21:47,200
Middle Ages, and into the 
Renaissance plays by plow, 

2587
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:50,500
Torrance, was studied and copied
Shakespeare directly. 

2588
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,200
Appropriated Roman story lines 
and character types. 

2589
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:56,000
Roman Theater is the source of 
the fundamental framework of 

2590
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,500
romantic comedy, which consists 
of young lovers, kept apart by 

2591
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:02,100
obstacles. 
Complications involving mistaken

2592
02:22:02,100 --> 02:22:04,200
identities. 
And a resolution in which 

2593
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:07,600
everyone gets married. 
However, the idea of theater as 

2594
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:10,200
a spectacle for public, 
Amusement was also invented by 

2595
02:22:10,200 --> 02:22:13,900
the Romans, Their successful 
Productions traveled from City 

2596
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:16,800
to city across the Empire. 
The establishing the first 

2597
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:20,000
theatrical touring circuit to 
bring professional entertainment

2598
02:22:20,000 --> 02:22:22,400
to provincial towns. 
That might never otherwise, see 

2599
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:25,800
anything more sophisticated than
local festivals picture. 

2600
02:22:25,800 --> 02:22:28,600
The logistics of transporting, 
entire acting companies, 

2601
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:32,900
elaborate sets and costumes, 
across hundreds of miles of 

2602
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:35,600
Roman roads. 
Roman audiences were infamously 

2603
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:37,500
picky and outspoken about what 
they liked. 

2604
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,100
They had no qualms about vocally
and instantly expressing their 

2605
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:42,800
disapproval. 
If they didn't enjoy a 

2606
02:22:42,800 --> 02:22:45,600
performance, both positive and 
negative effects on the 

2607
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:49,200
development of theater resulted 
from this as is established a 

2608
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:51,000
culture in which popularity and 
entertainment. 

2609
02:22:51,000 --> 02:22:55,100
Value were valued more highly 
than artistic ambition the first

2610
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:57,600
celebrity culture. 
Centered on performers was also 

2611
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:01,500
created by the Roman's actors, 
who achieve success became well 

2612
02:23:01,500 --> 02:23:04,200
known throughout the Empire and 
rumors and conjecture. 

2613
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:07,500
Surrounded their private lives. 
Does that sound familiar? 

2614
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,700
They invented the idea of a 
touring star who could attract 

2615
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:13,000
audience is just by virtue of 
their reputation. 

2616
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:16,600
Going from City to City to play 
their most well-liked Parts. 

2617
02:23:16,600 --> 02:23:20,000
You might assume that theater 
simply put on its masks and went

2618
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:23,000
home for a few centuries. 
After the fall of Rome it had to

2619
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:25,400
be extremely inventive about 
where it lived and how it 

2620
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:27,900
survived. 
But not quite the early 

2621
02:23:27,900 --> 02:23:30,600
Christian church had conflicting
opinions about theatrical 

2622
02:23:30,600 --> 02:23:33,000
performance. 
Is on the one hand, they 

2623
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:36,300
disapproved of Roman Theatres 
connection to violence Pagan 

2624
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:40,000
festivals and general IMM, 
Reality however they soon 

2625
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:42,300
discovered that religious 
stories could be effectively 

2626
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:45,100
taught through performance to 
those who are illiterate which 

2627
02:23:45,100 --> 02:23:47,700
was the majority of the 
population as a result. 

2628
02:23:47,708 --> 02:23:50,400
Theater found a new home in 
churches, beginning with 

2629
02:23:50,400 --> 02:23:53,300
straightforward Bible story 
reenactments during Services. 

2630
02:23:53,300 --> 02:23:56,300
Imagine that during Easter 
morning Services, members of the

2631
02:23:56,300 --> 02:23:57,900
congregation would pretend that 
Christ. 

2632
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:00,800
Empty tomb had been discovered, 
this would likely involve 

2633
02:24:00,800 --> 02:24:03,100
improvised costumes and a good 
deal of nervous. 

2634
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,000
Laughter from amateur actors who
had never performed on stage 

2635
02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:09,600
before, since Latin the church's
official language was typically 

2636
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:12,900
used for these early liturgical.
Dramas, the majority of the 

2637
02:24:12,900 --> 02:24:15,800
audience was more interested in 
the spectacle than in fully 

2638
02:24:15,800 --> 02:24:18,900
comprehending, every word, this 
resulted in increasingly 

2639
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:22,700
complex, visual presentations, 
that you staging costume and 

2640
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:25,800
action, rather than speak to 
convey narrative and emotion. 

2641
02:24:25,800 --> 02:24:29,300
The Easter story was briefly 
dramatized in the chem Caritas 

2642
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,600
Trope, which is frequently cited
as the origin of all medieval, 

2643
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:35,200
drama it began as a 
straightforward call and 

2644
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,000
response between a clergyman who
represented the angel at the 

2645
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:39,900
Tomb. 
And another clergyman who 

2646
02:24:39,900 --> 02:24:42,600
represented the three Mary 
searching for Christ's body. 

2647
02:24:42,600 --> 02:24:45,100
Jesus of Nazareth. 
He is not. 

2648
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:47,700
Here he is risen. 
Whom do you seek? 

2649
02:24:48,800 --> 02:24:51,700
This is where medieval theater, 
becomes wonderfully, human and 

2650
02:24:51,700 --> 02:24:54,600
charmingly chaotic. 
These religious performances 

2651
02:24:54,600 --> 02:24:57,500
outgrew, the churches as they 
became more elaborate and well 

2652
02:24:57,500 --> 02:25:00,600
liked entire communities 
participated in large-scale 

2653
02:25:00,600 --> 02:25:03,800
Productions known as morality 
plays which were essentially 

2654
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:07,100
medieval after school specials 
with titles like every man and 

2655
02:25:07,100 --> 02:25:10,000
the castle of perseverance or 
mystery plays. 

2656
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,300
Which told biblical stories, 
these local Productions were 

2657
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,400
pulled by wagons known as 
pageant wagons, which would move

2658
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:18,700
around a town, stopping at 
various stations. 

2659
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:22,100
During the day, the Carpenters 
would be in charge of Noah's Ark

2660
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,400
naturally. 
The Bakers would be in charge of

2661
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:26,000
the miracle of the Loaves and 
Fishes. 

2662
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:28,900
The metal workers would likely 
be stuck with any scenes that 

2663
02:25:28,908 --> 02:25:32,300
required armor or weapons and 
the goldsmiths guild would 

2664
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:35,500
usually be in charge of the 
scene in the three wise, men and

2665
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:38,200
their pricey gifts part of what 
made medieval theater. 

2666
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:40,400
So Charming, was that the 
outcomes were frequently 

2667
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:43,800
hilariously uneven imagined 
going to a play where Noah's Ark

2668
02:25:43,800 --> 02:25:47,000
was constructed by real 
carpenters and looked amazing. 

2669
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:50,400
And then right after There's a 
scene where the angels are, 

2670
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:53,800
obviously, just the apprentices 
of the baker dressed in bed, 

2671
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:56,900
sheets and their desperately 
trying not to trip over their 

2672
02:25:56,900 --> 02:25:59,600
makeshift wings. 
For one day's performance, The 

2673
02:25:59,600 --> 02:26:01,800
Guild of shipwrights would make 
an ark that could actually 

2674
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:04,200
float. 
The Guild of Weavers might make 

2675
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:07,800
costumes that will works of art 
and the Guild of blacksmiths 

2676
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:10,900
would Forge armor. 
That was entirely authentic the 

2677
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:13,200
way that medieval performance 
combined the sacred and the 

2678
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:14,900
ridiculous. 
Without seeming to care about 

2679
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:19,300
tonal consistency was one of its
most delightful features comic 

2680
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:22,400
relief, characters would appear 
everywhere even in the most 

2681
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:25,100
religious Productions in 
Nativity plays. 

2682
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:27,700
The Shepherds were frequently. 
Portrayed as foolish country, 

2683
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:30,900
people offered Amusement in 
between the more somber scenes 

2684
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:33,900
in the midst of a tale about 
Divine judgment and salvation. 

2685
02:26:33,900 --> 02:26:37,800
There is slapstick humor because
Noah's wife was traditionally, a

2686
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,700
shrewish character, who refused 
to board the ark without a 

2687
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:42,500
fight. 
One of the most well known 

2688
02:26:42,500 --> 02:26:45,600
medieval dramas, the second 
Shepherds play as a subplot 

2689
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:48,300
about a sheep Thief who attempts
to conceal his stolen and sheep 

2690
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:50,000
by pausing. 
It to his newborn child. 

2691
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:54,100
With his wife, cradling it, and 
saying, it only has a peculiar 

2692
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:56,800
complexion. 
This fast parallels, the 

2693
02:26:56,800 --> 02:27:00,300
Nativity Story resulting in a 
play that serves as both popular

2694
02:27:00,300 --> 02:27:03,600
entertainment and religious 
instruction, we sometimes forget

2695
02:27:03,600 --> 02:27:06,500
that medieval audiences 
recognized that a little humor 

2696
02:27:06,500 --> 02:27:09,300
helped, make difficult spiritual
subjects easier to understand 

2697
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,800
and more memorable. 
They were being pragmatic, not 

2698
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:15,200
disrespectful. 
You need to give them something 

2699
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:17,700
to laugh at and something to 
think about, if you want them to

2700
02:27:17,700 --> 02:27:19,100
remember the lessons in your 
play. 

2701
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:23,300
Medieval drama was staged in a 
way that was both inventive and 

2702
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:25,700
useful. 
The majority of performances 

2703
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,100
were held outside in 
marketplaces or town squares. 

2704
02:27:28,100 --> 02:27:32,100
So, portable and weatherproof 
stage designs were required, the

2705
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:34,800
pageant wagon system, made it 
possible for several plays to be

2706
02:27:34,800 --> 02:27:38,500
presented at various venues at 
the same time resulting in a 

2707
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,800
festival like atmosphere that 
persisted for days. 

2708
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:44,600
Some communities created staging
systems that were even more 

2709
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:48,000
complex in order to follow the 
entire biblical story from 

2710
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:50,400
creation to Judgment Day 
audiences. 

2711
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:53,200
Moved between the Chester 
mystery plays which were 

2712
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:55,900
presented on a number of fixed 
stages spread out across the 

2713
02:27:55,900 --> 02:27:59,700
city in order to create enormous
outdoor festivals that attracted

2714
02:27:59,700 --> 02:28:01,300
people from hundreds of miles 
away. 

2715
02:28:01,300 --> 02:28:04,900
Other communities, constructed 
makeshift amphitheaters in 

2716
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:08,200
fields outside of town, 
theatrical aspirations, grew in 

2717
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,300
tandem with the prosperity of 
medieval society and the 

2718
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:14,900
societies of urban centers 
Productions became more complex 

2719
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:18,400
in the 14th and 15th, centuries,
pushing the limits of what was 

2720
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:21,400
possible with medieval 
technology, hundreds of actors 

2721
02:28:21,400 --> 02:28:24,500
and crew members participated in
these enormous multi-day, 

2722
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:27,200
passion plays. 
During this time, period, We can

2723
02:28:27,208 --> 02:28:29,500
get a sense of the scale. 
These Productions could reach 

2724
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:33,000
from the 1634 started 
oberammergau Passion. 

2725
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:36,600
Play medieval adaptations were 
frequently even more ornate. 

2726
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:41,400
With casts, that included entire
communities numerous stages and 

2727
02:28:41,400 --> 02:28:43,400
sophisticated special effects 
equipment. 

2728
02:28:44,400 --> 02:28:48,000
The technology used for staging 
Advanced biblical Miracles were 

2729
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:49,900
cleverly addressed by medieval 
stage. 

2730
02:28:49,900 --> 02:28:53,600
Managers who created intricate 
mechanisms for parting Seas or 

2731
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:57,600
simulating Divine fire flying 
rigs for Angelica appearances 

2732
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:01,800
and trapdoors for Resurrection 
scenes and evil stage designers 

2733
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:03,400
developed a specialty for 
depicting. 

2734
02:29:03,400 --> 02:29:06,700
The mouth of Hell which is 
frequently a massive dragon head

2735
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:09,700
with a movable jaw that can 
swallow the Damned while 

2736
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:12,700
belching smoke and Flames. 
Medieval theater, had a 

2737
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:16,700
significant economic component, 
investing heavily in costumes 

2738
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:20,000
materials and specialized craft 
work was necessary for large 

2739
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:23,400
Productions guilds, were trained
for their designated seen for 

2740
02:29:23,400 --> 02:29:26,700
months and the Rivalry between 
them to produce the best show 

2741
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:30,400
became a source of artistic 
Innovation and civic pride. 

2742
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:34,300
According to records from York 
England, the mystery Place cycle

2743
02:29:34,300 --> 02:29:37,800
in the city of 48, different 
wagons and most of the adult 

2744
02:29:37,800 --> 02:29:42,000
population as organizers crafts,
people or performers the plays 

2745
02:29:42,000 --> 02:29:45,300
economic impact was so great 
that they Popular tourist 

2746
02:29:45,300 --> 02:29:48,300
destinations bringing in large 
sums of money for nearby 

2747
02:29:48,300 --> 02:29:51,900
merchants and innkeepers, 
humanism literacy and the 

2748
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:55,400
radical notion that perhaps just
possibly, the average person 

2749
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:56,800
should have access to 
entertainment. 

2750
02:29:56,800 --> 02:29:59,900
That wasn't solely concerned 
with their internal souls and 

2751
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:01,900
moral advancement were all 
introduced during the 

2752
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:03,900
Renaissance professional 
Theater. 

2753
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:06,700
As We Know It began. 
During this time, with permanent

2754
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:10,200
companies, specially constructed
theaters, and the groundbreaking

2755
02:30:10,200 --> 02:30:12,900
idea that actors could earn a 
living doing what they did 

2756
02:30:12,900 --> 02:30:16,100
without having to become 
Carpenters or Farmers with stock

2757
02:30:16,100 --> 02:30:18,900
characters that wore 
recognizable masks and costumes 

2758
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:21,800
that have become so iconic that 
they are still instantly 

2759
02:30:21,800 --> 02:30:24,700
recognizable. 
Today, the comedian de la in 

2760
02:30:24,700 --> 02:30:27,800
Italy was perfecting 
improvisational comedy with 

2761
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:30,300
exaggerated features that 
allowed actor to project 

2762
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:33,200
personality even to audiences 
seated, close enough to see 

2763
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:35,000
their eyes through the masks 
eye-holes. 

2764
02:30:35,000 --> 02:30:38,700
These were not your somber Greek
masks made to project emotion 

2765
02:30:38,700 --> 02:30:41,900
across enormous amphitheaters 
instead, they were made for 

2766
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,600
intimate comedy. 
The fundamental character Types,

2767
02:30:44,600 --> 02:30:48,000
pantalone, the wealthy old 
Merchant who was constantly 

2768
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:51,900
being conned out of his money. 
He'll Capitano the Blustery 

2769
02:30:51,900 --> 02:30:55,200
soldier who talked endlessly 
about his military exploits, but

2770
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,100
turned out to be a coward when 
faced with real danger. 

2771
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:01,700
Al Aquino, the cunning servant 
who was always smarter than his 

2772
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:04,800
supposed betters and the young 
lovers who were typically 

2773
02:31:04,800 --> 02:31:07,300
beautiful, but not particularly 
blessed with common sense, 

2774
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:10,700
became so popular that they 
spread throughout Europe more 

2775
02:31:10,700 --> 02:31:12,900
quickly than Renaissance pasta 
recipes. 

2776
02:31:12,900 --> 02:31:16,700
Commedia Dell is endearing, 
because, although the 

2777
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:19,300
fundamental story lines, and 
character types were the same 

2778
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,500
for all acting companies. 
A large portion of the dialogue 

2779
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:25,500
was improvised over the course 
of years, or even decades, 

2780
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:28,500
actors would hone their 
characters coming up with 

2781
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:32,600
unique, vocal patterns, physical
gestures and running jokes, that

2782
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,800
viewers would find entertaining.
The audience expected, the same 

2783
02:31:35,800 --> 02:31:37,500
character to appear in each 
performance. 

2784
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:41,100
Albeit with slightly different 
circumstances and complications.

2785
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:43,500
So it was similar to watching a 
Renaissance. 

2786
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:47,300
Take on improvisational comedy. 
The basic plot outlines or 

2787
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:49,500
scenarios were handed down from 
one company to another. 

2788
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:52,700
And grew more complex mistaken, 
identities. 

2789
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:55,600
Young lovers attempting to 
outsmart, their parents 

2790
02:31:55,600 --> 02:31:58,700
servants, who are 
simultaneously, assisting and 

2791
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,400
impeding their masters and 
enough physical humor to keep 

2792
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:03,800
audiences laughing, even when 
they couldn't fully. 

2793
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:06,000
Follow. 
The plot complications are all 

2794
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:09,000
common elements of commedia, 
dell'arte performances with 

2795
02:32:09,000 --> 02:32:12,000
their own costumes props, 
musical, instruments, and 

2796
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:14,100
specialized equipment for 
outdoor performances. 

2797
02:32:14,100 --> 02:32:17,500
These traveling companies were 
effectively small businesses. 

2798
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:20,700
They kept their main character 
types and scenarios while 

2799
02:32:20,700 --> 02:32:23,300
traveling from town to town 
throughout Italy and eventually 

2800
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:25,200
throughout Europe. 
Tailoring. 

2801
02:32:25,200 --> 02:32:28,700
Their performance is to local 
languages and tastes The same 

2802
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:30,400
time. 
Something remarkable was taking 

2803
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:32,800
place in England that would 
forever alter the field of 

2804
02:32:32,800 --> 02:32:35,400
theatrical literature. 
However, let's face it, 

2805
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,900
Elizabethan theater was not the 
reverent hushed experience, you 

2806
02:32:38,900 --> 02:32:41,600
might expect from something. 
We now study with such academic 

2807
02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:45,300
seriousness, the Elizabethan era
produced, what many consider the

2808
02:32:45,308 --> 02:32:47,700
greatest flowering of dramatic 
literature in the English 

2809
02:32:47,700 --> 02:32:50,400
language, unlike the calm 
reflective settings. 

2810
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:54,200
We now associate with serious 
drama Elizabethan Theatres were 

2811
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,500
noisy, boisterous spaces that 
functioned more like a hybrid of

2812
02:32:57,508 --> 02:33:00,200
a social club and a sporting 
event because they were on 

2813
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:01,800
ground level. 
The audience known as 

2814
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:05,000
Groundlings stood in the pit and
felt completely free to applaud 

2815
02:33:05,000 --> 02:33:07,800
Heroes. 
His villains and hurl objects 

2816
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:10,100
are performers. 
They didn't like in general, 

2817
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:13,400
they treated the performance as 
an interactive experience, they 

2818
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:16,400
consumed food, while the show 
was going on vendors, offered 

2819
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:19,400
beer, Apple's and nuts. 
They went to the theater to see 

2820
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:23,200
and be seen in London, Society 
made business deals and flirted 

2821
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:24,500
with possible. 
Love interests. 

2822
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:27,900
They told the actors bluntly for
play was dull sometimes to the 

2823
02:33:27,908 --> 02:33:29,500
extent. 
That actors would act out of 

2824
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:33,000
character to argue with loud 
audience members within the 

2825
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:35,300
limitations of Elizabeth, and 
economics and Technology. 

2826
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:40,000
The theater's themselves were 
marvels of practical design They

2827
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:41,300
were open to the sky in the 
middle. 

2828
02:33:41,300 --> 02:33:44,500
So performance is relied on 
favorable weather and natural 

2829
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:46,500
light. 
They were mostly made of wood 

2830
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:50,400
and had thatched, roofs fire was
a constant worry the Globe 

2831
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:53,400
Theater burned down in 1613. 
When a Canon affect went wrong 

2832
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,500
during a performance of Henry, 
the 8th, the weather and 

2833
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:59,700
daylight hours dictated the 
performance schedules winter 

2834
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,900
meant earlier. 
Start times or shorter plays, 

2835
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:04,600
even though some theaters had 
enough covered seating to 

2836
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:06,700
continue with smaller audiences 
during light. 

2837
02:34:06,700 --> 02:34:10,300
Precipitation, rain could 
completely cancel performance is

2838
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:14,400
a straightforward. 
Yet elegant stage design an 

2839
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:17,100
intimacy that is hard to attain 
in contemporary procini 

2840
02:34:17,100 --> 02:34:19,000
theaters, where the audience is 
Seated. 

2841
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:22,300
On one side of the action was 
created by the main platform 

2842
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:24,600
protruding into the audience 
Hamlet. 

2843
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:27,200
Stood a few feet away from some 
audience members during a 

2844
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:30,100
soliloquies, allowing him to 
observe their distinct phases, 

2845
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:32,400
and determine how they responded
to his remarks. 

2846
02:34:32,400 --> 02:34:35,700
Depending on the needs of the 
play, the gallery of the main 

2847
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:38,800
stage could symbolize Heaven 
castle, walls, or balconies. 

2848
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:42,900
Trapdoors allowed Supernatural 
characters to emerge from Hell. 

2849
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:46,600
A space beneath the stage. 
There was a curtain Space by the

2850
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:49,800
stage that could be used as a 
cave and in a room or anything 

2851
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:51,600
else. 
The script called for these 

2852
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,000
theaters relied on the 
imagination of the audience and 

2853
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,200
the playwrights words to create 
atmosphere and location because 

2854
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:00,000
they had little scenery and no 
lighting effects. 

2855
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:04,000
You are aware that we would 
eventually arrive 400 years 

2856
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:07,000
later, high school students. 
Still complain about having to 

2857
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:10,000
read William Shakespeare and 
theater professionals are still 

2858
02:35:10,008 --> 02:35:12,700
trying to understand how he was 
able to be so consistently 

2859
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:16,500
brilliant, while managing a 
theater company and likely 

2860
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,700
worrying about paying the rent. 
Shakespeare was writing popular 

2861
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:22,900
entertainment for a wide range 
of readers, not literature for 

2862
02:35:22,900 --> 02:35:26,100
future English classes. 
This is the aspect of 

2863
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:28,900
Shakespeare, that is frequently 
overlooked in all the, scholarly

2864
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:32,000
analysis and reverent treatment.
He worked as a playwright. 

2865
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:34,400
In a fiercely, competitive 
commercial theater, setting 

2866
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:37,900
producing plays on short notice 
for audiences who could not 

2867
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:41,000
stand pretense and who had 
plenty of other things to do. 

2868
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:42,800
If his Productions didn't hold 
their attention. 

2869
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:46,300
Shakespeare's genius, lay in his
ability to work on several 

2870
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:49,500
levels at once without making 
anyone feel condescending or 

2871
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:52,700
excluded, sword fights puns and 
obscene jokes. 

2872
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:55,000
That would make a contemporary 
rating committee blush. 

2873
02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:56,500
We're all part of the 
experience. 

2874
02:35:56,500 --> 02:35:59,000
For the Groundlings who paid a 
penny to stand in the pit 

2875
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:02,700
sophisticated. 
Word play classical references 

2876
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:05,300
and intricate psychological 
insights. 

2877
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,200
That unveiled new layers upon. 
Repeated viewing were provided 

2878
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:11,200
to the educated nobility who 
paid more for seats in the 

2879
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:13,600
galleries. 
Everyone heard gripping, Tales 

2880
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:17,100
of betrayal, power struggles, 
love dysfunctional families. 

2881
02:36:17,100 --> 02:36:20,100
And the sporadic appearance of 
ghosts, to add even more 

2882
02:36:20,100 --> 02:36:23,200
difficulty to an already 
challenging circumstance, his 

2883
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,600
comedies, which were full of 
Identifications cross-dressing 

2884
02:36:26,600 --> 02:36:30,100
characters romantic confusion 
that degenerates into delightful

2885
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:33,600
chaos, and the kind of wordplay 
that makes you laugh and moan at

2886
02:36:33,600 --> 02:36:36,900
the same time, we're truly funny
in ways that are still relevant 

2887
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:38,800
today. 
With a villain plot that 

2888
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:41,000
primarily provides the other 
characters with interesting 

2889
02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:44,700
things to react to and enough 
clever dialogue to fuel several 

2890
02:36:44,700 --> 02:36:48,800
contemporary sitcoms Much Ado 
About Nothing is essentially a 

2891
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:51,900
romantic comedy about two 
couples who approached love from

2892
02:36:51,900 --> 02:36:55,300
entirely different perspectives.
His history is transformed dull 

2893
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,300
political events which the 
majority of his audience only 

2894
02:36:58,300 --> 02:37:00,900
knew in passing into exciting 
Adventures. 

2895
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:04,100
Full of endearing characters who
seemed more real than the 

2896
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:06,400
historical figures. 
They purportedly represented 

2897
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:09,100
through stirring, battle 
speeches and character 

2898
02:37:09,100 --> 02:37:11,800
interactions. 
Henry the 5th turns a medieval 

2899
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:14,200
military campaign in to a 
reflection on leadership 

2900
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:18,400
accountability and the price of 
political ambition, this keeps 

2901
02:37:18,400 --> 02:37:20,700
audience is interested. 
Even if they are not very 

2902
02:37:20,700 --> 02:37:24,000
interested in English, foreign 
policy in the 14th century and 

2903
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:28,300
his misfortune Yes, they are 
tragic but in the most 

2904
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:31,700
fulfilling sense of the word, 
they deal with major themes, 

2905
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:35,200
like fate ambition, love and 
retribution. 

2906
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,700
But they do so by showing flawed
complex characters, making 

2907
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:43,200
decisions that have terrible 
outcomes in addition to being a 

2908
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:45,800
play about a prince who must 
exact revenge on his father. 

2909
02:37:45,800 --> 02:37:49,800
Hamlet is also about a person 
attempting to live honorably in 

2910
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,000
a corrupt society and how the 
Quest for perfect Justice can 

2911
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:55,300
destroy everything, your 
attempting to defend 

2912
02:37:55,300 --> 02:37:58,100
Shakespeare's comprehension of 
human psychology. 

2913
02:37:58,100 --> 02:38:01,200
And all its contradictory 
complexity was what truly made 

2914
02:38:01,200 --> 02:38:04,700
him unique because his 
characters like real people have

2915
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:07,500
internal contradictions. 
They seem more than thick 

2916
02:38:07,500 --> 02:38:10,400
frequently in the same scene, 
Hamlet, exhibits, both 

2917
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:14,200
decisiveness and indecision 
bravery in cowardice and 

2918
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:16,700
cruelty. 
And love Lady, Macbeth is a 

2919
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:20,400
fiercely ambitious and extremely
vulnerable person who can both 

2920
02:38:20,400 --> 02:38:22,500
plan murder and be destroyed by 
guilt. 

2921
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:26,300
Yoga was incredibly cunning and 
strangely Petty driven by 

2922
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:29,200
resentments, that don't fully. 
Excuse the complex retaliation. 

2923
02:38:29,200 --> 02:38:32,500
He plans Shakespeare was also 
more aware of the desire of 

2924
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:34,900
audience's for variety. 
In a single evening's 

2925
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:38,400
entertainment than most Rights 
before or since his plays 

2926
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:42,100
combined Court scenes and Tavern
scenes hypo poetry and everyday 

2927
02:38:42,100 --> 02:38:46,200
prose and comedy and tragedy. 
All within single stories that 

2928
02:38:46,200 --> 02:38:49,100
managed to remain cohesive. 
Despite their complex, tones, 

2929
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:54,200
drama comedy action, philosophy,
and poetry are all combined into

2930
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:56,400
one experience that somehow 
feels cohesive. 

2931
02:38:56,400 --> 02:38:59,800
Rather than dispersed making it 
similar to receiving a full 

2932
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:03,100
entertainment package Hamlet 
contains a variety of content, 

2933
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:05,600
including a ghost story. 
A political thriller, a family 

2934
02:39:05,600 --> 02:39:09,600
drama, a romantic tragedy, a 
Revenge plot a play within a 

2935
02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:13,500
play sword fights. 
Philosophical soliloquies, Court

2936
02:39:13,500 --> 02:39:17,100
Intrigue and some of the most 
hilarious Grave Digger seen in 

2937
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:19,800
dramatic literature. 
Shakespeare managed to make that

2938
02:39:19,800 --> 02:39:22,500
list function as a single 
seamless experience. 

2939
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:25,600
But any contemporary 
entertainment executive would 

2940
02:39:25,600 --> 02:39:28,700
insist on dividing it into at 
least three distinct products. 

2941
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,800
Shakespeare was essentially 
creating Modern English as he 

2942
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:34,000
wrote. 
So the language Merit special 

2943
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:38,000
attention, Shakespeare, Weighted
or first used many of the words 

2944
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:40,700
and expressions we use on a 
daily basis in his plays. 

2945
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:44,000
He intuitively saw that language
could be both poetic and 

2946
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:47,500
conversational elegant and 
approachable and beautiful and 

2947
02:39:47,500 --> 02:39:49,900
useful. 
His characters speech sounds 

2948
02:39:49,900 --> 02:39:52,700
both heightened and natural 
poetic and realistic. 

2949
02:39:52,700 --> 02:39:56,300
Dramatic development was as much
influenced by the actual theater

2950
02:39:56,300 --> 02:39:59,000
locations, as it was by the 
playwrights and performers who 

2951
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:02,800
performed there, a microcosm of 
Elizabethan society and a device

2952
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:05,500
built to produce particular 
types of theatrical experiences,

2953
02:40:05,500 --> 02:40:08,800
the Globe Theater was more than 
just a place where many of 

2954
02:40:08,800 --> 02:40:11,000
Shakespeare's plays had their 
world premieres. 

2955
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:13,800
The globe, social geography 
provides us with a wealth of 

2956
02:40:13,808 --> 02:40:16,800
information about Elizabethan 
views on community entertainment

2957
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:20,500
and class the Groundlings stood 
in the pit for a penny, which 

2958
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:22,200
was less expensive than a loaf 
of bread. 

2959
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:26,100
And the least expensive form of 
entertainment in London, a seat 

2960
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:28,300
in the galleries where you would
be shielded from the elements 

2961
02:40:28,300 --> 02:40:31,200
and have a better view of the 
actions would cost an additional

2962
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:33,000
Penny. 
Although they most likely 

2963
02:40:33,000 --> 02:40:35,900
couldn't hear much conversation 
and undoubtedly disrupted. 

2964
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,100
Staging, the most expensive 
seats were actually on the stage

2965
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,800
itself where affluent patrons 
could see and be seen by the 

2966
02:40:42,800 --> 02:40:45,400
rest of the audience. 
It was revolutionary to bring 

2967
02:40:45,400 --> 02:40:47,300
together people from different 
social classes. 

2968
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:49,900
In one place, where else could a
pickpocket? 

2969
02:40:49,900 --> 02:40:52,600
A nobleman, and a shopkeeper, 
all enjoy the same entertainment

2970
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:56,300
in the same place at the same 
time, in the strict hierarchical

2971
02:40:56,300 --> 02:41:00,300
Elizabethan Society in London 
theater, emerged as one of the 

2972
02:41:00,300 --> 02:41:03,700
few genuinely Democratic 
establishments where individuals

2973
02:41:03,700 --> 02:41:06,300
from wildly disparate 
backgrounds could share similar 

2974
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,600
experiences and responses. 
It's easy to ignore the ways in 

2975
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:11,100
which the architecture of these 
theaters. 

2976
02:41:11,100 --> 02:41:14,600
Impacted dramatic writing plays 
had to be performed during the 

2977
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:16,500
day because there was no 
artificial lighting. 

2978
02:41:16,500 --> 02:41:19,500
So night scene had to be 
completely set up through 

2979
02:41:19,500 --> 02:41:23,000
staging and dialogue, the actors
must use their words and deeds 

2980
02:41:23,000 --> 02:41:25,900
alone to persuade a daytime 
audience that it is night time 

2981
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:29,500
when Romeo sends to Juliet's, 
balcony as playwrights learn to 

2982
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:32,100
use words, to create Vivid 
images, rather than lighting 

2983
02:41:32,100 --> 02:41:34,700
effects. 
This limitation produced some of

2984
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:37,100
the most exquisite Script of 
language in English. 

2985
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:40,300
Literature with the platform 
extending far into the audience 

2986
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:42,400
area. 
The thrust stage Arrangement 

2987
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:44,300
produced an intimacy. 
That is difficult for 

2988
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:47,600
contemporary theaters to 
replicate every performance felt

2989
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:49,900
immediate and intimate because 
the actors were literally 

2990
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:52,200
surrounded by audience members 
on three sides. 

2991
02:41:52,200 --> 02:41:55,300
Instead of being performed to 
the back wall of the theater, or

2992
02:41:55,300 --> 02:41:58,900
to empty are soliloquies were 
shared directly with audience 

2993
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:01,800
members, who could touch them, 
fostering a sense of mutual 

2994
02:42:01,800 --> 02:42:05,000
confidence and conspiracy 
between the performer and the 

2995
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:06,900
audience. 
Shakespeare, and his 

2996
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:09,100
contemporaries had to use 
dialogue, costumes, and small 

2997
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:12,000
props to create setting and 
atmosphere, because there was a 

2998
02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:15,400
dearth of all, Nate scenery, a 
bed could turn the stage into a 

2999
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:18,900
bedroom, a throne signified, a 
palace, and a few branches 

3000
02:42:18,900 --> 02:42:22,200
suggested a forest instead of 
just showing viewers preset 

3001
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:24,700
images. 
This economy of means, compelled

3002
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:28,000
playwrights to be resourceful 
and audience is to be creative 

3003
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:31,600
resulting in a collaborative. 
Theatrical experience that 

3004
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:34,100
stimulated viewers creativity 
actors. 

3005
02:42:34,100 --> 02:42:37,100
Had to be incredibly adaptable. 
Because Elizabethan theater 

3006
02:42:37,100 --> 02:42:39,900
companies used a Repertory 
system in a week. 

3007
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:43,600
A single company may present six
different plays, requiring 

3008
02:42:43,600 --> 02:42:47,100
actors to learn and play dozens 
of roles at once with little 

3009
02:42:47,100 --> 02:42:50,400
rehearsal time, the top actor in
a company such as Shakespeare's 

3010
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,100
company. 
The Lord Chamberlain's men would

3011
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:55,800
have to be ready to play a 
variety of characters and styles

3012
02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:59,500
such as king, leeron Wednesday, 
Benedict in Much Ado About 

3013
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:01,800
Nothing on Tuesday and Hamlet on
Monday. 

3014
02:43:01,800 --> 02:43:04,800
Additionally, because of this 
system plays were written with 

3015
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,400
particular actors in mind. 
Shakespeare customized roles for

3016
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,400
each member of his company based
on their individual strengths 

3017
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:16,100
weaknesses and peculiarities 
will kempe and Robert Armin, 

3018
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:18,400
both of whom had distinct 
comedic philosophies and 

3019
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:21,700
Specialties with the intended, 
recipients of the clown Parts, 

3020
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:23,900
the tragic parts were written 
for Richard. 

3021
02:43:23,900 --> 02:43:27,000
Burbage who apparently had a 
regular ability to bring people 

3022
02:43:27,000 --> 02:43:30,900
to tears English theater started
to undergo minor but important 

3023
02:43:30,900 --> 02:43:35,100
changes in 1603 when James the 
first came to power, the 

3024
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:37,900
emergence of private indoor 
theaters that catered to more 

3025
02:43:37,900 --> 02:43:40,900
affluent audiences coincided 
with the reign of the new king 

3026
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:44,100
who was more interested in 
lavish Court entertainments than

3027
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:46,700
in public theater Shakespeare's 
company started. 

3028
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:49,500
Its winter performance is at the
black Friday's Theater, which 

3029
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:51,700
was a far cry from the public 
amphitheaters. 

3030
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:55,200
It was more intimate, smaller 
artificially handle it and 

3031
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:58,300
admission was much pricier. 
Playwrights were inspired to 

3032
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:00,600
experiment with more 
psychologically, complex 

3033
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:04,200
material and advanced theatrical
techniques as a result of, the 

3034
02:44:04,200 --> 02:44:05,900
more affluent and educated 
audience. 

3035
02:44:05,900 --> 02:44:09,400
This attracted Themes of 
corruption, insanity and moral 

3036
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:12,600
ambiguity were explored in 
Darker, more psychologically, 

3037
02:44:12,600 --> 02:44:14,700
complex plays written by 
playwrights. 

3038
02:44:14,700 --> 02:44:18,500
Such as John Webster, Thomas 
Middleton and John Ford with 

3039
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:20,600
their graphic violence, sexual 
transgression. 

3040
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:24,300
And moral complexity, The 
Duchess of malfi, the white 

3041
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:28,000
devil and his pity. 
She's a whore challenged. 

3042
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:30,500
The conventions of what was 
appropriate for staging, an 

3043
02:44:30,500 --> 02:44:33,400
outdoor amphitheaters during the
day, more advanced staging 

3044
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:35,900
methods were also made possible 
by the indoor theaters 

3045
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:38,300
opportunities for atmospheric 
effects. 

3046
02:44:38,300 --> 02:44:42,000
Abrupt illuminations and the 
type of chiaroscuro lighting 

3047
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:45,200
that painters of the era were 
employing to produce striking 

3048
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:48,200
visual effects were made 
possible by candlelight when 

3049
02:44:48,200 --> 02:44:50,400
audience is were unable to see 
all of the mechanical 

3050
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:52,900
operations. 
Clearly trapdoors and flying 

3051
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:56,000
Machinery, could be used more 
successfully in indoor theater. 

3052
02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:59,100
Music has grown in significant 
as a means of providing 

3053
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:02,400
entertainment in between acts as
well as an accompaniment to the 

3054
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:04,400
action. 
The development of what would 

3055
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:07,000
eventually become theatrical 
orchestration as an artist. 

3056
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:10,000
Discipline and more subdued 
musical effects was made 

3057
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:13,500
possible by the Acoustics of 
enclosed spaces, English theater

3058
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:16,800
achieved unprecedented levels of
sophistication and artistic 

3059
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:19,800
achievement during Charles the 
first Reign, but it also began 

3060
02:45:19,800 --> 02:45:23,700
to temporarily decline Court. 
Musk's evolved into increasingly

3061
02:45:23,700 --> 02:45:28,500
complex, spectacles that fuse, 
dance music theater and visual 

3062
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:31,500
arts in Productions that were 
expensive and primarily used to 

3063
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:34,800
showcase the wealth and power of
the monarchy playwrights such as

3064
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:39,100
John Ford, Philip messenger, and
James Shirley produced works of 

3065
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:42,400
significant artistic value and 
public theater flourished. 

3066
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:46,200
However, a confrontation that 
would temporarily put an end to 

3067
02:45:46,200 --> 02:45:48,400
professional theater in. 
England was being sparked by the

3068
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,600
growing Puritan opposition to 
theater as politically dangerous

3069
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:55,100
and morally, corrupting one of 
the greatest eras in English. 

3070
02:45:55,100 --> 02:45:58,900
Dramatic literature came to an 
end in 1642 when parliament 

3071
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:00,800
passed, an ordinance banning all
public. 

3072
02:46:00,800 --> 02:46:04,200
Theater's actors and playwrights
were forced underground or into 

3073
02:46:04,200 --> 02:46:09,300
Exile during England's. 
Theater theatrical impulse and 

3074
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:11,400
human nature. 
However, have a wonderful 

3075
02:46:11,400 --> 02:46:14,500
quality that makes it impossible
to eradicate theater through 

3076
02:46:14,500 --> 02:46:18,100
legislation. 
Theatrical activity, persisted 

3077
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,100
in disguised, forms throughout 
the Commonwealth era, the 

3078
02:46:21,100 --> 02:46:23,500
theatrical tradition was 
maintained through private 

3079
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:25,300
performances in aristocratic 
homes. 

3080
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:28,700
Traveling entertainers, who were
careful not to identify as 

3081
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:30,100
actors. 
And even some public 

3082
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:32,800
performances that were passed 
off as musical concerts or 

3083
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:36,500
instructional demonstrations at 
fairs and markets, drill 

3084
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:40,000
performance is brief comedic 
excerpts taken from longer plays

3085
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:43,600
were presented frequently with 
actors prepared to disperse. 

3086
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:46,700
If officials showed up by 
offering moral instruction that 

3087
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:48,400
coincidentally involved 
costumed. 

3088
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:51,900
Actors in acting better stories.
Some theatrical entrepreneurs 

3089
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:54,200
came up with inventive ways to 
get around the bands. 

3090
02:46:54,200 --> 02:46:58,700
When the monarchy was reinstated
in 1660 theater made a comeback 

3091
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:01,900
to England, but with some 
notable modifications that would

3092
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:03,200
permanently alter to the art 
form. 

3093
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:06,300
For the first time, women were 
allowed to act on professional 

3094
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:08,500
stages. 
Which seems like such an obvious

3095
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:11,200
Innovation that you wonder why 
it took so long to occur to 

3096
02:47:11,208 --> 02:47:13,600
anyone. 
In the past young men were cast 

3097
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:17,300
in all female roles, which 
created some Trekking theatrical

3098
02:47:17,300 --> 02:47:20,100
complications when characters 
and stories, pretended to be the

3099
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:22,900
opposite gender. 
The ability to see real women 

3100
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:25,500
portraying women opened up new 
avenues for dramatic 

3101
02:47:25,500 --> 02:47:28,000
characterization, and romantic 
comedy. 

3102
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:31,000
Additionally, male audience 
members occasionally showed 

3103
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:33,300
greater interest in the 
actresses than in the plays. 

3104
02:47:33,300 --> 02:47:36,700
They were performing which led 
to new issues the most well, 

3105
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:40,000
known restoration actress Nell. 
Gwynn is a prime example of this

3106
02:47:40,000 --> 02:47:43,200
shifted advantages and 
disadvantages this conflict 

3107
02:47:43,200 --> 02:47:46,000
between artistic success. 
And personal Fame would haunt 

3108
02:47:46,000 --> 02:47:49,300
actresses for centuries, as they
benefited from professional 

3109
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:52,700
opportunities, while confronting
social stigmas that did not 

3110
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:54,400
apply to their male 
counterparts. 

3111
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:57,500
She was a truly gifted performer
who could handle comedy and 

3112
02:47:57,508 --> 02:48:00,700
tragedy with the equal skill, 
but she is more famous today, 

3113
02:48:00,700 --> 02:48:02,700
for being King. 
Charles, the second's mistress 

3114
02:48:02,700 --> 02:48:05,700
comedy of manners and other 
sophisticated plays about the 

3115
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:07,400
social intrigues of the upper 
classes. 

3116
02:48:07,400 --> 02:48:11,400
Also gained popularity during 
the restoration hero in stead of

3117
02:48:11,408 --> 02:48:14,400
being broad physical comedies. 
These were clever verbal 

3118
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:16,200
entertainments that definitely 
parodied. 

3119
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,600
Romantic pretenses and social 
norms, consider them the 

3120
02:48:19,600 --> 02:48:22,800
forerunners of contemporary 
romantic comedies, albeit with 

3121
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:26,500
tighter corsets, more complex 
language and a markedly more 

3122
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:28,800
pessimistic outlook on marriage 
and faithfulness. 

3123
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:31,900
Perhaps the best example of 
restoration comedy is William 

3124
02:48:31,900 --> 02:48:35,200
Congress, The Way of the World, 
which features characters who 

3125
02:48:35,200 --> 02:48:38,800
navigate, romantic and financial
complexities with well-crafted 

3126
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:41,400
epigrams, that only true 
intelligence can understand 

3127
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:45,400
there is a lot of wit in the 
conversation but it is used as a

3128
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,700
weapon in complex social Warfare
where reputation and wealth are 

3129
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:51,300
at stake compared to their 
Elizabethan forebears 

3130
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:53,600
restoration. 
Theaters evolved into more 

3131
02:48:53,600 --> 02:48:56,800
elegant spaces that increasingly
catered to affluent patreons, 

3132
02:48:56,800 --> 02:48:59,200
prepare to Shell out more cash 
for cozy. 

3133
02:48:59,200 --> 02:49:02,500
Surroundings imported from 
Italian architecture, the 

3134
02:49:02,500 --> 02:49:05,400
procini March theater in the 
audience, performer relationship

3135
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:07,200
by separating, the two in 
subtle. 

3136
02:49:07,200 --> 02:49:10,400
Yet significant ways with 
painted, backdrops and Wing 

3137
02:49:10,400 --> 02:49:11,800
flats. 
That could be switched between 

3138
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:13,600
acts to imply different 
locations. 

3139
02:49:13,600 --> 02:49:17,300
The scenery grew increasingly 
ornate, Although, it also meant 

3140
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:20,400
that plays relied Less on the 
imagination of the audience and 

3141
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:23,700
more on visual spectacle, this 
marked a shift towards 

3142
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:27,200
theatrical illusionism that 
would rule stage design for the 

3143
02:49:27,208 --> 02:49:29,600
next two centuries 
sentimentalism. 

3144
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,500
The groundbreaking notion that 
viewers should be emotionally 

3145
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:35,300
affected by what they saw, 
rather than merely amused or 

3146
02:49:35,308 --> 02:49:38,000
intellectually. 
Stimulated was introduced to 

3147
02:49:38,008 --> 02:49:42,200
theater in the 1700s, domestic 
tragedy and plays about common 

3148
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:45,500
middle-class, people dealing 
with moral quandaries as opposed

3149
02:49:45,500 --> 02:49:48,200
to Kings and Nobles handling 
state affairs, and divine 

3150
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:51,600
intervention became more popular
during this time with its 

3151
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:54,800
emphasis on a Young Apprentice 
whose moral decline is caused by

3152
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,800
common human frailties, rather 
than Fatale Character defects or

3153
02:49:58,808 --> 02:50:02,100
Supernatural intervention. 
George lillo's, the London 

3154
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:05,700
Merchant was revolutionary by 
establishing the idea that 

3155
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:08,400
theater could and should 
represent the experience of its 

3156
02:50:08,400 --> 02:50:11,500
audience rather than merely 
offering Escapist entertainment 

3157
02:50:11,500 --> 02:50:14,500
about exotic people in 
extraordinary circumstances, 

3158
02:50:14,500 --> 02:50:18,900
this move toward Emotional 
realism and relatable characters

3159
02:50:18,900 --> 02:50:20,800
set the foundation for modern 
drama. 

3160
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,800
Emotional responsiveness and 
moral sensitivity were given new

3161
02:50:24,800 --> 02:50:27,000
significance by The Cult of 
sensibility. 

3162
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:30,300
That ruled 18th century Society 
touching scenes were supposed to

3163
02:50:30,308 --> 02:50:33,300
make audiences cry. 
The number of handkerchiefs 

3164
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:35,800
needed in the theater on any 
given night was frequently used 

3165
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:38,600
to gauge a place success. 
Although this may seem to 

3166
02:50:38,600 --> 02:50:41,600
Sentimental by today's 
standards, it was a significant 

3167
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:44,000
acknowledgment that theater 
could be used to explore 

3168
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:48,000
emotional and moral complexity, 
in addition, to offering obscene

3169
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:49,800
entertainment. 
Like creating a more 

3170
02:50:49,808 --> 02:50:52,700
naturalistic performance style 
that prioritized psychological 

3171
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:56,400
realism over exclamatory 
technique David Garrick, 

3172
02:50:56,400 --> 02:50:59,800
transformed acting during this 
time Garrick researched human 

3173
02:50:59,800 --> 02:51:02,700
behavior and attempted to 
replicated authentically on 

3174
02:51:02,700 --> 02:51:04,900
stage, rather than posing. 
In giving speeches. 

3175
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:08,700
In a formal oratorical way, his 
portrayal of Hamlet received 

3176
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:11,200
accolades from not looking like 
an actor, giving well known 

3177
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:14,700
speeches, but rather like a real
person dealing with real 

3178
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:18,200
psychological issues, In 
addition Garrick invented a 

3179
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:20,600
number of theatrical techniques 
that are now commonplace. 

3180
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:23,500
He was one of the first to 
demand that hole Productions. 

3181
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:27,700
Not just individual scenes, 
undergo lengthy, rehearsals he 

3182
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:30,800
created, cohesive artistic 
Visions for his Productions by 

3183
02:51:30,800 --> 02:51:34,400
coordinating staging costumes 
and scenery in order to create 

3184
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,400
atmospheric illumination that 
increase the emotional impact of

3185
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:40,200
scenes. 
He even experimented with stage 

3186
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:43,400
lighting effects, using 
reflective surfaces and hidden 

3187
02:51:43,400 --> 02:51:46,700
lamps with periodicals like The 
Spectator and the tackler 

3188
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:48,700
reviewing plays And discussing 
Aesthetics. 

3189
02:51:48,700 --> 02:51:52,400
The 18th century witnessed the 
emergence of what is now known 

3190
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:54,800
as theater criticism. 
This led to a more 

3191
02:51:54,800 --> 02:51:57,700
self-conscious theatrical 
culture where a more 

3192
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:00,200
sophisticated audience examined 
and discussed artistic 

3193
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:02,900
decisions. 
The development of theatrical 

3194
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,000
celebrity culture as we know it 
today began in the late 18th 

3195
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:09,100
century performers. 
Such as Sarah, siddens Rose to 

3196
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,900
Fame in Britain and Europe. 
Their private lives, the focus 

3197
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:14,900
of public interest and their 
creative interpretations of 

3198
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:18,000
important roles discussed with 
the same further that 

3199
02:52:18,000 --> 02:52:21,500
contemporary audiences reserved 
for athletes people, traveled 

3200
02:52:21,500 --> 02:52:24,200
hundreds of miles to see siddens
Lady Macbeth perform. 

3201
02:52:24,200 --> 02:52:27,300
The sleepwalking scene because 
she was so well, known her 

3202
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:29,800
departure from the stage was 
viewed as a lost to the nation's

3203
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:32,800
culture and her performance of 
the part, became the Benchmark 

3204
02:52:32,800 --> 02:52:35,000
by which all other actresses 
were judged. 

3205
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:37,800
She was the first actress to 
receive a statue. 

3206
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:40,000
In Westminster Abbey, something 
that would have been 

3207
02:52:40,000 --> 02:52:43,800
unimaginable for a performer, 
only a century before the 

3208
02:52:43,800 --> 02:52:46,300
development of the theater was 
impacted by this celebrity 

3209
02:52:46,300 --> 02:52:49,800
culture in both positive and 
negative ways on the plus side. 

3210
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:52,600
Well, known actors could ensure 
that shows have audience's and 

3211
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:54,200
draw funding to theater 
businesses. 

3212
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:57,700
Their notoriety contributed to 
the development of theater as a 

3213
02:52:57,700 --> 02:53:00,400
legitimate art form. 
Deserving of significant 

3214
02:53:00,400 --> 02:53:03,600
cultural consider On the 
downside, the star system 

3215
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,900
started to skew theatrical 
production, with plays selected 

3216
02:53:06,900 --> 02:53:09,800
more for their ability to 
Showcase specific actors than 

3217
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:11,600
for their inherent artistic 
value. 

3218
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:15,300
This resulted in a custom of 
star vehicles that prioritized 

3219
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:18,800
individual skills over balanced,
dramatic construction and 

3220
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:23,300
Ensemble acting everything 
including theater was altered by

3221
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:26,700
the Industrial Revolution. 
In ways that continue to shape 

3222
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:29,700
our perceptions of Life 
performances theater was 

3223
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:32,700
transformed from an afternoon 
Amusement to an evening event 

3224
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:34,800
that could rival other nightlife
activities. 

3225
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,000
Thanks to advancements in 
lighting, technology that 

3226
02:53:38,000 --> 02:53:41,100
allowed indoor performance is to
last well, into the evening. 

3227
02:53:41,100 --> 02:53:44,900
When gaslighting was first used 
in the early 1800s, it 

3228
02:53:44,900 --> 02:53:47,000
completely changed the 
possibilities for Theater. 

3229
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:50,700
For the First Time, stage 
lighting could be precisely 

3230
02:53:50,700 --> 02:53:54,300
adjusted to be brightened for 
dramatic climaxes, and dimmed 

3231
02:53:54,300 --> 02:53:57,300
for intimate scenes. 
More complex atmospheric effects

3232
02:53:57,300 --> 02:53:59,900
were made possible, and 
filmmakers were equipped with 

3233
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:03,300
new means of, directing viewers,
attention, And evoking strong 

3234
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:07,400
feelings by putting performers 
in the Limelight and enabling 

3235
02:54:07,400 --> 02:54:09,900
the type of dramatic 
illumination that could isolate 

3236
02:54:09,900 --> 02:54:13,300
individual characters or produce
amazing visual effects 

3237
02:54:13,300 --> 02:54:17,400
Limelight, which is made by 
heating lime with oxygen and 

3238
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:21,900
hydrogen Flames was introduced. 
Resulting in the first powerful 

3239
02:54:21,900 --> 02:54:24,200
Spotlight. 
Effects actors would literally 

3240
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,100
position themselves to catch the
most flattering light during 

3241
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,700
this time which is where the 
well known expression stealing 

3242
02:54:30,700 --> 02:54:34,100
the spotlight originates. 
As urban populations increased. 

3243
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:36,900
In the middle class grew 
theaters, had to expand to 

3244
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:39,200
accommodate their Leisure Time 
and entertainment budget. 

3245
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,200
Several thousand people could 
fit in some of the theater's 

3246
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,600
constructed during this time, 
necessitating Innovative staging

3247
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:48,300
and performance techniques that 
could successfully project to 

3248
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:51,900
such sizeable crowds. 
Melodrama, a theatrical genre 

3249
02:54:51,900 --> 02:54:55,500
that focused on Stark moral 
contrasts breathtaking, special 

3250
02:54:55,500 --> 02:54:59,000
effects and poignant scenarios 
that were understandable and 

3251
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:01,800
enjoyable even in large 
theater's was born as a result. 

3252
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:05,300
The plots of melodramas included
enough, physical action and 

3253
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:08,500
visual spectacle to keep 
audiences interested, even when 

3254
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:11,600
they couldn't hear every word of
dialogue, while the heroes were 

3255
02:55:11,600 --> 02:55:14,200
entirely good and the villains 
were completely evil 

3256
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,300
melodramatic plots were 
thrilling for audiences of the 

3257
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,800
time, but delightfully absurd, 
by today's standards on Family 

3258
02:55:20,800 --> 02:55:24,100
Farms, villains, threatened, 
foreclosure Heroes swung on 

3259
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:27,400
ropes, across burning buildings,
heroines were tied to railroad 

3260
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:29,900
tracks and evil was always 
severely. 

3261
02:55:29,900 --> 02:55:32,500
Punished, usually in a 
spectacular way. 

3262
02:55:32,500 --> 02:55:34,700
While virtue was always 
rewarded. 

3263
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:38,500
However, melodrama fulfilled 
significant social roles that 

3264
02:55:38,500 --> 02:55:41,300
went beyond simple Amusement, in
order to help viewers 

3265
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:44,800
comprehend, the Swift changes, 
taking place in their society, a

3266
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:47,900
number of melodramas addressed, 
modern social issues, such as 

3267
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:52,300
urbanization class conflict 
industrialization and shifting 

3268
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:54,800
family structures. 
The most well known American 

3269
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:58,600
play of the 19th century. 
Uncle Tom's Cabin employed 

3270
02:55:58,600 --> 02:56:01,900
melodramatic devices to make 
anti-slavery points to audiences

3271
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:03,400
that. 
Political speeches and 

3272
02:56:03,400 --> 02:56:05,800
newspaper. 
Editorials might not have been 

3273
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:07,900
able to reach. 
Additionally, touring 

3274
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:11,100
Productions, that could reach 
audiences in smaller cities and 

3275
02:56:11,100 --> 02:56:13,200
towns gained popularity in the 
19th century. 

3276
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:16,900
As railroad networks expanded, 
it became financially viable to 

3277
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:20,500
transport, entire Productions, 
complete with sets costumes, and

3278
02:56:20,500 --> 02:56:23,500
entire acting companies to 
locations across the nation. 

3279
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:25,500
This made it possible for 
audiences. 

3280
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,700
In far-flung, places to see the 
same place that were performed 

3281
02:56:28,700 --> 02:56:31,900
in large cities. 
Establishing the first genuinely

3282
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:35,600
National theatrical culture with
theatrical syndicates planning. 

3283
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:39,200
Tours, reserving venues and 
standardizing production values 

3284
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:42,700
across several locations theater
emerged as a significant 

3285
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:44,900
industry. 
During this time, the majority 

3286
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:47,500
of America's major theater as 
well, under the control of the 

3287
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:51,000
theatrical Syndicate which was 
established in 1896. 

3288
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:55,900
They're booking choices had the 
power to make or ruin careers a 

3289
02:56:55,900 --> 02:56:58,500
parallel movement that would 
transform dramatic literature 

3290
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:01,400
and lay the foundation for many 
of the tenets that still 

3291
02:57:01,400 --> 02:57:03,600
governs. 
Serious theater today was 

3292
02:57:03,600 --> 02:57:06,600
emerging at the same time that 
popular theater was embracing 

3293
02:57:06,600 --> 02:57:09,200
spectacle and wide emotional 
appeal. 

3294
02:57:09,200 --> 02:57:13,500
Henry Gibson, August strindberg 
and Anton Chekhov were among the

3295
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:16,000
first playwrights to tackle 
contemporary social issues 

3296
02:57:16,000 --> 02:57:19,200
through the experiences of 
likable characters and familiar 

3297
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,100
settings because it addressed 
marriage and women's rights 

3298
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:24,900
honestly and in ways that went 
against ingrained social norms, 

3299
02:57:24,900 --> 02:57:28,300
its adult households across 
Europe. 

3300
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,500
Some theater's refused to 
present the plays contentious 

3301
02:57:31,500 --> 02:57:35,100
ending in which Nora abandoned 
her husband and kids to find her

3302
02:57:35,100 --> 02:57:39,100
own identity without, including 
a more traditional conclusion in

3303
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,500
which she resumes her 
responsibility to her family, 

3304
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,000
but the controversy was 
precisely the point. 

3305
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:47,700
Absent and his peers, felt that 
theater should provoke viewers 

3306
02:57:47,700 --> 02:57:50,400
to reflect deeply on moral 
issues and societal issues. 

3307
02:57:50,400 --> 02:57:53,800
In addition, to providing 
Amusement, this marked a return 

3308
02:57:53,808 --> 02:57:56,700
to theaters long-standing role 
as a platform for discussing 

3309
02:57:56,700 --> 02:58:00,000
significant topics, but with a 
particularly contemporary 

3310
02:58:00,000 --> 02:58:03,300
emphasis on psychological 
realism and current social 

3311
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:06,700
issues, check off Master, the 
art of naturalistic drama by 

3312
02:58:06,700 --> 02:58:09,500
crafting plays in which 
characters discuss significant 

3313
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,700
topics without directly 
addressing them in which the 

3314
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:15,500
most poignant emotional moments 
frequently occur in silence. 

3315
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:19,000
And in which the overall impact 
relies on Maynooth details, 

3316
02:58:19,000 --> 02:58:22,400
rather than dramatic climaxes 
although the Cherry Orchard is 

3317
02:58:22,400 --> 02:58:25,400
supposedly about an aristocratic
family losing their estate. 

3318
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:29,700
It's really about how hard it is
to adjust to social change and 

3319
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:32,900
how impossible it is to cling to
the past, these playwrights 

3320
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:35,900
developed new techniques for 
creating psychological depth and

3321
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:39,000
emotional authenticity, that 
would influence theatrical 

3322
02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:42,300
writing for the next century and
beyond their plot, centered on 

3323
02:58:42,300 --> 02:58:44,700
internal conflicts and slow 
Revelation rather. 

3324
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:48,600
Than external action and 
dramatic confrontations and 

3325
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:52,600
their characters spoke and acted
more like real people than 

3326
02:58:52,600 --> 02:58:55,800
theatrical archetypes, more 
changes, to theater occurred in 

3327
02:58:55,808 --> 02:58:58,800
the 20th century than in any 
other because of two World Wars,

3328
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:02,400
the emergence of television and 
film shifting, social mores and 

3329
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:05,700
new technological advancements. 
As naturalistic acting 

3330
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:08,400
techniques gained popularity in 
the early part of the century 

3331
02:59:08,400 --> 02:59:11,700
actors attempted to act as 
naturally as possible on stage. 

3332
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:14,600
The more clamorous 
presentational style that are 

3333
02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:17,200
dominated theater for centuries,
was drastically different from 

3334
02:59:17,200 --> 02:59:20,200
this by using their own 
emotional experiences and 

3335
02:59:20,200 --> 02:59:23,300
creating intricate cycle 
backstories for their characters

3336
02:59:23,300 --> 02:59:27,400
konstantin stanislavski created 
methodical techniques to assist 

3337
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:29,500
actors and creating believable 
characters. 

3338
02:59:29,500 --> 02:59:32,400
Modern, actor training was on 
the interpretation and 

3339
02:59:32,400 --> 02:59:36,000
modification of the stanislavski
method by American instructors. 

3340
02:59:36,000 --> 02:59:40,200
Such as Lee Strasberg, Stella 
Adler and Sanford, Meisner the 

3341
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:43,100
notion that actors should live 
truthfully under imaginary 

3342
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:46,000
circumstances. 
Transformed performance and 

3343
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:48,700
created guidelines that are 
still studied and used by the 

3344
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:52,200
majority of actors today. 
Meanwhile experimental theater 

3345
02:59:52,200 --> 02:59:54,700
artists were pushing in 
completely different directions 

3346
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:58,300
rejecting naturalistic 
representation entirely in favor

3347
02:59:58,308 --> 03:00:01,900
of more abstract symbolic or 
ritualistic forms of performance

3348
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:05,000
in Russia. 
Vsevolod Maya hold created 

3349
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:07,900
biomechanical acting methods, 
that prioritize stylized 

3350
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,800
movement and physical accuracy 
over cycle realism the theater 

3351
03:00:11,800 --> 03:00:14,100
of Cruelty. 
That Antonin our tour envisioned

3352
03:00:14,100 --> 03:00:17,000
would directly affect audience's
emotions and spirituality. 

3353
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:19,600
While challenging their 
rationale defenses through 

3354
03:00:19,600 --> 03:00:23,200
powerful sensory experience is 
despite his own Productions 

3355
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:26,800
frequent failures with modern 
audiences his theories shaped 

3356
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:30,200
experimental theater for decades
in order to keep audiences from 

3357
03:00:30,200 --> 03:00:32,400
getting emotionally engrossed in
Theatrical, illusion. 

3358
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,200
Bertolt. 
Brecht created Epic Theater 

3359
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:38,400
technique's in order for the 
audience to critically, consider

3360
03:00:38,400 --> 03:00:40,800
the social and political issues 
his plays addressed. 

3361
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:43,600
He wanted them to keep a 
critical distance from the 

3362
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:46,900
action Political theater, all 
across the world was impacted by

3363
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:50,500
brecht's alienation effects, 
which included direct address to

3364
03:00:50,500 --> 03:00:54,100
the audience songs that made 
commentary on the action and 

3365
03:00:54,100 --> 03:00:55,600
staging. 
That purposefully exposed 

3366
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,600
theatrical artifice. 
American Theater was creating 

3367
03:00:58,600 --> 03:01:01,300
its own unique traits and 
contributions to the art form 

3368
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:04,600
while European theater was 
battling, modernist Innovations 

3369
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:08,000
and political upheavals. 
The rise of uniquely American 

3370
03:01:08,000 --> 03:01:11,600
dramatic voices that wrote about
uniquely American issues and 

3371
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:13,800
experiences occurred in the 
early 20th century. 

3372
03:01:15,000 --> 03:01:18,100
The first American playwright to
receive widespread Acclaim for 

3373
03:01:18,100 --> 03:01:19,500
his serious. 
Dramatic Works. 

3374
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:22,800
Was Eugene O'Neil, his early 
plays featured, working class 

3375
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:25,500
characters, and Industrial 
settings that in ways. 

3376
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:28,100
Never before. 
Seen on stage, reflected the 

3377
03:01:28,100 --> 03:01:31,800
reality of American Life later 
pieces, like the Iceman, Cometh,

3378
03:01:31,800 --> 03:01:34,600
and Long days journey into night
examined. 

3379
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:38,100
Personal failure, and family 
dysfunction with a psychological

3380
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:40,500
depth that was comparable to 
anything being written in 

3381
03:01:40,500 --> 03:01:42,400
Europe. 
Only experimented, with 

3382
03:01:42,400 --> 03:01:44,800
theatrical methods, that went 
beyond what was typically 

3383
03:01:44,800 --> 03:01:47,100
expected of theatrical 
entertainment in the United 

3384
03:01:47,100 --> 03:01:49,500
States. 
In strange interlude. 

3385
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:51,900
There were lengthy aside 
passages where characters 

3386
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:55,100
Express their thoughts out. 
Loud masks were employed by the 

3387
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:58,800
great God, Brown to symbolize 
various facets of his Persona by

3388
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:01,600
adapting, Greek tragedy to an 
American setting during the 

3389
03:02:01,600 --> 03:02:04,900
Civil War mourning becomes 
Electra produced a Trilogy that 

3390
03:02:04,900 --> 03:02:07,700
used classical dramatic 
structures to analyze American 

3391
03:02:07,700 --> 03:02:09,700
history. 
The only time in American 

3392
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:12,400
history that the federal 
government directly subsidized 

3393
03:02:12,400 --> 03:02:15,500
theatrical production was during
the federal theater project, 

3394
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:17,900
which was a component of the New
Deal initiatives. 

3395
03:02:17,908 --> 03:02:20,900
During the Great Depression, 
thousands of theater 

3396
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:24,100
professionals were employed by 
the project between 1935 and 

3397
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:29,300
1939 and 100 of Productions were
produced Nationwide, including 

3398
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:31,900
the groundbreaking living 
newspaper Productions, that 

3399
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:35,800
dramatized current events and 
social concerns, even though the

3400
03:02:35,800 --> 03:02:38,300
federal theater project was 
eventually shut down because of 

3401
03:02:38,300 --> 03:02:40,700
political concerns about its 
left-leaning content. 

3402
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:43,900
Showed that serious socially 
engaged. 

3403
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:46,500
Theater was in high demand 
Across the Nation. 

3404
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:50,000
Not just in large cities, the 
creation of the integrated 

3405
03:02:50,000 --> 03:02:53,700
musical, which fused songs 
dances and dramatic scenes into 

3406
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:56,700
cohesive, artistic experiences, 
rather, than merely 

3407
03:02:56,700 --> 03:02:59,500
entertainment reviews. 
With well-known performers was 

3408
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:02,900
perhaps American theaters, most 
notable contribution to World 

3409
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:05,000
drama. 
With songs that developed 

3410
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:07,600
organically from the character 
and Circumstance, rather than 

3411
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:12,700
being added a specialty numbers.
Showboat, 1927 is frequently 

3412
03:03:12,700 --> 03:03:15,600
regarded as the first fully 
integrated American Musical. 

3413
03:03:15,600 --> 03:03:19,000
The production addressed weighty
topics like racial Prejudice and

3414
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:21,800
the passing of time 
demonstrating that musical 

3415
03:03:21,800 --> 03:03:24,300
theater, could tackle important 
issues while still offering 

3416
03:03:24,300 --> 03:03:28,600
mainstream entertainment. 
All right 1943, transformed 

3417
03:03:28,600 --> 03:03:31,700
musical theater by introducing 
dance sequences that progressed 

3418
03:03:31,700 --> 03:03:34,800
the plot and revealed character 
rather than me offering 

3419
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:36,800
spectacle. 
And by starting with a single 

3420
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:39,300
character, singing alone on 
stage, instead of a large 

3421
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:42,400
chorus, Number Richard Rodgers 
and A Hammerstein. 

3422
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:45,900
The second partnership created a
model for musical theater design

3423
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:49,900
that shaped the genre for many 
years through complex music and 

3424
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:52,700
choreography that produced 
theatrical experiences unmatched

3425
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:57,800
in any other medium Westside 
Story. 1957 showed that musical 

3426
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:01,100
theater could address modern 
social issues, like gang 

3427
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:05,500
violence racial tension and 
urban poverty, classical jazz 

3428
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:08,000
and popular music were all 
incorporated into Leonard 

3429
03:04:08,000 --> 03:04:11,200
Bernstein's score and Jerome 
Robbins choreography turned 

3430
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:13,700
dance from a decorative element 
to a crucial part of the 

3431
03:04:13,700 --> 03:04:17,000
narrative Broadway musicals 
Heyday, which spanned roughly 

3432
03:04:17,000 --> 03:04:21,000
the 1940s to the 1960s. 
Produced works that shape to 

3433
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,200
American culture songs from 
these shows entered, the popular

3434
03:04:24,200 --> 03:04:27,100
repertoire and the shows 
themselves established Broadway,

3435
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:29,900
as a major cultural export that 
influenced musical, theater 

3436
03:04:29,900 --> 03:04:33,100
development, worldwide 
alternative, theater's arose to 

3437
03:04:33,108 --> 03:04:35,700
accommodate more experimental, 
work, and give up and coming 

3438
03:04:35,700 --> 03:04:37,600
artists of platform, as 
Broadway. 

3439
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:41,000
Grew more commercial and costly 
originally characterized by 

3440
03:04:41,000 --> 03:04:43,200
their small The size and cheaper
ticket costs. 

3441
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,400
Off-Broadway Theatres evolved 
into hubs for theatrical 

3442
03:04:46,400 --> 03:04:50,000
Innovation and platforms for 
works that were unable to find a

3443
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:53,300
home in commercial settings, 
Julian Beck and Judith Molina 

3444
03:04:53,300 --> 03:04:56,500
founded, the living Theater, 
which pioneered confrontational 

3445
03:04:56,500 --> 03:04:59,500
and interactive theater. 
That dismantled the conventional

3446
03:04:59,500 --> 03:05:01,400
divided between audiences and 
performers. 

3447
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:04,300
In addition to challenging 
preconceived, notions about 

3448
03:05:04,300 --> 03:05:07,400
social norms and Theatrical 
Behavior, their production of 

3449
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:09,500
paradise. 
Now, invited audience members to

3450
03:05:09,500 --> 03:05:12,400
participate in the performance 
instead of adhering to 

3451
03:05:12,400 --> 03:05:14,300
Conventional hierarchical 
structures. 

3452
03:05:14,300 --> 03:05:17,600
The open Theater Under the 
direction of Joseph Chen 

3453
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:20,700
developed on saumil based 
creation techniques in which 

3454
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:24,300
actors directors and writers 
work together throughout the 

3455
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:28,300
creative process, their work 
which placed a strong emphasis 

3456
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,100
on vocal and physical 
experimentation produced 

3457
03:05:31,100 --> 03:05:33,700
performance styles that had an 
international impact on 

3458
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:37,100
experimental theater and actor 
training as a separate field. 

3459
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:40,500
Performance art rejected many of
the conventions of theater while

3460
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:42,000
drawing inspiration. 
From it. 

3461
03:05:42,008 --> 03:05:45,600
So low performances by artists 
like Laurie Anderson, Spalding 

3462
03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:49,500
Gray, and Karen Finley Blended, 
storytelling visual art music 

3463
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:53,800
and theater in ways that defied,
easy, classification, as art, a 

3464
03:05:53,800 --> 03:05:56,500
decentralized theatrical culture
was produced by the founding of 

3465
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,300
regional theater companies 
across the United States in the 

3466
03:05:59,300 --> 03:06:04,200
1960s and 1970s which lessened 
New York's a Gemini and offered 

3467
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:08,400
chances for theatrical growth. 
Outside of conventional, hubs 

3468
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:11,000
organizations. 
Such as the Arena Stage in 

3469
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:14,200
Washington, DC, the American 
Conservatory theater in San 

3470
03:06:14,200 --> 03:06:17,200
Francisco and the Guthrie 
Theater in Minneapolis formed 

3471
03:06:17,200 --> 03:06:20,100
unique creative personalities 
while giving back to their 

3472
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,600
communities Regional Theaters 
emerged as crucial, venues for 

3473
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,700
creating original works and 
bringing classic plays back to 

3474
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:29,500
life for modern audiences. 
In addition to creating 

3475
03:06:29,500 --> 03:06:32,500
audiences for serious theater in
communities Across the Nation, 

3476
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:35,500
they offered jobs to theater 
professionals, who wish to work 

3477
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:39,400
regularly without vying for the 
few Broadway opening, the growth

3478
03:06:39,400 --> 03:06:42,600
of playwright development 
programs, which Supported up and

3479
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:46,000
coming authors through workshops
readings, and developmental 

3480
03:06:46,000 --> 03:06:49,000
Productions was also encouraged 
by the regional theater 

3481
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:51,100
movement. 
The Works of many of the most 

3482
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,600
significant American playwrights
of the late 20th century such as

3483
03:06:54,608 --> 03:06:58,300
David Mamet, Sam, Shepard and 
Lanford Wilson were developed in

3484
03:06:58,300 --> 03:07:01,000
Regional Theaters. 
The theater of today is part of 

3485
03:07:01,008 --> 03:07:05,200
a complex ecosystem, that also 
includes social media video 

3486
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:08,800
games, streaming services, 
television and movies. 

3487
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,000
Instead of being supplanted by 
these more recent entertainment,

3488
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,100
mediums theaters managed to 
integrate their Innovations 

3489
03:07:15,100 --> 03:07:18,400
while preserving its fundamental
qualities as a live social 

3490
03:07:18,400 --> 03:07:21,900
event, diversity is embraced by 
modern theater in ways that were

3491
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:25,800
Unthinkable in early at times on
contemporary stages stories from

3492
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:27,800
various cultures. 
Previously, marginalized 

3493
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:31,300
viewpoints and experimental 
forms that defy conventional. 

3494
03:07:31,300 --> 03:07:33,800
Notions of what theater can be 
co-exist? 

3495
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:38,300
Playwrights such as Tony Kushner
lin-manuel, Miranda and Susan, 

3496
03:07:38,300 --> 03:07:40,900
Laurie Parks have produced plays
that broaden the theatrical 

3497
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:42,600
Canon. 
While appealing to new 

3498
03:07:42,600 --> 03:07:45,500
audiences, the fundamental 
components of theatrical 

3499
03:07:45,500 --> 03:07:48,400
performance have been improved 
by technology rather than 

3500
03:07:48,400 --> 03:07:51,700
replaced. 
Nowadays sound design is a 

3501
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:54,900
highly developed art form, that 
produces oral Landscapes that 

3502
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:57,000
were not possible in the past 
computer. 

3503
03:07:57,000 --> 03:07:59,700
Controlled systems are used in 
lighting design to produce 

3504
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:02,200
effects that are only 
constrained by the designers 

3505
03:08:02,200 --> 03:08:06,000
creativity real-time visual 
environments that adapt to live 

3506
03:08:06,000 --> 03:08:08,800
performances are made possible 
by digital effects and video 

3507
03:08:08,800 --> 03:08:11,500
projection. 
However, these technological 

3508
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:13,600
advancements support, 
conventional theatrical 

3509
03:08:13,600 --> 03:08:17,600
functions, such as narrating, 
stories setting the mood and 

3510
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:20,700
drawing in viewers, realizing 
that theaters power is in the 

3511
03:08:20,700 --> 03:08:23,000
direct interaction between 
actors and audiences. 

3512
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,600
The most successful, modern 
Productions used technology, to 

3513
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:29,600
complement live performance, 
rather than to replace it. 

3514
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:31,500
Some elements of theater of 
State. 

3515
03:08:31,500 --> 03:08:34,800
Remarkably consistent over 
thousands of years, despite all 

3516
03:08:34,800 --> 03:08:38,200
these changes, the fundamental 
bond between an Entertainer In 

3517
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:41,600
Their audience, the Enchantment 
of live performance is and the 

3518
03:08:41,600 --> 03:08:44,800
potency of group storytelling, 
have withstood all social 

3519
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:48,000
changes and technological, 
advancements, being in the same 

3520
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,000
room as live performers. 
Experience in the energy of the 

3521
03:08:51,008 --> 03:08:54,500
crowd and realizing that, this 
specific performance will never 

3522
03:08:54,500 --> 03:08:57,100
be precisely. 
Duplicated are still in 

3523
03:08:57,100 --> 03:09:00,700
comparable live performance is 
on predictable and crucial in 

3524
03:09:00,700 --> 03:09:04,100
ways that recorded entertainment
can never match with subtle 

3525
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:07,400
variations brought about, by the
audience's mood, the performers 

3526
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:10,600
energy, the weather and 
countless other small factors 

3527
03:09:10,600 --> 03:09:13,800
archived Welling ancestors, 
gathered around their Fires. 

3528
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:16,500
For many of the same purposes 
that theater still fulfills 

3529
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:19,000
today. 
It gives difficult feelings and 

3530
03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:21,100
complicated concepts are 
tangible form. 

3531
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:25,200
And a common context which AIDS 
in their processing, by offering

3532
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:28,600
experiences that people can talk
about debate and remember 

3533
03:09:28,600 --> 03:09:31,200
together, it Fosters a sense of 
community. 

3534
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:34,700
It allows each generation to 
reinterpret stories, and 

3535
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:36,600
cultural values for their 
current relevance. 

3536
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:39,500
While preserving them theater, 
gives us the opportunity to 

3537
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:42,800
investigate various viewpoints 
and options in a secure setting 

3538
03:09:42,800 --> 03:09:45,800
where we can experience 
repercussions without, actually 

3539
03:09:45,800 --> 03:09:49,100
going through them, observe 
other people's decisions and 

3540
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,800
consider, how we might act in 
comparable situations through 

3541
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:55,800
the experience of characters who
represent various facets of 

3542
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:58,400
human nature. 
It offers a forum for discussing

3543
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:02,300
ethical issues, societal issues 
and interpersonal conflicts, 

3544
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,400
indeed theater, serves many 
important, artistic and social 

3545
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:08,000
purposes, but it's also 
important to remember that. 

3546
03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:12,200
It's just for fun, the small 
Pleasures, the shared gasp of 

3547
03:10:12,200 --> 03:10:15,700
surprise, and unexpected plot 
twists, the laughter that breaks

3548
03:10:15,700 --> 03:10:19,100
out during a well-timed, comedy 
sequence, the shared intake of 

3549
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:20,900
breath. 
During a moment of transcendent 

3550
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:26,100
Beauty directly connect to every
audience, as ever assembled to 

3551
03:10:26,108 --> 03:10:29,600
witness other people posing, as 
someone else theater's humanity,

3552
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:33,200
is what makes it so appealing. 
In contrast to television or 

3553
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:35,500
movies which show are still 
photos of actors who played 

3554
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:38,900
their parts weeks or months ago,
theater shows us real people 

3555
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:43,000
performing live right in front 
of us, the tear shed by a 

3556
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:45,600
theater performer. 
Are genuine when they laugh, 

3557
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:48,500
it's real laughter they must 
immediately. 

3558
03:10:48,500 --> 03:10:50,000
Correct? 
Their mistakes in front of the 

3559
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:53,700
audience, no other art form can 
compare to the sense of danger 

3560
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:56,700
and urgency this evokes during a
live performance. 

3561
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:00,600
Anything can happen and actor, 
may forget their lines, a set 

3562
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:04,000
piece may break or a costume May
tear at a pivotal point. 

3563
03:11:04,900 --> 03:11:06,800
How the actors respond to these 
situations. 

3564
03:11:06,800 --> 03:11:09,600
Becomes part of the 
entertainment for the evening by

3565
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:12,700
agreeing to overlook small 
errors and recognizing the skill

3566
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:15,600
needed to produce convinced in 
characters and gripping 

3567
03:11:15,600 --> 03:11:17,500
narrative, under such immediate 
pressure. 

3568
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:20,700
The audience completely 
maintains, the theatrical 

3569
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:23,500
illusion with theatrical 
Traditions from all over the 

3570
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:25,700
world influencing one. 
Another in ways that were not 

3571
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:29,300
feasible in the past, modern 
theater has a genuinely Global 

3572
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:32,200
reach. 
Western experimental theaters 

3573
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:34,700
influenced by Japanese Noh and 
Kabuki techniques. 

3574
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:37,500
Modern American playwriting is 
influenced by African 

3575
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:41,300
storytelling Traditions, Asian 
Productions of Western Classics.

3576
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,200
Adopt European directing 
techniques by broadening the 

3577
03:11:44,208 --> 03:11:47,200
scope of methods themes and 
approaches accessible to Modern 

3578
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:49,300
artists. 
This cross-pollination has 

3579
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,000
enhanced theater. 
As artists strive to respect 

3580
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:54,800
traditional forms while bringing
them up to date for contemporary

3581
03:11:54,800 --> 03:11:58,200
audiences, as well as negotiate 
issues of cultural appropriation

3582
03:11:58,200 --> 03:12:02,200
and genuine representation, it 
is also brought forth. 

3583
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:05,200
New difficulties, theater 
Innovations, are now widely 

3584
03:12:05,200 --> 03:12:07,900
disseminated across National and
cultural borders through the 

3585
03:12:07,900 --> 03:12:11,600
Festival circuit festivals in 
Adelaide Edinburgh Avenue and 

3586
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:14,700
numerous other cities offer 
venues for artists from various 

3587
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:17,600
Traditions to exchange their 
work and have an impact on one 

3588
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:20,200
another's growth. 
This International Exchange has 

3589
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:23,300
been sped up by digital 
communication, which has made it

3590
03:12:23,300 --> 03:12:25,600
possible for theater 
professionals to collaborate on 

3591
03:12:25,600 --> 03:12:29,400
projects, share techniques and 
reach audiences around the world

3592
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:32,100
in ways that were Thinkable for 
earlier Generations. 

3593
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:35,600
Although live streaming of 
theatrical performances has 

3594
03:12:35,600 --> 03:12:37,300
grown in sophistication and 
popularity. 

3595
03:12:37,300 --> 03:12:40,900
It still serves as an addition 
to live theater experiences, 

3596
03:12:40,900 --> 03:12:44,200
rather than as a substitute for 
them, theater keeps changing 

3597
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:46,300
while retaining its fundamental 
qualities. 

3598
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:48,800
As we look to the Future, 
although they haven't yet 

3599
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,100
completely altered. 
The fundamental theatrical 

3600
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:53,800
experience of live performers, 
working with live audiences 

3601
03:12:53,800 --> 03:12:57,200
virtual and augmented reality 
Technologies. 

3602
03:12:57,200 --> 03:12:59,900
Present new opportunities for 
staging and audience. 

3603
03:12:59,900 --> 03:13:02,600
Interaction theater operations 
are being impacted by 

3604
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:05,200
environmental concerns. 
As many businesses are 

3605
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:08,800
implementing sustainable, set 
construction, energy, use and 

3606
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:12,600
touring Logistics practices as 
audiences funding sources and 

3607
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:14,800
distribution. 
Strategies shift in response to 

3608
03:13:14,800 --> 03:13:17,100
more General Social and 
technological advancements. 

3609
03:13:17,100 --> 03:13:21,500
Theaters economics, continue to 
change the same urgent subject 

3610
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,200
matter that has always inspired 
the most compelling. 

3611
03:13:24,200 --> 03:13:27,100
Dramatic work is available to 
theater today in the form of 

3612
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:30,400
climate change, political 
polarization e. 

3613
03:13:30,400 --> 03:13:33,100
Make inequality and 
technological disruption 

3614
03:13:33,100 --> 03:13:36,100
emerging playwrights of today, 
are figuring out how to deal 

3615
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:38,300
with these issues. 
While respecting theaters 

3616
03:13:38,300 --> 03:13:41,500
historical advantages and 
investigating fresh avenues for 

3617
03:13:41,500 --> 03:13:44,300
artistic expression, tens of 
thousands of years ago. 

3618
03:13:44,300 --> 03:13:47,900
The first storytellers gathered 
around their fires and began a 

3619
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,000
tradition that today's Young 
performers are carrying on their

3620
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:53,200
learning from teachers, who 
learned from teachers, who can 

3621
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:55,600
trace their ancestry back 
through centuries of theatrical 

3622
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:59,100
tradition, an unbroken line of 
knowledge and technique that 

3623
03:13:59,100 --> 03:14:01,400
links actors of today to actors 
of the past. 

3624
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,700
However, there are also 
developing new formats and 

3625
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:07,300
inventive storytelling 
techniques that appeal to 

3626
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:10,400
audiences in the modern era who 
are confronted with previously 

3627
03:14:10,400 --> 03:14:12,400
unheard of possibilities and 
challenges. 

3628
03:14:12,400 --> 03:14:15,100
They are performing for 
audiences that include people 

3629
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:18,400
from all over the world working 
in theater that are equipped 

3630
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:22,000
with new technology and tackling
artistic and social issues that 

3631
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:23,500
were Unthinkable for earlier 
Generations. 

3632
03:14:23,500 --> 03:14:28,000
Theater adapts with out losing 
its core which is why endures 

3633
03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:31,900
and flourishes while embracing 
New technologies, it keeps its 

3634
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:34,600
emphasis on interpersonal 
connections and in-person 

3635
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:37,500
communication. 
It explores the Timeless themes.

3636
03:14:37,500 --> 03:14:39,200
That have always fueled dramatic
literature. 

3637
03:14:39,200 --> 03:14:42,800
While incorporating shifting 
social perspectives, In addition

3638
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:45,000
to developing new narratives 
that represent modern 

3639
03:14:45,000 --> 03:14:47,800
experience. 
It discovers novel ways to tell 

3640
03:14:47,808 --> 03:14:51,700
old Tales the value of theaters 
emphasis on community presence 

3641
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:55,300
and shared experience increases 
rather than decreases. 

3642
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,600
In our increasingly digital 
remote and fast-paced world. 

3643
03:14:58,600 --> 03:15:01,400
The experience of sitting in a 
theater with hundreds of other 

3644
03:15:01,400 --> 03:15:04,400
people, all of whom are focused 
on the same life, performance 

3645
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:07,700
feels more valuable and unique 
as more of our entertainment 

3646
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:09,600
becomes personalized and 
customizable. 

3647
03:15:09,600 --> 03:15:13,100
Theater serves as a reminder, 
that humans are social beings 

3648
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:15,800
who require opportunities to 
come together in physical 

3649
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:20,300
settings, where we can laugh cry
and discuss what it means to be 

3650
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:22,300
human. 
It offers a break from The 

3651
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:24,300
NeverEnding stimulation of 
digital media. 

3652
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:27,500
In favor of the more profound 
rewards of focused attention, 

3653
03:15:27,500 --> 03:15:31,700
emotional, involvement, and 
group contemplation for the next

3654
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:33,400
few hours. 
You become a part of something 

3655
03:15:33,400 --> 03:15:36,700
bigger than yourself, part of 
the ongoing dialogue between the

3656
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:40,300
past and present between artists
and audiences and between 

3657
03:15:40,300 --> 03:15:42,000
personal experience and 
Collective. 

3658
03:15:42,200 --> 03:15:45,000
Understanding that has been 
going on for as long as people 

3659
03:15:45,000 --> 03:15:47,900
have been Gathering to tell 
stories, this begins when the 

3660
03:15:47,908 --> 03:15:51,100
curtain Rises and the first 
actor enters the spotlight, you 

3661
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:54,300
take part in one of the oldest 
and most enduring traditions in 

3662
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:57,700
human history and that dimly lit
theater with strangers who 

3663
03:15:57,700 --> 03:15:59,500
momentarily become your 
companions. 

3664
03:15:59,500 --> 03:16:02,600
As you watch a story unfold 
together with everyone else 

3665
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:06,500
present, you can sent to believe
the story being told and allow 

3666
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,300
yourself to be moved by the 
experiences of fictional 

3667
03:16:09,300 --> 03:16:11,900
characters who are portrayed by 
actual people. 

3668
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:15,500
Just a few feet away from you 
and when the lights come up and 

3669
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:18,700
the Applause subsides you take a
little bit of that experience 

3670
03:16:18,700 --> 03:16:22,300
back into your everyday life, 
memories of things that shocked 

3671
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:25,900
touched or challenged. 
You questions prompted by the 

3672
03:16:25,900 --> 03:16:28,600
story. 
You've seen connections drawn 

3673
03:16:28,600 --> 03:16:32,000
between the experience of the 
characters and your own life and

3674
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,900
the pure joy of spending time 
with people who have chosen to 

3675
03:16:34,900 --> 03:16:39,000
congregate in that specific 
location at that specific moment

3676
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:42,100
to partake in the age older 
Chapman of Life performance. 

3677
03:16:42,200 --> 03:16:45,200
Because it fulfills needs that 
technology cannot offers 

3678
03:16:45,200 --> 03:16:47,400
experience as that. 
No other art form can match, 

3679
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:50,200
theater has endured. 
There will always be theater, 

3680
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:53,100
where actors and audiences 
gather to discuss what it means 

3681
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:56,900
to be alive in any given time. 
And location as long as people 

3682
03:16:56,900 --> 03:17:00,300
have a need for stories, a 
desire for connection, and a 

3683
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:02,200
search for meaning and shared 
experiences. 

3684
03:17:02,200 --> 03:17:07,000
So let's celebrate theater. 
Third aspirations and deep 

3685
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:09,500
fulfillments. 
Its age-old wisdom and modern 

3686
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:14,000
inventions and its capacity to 
make us laugh cry and think 

3687
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:18,100
often all in one evening, cheers
to the actors who dedicate their

3688
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:19,500
lives to playing different 
roles. 

3689
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,400
The directors who transformed 
unfinished material into 

3690
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:25,900
meaningful experiences. 
The designers who build worlds 

3691
03:17:25,900 --> 03:17:29,000
out of plywood and Imagination 
and the audience is who 

3692
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:32,700
consistently turn up night after
night willing to believe 

3693
03:17:32,700 --> 03:17:35,700
whatever Stories being told the 
custom is upheld. 

3694
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:39,000
The curtain is raised and the 
never-ending dialogue between 

3695
03:17:39,000 --> 03:17:42,500
the performer and the audience, 
the story, and The Listener, and

3696
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:45,600
the imagination, and the real 
world continues, may your own 

3697
03:17:45,608 --> 03:17:48,600
performance is whether on stage 
or in the everyday theater of 

3698
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:51,700
Life, the full of the ideal 
ratio of humor and drama, 

3699
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:55,800
knowledge and all and individual
expression and group Harmony, 

3700
03:17:56,700 --> 03:18:06,700
Sweet dreams. 
Alexander Hamilton was born 

3701
03:18:06,700 --> 03:18:11,500
around, January 11th, 1755 or 
1757 given. 

3702
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:15,100
Conflicting records in Nevis. 
A small island in the Caribbeans

3703
03:18:15,100 --> 03:18:18,600
Leeward chain, his father, 
James, Hamilton Haled, from 

3704
03:18:18,600 --> 03:18:22,300
Scotland and drifted finally, 
while his mother, Rachel Fossett

3705
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:24,200
was a strange from a prior 
marriage. 

3706
03:18:24,200 --> 03:18:27,800
So, social stigma dog. 
The family as Hamilton was 

3707
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:30,800
deemed a legitimate childhood 
brought precarious, living 

3708
03:18:30,800 --> 03:18:34,100
conditions in the sugar-based 
economy reliant on slave labor. 

3709
03:18:34,900 --> 03:18:38,100
Still the bright Caribbean, Sun,
and bustle of Island trade 

3710
03:18:38,100 --> 03:18:40,500
shaped his early impressions of 
Commerce and hierarchy. 

3711
03:18:40,500 --> 03:18:44,200
By the time, Hamilton reached 
adolescence familial hardships, 

3712
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:47,700
worsened his father left 
compounding, the family's 

3713
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:50,500
instability. 
Then a fever claimed his mother 

3714
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,700
when he was around 11 or 
Hamilton found Refuge with local

3715
03:18:54,700 --> 03:18:57,700
Merchants who recognized a keen 
mind behind the boys formal, but

3716
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:00,300
urgent letters. 
He took a clocking job at 

3717
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:02,800
Beekman and Kruger's. 
Trading firm absorbing the 

3718
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:06,100
mechanics of shipping manifests 
currency exchange and 

3719
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:09,600
negotiation. 
Observers noted a precocious 

3720
03:19:09,600 --> 03:19:11,900
skill in accountancy and a calm 
Under Pressure. 

3721
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:15,800
When Storms disrupted, cargo 
arrivals, this apprenticeship 

3722
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:18,100
would lay the groundwork for 
Hamilton's later Mastery of 

3723
03:19:18,100 --> 03:19:21,200
financial systems. 
A crucial moment arrived. 

3724
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:24,000
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 
letter describing A hurricane's,

3725
03:19:24,000 --> 03:19:27,500
Devastation his prose published 
in a local paper. 

3726
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:31,000
So impressed leading citizens 
that they raised funds to send 

3727
03:19:31,000 --> 03:19:33,500
him to Mainland. 
Colonies for Education, the 

3728
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:37,200
budding writer sets sail. 
Eventually Landing in British 

3729
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,600
North America know precisely how
he arranged for the schooling 

3730
03:19:40,600 --> 03:19:43,900
remains partly obscure. 
By the time he stepped onto 

3731
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:47,300
Mainland soil, Hamilton 
possessed, an unshakable resolve

3732
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:50,600
to escape the constraints of 
colonial class, Prejudice and 

3733
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:52,600
prove his intellect in a broader
Arena. 

3734
03:19:53,300 --> 03:19:56,600
He enrolled at King's College 
later, Columbia University in 

3735
03:19:56,600 --> 03:19:59,900
New York City. 
Political tensions soared as 

3736
03:19:59,900 --> 03:20:02,500
Britain, impose new taxes and 
cracked down on Colonial 

3737
03:20:02,500 --> 03:20:05,400
resistance. 
Hamilton originally cautious 

3738
03:20:05,400 --> 03:20:08,700
soon, found himself stirred by 
pamphlets on natural rights. 

3739
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:12,600
He contributed Anonymous essays 
defending Colonial, protests 

3740
03:20:12,600 --> 03:20:15,600
revealing a knack for political 
writing spite. 

3741
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:18,500
His youthful status readers 
found his arguments crisp 

3742
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:20,300
blending logic with moral 
further. 

3743
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:23,300
However, the outbreak of open 
Conflict at Lexington and 

3744
03:20:23,300 --> 03:20:25,400
Concord disrupted studies at 
King's College. 

3745
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:29,100
Hamilton though, short of 
stature was physically active 

3746
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:33,200
and spirited Joined a volunteer 
artillery company drilling near 

3747
03:20:33,200 --> 03:20:36,400
City Square's. 
Even a shot from British ships, 

3748
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:39,200
threatened Manhattan. 
He balanced academics with 

3749
03:20:39,200 --> 03:20:44,100
preparing for possible War. 
In 1776 amid, the swirl of 

3750
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:47,800
confusion over Independence. 
Hamilton left formal schooling 

3751
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:51,700
to commit, fully to the Patriot 
cause some peers found in bold 

3752
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:55,500
to do so, but Hamilton believed 
in forging, a new order, that 

3753
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:59,000
might reward Merit over birth 
after forming, an artillery unit

3754
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:02,200
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 
and quick strategic. 

3755
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:05,900
Thinking at the disastrous 
Battle of Long Island is unit. 

3756
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:09,700
Helps secure a retreat. 
The next month's through near 

3757
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,000
collapses, he drew the notice of
key figures. 

3758
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:17,500
During the harsh, winter of 1776
to 1777 with the Army, battered 

3759
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,300
Hamilton's diligence in 
orchestrating supplies and 

3760
03:21:20,308 --> 03:21:23,300
maintaining morale stood out. 
General George Washington, 

3761
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:26,900
recognized these talents 
inviting Hamilton to serve as an

3762
03:21:26,908 --> 03:21:30,700
aide to camp and assignment that
while staff bound gave Hamilton 

3763
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:34,000
unprecedented exposure to 
high-level decision-making in 

3764
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:37,400
Washington's Camp Hamilton 
became indispensable drafting 

3765
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,600
letters, shaping policy briefs, 
and forging alliances with other

3766
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,100
officers. 
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 

3767
03:21:43,100 --> 03:21:46,100
From the General's balancing of 
caution and daring, yet. 

3768
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:48,200
Hamilton always seeking direct 
action. 

3769
03:21:48,200 --> 03:21:52,500
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearn to lead troops on 

3770
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:55,600
the battlefield tensions, with 
senior officers, sometimes 

3771
03:21:55,600 --> 03:21:59,800
flared once Hamilton fell out 
with Washington, for a perceived

3772
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:03,600
slight over tardiness, but they 
eventually reconciled despite 

3773
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:07,400
these brief spats the Synergy 
between them grew Hank, anchored

3774
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:09,900
in mutual respect for diligence 
and strategy. 

3775
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:15,100
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 
Hamilton's writing skill 

3776
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:16,700
extended to political 
commentary. 

3777
03:22:16,700 --> 03:22:19,900
He published essays advocating 
for a stronger Central 

3778
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:23,400
authority, to unify the war 
effort, the rickety Continental 

3779
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:26,600
Congress lacking stable finance 
and overshadowed by state 

3780
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:29,600
autonomy. 
Troubled him, he believed only a

3781
03:22:29,600 --> 03:22:32,600
robust National structure, could
defeat Britain this conviction 

3782
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:34,600
would later inform his 
championing of a Federal 

3783
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:38,600
Constitution Meanwhile, in the 
immediate of War. 

3784
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:42,800
He juggled mission after mission
for Washington, coordinating 

3785
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:45,900
intelligence planning for 
Combined franco-american 

3786
03:22:45,900 --> 03:22:49,200
operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

3787
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:53,200
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

3788
03:22:53,200 --> 03:22:56,500
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

3789
03:22:56,500 --> 03:22:59,200
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

3790
03:22:59,200 --> 03:23:03,100
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

3791
03:23:03,100 --> 03:23:06,200
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

3792
03:23:06,200 --> 03:23:09,300
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

3793
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:11,900
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly. 

3794
03:23:11,900 --> 03:23:16,200
Elisabeth often called Eliza 
shared Hamilton's patriotic 

3795
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:18,300
further and admired his Restless
intellect. 

3796
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:22,500
They married in December, 1780 
forging a partnership that would

3797
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:26,100
steady Hamilton through 
tumultuous times the Skyler 

3798
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:29,400
connections, his social standing
giving him a link to one of the 

3799
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:33,200
colonies, influential Clan's 
some whispered that Hamilton a 

3800
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:36,300
once penniless immigrant had 
upped but he dismissed such 

3801
03:23:36,300 --> 03:23:39,500
insinuations cherishing Eliza's 
steadfast support. 

3802
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:42,900
Meanwhile Hamilton's yearning 
for field command. 

3803
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:46,700
Lingard, he finally saw the 
action that the siege of 

3804
03:23:46,708 --> 03:23:50,800
Yorktown in 1781 leading a 
knight of salt on British 

3805
03:23:50,800 --> 03:23:53,700
redoubts this bold for a low 
brief. 

3806
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:55,800
Gave him the battlefield 
credibility. 

3807
03:23:55,800 --> 03:23:59,000
He had long craved. 
After Yorktown success. 

3808
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:02,200
The wars momentum shifted. 
Peace. 

3809
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,900
Negotiations, Advanced 
culminating in Britain's formal 

3810
03:24:05,900 --> 03:24:07,300
acknowledgment of American 
independence. 

3811
03:24:08,500 --> 03:24:11,500
With the conflict winding down 
Hamilton resigned from 

3812
03:24:11,500 --> 03:24:14,700
Washington staff. 
Now, his energy is turned to the

3813
03:24:14,700 --> 03:24:17,900
new nation's post-war 
reconstruction, he recognized 

3814
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:21,300
that Independence alone, didn't 
guarantee Prosperity, a more 

3815
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:25,200
cohesive Union was necessary. 
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 

3816
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:30,000
studied law intensively. 
Passing the bar in 1782 settling

3817
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:32,100
in New York. 
He found a city grappling with 

3818
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:34,600
war debts. 
Local factionalism, intention 

3819
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:37,900
between wealthy merchants and 
populist artists and Hamilton 

3820
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:40,300
opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

3821
03:24:40,300 --> 03:24:43,800
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

3822
03:24:43,800 --> 03:24:46,000
matters. 
Through these cases. 

3823
03:24:46,000 --> 03:24:49,000
He saw first hand, have the 
Articles of Confederation left 

3824
03:24:49,000 --> 03:24:51,200
the national government too, 
weak to regulate trade or 

3825
03:24:51,200 --> 03:24:54,200
imposed taxes. 
Leaving State's in disarray and 

3826
03:24:54,200 --> 03:24:57,400
stifling economic growth. 
He started writing articles 

3827
03:24:57,400 --> 03:25:00,700
calling for a stronger Central 
Authority overshadowing the 

3828
03:25:00,700 --> 03:25:04,100
patchwork of State based 
Solutions in 1786. 

3829
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,100
Shays Rebellion in Western 
Massachusetts alarmed, many 

3830
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:11,200
national figures, including 
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted

3831
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:13,300
Farmers demonstrated that 
unchecked local. 

3832
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:15,200
Unrest, could threaten Broadus 
stability. 

3833
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:18,300
Hamilton used it as fodder to 
argue that the current 

3834
03:25:18,300 --> 03:25:21,000
Confederation risked fracturing 
under internal stress. 

3835
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:25,000
He joined with others such as 
James Madison to push for 

3836
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:27,700
conventions that would revise 
the Articles Although the 

3837
03:25:27,708 --> 03:25:31,800
Annapolis convention of 1786 was
sparsely attended, it led to the

3838
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:34,200
more definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

3839
03:25:35,800 --> 03:25:39,300
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with well-honed convictions. 

3840
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:41,200
He believed the new government 
needed. 

3841
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:44,800
Robust Powers the capacity 
attacks regulate commerce, 

3842
03:25:44,800 --> 03:25:48,100
maintain, an army and ensure 
domestic peace yet. 

3843
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:51,100
He faced considerable skepticism
from delegates, who feared 

3844
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,700
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 
personal proposal at the 

3845
03:25:54,700 --> 03:25:57,000
convention. 
Favoring lifetime terms for 

3846
03:25:57,000 --> 03:26:00,500
executives and Senators seemed 
too close to monarchy for many 

3847
03:26:01,700 --> 03:26:04,700
Realizing the group's mood 
Hamilton set aside those 

3848
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:07,400
extremes. 
He worked to broke a compromise 

3849
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:10,100
though. 
Overshadowed by Madison's 

3850
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:13,400
systematic plan, Hamilton's, 
rhetorical skill and one-on-one 

3851
03:26:13,400 --> 03:26:15,200
lobbying helped shape the final 
Constitution. 

3852
03:26:16,300 --> 03:26:19,600
After four taxing months, the 
Constitution was signed in 

3853
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:23,000
September 1787, yet ratification
required. 

3854
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:25,700
Each State's approval, sensing a
fierce debate. 

3855
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:28,000
Hamilton. 
Collaborated with Madison and 

3856
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:30,800
John Jay to pen The Federalist 
Papers under the sudden in 

3857
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:33,700
Publius. 
Hamilton wrote the majority to 

3858
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:37,200
propose structures. 
Like the president, see Senate 

3859
03:26:37,200 --> 03:26:39,900
and Judiciary and addressing 
Anti-Federalists. 

3860
03:26:39,900 --> 03:26:43,900
Fears His essays emphasized 
checks and balances the 

3861
03:26:43,900 --> 03:26:47,000
necessity of a central authority
to manage Commerce and defense. 

3862
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:51,300
and the improbability of tyranny
under the new system, these 

3863
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:54,200
Federalist essays profoundly 
influence, the ratification 

3864
03:26:54,200 --> 03:26:57,800
discourse marking Hamilton as a 
top tier constitutional, 

3865
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:01,500
interpreter with the 
Constitution ratified in 1788 

3866
03:27:01,500 --> 03:27:04,600
Hamilton IDE. 
A new challenge forging actual 

3867
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:08,000
governments. 
When George Washington became 

3868
03:27:08,000 --> 03:27:11,200
the first president, he tapped 
Hamilton as Secretary of the 

3869
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:12,700
Treasury. 
Hamilton. 

3870
03:27:12,700 --> 03:27:15,800
Embracing, the role discovered, 
an untapped opportunity to 

3871
03:27:15,800 --> 03:27:17,600
establish a National Financial 
system. 

3872
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:20,900
He inherited a war debt that 
threatened the new nation's 

3873
03:27:20,900 --> 03:27:23,100
credit. 
In a flurry of reports to 

3874
03:27:23,100 --> 03:27:25,600
Congress, he proposed the 
federal Assumption of State 

3875
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:28,400
debts, the issuance of new 
government bonds and the 

3876
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:31,300
creation of a National Bank. 
These measures aim to unify 

3877
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:33,700
finance's spurring economic 
confidence. 

3878
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:37,200
However, they ignited, Fierce 
opposition led by Thomas 

3879
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:39,700
Jefferson and James Madison who 
deemed them. 

3880
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,900
Expansion of federal power to 
the detriment of State. 

3881
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,600
Autonomy, despite pushback, 
Hamilton's financial plan, 

3882
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:50,300
largely prevailed in Congress. 
Carefully negotiated with 

3883
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,600
Southerners trading the idea of 
placing the national capital on 

3884
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:57,000
the Potomac for their backing on
debt assumption, the bank of the

3885
03:27:57,000 --> 03:28:01,500
United States authorized in 1791
Consolidated. 

3886
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:06,000
Federal financial might and 
fostered stable currently This 

3887
03:28:06,000 --> 03:28:09,300
forging of a national economy 
was overshadowed by ideological.

3888
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,600
Splits what some labeled 
Hamilton's acceptance of 

3889
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:17,200
Consolidated, Authority, even 
quasi monarchical forms but 

3890
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:19,400
Hamilton believed it was 
essential for a dynamic 

3891
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:24,000
Republic. by the early 1790s, he
had become a central figure in 

3892
03:28:24,008 --> 03:28:27,100
Washington's cabinet driving a 
vision of an industrial 

3893
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:30,900
commercially robust, America, 
rivalries with Jefferson however

3894
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:34,200
would soon erupt shaping the 
political landscape for years to

3895
03:28:34,200 --> 03:28:38,900
come Secretary of the Treasury. 
Alexander Hamilton found himself

3896
03:28:38,900 --> 03:28:41,700
entwined in ideological 
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,

3897
03:28:41,700 --> 03:28:45,500
then Secretary of State, 
Jefferson and visited an 

3898
03:28:45,500 --> 03:28:49,000
agrarian Republic of independent
Farmers, with limited Federal, 

3899
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:52,200
intrusion Hamilton. 
Conversely believed Comer 

3900
03:28:52,200 --> 03:28:55,900
industry and robust National 
structures would anchor the 

3901
03:28:55,900 --> 03:28:59,100
nation's progress. 
Both men recognized George 

3902
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,100
Washington, as a stabilizing 
presence, yet their friction, 

3903
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:05,900
fueled early factional lines 
Federalists, rallied around 

3904
03:29:05,900 --> 03:29:09,200
Hamilton while Jefferson's 
faction later the Democratic 

3905
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:12,100
Republicans grew around his 
agrarian, limited government 

3906
03:29:12,100 --> 03:29:15,300
stance. 
Foreign policy, stoked further 

3907
03:29:15,300 --> 03:29:20,100
tension the French Revolution 
launched in 1789, escalated into

3908
03:29:20,100 --> 03:29:23,800
European War by the early 1790s 
France pressed for us 

3909
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:26,500
assistance. 
Citing the 1778 Alliance 

3910
03:29:26,500 --> 03:29:30,200
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a
crucial trading partner and 

3911
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:31,800
believing the US lacked 
resources. 

3912
03:29:31,800 --> 03:29:36,400
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more
sympathetic to revolutionary 

3913
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:40,600
ideals favored measured support 
for France Washington adopted a 

3914
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:44,600
policy of official neutrality in
1793 endorsing Hamilton's 

3915
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:48,700
pragmatic approach. 
This decision, outraged Ardent, 

3916
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:51,400
francophiles in the public, but 
secured commercial ties with 

3917
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:54,200
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

3918
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:56,800
domestic policies that 
integrated State's deeper into 

3919
03:29:56,800 --> 03:30:00,000
the federal system. 
He introduced excise taxes, 

3920
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:03,500
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue. 

3921
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:08,300
In 1794, this whiskey, tax 
incited unrest among Frontier 

3922
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,600
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.
Culminating in the so-called 

3923
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:15,000
Whiskey Rebellion. 
Hamilton urged Washington to a 

3924
03:30:15,008 --> 03:30:17,800
certain National Authority. 
And the president dispatched 

3925
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:21,100
militia to quell the Revolt, the
rebellious Farmers dispersed 

3926
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,500
without major Bloodshed 
Hamilton's critics though. 

3927
03:30:24,500 --> 03:30:27,900
Branded him a tyrant accusing 
him of trampling local freedoms.

3928
03:30:28,500 --> 03:30:31,100
Hamilton argued that only firm 
enforcement proved the 

3929
03:30:31,108 --> 03:30:34,100
Constitutions viability over the
old feeble Articles of 

3930
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:37,100
Confederation clashes over the 
bank of the United States. 

3931
03:30:37,100 --> 03:30:39,100
Further deepened, the Hamilton 
Jefferson. 

3932
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:43,800
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank
as constitutionally suspect not 

3933
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:47,100
enumerated in the founding 
document Hamilton invoked. 

3934
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:50,900
The Constitution's necessary and
proper clause contending that 

3935
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:53,500
the bank was an implied power 
vital for the government's 

3936
03:30:53,500 --> 03:30:56,800
Financial operations. 
Washington sided with Hamilton 

3937
03:30:56,800 --> 03:31:00,200
signing. 
The bank bill into law, this 

3938
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:02,700
incident set a precedent for 
broad constitutional 

3939
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:06,300
interpretation to Jefferson's 
alarm the dispute laid, the 

3940
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:09,500
ideological foundation for the 
two-party system with Hamilton's

3941
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:13,000
Federalists championing, implied
federal powers and Jeff's 

3942
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:17,200
Republicans insisting, on 
narrower, interpretation by 1795

3943
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:20,800
Hamilton having established, a 
stable Financial footing 

3944
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:24,500
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

3945
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:27,600
legal sphere. 
You continue to provide discreet

3946
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:30,900
advice to Washington, drafting 
speeches and shaping policy 

3947
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:34,800
directions in 1796 Washington's 
Farewell Address, partly 

3948
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:38,100
authored by Hamilton warned, 
against partizan, entanglements,

3949
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:41,400
and foreign alliances. 
Ironically Hamilton himself was 

3950
03:31:41,400 --> 03:31:43,500
a primary architect of partisan 
lines. 

3951
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:46,800
The presidential election that 
year saw John Adams, a 

3952
03:31:46,800 --> 03:31:50,100
federalist defeat Jefferson 
Hamilton who harbored doubts 

3953
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:53,600
about atoms endeavored to exert 
influence on the administration 

3954
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:56,700
from hidden position. 
But friction with Adams soon, 

3955
03:31:56,700 --> 03:31:59,000
spiraled. 
Culminating in an irreparable 

3956
03:31:59,000 --> 03:32:01,700
Rift. 
During Adams is presently. 

3957
03:32:01,700 --> 03:32:05,300
The US found itself in a Quasi 
War with revolutionary France. 

3958
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:09,300
Hamilton who believed in a 
robust defense, spurred the 

3959
03:32:09,308 --> 03:32:12,100
creation of a provisional army 
with himself as an influential 

3960
03:32:12,100 --> 03:32:15,100
Major General. 
Hoped to unify Federalist power 

3961
03:32:15,100 --> 03:32:17,700
but Adams seeking to maintain 
peace. 

3962
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:19,800
Eventually negotiated with 
France. 

3963
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:23,100
This scotched Hamilton's 
Ambitions for an expanded 

3964
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:25,900
military role. 
The Federalist Party thus split 

3965
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:29,900
between atoms Loyalists and 
Hamilton's meanwhile the Alien 

3966
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:33,700
and Sedition Acts championed by 
some Federalists stifled free 

3967
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:37,000
speech and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

3968
03:32:37,000 --> 03:32:41,200
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching but not vigorously 

3969
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,300
condemning them The 
controversies fueled Jefferson's

3970
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:46,400
eventual victory in the 1800 
election. 

3971
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:51,000
That election turned bitter 
Hamilton disliked, both 

3972
03:32:51,008 --> 03:32:54,300
Jefferson and his Party's 
candidate, Aaron Burr. 

3973
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,800
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

3974
03:32:57,800 --> 03:33:00,700
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

3975
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:04,400
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson 

3976
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:06,500
feeling, he was at least 
consistent. 

3977
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,600
While Burr was dangerously 
opportunistic. 

3978
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:13,200
Jefferson's win ended the 
Federalist grip on power despite

3979
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:15,300
undermining his nominal Ally 
Burr. 

3980
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:18,000
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

3981
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:23,000
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

3982
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:24,500
retreated. 
Partially from National 

3983
03:33:24,500 --> 03:33:26,500
politics. 
He resumed law. 

3984
03:33:26,500 --> 03:33:29,800
Founded the New York evening 
post to promote Federalist 

3985
03:33:29,800 --> 03:33:32,100
ideals. 
And wrote fervent editorials 

3986
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:36,800
criticizing Jefferson's scolded 
John Adams in a notorious 

3987
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:39,400
pamphlet. 
Factoring Federalist Unity 

3988
03:33:39,400 --> 03:33:42,000
further. 
Meanwhile tensions with burst 

3989
03:33:42,000 --> 03:33:46,500
simmered in 1804 Burr by then 
vice president ran for governor 

3990
03:33:46,500 --> 03:33:49,700
of New York. 
Hamilton openly oppose bid, 

3991
03:33:49,700 --> 03:33:53,400
claiming he was unfit, berla 
lost blaming Hamilton for 

3992
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:55,600
scarless remarks that cost him 
the election. 

3993
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,500
Their acrimony peaked in 
personal insults culminating and

3994
03:34:00,500 --> 03:34:02,600
demands for an apology that 
Hamilton Shrugged off. 

3995
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:07,300
The stage was set for a final 
confrontation, a duel that would

3996
03:34:07,300 --> 03:34:09,400
reverberate across the nation's 
Consciousness. 

3997
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:15,700
Thus, by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton 
storied career, encompassed, the

3998
03:34:15,700 --> 03:34:19,000
forging of National Finance, the
creation of a stable federal 

3999
03:34:19,000 --> 03:34:22,600
government, deep, personal 
rivalries, and the impetus for 

4000
03:34:22,600 --> 03:34:26,300
fractions Party politics. 
While overshadowed by his Feud 

4001
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:28,900
with Burr, his broader impact on
shaping early. 

4002
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,500
American governance, was vast 
the looming conflict with Burr 

4003
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:34,600
in a Weehawken, duel, might 
overshadow many achievements. 

4004
03:34:34,600 --> 03:34:38,000
But it also exemplified the 
periods intense code of honor 

4005
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:41,400
revealing how personal Pride 
could overshadow reason in The 

4006
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:44,600
Early Republic. 
On the morning of July 11th, 

4007
03:34:44,600 --> 03:34:49,500
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 

4008
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:53,600
ground in wehawken New Jersey 
perched, above the Hudson River.

4009
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:57,300
Jewels were technically illegal 
in both New York and New Jersey 

4010
03:34:57,300 --> 03:34:59,900
but we Hawken was a known 
neutral ground. 

4011
03:34:59,900 --> 03:35:04,200
The tradition demanded formal 
rituals second oversaw, loaded 

4012
03:35:04,200 --> 03:35:08,000
pistols In fairness. 
Hamilton though, an accomplished

4013
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:10,900
Marksman in the Revolutionary 
War Harvard, moral qualms about 

4014
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:13,100
dueling, in letters to 
confidants. 

4015
03:35:13,100 --> 03:35:16,200
He expressed an intention not to
fire at berb but to throw away 

4016
03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:18,900
his shot hoping to meet the code
of honor without a lethal 

4017
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:22,400
outcome Burr, vexed by 
Hamilton's public slights 

4018
03:35:22,400 --> 03:35:26,100
approached, the confrontation 
more aggressively as accounts 

4019
03:35:26,100 --> 03:35:28,900
differ on the precise sequence. 
We rely on the second 

4020
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:31,500
conflicting. 
Recollections one shot rang out.

4021
03:35:31,500 --> 03:35:34,700
Then another Hamilton was struck
in the lower abdomen. 

4022
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:38,600
The bullet lodging near his 
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 

4023
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:42,800
realized Hamilton was fatally. 
Wounded Hamilton was carried 

4024
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:45,600
back across the river delirious 
and in agony. 

4025
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,500
By the next afternoon July 12th.
He died at a friend's house, 

4026
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:53,700
newsreader with accusations of 
murder. 

4027
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:56,500
Even many of Burr's allies found
his act. 

4028
03:35:56,500 --> 03:36:00,700
Reprehensible shock reverberated
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 

4029
03:36:00,700 --> 03:36:05,300
47, a Founding Father, the Chief
Architect of federal finance, 

4030
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:09,200
and a voice for a strong union 
that he fell in a personal duel 

4031
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:13,000
seemed tragic, borderline 
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 

4032
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:15,100
scorn and though inducted for 
murder. 

4033
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:19,700
He Slipped Away his political 
career never recovered The Duel.

4034
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:22,000
Also propelled. 
A reevaluation of such honor 

4035
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,400
bound Traditions public 
condemnation swelled though 

4036
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:28,400
dueling remained embedded in 
certain subcultures for decades 

4037
03:36:28,400 --> 03:36:31,300
to come in the immediate 
aftermath Hamilton's family 

4038
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,500
faced Financial insecurity. 
His estate was less robust than 

4039
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:37,800
many assumed reflecting that 
Hamilton had poured resources 

4040
03:36:37,800 --> 03:36:39,800
into speculative deals and 
lifestyle. 

4041
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:43,500
Morning, featherless Champion 
him as a martyr to principal 

4042
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:45,900
ignoring, the messy politics 
that led him to that. 

4043
03:36:45,900 --> 03:36:48,800
Fateful ground. 
Eulogies praised his Brilliance 

4044
03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:53,300
managerial Acumen and unwavering
patriotism critics while 

4045
03:36:53,300 --> 03:36:56,400
acknowledging his achievements 
pointed out, how is ambition and

4046
03:36:56,400 --> 03:36:59,800
personal Feud shake to harsh 
style that fanned party rank or 

4047
03:36:59,800 --> 03:37:03,700
nonetheless, the sense of a 
towering figure losing to soon. 

4048
03:37:03,700 --> 03:37:06,200
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

4049
03:37:06,200 --> 03:37:10,200
His funeral in New York, Drew 
massive crowds processions in 

4050
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:11,700
black. 
With the city's shipping at 

4051
03:37:11,708 --> 03:37:14,100
half-mast. 
Showcased Hamilton's, local 

4052
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:17,100
significant. 
People recalled, his rise from 

4053
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:20,100
impoverished Caribbean youth to 
key founding Statesman. 

4054
03:37:20,700 --> 03:37:22,700
A hush fell over the city's 
usual clamor. 

4055
03:37:22,700 --> 03:37:25,700
This wave of Sorrow. 
Ironically, softened, some of 

4056
03:37:25,708 --> 03:37:27,800
the political vitriol that a dog
him in life. 

4057
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:32,700
Over time though party lines 
continue to shift and the nation

4058
03:37:32,700 --> 03:37:36,300
turned to new challenges from 
the War of 1812 to expansions 

4059
03:37:36,300 --> 03:37:39,600
West. 
Hamilton's memory lodged in 

4060
03:37:39,600 --> 03:37:42,500
history as the brilliant but 
intense figure overshadowed by 

4061
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:45,700
The Final Duel. 
In that Gloom and a central 

4062
03:37:45,708 --> 03:37:48,900
question remained how to 
interpret Hamilton's lasting 

4063
03:37:48,900 --> 03:37:51,500
impact. 
As the immediate swirl of grief,

4064
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:56,100
ease intellectuals examined, his
extensive writings reports on 

4065
03:37:56,108 --> 03:37:59,400
Public Credit, the Federalist 
essays and personal letters. 

4066
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:03,500
They recognized that the federal
government stable Finance is 

4067
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:07,000
owed much to Hamilton's early 
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 

4068
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:09,300
broad interpretation that 
spurred the bank of the United 

4069
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:11,600
States shaped future 
developments and federal 

4070
03:38:11,600 --> 03:38:14,300
Authority. 
The tension he introduced with 

4071
03:38:14,300 --> 03:38:17,300
Jefferson over implied powers, 
would remain a fixed in legal 

4072
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:21,200
debate for centuries. 
At the personal level Hamilton's

4073
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:24,700
family, endured heartbreak, 
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 

4074
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:27,500
longer. 
Dedicating herself to preserving

4075
03:38:27,500 --> 03:38:29,600
his papers and championing 
philanthropic work. 

4076
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:33,300
You co-founded charitable 
societies, including an 

4077
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:36,400
orphanage in New York, perhaps 
reflecting her empathy for 

4078
03:38:36,408 --> 03:38:40,000
fatherless children mindful of 
Hamilton's own orphaned 

4079
03:38:40,000 --> 03:38:43,400
beginnings. 
Over time Eliza's curation of 

4080
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:45,000
Hamilton's letters and 
manuscripts. 

4081
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:49,000
Cured that his role in founding 
the nation wouldn't fade without

4082
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:51,700
her stewardship. 
Many of his insights might have 

4083
03:38:51,700 --> 03:38:54,700
been lost overshadowed by the 
swirl of other founding figures.

4084
03:38:54,700 --> 03:38:59,800
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 
public life, although he briefly

4085
03:38:59,800 --> 03:39:03,600
re-emerged in conspiratorial 
escapades in the west Coleman 

4086
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:06,800
acting in a high-profile treason
trial that Fiasco, further 

4087
03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:10,600
tarnished his name over the 19th
century, Burr's memory was 

4088
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:13,500
entwined with villainy while 
Hamilton became the heroic 

4089
03:39:13,500 --> 03:39:16,700
victim. 
This moral narrative, though, 

4090
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:22,000
oversimplified found residents 
in society, seeking tidy lessons

4091
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:24,500
about the cost of personal feuds
among statement. 

4092
03:39:25,300 --> 03:39:28,500
Hence, the jewels tragedy 
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 

4093
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:31,700
years of potential. 
He left behind partial drafts of

4094
03:39:31,708 --> 03:39:35,800
essays a life, cut short and a 
legacy that historians would 

4095
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:38,300
piece together. 
The subsequent swirl of 

4096
03:39:38,308 --> 03:39:41,600
politics, all the Federalist 
Party fade overshadowed by 

4097
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:45,200
Jeffersonian and Jacksonian 
movements. yet as the new 

4098
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:48,000
Republic faced Wars and 
expansions Hamilton's 

4099
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:51,200
institutional Frameworks, 
endured Shaping how the union 

4100
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:54,800
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time? 

4101
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:58,200
The memory of Hamilton Grew From
the dust of partisan fights into

4102
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:01,200
a near legend of the unsilence 
of all voice for a strong union.

4103
03:40:02,000 --> 03:40:05,200
A testament to help Brilliance 
can shine even after tragic 

4104
03:40:05,200 --> 03:40:09,100
demise Hamilton's reputation 
experience, both highs and lows 

4105
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:11,600
as the 19th century unfolded 
early. 

4106
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:15,100
In the 1800s supporters, who 
revered his Federalist Vision 

4107
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:18,200
championed him as an 
intellectual Giant. 

4108
03:40:19,200 --> 03:40:21,100
While Jeffersonian loyalists 
found him. 

4109
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:25,000
Dangerously elitist. 
The War of 1812 under scored the

4110
03:40:25,008 --> 03:40:28,800
value of robust, Federal 
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's

4111
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:31,200
arguments. 
However, the rising tide of 

4112
03:40:31,208 --> 03:40:34,600
Jacksonian Democracy in the 
1820s and 30s, resurrected 

4113
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:37,300
negative images of Hamilton as 
the father of a financial 

4114
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:40,100
aristocracy. 
His preference for a central 

4115
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:43,100
bank and Industrial growth, 
clashed with The Agrarian 

4116
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:45,100
populism. 
That saw big government as 

4117
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,200
suspect in historical writing of
the mid-1800s. 

4118
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:51,700
Hamilton was overshadowed by 
Washington, soldierly aura. 

4119
03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:55,100
Jefferson's philosophical 
romance and the dramatic 

4120
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:58,100
expansion. 
Shaping the continent his ideas 

4121
03:40:58,100 --> 03:41:01,100
about manufacturing shaped by 
the reading Adams. 

4122
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:05,200
From Smith's Works found fresh 
appreciation in some northern 

4123
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:07,300
states pushing early 
industrialization. 

4124
03:41:07,300 --> 03:41:10,300
But the memory of his direct 
political battles, had receded. 

4125
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:13,700
Meanwhile his widow lies a 
persistently championed her, 

4126
03:41:13,700 --> 03:41:17,200
husband's Memory Care, 
organizing his letters, she 

4127
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:20,500
lived until 1854, bridging 
errors, from the founding to the

4128
03:41:20,508 --> 03:41:22,400
eve of sectional crisis over 
slavery. 

4129
03:41:23,500 --> 03:41:26,700
As the Civil War approached, 
some Northern intellectuals, 

4130
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:29,200
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis
on a strong union. 

4131
03:41:30,100 --> 03:41:32,100
Seeing him as a prophet of 
National Authority. 

4132
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:36,200
They noted that had Hamilton's 
brand of federal cohesion, fully

4133
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:39,100
blossomed, perhaps states, 
rights doctrines, fueling 

4134
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:41,700
secession might have been 
curtailed earlier. 

4135
03:41:42,400 --> 03:41:45,100
Writers of vote Hamilton as the 
founder, who best grasped. 

4136
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,400
The necessity of a controlling 
Center that could override local

4137
03:41:48,400 --> 03:41:51,300
fractiousness. 
Opponents of such 

4138
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,200
interpretations pointed out that
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 

4139
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:57,200
explicitly addressed the moral 
contradiction of slavery. 

4140
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:01,600
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 
opposed enslavement but parted 

4141
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:05,000
from radical anti-slavery moves 
his stance overshadowed by 

4142
03:42:05,000 --> 03:42:09,300
political pragmatism after the 
Civil War industrial capitalism 

4143
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:11,700
boomed. 
Prompting new appreciation for 

4144
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,700
Hamilton's foresight about 
manufacturing, Gilded Age 

4145
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:17,400
financiers, admired him. 
As the original champion of a 

4146
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:21,500
stable currency in Big Business 
critics, including agrarian 

4147
03:42:21,500 --> 03:42:24,700
populists in, turn, damned him 
for setting a pattern, favoring 

4148
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:28,200
Capital over farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

4149
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:30,500
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

4150
03:42:30,500 --> 03:42:33,200
Bank. 
Specially regarding gold versus 

4151
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:35,400
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

4152
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:39,600
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

4153
03:42:39,600 --> 03:42:44,100
father of corporate over each, 
this relate his legacy fueling a

4154
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:48,100
fresh wave of scholarly interest
in the 20th century historian, 

4155
03:42:48,100 --> 03:42:52,000
systematically uncovered more of
Hamilton's personal writing's. 

4156
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:55,000
They found a figure Often 
overshadowed by his own towering

4157
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,900
intensity. 
Riven by internal anxiety is 

4158
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:02,000
about identity and acceptance 
Borneo to lacking wealth. 

4159
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:04,400
He sawed through Brilliance 
alone. 

4160
03:43:05,200 --> 03:43:07,200
That personal Dimension gave a 
new angle. 

4161
03:43:07,900 --> 03:43:10,700
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 
elitist, but a man. 

4162
03:43:10,708 --> 03:43:14,100
Forging personal progress in a 
world dominated by landed 

4163
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:17,400
aristocracy. 
Simultaneously, the renewed 

4164
03:43:17,400 --> 03:43:19,900
scholarship dissected how The 
Federalist Papers shaped the 

4165
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:22,000
Supreme Court's approach to 
constitutional interpretation. 

4166
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:27,100
Cultural depictions varied in 
some plays Hamilton was the 

4167
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:31,300
stiff proud foiled to the warm 
Jefferson in textbooks. 

4168
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:34,800
He appeared as the founder of 
the American Financial system. 

4169
03:43:35,600 --> 03:43:38,700
Overshadowing the fact that he 
also practiced law with further 

4170
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:43,100
championed, reforms in local 
governments and penned scathing 

4171
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:44,800
critiques of political 
adversaries. 

4172
03:43:44,800 --> 03:43:49,600
Hollywood took scant interest 
overshadowed by the flamboyant 

4173
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,100
stories of the war of 
independence or the Civil War. 

4174
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:55,800
Hamilton's presence. 
Mostly stuck to academic circles

4175
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:58,600
until the wave of musicals or 
pop culture references in the 

4176
03:43:58,600 --> 03:44:01,500
21st century suddenly 
catapulted, him back in to 

4177
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:05,800
mainstream conversation. 
In that modern reimagining, a 

4178
03:44:05,800 --> 03:44:08,700
more complex, portrait emerges, 
the Visionary, who overcame 

4179
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:11,300
humble Origins shaped 
institutions. 

4180
03:44:11,300 --> 03:44:15,700
But self-destructed in a lethal 
Feud This duel narrative, 

4181
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:18,500
resonates with a public 
intrigued by Underdog success, 

4182
03:44:18,500 --> 03:44:20,600
stories and cautionary tales 
about ambition. 

4183
03:44:21,500 --> 03:44:24,800
Meanwhile historians continue 
unraveling his personal letters 

4184
03:44:24,800 --> 03:44:27,800
for glimpses of how he wrestled 
with his private identity 

4185
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:31,600
overshadowing, any single label 
like nationalist or elitist. 

4186
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:34,600
They see in him, the Deep 
tension between moral 

4187
03:44:34,600 --> 03:44:37,300
convictions and the messy realm 
of real world, politics, 

4188
03:44:37,300 --> 03:44:41,100
consequently Hamilton's Legacy 
stands as a testament, to a 

4189
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:44,200
Founder whose Brilliance forged 
the Frameworks of American 

4190
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,800
Finance. 
Ushering, in a strong union that

4191
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:50,600
could handle crises from 1812 to
Beyond his life. 

4192
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:54,200
Truncated by a bullet. 
In a duel, exemplifies the era's

4193
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:57,700
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

4194
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:01,500
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

4195
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:04,600
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

4196
03:45:04,600 --> 03:45:09,100
Many of his ideas about credits 
systems minted currency and 

4197
03:45:09,100 --> 03:45:12,700
regulated trade blossomed. 
Therefore though, overshadowed 

4198
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:16,600
in certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's imprint remains woven

4199
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:19,600
into the fabric of the modern 
American state region. 

4200
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:22,200
The intangible line from 
rebellious colony to global 

4201
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:24,900
economic power. 
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

4202
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:29,100
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

4203
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:31,700
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

4204
03:45:31,708 --> 03:45:33,400
climb political and financial 
Summits. 

4205
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:36,300
His story, underscores how 
Relentless learning and a 

4206
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:39,000
willingness to challenge 
entrench Norms can yield 

4207
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:43,100
transformative results. 
And yet it also warns of how 

4208
03:45:43,100 --> 03:45:47,500
personal vendettas an impulsive 
decision like The Final Duel can

4209
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:49,300
overshadow. 
Even the grandest achievements, 

4210
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:53,500
The interplay of success and 
tragedy and Hamilton's life 

4211
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:57,300
offers a cautionary Dimension 
about letting rivalry overshadow

4212
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,300
reason. 
One, dimension, often overlooked

4213
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:02,200
is Hamilton's approach to social
Mobility. 

4214
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:08,000
He believed in meritocracy, that
Talent not lineage should Define

4215
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:10,700
one station. 
His views clashed with the 

4216
03:46:10,700 --> 03:46:13,900
prevailing aristocratic mores 
that granted advantage to 

4217
03:46:13,900 --> 03:46:16,900
established families in 
championing, a strong central 

4218
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:19,100
government Hamilton believed it 
would break. 

4219
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:22,400
Local oligarchies allowing new 
men of skill to advance. 

4220
03:46:23,100 --> 03:46:26,700
That conviction shape his 
financial Blueprinting that the 

4221
03:46:26,700 --> 03:46:29,300
nation's credit system, extended
Beyond a handful of wealthy 

4222
03:46:29,300 --> 03:46:32,300
Planters yet. 
It also invited accusations of 

4223
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:35,700
favoritism toward banking. 
Elites ironically suggesting 

4224
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:39,000
that merits still found 
expression, primarily among 

4225
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:42,300
well-connected City, financiers 
another lesson. 

4226
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:45,400
Known angle is how Hamilton 
viewed foreign policy. 

4227
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:49,300
He favored Commerce base 
alliances, but distrusted in 

4228
03:46:49,300 --> 03:46:51,500
tangling, the US in ideological 
battles. 

4229
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:54,800
While acknowledging Britain as a
trade partner, despite the 

4230
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:58,100
rancor left from the revolution.
He saw stable trade routes as 

4231
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:00,200
essential for revenue and Global
standing. 

4232
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:04,800
Jefferson and Madison criticized
the strategy as an over cozy 

4233
03:47:04,800 --> 03:47:08,400
approach with a recent foe. 
But Hamilton saw post-war 

4234
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:11,300
British power as a practical 
anchor for commercial expansion.

4235
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:15,400
In this sense, his realism, 
overshadowed older resentments 

4236
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:18,900
that stance was a Harbinger for 
how modern States weight 

4237
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:21,300
economic tires against historic 
grievances. 

4238
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:25,000
Additionally, Hamilton's 
personal style at Social 

4239
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:27,800
Gatherings and in Daily 
interactions reveals a man who 

4240
03:47:27,800 --> 03:47:30,800
could be both charmingly 
eloquent and abrasively direct. 

4241
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:34,800
Contemporaries described him as 
intense with a quick mind, that 

4242
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:37,600
occasionally battered 
conversation partners he thrived

4243
03:47:37,600 --> 03:47:40,000
on intellectual debate. 
Some say, he embraced 

4244
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:42,400
confrontation to refine ideas 
yet. 

4245
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:44,700
This habit might have 
contributed to the accumulation 

4246
03:47:44,700 --> 03:47:48,300
of enemies culminating in the 
Fateful spat with Burr. 

4247
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:51,900
In an era where honor was a 
Cornerstone of social standing 

4248
03:47:51,900 --> 03:47:56,100
Hamilton's cutting wit, proved a
dangerous asset at home, 

4249
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,300
Hamilton analyze to Growing 
family though. 

4250
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,400
Tragedies struck the death of 
their son, Philip in a duel. 

4251
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:04,900
Reminiscent of his father's 
Fierce approached. 

4252
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:08,200
A personal disputes, this sorrow
weighed heavily on Hamilton, 

4253
03:48:08,200 --> 03:48:11,100
intensifying his reflection on 
the code of honor. 

4254
03:48:11,900 --> 03:48:15,100
Paradoxically he's still ended 
up abiding by that same code 

4255
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:19,300
accepting Burr's challenge, The 
Duality of a brilliant mind 

4256
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,300
trapped by the period. 
Social norms emerges starkly in 

4257
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:24,500
these personal heartbreaks for 
modern readers. 

4258
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:27,100
The scenario. 
Underscores, how societal 

4259
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,500
expectations can override 
individual caution, even for a 

4260
03:48:30,500 --> 03:48:34,200
pragmatic Statesman Examining 
Hamilton's religious evolution 

4261
03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:38,700
is another nuanced topic. 
Late in life, particularly after

4262
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:41,700
Philip's death. 
He re-engaged with spiritual 

4263
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:45,200
considerations. 
While not as devout as John Jay 

4264
03:48:45,200 --> 03:48:48,200
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 
expressed, his belief that moral

4265
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:50,200
Frameworks were crucial to 
stable governance. 

4266
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:53,900
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 
Christian Orthodoxy in his final

4267
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:56,700
years overshadowing, the early 
secular aura. 

4268
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:00,100
This dimension of moral or 
religious introspection is 

4269
03:49:00,100 --> 03:49:02,000
overshadowed. 
In many popular accounts that 

4270
03:49:02,000 --> 03:49:05,100
focus on battles of Finance or 
parties and ship. 

4271
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:09,600
Lastly, the robust myth-making 
around Hamilton in the 21st 

4272
03:49:09,600 --> 03:49:12,700
century, particularly following 
a certain successful musical 

4273
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:15,600
reflects how malleable 
historical figures can become 

4274
03:49:15,600 --> 03:49:18,300
for decades overshadowed in 
public memory. 

4275
03:49:18,300 --> 03:49:22,100
Hamilton found new admirers in 
thrall by his Underdog 

4276
03:49:22,100 --> 03:49:24,700
narrative. 
The musical Drew from historical

4277
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:28,300
sources but adapted them for 
modern, audience's highlighting 

4278
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,500
themes of immigration and 
ambition and the forging of 

4279
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:34,300
identity. 
Meanwhile professional 

4280
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:37,500
historians maintain a more 
measured stance acknowledging, 

4281
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:40,300
the genius behind the bank, and 
The Federalist Papers, but also 

4282
03:49:40,300 --> 03:49:43,700
the moral complexities 
involvement in a scandalous 

4283
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:47,300
Reynolds affair. the backing of 
harsh policies like the Alien 

4284
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:50,700
and Sedition Acts and the 
overshadowed complicity in a 

4285
03:49:50,700 --> 03:49:54,300
system that tolerated slavery, 
hence Hamilton's life, embodies 

4286
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:57,600
many contradictions, Hamilton 
was a brilliant champion of 

4287
03:49:57,600 --> 03:50:01,300
American finance, an immigrant 
success story and a defender of 

4288
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:02,900
robust. 
National institutions. 

4289
03:50:02,900 --> 03:50:06,700
He was also in Tangled in 
political vendettas, personal 

4290
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,900
heartbreak and moral ambiguity. 
The lethal code of personal 

4291
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,000
honor of the era, brought him 
down from the Pinnacle of policy

4292
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:16,900
influence. 
Contemporary observers can glean

4293
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:20,000
from his Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

4294
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:23,600
determination can reshape a 
society while cautioning that 

4295
03:50:23,600 --> 03:50:26,200
untempered ambition and rivalry 
risk. 

4296
03:50:26,200 --> 03:50:28,200
Overshadowing, even the grandest
Legos. 

4297
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:30,700
In the modern Mosaic of American
History. 

4298
03:50:30,700 --> 03:50:35,200
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 
unique Niche, straddling Realms 

4299
03:50:35,200 --> 03:50:38,000
of Finance, politics and 
personal drama. 

4300
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:41,700
Behind the scenes, he shaped the
national domain by delivering 

4301
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:44,300
pragmatic, solutions, to 
fundamental questions about, 

4302
03:50:44,300 --> 03:50:47,800
governance and economy. 
Yet his flamboyant final act, 

4303
03:50:47,800 --> 03:50:51,100
the duel with Aaron Burr. 
Long overshadowed, the breadth 

4304
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:54,900
of his achievements? 
Over the past two centuries, the

4305
03:50:54,900 --> 03:50:57,600
perception of Hamilton has 
fluctuated between critical 

4306
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:01,100
weariness and near heroic 
adulation leading to a 

4307
03:51:01,100 --> 03:51:03,600
reexamination that highlights 
his full complexity. 

4308
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:08,000
For many decades Hamilton served
as a reference point for strong 

4309
03:51:08,000 --> 03:51:11,800
central governance. in debate 
about tariffs, internal 

4310
03:51:11,800 --> 03:51:15,500
improvements and the role of a 
National Bank, legislators 

4311
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:18,700
invoked his name The hamiltonian
Visions signified. 

4312
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:21,500
A dynamic industrializing. 
America. 

4313
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:24,400
That invests in large-scale 
infrastructure and cultivates. 

4314
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:28,300
A robust bond market. 
Penance retorted that such 

4315
03:51:28,300 --> 03:51:30,100
policies undercut, local 
autonomy. 

4316
03:51:30,900 --> 03:51:34,800
Killing Jeffersonian concerns 
about overreach this cyclical 

4317
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:38,000
debate recurs whenever the 
nation confronts a crisis or 

4318
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:39,600
looks to expand Federal 
influence. 

4319
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:43,100
Be at in responding to economic 
depressions, or modern Financial

4320
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:46,900
bailouts among Scholars, 
Hamilton's contribution to the 

4321
03:51:46,900 --> 03:51:49,100
Federalist remains a crowning 
literary feat. 

4322
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:52,700
Essays like Federalist number 78
shape, the judiciaries 

4323
03:51:52,700 --> 03:51:56,200
conceptual role championing 
judicial Independence, and the 

4324
03:51:56,200 --> 03:52:00,700
power of constitutional review 
Federalist number 84 argued that

4325
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:03,600
enumerating rights might risk. 
Constraining them though. 

4326
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:06,100
Ironically, the Bill of Rights 
was soon appended to the 

4327
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,100
Constitution anyway. 
Such Works left a lasting 

4328
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:12,300
intellectual deposit frequently.
Cited in Supreme Court 

4329
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:15,600
decisions, the interplay between
Hamilton's preference for strong

4330
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:18,500
federal courts, and modern 
jurisprudence reveals the 

4331
03:52:18,500 --> 03:52:21,800
longevity of his influence. 
Public interests sword. 

4332
03:52:21,800 --> 03:52:25,500
A new in the 21st century with a
popular musical, recasting 

4333
03:52:25,500 --> 03:52:28,700
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 
immigrant shaping the nation's 

4334
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,200
destiny. 
That retelling lending. 

4335
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:33,900
Hip hop, and historical 
references stoked. 

4336
03:52:33,900 --> 03:52:36,500
Fresh curiosity about details of
his Caribbean, youth. 

4337
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:39,300
The Heartbreak of losing his 
mother and the unexpected 

4338
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:42,600
mentorship from Merchants. 
It also reintroduced figures 

4339
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:46,200
like John Lawrence, Hercules 
Mulligan or Elizabeth Skyler to 

4340
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:49,300
mainstream conversation. 
This phenomenon demonstrates, 

4341
03:52:49,300 --> 03:52:52,700
how historical figures can be 
revived and reinterpreted to 

4342
03:52:52,700 --> 03:52:55,100
speak to current cultural 
dialogues about immigration 

4343
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:59,600
representation and the forging 
of American identity that said 

4344
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:01,600
the musicals creative Liberties 
overshadow. 

4345
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:05,100
Certain complexities, for 
instance the Deep potentials 

4346
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:07,900
around slavery or Hamilton's 
relationship with Haitian 

4347
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:11,600
Independents yet it undeniably 
catapulted him back into the 

4348
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:14,800
public eye. 
Critically modern reflection 

4349
03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:17,100
contends with Hamilton stance on
slavery. 

4350
03:53:18,100 --> 03:53:20,100
They personally not an owner of 
large plantations. 

4351
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:23,500
He married into a family that 
benefited from enslaved. 

4352
03:53:23,500 --> 03:53:26,200
Labor. 
The international slave trade, 

4353
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:28,500
but was less vocal about 
immediate abolition. 

4354
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:31,900
Some historians, see him as 
moderately anti-slavery and 

4355
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:34,200
principal yet. 
Overshadowed by the era's, 

4356
03:53:34,200 --> 03:53:38,200
political constraints This mild 
stance differs from the fur of 

4357
03:53:38,208 --> 03:53:41,800
an abolitionist highlighting 
that even bright Minds can 

4358
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:45,000
compromise on pressing moral 
issues for perceived political 

4359
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:48,000
necessity. 
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 

4360
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:51,400
would respond to the subsequent,
expansions he died before 

4361
03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:54,100
industrialization truly took 
flight or the question of 

4362
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:56,900
slavery, overtook? 
National politics, would he have

4363
03:53:56,908 --> 03:53:59,900
advocated for federal solutions 
to keep the union intact in the 

4364
03:53:59,908 --> 03:54:02,400
1850s? 
Or would he have favored more 

4365
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:06,100
localized pragmatic deals? 
The count of factual is 

4366
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:10,000
tantalizing but unanswerable 
Like many Founders, his ideas 

4367
03:54:10,000 --> 03:54:13,100
form the skeleton for future 
developments, but subsequent 

4368
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:15,300
Generations, molded them to new 
contexts. 

4369
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:20,600
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 
letters uncovered in archives 

4370
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:23,300
over time. 
Reveal the emotional complexity 

4371
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:27,600
Behind The Confident public 
Persona he could be warm witty 

4372
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:31,100
or scathing anxious about 
respect and standing. 

4373
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:36,000
The Specter of Orphan Hood never
fully left him, a sense of 

4374
03:54:36,000 --> 03:54:38,300
precariousness pervaded his 
ambition. 

4375
03:54:38,900 --> 03:54:42,200
He engaged in verbal battles 
with the Press establishing. 

4376
03:54:42,200 --> 03:54:45,300
A partisan strategy, the 
Reynolds Affair in which he 

4377
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:48,200
admitted to an extramarital 
relationship tarnished. 

4378
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:50,800
His moral standing yet 
underscored his willingness to 

4379
03:54:50,800 --> 03:54:53,900
publicly confess in a swirl of 
political blackmail. 

4380
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:57,600
All these episodes illustrate, a
Founder who has no pristine 

4381
03:54:57,600 --> 03:54:59,600
statue. 
But a flawed participant in the 

4382
03:54:59,600 --> 03:55:03,400
messy birth of a republic in 
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 

4383
03:55:03,400 --> 03:55:07,600
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 
America's early audacity someone

4384
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:11,400
forging National Frameworks with
unstoppable further, bridging 

4385
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:13,400
personal adversity and political
upheaval. 

4386
03:55:13,400 --> 03:55:17,000
He hammered out Financial 
Machinery, that stabilized or 

4387
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:19,200
precarious Union. 
Wrote constitutional 

4388
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:22,200
commentaries that guided 
centuries of legal thought and 

4389
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:26,500
valiantly served in war only to 
be undone by personal Vendetta 

4390
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:29,500
in a misguided duel. 
This story resonates with 

4391
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:33,700
universal themes of ambition, 
printable rivalry, and the 

4392
03:55:33,700 --> 03:55:36,000
subtle interplay of personal and
public Realms. 

4393
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:38,600
Hamilton's imprint endures in 
the institutions. 

4394
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,900
He shaped the arguments, he 
Advanced and the persistent 

4395
03:55:41,900 --> 03:55:44,600
puzzle of how brilliant mind can
fall victim to a bullet 

4396
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,300
summoned, by the code of honor 
with confusing reasoning. 

4397
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:58,800
Imagine yourself standing in a 
Victorian library, on a rainy 

4398
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:03,400
London afternoon in 1864. 
Gas, lamps cost, warm pools of 

4399
03:56:03,408 --> 03:56:06,100
light across mahogany tables. 
Stacked with leather-bound 

4400
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,300
volumes. 
Outside the city, hums with the 

4401
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:10,900
energy of an Empire, at its 
peak. 

4402
03:56:10,900 --> 03:56:15,200
But in here, your surrounded by 
Maps Beautiful. 

4403
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:18,800
Intricate maps that are 
simultaneously masterpieces and 

4404
03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:22,200
confessions of ignorance, these 
Maps show something our modern 

4405
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:27,000
world has lost genuine mystery. 
Vast portions of the Indian 

4406
03:56:27,000 --> 03:56:31,000
Ocean appear as blank, blue, 
expanses interrupted only by 

4407
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:33,900
scattered Islands. 
Whose Interiors remain 

4408
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:38,200
unexplored. 
Madagascar looms, like a green 

4409
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:40,300
question. 
Mark off the afrikan coast. 

4410
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:44,800
The islands of Indonesia and 
Melania scatter across the sea, 

4411
03:56:44,800 --> 03:56:46,800
like puzzle pieces from 
different boxes. 

4412
03:56:46,800 --> 03:56:49,600
There are relationships to each 
other unclear. 

4413
03:56:49,600 --> 03:56:52,100
And tantalizing, you're living 
in an era. 

4414
03:56:52,100 --> 03:56:55,200
When a gentleman naturist, could
still discover entirely new 

4415
03:56:55,200 --> 03:56:57,100
species on a weekend collecting 
trip. 

4416
03:56:57,100 --> 03:57:00,600
When Expeditions regularly 
returned with creatures that 

4417
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,900
seem to belong in mythology, 
rather than natural history 

4418
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:07,500
museums Charles Darwin has 
recently published his 

4419
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:11,100
revolutionary Theory and the 
world of science is reeling from

4420
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:14,300
the implications. 
If species could change over 

4421
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:18,800
time, if life itself was not 
fixed but fluid, then what else 

4422
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:21,900
might be possible. 
The Victorian era, possessed, a 

4423
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:25,500
particular genius for combining 
rigorous scientific inquiry with

4424
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:29,700
unbridled romantic speculation. 
these were people who would 

4425
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:33,500
spend decades cataloging Beetle 
specimens while simultaneously 

4426
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:37,400
believing that fairies might 
inhabit their Gardens this 

4427
03:57:37,400 --> 03:57:40,400
combination of careful, 
observation and wild imagination

4428
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:44,200
created the perfect conditions 
for myths to take root in 

4429
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:47,500
scientific soil, the maps, your 
studying show something 

4430
03:57:47,500 --> 03:57:51,000
puzzling, certain plants and 
animals appear in places, they 

4431
03:57:51,000 --> 03:57:55,500
have no business being Lemurs, 
those wide-eyed primates with 

4432
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:59,100
their haunting calls and ghostly
movements live in Madagascar. 

4433
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:03,700
Yet their closest relatives 
aren't in nearby Africa, but 

4434
03:58:03,700 --> 03:58:06,300
thousands of miles away in India
and Southeast Asia. 

4435
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:09,900
It's as if someone had scattered
them across the ocean, 

4436
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:14,700
deliberately like seeds from a 
cosmic hand, fossils present, 

4437
03:58:14,700 --> 03:58:19,000
even strange Mysteries. 
The glossopteris fern, which 

4438
03:58:19,000 --> 03:58:22,200
anyone can recognize from its 
distinctive tongue-shaped leaves

4439
03:58:22,200 --> 03:58:27,300
appears in rocks, across South 
America, Africa, India and 

4440
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:30,600
Australia. 
It's the Botanical equivalent of

4441
03:58:30,608 --> 03:58:34,100
finding your house key 
simultaneously in London, Cairo,

4442
03:58:34,100 --> 03:58:37,700
Mumbai and Sydney. 
Something doesn't add up and 

4443
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:39,200
Victorian. 
Scientists knew it. 

4444
03:58:39,208 --> 03:58:43,200
The standard explanation that 
these species had somehow walked

4445
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:46,600
or swarm across thousands of 
miles of open, ocean seemed 

4446
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:49,100
absurd, even to 19th century 
Minds. 

4447
03:58:50,000 --> 03:58:54,100
Lemurs a decent climbers, but 
notoriously, poor swimmers the 

4448
03:58:54,100 --> 03:58:56,900
glossopteris fern produces seeds
far too. 

4449
03:58:56,900 --> 03:59:00,000
Heavy to blow across Ocean's on 
the Wind yet. 

4450
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:04,400
There they were separated by 
impossible distances, clearly 

4451
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:07,500
related. 
But in possibly divided this was

4452
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:11,600
the scientific puzzle that would
give birth to lemuria. but to 

4453
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:14,800
understand how that happened, 
you need to appreciate the 

4454
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:18,300
Victorian mindset that saw 
patterns in everything and 

4455
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:20,800
believed that every mystery had 
a solution. 

4456
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:25,000
Even if that solution required 
imagining entire continents into

4457
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:28,500
existence, the 19th century was 
also a time when the Earth 

4458
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:32,500
itself seemed younger and more 
malleable Geologists would just 

4459
03:59:32,508 --> 03:59:35,500
beginning to understand the 
planet's true age, which was 

4460
03:59:35,500 --> 03:59:38,800
considerably older than the 
biblical calculations that had 

4461
03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:40,600
previously, dominated Western 
thought. 

4462
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,600
But they still imagine the Earth
as a cooling sphere Contracting 

4463
03:59:45,600 --> 03:59:49,400
like a drying apple with its 
surface wrinkling into mountains

4464
03:59:49,400 --> 03:59:52,300
and valleys as it shrank. 
This contraction Theory 

4465
03:59:52,300 --> 03:59:55,200
suggested that the planet's 
geography might have been very 

4466
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:59,600
different in the past Land 
bridges had connected continents

4467
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:03,500
that now, stood separate. 
Perhaps entire land masses had 

4468
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:06,600
sunk beneath the waves as the 
Earth contracted taking their 

4469
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:10,100
flora and fauna with them. 
The idea wasn't just 

4470
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:12,900
speculation. 
It seemed to follow logically 

4471
04:00:12,900 --> 04:00:15,900
from the best understanding of 
planetary formation of available

4472
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:17,900
at the time into this 
atmosphere. 

4473
04:00:17,900 --> 04:00:21,400
Of scientific inquiry and 
creative theorizing, stepped a 

4474
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,900
British zoologist, named Philip 
Slater who was about to name, 

4475
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:29,100
something that didn't exist and 
in doing so create a legend that

4476
04:00:29,100 --> 04:00:31,800
would outlive his actual 
scientific contributions. 

4477
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:34,900
Philip's Slater was by all 
accounts, a thoroughly 

4478
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:39,400
respectable Victorian scientist.
He wasn't a wild-eyed Mystic or 

4479
04:00:39,408 --> 04:00:43,000
a romantic dreamer, he was a 
fellow of the Royal Society. 

4480
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:47,300
A serious zoologist with 
impeccable credentials, and a 

4481
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:49,700
particular interest in the 
geographical distribution of 

4482
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,400
species. 
The kind of man who wore proper 

4483
04:00:52,400 --> 04:00:55,400
suits to dinner, and catalogued 
specimens with meticulous care 

4484
04:00:55,400 --> 04:00:58,700
in 1864. 
Skater published a paper with 

4485
04:00:58,700 --> 04:01:02,400
the rather dry title. 
The mammals of Madagascar which 

4486
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:06,100
addressed the Lima problem we 
discussed earlier. his solution 

4487
04:01:06,100 --> 04:01:10,500
was elegantly simple, what if 
Madagascar and India had once 

4488
04:01:10,500 --> 04:01:15,200
been connected by a land bridge 
or better, yet were fragments of

4489
04:01:15,208 --> 04:01:19,100
a larger landmass that had since
subsided into the ocean, this 

4490
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:23,300
hypothetical continent needed a 
name and Slater chose lemuria 

4491
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:26,400
after the Lemurs whose 
distribution had inspired the 

4492
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:29,700
theory, It was meant to be a 
strictly scientific term. 

4493
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:32,800
Describing a purely geological 
hypothesis. 

4494
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,100
It's greater imaginary as a 
long, vanished connection 

4495
04:01:37,100 --> 04:01:40,900
between continents, a bridge 
that had allowed species to 

4496
04:01:40,900 --> 04:01:43,300
spread. 
And then disappeared, leaving 

4497
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,300
only scattered populations on 
isolated lands. 

4498
04:01:46,300 --> 04:01:50,100
The beauty of Slaters theory was
that it explained so much with 

4499
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:54,300
the single hypothesis. 
The distribution of lemurs the 

4500
04:01:54,300 --> 04:01:57,400
presence of similar rock 
formations across distant lands 

4501
04:01:57,400 --> 04:02:00,800
and the fossil record that 
suggested tropical forests in 

4502
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:04,000
places. 
Now, divided by ocean all of it 

4503
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:06,800
made sense, if you accepted that
the Indian Ocean had. 

4504
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:11,000
Once contained substantial land 
masses other scientists quickly 

4505
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:16,300
embraced and expanded Slaters 
idea, Ernst haeckel a German 

4506
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:19,000
biologist and passionate 
application of Darwin's 

4507
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:23,300
evolutionary theory Incorporated
lemuria in his understanding of 

4508
04:02:23,300 --> 04:02:27,300
human Origins. 
If lemuria had existed Heckle 

4509
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:31,200
reasoned, it might have been the
birthplace of humanity, the 

4510
04:02:31,200 --> 04:02:34,900
Garden of Eden, rendered in 
geological terms, Hazel's 

4511
04:02:34,900 --> 04:02:37,700
version of lemuria grew 
considerably larger than Slaters

4512
04:02:37,700 --> 04:02:40,500
modest land bridge in heels. 
Imagination. 

4513
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:43,800
It became a vast continent, 
stretching across much of the 

4514
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:47,300
Indian Ocean, a Lost Paradise, 
where the first humans had 

4515
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:49,200
evolved before spreading to 
other continents. 

4516
04:02:50,200 --> 04:02:53,700
His beautifully detailed maps, 
showed lemuria, as a substantial

4517
04:02:53,700 --> 04:02:57,800
landmass complete with mountain 
ranges and river systems that 

4518
04:02:57,800 --> 04:03:00,200
existed. 
Only in scientific speculation, 

4519
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:04,200
the scientific Community, didn't
immediately reject these ideas 

4520
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:06,800
because they addressed real 
puzzles with what seemed like 

4521
04:03:06,808 --> 04:03:10,900
reasonable Solutions. 
Continental, subsidence wasn't 

4522
04:03:10,900 --> 04:03:14,300
considered impossible. 
After all, earthquakes and 

4523
04:03:14,308 --> 04:03:17,900
volcanic eruptions constantly 
demonstrated that the Earth's 

4524
04:03:17,900 --> 04:03:21,300
surface was changeable. 
If mountains could rise and 

4525
04:03:21,300 --> 04:03:25,900
valleys form, why couldn't 
entire continents sink for a few

4526
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:28,600
decades? 
Lemuria occupied a strange 

4527
04:03:28,600 --> 04:03:31,300
position. 
It was a scientific hypothesis 

4528
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:34,900
with no direct evidence, but it 
explained patterns that 

4529
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:39,000
otherwise seemed inexplicable 
Scientists discussed it in 

4530
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:42,400
academic journals while 
acknowledging that proving its 

4531
04:03:42,400 --> 04:03:46,000
existence would be difficult. 
It was a placeholder solution 

4532
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:49,000
waiting for better explanations 
to come along. 

4533
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:50,900
But something interesting 
happened. 

4534
04:03:50,900 --> 04:03:54,000
As lemuria move from scientific 
journals into popular 

4535
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:56,900
consciousness. 
The hypothesis began to 

4536
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:00,700
transform Gathering romantic 
association's and mystical 

4537
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:03,100
overtones like a snowball 
rolling downhill. 

4538
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:08,000
Accumulates Mass. 
What started as a dry geological

4539
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:11,400
theory about Lima distribution 
was about to become something 

4540
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:14,900
far, more enchanting and 
considerably less scientific. 

4541
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,700
The Victorian public had an 
insatiable appetite for lost 

4542
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:19,800
worlds, and vanished 
civilization. 

4543
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:24,900
Atlantis, had captured 
imaginations for centuries, but 

4544
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,500
Atlantis was ancient history. 
A philosophical allegory 

4545
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:31,600
recorded by Plato. 
Lemuria was different. 

4546
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:36,600
It was being discussed by actual
scientists in actual academic 

4547
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:41,000
journals. it had the glamour of 
mystery combined with the 

4548
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:44,500
authority of science, a 
combination that proved utterly,

4549
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:48,300
irresistible popular magazines, 
began publishing articles about 

4550
04:04:48,300 --> 04:04:52,800
lemuria iteration adding new 
details and expanding the story.

4551
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:57,300
What if lemuria hadn't just been
a land bridge but a genuine 

4552
04:04:57,300 --> 04:05:01,700
continent with its own ecology, 
its own Landscapes and perhaps 

4553
04:05:01,700 --> 04:05:07,100
even its own civilization. 
The scientific hypothesis was 

4554
04:05:07,100 --> 04:05:10,400
becoming a myth in real time. 
You could almost watch it 

4555
04:05:10,400 --> 04:05:12,500
transform. 
If you track the publication's 

4556
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:16,400
chronologically by the 1870s 
lemuria had escaped, the 

4557
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:20,300
confines of Zoological journals 
entirely, it was appearing in 

4558
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:23,800
spiritualist literature in 
speculative history is and in 

4559
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:27,300
romantic poetry. 
The Lost Continent was taking on

4560
04:05:27,300 --> 04:05:30,500
a life of its own and that life 
would prove far more durable 

4561
04:05:30,500 --> 04:05:33,300
than its scientific Origins 
picture yourself. 

4562
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:37,500
Now in a Victorian drawing room 
this time in the evening with 

4563
04:05:37,500 --> 04:05:40,000
heavy curtains, drawn against 
the London Fog. 

4564
04:05:40,900 --> 04:05:42,900
Candles flicker on the 
mantelpiece. 

4565
04:05:42,900 --> 04:05:46,500
And a group of well-dressed. 
Ladies and gentlemen, sit in a 

4566
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:48,600
circle, holding hands around a 
table. 

4567
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:52,900
This is a seance one of 
thousands conducted across 

4568
04:05:52,900 --> 04:05:56,700
Europe and America in the late 
19th century when spiritualism 

4569
04:05:56,700 --> 04:06:00,600
wasn't considered Fringe but 
fashionable the Victorian era 

4570
04:06:00,600 --> 04:06:02,500
was experiencing a spiritual 
crisis. 

4571
04:06:03,300 --> 04:06:06,700
Darwin's theory of evolution had
shaken traditional religious. 

4572
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:11,300
Certainty industrialization was 
transforming agrarian society 

4573
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:14,800
into urban Landscapes where 
ancient rhythms of life, no 

4574
04:06:14,800 --> 04:06:18,800
longer applied. 
People felt unmoored searching 

4575
04:06:18,800 --> 04:06:21,500
for meaning in a world that 
seemed increasingly mechanical, 

4576
04:06:21,500 --> 04:06:24,000
and purposeless into this 
uncertainty. 

4577
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:26,000
Stepped. 
A remarkable woman named. 

4578
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:29,900
Helena petrovna blavatsky known 
to everyone as madame. 

4579
04:06:29,900 --> 04:06:34,400
Blavatsky She was depending on 
your perspective either a 

4580
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:38,800
brilliant Mystic or a talented 
charlatan possibly both born in 

4581
04:06:38,808 --> 04:06:41,700
Russia. 
Widely traveled and possessed of

4582
04:06:41,700 --> 04:06:45,600
enormous Charisma and 
questionable ethics Lafayette 

4583
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:50,400
ski, founded the theosophical 
society in 1875, with the goal 

4584
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:54,400
of exploring, the hidden wisdom.
Supposedly underlying all 

4585
04:06:54,400 --> 04:06:57,700
religions of that ski had a 
genius for synthesis. 

4586
04:06:57,700 --> 04:07:00,400
Combining elements of Hinduism 
Buddhism. 

4587
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:03,900
Western occultism. 
And contemporary science into a 

4588
04:07:03,900 --> 04:07:08,200
grand narrative that appealed to
Victorian Seekers Her magnum, 

4589
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:13,800
opus, the secret Doctrine 
published in 1888, presented, a 

4590
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:17,500
vast cosmology, involving root 
races spiritual, Evolution and 

4591
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:21,600
crucially for our story, lost 
continents in blavatsky. 

4592
04:07:30,700 --> 04:07:33,700
Civilization of spiritually 
Advanced beings, who existed 

4593
04:07:33,700 --> 04:07:38,500
millions of years ago? 
These lemurians in his cosmology

4594
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:42,700
were not quite human as we 
understand it, it would gigantic

4595
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:46,500
eggeling hermaphrodites with 
four arms and an i in the back 

4596
04:07:46,500 --> 04:07:48,600
of their heads. 
Now, you might be settling 

4597
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:51,200
deeper into your pillows and 
thinking that this sounds 

4598
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:55,400
completely ridiculous. 
You'd be right. but here's 

4599
04:07:55,400 --> 04:07:59,100
what's fascinating, blavatsky 
claimed her information, came 

4600
04:07:59,100 --> 04:08:02,600
from ancient manuscript, shown 
to her by spiritual Master's and

4601
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:06,500
Tibet and thousands of 
intelligent educated victorians 

4602
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:10,100
believed her Or at least they 
wanted to believe her, which 

4603
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:11,700
amounts to nearly the same 
thing. 

4604
04:08:11,700 --> 04:08:14,200
The theosophical lemuria bore 
almost. 

4605
04:08:14,200 --> 04:08:16,900
No resemblance to his modest 
land bridge. 

4606
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:21,000
Stretched across vast portions 
of the Pacific and Indian, 

4607
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:25,000
oceans encompassing everything 
from Madagascar to Easter 

4608
04:08:25,000 --> 04:08:28,100
Island. 
Its civilization, predated any 

4609
04:08:28,100 --> 04:08:32,000
known human culture and its 
inhabitants possessed powers 

4610
04:08:32,000 --> 04:08:35,900
that made Modern human seem like
pale Shadows of former glory. 

4611
04:08:35,900 --> 04:08:39,100
According to theosophical 
teachings, the lemurians had 

4612
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:42,500
been destroyed in a cataclysm 
volcanic eruptions and 

4613
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,700
earthquakes that cause their 
entire continent to sink beneath

4614
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:49,100
the waves. 
But before the destruction, the 

4615
04:08:49,100 --> 04:08:51,300
most advanced lemurians had 
escaped. 

4616
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:55,300
Carrying their wisdom to other 
lands, this explained 

4617
04:08:55,300 --> 04:08:58,900
conveniently, why traces of 
advanced ancient knowledge 

4618
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:03,200
appeared in cultures worldwide. 
The beauty of blavatsky system 

4619
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:07,500
was its unfalsifiable ability. 
Any evidence that contradicted 

4620
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,200
her claims could be explained 
away as incomplete 

4621
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:12,700
understanding, or spiritual 
blindness? 

4622
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,000
The lack of physical evidence 
for lemuria became proof of how 

4623
04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:18,500
thoroughly it had been 
destroyed. 

4624
04:09:19,500 --> 04:09:23,500
It was mythology mosque creating
as lost history and it filled a 

4625
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:27,200
need that pure science, couldn't
satisfy the osophy attracted. 

4626
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,300
An impressive, roster of 
followers, including writers, 

4627
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:34,700
artists, scientists and social 
reformers These weren't 

4628
04:09:34,700 --> 04:09:38,000
necessarily gullible fools. 
Many were thoughtful people 

4629
04:09:38,000 --> 04:09:41,200
seeking alternatives to both 
religious, dogmatism and 

4630
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:42,800
materialistic. 
Reductionism. 

4631
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:47,500
Theosophy offered a middle path.
Spiritual meaning clothed in 

4632
04:09:47,508 --> 04:09:52,100
pseudoscientific language. 
Theosophical lemuria also served

4633
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:57,200
another Victorian, preoccupation
race Theory. the concept of root

4634
04:09:57,200 --> 04:10:01,300
races each supposedly more 
evolved than the last appealed 

4635
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:06,000
to a society deeply invested in 
hierarchical thinking, While 

4636
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:08,900
blavatsky system was less 
overtly racist than some 

4637
04:10:08,900 --> 04:10:12,000
Victorian race theories, it 
still embedded troubling, 

4638
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:14,400
assumptions about human 
development that reflected the 

4639
04:10:14,408 --> 04:10:18,300
prejudices of hero, other 
writers and Mystics eagerly 

4640
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:20,300
expanded on blavatsky is 
framework. 

4641
04:10:21,200 --> 04:10:24,000
James churchwood in the early 
20th century. 

4642
04:10:24,000 --> 04:10:28,400
Wrote extensively about moo 
which he claimed was lemuria 

4643
04:10:28,400 --> 04:10:31,600
specific counterpart. 
Another Lost Continent 

4644
04:10:31,600 --> 04:10:34,800
supposedly proven by ancient 
tablets that conveniently 

4645
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:37,300
disappeared before anyone else 
could examine them. 

4646
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:40,800
Each iteration added new layers 
to the myth. 

4647
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:44,900
Building an elaborate structure 
on foundations that had never 

4648
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,200
existed. 
What's remarkable is, how 

4649
04:10:47,200 --> 04:10:49,200
quickly lemuria moved from 
scientific. 

4650
04:10:49,200 --> 04:10:53,500
Hypothesis to Mystical certainly
Within a few decades, you could 

4651
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:56,700
find multiple versions of 
Lemurian history, each 

4652
04:10:56,700 --> 04:11:00,200
contradicting the others, but 
all claiming ancient Authority. 

4653
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:04,900
Some describe lemuria, as a 
Tropical Paradise, others as a 

4654
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:08,600
harsh, volcanic landscape. 
Some lemurians were spiritual 

4655
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:11,400
Masters. 
Others were primitive Giants. 

4656
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:15,600
the continents location shifted,
depending on who was writing 

4657
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:18,900
about it, this proliferation of 
conflicting accounts should have

4658
04:11:18,900 --> 04:11:23,400
undermined, lemuria credibility,
but somehow, it didn't, instead 

4659
04:11:23,400 --> 04:11:27,400
each new version seemed to 
validate the basic concept, If 

4660
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:30,600
so many different sources, 
mentioned, lemuria, surely there

4661
04:11:30,600 --> 04:11:34,200
must be something to it. 
This is how myths work. 

4662
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:37,900
They accumulate details and 
variations while the core story 

4663
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:41,200
remains flexible enough to 
accommodate contradiction by the

4664
04:11:41,200 --> 04:11:43,600
turn of the 20th. 
Century lemuria had become 

4665
04:11:43,600 --> 04:11:47,200
firmly established in popular 
Consciousness, particularly 

4666
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:50,000
among spiritual Seekers and 
alternative historians. 

4667
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,700
It was taught in theosophical 
lodges discussed in a cult 

4668
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:57,600
circle's and reference in 
popular literature. 

4669
04:11:59,000 --> 04:12:02,100
The Lost Continent had achieved 
a kind of cultural reality 

4670
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:04,600
independent of any physical 
evidence. 

4671
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:06,800
As you drift deeper into this 
story. 

4672
04:12:06,800 --> 04:12:09,600
Imagine yourself in early 20th 
century, California, 

4673
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:14,500
Specifically at Mount Shasta 
that magnificent snow-capped 

4674
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:16,800
volcano rising from the northern
landscape. 

4675
04:12:16,800 --> 04:12:21,200
Local Legends, Begin circulating
about a secret civilization 

4676
04:12:21,200 --> 04:12:25,400
living inside the mountain 
survivors of ancient lemuria who

4677
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:27,900
retreated Underground when their
continent sank. 

4678
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:31,500
These Lemurian survivors 
supposedly built a city called 

4679
04:12:31,500 --> 04:12:34,900
Telos within the mountain 
complete with temples and 

4680
04:12:34,900 --> 04:12:37,900
Gardens illuminated by 
mysterious light sources. 

4681
04:12:38,900 --> 04:12:41,800
They occasionally emerged to 
walk among ordinary humans, 

4682
04:12:41,800 --> 04:12:47,000
recognizable by their unusual 
height, White Rose, and tendency

4683
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:49,800
to pay for supplies with gold 
nuggets before disappearing, 

4684
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:53,500
back in to the Wilderness, the 
Shasta, Legends illustrate, how 

4685
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:55,300
Aura adapted to local 
conditions. 

4686
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,900
Every region that embraced the 
myth, modified it to fit, local 

4687
04:12:59,900 --> 04:13:03,800
geography and culture. 
In the Pacific lemuria Explain 

4688
04:13:03,800 --> 04:13:06,900
the origin of Polynesian 
people's in India. 

4689
04:13:06,900 --> 04:13:10,300
It connected to Vedic, 
traditions in California. 

4690
04:13:10,300 --> 04:13:14,000
It merged with Native American 
legends and Gold Rush mysticism 

4691
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:18,500
to create something uniquely 
Western American, the lemurians 

4692
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:20,100
themselves. 
Evolved in the popular 

4693
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:22,200
imagination from Blaze's 
bizarre. 

4694
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:25,100
Hermaphrodite into more 
conventionally attractive 

4695
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:29,200
spiritual Masters. 
By the 1930s descriptions 

4696
04:13:29,200 --> 04:13:33,000
typically, portrayed them as 
tall, graceful beings with pale 

4697
04:13:33,000 --> 04:13:36,100
skin, large eyes, and Serene 
Expressions. 

4698
04:13:36,100 --> 04:13:40,300
Basically, they looked like 
idealized Hollywood versions of 

4699
04:13:40,300 --> 04:13:43,800
wise mistakes. 
This transformation reveals 

4700
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:47,000
something interesting about how 
myths adapt to their audiences 

4701
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,000
aesthetic. 
Preferences various channels and

4702
04:13:50,000 --> 04:13:52,900
mediums claim to communicate 
with Lemurian, Spirits, 

4703
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:56,300
receiving messages about 
spiritual Evolution and 

4704
04:13:56,300 --> 04:14:00,100
Humanity's future These 
communications typically 

4705
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:04,000
emphasize peace love and the 
development of psychic 

4706
04:14:04,000 --> 04:14:08,700
abilities, standard fare for New
Age, spirituality would give 

4707
04:14:08,700 --> 04:14:12,200
historical weight by association
with ancient civilization. 

4708
04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:16,300
Frederick, Spencer, Oliver's 
1894 novel. 

4709
04:14:16,300 --> 04:14:19,600
A dweller on two planets 
introduced another element to 

4710
04:14:19,600 --> 04:14:22,600
Lemurian mythology, advanced 
technology. 

4711
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:25,600
Oliver claimed. 
His book was channeled from a 

4712
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:29,300
spirit who described Lemurian 
civilization as possessing 

4713
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:33,800
flying machines, Wireless 
communication, and other devices

4714
04:14:33,800 --> 04:14:38,400
that anticipated 20th century 
Innovations This technologically

4715
04:14:38,400 --> 04:14:42,500
advanced lemuria would become 
increasingly popular as the 

4716
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:46,200
actual 20th century demonstrated
that impossible Technologies 

4717
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:49,800
could become reality. 
The notion of lemuria as a 

4718
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:53,300
technologically sophisticated 
civilization, served multiple 

4719
04:14:53,300 --> 04:14:56,900
purposes It suggested that 
modern progress, wasn't 

4720
04:14:56,900 --> 04:14:59,800
unprecedented, but rather a 
rediscovery of ancient 

4721
04:14:59,800 --> 04:15:02,600
knowledge. 
It implied that human potential 

4722
04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:05,600
was greater than contemporary 
limitation suggested. 

4723
04:15:06,400 --> 04:15:09,300
And it provided comfort that 
even Advanced civilizations 

4724
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:13,600
could be destroyed making the 
catastrophic potential of 20th 

4725
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:15,900
century Warfare. 
Feel like part of a larger 

4726
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:19,700
pattern rather than a unique 
modern horror Edgar. 

4727
04:15:19,700 --> 04:15:24,200
Casey the famous Sleeping 
Prophet Incorporated, lemuria in

4728
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:29,200
his trance readings during the 
1920s, and 1930s, his version's 

4729
04:15:29,200 --> 04:15:32,700
emphasized, the spiritual and 
psychic abilities of lemurians. 

4730
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:36,800
Describing them as beings who 
communicated telepathically and 

4731
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:41,000
manipulated matter through 
thought When their civilization 

4732
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,400
fell, Casey claimed. 
It was because they had misused 

4733
04:15:44,400 --> 04:15:47,800
their powers privileging 
material advancement over 

4734
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:51,500
Spiritual Development. 
A cautionary tale that resonated

4735
04:15:51,500 --> 04:15:55,200
with audience's living through 
Rapid technological change, what

4736
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:57,400
United? 
Most of these Lemurian accounts 

4737
04:15:57,400 --> 04:15:59,500
was a sense of loss and 
possibility. 

4738
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:03,700
Lemuria represented something 
Humanity at once possessed and 

4739
04:16:03,700 --> 04:16:08,300
might reclaim harmony with 
nature spiritual advancement and

4740
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:11,000
technological prowess combined 
with wisdom. 

4741
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:14,900
The Lost Continent became a 
mirror reflecting whatever, its 

4742
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:17,000
Believers felt was missing from 
Modern Life. 

4743
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:20,600
The Myth also provided An Origin
story that bypassed 

4744
04:16:20,600 --> 04:16:23,800
uncomfortable questions about 
Evolution and human Origins. 

4745
04:16:24,800 --> 04:16:28,300
If Humanity descended from 
spiritually Advanced lemurians, 

4746
04:16:28,300 --> 04:16:32,400
then we weren't merely evolved 
Apes but beings were the noble, 

4747
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:35,100
lineage temporarily fallen from 
former glory. 

4748
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:39,200
Its narrative appealed to people
who couldn't accept evolutionary

4749
04:16:39,200 --> 04:16:42,600
theory, but recognize that 
biblical literalism was 

4750
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:45,900
increasingly untenable 
indigenous people's reactions, 

4751
04:16:45,900 --> 04:16:47,800
to Lemurian, theories were 
complicated. 

4752
04:16:48,700 --> 04:16:51,800
Some saw the myths as yet 
another example of colonizers 

4753
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:55,900
appropriating and distorting 
Indigenous history is Others 

4754
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,300
found ways to incorporate 
lemuria into their own 

4755
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:02,300
Traditions, using the concept to
add historical depth to oral 

4756
04:17:02,300 --> 04:17:05,600
history. 
The Hawaiian concept of move. 

4757
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:10,000
For instance, became entangled 
with Lemurian mythology in ways 

4758
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:13,600
that blurred original Traditions
with imported ideas by 

4759
04:17:13,600 --> 04:17:16,900
mid-century lemuria had become 
something like King Arthur's, 

4760
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:18,600
Camelot. 
A story. 

4761
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:21,200
Everyone knew probably wasn't 
literally true, but that 

4762
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:24,000
persisted because it served 
emotional and psychological 

4763
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:28,200
needs that factored into dress. 
People wanted to believe in Lost

4764
04:17:28,200 --> 04:17:32,200
Golden Ages and hidden wisdom in
the possibility that somewhere 

4765
04:17:32,200 --> 04:17:36,100
beneath the ocean's surface or 
inside mountains, traces, of 

4766
04:17:36,100 --> 04:17:40,600
Humanity's Noble past injured. 
The irony is that while Mystics 

4767
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:43,800
and channelers were elaborating 
increasingly, Baroque visions of

4768
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:47,500
Lemurian, civilization actual 
scientists were developing 

4769
04:17:47,500 --> 04:17:51,200
theories that would completely 
eliminate any need for lemuria 

4770
04:17:51,200 --> 04:17:54,500
existence. 
The solution to the puzzles that

4771
04:17:54,500 --> 04:17:57,100
had inspired sclaters. 
Original hypothesis was 

4772
04:17:57,100 --> 04:17:59,900
emerging. 
It would take decades for that 

4773
04:17:59,900 --> 04:18:01,600
solution to become widely 
accepted. 

4774
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:06,400
Let's shift our scene now to 19 
to 12 to a meeting of the German

4775
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:10,500
Geological Society, where a 
meteorologist named Alfred, Vega

4776
04:18:10,500 --> 04:18:14,100
is presenting a theory. 
So radical that most of his 

4777
04:18:14,100 --> 04:18:15,800
colleague's think he's lost his 
mind. 

4778
04:18:16,700 --> 04:18:20,300
They get her as proposing. 
That continents move not slowly 

4779
04:18:20,300 --> 04:18:23,800
settling or Rising that actually
drifting across the Earth's 

4780
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:27,000
surface, like, massive rafts 
floating on a denser layer 

4781
04:18:27,000 --> 04:18:29,300
below. 
Again, has noticed the same 

4782
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:33,200
puzzles that inspired lemuria 
Matching fossils on different 

4783
04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:35,700
continents. 
Similar rock formations 

4784
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:39,300
separated by Ocean's and 
coastlines that fit together, 

4785
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:42,600
like jigsaw pieces. 
But instead of imagining 

4786
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:46,000
vanished land bridges, he's 
proposing something far more 

4787
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:49,200
revolutionary. 
All the continents, He suggests 

4788
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:51,900
were once joined in a single 
supercontinent. 

4789
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:56,200
He calls it Pangea that has 
since split apart and drifted to

4790
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:59,300
their current positions. 
The reaction from the geological

4791
04:18:59,300 --> 04:19:01,400
establishment is Swift and 
brutal. 

4792
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:04,500
Continental drift seems 
physically impossible. 

4793
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:09,300
What force could move entire 
continents, how could Solid Rock

4794
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,300
flow like liquid? 
They're going to can't answer 

4795
04:19:12,300 --> 04:19:15,300
these questions, satisfactorily,
and his theory is, largely 

4796
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:19,000
dismissed as imaginative. 
Speculation unsupported by 

4797
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:21,100
mechanism. 
Here's what's fascinating. 

4798
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:25,000
Beginners evidence. 
For continental drift was 

4799
04:19:25,000 --> 04:19:28,400
actually stronger than any 
evidence for lemuria had ever 

4800
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:33,700
been He could show matching Rock
layers, identical fossils and 

4801
04:19:33,700 --> 04:19:37,400
even glacial patterns that made 
sense only if continents had 

4802
04:19:37,400 --> 04:19:41,600
once been connected differently.
Yet the scientific Community 

4803
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:45,300
rejected his well, ever since 
Theory, while some of those same

4804
04:19:45,300 --> 04:19:47,800
scientists have previously 
entertained, the essentially 

4805
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:51,600
evidence free notion of sunken 
contents, this reveals something

4806
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:54,700
important about how scientific 
acceptance works. 

4807
04:19:54,700 --> 04:19:58,000
It's not just about evidence, 
but about whether a theory fits 

4808
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,900
within acceptable Frameworks, 
Land bridges and subsiding 

4809
04:20:01,900 --> 04:20:04,200
continents fit. 
Victorian assumptions about how 

4810
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,000
the Earth worked. 
Moving continents didn't. 

4811
04:20:07,000 --> 04:20:11,700
So despite better evidence 
continental drift languished in 

4812
04:20:11,708 --> 04:20:16,000
scientific Purgatory for decades
but vacant as Theory had planted

4813
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:19,200
a seed. 
Other researchers began finding 

4814
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:23,700
supporting evidence. 
Paleomagnetic studies examining 

4815
04:20:23,700 --> 04:20:26,000
the magnetic orientation of 
ancient rocks. 

4816
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:29,600
Showed that continents must have
moved relative to the magnetic 

4817
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:33,400
poles. 
Mapping the ocean floor revealed

4818
04:20:33,400 --> 04:20:36,900
mid-ocean ridges and deep 
trenches that suggested active 

4819
04:20:36,900 --> 04:20:39,900
geological processes. 
The real breakthrough came in 

4820
04:20:39,900 --> 04:20:42,200
the 1966 with the development of
plate. 

4821
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:45,200
Tectonics theory. 
Scientists realized that the 

4822
04:20:45,200 --> 04:20:49,300
Earth's surface consists of 
massive rigid plates floating on

4823
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:51,000
a partially molten layer 
beneath. 

4824
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:55,200
These plates move driven by 
convection currents in the 

4825
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:59,200
Earth's mantle where plates 
separate new crust forms where 

4826
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:01,700
they Collide mountains, rise or 
one plate of ducts. 

4827
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,100
Beneath another plate tectonics 
explained, everything that 

4828
04:21:05,100 --> 04:21:08,200
lemuria had been invented to 
explain, but it did. 

4829
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:12,200
So with actual evidence and 
testable mechanisms the matching

4830
04:21:12,200 --> 04:21:16,500
fossils on different continents,
they won't separated by a sunken

4831
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:20,200
land bridge, but by continents 
that had split apart, The 

4832
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:23,800
distribution of Lemurs 
Madagascar had separated from 

4833
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:27,100
India, millions of years ago 
when Africa and the Indian 

4834
04:21:27,100 --> 04:21:29,200
subcontinent were parts of 
gondwana. 

4835
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:33,000
A southern supercontinent 
suddenly lemuria became 

4836
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:37,100
scientifically unnecessary. 
The puzzles that had inspired 

4837
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:40,300
Slaters original hypothesis. 
Now had a better explanation, 

4838
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:43,900
one supported by evidence from 
ocean floor, mapping, 

4839
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:48,600
earthquake, patterns, volcanic 
activity, and the continuing 

4840
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:51,400
movement of continents, that 
could be measured with Precision

4841
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:53,600
Instruments. 
You might think this would have 

4842
04:21:53,600 --> 04:21:57,500
killed the lemuria myth. 
But mythology doesn't die, just 

4843
04:21:57,500 --> 04:21:59,900
because science provides better,
explanations. 

4844
04:22:00,900 --> 04:22:04,800
Myths persist because they serve
needs that transcend factual 

4845
04:22:04,800 --> 04:22:08,500
accuracy. 
While geologists abandoned 

4846
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:12,400
lemuria Mystic an alternative 
historians clung to it with 

4847
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:16,200
renewed further often claiming 
that mainstream science was 

4848
04:22:16,200 --> 04:22:19,600
suppressing evidence or that 
spiritual truth, transcended 

4849
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:22,300
mere physical facts. 
Scientific. 

4850
04:22:22,300 --> 04:22:25,600
Abandonment of lemuria, actually
freed the myth to become more. 

4851
04:22:25,600 --> 04:22:29,200
Elaborate Without the constraint
of needing to fit geological 

4852
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:32,700
evidence, Lemurian enthusiasts 
could imagine whatever they 

4853
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:35,500
wanted. 
The Lost Continent, migrated 

4854
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,200
between oceans depending on who 
was writing about it. 

4855
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:41,900
It civilizations technology 
became increasingly 

4856
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:46,400
anachronistic and impossible. 
The reasons for its destruction 

4857
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:49,600
multiplied and diverged. 
Modern, geology can. 

4858
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:53,200
Now map the ocean floor with 
extraordinary precision, We've 

4859
04:22:53,200 --> 04:22:56,200
sent submarines to the deepest 
trenches and used sonar to 

4860
04:22:56,208 --> 04:22:59,100
create detailed topographical 
maps of underwater Terrain. 

4861
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:03,400
There's no where for a continent
sized landmass to hide the 

4862
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,200
Indian Ocean Floor, shows the 
expected patterns of plate. 

4863
04:23:06,200 --> 04:23:10,400
Tectonics spreading ridges, 
subduction zones, and Volcanic 

4864
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:14,500
chains, but no evidence of 
recent Continental, subsidence, 

4865
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:17,900
yet, this definitive absence of 
evidence hasn't eliminated 

4866
04:23:17,900 --> 04:23:21,700
belief in lemuria instead 
Believers of adapted their 

4867
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:26,200
claims Maybe lemuria existed. 
So long ago that geological 

4868
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,500
processes. 
Have erased all traces Maybe it 

4869
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:31,300
was in a different Ocean than 
originally thought. 

4870
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:35,800
Maybe it wasn't a physical 
continent but nostril Realms 

4871
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:37,900
that existed on a different 
plane of reality. 

4872
04:23:38,900 --> 04:23:42,300
The myth simply evolves to 
survive demonstrating 

4873
04:23:42,300 --> 04:23:46,200
impressive, adaptability, the 
transformation of lemuria from 

4874
04:23:46,200 --> 04:23:48,700
scientific. 
Hypothesis to disproven Theory 

4875
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:52,100
to persistent myth illustrate, 
something important about how 

4876
04:23:52,100 --> 04:23:55,200
knowledge works. 
Scientific theories are 

4877
04:23:55,200 --> 04:23:58,700
provisional, they stand until 
better explanations emerge. 

4878
04:23:58,700 --> 04:24:01,700
Then gracefully retire, myths 
are different. 

4879
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:04,800
They're not about explaining 
physical reality, but about 

4880
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:08,500
meeting psychological and 
emotional, needs disproving a 

4881
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:09,700
myths. 
Literal truth, doesn't 

4882
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,500
eliminate. 
Those needs for scientists 

4883
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:13,400
plate. 
Tectonics. 

4884
04:24:13,400 --> 04:24:17,200
Replacing lemuria represents 
progress better understanding 

4885
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:20,300
built on evidence. 
For believers science, is 

4886
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:24,100
rejection of lemuria Might 
represent closed mindedness or 

4887
04:24:24,100 --> 04:24:25,900
the limitations of materialistic
thinking. 

4888
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:29,400
These groups were essentially 
speaking, different languages 

4889
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:33,600
pursuing different goals and 
measuring success by different 

4890
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,600
standards. 
The story of lemuria scientific 

4891
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:40,100
demise is actually a success 
story for science a 

4892
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:42,600
demonstration of how the 
scientific method of eventually 

4893
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:45,600
arrives at better explanations 
by following evidence wherever 

4894
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:48,600
it leads. 
But it simultaneously a 

4895
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:50,400
demonstration of science is 
limits. 

4896
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:54,400
Science can explain physical 
processes but it can't 

4897
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:58,700
necessarily satisfy human 
yearning for lost Golden Ages or

4898
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:02,100
connections to ancient wisdom. 
As you settle more comfortably 

4899
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:04,900
into your blankets. 
Let's explore how lemuria 

4900
04:25:04,900 --> 04:25:07,600
escaped the confines of both 
scientific journals. 

4901
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:11,300
And a cult Society is to become 
a presence in our galleries, 

4902
04:25:11,300 --> 04:25:14,200
bookstores, and eventually movie
theater. 

4903
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:17,600
The Lost Continent. 
Proved irresistible to artists 

4904
04:25:17,600 --> 04:25:20,600
and writers because it offered 
something precious a blank 

4905
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:23,700
canvas. 
Unlike actual historical 

4906
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:28,200
civilizations that come burdened
with inconvenient facts, lemuria

4907
04:25:28,200 --> 04:25:30,100
could be whatever an artist 
needed it to be. 

4908
04:25:31,000 --> 04:25:34,900
It was Eden without biblical 
constraints Atlantis without 

4909
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:39,300
Plato's philosophical baggage. 
A lost world limited only by 

4910
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:42,000
imagination. 
Science fiction writers were 

4911
04:25:42,000 --> 04:25:44,400
particularly drawn to Lemurian 
themes. 

4912
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:48,800
Abraham merits, 1999 novel, the 
moon pool featured hidden 

4913
04:25:48,800 --> 04:25:53,100
Lemurian ruins in Micronesia, 
complete with ancient technology

4914
04:25:53,100 --> 04:25:57,800
and other worldly beings. 
His Lush dream-like prose. 

4915
04:25:57,800 --> 04:26:00,500
Transformed. 
Lemuria from an abstract concept

4916
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:03,900
into a visceral experience. 
You can almost smell the 

4917
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:06,800
tropical flowers and feel the 
humid air of his Lost World. 

4918
04:26:06,800 --> 04:26:10,000
These early 20th century 
adventure stories, treated 

4919
04:26:10,000 --> 04:26:14,700
lemuria much as they treated any
exotic location as a setting for

4920
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:17,500
Western protagonist to have 
thrilling experiences. 

4921
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:21,300
The actual lemurians often 
appeared as wise mentors 

4922
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:25,000
mysterious guides or 
occasionally obstacles to be 

4923
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:27,200
overcome. 
They were essentially 

4924
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:31,500
Fantastical versions of the 
noble, savage trope. filtered 

4925
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:35,200
through theosophical ideas about
spiritual advancement poets 

4926
04:26:35,200 --> 04:26:39,800
found lemuria equally inspiring 
The Lost Continent became a 

4927
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:43,500
metaphor for vanished, innocence
for knowledge lost to time for 

4928
04:26:43,500 --> 04:26:46,900
the price of hubris. 
In these poetic treatments, 

4929
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:49,400
lemuria wasn't necessarily 
literal. 

4930
04:26:49,400 --> 04:26:53,600
It was symbolic representing, 
whatever the poet felt had been 

4931
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:55,400
lost in the transition to 
modernity. 

4932
04:26:56,800 --> 04:26:59,600
The continents, physical 
existence mattered, less than 

4933
04:26:59,600 --> 04:27:02,300
its emotional resonance visual 
artists. 

4934
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:06,100
Produced, countless depictions 
of lemuria each reflecting their

4935
04:27:06,100 --> 04:27:10,800
era's aesthetic sensibilities. 
Victorian illustrations showed 

4936
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:14,700
it as a vaguely classical 
civilization with toga clad in 

4937
04:27:14,708 --> 04:27:19,600
habitats and marble temples Art 
Deco interpretations, featured 

4938
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:25,400
sleep, geometric, buildings, and
stylized figures. 1970s new age 

4939
04:27:25,408 --> 04:27:29,100
are transformed it into a 
psychedelic Paradise of crystals

4940
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:32,100
and Cosmic Consciousness. 
What striking about these 

4941
04:27:32,100 --> 04:27:34,000
artistic? 
Representations is their 

4942
04:27:34,000 --> 04:27:37,000
diversity. 
Unlike historically, attested 

4943
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:40,200
civilizations that must conform 
to archaeological evidence. 

4944
04:27:40,200 --> 04:27:44,500
Lemurian art was constrained 
only by the artist imagination 

4945
04:27:44,500 --> 04:27:47,000
and their audiences 
expectations. 

4946
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:52,200
This Freedom produced wildly 
varying Visions from primitive 

4947
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:56,100
tribal societies to 
technological Utopias sometimes 

4948
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,600
within the same decade comic 
books and Pulp magazines in 

4949
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:01,500
bracelet lemuria and 
enthusiastically. 

4950
04:28:02,400 --> 04:28:05,700
The continent of appeared in 
adventure stories, horror tales 

4951
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:09,900
and even superhero comics. 
Sometimes it was the source of 

4952
04:28:09,908 --> 04:28:12,700
mystical artifacts that modern 
characters sought. 

4953
04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:17,400
Sometimes, it provided origin 
stories for mysterious villains 

4954
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:21,100
or wise mentors. 
The Lost Continent had become a 

4955
04:28:21,108 --> 04:28:25,200
standard element in popular 
culture's toolkit available for 

4956
04:28:25,200 --> 04:28:29,200
whatever narrative purpose are 
right in needed the 1960s and 

4957
04:28:29,200 --> 04:28:32,700
1970s counterculture found. 
Lemuria particularly appealing. 

4958
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:36,700
As young people rejected 
mainstream society and sought 

4959
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,400
alternative, worldviews the Lost
Continent fit perfectly into 

4960
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:44,500
emerging New Age philosophy. 
Lemuria represented Humanity. 

4961
04:28:44,500 --> 04:28:49,500
Before hierarchies before, 
pollution before War everything,

4962
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:51,600
the counterculture imagined 
could exist. 

4963
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:56,000
If only society would Embrace 
peace, love and Spiritual 

4964
04:28:56,000 --> 04:29:00,000
Development, this association 
with new age culture, cemented 

4965
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:04,500
lemurs modern image walking into
any metaphysical bookstore and 

4966
04:29:04,500 --> 04:29:06,400
you're likely find books about 
Lemurian. 

4967
04:29:06,400 --> 04:29:10,200
Crystals Lemurian, healing 
techniques or how to channel 

4968
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:14,000
Lemurian spirits. 
Continent as become thoroughly 

4969
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:16,700
integrated into contemporary 
alternative spirituality, 

4970
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:20,500
alongside sharks auras and 
astral projection. 

4971
04:29:20,500 --> 04:29:24,200
Musicians have composed 
Symphonies and songs inspired by

4972
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:26,900
lemuria. 
Progressive rock bands, wrote 

4973
04:29:26,900 --> 04:29:31,000
concept albums about its fall. 
New Age, musicians, created 

4974
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:33,600
ambient soundscape, supposedly 
channeling. 

4975
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:37,300
Lemurian vibrations. 
The Lost Continent even appeared

4976
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:41,000
in video games, providing 
backstory and mystical elements 

4977
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:44,500
for Fantasy worlds. 
What's interesting is how lemurs

4978
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:48,200
artistic and cultural presence 
has a Clips at scientific 

4979
04:29:48,200 --> 04:29:51,400
origin's. 
Ask most people today about 

4980
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,500
lemuria and they're more likely 
to mention crystals and 

4981
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:57,800
spiritual Evolution than Lima 
distribution patterns. 

4982
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:01,200
The myth has successfully 
reproduced across cultural 

4983
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:05,300
domains adapting to each new 
medium while maintaining enough 

4984
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:08,900
consistency to remain 
recognizable, television and 

4985
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:12,500
film approached, lemuria more 
cautiously than print media that

4986
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:16,100
because visual media demands 
more concrete depiction, Still. 

4987
04:30:16,100 --> 04:30:19,300
The continent has appeared in 
documentaries about loss 

4988
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:23,300
civilizations, usually framed. 
As some people believe segments,

4989
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:25,200
that present claims without 
endorsement. 

4990
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:29,800
These presentations often treat,
lemuria alongside Atlantis and 

4991
04:30:29,800 --> 04:30:33,400
other legendary places, rarely 
acknowledging, that lemuria 

4992
04:30:33,400 --> 04:30:38,500
unlike Atlantis originated as a 
serious scientific hypothesis. 

4993
04:30:38,500 --> 04:30:42,000
The internet age has been 
remarkably kind to lemuria 

4994
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:44,700
Website's devoted to the Lost 
Continent. 

4995
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:48,500
Proliferate offering everything 
from supposedly historical 

4996
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,600
accounts to guide item. 
Meditations for connecting with 

4997
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:54,900
Lemurian energy. 
YouTube features, countless 

4998
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:58,700
videos about lemuria ranging 
from Earnest spiritual teachings

4999
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:03,100
to critical debunking. 
The democratization of content. 

5000
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:07,200
Creation means lemuria can be 
endlessly reinvented by anyone 

5001
04:31:07,200 --> 04:31:09,200
with a camera and an internet 
connection. 

5002
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:12,900
Social media has created 
communities of lemuria believers

5003
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:15,800
who share experiences theories 
and art. 

5004
04:31:16,700 --> 04:31:19,700
These digital spaces function, 
similarly to Victorian 

5005
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,000
spiritualist, societies 
communities of seekers 

5006
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:25,500
supporting each other's 
explorations of alternative 

5007
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:27,500
histories and spiritual 
possibilities. 

5008
04:31:28,300 --> 04:31:31,400
The technology is modern, but 
the impulses are ancient. 

5009
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:35,300
What all these artistic and 
cultural manifestation share, is

5010
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:38,700
a sense that lemuria represents 
something missing from Modern 

5011
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:41,400
Life. 
Whether that's spiritual wizard 

5012
04:31:41,400 --> 04:31:46,000
of harmony with nature advance, 
but lost technology, or simply 

5013
04:31:46,000 --> 04:31:49,400
the romance of mystery. 
The Lost Continent serves, as a 

5014
04:31:49,408 --> 04:31:51,500
receptacle, for contemporary 
longings. 

5015
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:55,200
Projected onto an imaginary 
passed as we approach the end of

5016
04:31:55,200 --> 04:31:57,300
our journey. 
Let's consider what lemuria 

5017
04:31:57,300 --> 04:31:59,800
means. 
Now, in our own time, when 

5018
04:31:59,800 --> 04:32:03,500
satellite imagery has mapped 
every inch of the planet and 

5019
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:06,200
scientific understanding of 
Earth's history is more 

5020
04:32:06,200 --> 04:32:09,300
comprehensive than ever. 
The story of lemuria is 

5021
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:13,300
ultimately a story about human 
imagination and its relationship

5022
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:16,400
with evidence. 
It demonstrates how easily 

5023
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:20,000
scientific hypotheses can 
transform into myths when they 

5024
04:32:20,000 --> 04:32:22,000
tap into deeper needs and 
desires. 

5025
04:32:22,800 --> 04:32:26,000
It shows how myths persist 
despite contrary evidence 

5026
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:29,400
because they serve purposes that
transcend factual accuracy, 

5027
04:32:29,400 --> 04:32:32,500
lemuria Journey. 
From Zoological puzzle to 

5028
04:32:32,508 --> 04:32:35,200
spiritual, Homeland reveals 
something important about the 

5029
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:39,300
Victorian era that created it. 
That was a time of enormous 

5030
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:42,700
confidence in human 
understanding, but also deep 

5031
04:32:42,700 --> 04:32:45,200
anxiety about Humanity's place 
in the universe. 

5032
04:32:46,200 --> 04:32:49,600
Darwin had displaced humans from
their special Creation in 

5033
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:52,800
industrialization and disrupted 
traditional communities. 

5034
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,800
Traditional religious certainty 
was eroding. 

5035
04:32:56,800 --> 04:33:00,500
The muria offered Comfort. 
A suggestion that Humanity had 

5036
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:04,400
once achieved greatness and 
might do so again the myth also 

5037
04:33:04,400 --> 04:33:08,300
reflects Colonial, attitude and 
anxiety is the idea that 

5038
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:11,599
isolated primitive people's 
might be degraded remnants of 

5039
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:15,500
advanced civilizations. 
Justified colonialism while 

5040
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:18,500
explaining cultural differences 
in ways that preserved European 

5041
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:23,000
superiority, Even as it critique
modern civilization flaws. 

5042
04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:26,700
The Murray and mythology, often 
embedded racist, assumptions 

5043
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:30,099
about human development and 
achievement, modern Believers in

5044
04:33:30,099 --> 04:33:33,000
lemuria face, different 
challenges than their Victorian 

5045
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,000
predecessors. 
They must navigate a world where

5046
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:38,400
a murias scientific 
impossibility, as well as 

5047
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:41,800
established This has led to 
interesting adaptations. 

5048
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,700
Some locate lemuria increasingly
remote time periods. 

5049
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:49,700
Hundreds of millions of years 
ago, when geological evidence 

5050
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:53,200
becomes murkier. 
Others shift from physical to 

5051
04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:57,599
metaphysical claims suggesting 
lemuria existed on spiritual 

5052
04:33:57,599 --> 04:34:01,400
rather than material planes. 
The Persistence of the lemuria 

5053
04:34:01,400 --> 04:34:05,300
belief, despite scientific 
consensus reveals the limits of 

5054
04:34:05,300 --> 04:34:08,200
scientific Authority and shaping
public imagination. 

5055
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,400
Science can establish facts 
about the physical world, but it

5056
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,500
cannot dictate what stories 
people find meaningful or what 

5057
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:19,599
beliefs serve their cycle needs.
This is both science is 

5058
04:34:19,599 --> 04:34:23,200
limitation and its strength. 
It constrains itself to 

5059
04:34:23,200 --> 04:34:26,099
answerable questions, rather 
than claiming authority over 

5060
04:34:26,099 --> 04:34:29,599
human meaning, making lemuria 
has also become a case, study 

5061
04:34:29,599 --> 04:34:32,900
and how to approach dubious 
claims without dismissing the 

5062
04:34:32,900 --> 04:34:36,599
people who hold them. 
Get dicks who simply mockery of 

5063
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:39,900
Believers often miss the 
opportunity to understand why 

5064
04:34:39,900 --> 04:34:43,400
the myth remains of healing. 
The Lost Continent addresses. 

5065
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:47,400
Real needs for one for 
connection to something greater 

5066
04:34:47,400 --> 04:34:50,700
than oneself and for 
alternatives to materialistic 

5067
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:53,500
reductionism. 
The educational challenge is 

5068
04:34:53,500 --> 04:34:56,099
finding ways to teach critical 
thinking while respecting 

5069
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:59,900
people's need for meaning. 
Explaining why lemuria is 

5070
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:02,099
geologically. 
Impossible is relatively 

5071
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,099
straightforward. 
Helping people understand what 

5072
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:08,300
needs the myth serves and 
finding better ways to meet 

5073
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:11,300
those needs is much harder. 
But ultimately more important 

5074
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:14,599
lemuria has left. 
Its mark on language and culture

5075
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:17,900
in ways that persist regardless 
of belief in its literal 

5076
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,099
existence. 
When someone refers to an idea, 

5077
04:35:21,099 --> 04:35:25,400
as lemuria vague 
unsubstantiated, but appealing 

5078
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,200
their drawing on the Lost 
continents Legacy. 

5079
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:32,300
Terms become short-hand for a 
particular kind of a attractive 

5080
04:35:32,300 --> 04:35:35,700
but unfounded speculation. 
The myth has also influenced 

5081
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:39,300
legitimate archeology and 
anthropology by creating 

5082
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:42,900
expectations and interpretations
that researchers must navigate. 

5083
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:46,900
when unusual artifact or 
structures are discovered, 

5084
04:35:46,900 --> 04:35:52,300
someone inevitably suggest 
Lemurian Origins, This forces 

5085
04:35:52,300 --> 04:35:55,200
scientists to repeatedly 
explained dating methods, 

5086
04:35:55,200 --> 04:35:58,800
construction techniques and 
cultural contexts. 

5087
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:02,400
Which can be frustrating. 
But also provides opportunities 

5088
04:36:02,400 --> 04:36:06,200
for public education about how 
we actually understand the 

5089
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:08,800
passed. 
Lemuria, as most lasting 

5090
04:36:08,800 --> 04:36:12,300
contribution is as a reminder of
science is provisional nature. 

5091
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:17,000
Scientific theories that gave 
birth to lemuria seemed sound 

5092
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,700
based on available evidence. 
Scientists weren't being foolish

5093
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:22,599
or credulous. 
They were working with 

5094
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,900
incomplete information and 
proposing, explanations that fit

5095
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:28,000
their understanding of how the 
world worked. 

5096
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:32,400
That those explanations proved 
incorrect, doesn't diminish, the

5097
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:35,400
legitimate scientific process 
that generated them. 

5098
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,599
This should make us humble about
current scientific consensus. 

5099
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:42,500
Not every Theory will be 
overturned, but history suggests

5100
04:36:42,500 --> 04:36:45,700
that some of what we consider 
establish fact will be revised 

5101
04:36:45,700 --> 04:36:49,700
as understanding deepens. 
The scientific method strength 

5102
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:53,200
lies in its self-correction. 
Its willingness to abandon even 

5103
04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:56,700
cherished theories when evidence
demands it at the same time 

5104
04:36:56,700 --> 04:36:59,800
Aureus transformation from 
hypothesis to myth, 

5105
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:03,300
Demonstrates, the danger of 
premature certainly. 

5106
04:37:04,000 --> 04:37:07,099
The ease with which Victorian 
scientists accepted the 

5107
04:37:07,099 --> 04:37:10,200
subsiding continent hypothesis 
suggests. 

5108
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,099
They were too quick to embrace 
convenient explanations. 

5109
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:16,599
This is a trap that each 
generation of scientists must 

5110
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,900
guard against the temptation to 
accept explanations that fit 

5111
04:37:20,900 --> 04:37:25,000
expectations, rather than 
demanding rigorous proof, the 

5112
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:28,500
Believers in lemuria, the myth 
offer something science, cannot 

5113
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:31,800
A sense of enchantment in a 
distant chanted world. 

5114
04:37:32,800 --> 04:37:35,500
It suggests that reality is 
larger and Stranger Than 

5115
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:39,599
mainstream understanding allows 
that mystery persists, despite 

5116
04:37:39,599 --> 04:37:43,900
scientific explanation and that 
rationality doesn't exhaust the 

5117
04:37:43,900 --> 04:37:45,900
possibilities of Human 
Experience. 

5118
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:49,900
These are important needs that 
deserve respect even when 

5119
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:52,500
specific beliefs don't deserve 
acceptance. 

5120
04:37:52,500 --> 04:37:56,599
The question isn't, whether 
lemuria existed geologically? 

5121
04:37:56,599 --> 04:37:59,500
It didn't. 
The interesting question is why 

5122
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:01,000
people continue to believe in 
it? 

5123
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:02,800
And what that belief does for 
them. 

5124
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:06,900
Some are drawn to the narrative.
Spiritual elements finding 

5125
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:10,000
meaning in Lemurian teachings 
about Consciousness and human 

5126
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:13,000
potential. 
Others, appreciate the myths, 

5127
04:38:13,000 --> 04:38:17,099
critique of modern civilization,
using lemuria as a lens for 

5128
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:19,900
examining what contemporary 
Society might be missing. 

5129
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:23,599
Young people today, discovering 
lemuria often approach it 

5130
04:38:23,599 --> 04:38:24,900
differently than earlier 
Generations. 

5131
04:38:24,900 --> 04:38:29,200
Many treated as aesthetic. 
Inspirational, the Murano 

5132
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:33,099
imagery for art musical fashion 
without committing to literal 

5133
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:35,800
belief. 
This ironic or aesthetic 

5134
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:39,700
appropriation represents another
evolution of the myth one that 

5135
04:38:39,700 --> 04:38:43,599
values lemurs and imaginative 
power while acknowledging its 

5136
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,599
factual problems. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

5137
04:38:46,599 --> 04:38:51,700
consider this Lemuria never 
existed as a physical place, but

5138
04:38:51,700 --> 04:38:56,500
it exists very much as an idea. 
Map showing its location, have 

5139
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:59,000
influenced, thought, and culture
for over a century. 

5140
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:02,900
Books describing its 
civilization Line library 

5141
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:07,000
shelves, art depicting, its 
Landscapes, hangs and galleries.

5142
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:11,300
The lost continent is imaginary 
but it's affects a real this 

5143
04:39:11,300 --> 04:39:14,700
Paradox that fictional places 
can have genuine consequences. 

5144
04:39:14,700 --> 04:39:17,800
Tells us something profound 
about human nature. 

5145
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:21,400
We are storytelling creatures, 
who create meaning through 

5146
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:25,000
narrative facts matter, but 
stories matter too. 

5147
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:29,000
And sometimes they matter in 
different ways, the blank spaces

5148
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,400
on those Victorian Maps, weren't
really blank, they were full of 

5149
04:39:32,408 --> 04:39:36,300
possibility. 
When explorers finally matched 

5150
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:40,200
those spaces and found only 
water coral, reefs and volcanic 

5151
04:39:40,200 --> 04:39:42,800
islands. 
They eliminated geographical 

5152
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:45,600
mystery but couldn't eliminate 
the human need for Wonder 

5153
04:39:46,400 --> 04:39:49,500
lemuria filled that need. 
And when physical geography, 

5154
04:39:49,500 --> 04:39:53,300
could no longer accommodate it. 
The myth simply migrated to 

5155
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:56,600
other territories. 
The distant paste, alternative 

5156
04:39:56,600 --> 04:40:01,300
Dimensions, spiritual Realms, 
your own life, probably contains

5157
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:04,700
equivalent blank spaces periods.
You don't fully remember 

5158
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:08,500
possibilities. 
Not pursued, Futures, that might

5159
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:12,900
have been Like Victorian 
cartographers filling, oceans 

5160
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:16,400
with speculative continents, 
you've probably populated your 

5161
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:19,500
blank spaces with imagine what 
ifs and might have been beans. 

5162
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:23,000
This isn't foolishness, it's 
imagination. 

5163
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:26,200
And Imagination is as 
fundamental to human nature. 

5164
04:40:26,200 --> 04:40:30,000
As reason the story of lemuria 
teaches us to hold our 

5165
04:40:30,000 --> 04:40:33,000
certainties lightly, The 
Victorian scientists who 

5166
04:40:33,000 --> 04:40:34,500
proposed. 
Sunken continents. 

5167
04:40:34,500 --> 04:40:36,800
Weren't stupid. 
They were working with 

5168
04:40:36,800 --> 04:40:40,600
incomplete information and doing
their best to explain genuine 

5169
04:40:40,600 --> 04:40:43,500
Mysteries. 
The mystics who elaborated, the 

5170
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:47,600
myth weren't all frauds, many 
genuinely sought, meaning in a 

5171
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:49,300
world that seemed increasingly 
meaningless. 

5172
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:54,000
Even modern Believers in lemuria
are necessarily credulous. 

5173
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:57,300
There are often thoughtful 
people who have decided that 

5174
04:40:57,300 --> 04:41:00,500
spiritual truth and scientific 
fact operate in different 

5175
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,200
domains. 
This doesn't mean all beliefs 

5176
04:41:03,200 --> 04:41:06,300
are equally valid that we should
abandon critical thinking. 

5177
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:10,100
Scientific evidence. 
Clearly demonstrates that no 

5178
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,300
continent sized land. 
Mass has subsided in the Indian 

5179
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:16,000
or Pacific Ocean within the 
time. 

5180
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:17,700
Frame relevant to human 
evolution. 

5181
04:41:17,700 --> 04:41:21,600
Plate tectonics explains the 
distribution of species and 

5182
04:41:21,600 --> 04:41:26,000
geological formations without 
requiring lost continents, these

5183
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:29,900
facts matter and respecting 
evidence matters but facts, 

5184
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:34,400
don't exhaust reality. the human
need for, Wonder for connection 

5185
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:37,700
to something greater than 
ourselves, the narratives that 

5186
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:40,600
give life meaning These are all 
so real. 

5187
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:45,400
Lemuria persists not because 
evidence supports it but because

5188
04:41:45,400 --> 04:41:48,300
it addresses needs that evidence
cannot satisfy. 

5189
04:41:49,200 --> 04:41:52,400
Understanding this helps us 
appreciate why myths endure and 

5190
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:55,400
what purposes? 
They serve the 21st century 

5191
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,400
presents us with fewer, 
geographical blank spaces than 

5192
04:41:58,400 --> 04:42:01,800
the victorians enjoyed. 
We've discovered new Realms of 

5193
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:05,000
Mystery. 
The ocean depths remain largely 

5194
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:08,500
unexplored. 
Quantum realm behaves in ways 

5195
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:12,100
that defy intuition. 
Consciousness itself remains 

5196
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:14,600
mysterious despite advances in 
neuroscience. 

5197
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:18,300
Perhaps these modern Mysteries. 
Will inspire new myths? 

5198
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:22,500
New lemuria suited to 
contemporary needs what we can 

5199
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:24,900
learn from. 
Lemuria story is the importance 

5200
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,300
of distinguishing between 
different kinds of Truth. 

5201
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:32,300
Scientific truth based on 
evidence and testing tells us 

5202
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:36,600
what physically exists. 
Mythological truth based on 

5203
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:40,000
meaning and narrative tells us 
what we need psychologically and

5204
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:42,700
spiritually. 
The problems arise. 

5205
04:42:42,700 --> 04:42:45,700
When we confuse these 
categories, when myths, claim 

5206
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:49,000
scientific Authority, they don't
have or when science claims to 

5207
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:50,700
answer questions Beyond its 
scope. 

5208
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:54,100
He mature relationship with 
beliefs like lemuria involves 

5209
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:57,100
appreciating what they offer 
while acknowledging what they 

5210
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:00,300
lack. 
You can find meaning in Lemurian

5211
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,600
mythologies, emphasis on 
Spiritual Development without 

5212
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:06,300
believing in literal, Lemurian 
civilizations. 

5213
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:09,700
You can use the myth as 
inspiration for art or 

5214
04:43:09,700 --> 04:43:13,300
meditation without making 
factual claims about geography. 

5215
04:43:14,300 --> 04:43:18,500
This both respects the myths, 
power and maintains intellectual

5216
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:21,000
honesty. 
The scientist who debunked 

5217
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:25,300
lemuria didn't destroy anything 
valuable They clarified, our 

5218
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:28,600
understanding of Earth's actual 
history, which is fascinating 

5219
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:30,500
enough without fictional 
continents. 

5220
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,600
The real story of gondwana 
breaking apart of India, 

5221
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:38,200
colliding, with Asia, to create 
the Himalayas of Australia, 

5222
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:41,600
drifting North while carrying 
its unique marsupial Foreigner. 

5223
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:46,100
This is genuinely wonderous. 
We don't need a imaginary 

5224
04:43:46,100 --> 04:43:48,500
continents, when actual 
geological history is so 

5225
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:51,200
remarkable. 
Yet, something is lost when we 

5226
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:54,200
eliminate all mystery. 
When every blank space gets 

5227
04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:58,100
filled with verified facts, 
tension between knowledge and 

5228
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,800
wonder between explanation and 
enchantment. 

5229
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:04,200
Is one that each generation must
navigate for itself. 

5230
04:44:05,300 --> 04:44:08,000
Perhaps the healthiest approach 
is maintaining both. 

5231
04:44:08,900 --> 04:44:13,300
Scientific literacy about how 
the world actually works coupled

5232
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:15,400
with appreciation for the human 
imagination. 

5233
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:19,100
That can conceive of lost 
continents, ancient 

5234
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:23,000
civilizations, and Spiritual 
truths, Beyond material, 

5235
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:25,200
reality. 
Lemuria reminds us. 

5236
04:44:25,200 --> 04:44:28,700
That humans have always been 
meaning makers storytellers who 

5237
04:44:28,708 --> 04:44:31,600
shape our understanding through 
narrative as much as through 

5238
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:35,300
observation. 
This is neither a flaw, nor a 

5239
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:37,000
virtue. 
It's simply what we are. 

5240
04:44:37,800 --> 04:44:41,000
The challenges doing it, 
consciously with awareness of 

5241
04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:43,200
when we're making claims about 
physical reality. 

5242
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:46,300
And when we're expressing 
psychological needs through 

5243
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:50,100
metaphor and myth as you drift 
towards sleep, you might dream 

5244
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:54,000
of Tropical Islands, appearing 
on empty ocean Horizon of 

5245
04:44:54,000 --> 04:44:58,000
ancient temples emerging from 
missed of civilization's that 

5246
04:44:58,000 --> 04:45:02,100
never were, but somehow feel 
real in the way that dreams feel

5247
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:04,700
real. 
These dreams can connect you to 

5248
04:45:04,700 --> 04:45:07,700
everyone who has ever wondered 
about what lies beyond the known

5249
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:12,200
as populated blank spaces with 
possibility and who has found 

5250
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:15,100
meaning and stories. 
That transcend fact, the 

5251
04:45:15,100 --> 04:45:17,900
victorians who imagined lemuria 
were trying to solve real 

5252
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:21,800
puzzles with the tools they had 
available, When better tools 

5253
04:45:21,800 --> 04:45:25,600
revealed better answers, the 
scientific hypothesis correctly 

5254
04:45:25,600 --> 04:45:30,100
faded away. 
But the myth persists because it

5255
04:45:30,100 --> 04:45:33,500
serves different needs needs for
Wonder for alternative 

5256
04:45:33,500 --> 04:45:36,700
possibilities for narratives. 
That suggests human. 

5257
04:45:36,700 --> 04:45:40,100
Existence is larger and more 
meaningful than materialistic 

5258
04:45:40,100 --> 04:45:44,400
reduction allows tomorrow when 
you wake, you'll inhabit a 

5259
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:47,800
thoroughly mapped world. 
Satellites are photographed, 

5260
04:45:47,800 --> 04:45:50,000
every square mile of land and 
sea. 

5261
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:52,900
We know where continents are, 
how they've moved. 

5262
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:54,900
And why lemurs live where they 
do? 

5263
04:45:54,900 --> 04:46:00,000
This is progress. 
Genuine valuable progress, that 

5264
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:02,100
expands human understanding and 
capability. 

5265
04:46:02,100 --> 04:46:05,800
But you'll also wake to a world 
that still contains mystery 

5266
04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:09,600
still offers possibilities for 
one day and still invite 

5267
04:46:09,600 --> 04:46:11,600
imagination. 
Even in the absence of 

5268
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:16,100
geographical blank spaces. 
The human capacity to dream up 

5269
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:19,200
lost continents hasn't 
disappeared, just because we've 

5270
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:23,100
mapped the ocean floor, it 
simply found new outlets, New 

5271
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:26,900
Frontiers, and new blank spaces 
to populate with possibility. 

5272
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:31,700
Lemuria was born from lemurs and
scientific puzzles, transformed 

5273
04:46:31,700 --> 04:46:35,500
by spiritual Seekers and 
romantic dreamers elaborated by 

5274
04:46:35,500 --> 04:46:38,400
artists and writers and survives
today. 

5275
04:46:38,400 --> 04:46:41,100
As an idea, that means different
things to different people. 

5276
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:43,800
It's a testament to human 
imagination. 

5277
04:46:43,800 --> 04:46:46,900
A cautionary tale about 
premature certainty. 

5278
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:50,700
And a reminder that the stories 
we tell ourselves are as much a 

5279
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:53,400
part of human reality as the 
facts. 

5280
04:46:53,400 --> 04:46:57,900
We discover the Lost Continent, 
never existed but the need to 

5281
04:46:57,900 --> 04:47:01,500
address is a real The 
civilization's described by 

5282
04:47:01,500 --> 04:47:05,600
Mystics, never flourished. 
But the yearning for Golden Ages

5283
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:10,300
and spiritual wisdom is genuine.
The geographical hypothesis was 

5284
04:47:10,300 --> 04:47:13,800
wrong but the impulse to explain
puzzling observations was 

5285
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:18,200
scientifically legitimate. 
Lemuria is false but not 

5286
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:22,500
meaningless a sleep approaches. 
Let lemuria remind you that the 

5287
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:25,800
boundary between fact and 
fiction between knowledge and 

5288
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:30,400
Imagination and between science 
and myth is more permeable than 

5289
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:33,700
we often acknowledge. 
We need rigorous thinking to 

5290
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,600
understand how the world works. 
But we also need imagination to 

5291
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:39,200
Envision how it might be 
different. 

5292
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:43,200
We need evidence to guide our 
beliefs but we also need 

5293
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:47,100
narratives to give our lives. 
Meaning the story of lemuria is 

5294
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:50,600
ultimately hopeful. 
It shows that humans have always

5295
04:47:50,600 --> 04:47:54,200
looked at mystery and tried to 
understand it, have always faced

5296
04:47:54,200 --> 04:47:57,800
the unknown and tried to map it 
and have always encountered 

5297
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,200
limits and tried to transcend 
them. 

5298
04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:04,500
Sometimes are answers are wrong,
but the questions reveal, what 

5299
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:09,900
matters to her connection 
meaning wonder and the Eternal 

5300
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:12,100
human impulse to explore beyond 
the known. 

5301
04:48:12,100 --> 04:48:14,900
So sleep. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

5302
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:17,800
species that can imagine entire 
continents in to existence. 

5303
04:48:17,800 --> 04:48:23,300
And then with equal creativity, 
use the scientific method to 

5304
04:48:23,300 --> 04:48:28,600
discover what actually exists. 
Both capabilities imagination 

5305
04:48:28,600 --> 04:48:31,100
and investigation, make us 
human. 

5306
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:33,400
Neither is complete without the 
other. 

5307
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:36,500
The blank space is on. 
Victorian maps are filled now 

5308
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:39,100
but new blank spaces, always 
emerge. 

5309
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:43,400
The questions that inspired 
lemuria are answered but new 

5310
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:48,600
questions constantly arise. the 
lost continent has been found in

5311
04:48:48,600 --> 04:48:53,700
myth in art in culture and in 
the persistent human need for 

5312
04:48:53,700 --> 04:48:57,700
stories that transcend, the 
merely factual lemuria reminds 

5313
04:48:57,700 --> 04:49:01,500
us that we are fundamentally 
explorers, not just a physical 

5314
04:49:01,500 --> 04:49:05,600
geography, but of possibility of
meaning of the territories where

5315
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,900
fact, and Imagination 
intertwine, We map what we find 

5316
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:11,800
that we also dream of what might
be. 

5317
04:49:12,700 --> 04:49:16,200
We correct our mistakes but we 
never stop creating new visions 

5318
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:20,600
and perhaps that's the truest 
Legacy of lemuria not as a 

5319
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:23,000
cautionary tale about scientific
era or an example of 

5320
04:49:23,000 --> 04:49:25,400
gullibility. 
But as a testament to the 

5321
04:49:25,408 --> 04:49:29,200
indomitable human spirit. 
That looks at an empty ocean and

5322
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:33,100
imagines continents that 
scattered species and envisions 

5323
04:49:33,100 --> 04:49:37,600
Bridges at apparent limitations,
and dreams of transcendence, the

5324
04:49:37,600 --> 04:49:42,100
lost continent is found not 
where Maps suggested not, where 

5325
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:45,000
Mystics claimed. 
But in the persistent, human 

5326
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:49,000
capacity to populate blank 
spaces with Wonder to create 

5327
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:52,800
meaning from Mystery and to keep
exploring long after the maps 

5328
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:56,200
complete dream of content that 
never were. 

5329
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:58,800
But somehow remain more real 
than many things that are. 

5330
04:49:59,700 --> 04:50:03,200
Dream of the blank spaces where 
possibility lives of the 

5331
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:07,100
questions that Inspire both 
science and story and of the 

5332
04:50:07,108 --> 04:50:09,700
Eternal human Journey between 
what we know and what we 

5333
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:14,600
imagined for in the end lemuria 
teaches us this, the maps we 

5334
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:18,600
make of the world matter but so 
do the maps we make of meaning. 

5335
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:23,300
Physical geography, constrains, 
where continents can be but 

5336
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:27,700
imagination has no such limits. 
Reality defines what is? 

5337
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:32,000
But humans have always been more
interested in what could be What

5338
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:35,500
Might Have Been and what Stories
We Tell ourselves about both. 

5339
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:39,700
So rest, now in this thoroughly 
Maps, world, that still contains

5340
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:43,500
infinite mystery, this evidence,
based reality that still 

5341
04:50:43,500 --> 04:50:47,300
accommodates one day. 
This scientific age that still 

5342
04:50:47,300 --> 04:50:51,600
needs myth. 
Lemuria is gone or rather never 

5343
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,800
was. 
But its Legacy endures in every 

5344
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:58,700
human who looks at the unknown 
and dares to imagine sweet 

5345
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:02,600
dreams of lost worlds, and 
found, wisdom of blank spaces 

5346
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:06,300
filled with possibility of the 
Eternal dance between knowledge 

5347
04:51:06,300 --> 04:51:11,400
and wonder that makes us human. 
The continent may be lost but 

5348
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:15,200
the capacity to dream it into 
being and then to seek truth 

5349
04:51:15,200 --> 04:51:18,800
about what actually is remains 
are most distinctly human 

5350
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:27,300
inheritance. 
Thomas Jefferson was born on 

5351
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:32,100
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell
a plantation in the Virginia. 

5352
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:35,900
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

5353
04:51:35,900 --> 04:51:38,500
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

5354
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:42,400
adventurous Spirit, his mother 
Jane Randolph came from a 

5355
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,500
prominent family. 
Growing up a mid-roll hills and 

5356
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:49,300
dense forests young Thomas 
embraced the frontier ethos even

5357
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:52,000
as he absorbed the Gentile 
expectations of the colonial 

5358
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,600
Gentry. 
He delighted in for horseback 

5359
04:51:54,600 --> 04:51:57,700
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

5360
04:51:57,708 --> 04:52:00,200
intellectual debate. 
Cuttsia, visiting tutors. 

5361
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,600
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

5362
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:07,300
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved. 

5363
04:52:07,300 --> 04:52:09,700
Workforce. 
Forming its backbone, Peter 

5364
04:52:09,700 --> 04:52:11,800
Jefferson owned enslaved. 
Laborers. 

5365
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:14,700
And Thomas grew up witnessing 
the institution's daily 

5366
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:16,900
operations, and uneasy 
inheritance. 

5367
04:52:16,900 --> 04:52:19,600
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years. 

5368
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:22,800
But as a child, he balanced 
field observations with 

5369
04:52:22,800 --> 04:52:25,100
classical studies. 
His father died. 

5370
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:29,200
When Thomas was 14 leaving him, 
a sizeable estate, but also the 

5371
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:33,600
burden of paternal absence this 
responsibility shaped him and 

5372
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:35,900
stilling a drive for 
self-reliance and scholarly 

5373
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:39,800
achievement. 
Around age 17 Jefferson enrolled

5374
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:41,900
at the College of William and 
Mary and Williamsburg. 

5375
04:52:41,900 --> 04:52:45,600
He immersed himself in 
philosophy mathematics and the 

5376
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:48,800
law studying under influential 
mentors like George Wythe. 

5377
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:51,600
Late-night reading sessions at 
the Royal Governor's Palace 

5378
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,600
Library fostered, his 
fascination with Enlightenment 

5379
04:52:54,600 --> 04:52:58,200
thinkers, John Locke, 
Montesquieu and others their 

5380
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:01,500
calls for reason over tradition,
resonated with Jefferson who 

5381
04:53:01,500 --> 04:53:04,500
scoured texts on government 
science and ethics. 

5382
04:53:05,300 --> 04:53:08,700
He also cultivated his violin 
skills, joining small music, 

5383
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:11,200
Gatherings that balanced his 
rigorous academic schedule. 

5384
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:15,500
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

5385
04:53:15,500 --> 04:53:19,100
wise forging, a bond that melded
legal rigor with ethical 

5386
04:53:19,100 --> 04:53:22,000
inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

5387
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:25,000
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

5388
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:29,500
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

5389
04:53:29,500 --> 04:53:32,100
of tensions Brewing between the 
colonies and Britain. 

5390
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:35,800
Attending assemblies where 
Taxation and representation and 

5391
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:39,600
Royal Theory, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

5392
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:43,400
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice but his private

5393
04:53:43,400 --> 04:53:46,200
letters revealed a keen sense of
Injustice at parliament's 

5394
04:53:46,200 --> 04:53:50,200
intrusion by 1767. 
He began practicing law. 

5395
04:53:50,200 --> 04:53:53,900
After being admitted to the bar.
You frequently represented small

5396
04:53:53,900 --> 04:53:56,800
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

5397
04:53:56,800 --> 04:54:00,100
in customs and forcement. 
Observers noted his calm 

5398
04:54:00,100 --> 04:54:03,800
demeanor, meticulous, arguments 
and persuasive writing. 

5399
04:54:04,700 --> 04:54:07,700
He built a reputation as a 
reliable Advocate who valued 

5400
04:54:07,700 --> 04:54:11,400
Clarity over theatrics. 
That skill set would soon extend

5401
04:54:11,400 --> 04:54:15,300
to political life as Colonial 
unrest over the Stamp Act and 

5402
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:18,900
Townsend duties escalated. 
Parallel to his legal career, 

5403
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:23,200
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion
of Monticello his future 

5404
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:25,500
architectural, Masterpiece 
perched, on a hill near 

5405
04:54:25,500 --> 04:54:28,700
Shadwell, he had begun designing
the house in his early twenties 

5406
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:31,700
referencing palladian, styles 
gleaned from books. 

5407
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:35,900
The properties Vantage offered 
sweeping views symbolizing for 

5408
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:39,200
Jefferson, both intellectual 
curiosity and the potential of 

5409
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,700
the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

5410
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:45,200
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

5411
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:48,800
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

5412
04:54:48,800 --> 04:54:51,900
rooms. 
Monticello was not just a home, 

5413
04:54:51,900 --> 04:54:55,500
but a living laboratory for 
architecture, Horticulture and 

5414
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:59,400
personal reflection. 
Reflection. 

5415
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:04,400
In 1769, he won a seat in the 
Virginia House of Burgesses 

5416
04:55:04,400 --> 04:55:07,100
marking his formal entry into 
public affairs. 

5417
04:55:07,100 --> 04:55:11,000
He arrived in a tense climate 
radical voices called for 

5418
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:14,300
boycotts of British goods 
Jefferson though quietly spoken 

5419
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:16,200
sided with the emerging 
Patriots. 

5420
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:19,400
He penned resolutions decrying 
British ovary though. 

5421
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:21,700
Initially mild in tone over 
time. 

5422
04:55:21,700 --> 04:55:24,700
His pain would sharpen as London
doubled down on the colonial 

5423
04:55:24,700 --> 04:55:28,400
Authority around this era, he 
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,

5424
04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:32,200
a young Widow, famed for musical
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 

5425
04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:37,100
They married on New Year's Day 
at 1772, forging, a partnership 

5426
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,700
that would shape Jefferson's 
personal life. she joined him at

5427
04:55:40,700 --> 04:55:44,500
Monticello, though, her health 
was fragile, they spent tranquil

5428
04:55:44,500 --> 04:55:47,700
moments, reading or playing 
Duets Jefferson on violin, 

5429
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:52,500
Martha on harpsichord, Their 
bond was tender yet overshadowed

5430
04:55:52,500 --> 04:55:54,300
by the mortality rates of the 
period. 

5431
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:58,300
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children, but only

5432
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:01,100
two daughters survived to adult 
hood her eventual. 

5433
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,400
Passing left, Jefferson in deep 
mourning and like influenced his

5434
04:56:04,400 --> 04:56:07,600
future emotional Reserve. 
Early in the 17th century. 

5435
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:10,900
Jefferson found himself on the 
brink of a more significant, 

5436
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:14,200
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 
Party erupted. 

5437
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:17,200
The British closed, the port of 
Boston and the call for 

5438
04:56:17,200 --> 04:56:21,600
intercolonial University grew, 
loudon's pain influenced by his 

5439
04:56:21,600 --> 04:56:23,800
legal background and 
Enlightenment conviction. 

5440
04:56:23,800 --> 04:56:27,600
Would soon craft arguments that 
soared, Beyond local assemblies,

5441
04:56:29,100 --> 04:56:31,800
Fate was guiding him toward the 
epicenter of revolutionary 

5442
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:34,800
debate where he had become a 
pivotal voice championing 

5443
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:38,100
Independence and articulating. 
A new model of governance for 

5444
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:41,400
now, though, he was a rising 
Virginian, notable poised 

5445
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:44,800
methodical and quietly 
determined with Monticello as 

5446
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:46,800
both sanctuary and symbol of 
evolving ideals. 

5447
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:50,900
Jefferson's political instincts,
emerged as Colonial tensions, 

5448
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:54,400
escalated into outright conflict
in 1774. 

5449
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:57,900
He drafted a summary view of the
rights of British America. 

5450
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:01,600
Pamphlet, addressing colonial 
grievances. 

5451
04:57:02,500 --> 04:57:04,300
Though less famous than later 
texts. 

5452
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:07,300
It signaled. 
A decisive shift arguing. 

5453
04:57:07,300 --> 04:57:10,000
That Parliament had no authority
to govern the colonies without 

5454
04:57:10,000 --> 04:57:13,700
their consent. 
This stance radical for its time

5455
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:16,500
circulated. 
Widely some older Patriots, 

5456
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:19,200
found at Brash, but for 
Jefferson it was a matter of 

5457
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:22,000
logical extension. 
If reason and natural rights 

5458
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:26,200
were Universal, British claims 
to Dominion flouted moral law, 

5459
04:57:26,200 --> 04:57:31,100
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 
talents sending him in 1774 to 

5460
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:34,300
the second continental congress 
in Philadelphia the environment 

5461
04:57:34,300 --> 04:57:37,800
crackled with possibility 
delegates from 13 colonies 

5462
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:40,600
debated whether to petition the 
crown or brace for Independence,

5463
04:57:40,600 --> 04:57:44,300
Jefferson stoic, Presence 
overshadowed by the fiery 

5464
04:57:44,300 --> 04:57:47,300
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 

5465
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:51,700
masked his deep conviction. 
He served on committees drafting

5466
04:57:51,700 --> 04:57:54,700
formal statements, the 
skirmishers around Lexington and

5467
04:57:54,700 --> 04:57:56,700
Concord flared into the 
Revolutionary War. 

5468
04:57:56,700 --> 04:58:02,200
The push for full Independence, 
intensified in June 1776, the 

5469
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,600
Congress appointed a five-man 
committee to draft a declaration

5470
04:58:04,608 --> 04:58:06,700
asserting. 
The colonies break from Britain 

5471
04:58:06,700 --> 04:58:11,200
despite his relative youth 
Jefferson was chosen with atoms.

5472
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:14,600
And Franklin among the others, 
they recognized his gift for 

5473
04:58:14,600 --> 04:58:17,700
articulate Pros, honed by years 
of reading, and lightning 

5474
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:20,100
treaters as hold up in a second 
floor. 

5475
04:58:20,100 --> 04:58:23,300
Apartment Jefferson wrote 
feverishly, for two weeks. 

5476
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:27,300
You produced a text that merged 
Loki and philosophy with a 

5477
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:31,900
distinctly American context, 
championing life, liberty, and 

5478
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:35,500
the pursuit of happiness. 
The phrase soared Beyond local 

5479
04:58:35,500 --> 04:58:38,300
grievances, to a universal 
principle of individual rights 

5480
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:40,900
Adams and Franklin made slight 
edits. 

5481
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,700
And the Congress after heated 
debate adopted, a final version 

5482
04:58:44,700 --> 04:58:48,600
on July 4th, 1776, thus 
Jefferson's words became the 

5483
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:51,800
Bedrock statement of a nascent 
Nation though, the final text 

5484
04:58:51,800 --> 04:58:54,000
moderated some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery. 

5485
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:58,400
Speaking of slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

5486
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:02,000
even then he condemned the slave
trade in an early draft of the 

5487
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:05,400
Declaration that passage was cut
under pressure from Southern 

5488
04:59:05,400 --> 04:59:07,700
delegates. 
He personally owned enslaved 

5489
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:11,400
individuals at Monticello over 
time, he Penn theoretical 

5490
04:59:11,400 --> 04:59:14,700
critique of slavery as morally 
corrosive yet. 

5491
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:16,500
He never comprehensively freed 
his own. 

5492
04:59:16,508 --> 04:59:20,300
This Paradox rarely resolved 
would haunt his legacy. 

5493
04:59:21,200 --> 04:59:24,100
Despite disclaiming the system 
as an abominable crime. 

5494
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:27,100
His economic Reliance on it. 
Ran deep. 

5495
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,300
Following the declaration's 
adoption Jeffrey, Jefferson 

5496
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:32,700
returned to Virginia to help 
craft the State's new 

5497
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:35,200
Constitution and overhaul its 
legal codes. 

5498
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:38,700
He championed this establishment
of the Anglican Church in 

5499
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:41,200
religious freedom, was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

5500
04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:44,100
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

5501
04:59:44,100 --> 04:59:45,900
concentrated in certain 
families. 

5502
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:50,000
Such measures including the 
Statute for Religious Freedom. 

5503
04:59:50,000 --> 04:59:53,400
Would become pillars of 
Jefferson's vision of Republican

5504
04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:57,300
Society, a place where personal 
conscience reigned and inherited

5505
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:00,600
privileged dwindled Yet 
implementing them stirred, 

5506
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:03,900
resistance from tradition-bound 
legislators during the war. 

5507
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:09,500
Jefferson served as Virginia's 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 

5508
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:13,900
tenure overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

5509
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:17,600
him in ways that writing never 
had. he faced logistical, chaos,

5510
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:22,000
troop shortages, Mega supplies, 
and Loyalists, uprisings, 

5511
05:00:22,000 --> 05:00:25,900
British forces, under Benedict, 
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 

5512
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:29,000
capturing Jefferson at 
Monticello Critique of his 

5513
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:32,500
governorship circulated branding
him ineffective or hesitant 

5514
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:35,900
Under Pressure. 
This damaged his reputation but 

5515
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:38,400
the wars chaos left, no easy 
solution for any leader. 

5516
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:43,100
In 1781 after stepping down, 
Jefferson retreated to 

5517
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:47,200
Monticello battered in spirit. 
The personal realm also dealt in

5518
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:49,900
blows heartbreak. 
At the death of his wife Martha 

5519
05:00:49,900 --> 05:00:53,800
in 1782, she had endured 
multiple difficult pregnancies 

5520
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:58,200
and her final days for Jefferson
nearly inconsolable, her 

5521
05:00:58,200 --> 05:01:00,100
deathbed request, that he not 
remarried. 

5522
05:01:00,100 --> 05:01:03,400
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 
He burned their correspondence 

5523
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:06,400
and actor, reflecting deep grief
and a desire for privacy. 

5524
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:09,900
The father of two surviving 
daughters, he turned inward 

5525
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:13,700
focusing on writing notes, on 
the state of Virginia, a 

5526
05:01:13,700 --> 05:01:16,300
comprehensive, look at his 
regions geography, economy and 

5527
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:19,800
Moors sprinkled with 
philosophical musings that text 

5528
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:23,400
published years, later revealed,
both his intellectual scope, and

5529
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:25,900
the racial theories that many 
modern readers find troubling. 

5530
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:31,500
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 
felt the weight of personal loss

5531
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:33,600
and the uncertainties of the new
Confederation. 

5532
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:36,200
He took a seat in the 
Continental Congress. 

5533
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:41,000
Forging ahead with legislative 
tasks. the faint outlines of a 

5534
05:01:41,000 --> 05:01:44,100
more stable federal government 
were forming and so we see 

5535
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:47,500
Jefferson father of the 
Declaration parted from his wife

5536
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,700
and certain about the new 
nation's trajectory, but 

5537
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:54,500
steadfast in pursuit of Reason, 
by governments His next chapter,

5538
05:01:54,500 --> 05:01:58,300
beckoned a diplomatic role in 
Europe, giving him advantage on 

5539
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:00,300
global politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

5540
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:02,600
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

5541
05:02:03,900 --> 05:02:07,800
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging heartbreak, 

5542
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:11,100
revolutionary ideals and the 
complexities of forging a stable

5543
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:15,200
Republic from scratch. 
In 1784 Congress appointed 

5544
05:02:15,200 --> 05:02:18,600
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France succeeding Benjamin 

5545
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,500
Franklin in representing the 
fledgling United States abroad. 

5546
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:25,700
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 
found the city teeming with 

5547
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:29,900
Enlightenment further 
intellectual salons and Noble. 

5548
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:33,300
Flamboyance despite missing 
Monticello's quiet Hills. 

5549
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:36,300
He savored the chance to 
cultivate ties with European 

5550
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:38,100
thinkers and push for commercial
treaties. 

5551
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:41,300
Beneficial to the US. 
He immersed himself in French 

5552
05:02:41,300 --> 05:02:44,200
culture, tending theater, 
frequenting scientific 

5553
05:02:44,200 --> 05:02:47,300
demonstrations and forging 
friendships with luminaries like

5554
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:51,500
the Marquis de Lafayette. 
This diplomatic post sharp and 

5555
05:02:51,508 --> 05:02:54,800
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 
He observed how Europe's 

5556
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:58,600
monarchical structures, stifled 
personal freedoms reinforcing 

5557
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:01,500
his belief that the American 
Express experiment in Republican

5558
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:03,100
governance was unique and 
precious. 

5559
05:03:03,900 --> 05:03:06,800
At the same time, he recognized 
that Europe's manufacturing, 

5560
05:03:06,800 --> 05:03:10,800
base dwarfed, that of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

5561
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:14,000
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timba, 

5562
05:03:14,000 --> 05:03:16,900
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

5563
05:03:17,800 --> 05:03:21,200
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's calm intellect 

5564
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:22,300
helped. 
Cultivate Goodwill. 

5565
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:27,000
While in Paris Jefferson also 
served as a cultural conduit, he

5566
05:03:27,000 --> 05:03:29,800
introduced French Elites to 
American plants and produce 

5567
05:03:29,800 --> 05:03:33,800
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 
pecan trees in return. 

5568
05:03:33,800 --> 05:03:37,900
He noted French architecture and
engineering particularly the 

5569
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:39,700
building of canals and 
mechanisms. 

5570
05:03:39,700 --> 05:03:43,000
Flour Mills letters, home 
brimmed with ideas for 

5571
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:45,600
implementing such Innovations in
the new United States 

5572
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:49,200
reflecting, his unwavering 
desire to see his homeland 

5573
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:51,900
flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

5574
05:03:51,900 --> 05:03:54,800
politics swirling. 
In France though, few predicted 

5575
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:57,800
how rapidly the monarchy would 
topple in the coming years, on a

5576
05:03:57,800 --> 05:04:01,000
personal note, Jefferson's time 
in France was laced with 

5577
05:04:01,008 --> 05:04:04,400
paternal obligation. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

5578
05:04:04,400 --> 05:04:07,900
later joined by young daughter 
Polly to ensure they had a 

5579
05:04:07,908 --> 05:04:11,100
European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

5580
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:13,500
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

5581
05:04:13,500 --> 05:04:18,100
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

5582
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:20,000
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

5583
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:24,000
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship but many 

5584
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:26,700
conclude that she bore children.
Father, father by Jefferson 

5585
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:30,600
while details remain partly 
opaque the power and balance on 

5586
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:32,200
schools. 
The moral complexities 

5587
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:34,200
overshadowing, his public 
championing of Liberty. 

5588
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:38,000
In 1789 was the French 
Revolution, erupted? 

5589
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:41,300
Jefferson initially celebrated 
the wave of Reform. 

5590
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:44,000
He saw parallels, with 
America's, recent independent 

5591
05:04:44,000 --> 05:04:47,600
struggle, welcoming calls to 
curb aristocratic privilege. 

5592
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:51,400
Yet, the revolution's escalation
when moderate hopes gave way to 

5593
05:04:51,408 --> 05:04:56,000
the reign of terror alarmed him.
Before that radical shift, he 

5594
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,700
had already departed, France. 
recalled to serve as the first 

5595
05:04:59,700 --> 05:05:02,300
Secretary of State under 
President George Washington in 

5596
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:07,500
1790 his Paris Soldier and ended
with a me of admiration for 

5597
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:10,500
French Enlightenment and unease 
at the extremes, their 

5598
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:13,600
Revolution might unleash 
returning to the US Jeff's 

5599
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:16,000
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

5600
05:05:16,000 --> 05:05:19,500
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

5601
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,500
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

5602
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:24,100
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

5603
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:28,600
Jefferson conversely favored, 
robust State autonomy and warmer

5604
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:31,600
relations with France, their 
clashes anchored, the birth of 

5605
05:05:31,600 --> 05:05:35,500
America's first party system. 
The Federalists led by Hamilton 

5606
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:40,100
advocated centralization while 
the Democratic Republicans, led 

5607
05:05:40,100 --> 05:05:43,900
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian
base, to democracy and suspicion

5608
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:47,600
of concentrated Federal power. 
During this cabinet period. 

5609
05:05:47,600 --> 05:05:51,900
Jefferson navigated multiple 
crises tensions with Britain. 

5610
05:05:51,900 --> 05:05:54,900
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 
alliances with 

5611
05:05:54,900 --> 05:05:58,300
post-revolutionary, France and 
domestic Strife like the Whiskey

5612
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:01,000
Rebellion. 
He championed free trade and a 

5613
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:03,600
minimal Navy. 
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a

5614
05:06:03,600 --> 05:06:06,100
standing army. 
Deep philosophical differences, 

5615
05:06:06,100 --> 05:06:09,100
turned personal, prompting 
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 

5616
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:12,000
in 1793 soon. 
He built a political Network 

5617
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,800
harnessing sympathetic 
newspapers to shape public 

5618
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:17,000
opinion. 
This Dynamic signaled, the 

5619
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:20,000
future of American politics, 
where partisan alignments would 

5620
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:25,100
drive policy discourse. 
By 1796 the Schism was public 

5621
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:28,300
Jefferson found himself running 
for president against John 

5622
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:31,200
Adams, though. 
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 

5623
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:32,900
narrowly and became Adams's 
vice. 

5624
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:35,500
President, a job lacking much 
real power. 

5625
05:06:36,500 --> 05:06:39,100
From the Senate's Vantage 
Jeffrey Jefferson observed Adams

5626
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:41,800
as president and acting laws 
like the Alien and Sedition 

5627
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:44,200
Acts, which Jefferson deemed 
Chronicle. 

5628
05:06:44,800 --> 05:06:48,300
Furia covertly authored, the 
Kentucky resolution's suggesting

5629
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:50,300
State's could nullify 
unconstitutional. 

5630
05:06:50,300 --> 05:06:54,300
Federal statutes, the move 
introduced a heated debate, over

5631
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:57,700
federal state relations critics.
Labeled its subversive. 

5632
05:06:57,700 --> 05:07:01,200
But Jefferson saw it as 
safeguarding the Spirit of 76, 

5633
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:06,800
the cusp of the 1800 election. 
Embodied a republican Champion 

5634
05:07:06,800 --> 05:07:10,200
for agrarian liberties. 
Suspicious of federalist 

5635
05:07:10,200 --> 05:07:13,100
centralization. 
Yet, he also carried personal 

5636
05:07:13,100 --> 05:07:16,000
baggage from his enslaver 
background and the complexities 

5637
05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:19,300
of his private life. 
The stage was set for a pivotal 

5638
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:22,500
showdown in US politics with the
country's future Direction at 

5639
05:07:22,508 --> 05:07:26,100
stake in a swirl of partisan 
editorials and backroom deals. 

5640
05:07:26,100 --> 05:07:29,100
The election would test whether 
the fledging Republic, could 

5641
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:33,000
survive a peaceful transition of
power or devolve into rancor. 

5642
05:07:33,900 --> 05:07:36,000
Jefferson's calm. 
But determined approach. 

5643
05:07:36,000 --> 05:07:38,900
Once again, pressed him into a 
central role, bridging 

5644
05:07:38,900 --> 05:07:42,100
Enlightenment ideals and the 
gritty realities of partisan 

5645
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:45,100
brawls. 
The election of 1800 brought 

5646
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:47,700
turmoil. 
John Adams, sought re-election, 

5647
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:51,400
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 
and Jefferson's Democratic 

5648
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:53,200
Republicans Consolidated around 
him. 

5649
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:57,100
The campaign was vitriolic 
filled with accusations, 

5650
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:00,100
Federalists called Jefferson and
atheist. 

5651
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:03,700
Radical Republicans branded 
Adams a monarchist. 

5652
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:08,200
In an era before direct popular 
ballots electors, cast votes for

5653
05:08:08,200 --> 05:08:12,000
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

5654
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:14,700
tire emerged between Jefferson 
and his running, mate, Aaron 

5655
05:08:14,700 --> 05:08:18,500
Burr each receiving, the same 
number of electoral votes, the 

5656
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:22,000
House of Representatives control
by Federalists had to break the 

5657
05:08:22,000 --> 05:08:24,900
tie. 
Days of tense, balloting ensued.

5658
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:27,700
Ultimately, with Hamilton's 
reluctant nod. 

5659
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:31,700
Jefferson triumphed, the ordeal 
spurred the 12th Amendment. 

5660
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:35,500
Ensuring future presidential and
vice presidential candidates had

5661
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:38,400
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

5662
05:08:39,400 --> 05:08:44,300
Thus Jefferson assumed the 
presidency in 1801 his inaugural

5663
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:46,300
address. 
Famously extolled Unity. 

5664
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:49,200
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

5665
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:51,800
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

5666
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:54,000
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

5667
05:08:54,000 --> 05:08:57,500
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

5668
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:00,600
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned under the Sedition 

5669
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:03,000
Act. 
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 

5670
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:06,100
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

5671
05:09:06,100 --> 05:09:08,800
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

5672
05:09:09,700 --> 05:09:12,800
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

5673
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:14,500
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

5674
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,100
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

5675
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:23,700
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 

5676
05:09:23,708 --> 05:09:26,000
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

5677
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:30,900
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 
Constitution provided no 

5678
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:33,300
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

5679
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:37,400
Here the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

5680
05:09:37,400 --> 05:09:40,900
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars. 

5681
05:09:40,900 --> 05:09:43,900
The US acquired a domain 
stretching from the Mississippi 

5682
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:47,700
River to the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold stroke ensured control

5683
05:09:47,700 --> 05:09:50,900
of the Mississippi's, crucial 
Port of New Orleans and opened a

5684
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:54,200
frontier for expansion. 
Westerners rejoiced but 

5685
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,600
Federalists borked claiming it 
diluted the eastern states 

5686
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,400
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded, 

5687
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:04,000
blending principle with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

5688
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:06,300
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

5689
05:10:06,300 --> 05:10:09,600
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 
Meriwether Lewis is former 

5690
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:12,600
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri. 

5691
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:17,100
River to the Pacific coast. 
Their 1804 to 1806, Journey map 

5692
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:20,900
to Route documented flora and 
fauna and engaged with 

5693
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:24,400
indigenous Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

5694
05:10:24,400 --> 05:10:27,900
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

5695
05:10:27,900 --> 05:10:31,700
Enlightenment ideals, the 
Expedition successful national 

5696
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:34,600
pride and curiosity about the 
continents, vast potential. 

5697
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:37,900
Yet, it also signified new 
tensions with tribal 

5698
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:39,500
communities. 
As more settlers pressed. 

5699
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:43,000
Westward domestically Jefferson 
faced controversies. 

5700
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:46,000
He disliked the existence of the
bank of the United States. 

5701
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:49,600
But tolerated, it when 
expedient, he slashed Federal 

5702
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:52,500
budgets forcing some, in the 
Navy to protest that the 

5703
05:10:52,500 --> 05:10:56,200
nation's sea defenses weakened, 
furthermore, the issue of 

5704
05:10:56,200 --> 05:10:58,700
slavery. 
Persisted Jefferson's personal, 

5705
05:10:58,700 --> 05:11:01,600
writings described it as a moral
and political Hazard. 

5706
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:05,000
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

5707
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:09,200
championed Federal abolition. 
Indeed, the 1807 law. 

5708
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:10,800
Banning the importation of 
enslaved. 

5709
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:14,200
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

5710
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:16,800
Mr. Critical chance to push for 
more sweeping reforms. 

5711
05:11:17,700 --> 05:11:20,500
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

5712
05:11:20,500 --> 05:11:24,800
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

5713
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:27,700
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors into their

5714
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:31,500
navies incense, Jefferson tried 
economic Warfare. 

5715
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:33,600
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

5716
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:38,000
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

5717
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:41,400
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

5718
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:45,500
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

5719
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:48,100
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

5720
05:11:48,100 --> 05:11:52,300
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

5721
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,200
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year, in 

5722
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:59,600
office, in 1809, he handed the 
presidency to his close Ally 

5723
05:11:59,600 --> 05:12:04,000
James Madison quietly retiring 
to Monticello his two terms 

5724
05:12:04,000 --> 05:12:07,100
shape. 
The US expanded territory a 

5725
05:12:07,100 --> 05:12:10,400
stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional 

5726
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:15,000
tensions his approach a mix of 
lofty Republican ideals and 

5727
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:17,800
occasional pragmatic 
contradictions left a complex 

5728
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:22,300
imprint People revered him as a 
philosophical statement, but 

5729
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:24,400
criticized his moral 
inconsistencies. 

5730
05:12:24,400 --> 05:12:28,200
He parted from Washington, DC, 
warned from the tribulation of 

5731
05:12:28,200 --> 05:12:30,400
governance yet proud, he had 
preserved, a measure of 

5732
05:12:30,408 --> 05:12:33,800
individual liberty and doubled 
the nation's without large-scale

5733
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:37,200
War back at Monticello. 
The next chapter in Jefferson's 

5734
05:12:37,200 --> 05:12:40,500
life would revolve around the 
pursuit of knowledge, founding a

5735
05:12:40,500 --> 05:12:43,800
university and hosting endless 
visitors intrigued by the sage 

5736
05:12:43,800 --> 05:12:47,000
of the revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

5737
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:49,200
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

5738
05:12:49,200 --> 05:12:52,700
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

5739
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:56,700
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

5740
05:12:56,700 --> 05:13:00,300
the place, he loved surrounded 
by invention's fields of crops 

5741
05:13:00,300 --> 05:13:04,300
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

5742
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:07,200
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

5743
05:13:07,208 --> 05:13:09,100
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

5744
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:12,300
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not equate to 

5745
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:16,800
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

5746
05:13:16,800 --> 05:13:21,100
of sage of Monticello receiving 
Statesmen foreign visitors and 

5747
05:13:21,100 --> 05:13:24,100
curious Travelers. 
He corresponded widely shaping 

5748
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:27,200
discourse on an American 
identity and preserving his 

5749
05:13:27,200 --> 05:13:31,200
Revolution era repute. the 
estate itself, reflected his 

5750
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:35,700
Restless creativity expansions 
to the house Pavilions and 

5751
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:38,200
elaborate of gardens for 
experimental horticulture 

5752
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:41,500
Visitors often found him in his 
library or tinkering with 

5753
05:13:41,500 --> 05:13:43,800
mechanical gadgets, like a 
polygraph machine that 

5754
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:47,600
duplicated his handwriting. 
His thirst for Innovation 

5755
05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:51,300
remained undimmed. 
However Monticello's Finance is 

5756
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:56,200
were precarious Jeff in 
architectural whims financed 

5757
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:59,600
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

5758
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:03,700
debts mounted specially as he 
refused to scale back a gracious

5759
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:08,600
lifestyle Slavery underpinned 
Monticello's operations, with 

5760
05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:12,100
over 100 and slaved individuals 
performing the labor Jefferson 

5761
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,900
supervised them recording births
tasks and schedules with a 

5762
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:17,500
methodical detail. 
Yep. 

5763
05:14:17,500 --> 05:14:20,000
Behind These Ledges like human 
lives subjected to force 

5764
05:14:20,000 --> 05:14:22,600
servitude. 
He recognized the moral 

5765
05:14:22,608 --> 05:14:26,200
Quagmire, but rationalized it 
with incrementalist arguments, 

5766
05:14:26,200 --> 05:14:27,900
or deferrals, to Future 
Generations. 

5767
05:14:27,900 --> 05:14:31,600
This tension complicated, his 
Public Image as a champion of 

5768
05:14:31,608 --> 05:14:34,200
Liberty. 
One of his crowning, retirement.

5769
05:14:34,200 --> 05:14:36,400
Achievements was founding the 
University of Virginia. 

5770
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:40,100
Jefferson felt older 
institutions clung to religious 

5771
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:41,900
influences or archaic 
curricular. 

5772
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,500
He envisioned a secular campus, 
emphasizing modern languages, 

5773
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:48,400
science and abroad, based 
liberal education. 

5774
05:14:49,200 --> 05:14:51,700
Persuading, the Virginia 
legislature to back it required 

5775
05:14:51,700 --> 05:14:54,400
political finesse. 
He personally designed the 

5776
05:14:54,400 --> 05:14:57,700
campus layout with a central 
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman

5777
05:14:57,700 --> 05:15:01,300
Pantheon flanked by academical 
Village Pavilions. 

5778
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:04,800
Construction began in 
Charlottesville near Monticello 

5779
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:09,800
around 1817, even in his 70s, 
Jefferson frequently visited, 

5780
05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:13,100
the site, checking architectural
details, conferring with 

5781
05:15:13,108 --> 05:15:17,500
Builders and selecting faculty 
Aim to cultivate in lightning 

5782
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:20,300
citizen leaders for a republic 
that demanded knowledge base 

5783
05:15:20,300 --> 05:15:23,600
self-governance. 
Meanwhile National issues still 

5784
05:15:23,600 --> 05:15:26,400
Beckham and as an elder 
Statesman of the democratic 

5785
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:29,700
Republican party Jeffers. 
Jefferson provided advice to 

5786
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:33,300
Madison and later to Monroe, he 
supported the Louisiana Purchase

5787
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:36,800
as expansion, further, welcome 
in new States into the Union. 

5788
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,500
However, the War of 1812 with 
Britain tested his conviction 

5789
05:15:40,500 --> 05:15:42,800
about limited government and a 
small military. 

5790
05:15:42,800 --> 05:15:45,300
He lamented that some 
Federalists aane. 

5791
05:15:45,300 --> 05:15:47,600
Claves seemed willing to 
undermine National Unity 

5792
05:15:47,600 --> 05:15:51,600
specially in the Northeast. 
Let us show him, torn between 

5793
05:15:51,600 --> 05:15:54,600
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

5794
05:15:55,600 --> 05:15:58,900
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

5795
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:02,400
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

5796
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:04,200
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

5797
05:16:04,200 --> 05:16:07,500
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

5798
05:16:07,500 --> 05:16:10,900
correspondents for years. 
But in retirement, both 

5799
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:14,200
recognized mutual bond shaped by
the revolution's intensity 

5800
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:16,900
through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

5801
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:20,700
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

5802
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:23,800
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

5803
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:27,100
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

5804
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:30,600
The Revival of their friendships
stands as a testament to the 

5805
05:16:30,600 --> 05:16:34,200
capacity for abridging old. 
Political Rifts, in these 

5806
05:16:34,200 --> 05:16:37,200
letters, Jefferson revealed his 
abiding optimism, that the 

5807
05:16:37,200 --> 05:16:41,000
American experiment though in 
perfect would endure if Guided 

5808
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,000
by reason and virtuous 
leadership, Yet. 

5809
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:46,800
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

5810
05:16:46,800 --> 05:16:49,600
several of his children in 
during repeated heartbreak. 

5811
05:16:49,600 --> 05:16:52,100
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

5812
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:56,200
Domain, grandchildren ran about 
extended relative sought 

5813
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:59,700
financial aid, and guests 
arrived unannounced to glean a 

5814
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:03,500
moment with the iconic founder. 
He wore the mask of a benevolent

5815
05:17:03,500 --> 05:17:07,900
patriarch but Diaries hint at 
bouts of melancholy, the 

5816
05:17:07,900 --> 05:17:10,800
precarious economy pressed him 
to mortgage properties and he 

5817
05:17:10,800 --> 05:17:13,600
relied on lines of credit that 
threatened to upend the estate. 

5818
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,200
the image of Monticello as a 
microcosm of Republican, 

5819
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:21,200
Enlightenment concealed, a 
precarious Ledger balancing As 

5820
05:17:21,200 --> 05:17:24,500
Jefferson neared 80 he took 
pride in the University of 

5821
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:27,700
Virginia's nearing completion. 
He personally, selected some 

5822
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:31,300
Library materials established 
faculty guidelines and wrote 

5823
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:34,000
about its potential to transform
the American educational. 

5824
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:38,800
In 1825, the university opened 
to its first class of students. 

5825
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:41,400
Jefferson's dream had become 
real. 

5826
05:17:42,300 --> 05:17:45,200
Secular institution dedicated to
free inquiry. 

5827
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:48,700
An encumbered, by rigid 
religious, Dogma will stale 

5828
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:51,200
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

5829
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:54,200
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

5830
05:17:55,100 --> 05:18:00,500
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

5831
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:02,700
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

5832
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:04,400
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

5833
05:18:05,300 --> 05:18:08,100
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow. 

5834
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:10,800
He yearned to see July 4th, 
1826. 

5835
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:14,200
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

5836
05:18:15,200 --> 05:18:19,000
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

5837
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:22,300
Jefferson, both passed away on 
that date with Jefferson dying 

5838
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:25,300
in the early afternoon. 
The Synergy of these two 

5839
05:18:25,300 --> 05:18:27,500
revolutionaries departing on the
nation's half century. 

5840
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:31,800
Mark cemented a legend thus 
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 

5841
05:18:31,800 --> 05:18:34,500
was no quiet Twilight. 
But a culminating chapter of 

5842
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:37,900
architectural, Innovation, 
educational reform and 

5843
05:18:37,900 --> 05:18:39,700
reflection on the revolution's 
Legacy. 

5844
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:43,500
He left behind a complicated 
estate, weighed by debt, a 

5845
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:45,700
family overshadowed, by the 
institution of slavery. 

5846
05:18:45,700 --> 05:18:49,400
Yet also a shining new 
University in a trove of letters

5847
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:52,500
that would shape America's 
self-perception for Generations.

5848
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:57,000
In him old illusions of an 
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 

5849
05:18:57,000 --> 05:19:00,300
the Unstoppable push of a 
modernizing republic, capturing 

5850
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:03,000
the contradiction that still 
Define the American ethos. 

5851
05:19:03,800 --> 05:19:07,000
In the immediate wake of 
Jefferson's death admirers and 

5852
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:11,400
critics clashed over his legacy,
many hailed him as the pain 

5853
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:13,200
behind the Declaration of 
Independence. 

5854
05:19:13,200 --> 05:19:16,400
The mine that doubled the 
nation's size by the Louisiana 

5855
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:19,700
Purchase and the Visionary who 
championed religious freedom. 

5856
05:19:20,600 --> 05:19:23,700
Others lambasted his 
inconsistencies, a 

5857
05:19:23,700 --> 05:19:27,200
self-proclaimed, egalitarian, 
who held in slave laborers, and 

5858
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:30,200
Enlightenment thinker, who let 
personal finances descend into 

5859
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:32,700
chaos. 
A champion of states' Rights who

5860
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:35,600
ironically used Federal power 
for expansion. 

5861
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,700
Monticello the physical 
embodiment of Jefferson's 

5862
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:41,200
intellect soon faced Financial 
turmoil. 

5863
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:44,700
His heirs, struggled to pay his 
debts, they sold land and 

5864
05:19:44,700 --> 05:19:47,900
eventually auctioned off 
furniture and slaved individuals

5865
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,900
fracturing, the community that 
had sustained the plantation. 

5866
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:55,000
Monticello changed hands 
multiple times deteriorating 

5867
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:57,900
until the early 20th century. 
When the Thomas Jefferson 

5868
05:19:57,900 --> 05:20:01,000
Foundation, Acquired and 
restored it, symbolically 

5869
05:20:01,000 --> 05:20:03,800
reassembling his architectural 
dream as an American heritage 

5870
05:20:03,800 --> 05:20:06,400
site. 
This restoration also reignited 

5871
05:20:06,400 --> 05:20:08,900
debate about the everyday 
realities of enslaved. 

5872
05:20:08,900 --> 05:20:12,500
Families, who wants to their 
culminating in renewed emphasis 

5873
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:15,200
on their stories. 
The dimension historically, 

5874
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:18,800
muted in the veneration of 
Jefferson Meanwhile the broader 

5875
05:20:18,800 --> 05:20:22,400
American public constructed, a 
Mythic image of Jefferson in the

5876
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:26,700
19th century, as political 
parties shifted references to 

5877
05:20:26,700 --> 05:20:30,800
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 
praising, his emphasis on small 

5878
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:34,800
government minimal taxes and the
righteousness of Rural Life. 

5879
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:39,200
Andrew Jackson supporters 
invoked Jefferson as a figure 

5880
05:20:39,200 --> 05:20:42,800
who championed the Common Man. 
But historians recognize that 

5881
05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:46,000
Jefferson's own approach to 
governance was more nuanced than

5882
05:20:46,000 --> 05:20:49,700
populist idealists claimed. 
He recognized the necessity of 

5883
05:20:49,700 --> 05:20:52,400
compromise and occasionally 
invoked, strong Federal 

5884
05:20:52,400 --> 05:20:54,900
measures, especially in foreign 
affairs. 

5885
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:58,600
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

5886
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:02,100
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder who 

5887
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:05,900
believed in educated citizenry. 
Debates around the founders, 

5888
05:21:05,900 --> 05:21:09,700
intentions sword with 
Jefferson's letters cited by all

5889
05:21:09,700 --> 05:21:11,500
sides. 
Archival. 

5890
05:21:11,500 --> 05:21:13,400
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

5891
05:21:13,400 --> 05:21:17,100
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

5892
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:19,800
in his Dynamic shift, from 
localist to expansionist. 

5893
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:22,200
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

5894
05:21:22,200 --> 05:21:24,700
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

5895
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:29,400
Paragons but flawed Statesman 
shaped by urgent demands in 

5896
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:32,900
scholarship, the 1970s and 
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 

5897
05:21:32,900 --> 05:21:36,000
of inquiry, focusing on 
Jefferson's relationship with 

5898
05:21:36,000 --> 05:21:38,400
Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

5899
05:21:38,408 --> 05:21:42,400
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering his children. 

5900
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:46,000
This Revelation forced a 
national re-evaluation of the so

5901
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:50,000
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized others 

5902
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:54,000
found it wholly unsurprising in 
retrospect it underscored the 

5903
05:21:54,000 --> 05:21:57,100
complexities swirling under his 
polished philosophical veneer. 

5904
05:21:57,600 --> 05:22:01,700
For a man who wrote all men are 
created equal reconciling these.

5905
05:22:01,700 --> 05:22:05,400
Two Realms intellectual champion
of Liberty, and personal 

5906
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:09,300
practitioner of slavery was 
never straightforward, academic 

5907
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:10,700
attention. 
Also delved deep. 

5908
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:14,300
Into his political, philosophy 
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 

5909
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,700
of Liberty and held agrarian 
expansion across the continent. 

5910
05:22:17,700 --> 05:22:21,500
Yet it set the stage for Native 
displacement and further 

5911
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:23,600
entrenchment of slave labor in 
new territories. 

5912
05:22:24,400 --> 05:22:27,300
While he personally doubted, the
morality of forcibly taking 

5913
05:22:27,300 --> 05:22:30,500
indigenous lands. 
He accepted the Unstoppable 

5914
05:22:30,500 --> 05:22:34,200
momentum of Frontier settlers. 
This acceptance shaped federal 

5915
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:36,700
policy that stoked tensions for 
Generations. 

5916
05:22:36,700 --> 05:22:40,300
Culminating enforced relocation 
today. 

5917
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:43,900
Some re-evaluate Jefferson's 
role in establishing moral 

5918
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:47,000
Frameworks that facilitated 
expansion at other Zoom events. 

5919
05:22:48,000 --> 05:22:50,900
In popular memory, Jefferson's 
Memorial in Washington. 

5920
05:22:50,900 --> 05:22:56,100
DC opened in 1943 still stands 
as a testament to his rhetorical

5921
05:22:56,100 --> 05:22:59,400
Brilliance visitors, read 
excerpts from the Declaration of

5922
05:22:59,400 --> 05:23:02,700
Independence and letters on the 
rotunda's walls underscoring. 

5923
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,400
His luminous call for equality 
and freedom of conscience. 

5924
05:23:05,400 --> 05:23:09,100
The monument, ironically does 
not portray the full tangle of 

5925
05:23:09,108 --> 05:23:13,300
contradictions yet 10 more. 
Incisive, interpretive programs 

5926
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:16,200
now incorporate nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

5927
05:23:16,200 --> 05:23:19,800
achievements, and moral failings
side by side amid, these 

5928
05:23:19,800 --> 05:23:22,600
controversies Jefferson's 
intellectual achievements. 

5929
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:26,000
Remain uncontested His 
articulation of natural rights 

5930
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:28,800
and the notion that legitimate 
government stems from the 

5931
05:23:28,800 --> 05:23:32,200
consent of the governed carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

5932
05:23:32,200 --> 05:23:35,600
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

5933
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:37,900
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

5934
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:40,400
from religious tolerance to 
public educational. 

5935
05:23:41,200 --> 05:23:44,600
Meanwhile University of Virginia
stands, as living reminders of 

5936
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:47,300
his conviction that knowledge 
Fosters responsible governance, 

5937
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:52,200
its returned overshadowing, the 
lawn keeps the spirit of 

5938
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:56,500
Enlightenment learning alive. 
Hence, two centuries on Thomas. 

5939
05:23:56,500 --> 05:23:58,700
Jefferson remains as complicated
as the era. 

5940
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:02,900
He shaped aluminous author, 
democracy's founding Creed 

5941
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:06,500
overshadowed by glaring 
contradictions on race and 

5942
05:24:06,500 --> 05:24:10,400
personal conduct His life 
prompts reflection on how lofty 

5943
05:24:10,400 --> 05:24:14,100
ideals can Clash with ingrained,
social structures and personal 

5944
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:17,100
entanglements. 
For many Americans and observes 

5945
05:24:17,100 --> 05:24:20,400
abroad, grappling with Jefferson
is akin to grappling with the 

5946
05:24:20,408 --> 05:24:24,400
nation's own layered identity. 
Built on Noble declarations yet.

5947
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:27,000
Intimately entangled in 
unresolved Injustice. 

5948
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:30,900
The conversation. 
He started continues bridging 

5949
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:34,100
history and contemporary debates
on Liberty equality and the 

5950
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,400
messy realities in between 
Thomas Jefferson's life. 

5951
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:40,400
Invites Reflections on how 
Visionary ideals intersect with 

5952
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:42,100
the flawed scope of practical 
living. 

5953
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:45,800
He exemplifies the possibility 
that one can be intellectually 

5954
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,800
gifted deeply principled yet. 
Remain in Tangled in personal 

5955
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:53,500
contradictions, Observing his 
journey reveals lessons on 

5956
05:24:53,500 --> 05:24:56,500
leadership. 
Creativity compromise and moral 

5957
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,300
blind spots. 
Each a facet that resonates in 

5958
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:02,400
modern times where we juggle 
personal convictions with 

5959
05:25:02,400 --> 05:25:05,900
structural constraints at 
Monticello his architectural, 

5960
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:08,400
flourishes, highlight her, 
creativity can transform 

5961
05:25:08,400 --> 05:25:11,100
personal space, in to a canvas 
of experimentation. 

5962
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:15,900
Secret passages rotating books, 
stands an advanced ventilation. 

5963
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,300
Remind us that even domestic 
life can become a playground of 

5964
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:21,900
innovation. 
We can learn that invention can 

5965
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:25,900
change any environment, 
including Home and Office, The 

5966
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:28,900
Monticello also underscores, how
Comfort can rely on unseen 

5967
05:25:28,900 --> 05:25:31,300
labor? 
The Estates Grandeur hinged on 

5968
05:25:31,300 --> 05:25:34,800
enslaved, men and women forced 
to cater to Jefferson's designs.

5969
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:38,100
This reality, cautions that 
technological or aesthetic 

5970
05:25:38,100 --> 05:25:41,800
progress, can co-exist with 
ethical failings Jefferson's 

5971
05:25:41,800 --> 05:25:45,100
public service. 
From drafting the Declaration to

5972
05:25:45,100 --> 05:25:48,300
guiding foreign policy, 
underscores the power of 

5973
05:25:48,300 --> 05:25:51,100
well-crafted language. 
He harnessed rhetorical 

5974
05:25:51,100 --> 05:25:54,000
Precision to unified. 
Disparate colonies under ideals 

5975
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,800
that centuries later remain a 
moral yardstick. 

5976
05:25:56,800 --> 05:26:00,600
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,
we cannot dismiss how 

5977
05:26:00,600 --> 05:26:03,000
effectively words shape, 
Collective identity. 

5978
05:26:04,100 --> 05:26:07,400
In an age of digital. 
Media, Jefferson's example of 

5979
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:10,100
films that carefully, chose on 
language can galvanized or 

5980
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:13,900
fractionally divided. 
His success in bridging disputes

5981
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:17,200
among the founders, suggest the 
value of measured compromise. 

5982
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:20,900
At the same time, your deal of 
the 1800 election warned, us 

5983
05:26:20,900 --> 05:26:24,800
that partnership nearly fracture
young democracy One cannot 

5984
05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:27,100
ignore the deeper, moral debate,
how man? 

5985
05:26:27,100 --> 05:26:29,800
Proclaiming Universal rights, 
upheld the structure of slavery.

5986
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:32,900
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

5987
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:36,200
contradiction. 
Alternatively, one might 

5988
05:26:36,200 --> 05:26:39,100
interpret it as a historical 
caution that even well 

5989
05:26:39,100 --> 05:26:42,200
intentioned reformers can remain
captive to entrench deck in a 

5990
05:26:42,200 --> 05:26:45,500
social norms. 
Jefferson story prominently 

5991
05:26:45,500 --> 05:26:48,100
highlights the difference 
between personal moral Clarity 

5992
05:26:48,100 --> 05:26:51,700
and institutional, inertia it 
compels us to question our 

5993
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:54,100
complicities in modern systems 
that might conflict with our 

5994
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:57,600
professed values. 
Additionally, Jefferson's 

5995
05:26:57,600 --> 05:26:59,400
championing of religious freedom
stands out. 

5996
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:03,300
He insisted that each person's 
beliefs, lay Beyond governmental

5997
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:05,800
reach. 
Stance that shaped not just 

5998
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,300
American, but Global Norms on 
religious liberty. 

5999
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:10,500
The Statute for Religious 
Freedom. 

6000
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:14,000
In Virginia though, overshadowed
by the declaration's fame. 

6001
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:17,000
Seeded the principle that 
government cannot coerce 

6002
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:20,600
spiritual conviction today. 
As debates on religious 

6003
05:27:20,600 --> 05:27:24,600
expression swirl worldwide, his 
early, push for disestablishment

6004
05:27:24,600 --> 05:27:28,200
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

6005
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:30,600
Jefferson's approached to 
educational Frameworks. 

6006
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,200
Founding the University of 
Virginia, mirrored, his 

6007
05:27:33,208 --> 05:27:36,100
conviction that informed 
popular's a stable Republic. 

6008
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:39,600
He favored broad curricula from 
ancient languages. 

6009
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,800
To modern science is rejecting 
Church oversight. 

6010
05:27:43,600 --> 05:27:46,200
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

6011
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:49,700
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

6012
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:51,800
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

6013
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:55,400
His notion that education 
Fosters self rule might be more 

6014
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:59,100
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

6015
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:03,200
by debts Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculations can

6016
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,500
overshadow public triumphs. 
The man who shaped a nation 

6017
05:28:06,500 --> 05:28:10,100
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

6018
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:11,600
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

6019
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,500
The story underscores that 
bright Minds can still falter in

6020
05:28:15,508 --> 05:28:18,400
everyday management. 
For modern professionals 

6021
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:20,500
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

6022
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:24,200
Brilliance in some Arenas, does 
not inoculate against practical.

6023
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:28,200
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

6024
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:32,800
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagars. 

6025
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:36,800
Observers, then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

6026
05:28:36,800 --> 05:28:38,500
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

6027
05:28:39,300 --> 05:28:42,100
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

6028
05:28:42,100 --> 05:28:44,400
Republic's half century. 
Mark remains a striking 

6029
05:28:44,400 --> 05:28:47,300
historical incidents. 
Yet behind that. 

6030
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:50,400
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

6031
05:28:50,400 --> 05:28:52,500
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

6032
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:55,700
still in flux. 
Fragile, expanding, and 

6033
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:59,100
grappling with unsolved 
tensions, the rhetorical Arts, 

6034
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,400
they set forth would guide and 
horned subsequent Generations in

6035
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:07,200
deciding how or whether to 
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 

6036
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:12,200
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic liberation's poet, 

6037
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:16,500
contradictory slave owner 
Visionary statement, flawed care

6038
05:29:16,500 --> 05:29:20,000
taker of finance's and father of
and institution championing 

6039
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:23,100
reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

6040
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:25,500
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

6041
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:28,600
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

6042
05:29:28,600 --> 05:29:32,800
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

6043
05:29:32,808 --> 05:29:35,000
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

6044
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:37,800
We inhabit. 
In confronting Jefferson's 

6045
05:29:37,800 --> 05:29:40,100
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

6046
05:29:40,100 --> 05:29:43,500
Founding Father, we confront the
universal tensions of forging, a

6047
05:29:43,500 --> 05:29:46,400
just Society in an imperfect 
world and that conversation 

6048
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:49,700
spurred by the man from 
Monticello remains as vital as 

6049
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:56,300
ever. 
Picture. 

6050
05:29:56,300 --> 05:29:59,100
This. 
It's 1911 and you've just landed

6051
05:29:59,100 --> 05:30:01,800
what everyone calls a good job 
at the local textile mill. 

6052
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:04,300
Your family's practically 
throwing a party. 

6053
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:06,200
Because haste steady, work is 
steady work, right? 

6054
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:08,700
Little. 
Do you know you have just 

6055
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:11,400
committed to what feels like a 
very long, very loud. 

6056
05:30:11,400 --> 05:30:14,800
And very dusty Adventure filled 
with creative ways to dislike 

6057
05:30:14,800 --> 05:30:18,200
your life. 
Your first day starts at 5:30 

6058
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:19,900
a.m. which wouldn't be a 
problem. 

6059
05:30:19,900 --> 05:30:24,400
If you would say a rooster But 
you're not your human being who 

6060
05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:27,100
needs sleep and the mill, 
whistle doesn't care about your 

6061
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:29,400
beauty. 
Rest that whistle becomes, your 

6062
05:30:29,400 --> 05:30:32,400
new alarm clock, your lunch 
Bell, and your freedom song. 

6063
05:30:32,400 --> 05:30:34,400
All rolled into one ear 
splitting package. 

6064
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:38,000
It's like having a very punctual
Furious metal bird living in 

6065
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,900
your neighborhood. 
Walking into the mill for the 

6066
05:30:40,908 --> 05:30:43,300
first time is like, stepping 
into another world. 

6067
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:46,900
If that world were designed by 
someone who really, really hated

6068
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:50,300
Comfort. 
The noise hits you first imagine

6069
05:30:50,300 --> 05:30:53,200
a thousand typewriters having an
argument with a brass band, 

6070
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:56,300
while someone runs a cheese 
grater over a chalkboard, that's

6071
05:30:56,300 --> 05:30:58,300
your new sound track, 12 hours a
day. 

6072
05:30:58,308 --> 05:31:02,200
Six days a week, the air inside 
feels thick enough to chew 

6073
05:31:02,200 --> 05:31:04,000
cotton dust. 
Floats everywhere. 

6074
05:31:04,000 --> 05:31:07,400
Like the world's most annoying 
snow except this snow makes you 

6075
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:10,900
cough and never melts. 
You'll spend your first week 

6076
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:13,800
thinking you're coming down with
something until you realize that

6077
05:31:13,800 --> 05:31:16,400
scratchy throat and those 
sneezing fits aren't temporary 

6078
05:31:16,400 --> 05:31:18,100
visitors. 
They are your new roommate. 

6079
05:31:19,000 --> 05:31:21,900
Your supervisor, a man who 
smiled disappeared sometime 

6080
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,800
around 1897. 
Explains your job with the 

6081
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:27,000
enthusiasm of someone reading a 
grocery list. 

6082
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:30,500
You'll be 10 machines that look 
like they were built by someone 

6083
05:31:30,500 --> 05:31:33,000
who thought. 
You know what this device needs 

6084
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:37,600
more ways to catch fingers? 
These mechanical beasts consume 

6085
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:41,300
cotton and expel thread and 
their temperament is akin to 

6086
05:31:41,308 --> 05:31:43,000
that of a cat during a 
thunderstorm. 

6087
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:46,800
The learning curve is steep, 
which is a polite way of saying 

6088
05:31:46,800 --> 05:31:49,100
you'll spend your first month 
feeling like you're trying to 

6089
05:31:49,108 --> 05:31:51,600
juggle, while riding a unicycle 
in an earthquake. 

6090
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:55,200
Every machine has its 
personality and most of them 

6091
05:31:55,200 --> 05:31:57,900
have bad attitudes. 
There's the one that jams. 

6092
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:00,500
If you look at it wrong, the one
that makes a weird clicking 

6093
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:02,000
sound. 
That means either everything's 

6094
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:05,400
fine or run for your life and 
the one that seems to wait until

6095
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:07,400
you're distracted to break 
something expensive. 

6096
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:11,000
Your fellow workers, welcome you
with the kind of tired 

6097
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:13,100
solidarity that comes from 
shared suffering. 

6098
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:17,100
They will teach you important 
information, such as which water

6099
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:20,700
fountain actually works where to
hide when the floor supervisor 

6100
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:24,500
is in a bad mood, and how to eat
lunch in exactly 12 minutes. 

6101
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,900
Since that is all the time, 
you're given these people become

6102
05:32:27,900 --> 05:32:31,400
your Mill, family bonded, 
together by cotton dust, and the

6103
05:32:31,400 --> 05:32:33,900
mutual understanding that 
everyone's just trying to make 

6104
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:35,900
it through another day, without 
losing a finger. 

6105
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:39,700
The pace sounds decent when they
tell you about it, until you 

6106
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:43,400
realize that decent is relative.
Sure, you're making more than 

6107
05:32:43,400 --> 05:32:46,700
the guy who sweeps streets but 
you're also working twice as 

6108
05:32:46,700 --> 05:32:48,400
hard and breathing are, that's 
more cotton. 

6109
05:32:48,400 --> 05:32:52,200
They're not oxygen, your wages, 
might cover, rent food, and 

6110
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:55,600
maybe a small luxury like soap, 
but forget about those fancy 

6111
05:32:55,600 --> 05:32:58,700
things like saving money or 
buying clothes that don't smell 

6112
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:02,600
permanently of machine oil. 
By the end of your first week, 

6113
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:06,300
you've acquired what everyone 
refers to as a mill, cough, a 

6114
05:33:06,300 --> 05:33:08,800
Charming, little ailment that 
will accompany you constantly. 

6115
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:11,900
Your hands are already showing 
the signs of your new 

6116
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:14,700
profession. 
Small cuts from handling rough 

6117
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:18,000
materials. 
Calluses from gripping tools and

6118
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:20,300
a general toughness that comes 
from shaking hands with 

6119
05:33:20,300 --> 05:33:23,700
Machinery all day. 
Your mother would cry if she saw

6120
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:27,400
your hands, but then again, your
mother isn't trying to feed a 

6121
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:30,800
family on Mill wages. 
The worst part, you'll just 

6122
05:33:30,800 --> 05:33:33,700
getting started. 
Your typical day begins before 

6123
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:36,200
the sun recalls its task the 
mill, whistle. 

6124
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:38,700
Doesn't care if you went to bed.
Late, if you're feeling under 

6125
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:41,000
the weather, or if you'd rather 
spend the morning, doing 

6126
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:45,100
literally, anything else. 
It screams at 5:30 a.m. sharp 

6127
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:48,300
and you'd better be screaming 
back or at least stumbling 

6128
05:33:48,300 --> 05:33:50,700
toward the mill. 
Gates breakfast is whatever you 

6129
05:33:50,700 --> 05:33:53,800
can grab and stuff in your mouth
while walking typically 

6130
05:33:53,800 --> 05:33:57,400
breakfast consists of bread, 
perhaps a company by a smidge of

6131
05:33:57,400 --> 05:33:59,100
butter. 
If you are indulging in luxury, 

6132
05:33:59,100 --> 05:34:02,500
coffee is a luxury most days, 
which means your face in 12 

6133
05:34:02,500 --> 05:34:05,700
hours of Machinery, maintenance 
on what ever enthusiasm, you can

6134
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:08,800
muster from stale bread and the 
fear of our employment. 

6135
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:12,500
The walk to work becomes a 
parade of the perpetually 

6136
05:34:12,500 --> 05:34:15,000
exhausted. 
You join a stream of fellow 

6137
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:16,700
workers? 
All moving with the same 

6138
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:19,600
determined shuffling of people. 
Who'd rather be anywhere else. 

6139
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:23,100
But no, they can't afford to be 
Everyone's carrying their lunch 

6140
05:34:23,100 --> 05:34:25,300
pail. 
A tin box that contains what 

6141
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:28,900
Optimist, call a meal and 
realistic call Food shaped 

6142
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:30,700
objects. 
That might keep you alive until 

6143
05:34:30,700 --> 05:34:34,100
quitting time. 
Clocking in is not form, you 

6144
05:34:34,100 --> 05:34:35,000
have to be there. 
Exactly. 

6145
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:37,500
On time. 
Not early enough to seem eager, 

6146
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:39,300
not late enough to get docked 
pay. 

6147
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:44,100
The time clock doesn't forgive, 
and neither does your supervisor

6148
05:34:44,100 --> 05:34:47,000
being two minutes? 
Late means losing half an hour's

6149
05:34:47,000 --> 05:34:50,400
wages, which might not sound 
like much until you realize that

6150
05:34:50,400 --> 05:34:52,900
half an hour's wages, could mean
the difference between having 

6151
05:34:52,900 --> 05:34:55,600
meat for dinner or making 
friends with potatoes again. 

6152
05:34:56,500 --> 05:34:58,800
Once you're officially on the 
clock, the machines, demand, 

6153
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,600
your complete attention. 
They're like mechanical 

6154
05:35:01,600 --> 05:35:03,900
toddlers. 
They need constant watching and 

6155
05:35:03,900 --> 05:35:06,200
frequent fixing and they'll hurt
themselves. 

6156
05:35:06,200 --> 05:35:09,300
The moment you look away, your 
job is to keep the thread 

6157
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:12,800
running smoothly, which sounds 
simple Until you realize that 

6158
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,100
smoothly is a foreign concept to
most textile machinery. 

6159
05:35:16,800 --> 05:35:20,000
Threads break. 
They break a lot when a thread 

6160
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:23,000
snaps, everything stops and you 
can tie it back together. 

6161
05:35:23,900 --> 05:35:26,800
Your tasks might sound easy, but
try doing it quickly while 

6162
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:29,300
wearing thick work gloves 
squinting through cotton dust 

6163
05:35:29,300 --> 05:35:33,400
and knowing that every second of
downtime is a second, you'll 

6164
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:36,500
supervise her as mentally 
calculating how much money your 

6165
05:35:36,500 --> 05:35:40,100
costing, the company. 
The noise never stops ever. 

6166
05:35:40,900 --> 05:35:42,900
You learn to communicate using 
gestures. 

6167
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:45,000
Because shouting over the 
Machinery, makes your voice 

6168
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:48,000
hoarse by noon. 
You develop your own sign 

6169
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:50,400
language with your co-workers 
pointing means. 

6170
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:55,100
Look out waving means help and 
the universal gesture of 

6171
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,100
clutching your throat means I 
need water before I pass out. 

6172
05:35:59,200 --> 05:36:01,600
Speaking of water. 
Staying hydrated is like trying 

6173
05:36:01,600 --> 05:36:03,000
to fill a bucket with a hole in 
it. 

6174
05:36:03,008 --> 05:36:06,300
You sweat constantly from the 
heat of the machines and the 

6175
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:08,800
physical work, but getting a 
drink means leaving your 

6176
05:36:08,800 --> 05:36:11,900
station, which means risking a 
lecture from your supervisor 

6177
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:14,900
about productivity. 
You learn to gulp water like a 

6178
05:36:14,900 --> 05:36:17,500
marathon runner whenever you can
sneak away for 30 seconds. 

6179
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:20,900
Lunch. 
Break is exactly 30 minutes and 

6180
05:36:20,900 --> 05:36:23,300
that include the time. 
It takes to find a clean spot to

6181
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:27,300
sit, unwrap your food, eat it 
and get back to your machine. 

6182
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:30,600
Most days. 
You can consume cold sound which

6183
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,900
is oblivious to the fact that 
cotton dust and machine oil have

6184
05:36:33,900 --> 05:36:36,600
covered your clean spot. 
Gourmet dining. 

6185
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:42,700
It is not The afternoon drags on
endlessly, in August, your back 

6186
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:46,100
aches, from bending, over 
machines, your feet throb from 

6187
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:48,700
standing on concrete. 
Floors in your hands are 

6188
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:50,700
starting to feel like they 
belong to someone else. 

6189
05:36:52,200 --> 05:36:55,000
The clock on the wall moves with
the speed of continental drift 

6190
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,300
and you find yourself checking 
it every few minutes certain 

6191
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:03,100
that it must be broken. by 6 
p.m. when the final whistle 

6192
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:06,500
blows, you've earned every penny
of your wages and then some 

6193
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:10,800
Walking home is an excruciating 
experience and the prospect of 

6194
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:14,000
repeating the entire process 
tomorrow fills you with Dread. 

6195
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:18,000
However, at least you have 
Sunday off a day, you'll spend 

6196
05:37:18,008 --> 05:37:20,100
recuperating sufficiently to 
resent Monday morning. 

6197
05:37:20,100 --> 05:37:24,100
Once more working in a textile 
mill in 1911 is like playing a 

6198
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:26,400
daily game called, what's going 
to try to hurt me today. 

6199
05:37:27,200 --> 05:37:30,200
The rules are straightforward. 
Every object in the mill, 

6200
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:33,300
carries the potential for danger
other people's possessions 

6201
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:36,100
serve, as safety equipment, and 
your best defense is 

6202
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:39,500
attentiveness and optimism. 
Let's start with the machines 

6203
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,300
themselves, shall we? 
These mechanical Marvels were 

6204
05:37:42,300 --> 05:37:44,800
designed by Engineers who 
apparently thought safety 

6205
05:37:44,800 --> 05:37:48,600
features were for weaklings. 
Exposed gears spin happily at 

6206
05:37:48,608 --> 05:37:52,200
eye level, ready to grab loose 
clothing, hair or any body part.

6207
05:37:52,200 --> 05:37:55,900
Foolish enough to get too close.
The spinning wheels and belts 

6208
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:59,100
created Symphony of moving parts
that look like they were 

6209
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:01,200
inspired by medieval torture 
devices. 

6210
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:03,900
Your fingers become precious 
Commodities. 

6211
05:38:03,900 --> 05:38:06,800
Every textile. 
Worker has stories about someone

6212
05:38:06,800 --> 05:38:10,000
who got too close to the Picker 
or learned the hard way about 

6213
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:12,300
the carding machine. 
You develop an almost 

6214
05:38:12,300 --> 05:38:15,000
Supernatural awareness of where 
your hands are at all times. 

6215
05:38:15,000 --> 05:38:17,100
Because losing a finger, doesn't
just hurt. 

6216
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:20,300
It means you can't work and if 
you can't work, you can't eat. 

6217
05:38:21,300 --> 05:38:24,500
Cotton dust poses a unique 
threat, it gets into everything,

6218
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:28,900
your lungs, your eyes, your 
food, your clothes, and probably

6219
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:31,500
your dreams. 
You breathe it, you eat it. 

6220
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:34,600
And you wear at home, like the 
world's most persistent perfume.

6221
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:38,700
After a few months, you develop 
a condition that everyone 

6222
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:42,300
politely refers to as Mill 
cough, although cotton lung 

6223
05:38:42,300 --> 05:38:43,600
would be a more accurate 
description. 

6224
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:47,200
It starts as a little tickle, in
your throat and grows into a 

6225
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:49,500
reliable companion. 
That companies, you everywhere. 

6226
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:53,300
Then there's the noise, not just
loud, but the kind of loud that 

6227
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:56,300
makes your ears ring for hours. 
After you leave work, you find 

6228
05:38:56,300 --> 05:38:58,900
yourself shouting at home 
without realizing it because 

6229
05:38:58,900 --> 05:39:00,500
you're hearing has adjusted to 
compete. 

6230
05:39:00,500 --> 05:39:03,600
With the constant Roar of 
Machinery, the constant Roar of 

6231
05:39:03,600 --> 05:39:06,000
Machinery, encourages your 
family to speak up during 

6232
05:39:06,000 --> 05:39:08,800
dinner, making quiet 
conversations obsolete. 

6233
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:12,700
The summer, heat transforms the 
mill into a sauna like 

6234
05:39:12,700 --> 05:39:16,100
environment complete with cotton
dust and a constant risk of 

6235
05:39:16,108 --> 05:39:19,300
mechanical injury. 
The large machines produce heat 

6236
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:22,300
to kin to Tiny furnaces. 
And when combined with the 

6237
05:39:22,308 --> 05:39:25,400
intense Summer Sun on the tin 
roof, the working conditions 

6238
05:39:25,400 --> 05:39:27,700
escalate from discomfort to 
potential death. 

6239
05:39:28,600 --> 05:39:31,200
Heat exhaustion, regularly 
causes workers to collapse 

6240
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:33,600
prompting. 
A response to resolving a 

6241
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:36,000
maschine jam quickly and 
returning to work. 

6242
05:39:37,000 --> 05:39:39,900
Fire is another constant worry 
though, nobody likes to talk 

6243
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:42,800
about it, much. 
All that cotton dust hanging in 

6244
05:39:42,800 --> 05:39:45,200
the air is basically kindling 
waiting for a spark. 

6245
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:47,800
The wooden floors are soaked 
with machine oil. 

6246
05:39:47,800 --> 05:39:50,700
The electrical systems are what 
you might generously call 

6247
05:39:50,700 --> 05:39:52,700
experimental and everyone 
smokes. 

6248
05:39:52,700 --> 05:39:54,500
Because hey, what's one more 
risk? 

6249
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:58,500
Fire drills consists mainly of 
hoping nothing catches fire and 

6250
05:39:58,500 --> 05:40:00,800
trusting that you can run faster
than the Flames. 

6251
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:03,500
The chemical treatments used on 
the Cotton, create their own 

6252
05:40:03,500 --> 05:40:06,900
problems, your skin develops, a 
permanent relationship with 

6253
05:40:06,900 --> 05:40:10,200
various dies and treating agents
that would make a chemist 

6254
05:40:10,200 --> 05:40:13,000
nervous. 
Your hands acquire captivating, 

6255
05:40:13,000 --> 05:40:16,400
Hughes that remain unwash of new
acquire, the ability to 

6256
05:40:16,400 --> 05:40:19,500
distinguish various chemical 
processes, solely through scent,

6257
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:24,300
not a choice but a necessity 
Accidents happen with the 

6258
05:40:24,300 --> 05:40:27,700
regularity of Sunrise. 
Someone gets their slave Court 

6259
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:30,100
in a machine and other worker 
slips on the oil. 

6260
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:33,300
Slick floors, or somebody 
forgets just how hot those metal

6261
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,400
Parts can get. 
The company is response to 

6262
05:40:36,400 --> 05:40:39,400
workplace injuries is usually 
some variation of be more 

6263
05:40:39,408 --> 05:40:42,900
careful next time accompanied by
a lecturer about personal 

6264
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:46,900
responsibility. 
Your feet in case, in whatever 

6265
05:40:46,900 --> 05:40:50,400
boots you can afford, spend 12 
hours a day on concrete, floors,

6266
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:52,600
that seemed designed to cause 
maximum discomfort. 

6267
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:56,700
By the end of each day, walking 
feels like balancing on two 

6268
05:40:56,700 --> 05:40:59,900
clubs and you develop a deep 
appreciation for any opportunity

6269
05:40:59,900 --> 05:41:02,800
to sit down. 
The worst part is that all these

6270
05:41:02,800 --> 05:41:04,300
hazards are, just part of the 
job. 

6271
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:06,800
Nobody talks about making things
safer. 

6272
05:41:06,800 --> 05:41:09,800
They talk about being tougher, 
more careful and more aware. 

6273
05:41:10,500 --> 05:41:14,000
You adapt out of necessity 
forming reflexes and habits that

6274
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:15,400
could potentially keep you 
alive. 

6275
05:41:15,400 --> 05:41:19,000
Long enough to earn your wages 
and tomorrow you get to do it 

6276
05:41:19,000 --> 05:41:21,600
all over again. 
Let's talk about money because 

6277
05:41:21,600 --> 05:41:24,600
in 1911, your relationship with 
money as a textile. 

6278
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:28,000
Worker is complicated like being
married to someone who promises 

6279
05:41:28,000 --> 05:41:30,300
to love you but keeps forgetting
to show up for dinner. 

6280
05:41:31,300 --> 05:41:34,200
Your weekly wages sound almost 
respectable when the supervisor 

6281
05:41:34,200 --> 05:41:37,300
mentions them during hiring, 
maybe eight or nine dollars a 

6282
05:41:37,300 --> 05:41:38,800
week. 
If you're lucky and experience, 

6283
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,800
that's real money. 
At least it's real money until 

6284
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:47,000
you start trying to spend it on 
real things like food, rent, and

6285
05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:49,800
the occasional luxury of soap 
that doesn't smell like lie. 

6286
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:53,100
Here's where things get 
interesting in that not actually

6287
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:54,900
interesting more like, 
depressing way. 

6288
05:41:56,300 --> 05:41:59,400
Company has mastered the art of 
giving generously while 

6289
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:01,400
simultaneously, taking advantage
of you. 

6290
05:42:02,200 --> 05:42:05,400
Sure, they pay you weekly wages 
but they've also created a 

6291
05:42:05,400 --> 05:42:08,500
beautiful system of fines 
deductions and company policies 

6292
05:42:08,500 --> 05:42:11,300
that ensure most of your money 
never actually makes it to your 

6293
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:13,600
pocket. 
If you arrive later at work you 

6294
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:15,500
will incur penalties that will 
cost. 

6295
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,700
You does the machine breakdown 
because of normal wear and tear 

6296
05:42:18,700 --> 05:42:22,300
somehow that's your fault too 
and it'll cost you need to buy 

6297
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:25,300
work supplies conveniently. 
The Company Store is 

6298
05:42:25,300 --> 05:42:27,800
conveniently located, ready to 
sell you, everything at prices. 

6299
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:29,300
That would make a highway robber
blush. 

6300
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:33,800
Your thread, your needles, even 
your machine oil, all come out 

6301
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:35,800
of your wages at rates. 
That make you wonder if the 

6302
05:42:35,800 --> 05:42:38,200
children of the company store 
owner, a planning to attend 

6303
05:42:38,200 --> 05:42:40,500
Harvard. 
The company housing is another 

6304
05:42:40,500 --> 05:42:43,000
beautiful scam. 
They offer you a place to live 

6305
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:46,100
which sounds generous Until you 
realize their charging rent. 

6306
05:42:46,100 --> 05:42:49,000
That eats up nearly half your 
way wages for the privilege of 

6307
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,500
living in what amounts to a 
wooden box with Windows. 

6308
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:55,000
The construction of these 
houses, reflects the meticulous 

6309
05:42:55,000 --> 05:42:58,800
attention to detail and 
craftsmanship of someone 

6310
05:42:58,800 --> 05:43:00,800
attempting to complete a project
before lunch. 

6311
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:04,100
The walls are thin enough that 
you know, everything about your 

6312
05:43:04,100 --> 05:43:08,100
neighbor's lives, the roof leaks
with artistic creativity and the

6313
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:10,400
plumbing works on the same 
principles as prayer. 

6314
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,000
Food becomes a daily exercise 
and creative mathematics. 

6315
05:43:15,000 --> 05:43:18,200
You learn to make meals out of 
ingredients that cost almost 

6316
05:43:18,200 --> 05:43:20,700
nothing and fill you up, just 
enough to keep working. 

6317
05:43:21,700 --> 05:43:24,900
Potatoes become your best friend
beans, become your steady 

6318
05:43:24,900 --> 05:43:27,300
companion, and meet becomes that
exciting. 

6319
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:29,100
Acquaintances you see maybe once
a week. 

6320
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:32,000
If you're lucky, you develop 
cooking skills that would 

6321
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,300
impress a frontier Pioneer, how 
to make filling soup out of 

6322
05:43:35,308 --> 05:43:38,900
Bones and vegetables that other 
people might throw away how to 

6323
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,200
stretch a small piece of meat 
across three days of meals, and 

6324
05:43:42,200 --> 05:43:44,700
how to make bread last longer by
eating less of it. 

6325
05:43:45,800 --> 05:43:47,600
Your work. 
Clothes are another expense that

6326
05:43:47,600 --> 05:43:51,200
nobody mentions during hiring. 
The machines are hard on fabric,

6327
05:43:51,200 --> 05:43:53,500
the dust and chemicals stain. 
Everything permanently. 

6328
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:56,700
And you need at least two sets 
of work clothes, so you can wash

6329
05:43:56,700 --> 05:44:00,100
one while wearing the other 
Buying new clothes means going 

6330
05:44:00,100 --> 05:44:02,800
without something else. 
So you learn to patch mend and 

6331
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:05,600
wear things until they're more 
patched than the original 

6332
05:44:05,600 --> 05:44:08,100
fabric. 
Saving money is like trying to 

6333
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:11,200
hold water in your hands 
technically possible but 

6334
05:44:11,200 --> 05:44:13,400
requiring perfect conditions and
a lot of luck. 

6335
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:16,800
Most weeks you're doing. 
Well, if you break even a good 

6336
05:44:16,808 --> 05:44:19,400
week, means you have a few coins
left over for something special 

6337
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:21,800
like better food or maybe a 
newspaper. 

6338
05:44:21,800 --> 05:44:25,300
A bad week means choosing 
between paying rent on time or 

6339
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:28,300
eating properly. 
The really frustrating part is 

6340
05:44:28,300 --> 05:44:31,400
watching The Mill owners drive 
past in their fancy carriages 

6341
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:33,600
wearing clothes that cost more 
than you make. 

6342
05:44:33,600 --> 05:44:36,500
In a year living in house is 
that could fit your entire 

6343
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:39,000
neighborhood. 
They talk about the Dignity of 

6344
05:44:39,000 --> 05:44:41,800
work and the value of honest 
labor, while paying wages that 

6345
05:44:41,800 --> 05:44:44,400
make dignity feel like an 
expensive luxury, you can't 

6346
05:44:44,408 --> 05:44:47,600
afford. 
Medical expenses are 

6347
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:51,500
particularly cruel, get sick or 
injured and you lose wages for 

6348
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:52,700
the days. 
You can't work. 

6349
05:44:52,700 --> 05:44:55,500
Need to see a doctor that costs 
money. 

6350
05:44:55,500 --> 05:44:57,300
You don't have for treatment, 
you can't afford. 

6351
05:44:57,300 --> 05:45:01,000
The company solution is usually 
some variation of work through 

6352
05:45:01,000 --> 05:45:03,800
it or maybe you should have been
more careful. 

6353
05:45:04,800 --> 05:45:07,200
Your financial planning consists
mainly of hoping nothing 

6354
05:45:07,200 --> 05:45:10,200
unexpected happens. 
Because unexpected things cost 

6355
05:45:10,200 --> 05:45:14,800
money, you don't have A broken 
shoe, a sick child or a winter. 

6356
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:17,500
That's colder than usual. 
Any of these can turn a tight 

6357
05:45:17,508 --> 05:45:19,100
budget into a financial 
disaster. 

6358
05:45:20,100 --> 05:45:21,900
But hey at least you have steady
work, right? 

6359
05:45:21,900 --> 05:45:25,200
That's what everyone keeps 
telling you anyway, social life 

6360
05:45:25,200 --> 05:45:28,500
as a textile worker. 
In 1911 is like trying to have a

6361
05:45:28,500 --> 05:45:31,800
party in a library during an 
earthquake technically possible.

6362
05:45:31,800 --> 05:45:35,700
But you're working with some 
serious, limitations your Social

6363
05:45:35,708 --> 05:45:39,100
Circle consists, mainly of other
people who understand why you 

6364
05:45:39,100 --> 05:45:41,300
smell permanently of cotton dust
and machine or oil. 

6365
05:45:42,100 --> 05:45:44,200
These are folks who don't judge 
you for falling asleep, 

6366
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:47,600
mid-conversation, or for having 
hands that look like you've been

6367
05:45:47,600 --> 05:45:50,300
wrestling with mechanical 
equipment, all day, because 

6368
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:53,800
they've got the same problems. 
You Bond over shared misery, in 

6369
05:45:53,800 --> 05:45:56,500
a way that both heartwarming and
deeply depressing. 

6370
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:00,600
The mill becomes its own little 
Community complete with all the 

6371
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:03,200
drama gossip and petty feuds, 
you'd expect. 

6372
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:06,400
When you stick a bunch of tired 
underpaid people together for 12

6373
05:46:06,400 --> 05:46:09,100
hours a day. 
You learn everyone's business, 

6374
05:46:09,100 --> 05:46:12,800
whether you want to or not who's
behind on rent, whose husband 

6375
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:16,000
drinks too much, who's been 
sneaking, extra breaks, and 

6376
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:18,500
who's been getting cozy with the
floor supervisor in hopes of 

6377
05:46:18,500 --> 05:46:21,300
easier assignments. 
Romance in the mill is 

6378
05:46:21,300 --> 05:46:24,100
complicated. 
Potential Partners surround you 

6379
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:26,600
understanding your life because 
they share it. 

6380
05:46:26,600 --> 05:46:30,500
On the other hand, everyone's 
exhausted stressed about money 

6381
05:46:30,500 --> 05:46:33,600
and covered in Cotton dust, 
which doesn't exactly create 

6382
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:35,600
ideal conditions for romantic 
relationships. 

6383
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:39,000
Mill courtships tend to be 
practical affairs. 

6384
05:46:39,800 --> 05:46:42,500
Finding someone who can help you
survive rather than someone who 

6385
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:45,000
makes your heart flutter. 
Your work schedule. 

6386
05:46:45,000 --> 05:46:47,700
Makes having a social life about
a simple as juggling while 

6387
05:46:47,700 --> 05:46:51,800
blindfolded you work six days a 
week, 12 hours a day, which 

6388
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:55,000
leaves you Sunday to recover, do
laundry, buy groceries. 

6389
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:58,200
And maybe if you're very lucky, 
have something resembling fun. 

6390
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:02,300
Sunday becomes sacred the one 
day when you can remember what 

6391
05:47:02,300 --> 05:47:04,700
it feels like to be a human 
being, instead of a machine 

6392
05:47:04,700 --> 05:47:08,900
tender The company Town. 
Social hierarchy is fascinating 

6393
05:47:08,900 --> 05:47:12,000
in his own Twisted, way at the 
top, you've got the mill owners 

6394
05:47:12,000 --> 05:47:14,800
and managers living in their 
fancy houses on the hill, 

6395
05:47:14,800 --> 05:47:18,000
hosting Garden parties, and 
complaining about the difficulty

6396
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:21,100
of finding good help. 
Below them of the skilled 

6397
05:47:21,100 --> 05:47:24,600
workers and supervisors, we get 
to look down on the regular mil 

6398
05:47:24,600 --> 05:47:26,500
hands, while still being looked 
down on by management. 

6399
05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:29,600
At the bottom, you've got the 
newest workers. 

6400
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:32,600
The ones who haven't figured out
the system yet, and still think 

6401
05:47:32,600 --> 05:47:35,600
things might get better. 
Entertainment options are 

6402
05:47:35,600 --> 05:47:38,700
limited but creative There's 
usually a company store that 

6403
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:41,600
doubles as a gathering place, 
where you can buy overpriced 

6404
05:47:41,600 --> 05:47:45,400
goods and catch up on Gossip. 
Sometimes there's a church which

6405
05:47:45,400 --> 05:47:49,100
serves as both spiritual comfort
and Social Club, the really 

6406
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:52,500
exciting, social events might 
include a company picnic once a 

6407
05:47:52,500 --> 05:47:55,300
year where management makes 
speeches about the mill, family,

6408
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:58,400
while serving food that cost 
less per person than most 

6409
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:01,700
workers make in an hour. 
Drinking is popular, which 

6410
05:48:01,700 --> 05:48:04,300
probably won't surprise anyone 
who spent 12 hours a day 

6411
05:48:04,308 --> 05:48:07,600
tending, temperamental machinery
for wages that barely cover. 

6412
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:10,800
Rent, the local taverns, 
understand their clientele 

6413
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:13,600
working people who need to 
forget their problems for a few 

6414
05:48:13,608 --> 05:48:16,100
hours and don't have much money 
to spend doing it. 

6415
05:48:17,000 --> 05:48:19,400
These establishments serve 
drinks, strong enough to cut 

6416
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,300
through cotton dust and cheap 
enough that you can afford to 

6417
05:48:22,300 --> 05:48:25,800
buy around for your fellow 
sufferers Your reputation in the

6418
05:48:25,800 --> 05:48:29,000
community is directly linked to 
your work performance and your 

6419
05:48:29,008 --> 05:48:33,100
ability to remain silent about 
working conditions, complain too

6420
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:34,900
much, and your labeled a 
troublemaker. 

6421
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,400
If you make in frequent 
complaints, people may perceive 

6422
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:40,300
you as being unresponsive to 
management. 

6423
05:48:40,300 --> 05:48:43,700
There's a narrow path between 
being considered a good worker 

6424
05:48:43,700 --> 05:48:46,200
and being considered someone 
who's giving up on life entirely

6425
05:48:46,200 --> 05:48:49,700
letters from family members who 
don't work in Mills become 

6426
05:48:49,700 --> 05:48:52,800
precious Treasures offering 
glimpses into a world where 

6427
05:48:52,800 --> 05:48:55,500
people have time for things, 
like Hobbies, where Sunday is 

6428
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:58,500
actually a day of rest and where
conversations aren't conducted 

6429
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:00,500
through gestures over the raw of
machinery. 

6430
05:49:01,400 --> 05:49:03,800
These letters remind you that 
there's life beyond the mill 

6431
05:49:03,800 --> 05:49:07,700
walls even if that life feels 
increasingly distant the social 

6432
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:10,200
pressure to appear grateful for 
your job is constant. 

6433
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:14,000
Anyone who suggests that working
conditions could be better is 

6434
05:49:14,000 --> 05:49:17,200
quickly reminded that jobs are 
scare and there are plenty of 

6435
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:18,800
people who would love to have 
your position. 

6436
05:49:19,700 --> 05:49:22,300
This phenomenon creates a 
community of people who are 

6437
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:26,000
simultaneously miserable and 
afraid to admit it which makes 

6438
05:49:26,000 --> 05:49:28,300
for some very interesting social
dynamics. 

6439
05:49:28,900 --> 05:49:32,300
However, it's comforting to 
share your misery with others by

6440
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:33,800
now. 
Your body has become a Living 

6441
05:49:33,800 --> 05:49:35,800
testament to the joys of 
industrial labor. 

6442
05:49:35,800 --> 05:49:39,800
If bodies were books, yours 
would be titled, everything that

6443
05:49:39,800 --> 05:49:43,700
can go wrong in a textile mill, 
a personal Journey, your hands 

6444
05:49:43,708 --> 05:49:46,600
deserve their chapter. 
In this sad story, they've 

6445
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:49,400
transformed from whatever they 
used to be into something. 

6446
05:49:49,400 --> 05:49:51,800
Resembling leather gloves that 
have been through a war. 

6447
05:49:51,800 --> 05:49:55,400
The calluses have calluses and 
your fingers have developed 

6448
05:49:55,400 --> 05:49:57,500
their own independent 
relationship with pain. 

6449
05:49:57,500 --> 05:50:01,200
You can identify different types
of thread by feel alone. 

6450
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:04,300
Not because you're particularly 
skilled, but because you're 

6451
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:07,300
nerve ending of being educated, 
by thousands of hours of 

6452
05:50:07,300 --> 05:50:10,600
handling, rough materials. 
The constant vibration from the 

6453
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:13,700
machine says, giving your hands 
a permanent slight, Trevor like 

6454
05:50:13,700 --> 05:50:17,200
you're always cold or nervous, 
This condition makes simple 

6455
05:50:17,200 --> 05:50:20,600
tasks at home, surprisingly 
difficult, eating soup, becomes 

6456
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:23,400
an adventure writing a letter 
turns into an exercise in 

6457
05:50:23,400 --> 05:50:26,700
patience and trying to thread a 
needle for personal sowing 

6458
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:29,500
projects is like performing 
surgery, while riding a horse. 

6459
05:50:30,300 --> 05:50:33,300
You're hearing is being 
subjected to an intensity, that 

6460
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:35,100
would make a prize fighter 
sympathetic. 

6461
05:50:35,900 --> 05:50:38,600
Constant Roar of Machinery has 
left you with a permanent 

6462
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:41,200
ringing in your ears. 
That sounds like a very small 

6463
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:44,800
very persistent Bell. 
That never stops chiming. 

6464
05:50:46,100 --> 05:50:49,300
You find yourself asking people 
to repeat things, not because 

6465
05:50:49,300 --> 05:50:52,700
you're not paying attention, but
because normal conversation has 

6466
05:50:52,708 --> 05:50:55,700
become surprisingly quiet 
compared to your workplace 

6467
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:58,200
soundtrack. 
Your lungs have developed their 

6468
05:50:58,200 --> 05:51:02,200
own cotton processing facility. 
The mild cough that started as 

6469
05:51:02,200 --> 05:51:05,000
an occasional tickle as evolved 
into a reliable companion. 

6470
05:51:05,000 --> 05:51:07,300
That wakes up with you every 
morning and stays with you 

6471
05:51:07,300 --> 05:51:10,000
throughout the day. 
You produce more cotton colored 

6472
05:51:10,000 --> 05:51:13,000
phlegm than any human should, 
and you've learned to time your 

6473
05:51:13,000 --> 05:51:15,300
coughing fits, so they don't 
interfere with machine 

6474
05:51:15,300 --> 05:51:18,400
operation. 
Your back is aged about 20 years

6475
05:51:18,400 --> 05:51:21,600
and the first few months of 
Millwork all that bending over 

6476
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:25,300
machine's, lifting materials and
standing on concrete floors. 

6477
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:28,200
As giving your spine, the 
personality of an angry old man.

6478
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:32,400
You awaken with stiffness and 
your escalating pain and retire 

6479
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:33,800
to bed with a sense of 
resentment. 

6480
05:51:34,800 --> 05:51:38,300
Your feet have their complaints 
to file. 12 hours a day on 

6481
05:51:38,300 --> 05:51:40,900
concrete, floors, in whatever 
boots, you can afford, has given

6482
05:51:40,900 --> 05:51:42,900
you an intimate relationship 
with foot pain. 

6483
05:51:43,700 --> 05:51:47,000
Your archers have fallen, your 
heels, ache and your toes of 

6484
05:51:47,000 --> 05:51:51,300
their own Survival strategies. 
Each day, you walk home with the

6485
05:51:51,300 --> 05:51:55,000
Gate of someone who has hiked up
hill in uncomfortable shoes, a 

6486
05:51:55,000 --> 05:51:58,400
situation that is not far from 
reality, the heat and humidity 

6487
05:51:58,400 --> 05:52:01,000
of the mill of done, strange 
things to your skin. 

6488
05:52:01,000 --> 05:52:04,100
You've developed, a permanent 
light Sheen of perspiration 

6489
05:52:04,100 --> 05:52:06,900
mixed with cotton dust that 
gives you the appearance of 

6490
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:08,900
someone who's been lightly 
breaded for frying. 

6491
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,700
Your complexion has taken on the
pale slightly grayish, tone of 

6492
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,200
someone who spends most of their
daylight hours indoors under 

6493
05:52:15,200 --> 05:52:18,000
artificial lighting. 
Your sleep patterns have been 

6494
05:52:18,000 --> 05:52:20,200
completely reorganized around 
exhaustion. 

6495
05:52:20,200 --> 05:52:23,400
You don't wake up, so much as 
get dragged back to awareness by

6496
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:26,400
the mill, whistle, and you don't
so much, go to sleep as collapse

6497
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:29,400
into unconsciousness. 
Your dreams when you remember 

6498
05:52:29,400 --> 05:52:32,200
them, often feature the sound of
machinery, and the feel of 

6499
05:52:32,208 --> 05:52:35,800
cotton dust in your throat, in 
your appetite has changed too. 

6500
05:52:36,700 --> 05:52:39,100
The physical demands of the 
work, make you hungry, but the 

6501
05:52:39,108 --> 05:52:41,100
dust and chemicals, you, breathe
all day. 

6502
05:52:41,100 --> 05:52:43,400
Have given food. 
A slightly metallic after taste,

6503
05:52:43,400 --> 05:52:46,100
everything you eat. 
Seems to have a faint cotton 

6504
05:52:46,100 --> 05:52:48,400
flavor, Which is less appealing 
than it sounds. 

6505
05:52:48,400 --> 05:52:51,900
The worst part is that all these
physical changes are considered 

6506
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:56,200
normal even expected Nobody 
talks about preventing them. 

6507
05:52:56,200 --> 05:53:00,400
They talk about enduring them. 
Your body is depreciating like a

6508
05:53:00,400 --> 05:53:03,500
piece of Machinery. 
Wearing out from constant use 

6509
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:06,500
under difficult conditions. 
And the general attitude is that

6510
05:53:06,500 --> 05:53:08,900
such degradation is simply the 
price of employment. 

6511
05:53:09,700 --> 05:53:12,200
Your mirror becomes less and 
less friendly over time. 

6512
05:53:12,200 --> 05:53:15,400
The person looking back at you 
has the appearance of someone 

6513
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:17,600
who's been through something 
difficult and prolonged. 

6514
05:53:18,200 --> 05:53:21,600
Your posture has changed your 
expression has developed, a 

6515
05:53:21,600 --> 05:53:24,500
permanent slightly tired look 
and your hands are always 

6516
05:53:24,500 --> 05:53:27,800
slightly stained with dyes and 
oils that never quite wash 

6517
05:53:27,800 --> 05:53:29,900
clean. 
But hey, at least you're 

6518
05:53:29,900 --> 05:53:32,700
building character, right? 
That's what people who don't 

6519
05:53:32,700 --> 05:53:36,000
work in Mills, like to say, 
anyway, after months or years of

6520
05:53:36,000 --> 05:53:38,300
this, lovely life. 
You may be asking, does it get 

6521
05:53:38,300 --> 05:53:40,600
better? 
Well, that depends on your 

6522
05:53:40,600 --> 05:53:43,400
definition of better and your 
relationship with reality. 

6523
05:53:44,600 --> 05:53:47,900
Eventually some workers managed 
to break free from the midlife. 

6524
05:53:47,900 --> 05:53:51,800
Although the term Escape may be 
overly dramatic. 

6525
05:53:52,900 --> 05:53:55,300
Few workers managed to save 
enough money to start small 

6526
05:53:55,300 --> 05:53:57,800
businesses. 
Usually, in textiles since that 

6527
05:53:57,800 --> 05:54:00,900
is what they know. 
Others marry into slightly 

6528
05:54:00,900 --> 05:54:04,000
better circumstances, or moved 
to different towns where the 

6529
05:54:04,000 --> 05:54:07,600
Mills pay, marginally better 
wages these success stories 

6530
05:54:07,600 --> 05:54:10,100
circulate throughout the mill 
Community, like in chanting 

6531
05:54:10,100 --> 05:54:13,400
tales and stilling in. 
Everyone assemblance of Hope to 

6532
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:16,700
continue attending work. 
The really optimistic workers 

6533
05:54:16,700 --> 05:54:19,300
talk about their children, 
having Better Lives, getting 

6534
05:54:19,300 --> 05:54:22,500
education and learning trades 
that don't involve breathing 

6535
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:26,300
cotton dust for 12 hours a day. 
This notion becomes your 

6536
05:54:26,300 --> 05:54:29,600
motivation on the worst days, 
the idea that you're suffering 

6537
05:54:29,600 --> 05:54:32,600
might mean something if it gives
the Next Generation, a chance at

6538
05:54:32,600 --> 05:54:35,700
something better. 
It's a beautiful thought, even 

6539
05:54:35,700 --> 05:54:37,900
if the mill owners children are 
already getting those better 

6540
05:54:37,900 --> 05:54:40,700
chances, while, yours are 
learning to patch clothes and 

6541
05:54:40,700 --> 05:54:43,700
stretch soup, You develop 
survival strategies. 

6542
05:54:43,700 --> 05:54:45,200
That would impress a Wilderness 
guide. 

6543
05:54:45,200 --> 05:54:48,800
You learn exactly how to pace 
yourself to last 12 hours, 

6544
05:54:48,800 --> 05:54:51,500
without collapsing. 
How to eat meals, that provide 

6545
05:54:51,500 --> 05:54:55,100
maximum energy for minimum cost 
and how to sleep deeply enough 

6546
05:54:55,100 --> 05:54:56,900
in six hours to function the 
next day. 

6547
05:54:58,100 --> 05:55:00,800
You become an expert in the art 
of functioning while miserable, 

6548
05:55:00,800 --> 05:55:05,200
which is a skill, nobody teaches
but everyone in the mill somehow

6549
05:55:05,200 --> 05:55:07,800
learns. 
The milk Community develops, his

6550
05:55:07,800 --> 05:55:11,200
own support systems workers, 
share food when someone's family

6551
05:55:11,200 --> 05:55:12,900
is struggling cover for each 
other. 

6552
05:55:12,900 --> 05:55:15,800
When illness strikes and pass 
along information about better 

6553
05:55:15,800 --> 05:55:19,300
jobs or safer machines. 
You learn, that solidarity isn't

6554
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:22,000
just a fancy word. 
It's what keeps you alive? 

6555
05:55:22,000 --> 05:55:24,300
When the company sees you as 
Expendable equipment? 

6556
05:55:25,300 --> 05:55:28,300
Some days, he catch glimpses of 
the world outside the mill 

6557
05:55:28,300 --> 05:55:29,900
walls. 
And remember that. 

6558
05:55:29,900 --> 05:55:32,000
There are people living entirely
different lives. 

6559
05:55:32,000 --> 05:55:35,800
They wake up when they want to 
work at jobs that don't slowly 

6560
05:55:35,800 --> 05:55:38,800
kill them and have money left 
over after paying for basic 

6561
05:55:38,800 --> 05:55:41,400
necessities. 
These glimpses are both 

6562
05:55:41,408 --> 05:55:45,300
inspiring and deeply depressing 
like looking through a window at

6563
05:55:45,300 --> 05:55:47,700
a party. 
You're not invited to Slowly, 

6564
05:55:47,700 --> 05:55:51,100
the political landscape is 
beginning to change labor, 

6565
05:55:51,100 --> 05:55:54,100
unions, workplace safety laws 
and the radical idea that 

6566
05:55:54,100 --> 05:55:56,300
workers might deserve. 
Basic protections are being 

6567
05:55:56,308 --> 05:55:58,800
discussed. 
These conversations happen in 

6568
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:01,400
Whispers because Mill, owners 
don't appreciate employees who 

6569
05:56:01,400 --> 05:56:04,700
think too much about their 
rights, but the seeds of change 

6570
05:56:04,700 --> 05:56:09,000
are being planted watered by the
shared misery of thousands of 

6571
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:12,100
workers who are starting to 
realize that grateful for any 

6572
05:56:12,100 --> 05:56:14,500
job, might not be the best 
approach to employment. 

6573
05:56:15,700 --> 05:56:18,700
Your relationship with work 
itself, becomes complicated in 

6574
05:56:18,700 --> 05:56:22,100
ways that are hard to explain to
people who've never spent years 

6575
05:56:22,100 --> 05:56:25,300
of their lives tending machines.
That seem designed to break down

6576
05:56:25,300 --> 05:56:28,800
at the worst possible moments. 
You develop a grudging respect 

6577
05:56:28,800 --> 05:56:31,900
for your toughness a pride in 
your ability to survive 

6578
05:56:31,900 --> 05:56:33,800
conditions that would break 
softer people. 

6579
05:56:33,800 --> 05:56:36,400
At the same time you're acutely 
aware that. 

6580
05:56:36,400 --> 05:56:40,000
This toughness came at a cost 
your health, your time, your 

6581
05:56:40,000 --> 05:56:42,000
dreams of doing something else 
with your life. 

6582
05:56:42,900 --> 05:56:46,100
Years later, if you're lucky 
enough to have those years, you 

6583
05:56:46,100 --> 05:56:47,400
will probably have mixed 
feelings. 

6584
05:56:47,400 --> 05:56:50,800
When you look back on your milk 
experience, you will likely feel

6585
05:56:50,800 --> 05:56:54,100
a mixture of pride in your 
survival anger at the conditions

6586
05:56:54,100 --> 05:56:57,200
you endured and a deep 
appreciation, for any work that 

6587
05:56:57,200 --> 05:57:00,000
allows you to breathe clean air 
and keep your fingers intact. 

6588
05:57:00,800 --> 05:57:03,800
You'll tell stories that sound 
almost unbelievable to people 

6589
05:57:03,800 --> 05:57:06,800
who've never worked in heavy 
industry and you'll probably 

6590
05:57:06,800 --> 05:57:10,400
downplay just how bad it really 
was, because some experiences 

6591
05:57:10,400 --> 05:57:12,900
too big and complicated to 
explain to people who weren't 

6592
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:16,000
there. 
The mill whistle that sound that

6593
05:57:16,000 --> 05:57:19,200
dominated your life for so long,
will always trigger memories. 

6594
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:23,400
Years later hearing a similar 
sound will transport you back to

6595
05:57:23,400 --> 05:57:25,300
those early mornings, those long
days. 

6596
05:57:25,300 --> 05:57:29,400
And that particular combination 
of exhaustion and determination 

6597
05:57:29,400 --> 05:57:32,500
that characterized me life. 
But here's the thing about 

6598
05:57:32,500 --> 05:57:35,700
surviving difficult experience, 
is they teach you what your 

6599
05:57:35,700 --> 05:57:38,900
capable of enduring and that 
knowledge becomes part of Who 

6600
05:57:38,900 --> 05:57:41,300
You Are. 
You learn your tougher more 

6601
05:57:41,300 --> 05:57:43,500
resourceful and more resilient 
than you thought. 

6602
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:47,600
And sometimes on quiet Sunday 
mornings, when you're not 

6603
05:57:47,608 --> 05:57:50,300
rushing to answer a mill, 
whistle that knowledge feels 

6604
05:57:50,300 --> 05:57:52,100
almost worth the price. 
You paid for it. 

6605
05:57:52,100 --> 05:57:53,100
Almost