The Real Life of Davy Crockett Beyond the Legend and more | Boring History For Sleep

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Congratulations. 
Friends. 

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Because tonight we're heading to
the American frontier to meet a 

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man, whose Legend often out grew
the truth. 

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We're exploring the real history
of Davy Crockett, the backwards 

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Hunter Soldier and politician 
who became a folk hero draped in

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Buckskin and a coonskin cap. 
From his early life in the 

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Tennessee Wilderness to his time
in Congress. 

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And finally to his fate. 
At the Alamo Crockett's real 

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story, is a mix of grit politics
and clever self-promotion. 

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So before we commence together, 
take a moment. 

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If you don't mind to like the 
video and subscribe. 

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Also, please let us know where 
you're watching from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now dim the lights, maybe 

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imagine the crackle of a 
campfire, the center of wood 

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smoke and the sound of boots on 
Dusty Trails because this is the

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real story of Davy Crockett. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

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cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

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going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

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American history. 
Perhaps you and your parents, 

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whom the Disney song, About Davy
Crockett the frontier hero with 

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the coonskin cap. 
Instead of starting with bear 

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wrestling or political speeches,
the true tale of David Crockett 

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begins with the Restless lad who
couldn't settle into anything 

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and he was far more fascinating 
than any myth. 

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David sometimes known as Davey 
until the politicians had their 

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hands on him was born in 1786 
into a nomadic family, in a 

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one-room cabin and what is now 
Eastern Tennessee. 

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John his father was the type of 
man who would constantly look to

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the adjacent Valley for 
brighter. 

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Prospects, young David likely 
assumed that having a permanent 

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address was something that only 
other people experience because 

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the Crockett's packed up and 
moved. 

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So frequently, now it's easy to 
picture rugged outdoorsy kids 

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growing up on the frontier, but 
David was really quite The 

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Eccentric. 
Unlike his peers, David appeared

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to have an aversion to sit in 
still even though they were 

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learning to plow fields, and 
tend to livestock. 

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School. 
As he knew, it seemed to snug as

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a pair of pine box shoes, and 
his thoughts ran a mark like a 

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free chicken. 
Formal educational wasn't for 

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him. 
After only four days of class, 

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this decision would come back to
haunt him years later when he 

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struggled to sound adult in 
letters to his wife. at the 

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tender age of 13 David's father,
likely destroyed rented him out 

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to a cattle driver Envision 
yourself as a 13 year old, who 

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is unexpectedly tasked with 
transporting, hundreds of 

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finicky cows over Uncharted 
land. 

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David learned that cows had zero
regard for a Young Person's 

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timetable or dignity as he 
trudged through muck for months 

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while sleeping under the stars. 
However, he felt a connection to

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that trip. 
Because of his Restless 

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personality, he thrived on the 
wide Road where he was always 

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moving and had to tackle 
difficulties as they arose. 

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David had gained the 
self-assurance that comes from 

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facing adversity, head-on, and 
had grown three inches. 

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By the time he reached home, 
However, he still had issues 

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with his studies in a family 
where everyone could write their

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names. 
He felt like the outcast because

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he still couldn't read past 
first grade when he was 15 years

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old. 
So he struck a bargain with his 

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dad. 
He'd pay off the family's 

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obligations. 
If he could go back to school. 

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Imagine a classroom full of 
seven year olds with 15 year old

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David crammed in his knees. 
Banging the small desk trying to

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learn his letters at a time when
other boys is age or already 

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planning marriage and starting 
families. 

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Although it must have been 
difficult for his pride. 

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David persisted for a few months
as he gradually acquired. 

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The fundamental abilities 
necessary for the complex life 

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that lay ahead. 
Like many other youngsters David

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found himself thrust into 
manhood on the frontier before 

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he was ready. 
That the age of 16, he had found

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a job with a nearby farmer where
he could support his family and 

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begin to shape his future even 
when things became rough. 

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He had a way of making people 
laugh and his stubborn streak 

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would keep them going long after
they gave up. 

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He wasn't the brightest student 
or the toughest worker, but he 

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had something else in those 
formative years. 

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He virtually appears as a 
towering lanky boy with enormous

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hands and a wicked grin. 
That seems to be perpetually 

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hatching. 
A plot parents were first 

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frightened by his Boundless 
Energy that they eventually came

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to forgive him for his charisma.
Years would pass before he 

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became the renowned frontiersmen
but he had all the making of an 

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outlaw, an innate desire to 
strike off on his own and the 

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growing suspicion that the easy 
way out might not be the best 

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choice. delving, further into 
our narrative, let us discuss 

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how a young, David discovered, a
profound truth The ability to 

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bring joy to another person's 
life is nearly as valuable as 

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their material needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

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with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

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When he was 19 years old. 
Polly the daughter of a fairly 

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well-off farmer. 
Had her misgiving about this 

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clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

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She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

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She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

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tactic. 
David would attend social events

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in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

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storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

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developing practical 
capabilities. 

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The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

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to you. 
This may not appear significant 

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but in 1805 Tennessee, a guy who
fail to strike his Target was as

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valuable as a chocolate teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

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his head. 
When Polly's, father proposed 

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they go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

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suitability as a possible son in
law thereafter. 

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He did what any reasonable young
man in love would do. 

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He practiced until his ears, 
rang Non-Stop and his shoulder 

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turned purple from overuse 
whenever he had a spare moment. 

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He would borrow rifles beg for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

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that would remain still long 
enough. 

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David transformed the entire 
County into his own private 

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range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts and 

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trees. 
He was able to thread, a 

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50-yard, musket, ball needle, by
the time, he wed Polly in 1806, 

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a testament to his perseverance.
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

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near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

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a curse for David though. 
She brought stability poly. 

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Also introduced expectations to 
his Restless temperament. 

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No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

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It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

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foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

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The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

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responsibilities was before 
David. 

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His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

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He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

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with a bounty of wild turkey 
bear and deer that would feed 

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the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

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Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

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Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

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Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

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Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

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hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

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He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

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marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

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occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

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But David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

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tracking animals through dense 
forests and Crossing streams. 

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He had an almost miraculous 
knack for reading the forest. 

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For seeing when and where 
animals would be, and how they 

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would act. 
When David returned from hunting

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trips with tales, that were too 
Fantastical to be true. 

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His neighbors started to take 
note Bears that he had pursued 

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for several days prior to 
obtaining, the ideal photograph 

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using Justice patience and 
knowledge of the deer's habits. 

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He had successfully brought them
within Arm's Reach. 

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He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

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turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

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David's Rising profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

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others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well. 

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Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

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summoned. 
Strange for Prince surrounding 

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the chicken coop. 
He'll take care of it. 

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Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest later at night. 

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Hopefully my point is clear, the
ability to narrate stories was 

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what set David apart from other 
Adept Hunters along with the 

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meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

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experiences. 
Even among Dane, hunting trip 

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would seem like an epic 
adventure when he was in his 

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element. 
What? 

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With all the close calls flashes
of Genius planning, and of 

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course, the occasional idiotic 
move that almost cost him his 

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life. 
David had a talent for making 

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even old Tales sound thrilling 
and new. 

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So even though Polly would roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

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intently. 
When David was in his 

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mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

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Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

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husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

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He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

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That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

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would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

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But surprises are a part of 
life. 

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David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

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Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

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frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

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Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

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Modifications. 
That would radically all to 

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David's life occurred in 1813. 
David joined. 

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The Tennessee militia as a Scout
during the creek War which broke

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out in Alabama, along with many 
other young, men seeking 

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excitement, stable employment 
and an opportunity to serve 

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their Nation. 
Unlike in the movies, this 

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wasn't made delicious military 
Expedition. 

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David devoted most of his time 
to sloping through marshes 

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searching for Creek, fighters 
who are more familiar with the 

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area than he was and discovering
that military food was 

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infinitely worse than anything. 
He had ever prepared himself. 

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however, David learned, an 
important lesson, during his 

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time in the military, he was 
born with leadership skills, his

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fellow troops, relied on him for
guidance confidence in his 

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judgment in high stakes 
situations, and inspiration, 

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when time seemed bleached As a 
leader, he didn't believe in 

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barking out commands and 
expecting followers to follow 

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suit, instead, he set a good 
example by treating everyone 

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with the same laid-back. 
Respect he'd learned to value in

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a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

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death. 
After serving his Country, David

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came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

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of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

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calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

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letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

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himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

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for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

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his bare period. 
To make matters. 

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Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

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Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

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human property rights. 
When bears came into towns in 

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search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

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life difficult for the people 
who would manage to establish a 

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civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

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there, most people, either hope 
it would go away or summoned, a 

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more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

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When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity bear hunting, he

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came to see maybe more than 
simply a hobby. 

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It could be a full-fledged 
Enterprise the meat from bears 

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was highly prized their fat 
could be processed into oil for 

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use in cooking and lighting and 
their fur was constantly sought 

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after. 
So when farms and municipalities

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needed help with a bear problem,
they would call David, who 

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became something of a specialist
in the field. 

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He was meticulous and to be 
honest, slightly obsessed when 

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it came to hunting bears. 
David would take on the role of 

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a naturalist studying certain 
Bears, observing and studying 

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their behaviors for several days
or weeks before devising tactics

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that were adapted to their 
unique personalities. 

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Yes, the Bears personalities. 
David maintained. 

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The each one was unique with its
own set of peculiarities taste 

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00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:52,100
and degrees of brainpower the 
outcomes were remarkable David 

231
00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:56,400
killed. 58 bears in one. 
Very fruitful winter, Just one 

232
00:11:56,400 --> 00:12:00,400
season, not cross a number of 
years, he was able to become so 

233
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,000
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

234
00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:06,300
one in a day or less before 
moving onto the next. 

235
00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,300
Title, that David felt somewhat 
humiliating yet gratifying was 

236
00:12:10,300 --> 00:12:13,900
bear hunter of the district, a 
Monica, that his neighbors began

237
00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:16,900
to use about him. 
However, there were unforeseen 

238
00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:19,300
obstacles on the path to success
in the beer industry. 

239
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:22,700
David's hunting trips became 
increasingly longer and more 

240
00:12:22,700 --> 00:12:26,500
frequent often lasting weeks. 
It must have been incredibly 

241
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:29,500
challenging for poly to manage 
their household and raise their 

242
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:32,800
children, all by herself. 
The more muddy and wild smelling

243
00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,200
David would come home. 
After his bare exploits, the 

244
00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:39,000
more varied feelings Polly would
have During his time, spent 

245
00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,500
hunting bears, David also began 
to rise from the status of Local

246
00:12:42,500 --> 00:12:44,900
Hero to that of legendary figure
in his own right. 

247
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:48,700
His extraordinary success and 
amusing anecdotes made him a 

248
00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:51,300
popular speaker. 
And people started asking him to

249
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:53,100
parties only to hear about his 
travels. 

250
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:56,600
When David realized, he could 
take his life's events and 

251
00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,100
transform them into stories. 
That could Captivate an 

252
00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:01,400
audience. 
He knew he had a great app to 

253
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,900
dude, for performing David never
felt the need to embellish his 

254
00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:07,700
hunting achievements, which is 
an intriguing aspect. 

255
00:13:07,700 --> 00:13:10,300
It was astonishing enough that 
it was true. 

256
00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:14,100
However, he did hone an ability 
to paint vivid pictures of Every

257
00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:16,600
Day. 
Life bringing drama and humor to

258
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:18,700
what others might perceive as 
dull happening. 

259
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:23,300
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 
into a Titanic, showdown between

260
00:13:23,300 --> 00:13:26,300
humanity and the natural world. 
Replete with terrifying, 

261
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,000
moments. 
Brilliant moments. 

262
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:32,100
And more often than not at least
one instance of David's actions 

263
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,000
that were ingenious at the 
moment, but almost cost him his 

264
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:37,200
life. 
As we wind down for the next 

265
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,800
chapter, it's important to 
discuss how sometimes we have no

266
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,800
choice but to start over 
regardless of how prepared we 

267
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,100
are. 
While David was expecting to 

268
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:48,900
become famous in his hometown, 
for his bear hunting exploits, 

269
00:13:48,900 --> 00:13:51,800
he unexpectedly gained a 
reputation as someone who could 

270
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:53,500
solve problems and get things 
done. 

271
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:56,700
Because of his Stellar 
reputation, his neighbor's 

272
00:13:56,700 --> 00:13:59,500
elected him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

273
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:03,000
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

274
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:04,800
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

275
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,700
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

276
00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:11,000
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

277
00:14:11,700 --> 00:14:14,600
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

278
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,700
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

279
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:19,600
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

280
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:23,800
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

281
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,300
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

282
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:30,400
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

283
00:14:30,400 --> 00:14:32,800
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

284
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,500
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

285
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:38,700
legal presses. 
David would advise the disputing

286
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,800
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

287
00:14:41,808 --> 00:14:43,800
come to an agreement when they 
were arguing over? 

288
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,500
Who owned? 
What David may substitute 

289
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,500
Community work for a fine where 
the offender is unable to pay 

290
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,200
the original amount. 
His rulings were mostly 

291
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,300
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

292
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:58,200
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

293
00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:00,300
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

294
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:03,500
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

295
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:07,000
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821. 

296
00:15:08,500 --> 00:15:10,800
Present in the state. 
Capital was a man whose 

297
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,900
constituency was represented by 
someone who continue to struggle

298
00:15:13,900 --> 00:15:17,700
with language and spelling. 
However, David's political 

299
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,800
ideology was surprisingly 
uncomplicated. 

300
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,800
The government had to assist 
common people in resolving 

301
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:25,800
actual issues, not had further 
burden to their lives. 

302
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:30,300
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

303
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:33,300
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

304
00:15:33,300 --> 00:15:36,500
about the issues at hand, rather
than delivering linksy 

305
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:38,800
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

306
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:42,500
classical figures and legalese. 
Regardless of party pressure. 

307
00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:46,000
He usually voted according to 
his conscience, which included 

308
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,800
supporting legislation that 
would help low income households

309
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,700
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

310
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:56,500
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

311
00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,000
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

312
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,600
children alone after poly passed
away in 1815. 

313
00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:06,800
A devastating loss befell him 
with poly as his Rock. 

314
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:09,300
He was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

315
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,000
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

316
00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,400
disoriented with her and it had 
nothing to do with navigating 

317
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,200
the terrain hunting farming, 
raising children and attending 

318
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:20,800
to his political 
responsibilities. 

319
00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,900
All things that David attempted 
to handle on his own for a 

320
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:25,300
period. 
It was a hopeless. 

321
00:16:25,300 --> 00:16:28,400
Predicament David sought 
assistance after realizing. 

322
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,000
He couldn't give his children, 
the attention, they required due

323
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,300
to his busy lifestyle. 
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 

324
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:36,600
with two children when he wed 
her in 1816. 

325
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,500
Elizabeth had the patient's 
competence and practicality to 

326
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,000
manage, David's unorthodox, 
professional trajectory. 

327
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,300
While the blended family Dynamic
was harmonious. 

328
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:49,400
David's aspirations for public 
office were intensified. 

329
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:54,200
He became a United States 
senator in 1827, David Crockett,

330
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:56,300
who had spent his whole life in 
the woods and small. 

331
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,900
Frontier towns, suddenly found 
himself navigating the complex 

332
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:02,900
political landscape of the 
nation's capital when he was 

333
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:05,700
elected to the House of 
Representatives, which required 

334
00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,200
him to leave Tennessee for 
extended periods of time to 

335
00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,500
serve in Washington DC, A dinner
parties. 

336
00:17:11,500 --> 00:17:14,800
This towering unassuming 
Congressman would tell tales 

337
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,800
about his bear hunts and 
appeared genuinely bewildered by

338
00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:21,000
the complex, social conventions 
that dictated political life. 

339
00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,300
The members of Washington 
Society were at a lost to 

340
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:26,700
understand him. 
The folksy demeanor of David 

341
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,000
belied his acute intellect and 
strong ideals. 

342
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:32,600
His colleagues had assumed, he 
was alive Frontiersman, who was 

343
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:35,700
easily influenced. 
Land policy was the central 

344
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:39,000
political problem for David. 
Poor households were having a 

345
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,500
hard time getting Farmland. 
He thought while Rich 

346
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:45,400
speculators were buying up large
tracks for investment People who

347
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,000
had been living on and improving
land without legal title known 

348
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,100
as squatters would be granted 
the right to acquire that land 

349
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:53,600
at reasonable prices through the
law. 

350
00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,700
He suggested. 
Although David saw it as a 

351
00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,100
matter of basic Justice, it 
pitted him against influential 

352
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:04,300
groups, that favored, the status
quo, David won over voters at 

353
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:07,300
alienated powerful politicians, 
with his support for common 

354
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:09,600
settlers. 
David became more and more 

355
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:11,600
alienated within his own 
political party. 

356
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,500
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

357
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:18,300
policies, especially the Indian 
Removal Act which he believed to

358
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:22,200
be morally, reprehensible, 
Ironically, David actually had 

359
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:25,800
very complex political ideas 
despite how simple they appeared

360
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,200
to him. 
Democracy, he realized more than

361
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,700
just majority rule it entailed 
defending the rights of the 

362
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:35,600
defenseless, he thought the 
government should look out for 

363
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:38,300
everyone's best interests. 
Not just the wealthy and 

364
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:40,600
Powerful. 
The politicians who favored 

365
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:43,200
easier Arrangements. 
They weren't novel Notions but 

366
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:46,000
they were uncomfortable. 
David came to terms with the 

367
00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:49,400
fact that his time as Tennessee 
politician, was likely numbered 

368
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,300
by the early 1830s, he lost 
popularity due to his rejection 

369
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:56,400
of popular ideas and a master 
and army of foes, due to his 

370
00:18:56,408 --> 00:19:00,200
unwavering adherence to his 
principles adapting to political

371
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,900
reality or forging, a new route 
entirely would shape the 

372
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:08,000
remainder of his life. as you 
settle in, for this section of 

373
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:12,000
David's Journey, you'll find out
how at the same time, it can be 

374
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:15,400
freeing and terrible to stand up
for your beliefs, even if it 

375
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:19,300
means losing everything you've 
worked for David stay in the 

376
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:22,000
nation's capital was as 
entertaining as watching a fish 

377
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,700
scale, a tree. 
It was his job to represent his 

378
00:19:24,700 --> 00:19:28,400
constituents vote on legislation
and serve on committees. 

379
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:31,800
He felt like he was speaking a 
different language when it came 

380
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:33,400
to the culture of political 
manipulation. 

381
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,900
David adamantly refused to let 
the political ramifications of 

382
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:39,800
his votes, influences 
decision-making. 

383
00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:43,700
In contrast to his fellow 
lawmakers who established 

384
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:46,100
coalitions and traded votes like
poker chips. 

385
00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:49,800
When David's beliefs were in 
line with public opinion, this 

386
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,800
strategy was effective. 
Nevertheless, it proved 

387
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:55,600
Troublesome when they were not 
Most of his Tennessee 

388
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,600
constituents wanted Native, 
American territories open for 

389
00:19:58,600 --> 00:20:01,300
white colonization. 
Therefore they supported the 

390
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:05,200
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 
Not because he was a specially 

391
00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:08,300
Progressive on racial Problems 
by today's standards but because

392
00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:11,300
David had met and respected 
Native Americans as individuals,

393
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,300
he was opposed to it. 
He thought it was morally, 

394
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,300
reprehensible to forcefully, 
uproot entire communities from 

395
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,400
their ancient homelands. 
Classic David Crockett, 

396
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:24,200
passionate direct, and totally 
at variance with political 

397
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:26,500
Acumen. 
That was his opposition in 

398
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:29,300
Congress. 
Concerning the distinction 

399
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:32,600
between what is legally required
and what is morally, acceptable.

400
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:36,300
He spoke about Cherokee family, 
he had known as well as 

401
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:38,100
Government dishonesty and broken
promises. 

402
00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:41,100
Despite his colleague's 
courteous listening. 

403
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,900
They ultimately voted to have 
him removed from office. 

404
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:46,900
Even while David's vote didn't 
sway, the result. 

405
00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:49,800
It did demonstrate that he was 
unreliable when it came to 

406
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:53,100
supporting party policies. 
There were covid, but effective 

407
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:55,400
efforts by the political Elite 
to undermine David. 

408
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,100
More trustworthy members were 
given committee assignments. 

409
00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:03,100
In Portland meeting invitations 
were misplaced his colleagues 

410
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:05,800
and Congress no longer sought 
his advice on proposed laws. 

411
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:09,800
As he continued to serve as a 
representative for his area. 

412
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:12,900
David felt further and further 
removed from the political 

413
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:15,600
process. 
David faced political 

414
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:19,000
persecution in his home state of
Tennessee due to his stance 

415
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,500
against Indian relocation. 
His detractors said, he'd been 

416
00:21:22,508 --> 00:21:25,300
entangled in the corruption of 
Washington politics and had lost

417
00:21:25,300 --> 00:21:28,400
touch with his Heritage and that
he cared more about Indians than

418
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:32,400
his own constituency. although 
David had changed while serving 

419
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,200
in Congress, it was not in the 
manner, his detractors had 

420
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,200
envisioned and this fact made 
the criticism all the more 

421
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,600
hurtful David had grown 
increasingly certain that much 

422
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,500
political expertise was nothing 
more than a pretense to escape 

423
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:47,400
moral accountability. 
Rather than being politically 

424
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,200
intelligent. 
He has seen co-workers vote for 

425
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:52,700
initiatives, they were 
personally against just because 

426
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:54,200
it suited their political 
agenda. 

427
00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:57,600
He was witnessed to the manner 
in which powerful people's 

428
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,500
pockets dictated laws that were 
ill-suited to the common welfare

429
00:22:01,500 --> 00:22:05,300
rather than turning him cynical,
The Experience had helped him 

430
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:09,200
better understand what was 
important to him. as usual David

431
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,500
remained unyielding in the face 
of political pressure, he did 

432
00:22:12,508 --> 00:22:15,400
not learn to moderate his views 
or compromise, more skillfully. 

433
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:19,100
Rather, he got more vocal he 
started traveling around 

434
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:22,200
Tennessee, giving talks in which
he details his voting record, 

435
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:26,000
the reasons for his opposition 
to popular ideas and His 

436
00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:28,000
Newfound, knowledge of the inner
workings of government. 

437
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:32,100
Though, entertaining David had a
natural talent for storytelling.

438
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:34,800
These remarks were political 
suicide. 

439
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:38,800
Campaigning for the 1833. 
Election was a bloodbath. 

440
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,700
There was no shortage of 
ammunition for David's 

441
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:44,400
detractors, his stance against 
popular initiatives. 

442
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:48,200
His many trips out of Tennessee,
while in Congress, and his ties 

443
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,000
to controversial causes For 
someone whose whole sense of 

444
00:22:52,008 --> 00:22:55,200
self was based on serving the 
people being portrayed, as an 

445
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,200
alien who had become 
disconnected from everyday, life

446
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,200
must have been extremely 
hurtful. 

447
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,600
David retaliated with Candor and
humor, which proved in effective

448
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,300
against a well-organized, 
political enemy, no matter. 

449
00:23:06,308 --> 00:23:09,200
The political Fallout, he played
to keep voting, his conscience 

450
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:12,100
and told voters, just how he 
felt about a variety of 

451
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,500
subjects. 
It was Noble based on principles

452
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:18,900
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

453
00:23:18,900 --> 00:23:20,800
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

454
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,700
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

455
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:28,900
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

456
00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:30,800
young, nor too old to retire 
gracefully. 

457
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,100
The two old to start over 
comfortably. 

458
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:36,400
David was aware that he needed 
to find his life's purpose 

459
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,200
while. 
Elizabeth remained, patient 

460
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:40,700
regarding their financial 
condition. 

461
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:44,700
Although David was disappointed,
he was also liberated from 

462
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:47,600
unattainable expectations as a 
result of his loss. 

463
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,800
He was free from the burden of 
considering the potential 

464
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,900
political repercussions of his 
statements and the impact they 

465
00:23:53,900 --> 00:23:57,200
could have on his career. 
It had been years since he could

466
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:00,000
do or say anything he wanted 
without worrying about how it 

467
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:01,700
might affect his chances of 
winning. 

468
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:04,500
The next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

469
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:07,400
Independence, was financially 
instability public 

470
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,300
disillusionment and the 
realization that his time in 

471
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:14,500
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

472
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,600
opportunities. 
Text us that enormous Western 

473
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,400
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

474
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:24,200
started to play on David's mind,
To all appearances. 

475
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,000
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

476
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,800
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

477
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,600
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

478
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:37,100
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

479
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:41,000
may pave the way for a new and 
perhaps more significant one. 

480
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:43,700
David pondered his next move for
months. 

481
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:46,900
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

482
00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:50,800
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

483
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,300
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

484
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:56,200
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broken 

485
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,700
releasing him but also leaving 
him with no idea where to go. 

486
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:04,000
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

487
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:06,200
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him. 

488
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,600
Elizabeth observed as Peter 
paced around their cabin 

489
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:11,700
starting and then abandoning 
projects. 

490
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,200
David usually came up with the 
solution if Tennessee wasn't 

491
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:18,500
interested in him. 
He'd look for another place. 

492
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:21,900
That was when Americans were 
looking for a location to start 

493
00:25:21,900 --> 00:25:25,200
over where land was inexpensive 
and Prospects were endless. 

494
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,300
Many began to hear stories of 
Texas. 

495
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:30,700
The Mexican government was 
actively courting American 

496
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:34,400
settlers by Distributing large 
tracks of land to those families

497
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,300
who were ready to uproot and go.
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 

498
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,300
beginnings for David who lived 
his whole life seeking 

499
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:44,600
opportunity. 
It wasn't just personal reasons,

500
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,900
that led David to textus. 
Something major was about to 

501
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:49,300
happen. 
According to his political 

502
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:51,900
instincts, and he had been 
keeping up with the news about 

503
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:54,600
the escalating tensions, between
the Mexican Government and 

504
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,900
American settlers. 
The settlers dissatisfaction 

505
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:01,100
with Mexican policies. 
Such as those that limited local

506
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:05,300
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 
among settlers restricted 

507
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:09,200
immigration was growing. 
Conflicts where regular people 

508
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:11,900
were caught between their 
everyday demands and Faraway 

509
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,400
government policies were Echoes 
of those that have molded 

510
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:19,700
David's own political career. 
He saw in late 1835, David set 

511
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:21,700
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

512
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:26,300
He intended to survey the area, 
perhaps purchased some land and 

513
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:28,800
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

514
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,300
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

515
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:36,400
regardless of his intentions, 
might find himself, embroiled if

516
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:40,200
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

517
00:26:40,208 --> 00:26:43,300
disagreements about right and 
wrong David and never been Adept

518
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,500
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

519
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:49,600
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

520
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,000
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

521
00:26:52,008 --> 00:26:54,000
American settle as on multiple 
occasions. 

522
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,400
What he discovered was a people 
who are both Mexican and 

523
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,500
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

524
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:03,700
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

525
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:07,000
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

526
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,300
Hardworking couples wanting a 
better life for their children. 

527
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:13,500
The settlers David met mirrored,
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 

528
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:17,600
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land in trade and Rule 

529
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:21,500
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

530
00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:24,300
appeared more intent on 
controlling them than helping 

531
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,200
them grow or becoming more and 
more frustrating for them. 

532
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,700
David came away from his talks 
with these families with the 

533
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:34,800
conviction that the settlers 
would require Leaders with 

534
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:38,500
expertise in both military 
strategy and political reality 

535
00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:40,400
in the event of an impending 
battle. 

536
00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:44,700
The timing of David's arrival. 
In Texas was impeccable, though,

537
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,100
he could not have predicted it. 
A tense situation had quickly 

538
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:50,700
developed between the Mexican 
authorities and the settlers 

539
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:54,400
dissolving, the Mexican Congress
and advancing for total control 

540
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,700
General. 
Santa Anna jeopardized the 

541
00:27:56,700 --> 00:27:59,700
minimal autonomy that had 
initially attracted American 

542
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:02,600
Immigration. 
The Texans who had just begun to

543
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,700
organize resistance, were in 
need of prominent political and 

544
00:28:05,700 --> 00:28:08,400
Military personalities. 
You might provide credibility to

545
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:12,300
their cause the scenario seemed 
like an opportunity for David to

546
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:16,500
put his Political experience and
knowledge to use for causes in 

547
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:20,100
which he truly believed. the 
Texas settle as were demanding 

548
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:22,900
much, they simply wanted to be 
able to follow their own 

549
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:25,600
Traditions when it came to 
government freely practiced, 

550
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:28,500
their religion and have a say in
matters that directly touch the 

551
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:33,200
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

552
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:35,500
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

553
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:40,100
San Antonio was Under Siege when
David arrived in February 1836 

554
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:44,300
as general, Santa Anna's Mexican
Army's closed in the small 

555
00:28:44,300 --> 00:28:47,500
Garrison sought sanctuary in the
Alamo a former mission. 

556
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:51,100
With only 200 Defenders up 
against thousands of Mexican 

557
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:55,100
forces, the situation was Dire. 
However, David knew from his 

558
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:58,400
military experience that with 
persistence and cunning, even in

559
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,400
the face of overwhelming odds, 
victory was possible. 

560
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,000
For David, staying in the Alamo 
wasn't a choice at all. 

561
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,000
Everything he had ever done up 
to this point had been leading 

562
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,600
up to this point. 
His years spent hunting alone 

563
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,700
in, perilous Wilderness his 
lessons in leadership, under 

564
00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:16,900
duress, from military duty, and 
the lessons he had learned about

565
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:20,000
the value of sticking up for 
beliefs, no matter the cost from

566
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,900
his political career 50 years 
old, and still clinging to the 

567
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:26,300
belief that certain conflicts 
were worth fighting for. 

568
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:30,600
He had a wife and children back 
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 

569
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:33,200
Military significance of David's
Presence at the Alamo. 

570
00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:36,000
Cannot be overstated. 
He was willing to put his 

571
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,800
reputation on the line for Texas
in dependence, and he had served

572
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,400
as a congressman in the United 
States, his ruling bolstered 

573
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,600
support for the Texas scores and
showed that the war was about 

574
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:48,900
National issues of 
self-government and personal 

575
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:51,700
freedom rather than Petty 
Regional disputes. 

576
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,300
David had to have understood, 
his chances of survival were 

577
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,300
limited as the Mexican Army, 
encircled the Alamo, but he was 

578
00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,300
also wise enough to know that 
values not survival are often 

579
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,400
more essential and that it's 
better to lose a battle than to 

580
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,800
lose a life for a greater cause 
The Restless youngsters suddenly

581
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:10,900
had something to stand for our 
length. 

582
00:30:10,900 --> 00:30:14,400
The evening together is coming 
to a close and with it, we reach

583
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,400
the beginning and finish of 
David's Story. 

584
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,500
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

585
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:22,900
became an enduring emblem of the
American bravery in Independence

586
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:28,000
from February 23rd until March 
6th. 1836, the Alamo was 

587
00:30:28,008 --> 00:30:31,800
besieged for 13 days, a former 
Congressman seeking a new 

588
00:30:31,808 --> 00:30:34,300
beginnings. 
David Crockett became a symbol 

589
00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:37,500
of Common People prepared to 
give their all for the idea of 

590
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:39,600
self-determination during those 
two weeks. 

591
00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,500
A complicated man who had spent 
50 years trying to balance 

592
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:45,600
practical demands with moral 
beliefs. 

593
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,600
The David who fought at the 
Alamo was nothing like the 

594
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:50,500
legendary figure with the 
coonskin cap. 

595
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,800
Inside the Alamo. 
David had a dual purpose 

596
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:56,800
bolstering morale and providing 
Military Support. 

597
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,800
His background as a scout in the
creek war made him an asset for 

598
00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:04,100
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

599
00:31:04,100 --> 00:31:05,900
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale. 

600
00:31:05,900 --> 00:31:08,500
In, what everyone knew would be 
their last days. 

601
00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:12,600
Picture, this David was keeping 
his fellow Defenders motivated, 

602
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:15,600
during those long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

603
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,500
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

604
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:21,500
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict. 

605
00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:25,200
Precise circumstances of David's
demise a murky at best. 

606
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,600
A generation of Americans was 
inspired by his presence at the 

607
00:31:28,608 --> 00:31:32,100
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

608
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:35,800
were worth dying for We also 
know that he died fighting and 

609
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:38,500
never surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

610
00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:41,300
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

611
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,000
Fascinatingly, though. 
The real David Crockett started 

612
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,800
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away, and that 

613
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:50,700
is what truly defines his 
legacy. 

614
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,200
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

615
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,300
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

616
00:31:57,308 --> 00:31:59,000
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

617
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:02,300
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

618
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:05,900
River Drive, and beat his weight
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 

619
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:09,400
Even though the real David, most
likely, never sported, a 

620
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,800
coonskin cap, it came to 
symbolize him. 

621
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:15,100
A meticulous and principled, 
politician became an eve 

622
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,100
Frontiersman. 
What this change reveals about 

623
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:20,200
the way Americans have 
historically treated their 

624
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:23,900
Heroes as significant. 
A Heroes should be simple and 

625
00:32:23,900 --> 00:32:27,100
are symbols, should be obvious. 
The complicated real life. 

626
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:30,100
David Crockett who had 
difficulty spelling but had 

627
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:33,900
strong moral convictions was an 
accomplished Hunter and a 

628
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:36,600
brilliant political thinker and 
was too complicated for 

629
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:40,400
simplistic mythology. 
Because of this, you became a 

630
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,600
cartoon character in popular 
culture which oversimplified 

631
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:47,400
him, despite this a crucial 
aspect of the historical, David 

632
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,800
managed to evade the myths 
regardless of the numerous urban

633
00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:53,700
legends surrounding him. 
The fundamental truth that 

634
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:56,700
captivated audiences. 
The common people are capable of

635
00:32:56,700 --> 00:32:58,900
extraordinary Deeds that 
principles. 

636
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:02,500
Take precedence over political 
expediency and that at times 

637
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,600
during the right thing demands 
giving up everything remain 

638
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,600
powerful. 
The impact that David had on 

639
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:10,900
American society did not see 
with his death. 

640
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:14,600
A regular guy thrown into 
extraordinary circumstances who 

641
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:18,200
Rises to the occasion, he became
an archetype of the reluctant 

642
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,600
hero. 
Throughout American story 

643
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:23,800
telling for over two centuries 
characters like Jimmy Stewart 

644
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,000
from Frank, Capra, films, and 
contemporary politicians who 

645
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,000
highlight their humble origins 
of repeated, David's example of 

646
00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:32,800
honest leadership. 
The way, David dealt with the 

647
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,700
conflict between pragmatic 
politics and moral convictions 

648
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,300
is what gives his story modern 
relevance? 

649
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:42,400
Compromises, inevitable 
ineffective leadership but he 

650
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:45,100
was also aware that there are 
certain beliefs, that must never

651
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,300
be compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

652
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:50,800
for moral Integrity. 
In intricate, political 

653
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,500
institutions are laid bare by 
his political career. 

654
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:57,300
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

655
00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:00,600
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

656
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,100
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

657
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:06,400
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

658
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:09,800
the Alamo David, by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

659
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:13,300
of Texas demonstrated that there
are values higher than political

660
00:34:13,300 --> 00:34:15,300
power. 
And that true citizens of a 

661
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:18,800
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interests 

662
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:21,500
on the back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

663
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,199
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

664
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:27,900
icon. 
As you drift off to sleep 

665
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,800
tonight, he was never able to 
settle down become politically 

666
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:34,100
powerful or a massive 
substantial riches. 

667
00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:37,699
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

668
00:34:37,699 --> 00:34:41,000
own, moral compass, the lead 
utilized his talents for causes 

669
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:43,400
he believed in and that he had 
not backed down. 

670
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:46,100
When faced with the final test 
was something more significant 

671
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,900
to him instead of being the 
heroic frontiersmen, portrayed 

672
00:34:49,900 --> 00:34:52,800
in popular culture, the real 
David Crockett was a 

673
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:56,300
multi-faceted in perfect human 
being who demonstrated that 

674
00:34:56,300 --> 00:34:59,600
regular individuals are capable 
of remarkable acts of moral 

675
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,400
bravery. 
Being heroic isn't about having 

676
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:04,600
it all together. 
It's about having the courage to

677
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:06,100
fight for what you think is, 
right? 

678
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:09,900
No matter the cost. 
His narrative serves as a 

679
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:12,400
reminder of this. 
As we wrap up our evening 

680
00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,300
together, it's worth reflecting 
on how we all encounter 

681
00:35:15,300 --> 00:35:18,700
situations where we have to 
decide between doing what's easy

682
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:21,000
and what's right? 
Or putting our own interests 

683
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,100
ahead of our moral compass. 
The moral decisions made by 

684
00:35:24,108 --> 00:35:27,100
average citizens form, the 
Bedrock of our Democratic and 

685
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:31,300
free society as David Crockett's
account hints, rest easy. 

686
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:33,800
And always keep in mind that 
being heroic does not 

687
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,700
necessitate a coonskin cap. 
No matter the cost. 

688
00:35:36,700 --> 00:35:39,000
You must have the guts to follow
your own moral compass. 

689
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,100
The man history would call. 
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius

690
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:52,100
on September the 23rd 63 BCE in 
a modest neighborhood. 

691
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,300
On the Palatine Hill, though. 
His lineage, traced, to Once, 

692
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:58,800
influential equestrian, family, 
Few guests, he'd one day. 

693
00:35:58,808 --> 00:36:01,600
Transformed Rome from a republic
steeped in centuries of 

694
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,200
tradition in to something new. 
By Heritage, he was Julius 

695
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,600
Caesar's Grand nephew but the 
link hardly guaranteed a grand 

696
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:12,500
Destiny as a child guys. 
Octavius was overshadowed by 

697
00:36:12,500 --> 00:36:15,300
civil Strife that had already 
scarred. 

698
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:19,200
The Republic politicians viewed 
in the Senate while distant. 

699
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:23,300
Generals Sula Pompey, and 
eventually Caesar vied for 

700
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,500
Supremacy, young Octavius, lost 
his father, early, leaving him 

701
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,100
under the care of a determined 
mother attia and a circle of 

702
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:34,800
influential relatives. she 
recognized her son's potential 

703
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,100
but also grasped the swirl of 
political tension that might 

704
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:42,600
devour him if he didn't maneuver
cleverly, By, adolescence 

705
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,200
Octavius had gleaned, that 
survival in Rome demanded. 

706
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:51,000
Alliances Strategic marriages 
and unwavering loyalty at least 

707
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,300
publicly. 
In private one, had to maintain 

708
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,800
a flexible mindset. 
He read oratory studied Roman 

709
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,500
law, and learned to interpret 
the subtle power plays, Among 

710
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:03,500
Senators. 
Observers described him as quiet

711
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,700
watchful and possessed of a 
composure Beyond his years. 

712
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:11,900
The biggest shift in his 
fortunes came in 46, BC when 

713
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:16,100
Julius Caesar fresh from 
triumphing, Gaul and a decisive 

714
00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:19,800
Civil War that Victory adopted 
Octavius as his post. 

715
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:23,900
Son in designated heir. 
Season brought the teenager to 

716
00:37:23,900 --> 00:37:27,100
Spain from a minor campaign, 
giving him a taste of military 

717
00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:29,500
life. 
The young man seriousness 

718
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:33,000
impressed sees as AIDS though, 
few predicted that this untested

719
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,700
youth could ever fill season. 
Sandals indeed, Caesar himself 

720
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,800
was at the Apex of power, 
proclaiming reforms and holding 

721
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:43,500
lavish triumphs You restructured
the Senate and extended 

722
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:48,400
citizenship, to many to sum 
heated close to monarchy rumors 

723
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:50,100
whispered, he might declare 
himself King. 

724
00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:56,400
Then came The Ides of March 44 
BCE Caesar fell under 23 knife 

725
00:37:56,400 --> 00:38:00,100
thrusts in the Senate betrayal 
orchestrated by supposed friends

726
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:03,400
like Brutus and Cassius while 
studying in a Greek city 

727
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:06,200
Octavius received news of 
Caesar's assassination. 

728
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,700
At first he reeled the 
consequence was not only the 

729
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:14,100
loss of a powerful figure in his
life but also a Potential Threat

730
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:17,600
to his security. 
He learned, however that Caesars

731
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,700
will name, him are it was an 
astonishing leap for someone 

732
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:24,500
barely out of adolescents. 
Many Roman Elites dismissed him 

733
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:26,000
as a mere porn. 
Mark. 

734
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:29,600
Antony sees his longtime Ally 
seemed the natural and heritor 

735
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:31,800
of Caesar's Legacy 
overshadowing. 

736
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,700
The youth But Octavius was no 
Pawn. 

737
00:38:34,700 --> 00:38:38,000
He returned to Italy with 
measured caution adopting. 

738
00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:41,800
The name Gaius Julius Caesar 
octavianus, commonly shortened 

739
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,500
to Octavian flaunting that he 
was Caesar's son in every sense,

740
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:49,900
but blood his presence ignited, 
Roman politics, Anthony 

741
00:38:49,900 --> 00:38:53,700
charismatic and bold, tried 
dismissing him as the boy, while

742
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,500
the Senate still reeling from 
Caesar's dictatorship sought to 

743
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:00,200
exploit friction between Antony 
and Octavian. 

744
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,900
The entire city braced for 
another civil war Octavian. 

745
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:08,100
Played a subtle game forming 
alliances with Caesar's 

746
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,300
veterans, Distributing funds 
from Caesar's estate and 

747
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:13,200
projecting an image of filial 
piety. 

748
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,400
In the meantime, Octavian 
experimented with the Senate 

749
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:19,300
suggesting that he might back 
them in their opposition to 

750
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:22,800
Anthony's aspirations. 
A pivotal moment occurred, when 

751
00:39:22,808 --> 00:39:26,100
Cicero there are renowned orator
who harbored animosity towards 

752
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,700
Antony realized that Octavian 
could potentially serve as a 

753
00:39:29,708 --> 00:39:33,500
useful instrument. 
Cicero, scathing speeches known 

754
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,800
as the philippics lambasted, 
Antony as a new tyrant. 

755
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,300
He portrayed Octavian as a 
necessary bulk to restore the 

756
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:43,000
Republic. 
Perhaps Cicero believed he could

757
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,900
guide this youth like a puppet. 
Yet octavian's mild demeanor 

758
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:50,300
masked a decisive Street using 
the Senate endorsement. 

759
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:54,900
He raised Legions to confront 
Anthony Coleman and skirmishes 

760
00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:57,000
near motina ashker in Northern 
Italy. 

761
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:01,200
Though, Anthony survived the 
scuffles burnished octavian's 

762
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:04,000
reputation. 
He was no figurehead but the 

763
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:07,300
alliance of convenience between 
Octavian and the Senate didn't 

764
00:40:07,300 --> 00:40:11,600
last. 
The cunning youth recognized the

765
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:15,100
Senate's hypocrisy, they wanted 
to destroy Anthony, but had 

766
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:18,500
little interest in, truly 
elevating him. so, Octavian, 

767
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,900
pivoted, forging, the second 
triumvirate with Antony and 

768
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:27,800
lepidus in 43 BCE This formal 
pact was sealed with the legal 

769
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:31,500
authority to reshape the state. 
Through proscription lists. 

770
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:34,400
They purged enemies, including 
Cicero. 

771
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:37,600
The Triumph was divided the 
Roman World among themselves. 

772
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,900
Lepidus, got Africa Antony, the 
East and Octavian, the West. 

773
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:46,400
The teenage up started to the 
Pinnacle of power and just over 

774
00:40:46,400 --> 00:40:51,000
a year since Caesar's murder. 
Rome reeled uncertain, if this 

775
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,300
triumvirate would restore order 
or simply replicate the horrors 

776
00:40:54,300 --> 00:40:57,900
of Paths of civil conflicts, As 
Octavian settled in to his 

777
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:01,500
portion of the Empire. 
He realized the West Italy and 

778
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:03,700
Spain would test his capacity 
for governance. 

779
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:08,200
He faced rebellious Legions 
distrust from veterans and a 

780
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,800
public exhausted by War. 
Meanwhile, Antony pursued 

781
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,800
campaigns in the East forging 
ties with clear, Patrick of 

782
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:19,200
Egypt, lepidus drifted into 
irrelevance the seeds for fresh 

783
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:22,600
rivalry was sown. 
Thus began a pivotal chapter in 

784
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:26,100
which Octavian would refine his 
political Acumen balancing 

785
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:29,100
brutality. 
With Promises of stability from 

786
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,500
there, the path to becoming 
Augustus the revered first 

787
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:37,500
citizen of Rome would be paved 
by cunning alliances and a 

788
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:39,900
strategic mine that never 
blinked a compromise or 

789
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,500
confrontation. 
Having seized power in the 

790
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:45,700
second triumvirate. 
Octavian found himself juggling 

791
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:49,600
alliances with two older, more 
seasoned strong men, and Tony. 

792
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:53,200
And lepidus lepidus though 
nominally part of their ruling 

793
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:56,300
Coalition soon, revealed himself
incompetent in handling. 

794
00:41:56,300 --> 00:41:59,800
The African provinces Anthony 
posed a far more formidable 

795
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:04,400
presence commanded Legions loyal
to Caesar's memory yearned for 

796
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,300
Glory in the East and more. 
Crucially was forging a personal

797
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,100
and political bond with 
Cleopatra, the seventh, the 

798
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:13,600
charismatic Queen of Egypt. 
This Union combined Antony's 

799
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:15,900
martial reputation with 
Cleopatra as wealth, and 

800
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:19,300
strategic position and Alliance.
That might overshadow, anything.

801
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:23,900
Octavian could muster in Italy 
in Rome Octavian projected, a 

802
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:26,500
measured calm claiming to 
restore order to the Western 

803
00:42:26,500 --> 00:42:29,200
province's. 
He oversaw land distribution's 

804
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,100
to Veterans and often messy 
process that displays to 

805
00:42:32,108 --> 00:42:36,300
countless small farmers in 
generated local resentment He 

806
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:38,800
skillfully transformed, these 
forced resettlement into acts of

807
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:42,500
generosity expecting each set of
Veteran to Express gratitude. 

808
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,900
With each step. 
Octavian built a personal 

809
00:42:46,900 --> 00:42:50,700
loyalty Network parting ways 
with older Elites who stood in 

810
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:53,600
his way. 
This era remains soaked in the 

811
00:42:53,608 --> 00:42:56,600
blood of prescriptions. 
Though, some historians note, 

812
00:42:56,600 --> 00:43:00,300
that the violence receded once? 
The triumvirate had purged, the 

813
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:05,000
most threatening opposition? 
By 41 to 40 BCE tensions 

814
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:08,800
exploded between Octavian and 
Anthony's supporters in Perugia 

815
00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:13,600
near modern-day Peruvia Lucia, 
santonios Antonis, brother and 

816
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,300
fulvia. 
And his wife led a Revolt hoping

817
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:20,700
to reassert Antony's in Italy. 
Octavian's Legions besieged 

818
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:24,300
Peruvia starving, the rebels 
into surrender, the city's 

819
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:27,000
inhabitants suffered, a cruel 
Fate, The Siege left, the 

820
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:30,000
starving. 
And after Victory Octavian 

821
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:34,100
ordered harsh reprisals While 
Antony himself was absent in the

822
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:37,500
East, this event, underscored 
the deepening Rift within the 

823
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:41,100
triumvirate. 
Despite these skirmishes handy 

824
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:44,400
and Octavian, patched things up 
temporarily at the Treaty of 

825
00:43:44,408 --> 00:43:49,700
Brazilian in 40, BC, dividing, 
spheres of influence, and new to

826
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:52,400
cement the deal. 
Anthony married Octavian, sister

827
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:57,700
Octavia suggestion, to Signal 
familial Harmony, I've got the 

828
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:01,400
truce felt shaky those close to 
the corridors of power since the

829
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,800
deeper competition for the 
Ultimate Prize Undisputed 

830
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:09,600
control of Rome indeed, as 
Anthony returned East resuming, 

831
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:12,200
his romance with Cleopatra and 
planning campaigns against 

832
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:15,900
Parthia. 
Octavia lingered behind a lonely

833
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:17,800
Testament, the alliances 
fragility. 

834
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:21,600
Back in Rome, octavians 
attentions turned to Naval 

835
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:25,900
struggles sextus Pompey, son of 
the famous Pompey, the great 

836
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:29,600
controlled Sicily, and menaced 
Italy's grain Supply, with a 

837
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:33,200
pirate Fleet with famine 
threatening Rome Octavian 

838
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:37,000
recognized, he needed a strong 
Admiral Enterprises a gripper, 

839
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:41,100
his most trusted left tennis and
a brilliant Naval mine together.

840
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,800
They reconfigured Roman Naval 
strategy, training, fresh, Crews

841
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:49,800
and building Advanced ships by 
36 BC e a gripper defeated sex 

842
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:53,300
just Pompey in a series of 
engagements notably at no 

843
00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:56,800
lockers this Victory brought 
Sicily under Octavian sway. 

844
00:44:57,100 --> 00:45:00,100
Securing vital grain roots to 
feed Italy's population. 

845
00:45:00,100 --> 00:45:04,000
Meanwhile, leopardus foolishly. 
Tried to flex power in Sicily, 

846
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,300
but his Legions defected to 
Octavian. 

847
00:45:06,300 --> 00:45:10,300
Lepidus was stripped of 
triumphal power and exiled to a 

848
00:45:10,300 --> 00:45:13,000
minor religious post leaving. 
Just two men left from the 

849
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,800
original triumphant Octavian and
Antony. 

850
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:20,000
Each commanding vast Terror 
Tories, each suspicious of the 

851
00:45:20,008 --> 00:45:24,100
others ambitions, Anthony's 
Eastern campaigns fed poorly. 

852
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:28,600
His attempt to conquer pathia in
36, BCE ended in a costly 

853
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:31,600
Retreat Cleopatra. 
Determined to preserve her 

854
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,800
influence financed, his next 
moves, forging a mutual interest

855
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,300
in controlling the Eastern 
Mediterranean Anthony openly 

856
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:42,600
acknowledged Cleopatra's 
children one father by Julius, 

857
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,600
Caesar others by himself and 
showered them with territorial 

858
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:50,700
grants in Roman eyes, his 
donations of Alexandria looks 

859
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:53,400
scandalous. 
Bestowing Roman conquered lands 

860
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,800
to Cleopatra's brood was 
borderline trees and rumors. 

861
00:45:56,800 --> 00:45:59,400
Proliferated in Rome that 
Cleopatra had Bewitched, 

862
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,800
Anthony, or that, he aimed to 
set up a parallel Empire in the 

863
00:46:02,808 --> 00:46:06,900
East with her as co-ruler. 
Octavian sees the propaganda 

864
00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:09,800
Advantage. 
He depicted Antony as a man in 

865
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:14,500
Old by an Egyptian seductress 
Training Roman Traditions, the 

866
00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:18,200
Roman populace weary of foreign 
entanglements and suspicious of 

867
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,400
Queen's from the East. 
Responded to such rhetoric. 

868
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:25,900
Octavian skillfully, spun clear 
Patra as a threat to Rome 

869
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,900
sovereignty and Anthony as a 
Trader lost Oriental decadence. 

870
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:33,700
To formalize, the brake Octavian
had the Senate revoke and his 

871
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:37,600
powers in 32 BCE. 
Spurred by the revelations that 

872
00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:40,600
Anthony's will recognize 
Cleopatra's children as heirs. 

873
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:45,700
The Final Countdown to Civil War
was underway Octavian, though. 

874
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:49,700
Lacking Anthony's battle. 
Hardened image had a gripper In 

875
00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:53,300
31 BCE the decisive 
confrontation loomed off the 

876
00:46:53,308 --> 00:46:56,900
coast of Greece, the site would 
be actium where Antony and 

877
00:46:56,900 --> 00:46:59,000
Cleopatra mustered their 
combined Fleet against 

878
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:02,100
octavian's forces led by a, 
gripper, the stage was 

879
00:47:02,100 --> 00:47:05,100
Monumental two. 
Massive fleets jostling for 

880
00:47:05,100 --> 00:47:07,300
strategic advantage in the 
ionian sea. 

881
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:10,300
And the outcome was set to 
determine the fate of the Roman 

882
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:13,100
world. 
With Cleopatra by Anthony's 

883
00:47:13,100 --> 00:47:14,900
side. 
Everything was on the line 

884
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:18,400
Victory might reshape the 
Mediterranean power map, but if 

885
00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:22,900
Anthony fell, so, might clear as
dream of an Eastern Empire in 

886
00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:25,600
the lead up to actium, 
desertions plague down to his 

887
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:27,900
ranks. 
Morale sank, as men realized 

888
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,400
clear Patrick's presence, 
overshadowed purely Roman 

889
00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:34,600
concerns in contrast. 
Octavian's message was Chris. 

890
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:38,900
Preserve Rome from a foreign 
Queen's grass The family of 

891
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:41,600
legionaries pin their hopes on 
his victory, for stability, 

892
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:45,300
clouds of tension, gathered 
poised to break in the greatest 

893
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:46,900
naval. 
Showdown Rome had seen in 

894
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:50,500
Generations by now. 
Octavian's transformation from 

895
00:47:50,500 --> 00:47:53,100
an underestimated youth to a 
political Colossus was 

896
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:57,000
unmistakable yet, he still had 
to seize final legitimacy from 

897
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:02,300
the swirling chaos of War. 
Actium September 2nd, 31 BCE 

898
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:06,700
Rome's future, hinged on the 
ionian, Seas choppy Waters and 

899
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,400
Tony's Fleet bolstered by 
Cleopatra's Egyptian squadrons 

900
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,900
off against octavian's ships, 
under agrippa's, command. 

901
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:18,900
Many expected an even fight, 
both sides fielded formidable 

902
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,700
War galleys but intangible 
factors loomed. 

903
00:48:21,700 --> 00:48:25,700
Large morale, discipline, and 
the Stark difference in 

904
00:48:25,708 --> 00:48:30,200
leadership Unity by midday, the 
swirling melee erupted? 

905
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:34,000
The grippers Nimble vessels 
employed better tactics, staying

906
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,700
mobile and exploiting the 
heavier less maneuverable 

907
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:40,200
designs of Antony's ships. 
Cleopatra lingered. 

908
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,700
In the distance. 
Her presence more symbolic than 

909
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,800
military. 
Decisive in a dramatic twist 

910
00:48:45,800 --> 00:48:48,800
Cleopatra abruptly. 
With Drew her Squadron mid 

911
00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:51,100
battle. 
Perhaps panicked by the 

912
00:48:51,100 --> 00:48:54,800
unfolding chaos or following a 
secret plan seeing her Sail 

913
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:57,600
Away. 
Antony torn between loyalty to 

914
00:48:57,600 --> 00:49:01,000
his Roman forces and Devotion to
clear Patra abandoned, the fight

915
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:03,800
to chase after her. 
With their Commander gone. 

916
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,100
The remaining ship's collapsed 
and confusion. 

917
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:09,300
The gripper snatched a decisive 
Victory. 

918
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,300
The Battered remnants of 
Antony's Fleet either 

919
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,800
surrendered or burned the news 
rapidly disseminated. 

920
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:20,300
Antony and Cleopatra, had 
absconded condemning thousands 

921
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:22,000
of soldiers to an unwinnable 
battle. 

922
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:24,600
This Victory altered Rome's, 
destiny. 

923
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,000
Actium wasn't just a naval 
Triumph it shattered. 

924
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:30,700
The last credible threat to 
octavians ascendancy. 

925
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:34,600
Over the following months, 
Octavian, pursued Antony and 

926
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:40,000
Cleopatra to Egypt by August 
3000 Alexandria. 

927
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,500
Their fate was sealed. 
Upon discovering the rumor death

928
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,000
of Cleopatra. 
And Antony collapsed onto his 

929
00:49:46,008 --> 00:49:50,200
sword overcome with despair 
Cleopatra, witnessing, the city 

930
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:52,200
overrun and refusing to be 
paraded. 

931
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:56,100
As a captive in Rome reportedly 
took her life, her method of 

932
00:49:56,100 --> 00:50:00,000
venomous ass pressed to her 
breast became legendary with 

933
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,100
that ptolemaic Egypt. 
The last Hellenistic Kingdom 

934
00:50:03,100 --> 00:50:05,400
ended falling under Roman 
control. 

935
00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:08,800
Have neutralized every rival. 
Octavian returned to Rome in 

936
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:13,300
2019 BC triumphant the gates of 
China's symbolizing Wars 

937
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:16,200
presents vs. 
Shut indicating piece across the

938
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:20,100
empire for the first time in 
ages, the Senate exhausted, by 

939
00:50:20,100 --> 00:50:23,500
Decades of civil Strife, pinned 
their hopes on this young 

940
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,600
Victor, they held him as 
imperative cut or commander and 

941
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,700
showered him with honors. 
But Octavian realized the 

942
00:50:30,708 --> 00:50:34,000
critical lesson from Caesar's 
demise openly brandishing 

943
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,600
monarchical power, risked 
stirring, Republican resentment,

944
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:40,100
he needed a new blueprint for 
dominance. 

945
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:42,800
Something that would calm old 
fears while granting him 

946
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,000
absolute Authority. 
This Balancing Act would Define 

947
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:50,600
his next steps in 27, BCE 
Octavian performed a grand 

948
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:53,500
gesture. 
He ceremoniously returned power 

949
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:57,300
to the Senate and people of Rome
and act broadcast as humility 

950
00:50:57,300 --> 00:51:00,500
even though the real levers of 
control remained in his hands. 

951
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:04,600
The Senate Keen to maintain 
stability, bestowed upon him. 

952
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:08,900
The name of gustus, meaning 
revered or venerable This moment

953
00:51:08,900 --> 00:51:11,900
signaled the official birth of 
the principle of veneer of 

954
00:51:11,908 --> 00:51:15,300
Republican tradition. 
Cloaking a defacto monarchy or 

955
00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:17,000
gustus. 
Accepted title's carefully 

956
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:22,000
princesses and imperator 
Commander in Chief, pontifex 

957
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:26,600
Maximus, Chief priests and 
others combined these roles gave

958
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:31,100
him an assailable control over 
the Army, religion and State A 

959
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:33,300
wave of reforms followed 
Augustus. 

960
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,000
Reorganized the legions 
stationed them in province's 

961
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:38,800
under long term command in their
loyalty was to him. 

962
00:51:38,800 --> 00:51:42,600
Personally, he restructured 
provincial governance, reducing 

963
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:44,900
corruption by rotating officials
more often. 

964
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:48,600
The Senate oversaw, peaceful 
province's, while the emperor 

965
00:51:48,600 --> 00:51:50,500
Captain rule over troubled 
spots. 

966
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:54,500
Professional Civil Service 
emerged by freedmen and 

967
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:56,900
equestrians loyal to the 
emperor's system. 

968
00:51:56,900 --> 00:52:00,600
This team quietly undercut, the 
old aristocratic networks that 

969
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:04,300
once jockeyed for magistracy's 
diminishing potential Rebellion 

970
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:08,700
from senatorial upstarts. 
Culturally Augustus, recognized 

971
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:12,000
the power of propaganda. 
He sponsored Monumental building

972
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,800
projects. 
Proclaiming He found Rome a city

973
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:17,000
of brick and left it a city of 
marble. 

974
00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:21,400
Temples were restored, public 
baths, constructed and 

975
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:24,300
aqueducts. 
Extended visible tokens of a new

976
00:52:24,308 --> 00:52:27,900
golden age. 
Poets like Virgil Horace and 

977
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:32,200
Ovid flourished under Imperial 
patronage weaving Narrative of 

978
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:35,000
Rome's, glorious Heritage and 
the necessity of a singular 

979
00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:37,900
leader. 
The Yen, recas Trojan myth to 

980
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:41,000
bolster the idea of a Divine 
Destiny culminating in Augusta 

981
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:43,300
rule. 
Yet not all were content. 

982
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,300
Some whispered that this 
restored Republic was merely 

983
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:48,100
subjugation under a cunning 
autographed. 

984
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:52,300
Traditional the end of the truly
free consoles and Tribune's 

985
00:52:52,300 --> 00:52:54,600
others. 
Recalling the terror of endless 

986
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:57,900
Civil Wars, found solace in the 
Pax Romana that Augustus 

987
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:00,700
offered. 
Occasional conspiracies, flared,

988
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:03,700
typically from disillusion 
Noble's or neglected. 

989
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:05,900
Generals or gustus. 
Handled. 

990
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:08,600
Them discreetly. 
Exiling troublemakers or 

991
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:11,800
co-opting them with honors 
rarely did open Rebellion for 

992
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:16,300
Testament to how thoroughly he'd
integrated power in Every Day 

993
00:53:16,300 --> 00:53:18,800
Life. 
Sense of renewal pervaded 

994
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:23,000
Farmers returned to Fields trade
routes, revived and legionaries 

995
00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:25,800
redeployed to secure, Frontiers 
from Germany to Syria. 

996
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,700
The Border Wars never ceased 
entirely, but within the heart 

997
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:32,700
of the Empire Travelers, found 
Road safer and commerce. 

998
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:36,300
Steadier, the younger generation
lacking first-hand memories of 

999
00:53:36,308 --> 00:53:39,900
the Republic simply accepted 
that Rome's Fortune, lay in a 

1000
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:43,200
stable principal. 
Indeed, many became Ardent 

1001
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:48,100
supporters naming children gears
or Lucius after augustus's 

1002
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:50,800
chosen Aires by the close of the
20s BC. 

1003
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:55,000
Well, gustus was effectively 
King in all but name the Senate 

1004
00:53:55,000 --> 00:53:59,100
still convened, magistrate still
took office but real decisions 

1005
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:01,900
were funneled to him. 
Some historians label the 

1006
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:03,400
period. 
The dawn of the Roman Empire, 

1007
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:05,700
though. 
Augustus himself stuck to 

1008
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:08,500
Republican. 
Slogans, he had forged a new 

1009
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:10,700
political order that would 
endure for centuries. 

1010
00:54:11,500 --> 00:54:13,200
Bridging. 
The fierce independence of old 

1011
00:54:13,200 --> 00:54:16,600
Rome with the pragmatic 
necessity of a single guiding 

1012
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:18,200
hand. 
The cost. 

1013
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:21,900
The cost lay in the fleeting 
illusions of Republican, 

1014
00:54:21,900 --> 00:54:26,100
Liberty, but after generations 
of civil conflict, many Romans 

1015
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:29,900
gladly paid that price. 
As Augustus Consolidated 

1016
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:33,500
Authority, he turned to ensuring
the stability of his succession,

1017
00:54:33,500 --> 00:54:36,900
no, small feat in a state, once 
steeped in the tradition of 

1018
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,600
elected magistracy. 
With no biological son from his 

1019
00:54:40,600 --> 00:54:43,300
marriages. 
Augustus tried weaving a family 

1020
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:45,700
Dynasty through strategic 
adoptions and marriages. 

1021
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:49,500
His only child, Julia became a 
political Pawn. 

1022
00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:53,900
Married off to potential heirs 
to cement alliances first came. 

1023
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:58,100
Martellus augustus's nephew then
a gripper his trusted General 

1024
00:54:58,100 --> 00:55:02,500
and companion and later Tiberius
his Stern capable stepson. 

1025
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,400
The Empire watched these unions 
with Fascination hoping that a 

1026
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,200
suitable successor, might emerge
to prolong the Pax, Romana. 

1027
00:55:11,100 --> 00:55:14,500
Meanwhile, Augustus took a hands
on approach to moral and social 

1028
00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:16,800
reforms. 
He championed legislation 

1029
00:55:16,800 --> 00:55:19,600
encouraging marriage and 
childbirth among Rome's, Elite 

1030
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:23,700
penalizing, adultery and 
childlessness publicly these 

1031
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,000
laws aimed to revive traditional
Roman virtues. 

1032
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:30,400
Populating the Empire with 
Upright Citizens privately they 

1033
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:32,500
served as a moral anchor for the
new regime. 

1034
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:35,800
Contrasting with the preceding 
Decades of bloody infighting and

1035
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,100
public decadence. 
Critics grumbled that Augustus 

1036
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:42,200
medaled too far into personal 
lives, yet. 

1037
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:45,000
Many recognized the sense of 
direction and unity, he sought 

1038
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,000
to impose. 
On the Frontiers, the Empire's 

1039
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,900
expansion seesaw between Triumph
and tragedy along the Rhine. 

1040
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:55,500
Augustus installed Garrison's to
keep the Germanic tribes at Bay 

1041
00:55:55,500 --> 00:55:58,800
in the East stabil, alliances 
with client Kings. 

1042
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:02,700
Prevented major upheavals yet, 
not all expansions succeeded, 

1043
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:07,200
the infamous variant disaster in
9 CE so three Roman Legions 

1044
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:10,200
annihilated in the Tutto Berg 
Forest by Germanic Warriors 

1045
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:14,700
under arminius Rome reeled at 
the blow using about 15,000 men.

1046
00:56:14,700 --> 00:56:19,000
Augustus Shattered by the news 
was said to roam, his Palace, 

1047
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:22,300
crying quintilius, varus, give 
me back my Legions. 

1048
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:26,400
The defeat force him to abandon 
major Conquest in Germania 

1049
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:28,600
Shifting, The Boundary to the 
Rhine. 

1050
00:56:28,600 --> 00:56:32,900
This trauma, proved the Empire 
had limits or gustus recognized 

1051
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:36,400
that consolidating existing, 
provinces might matter more than

1052
00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:40,300
indefinite Conquest. 
Politically the principate 

1053
00:56:40,300 --> 00:56:44,700
outward face promoted consensus,
the Senate passed glowing 

1054
00:56:44,700 --> 00:56:48,100
decrees awarding Augustus 
Tribune, power for Life. 

1055
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:50,800
Letting him veto or propose 
legislation. 

1056
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:54,200
Use these Powers sparingly at 
least in the public eye. 

1057
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:57,400
Freedom immediate threats or 
guster's Reign. 

1058
00:56:57,400 --> 00:57:01,500
Embraced pageantry Grand trial 
archers, Labyrinth religious 

1059
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:05,100
festivals and coinage bearing. 
His image with the title father 

1060
00:57:05,100 --> 00:57:08,700
of the Fatherland, Roman 
arrested to outdo each other. 

1061
00:57:08,700 --> 00:57:12,200
In the Imperial household, 
sometimes exaggerating their 

1062
00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:16,300
Devotion to secure favor. 
Meanwhile, the populace reveled 

1063
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:17,800
in the improved City 
infrastructure. 

1064
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:22,100
Circuses and public, Banquets 
bread and circuses indeed, 

1065
00:57:22,100 --> 00:57:25,200
though, Augustus prided himself 
or not indulging in personal 

1066
00:57:25,208 --> 00:57:28,300
extravagance, he lived 
relatively simply in a house on 

1067
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,000
the Palatine. 
Not in a gilded Palace yet 

1068
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:34,700
within his family Strife. 
Simmered his daughter, Julia 

1069
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:38,100
stuck in strategic, marriages 
rebelled through scandalous 

1070
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,800
conduct, she parted with younger
patricians. 

1071
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:42,800
Rumor said she engaged in 
Affairs. 

1072
00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:46,200
That ridiculed augustus' moral 
edicts ultimately. 

1073
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:49,600
He exiled his own daughter a 
movie, he found deeply painful, 

1074
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,600
butt sores necessary to preserve
the regime's, moral Authority, 

1075
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:57,300
the public gossiped concluding 
that even Augustus, the Paragon 

1076
00:57:57,300 --> 00:58:00,500
of virtue couldn't tame personal
scandal in his household. 

1077
00:58:01,400 --> 00:58:04,100
Another blow came when favored 
grandsons died young. 

1078
00:58:04,900 --> 00:58:06,800
Fracturing. 
The carefully plotted succession

1079
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:09,400
line, Tiberius or steering 
aloof. 

1080
00:58:09,400 --> 00:58:12,400
Gradually merged as the likely 
Heir though, father. 

1081
00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:15,700
And stepson had an uneasy 
dynamic, in the realm of 

1082
00:58:15,708 --> 00:58:18,900
culture, a golden age, 
flourished, or so the 

1083
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:22,700
retrospective label claimed 
Patronage from Augustus and his 

1084
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:26,200
confidence, like Messina 
supported literary talents who 

1085
00:58:26,200 --> 00:58:30,000
produced in during works. 
Virgil's aired, wove, Trojan 

1086
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,900
Legends into Rome's Destiny, 
subtly legitimizing, Augustine 

1087
00:58:33,900 --> 00:58:37,600
rule, as fate Livi wrote 
Monumental histories, praising 

1088
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:41,000
Roman virtues carefully. 
Tiptoeing around the Civil Wars 

1089
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:44,700
that had cemented the principal 
of its verses Charmed readers 

1090
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:48,300
with witty takes on love and 
mythology until his exile for 

1091
00:58:48,300 --> 00:58:51,200
unspecified indiscretions or 
perhaps for offending the 

1092
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,900
Imperial moral code, the tension
between creative freedom and 

1093
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:58,700
political lines became a 
Hallmark of the era's art Master

1094
00:58:58,700 --> 00:59:01,900
sculptors and Architects, 
harnessed, Greek, influences, 

1095
00:59:01,900 --> 00:59:04,900
producing distinctive Roman 
designs that still Grace, 

1096
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:08,800
surviving ruins, the ARA patches
celebrating Augustine piece 

1097
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:12,000
stands. 
As a prime example, By the dawn 

1098
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:15,700
of the first century CE 
augustus's principal had reigned

1099
00:59:15,700 --> 00:59:19,000
over two decades of relative 
stability, children grew up 

1100
00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:21,900
knowing no Civil War, a 
remarkable shift from older 

1101
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:24,400
Generations. 
The memory of the Republic's 

1102
00:59:24,400 --> 00:59:27,900
Freedom drifted into Nostalgia 
for some While, others believe 

1103
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:30,900
that a single guiding figure was
the best bulwark against future 

1104
00:59:30,900 --> 00:59:35,200
chaos, indeed, many aquariums 
and Senators quite quietly 

1105
00:59:35,208 --> 00:59:36,800
recognized. 
They were better off under 

1106
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,100
predictable Central rule than 
risking the unpredictability of 

1107
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,300
competitive elections that often
spiraled into assassinations or 

1108
00:59:43,308 --> 00:59:46,400
civil conflict. 
Yet the question of the Empire's

1109
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:51,400
longevity remained. if Augustus 
died unexpectedly would Tiberius

1110
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:54,000
or another figure hold the 
empire together, Could the 

1111
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:56,100
prince be out last one man's 
lifetime? 

1112
00:59:57,100 --> 01:00:00,800
In the Twilight of his Reign. 
Augustus orchestrated subtle 

1113
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:02,900
transitions of authority to 
Tiberius. 

1114
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:06,800
Conferring Powers gradually. 
He hoped to avoid the abrupt 

1115
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:10,100
vacuum that had been snared 
Caesar whether the Roman world 

1116
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:13,200
was truly ready for a dynastic, 
monarchy a concept. 

1117
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:17,800
So alien to its older Republican
ethos was an open question, but 

1118
01:00:17,800 --> 01:00:21,300
there was no turning back the 
age of Augustus had irreversibly

1119
01:00:21,300 --> 01:00:24,600
shaped a Roman identity now into
twined with a single rulers. 

1120
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,200
Guiding hand. 
By 14 CE. 

1121
01:00:27,200 --> 01:00:30,600
Augustus was in aging figure. 
His hair had great. 

1122
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:34,400
His health grew freyler yet his 
grip on power remained firm. 

1123
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:38,600
He'd spent decades refining, the
principal's mechanics, ensuring 

1124
01:00:38,600 --> 01:00:42,500
his direct or indirect control 
over the military legal, and 

1125
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:46,000
religious fears. 
Mentally, he pondered the last 

1126
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:49,600
Act of his storied life. 
If the principate was to endure,

1127
01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:53,600
he needed Tiberius his 
designated successor to 

1128
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:57,300
seamlessly assumed control. 
Some suspected Tiberius 

1129
01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:01,100
possessed, neither Augustus 
Charisma, nor compassion but 

1130
01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:03,500
there was no other candidate 
left with enough legitimacy. 

1131
01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:07,600
That summer, Augustus embarked 
on a journey with Tiberius to 

1132
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,100
Southern Italy. 
Perhaps it was a symbolic 

1133
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:13,500
Handover or perhaps it was 
simply a final inspection to her

1134
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:16,500
along the way. 
His health deteriorated quickly.

1135
01:01:16,500 --> 01:01:20,000
Near Nola the place of his 
father's death decades. 

1136
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:23,600
Prior he lingered in bed, 
occasionally conversing with 

1137
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:25,500
Tiberius and others from his 
retinue. 

1138
01:01:26,100 --> 01:01:29,200
According to tradition. 
His last words, carried a hint 

1139
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,400
of the theatrical flourish 
comparing life to a play in 

1140
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:34,200
imploring them to applaud if he 
had performed. 

1141
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:39,200
Well, On August 19th. 14 CE or 
gustus passed away. 

1142
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:43,700
He was 75 having ruled the 
Empire effectively for over four

1143
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:47,600
decades longer than anyone had 
predicted news of his death 

1144
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:50,300
threats. 
Swiftly in Rome, a tide of 

1145
01:01:50,308 --> 01:01:53,800
mourning ensued, the Senate 
declared him, a god Divas 

1146
01:01:53,800 --> 01:01:57,000
Augustus continuing, a trend 
that had begun with Caesar's 

1147
01:01:57,000 --> 01:02:00,200
defecation. 
The city's populace, which had 

1148
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:02,900
never experienced an adult life 
without him as a guide in 

1149
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:08,200
presence face, uncertain times, 
rituals, eulogies and 

1150
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:10,500
processions offered the veneer 
of continuity. 

1151
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:14,900
Tiberius stepped into the role 
of Princess, observing the 

1152
01:02:14,900 --> 01:02:16,900
formalities. 
That'll go to established. 

1153
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:20,700
Among the masses grief, mingled 
with apprehension. 

1154
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:24,600
No single figure had done more 
to shape the new era of Pax. 

1155
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:28,800
Romana In the subsequent months,
the city of Rome processed 

1156
01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:30,600
augustus's memory in different 
ways. 

1157
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:34,000
Loyal Senators, commissioned 
arches and statues. 

1158
01:02:34,000 --> 01:02:36,900
Families were counted how their 
grandparents had lived through 

1159
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:40,600
Civil Wars until August, 
restored order, Freedmen who had

1160
01:02:40,608 --> 01:02:43,500
worked in his administration 
wept or exploited, the 

1161
01:02:43,500 --> 01:02:46,900
transition to jockey for new 
positions across the provinces 

1162
01:02:46,900 --> 01:02:50,900
local Elites who had thrived and
August and patronage worried 

1163
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,300
whether Tiberius would maintain 
the same approach, despite the 

1164
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:57,500
news on settling the legions, 
they remained loyal to the new 

1165
01:02:57,500 --> 01:03:00,100
emperor. 
Some among the legions expected 

1166
01:03:00,100 --> 01:03:04,100
bonuses or reforms leading to 
brief mutinies in the Rhine and 

1167
01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:07,400
pannonia. 
Tiberius in his capable nephew 

1168
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:12,400
Jamaica's resolve them. 
Time passed historians began 

1169
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:17,600
weaving augustus's Reign into 
Grand narratives, some like Levy

1170
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:19,800
had already praised him in near 
Mythic terms. 

1171
01:03:19,800 --> 01:03:23,200
Others were more subdued 
acknowledging that while 

1172
01:03:23,200 --> 01:03:26,500
Augustus ended civil Strife. 
It also strangled the old 

1173
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:29,500
Republican Liberties a new 
generation born under. 

1174
01:03:29,500 --> 01:03:33,700
However, only understood the 
Republic through ancestral 

1175
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:36,400
stories. 
They took for granted that a 

1176
01:03:36,400 --> 01:03:39,600
single figure guided State 
policy minted coins with their 

1177
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:43,700
face and overshadowed Senate. 
The heritage of Civil Wars 

1178
01:03:43,700 --> 01:03:47,100
receded into second-hand 
accounts leaving Augustus as an 

1179
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:49,700
almost fatherly figure in the 
Roman psyche, the man who 

1180
01:03:49,700 --> 01:03:52,600
brought peace? 
The deeper subtleties of his 

1181
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:55,700
rule, his cunning manipulations 
the purges that built the 

1182
01:03:55,708 --> 01:03:58,600
principate. 
The clandestine power plays were

1183
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:02,400
overshadowed by the public 
facade of piety tradition and 

1184
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:05,800
moderation. 
Indeed, the final version of his

1185
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:07,900
life story shaped by his 
supporters. 

1186
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:11,300
Cultivated an image of a 
reluctant ruler who accepted 

1187
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:15,500
power only for the public good. 
Detractors existed. 

1188
01:04:15,500 --> 01:04:18,800
But they rarely had a platform 
to challenge the official line 

1189
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:22,000
over. 
Centuries subsequent Emperors 

1190
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:24,600
embraced or distanced themselves
from Augustine ideals. 

1191
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,400
Some attempted to emulate his 
delicate balance, While others 

1192
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,600
fail, allowing cruelty, or 
extravagant to overshadow 

1193
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,800
statesmanship. 
An essential Augustine Legacy 

1194
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:38,700
was the ongoing Pax, Romana a 
relative peace that spammed from

1195
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:41,900
Britain to the Freight's though 
Wars on the Frontiers never 

1196
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:46,500
vanished Germanic raids revolts 
in Judea tensions with pathya, 

1197
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:49,100
the Empire's core heartlands 
prospered. 

1198
01:04:49,600 --> 01:04:52,900
Trade routes thrived carrying 
goods from a cross, the 

1199
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,500
Mediterranean and Beyond, while 
Roman law codes extended deeper 

1200
01:04:56,500 --> 01:04:59,600
into newly integrated 
communities, this stability, 

1201
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:03,000
boosted, population growth, 
Urban Development and cultural 

1202
01:05:03,000 --> 01:05:05,800
exchange fostering an 
environment where future 

1203
01:05:05,800 --> 01:05:09,100
historians philosophers and 
Architects, found the resources 

1204
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:11,500
to flourish in subsequent 
centuries. 

1205
01:05:11,500 --> 01:05:15,100
Christians, when they emerged in
the Empire pointed to the 

1206
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:18,400
stable, Roman roads built under 
Augustine expansions as an 

1207
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:20,700
inadvertent Gateway for their 
missionaries to travel. 

1208
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:24,700
Even mundane aspects 
standardized coinage. 

1209
01:05:24,700 --> 01:05:28,500
Consistent administrative 
provinces would much to the 

1210
01:05:28,500 --> 01:05:31,500
Augusta Blue. 
Print Emperors like trajan and 

1211
01:05:31,500 --> 01:05:35,800
Hadrian centuries later, 
recognized that forging a stable

1212
01:05:35,800 --> 01:05:38,800
rule required. 
A delicate dance, not entirely 

1213
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,000
different from Augustus 
approach, securing the Loyalty 

1214
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:44,900
of armies appearing with Senate 
and wooing. 

1215
01:05:44,900 --> 01:05:48,500
The populace, the memory of 
Augustus therefore served as an 

1216
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:52,300
archetype for the good Emperor, 
never mind that the path to his 

1217
01:05:52,308 --> 01:05:54,400
power was littered with cunning 
and bloodshed. 

1218
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:58,200
Ultimately, Augustus success lay
in Melbourne, contradictory in 

1219
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:00,900
pulses. 
He revived old festivals yet 

1220
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:02,300
rewrote, the political 
structure. 

1221
01:06:02,300 --> 01:06:05,300
He promised the Senate respect 
yet, controlled them with 

1222
01:06:05,300 --> 01:06:08,600
cunning Championed moral 
reforms, yet exiled, his 

1223
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:12,200
daughter due to a scandal. 
Story of his life, remains a 

1224
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:15,100
mosaic of ambition, altruism 
caution. 

1225
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:19,000
And ruthlessness, without him 
roam might have shattered under 

1226
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:23,000
repeated Civil Wars with him, 
the Republic mutated into an 

1227
01:06:23,000 --> 01:06:26,500
Empire anchored by one man's 
Authority that delicate 

1228
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:28,500
compromise. 
Monarchy dressed in Republican 

1229
01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:31,300
costume carried. 
Rome forward for Generations, 

1230
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:35,800
shaping Western history in ways.
No one in the Smoky Senate Halls

1231
01:06:35,800 --> 01:06:39,800
of yesteryear could have fully 
foreseen long after Augustus 

1232
01:06:39,800 --> 01:06:42,800
death, the Roman World. 
Recited Legends of his early 

1233
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:46,000
days from the moment, he claimed
Seasons inheritance to the 

1234
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:50,600
final, quieting of civil strife,
Poets retold how he found Roman 

1235
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:54,100
chaos and forged a new dawn of 
order even ordinary citizens 

1236
01:06:54,100 --> 01:06:57,900
traveling along roads, line, 
with his Milestones, felt The 

1237
01:06:57,908 --> 01:07:00,200
Echoes of an emperor who merged 
subtlety with power. 

1238
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:03,600
Yet historians then. 
And now debate whether Augustus 

1239
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:07,000
truly believed in the facade of 
Republican restoration or simply

1240
01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:10,500
harnessed it to quell potential 
opposition The notion of 

1241
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:13,800
restoring, the Republic was more
than political spin. 

1242
01:07:13,800 --> 01:07:15,800
It was a psychological 
necessity. 

1243
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:19,600
Romans had long prided 
themselves on hating Kings, 

1244
01:07:19,600 --> 01:07:23,300
since the Etruscan monarchy was 
expelled centuries earlier by 

1245
01:07:23,300 --> 01:07:27,800
adopting titles like prank apps 
first among equals and parading 

1246
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:31,400
virtues such as modesty. 
Augustus defected the Specter of

1247
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:35,100
tyranny, he decorated official 
ceremonies with illusions of 

1248
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:39,200
senatorial, collaboration in 
practice though, every key 

1249
01:07:39,200 --> 01:07:42,300
office and Province was under 
his watchful eye by 

1250
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:46,800
centralizing, the means to wage 
War II controlling Legions. 

1251
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:51,400
He rendered any Senator LED 
Rebellion almost impossible this

1252
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:54,800
system, had its share of 
paradoxes freed from the cycle 

1253
01:07:54,800 --> 01:07:57,000
of Civil Wars. 
The Senate could resume its 

1254
01:07:57,000 --> 01:08:00,300
dignified debates on laws 
awarding, triumphs or passing 

1255
01:08:00,300 --> 01:08:03,300
judgments, but only so far as it
aligned with the emperor's 

1256
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:06,400
overarching interests. 
Youngest Senators, who never 

1257
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,300
experienced the chaotic, 
Republic found comfort in the 

1258
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:12,300
principate security, they 
advance in a structured career 

1259
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:17,000
path, questor Prater console 
under, Augustus oversight freed 

1260
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:19,800
from the anxiety of violent. 
Contests a pivoted to 

1261
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:22,500
administrative tasks like 
refining legal codes or 

1262
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:25,500
sponsoring public games. 
He's changes, drain some 

1263
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:28,700
Vitality from senatorial life 
but also eliminated. 

1264
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,000
The lethal rivalries that once 
stained Roman politics in blood.

1265
01:08:33,399 --> 01:08:37,000
Religious Transformations. 
Also underscored his Reign, the 

1266
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:40,399
Imperial cult venerating. 
The emperor's family took root 

1267
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:42,800
in. 
The provinces temples to divers 

1268
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:46,300
Julius the day of I Julius 
Caesar dotted Asia, Minor and 

1269
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:49,000
Gaul bridging local Traditions 
with Roman identity. 

1270
01:08:50,100 --> 01:08:53,100
Augustus carefully navigated the
line between piety and 

1271
01:08:53,108 --> 01:08:55,500
blasphemy. 
He never outright demanded 

1272
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:59,700
worship of himself in Italy but 
in distant provinces cult 

1273
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:01,600
centers. 
Proclaiming his Divine status 

1274
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:06,399
arose This practice fostered. 
Unity as local Elites built 

1275
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:10,200
shrines to Augustus to Curry 
favor, blending indigenous Gods 

1276
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:14,300
with Roman Imperial. 
Reverence On a personal level or

1277
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:17,100
Gusto's household, dramas, had 
shaped his paternalistic 

1278
01:09:17,100 --> 01:09:20,700
posture, toward the Empire, The 
Heartbreak with Julia, the 

1279
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:24,300
succession Fiasco's, and the 
manipulative marriages taught 

1280
01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:26,000
him. 
That absolute power came at the 

1281
01:09:26,008 --> 01:09:29,000
cost of familial strain. 
Ancient Gosset, blinds. 

1282
01:09:29,000 --> 01:09:32,000
He was cold or unfeeling to 
those who fell out of favor. 

1283
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:36,200
But cleaning from the letters 
that survived we see glimpses of

1284
01:09:36,200 --> 01:09:39,000
a man torn between fatherly 
instincts and political 

1285
01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:41,899
necessity. 
He exiled those he loved to 

1286
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:44,300
maintain the moral facade. 
He'd cultivated for the public 

1287
01:09:44,300 --> 01:09:48,000
real or staged that posture 
anchored, the moral Authority 

1288
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:51,700
behind his social reforms nor 
were the provincial expansions 

1289
01:09:51,700 --> 01:09:56,000
always peaceful in the Spanish 
interior Augustine generals 

1290
01:09:56,000 --> 01:09:59,300
waged campaigns to quell tribes 
that refused Roman oversight. 

1291
01:09:59,300 --> 01:10:03,000
The Alpine passes were brought 
under direct Roman control to 

1292
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:07,200
secure transalpine trade routes.
Fortress lines, sprung up along 

1293
01:10:07,200 --> 01:10:10,100
the Danube to repel or monitor, 
the Restless stations. 

1294
01:10:10,100 --> 01:10:13,500
These expansions were not often 
a company by Grand triumphal 

1295
01:10:13,500 --> 01:10:16,100
procession. 
Augustus himself, rarely took 

1296
01:10:16,100 --> 01:10:19,600
personal credit, preferring to 
let generals hold subdued 

1297
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:22,000
ceremonies. 
He recognized that the Empire 

1298
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:25,000
needed no flamboyant displays 
reminiscent of early Warlords. 

1299
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:29,300
Instead stable from tears, a 
robust Commerce Network and the 

1300
01:10:29,308 --> 01:10:32,500
Pax Romana sense of normalcy, 
proved enough to maintain public

1301
01:10:32,500 --> 01:10:35,400
favor. 
When Tiberius finally, stepped 

1302
01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:38,900
into the Imperial role. 
Most people expected continuity.

1303
01:10:38,900 --> 01:10:42,300
The new emperor inherited not 
just the institutions but also 

1304
01:10:42,300 --> 01:10:46,000
the attitudes, Augustus had. 
So Tiberius adhere to many 

1305
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:48,900
Augustine presidents though. 
His personal style was more 

1306
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:52,200
reclusive and severe. 
The senatorial class realized 

1307
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:55,100
that augustus's blueprint and 
Emperor of a shadowing, the 

1308
01:10:55,100 --> 01:10:57,400
facade of a free republic would 
continue. 

1309
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:01,500
No, major push to resurrect a 
purely, Republican system 

1310
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:04,200
emerged. 
Some die-hard Republicans, still

1311
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:07,000
existed in the shadows. 
But after Decades of peace and 

1312
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:09,900
the empires continued growth, 
the majority accepted the 

1313
01:11:09,900 --> 01:11:14,400
principles, The New Normal. 
Cross centuries augustus's 

1314
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:18,000
memory soared to near Mythic 
Emperors from Nero to 

1315
01:11:18,008 --> 01:11:20,400
Constantine. 
Either invoke or reshaped. 

1316
01:11:20,400 --> 01:11:24,300
Augustine tropes on coinage. 
They displayed genealogical ties

1317
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:26,800
or spelled out slogans 
reminiscent of August and 

1318
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:30,000
virtues Augustus itself became 
more than a name. 

1319
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:33,700
It was an honorific for all 
subsequent Emperors signifying. 

1320
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:37,500
The same revered status writers,
compiled accounts of his Reign, 

1321
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:41,800
both praising his modesty and 
hinting at cunning The next 

1322
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,800
generation's face, their crises 
Caligula's Mania the Jewish 

1323
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:48,000
revolts or the year of the four 
Emperors. 

1324
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:52,700
Yet, augustus's era, stood out 
as time of relative Harmony even

1325
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:56,300
if precariously balanced Looking
back from avantage points. 

1326
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:59,100
Centuries. 
Later historians seal guster's. 

1327
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:01,600
The pivot from a fractious 
Republic to a stable. 

1328
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:07,000
If autocratic Freed from 
crippling Civil Wars, the 

1329
01:12:07,000 --> 01:12:09,300
Mediterranean World blossomed in
trade and culture. 

1330
01:12:09,300 --> 01:12:11,800
The seeds of an architectural 
Revolution. 

1331
01:12:11,800 --> 01:12:15,000
Took root in Rome's, new 
monuments, bridging Greek 

1332
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:18,100
Artistry with Roman engineering.
And though the principate 

1333
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,200
eventually shifted toward more 
Evert Emperors like Caligula or 

1334
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:23,800
domitian the August never 
vanished. 

1335
01:12:24,500 --> 01:12:28,400
The notion of a first citizen 
quietly sustaining, the 

1336
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:31,400
illusions of senatorial dignity 
underpinned. 

1337
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:35,100
The Empire's structure until the
West crumbled centuries later. 

1338
01:12:35,100 --> 01:12:39,900
Augustus's example, subtle 
multifaceted and deeply embedded

1339
01:12:39,900 --> 01:12:43,000
in Roman tradition, remains a 
testament to how a single 

1340
01:12:43,000 --> 01:12:45,500
individual can reshape the 
trajectory of an entire 

1341
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:48,400
Civilization. 
Now, with Millennia gone. 

1342
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:51,800
Since Augusta's death, we 
possess a panoramic view of his 

1343
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:55,200
life and Legacy avantage Point 
that reveals both the glimmering

1344
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:59,200
Heights and the murky Corners 
his youthful cunning harnessed 

1345
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:02,500
after Seasons assassination. 
Established a pattern of 

1346
01:13:02,500 --> 01:13:04,800
strategic alliances and 
Relentless ambition. 

1347
01:13:05,800 --> 01:13:09,500
That Fierce Drive, paved as a 
scent from an underestimated are

1348
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:13,500
to the architect of Rome's first
imperial system, but behind the 

1349
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:17,700
luminescent facade of the Pax. 
Romana one notices, the ashes of

1350
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:21,700
Republican Liberties, countless 
casualties of prescriptions and 

1351
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:23,400
a well-managed propaganda 
machine. 

1352
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:27,600
Smoothing over the sharp edges 
of absolute power modern 

1353
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:31,400
Scholars, often debate, whether 
he was a benevolent autocrat or 

1354
01:13:31,400 --> 01:13:34,300
a slime manipulator, who 
exploited War weariness to 

1355
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:35,800
install, a monarchy in all, but 
name. 

1356
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:40,500
The truth likely straddles are 
delicate boundary, augustus's 

1357
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:44,900
reforms streamlining, taxation 
professionalizing, the Army and 

1358
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:48,100
encouraging moral and cultural 
Revival point to a genuine 

1359
01:13:48,100 --> 01:13:50,200
desire for a robust and during 
order. 

1360
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,000
However, he did not hesitate to 
use lethal measures when they 

1361
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:57,000
strengthened his position. 
For every Temple. 

1362
01:13:57,000 --> 01:14:00,900
He built there was a political 
rival, he sighed or a province 

1363
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:02,400
subjugated under Roman 
Authority. 

1364
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:08,400
In rhetorical terms, Augustus 
was no flamboyant orator but his

1365
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:11,500
Mastery lay in setting the 
narrative, he let others speak. 

1366
01:14:11,500 --> 01:14:15,200
Extravagantly on his behalf 
poets, loyal Senators, 

1367
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:18,300
provincial allies and rarely 
contradicted. 

1368
01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:21,900
The glowing accounts that 
customers roam savior over time.

1369
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,600
This cultivated Persona sank, 
deep into Rome's Collective 

1370
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:30,200
psyche, even the Senate once 
proud and fractures resigned to 

1371
01:14:30,200 --> 01:14:33,100
his overarching, presence 
content to pass decrees 

1372
01:14:33,100 --> 01:14:35,000
endorsing him as father of the 
Fatherland. 

1373
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:39,800
The city's plebeians exhausted 
by previous term oil, embraced 

1374
01:14:39,800 --> 01:14:43,200
the peace and spectacle, Grand 
gladiatorial games, public 

1375
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:45,500
feasts, and the distribution of 
grain. 

1376
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,900
The daily lifeless precarious 
who dared demand the intangible 

1377
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:53,500
freedoms of an older era. 
Augustus's family tragedies, 

1378
01:14:53,500 --> 01:14:57,500
especially around succession. 
Highlight, the precarious nature

1379
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:00,900
of hereditary rule The 
difference between the principal

1380
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:03,700
plates, carefully curated, for 
sard and personal heartbreak, 

1381
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:08,000
ran Stark, the XLS of Julia and 
olvides. 

1382
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:11,600
Who died prematurely pointed to 
a regime that valued moral 

1383
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,500
discipline and uniformity over 
personal Indulgence this was the

1384
01:15:15,500 --> 01:15:19,700
official narrative in private, 
some cunning courtiers thrived 

1385
01:15:19,700 --> 01:15:23,600
whispering half-truths to 
maintain favor, this Dynamic 

1386
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,600
would plague future Emperors 
from tiberias suspicious 

1387
01:15:26,600 --> 01:15:30,300
watchfulness to Narrows 
flamboyant, paranoia Architect 

1388
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:33,300
logically, we see Augustine 
Footprints across the empire. 

1389
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:37,400
The city of Rome was adorned 
with the Forum of Augustus, the 

1390
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:41,000
Temple of Mars, Altar and the 
ARA patches each a testament, 

1391
01:15:41,000 --> 01:15:44,300
not just a religious devotion. 
But to the Synergy between art 

1392
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,600
and political messaging and 
provincial cities from Spain to 

1393
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:52,000
Asia Minor local Elites mirrored
Augustine Styles erecting 

1394
01:15:52,000 --> 01:15:54,200
temples to the Imperial cult and
adopting. 

1395
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:57,300
Roman architectural motifs this 
cultural assimilation 

1396
01:15:57,300 --> 01:16:00,800
contributed to the forging of a 
Roman identity that transcended 

1397
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:03,100
narrow tribal or local 
loyalties. 

1398
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:06,900
Even in the Greek East where 
Hellenic culture had once 

1399
01:16:06,900 --> 01:16:11,000
overshadowed Rome's age. 
Catalyzed a new synthesis, 

1400
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:14,400
merging Greek traditionals with 
Roman rule under the notion of a

1401
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:18,800
shared Pax, Romana When 
analyzing augustus's Reign One 

1402
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:21,800
can't ignore the question of how
it impacted future governance, 

1403
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:24,200
the next four centuries of Roman
history. 

1404
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:26,600
Revolve around the tension 
between the illusions of 

1405
01:16:26,600 --> 01:16:29,500
Augustine modesty and the 
realities of Emperors who 

1406
01:16:29,500 --> 01:16:31,600
demanded worship or indulged 
capricious. 

1407
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:35,300
Whims the five good Emperors 
from nerva to Marcus. 

1408
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:39,900
Aurelius try to Echo August, and
virtues focusing on stoic 

1409
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:43,300
Administration and Public Works 
others, like Caligula or 

1410
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:45,300
Commodus. 
Abandoned the pretenses, 

1411
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:48,500
exposing the Empire to the 
rawness of untempered or 

1412
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:51,000
toxicity. 
Through all these fluctuations, 

1413
01:16:51,000 --> 01:16:54,900
the concept of the princess, 
never truly vanished, only 

1414
01:16:54,900 --> 01:16:58,800
mutated eventually morphing into
the openly acknowledged Dominus,

1415
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:03,900
by the time of direcion and 
popular imagination, or gustus 

1416
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:06,600
remains a figure to a sculptor 
who took the shards of a 

1417
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:09,000
fractured Republic, molded them 
into something new. 

1418
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:13,300
He didn't just pacify Rome, he 
re-envisioned its institution. 

1419
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:17,000
So thoroughly that later, Roman 
struggled to imagine returning 

1420
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,000
to the old ways. 
Even centuries after the Western

1421
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:23,500
Empire fell Echoes of his 
centralized governance influence

1422
01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:27,700
medieval and modern States. 
His name, Augustus became 

1423
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:29,800
short-handed for a firm 
Overlord. 

1424
01:17:30,500 --> 01:17:32,600
The weight of that 
transformation cannot be 

1425
01:17:32,600 --> 01:17:35,600
overstated. 
Rome Grew From city-state to 

1426
01:17:35,600 --> 01:17:38,400
World empire under the shadows 
of the triumvirates, and the 

1427
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:42,100
many Civil Wars culminating in a
regime that For Better or Worse 

1428
01:17:42,100 --> 01:17:47,400
outlasted. 1,000 nuances of 
politics, ultimately, augustus's

1429
01:17:47,400 --> 01:17:49,500
greatest Triumph was forging. 
A stable system. 

1430
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:53,000
Where once only Warlords 
contended, his greatest cost was

1431
01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:56,200
the Republican spirit that 
withered in the process replaced

1432
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:59,500
by an Empire reliant on one 
man's judgment, whether that 

1433
01:17:59,500 --> 01:18:03,300
trade was worthwhile, depends on
the lens of perspective, those 

1434
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:07,100
craving order and prosperity 
will those lamenting lost Civic 

1435
01:18:07,100 --> 01:18:10,400
freedoms. 
Even now his story stands as a 

1436
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:13,500
masterclass and political 
reinvention of how flexible 

1437
01:18:13,500 --> 01:18:17,000
ambition, tempered by paternal 
imagery, can reconstruct a 

1438
01:18:17,000 --> 01:18:20,500
government from ashes and so 
ends the tale of Augustus. 

1439
01:18:20,500 --> 01:18:24,900
He understated youth turned in 
territory, Quietly slipped, a 

1440
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,400
monarchy in Rome's heart while 
draping it in the garments of 

1441
01:18:27,408 --> 01:18:30,300
tradition. 
With that cunning you forever. 

1442
01:18:30,300 --> 01:18:32,400
We shape the course of Western 
Civilization. 

1443
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:41,700
Albert Einstein was born on 
March 14th. 1879. 

1444
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:44,100
In the modest city of all in the
German Empire. 

1445
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:48,200
His father, Herman managed 
small, electric chemical 

1446
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:51,200
Ventures and his mother Pauline 
nurtured. 

1447
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:53,800
A love of Music. 
Contrary to later myths, he 

1448
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:55,100
wasn't a poor student. 
Rather. 

1449
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:58,600
He disliked wrote memorization 
and preferred exploring ideas on

1450
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:01,300
his own at age. 
Five, he received a simple 

1451
01:19:01,300 --> 01:19:04,300
compass. 
Its unwavering needle Guided by 

1452
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:07,700
an unseen Force, left him 
Spellbound, hinting at Hidden 

1453
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:10,900
laws in nature in school. 
He often seemed preoccupied 

1454
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:15,100
building intricate houses of 
cards or lost in thought though.

1455
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:17,400
Teachers labeled him in 
different, he was quite quietly.

1456
01:19:17,400 --> 01:19:20,400
Constructing mental pictures, 
that reached far beyond mundane 

1457
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:23,000
lessons music also shaped his 
early life. 

1458
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:26,500
Pauline insisted he learned 
violin and though, reluctant at 

1459
01:19:26,500 --> 01:19:29,800
first, We found a kinship with 
Mozart's compositions. 

1460
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:33,900
This link between artistic 
Harmony and orderly principles 

1461
01:19:33,900 --> 01:19:37,700
of the universe captivated him 
even as a child, he sensed that 

1462
01:19:37,700 --> 01:19:40,400
creativity and logic could 
co-exist productively. 

1463
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:45,300
His family's moves first to 
Munich, then to Italy, created 

1464
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:47,800
in him. 
A sense of displacement, rather 

1465
01:19:47,800 --> 01:19:50,800
than fitting snuggling into any 
single cultural or academic 

1466
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,800
mold. 
He became an observer 

1467
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:56,700
questioning, everything around 
him during a stint at a 

1468
01:19:56,708 --> 01:19:58,900
Catholic. 
Elementary school, he briefly 

1469
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:02,700
embraced religious devotion, 
Yet, he soon gravitated toward a

1470
01:20:02,708 --> 01:20:06,500
more personal sense. 
Of wonder One Unbound by strict 

1471
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:11,300
Doctrine later, he would speak 
of a cosmic religious feeling a 

1472
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:13,700
reverence for the unfathomable 
mysteries of existence. 

1473
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:17,800
The German educational system 
clashed with his inquisitive 

1474
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:20,500
spirit. 
Teachers focused on memorization

1475
01:20:20,500 --> 01:20:23,800
while Einstein was enthralled by
independent exploration. 

1476
01:20:23,800 --> 01:20:28,000
He poured over geometry and 
calculus texts in his free time,

1477
01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:32,200
often out pacing his peers and 
conceptual understanding one 

1478
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:34,900
tutor noticed his knack for 
dissecting problems from 

1479
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:38,400
multiple angles, an early sign 
of the thought experiments, he 

1480
01:20:38,400 --> 01:20:41,600
would later make famous. 
Meanwhile Herman's business 

1481
01:20:41,600 --> 01:20:45,100
Pursuits, met with limited 
success adding Financial strain 

1482
01:20:45,100 --> 01:20:47,800
to the household. 
Yet in that uncertainty, 

1483
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:50,100
Einstein found pockets of 
Freedom. 

1484
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:53,000
His parents rarely scolded him 
for daydreaming. 

1485
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:56,300
Instead, they recognized his 
inclination to probe and 

1486
01:20:56,300 --> 01:20:59,000
analyze. 
When he built card Towers. 

1487
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:03,400
It was more than play, he 
studied balanced structure and 

1488
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:05,900
resilience qualities. 
He would apply to his 

1489
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:09,100
theoretical work. 
Overlooked details of his youth 

1490
01:21:09,100 --> 01:21:11,100
further, Illustrated his 
distinctive perspective. 

1491
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,900
He once spent hours, trying to 
visualize how a beam of light 

1492
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:17,000
might appear, if one could race 
alongside it. 

1493
01:21:17,700 --> 01:21:20,600
These musings were embryonic 
glimpses of the relativity. 

1494
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:24,400
He would formalize years later. 
Far from Mere fanciful flights. 

1495
01:21:24,400 --> 01:21:27,400
They were a training ground for 
a mind, unafraid to question 

1496
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:28,900
conventional frames of 
reference. 

1497
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,800
Another seldom noted aspect was 
his relationship with language 

1498
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,700
raised in a multilingual 
environment German at home 

1499
01:21:36,700 --> 01:21:40,000
occasionally Italian outside, he
developed a nuanced, 

1500
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:42,300
appreciation for Words later in 
life. 

1501
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:45,200
He would craft carefully, 
balanced scientific papers where

1502
01:21:45,200 --> 01:21:49,400
Clarity took precedence over 
flourish. but as a boy, he 

1503
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:52,300
simply recognized that words 
were in perfect vessels for 

1504
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:56,200
ideas sparking, a habit of 
visualizing Concepts to grasp 

1505
01:21:56,200 --> 01:22:00,900
the more deeply By his early 
teens Einstein grew increasingly

1506
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:04,500
restless with formal. 
Schooling the Louis Vuitton in 

1507
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:07,900
Munich with its strict regiment,
clashed, with his burgeoning 

1508
01:22:07,900 --> 01:22:12,200
interests, feeling stifled began
to defy conventional, academic 

1509
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:15,000
paths, and a decision that 
alarmed his teachers. 

1510
01:22:15,000 --> 01:22:18,200
He left school before graduation
and followed his family to 

1511
01:22:18,200 --> 01:22:20,900
Italy. 
To sum it looked like a rash 

1512
01:22:20,900 --> 01:22:22,400
move yet. 
It was an act of 

1513
01:22:22,408 --> 01:22:25,200
self-determination fueled by a 
longing to learn without 

1514
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:27,400
constraint. 
During this period. 

1515
01:22:27,400 --> 01:22:31,100
He explored philosophy as well 
delving into camps works and 

1516
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,500
pondering the nature of reality.
Such readings reinforced his 

1517
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,100
conviction that genuine 
understanding required, more 

1518
01:22:37,100 --> 01:22:40,600
than reciting facts and craved 
first-hand encounters with the 

1519
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:43,700
puzzles of the Universe from the
motion of planets to the 

1520
01:22:43,700 --> 01:22:46,700
properties of light. 
Though his childhood did not 

1521
01:22:46,708 --> 01:22:50,800
revolve solely around science 
who played violin enjoyed walks 

1522
01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:53,800
and showed flashes of humour. 
It was imbued with a special 

1523
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:56,500
kind of curiosity. 
He was neither the hapless 

1524
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,100
student or the overnight Prodigy
that later narratives would 

1525
01:22:59,108 --> 01:23:03,300
portray instead, he was a 
reflective somewhat solitary 

1526
01:23:03,300 --> 01:23:05,800
child who found, meaning in 
probing life's deeper questions,

1527
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:09,700
his early experience is compass 
in Hand cards, neatly stacked 

1528
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,400
violin tucked under his chin, 
crystallized into the core of a 

1529
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:14,800
worldview. 
That would soon turn the 

1530
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,400
scientific World on its head. 
Ultimately the disparate strands

1531
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:20,800
of his youth would unite in a 
bold questioning of the 

1532
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:23,600
established order. 
Few recognized how far his 

1533
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:27,600
curiosity would carry him. 
Einstein's choice to abandon the

1534
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:30,200
Lewis, Paul gymnasium, before 
graduating startled. 

1535
01:23:30,200 --> 01:23:33,500
His teachers that he felt 
stifled by rote drills. 

1536
01:23:33,500 --> 01:23:37,000
He rejoined, his family in Milan
where Herman hoped to save his 

1537
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:40,100
faltering business. 
Finally freed from rigid, school

1538
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,600
routines, Einstein studied math.
And philosophy on his own 

1539
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,100
devouring counts works and 
nurturing and obsession with the

1540
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:50,600
universe's hidden structure. 
Still the need for formal 

1541
01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:54,700
credentials loomed in. 1895 he 
applied to the Swiss Federal 

1542
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:58,000
Polytechnic in Zurich known for 
its forward-thinking curriculum.

1543
01:23:58,800 --> 01:24:02,300
Although he excelled in math and
physics, he flunked the entrance

1544
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:06,200
exams other parts undeterred. 
He spent a transformative year 

1545
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:09,000
at the cantonal school in 
Raliegh Switzerland. 

1546
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:13,100
This school's Progressive ethos 
welcome to curiosity and debate 

1547
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:17,200
an environment in which Einstein
thrived living with the winter 

1548
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:20,500
family. 
He formed close bonds, he 

1549
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,300
briefly romanced their daughter 
Marie but also made lifelong 

1550
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:26,900
friendships armed with improved 
preparation. 

1551
01:24:26,900 --> 01:24:31,200
He passed the Polytechnic 
entrance exam in 1896 and 

1552
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:33,400
pursued a teaching diploma in 
math and physics. 

1553
01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:38,400
Zurich's intellectual pulse 
invigorated him by day, endured 

1554
01:24:38,400 --> 01:24:42,100
lectures By Night, wrestled with
scientific texts or debated 

1555
01:24:42,100 --> 01:24:45,800
theory in cafes lesson for all 
with wrote note-taking, he 

1556
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,700
favored independent study he 
admired some professors others 

1557
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:53,700
saw him as dismissive and unruly
reputation that would later cost

1558
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:58,200
him solid references. 
During this period iin Metallica

1559
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:01,000
marriage, the only woman in 
their physics cohort, she was 

1560
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,300
bright and tenacious undeterred 
by an academic world. 

1561
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:08,400
Largely unwelcome to women their
bonded, into twine, intellectual

1562
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:09,800
exchange and romantic 
attraction. 

1563
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:13,900
Letters between them reveal 
Lively dialogues about abstract 

1564
01:25:13,900 --> 01:25:18,300
science and the deeper questions
of existence, Critic, sometimes 

1565
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,300
question the extent of male is 
contributions to Einstein's 

1566
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,800
early work but it certain she 
engaged in stimulating 

1567
01:25:24,800 --> 01:25:26,608
discussions. 
At a formative time in his 

1568
01:25:26,616 --> 01:25:29,600
career, Einstein graduated in 
1900. 

1569
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,000
Despite his clear gift for 
physics? 

1570
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:36,400
Job prospects were scarce 
dismissed by some professors as 

1571
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:39,000
headstrong. 
He received only lukewarm 

1572
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:41,600
recommendations over the next 
two years. 

1573
01:25:41,600 --> 01:25:45,400
He subsisted on tutoring gigs 
and part-time teaching roles, 

1574
01:25:45,400 --> 01:25:48,700
struggling to pay rent. 
Meanwhile, his relationship with

1575
01:25:48,700 --> 01:25:52,700
Malaysia grew more serious. 
They had a daughter liezel whose

1576
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,700
fate remains one of the murkiest
aspects of Einstein's life 

1577
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,900
records suggests. 
She may have been adopted, but 

1578
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:02,900
details are sparse Financial 
anxiety, nordid him and paternal

1579
01:26:02,900 --> 01:26:05,000
disapproval of Malaysia added 
stress. 

1580
01:26:05,000 --> 01:26:09,000
Yet his scientific passion, 
never dimmed whenever he found a

1581
01:26:09,000 --> 01:26:11,500
spare. 
Our Einstein tackled research 

1582
01:26:11,500 --> 01:26:14,400
problems in thermodynamics or 
statistical mechanics. 

1583
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:18,300
Despite their lack of widespread
attention, the small papers, 

1584
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,100
demonstrated Einstein's capacity
to critically examine 

1585
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:24,500
conventional assumptions. 
A modest Beacon of stability 

1586
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:27,800
arrived in 1902. 
Einstein secured a post as a 

1587
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:32,400
technical expert, third class at
the Swiss patent office in while

1588
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:35,700
many might view patent reviewing
as mundane, the job offered a 

1589
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,600
predictable schedule and a 
steady wage precisely what he 

1590
01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:41,900
needed. crucially, it also left 
him mental space, for 

1591
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:44,600
independent thought, Far from 
being a lull. 

1592
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:47,100
This period set the stage for 
his most significant 

1593
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:50,400
breakthroughs. 
Burn itself was unassuming that 

1594
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:52,900
it possessed an understated 
cultural Vitality. 

1595
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:56,400
Einstein ever sociable in an 
understated way. 

1596
01:26:56,400 --> 01:26:58,900
Found a small circle of a 
like-minded acquaintances. 

1597
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:02,600
They shared books, debated 
philosophical, ideas, and 

1598
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,800
sometimes playfully, referred to
themselves as the Olympia. 

1599
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:09,700
Academy, the groups in formal 
Spirit aligned perfectly with 

1600
01:27:09,700 --> 01:27:13,600
Einstein's own approach, free 
wheeling, yet anchored by a deep

1601
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:17,200
respect for rational inquiry. 
Meanwhile, his personal life. 

1602
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:20,300
Moved forward. 
He in Malaysia married in 1903 

1603
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:24,500
hoping to create a steel home. 
A union was hardly perfect 

1604
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:27,400
fraught with the usual 
challenges of newlyweds. 

1605
01:27:27,400 --> 01:27:30,700
Compounded by Einstein's 
preoccupation with science and 

1606
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:34,100
ongoing money worries. 
Still having a supportive 

1607
01:27:34,100 --> 01:27:36,000
partner with a keen interest in 
physics. 

1608
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:39,100
Likely encouraged his 
intellectual wandering during 

1609
01:27:39,100 --> 01:27:44,400
these formative years. 
Between 1902 and 1904 Einstein 

1610
01:27:44,400 --> 01:27:48,100
churned through patent 
applications, by day, evaluating

1611
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,500
new inventions for novelty and 
feasibility at night. 

1612
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:54,800
He scribbled equations and 
chased the big questions that 

1613
01:27:54,800 --> 01:27:57,100
had haunted him. 
Since childhood, the nature of 

1614
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,100
light the structure of time and 
whether the cosmos had 

1615
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:03,600
fundamental certainties little 
did anyone suspect that his 

1616
01:28:03,600 --> 01:28:07,200
quiet hours in Burn would yield 
a series of scientific papers 

1617
01:28:07,200 --> 01:28:10,500
that would upend centuries of 
accepted physics and elevator 

1618
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:14,500
once errant student to the front
ranks of modern science in a few

1619
01:28:14,508 --> 01:28:16,200
years. 
He would unleash a torrent of 

1620
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:20,600
revolutionary ideas proving that
unorthodox paths can lead to 

1621
01:28:20,600 --> 01:28:24,800
remarkable destinations Settled 
at the Swiss patent office in 

1622
01:28:24,800 --> 01:28:28,400
Burnside was officially a Clarke
reviewing applications for new 

1623
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:31,800
inventions unofficially. 
He was a theorist probing, the 

1624
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:34,500
Bedrock of physics. 
The jobs predictable routine, 

1625
01:28:34,500 --> 01:28:38,100
left in time to explore the 
mysteries of light motion and 

1626
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:40,500
energy questions that had 
haunted him. 

1627
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:43,900
Since childhood, his personal 
life had stabilized somewhere, 

1628
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:48,000
he in Malaysia now. 
Married lived modestly mindful 

1629
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:53,600
of every expense Their son Hans,
Albert born in 1904 added new 

1630
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:57,700
responsibilities, own physics. 
Background made her a supportive

1631
01:28:57,700 --> 01:29:00,100
Confidant for Einsteins music 
though. 

1632
01:29:00,100 --> 01:29:02,300
The precise scope of her 
influence remains debated. 

1633
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:08,100
In 1905, Einstein Unleashed four
seminal papers in anal. 

1634
01:29:08,100 --> 01:29:11,700
Endear physic the first explain 
the photoelectric effect by 

1635
01:29:11,700 --> 01:29:15,100
treating light as particles 
helping seed, the future field 

1636
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,600
of quantum mechanics. 
Next came his work on Brownian 

1637
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:22,300
motion using statistics to 
confirm the existence of atoms 

1638
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:25,500
and molecules. 
Then in his special theory of 

1639
01:29:25,500 --> 01:29:29,000
relativity he shattered the old 
notion of absolute time 

1640
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:32,700
proposing that simultaneity 
depends on an observer's motion 

1641
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:37,700
finally in a spare dazzling note
he offered E equals MC is 

1642
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:41,500
squared revealing the profound 
equivalents of mass and energy 

1643
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:46,100
at first these radical ideas. 
Mixed responses some Scholars, 

1644
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,800
found them to speculative others
grasped their size, make 

1645
01:29:49,800 --> 01:29:52,600
potential over time, the 
consensus grew. 

1646
01:29:52,600 --> 01:29:56,500
Einstein had transformed physics
from the inside out, his 

1647
01:29:56,500 --> 01:29:59,600
reputation slowly spread. 
Though he remained a patent 

1648
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:03,700
class until 1909 yearned for an 
academic post but faced 

1649
01:30:03,700 --> 01:30:07,300
challenges, he lacked the usual 
pedigrees and some professors 

1650
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:11,200
gave tepid recommendations. 
Eventually University of Zurich 

1651
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:14,300
appointed him as Elektra, 
opening the door to more formal 

1652
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:17,900
scientific Community maleva, 
man. they're growing family, 

1653
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:22,700
which now included a second son,
Edward while Einstein wrestled 

1654
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:26,200
with teaching duties and ongoing
research, But their marriage 

1655
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:29,900
started to show cracks strained 
by the financial pressures and 

1656
01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:32,000
Einstein's single-minded 
Devotion to work. 

1657
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:36,200
Despite domestic tension his 
scientific profile Rose, swiftly

1658
01:30:36,200 --> 01:30:40,000
younger physicists marveled at 
his knack for taking early 

1659
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:43,200
insights such as those from 
hendrik, lorentz and honorary 

1660
01:30:43,200 --> 01:30:45,900
Pointe in unifying them into a 
cohesive vision. 

1661
01:30:47,300 --> 01:30:50,300
The outcome was more than a 
patchwork of theories, it was a 

1662
01:30:50,308 --> 01:30:54,400
radical recasting of how energy 
space and time interlock. 

1663
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:59,900
He left Bern for Zurich in 1909,
then moved to Prague in 19011 

1664
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:04,400
for another professorship. 
Of followed, but the demands of 

1665
01:31:04,408 --> 01:31:07,700
uprooting and the complexities 
of raising children chipped away

1666
01:31:07,708 --> 01:31:11,200
at their partnership. 
In Prague, heinstein refined his

1667
01:31:11,208 --> 01:31:14,400
thoughts on gravity hinting at a
broader framework to come 

1668
01:31:14,400 --> 01:31:16,700
though. 
Overshadowed by cultural and 

1669
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:18,800
political tensions. 
In the austro-hungarian Empire, 

1670
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,200
the city still offered pockets 
of intellectual firming event. 

1671
01:31:22,200 --> 01:31:25,900
Einstein found colleagues 
intrigued by his work and critic

1672
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:28,800
skeptical of it. 
He thrived on debate defending 

1673
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:32,600
his theories with calm 
conviction by 1912, he was back 

1674
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:36,100
in Zurich at the. 
Politic now as a professor this 

1675
01:31:36,100 --> 01:31:39,100
time he delved deeper into the 
mathematics needed to extend 

1676
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:41,000
relativity to gravitational 
fields. 

1677
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:44,300
His collaboration with 
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 

1678
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,300
was vital laying the groundwork 
for what would become the 

1679
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:51,000
general theory of relativity? 
While special relativity had 

1680
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:53,300
reconfigured space and time on a
flat stage. 

1681
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:56,500
Einstein, now aimed to show how 
massive objects could warp that 

1682
01:31:56,500 --> 01:32:00,600
stage itself in parallel 
tensions at home, worsened. 

1683
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:03,800
Millie's hopes for our own 
scientific contributions had 

1684
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:07,500
faded into domestic obligations 
Einstein's growing Fame, mint, 

1685
01:32:07,500 --> 01:32:10,400
invitations to speak, and 
collaborate, pulling him away 

1686
01:32:10,400 --> 01:32:13,600
for extended periods that times 
letters. 

1687
01:32:13,600 --> 01:32:16,700
Reveal a coldness creeping into 
their marriage, he could be 

1688
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:20,200
absent, minded impatient and 
increasingly dismissive of 

1689
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:23,800
malays as emotional needs. 
The personal costs of Genius 

1690
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:26,900
were mounting even if the 
broadest world was beginning to 

1691
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:31,000
admire him as a visionary by the
end of 1912 Einstein's. 

1692
01:32:31,000 --> 01:32:35,200
Ambitions were cleared a 
reputation as the Mind behind 

1693
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:38,200
special relativity and he was on
the cusp of unveiling, a more 

1694
01:32:38,208 --> 01:32:41,700
comprehensive framework to 
explain gravity University's 

1695
01:32:41,700 --> 01:32:44,700
courted him and scientific 
Society has began to Lord his 

1696
01:32:44,700 --> 01:32:47,100
insights. 
Yet beneath this rise like 

1697
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:50,300
private Discord. 
Tension's that would escalate 

1698
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:52,200
once his career carried him to 
build in. 

1699
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:56,100
For now though, Heinen's path. 
LED an extra to toward one of 

1700
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:58,100
the greatest intellectual Feats 
in history. 

1701
01:32:58,100 --> 01:33:01,800
Fueled by that same Restless 
curiosity that wants made him 

1702
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:05,500
walk away from gymnasium classes
in the simplest wanders of 

1703
01:33:05,508 --> 01:33:08,300
nature. 
Despite turmoil his momentum was

1704
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:11,800
on stoppable. 
The stage was set for him to 

1705
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,500
finalize a theory of gravity, a 
masterpiece that would reshape 

1706
01:33:15,500 --> 01:33:20,700
Humanities view of the cosmos. 
In 1913 the Prussian Academy of 

1707
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:24,200
Sciences in Berlin Bays, 
beckoned Albert Einstein with a 

1708
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:26,400
prestigious post that required 
minimal teaching. 

1709
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:30,800
By 1914 he was in the German 
Capital poised to perfect his 

1710
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:34,400
theory of gravity yet the move 
magnified personal and political

1711
01:33:34,400 --> 01:33:36,800
tensions. 
His marriage to maleva was 

1712
01:33:36,808 --> 01:33:39,400
fracturing and Europe, stood on 
the brink of War. 

1713
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:43,600
The fist at heart. 
Einstein found himself, at odds,

1714
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:47,300
with the fervent nationalism 
gripping, Germany unperturbed by

1715
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:49,700
the storm outside. 
He pushed forward on general 

1716
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,100
relativity, aided by 
mathematician Marcel Rossman 

1717
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:56,700
their goal was to show that 
gravity arose from curved 

1718
01:33:56,700 --> 01:34:00,300
space-time a radical notion 
demanding complex tense or 

1719
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:04,200
calculus by 1915. 
Einstein had, refined the field 

1720
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:07,400
equations describing how massive
form space-time and how that 

1721
01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:11,900
curvature dictates motion. 
Triumph soon, followed the new 

1722
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:14,900
Theory explained, Mercury's 
orbital quirks better than 

1723
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:18,700
Newtonian physics. 
Overjoyed Einstein wrote to a 

1724
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:21,900
friend that is heart shivered 
upon seeing the data aligned 

1725
01:34:21,900 --> 01:34:24,900
with his calculations, but his 
personal world was unraveling 

1726
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:29,600
The labor struggled in Berlin, 
stifling atmosphere and felt 

1727
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:33,300
increasingly isolated. 
Meanwhile Einstein grew close to

1728
01:34:33,308 --> 01:34:37,400
his cousin Elsa, Louvin tile 
letters, show me Labor's Despair

1729
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:38,900
and Einstein's emotional 
withdrawal. 

1730
01:34:38,900 --> 01:34:41,900
She took their sons back to 
Switzerland and the marriage 

1731
01:34:41,900 --> 01:34:44,200
ended in divorce. 
He later wed. 

1732
01:34:44,200 --> 01:34:46,700
Elsa igniting gossip about his 
private life. 

1733
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:51,400
Even as general relativity gain 
traction among physicists, his 

1734
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,000
personal reputation became 
fodder for public speculation. 

1735
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:58,300
World War one had also 
splintered scientific exchanges 

1736
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:02,000
while many German intellectuals 
endorsed the war, Einstein, 

1737
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:05,000
stood nearly alone. 
Signing anti-war petitions and 

1738
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:08,900
voicing pacifist views, 
distanced stirred resentment at 

1739
01:35:08,900 --> 01:35:11,600
home. 
Still foreign scientists such as

1740
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,500
the British astronomer Arthur 
Edington recognized, the 

1741
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:18,600
significance of Einstein's work 
heading to 1919, Eclipse 

1742
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:21,100
Expedition tested, whether 
Starlight passing near the sun 

1743
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:22,800
would bend. 
According to Einstein's 

1744
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:26,500
predictions, the measurements 
matched, electrifying the global

1745
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:31,100
press and throwing Newton in the
public eye overnight, Einstein 

1746
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:32,700
became a symbol of modern 
genius. 

1747
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:37,100
Newspapers everywhere, featured.
His thoughtful gaze and unruly 

1748
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:41,200
hair invitations, rained down 
from universities and societies.

1749
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:45,000
While he believed in Sharing 
knowledge openly, he disliked 

1750
01:35:45,000 --> 01:35:48,500
the frenzy detention and grew 
uneasy with Germany's renewed, 

1751
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:52,500
nationalism post-war turmoil, 
fanned political flames and 

1752
01:35:52,500 --> 01:35:55,400
Einstein's pacifism Drew Ayer 
from right-wing groups. 

1753
01:35:56,200 --> 01:35:59,500
Nevertheless, the validation of 
general relativity, cemented his

1754
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:03,000
place at the scientific 
hierarchy, even Skeptics 

1755
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:06,100
admitted that his calculations 
matched observable reality in a 

1756
01:36:06,100 --> 01:36:08,200
way. 
No previous Theory, could with 

1757
01:36:08,200 --> 01:36:10,300
maleva in Zurich caring for 
their sons. 

1758
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:12,800
Einstein found both freedom and 
loneliness. 

1759
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:17,700
He married Elsa, in 1919 on her 
to manage his crowded schedule 

1760
01:36:17,700 --> 01:36:22,800
and mitigate public demands. 
As the 1920s donned Einstein was

1761
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:25,800
heralded as a Visionary, whose 
equations, recast, the universe 

1762
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:28,200
as a playable fabric shaped by 
energy and mass. 

1763
01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:31,700
These Notions pave, the way for 
Cosmic models, that would soon. 

1764
01:36:31,700 --> 01:36:35,200
Suggest an expanding Universe 
involving astronomers like Edwin

1765
01:36:35,200 --> 01:36:39,400
Hubble Initially, Einstein 
proposed a cosmological constant

1766
01:36:39,400 --> 01:36:42,800
to keep the universe static but 
later deemed that idea a 

1767
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:46,500
mistake, a rare admission of 
error from a man idolized for 

1768
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:49,600
brilliant. 
Meanwhile, he turned his 

1769
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:51,900
attention back to Quantum 
Mechanics, a field. 

1770
01:36:51,900 --> 01:36:54,600
He had inadvertently sparked 
with his photoelectric paper. 

1771
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:57,600
Newcomers like Werner, 
Heisenberg and urban 

1772
01:36:57,600 --> 01:37:01,300
Schrodinger, Advanced ideas that
clashed with Einstein's comfort 

1773
01:37:01,300 --> 01:37:03,500
zone. 
He balked at the probabilistic 

1774
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:06,500
nature, they proposed 
consisting, there must be a 

1775
01:37:06,500 --> 01:37:10,400
deeper deterministic layer. 
Thus began the famed series of 

1776
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:14,000
debates with Niels Bohr with 
Einstein challenging, the notion

1777
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:17,700
that reality might hinge on 
randomness. by mid-decade 

1778
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:21,700
Einstein's travel schedule 
ballooned He turned the United 

1779
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:26,200
States and parts of Europe, 
drawing huge, crowds statements,

1780
01:37:26,200 --> 01:37:29,600
celebrities, and fellow Scholars
courted, his presence in 

1781
01:37:29,600 --> 01:37:31,600
Germany. 
However, he faced mounting 

1782
01:37:31,600 --> 01:37:34,300
hostility from nationalist, 
factions who died in his 

1783
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:37,400
theories, as Jewish science. 
Unfazed. 

1784
01:37:37,400 --> 01:37:42,000
He pressed on confident that 
empirical evidence would Outlast

1785
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:44,400
Prejudice. 
His personal realm. 

1786
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:48,200
Now Tethered to Elsa offered 
stability, she shielded him from

1787
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:51,500
ceaseless demands allowing him 
to pursue his ideas and 

1788
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:52,200
relative. 
Peace. 

1789
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:55,900
Yet the creeping political tide 
would soon overshadow even 

1790
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,800
Einstein's lofty. 
Pursuits at the dawn of the next

1791
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:02,700
decade iin found himself a 
global icon, yet behind that 

1792
01:38:02,700 --> 01:38:05,400
Fame, lady deeper struggles and 
fresh challenges that would 

1793
01:38:05,400 --> 01:38:09,100
shape his destiny. 
The 1920s were a world wind 

1794
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,200
frying Stein lending. 
Scientific Milestones with 

1795
01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:15,300
Worldwide Acclaim ever the 
Restless thinker. 

1796
01:38:15,300 --> 01:38:17,900
He spent these years grappling 
with quantum theory while 

1797
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:20,000
maintaining his fascination with
relativity. 

1798
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:23,200
Though, his general theory of 
relativity was universally 

1799
01:38:23,200 --> 01:38:25,700
hailed. 
He grew increasingly uneasy 

1800
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:28,900
about the indeterminate flavor 
of quantum mechanics to him. 

1801
01:38:28,900 --> 01:38:32,100
The idea that fundamental 
processes could be governed by 

1802
01:38:32,100 --> 01:38:36,900
pure chance seemed incomplete. 
Einstein's Public Image soared 

1803
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:40,600
the turd Europe and North 
America lecture Halls. 

1804
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:45,000
Overflowed audience is drawn, 
not just to his ideas but also 

1805
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:49,600
to his Persona rumpled suits 
mischievous humor and an aura of

1806
01:38:49,608 --> 01:38:53,000
introspective brilliant's. 
Journalists clamored for 

1807
01:38:53,000 --> 01:38:56,900
interviews often distorting his 
words into simplistic sound 

1808
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,100
bites, despite Elsa's best 
efforts to safeguard his 

1809
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:02,400
privacy. 
The Cult of Personality grew 

1810
01:39:02,400 --> 01:39:05,900
politicians, hoped his presence 
would lend Prestige to their 

1811
01:39:05,900 --> 01:39:09,600
events and luminaries from other
fields sought his endorsement 

1812
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:13,500
beneath the accolades. 
Einstein remained wary of Fame, 

1813
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:17,100
believe that genuine Discovery 
flourished in quiet reflection, 

1814
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:21,900
not in the spotlight whenever 
possible escape to the Alps or 

1815
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:25,100
the countryside, reveling and 
Mountain walks and violin 

1816
01:39:25,100 --> 01:39:28,000
practice music. 
Provided a counterbalance to the

1817
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:31,700
rigors of theoretical work, 
reinforcing his belief that Art 

1818
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:33,200
and Science shared a quest for 
harmony. 

1819
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:37,900
Meanwhile in academic circles, 
the quantum Revolution thundered

1820
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:42,300
on physicists like Niels, Bohr 
Werner, Heisenberg and Max born 

1821
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:44,800
claimed that probabilities lay 
at the heart of physical 

1822
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:47,700
reality. 
Einstein countered that God does

1823
01:39:47,700 --> 01:39:50,800
not play dice questioning. 
Whether Randomness was the final

1824
01:39:50,800 --> 01:39:53,500
word. 
Their debates polite yet 

1825
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:58,200
intense, fueled a new era of 
theoretical exploration. the 

1826
01:39:58,200 --> 01:40:02,000
young Quantum guarded Einstein's
contributions, but insisted that

1827
01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:05,900
his skepticism missed the 
theories core Elegance At the 

1828
01:40:05,908 --> 01:40:08,900
same time, Europe was 
experiencing social and 

1829
01:40:08,900 --> 01:40:11,100
political upheavals in the 
aftermath of World War 1. 

1830
01:40:12,400 --> 01:40:15,400
Germany's bimar Republic, veered
between fragile democracy. 

1831
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:18,300
And looming chaos, 
hyperinflation devastated, the 

1832
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:21,200
middle class. 
Streamers factions, including 

1833
01:40:21,200 --> 01:40:24,500
the nascent nutsy party 
exploited, economic despair, 

1834
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:28,400
promoting xenophobia, and 
anti-Semitism, Einstein, as a 

1835
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:31,400
Jewish intellectual. 
And an outspoken pacifist became

1836
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:34,700
a prime target for nationalists.
Hate mail, arrived with 

1837
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:38,500
disturbing regularity, accusing 
him of undermining, Germany, 

1838
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:42,600
scientific heritage, Despite 
these threats Einstein refused 

1839
01:40:42,600 --> 01:40:45,900
to hide rallied for disarmament 
and international cooperation, 

1840
01:40:45,900 --> 01:40:49,100
endorsing pacifist. 
Cores, is that were deeply 

1841
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:52,200
unpopular among nationalist 
circles, his celebrity 

1842
01:40:52,200 --> 01:40:55,700
magnified, the visibility of his
stance, making him a lightning 

1843
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:59,008
rod for political hatred. 
Some colleagues implored him to 

1844
01:40:59,016 --> 01:41:02,200
be more guarded, but he believed
moral convictions, outweighed, 

1845
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:06,800
personal safety. in 1922 
Einstein was awarded the Nobel 

1846
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,300
Prize in physics, not for 
relativity, surprisingly, but 

1847
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:14,600
for his earlier explanation of 
the photoelectric effect, By 

1848
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,600
then the Nobel committee had 
become weary of the ongoing 

1849
01:41:17,600 --> 01:41:20,600
debates about relativity yet. 
They could not ignore his 

1850
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,200
contributions to Quantum Theory.
When news arrived, Einstein was 

1851
01:41:24,208 --> 01:41:27,500
traveling in Asia, embarked on a
tour that took him to Japan 

1852
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:30,900
where he was met by enthralled 
crowds and showered with gifts 

1853
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:34,600
notes, from that trip reveal a 
man torn between gratitude for 

1854
01:41:34,600 --> 01:41:37,000
the adulation and a desire for 
solitude. 

1855
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:41,100
Upon returning to Germany, 
Einstein found the political 

1856
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:45,100
climate darker, the early 
stirrings of Nazi ideology were 

1857
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:47,100
creeping into universities and 
public discourse. 

1858
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,800
Although he tried to remain 
above Petty bickering, vicious 

1859
01:41:50,800 --> 01:41:54,400
attacks on his own German 
physics, intensified right-wing 

1860
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:56,700
Publications branded relativity 
a hoax. 

1861
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:59,200
Some of his lectures were 
disrupted by hostile, 

1862
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:02,500
demonstrators and rumors of 
assassination, plots circulated,

1863
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:07,600
Elsa deeply concerned urged him 
to consider emigrating yet. 

1864
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:11,100
Einstein hesitated. 
He felt a profound connection to

1865
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:12,700
German speaking intellectual 
life. 

1866
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:15,400
Despite recognizing his 
dangerous currents. 

1867
01:42:15,400 --> 01:42:19,300
He also clung to the hope that 
reason and Goodwill might 

1868
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:22,000
Prevail. 
When not in Tangled, in politics

1869
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:24,900
continued refining his approach 
to Quantum puzzles. 

1870
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:28,100
He developed thought experiments
aimed at exposing hidden 

1871
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:30,600
variables or revealing 
contradictions in the quantum 

1872
01:42:30,600 --> 01:42:33,300
framework. 
Each new exchange with bore 

1873
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:36,800
underscore the chasm between 
iron's quest for determinism and

1874
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:40,200
the Copenhagen schools 
acceptance of uncertainty by the

1875
01:42:40,208 --> 01:42:44,800
late 1920s Lane, statured 
growing, colossal but so had his

1876
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:47,000
disillusionment with Europe's 
volatile mood. 

1877
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:51,000
Whispers of an eventual 
departure grew louder in public.

1878
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:53,700
He spoke calmly about the 
spiritual crisis. 

1879
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:57,600
Afflicting the continent. 
Privately he pondered where his 

1880
01:42:57,608 --> 01:43:01,000
future, lay the man who had once
roamed Italy in his youth, 

1881
01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:05,000
yearning for free thought. 
Again stood, at a Crossroads, 

1882
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:10,200
When Adolf Hitler Rose to power 
in 1933 Einstein's, predicament 

1883
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:14,400
crystallized the Nazis targeted 
Jewish scientists of scapegoats 

1884
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:17,000
accusing them of corrupting 
German culture. 

1885
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:21,200
But Einstein and internationally
admired thinker yet domestic 

1886
01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:25,200
Pariah remaining in Germany, 
became untenable acting on 

1887
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:27,800
Elsa's urging and his own sense 
of imminent danger. 

1888
01:43:27,800 --> 01:43:31,000
He left Berlin for what would 
become a permanent exile. 

1889
01:43:31,900 --> 01:43:34,100
Stopping briefly in Europe. 
You know, announced his 

1890
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:35,600
resignation from the Prussian 
Academy. 

1891
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:38,400
The move was both symbolic and 
pragmatic. 

1892
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:41,400
He refused to serve an 
institution bent on persecuting 

1893
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:43,300
him. 
Although, his name still 

1894
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:45,400
commanded, respect abroad in 
Germany. 

1895
01:43:45,400 --> 01:43:48,900
His books were publicly burned 
and officials seized his assets.

1896
01:43:48,900 --> 01:43:53,000
Nazi propaganda labeled him. 
The arch enemy of true science 

1897
01:43:53,000 --> 01:43:57,900
unfazed by her eastern attacks. 
Einstein worried about friends 

1898
01:43:57,900 --> 01:44:00,400
and colleague's trapped in a 
regime that suppress free 

1899
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:02,600
thought. 
He soon found refuge in the 

1900
01:44:02,608 --> 01:44:05,600
United States, accepting an 
appointment at the newly 

1901
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:08,700
established Institute for 
advanced study, in Princeton New

1902
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:11,600
Jersey Princeton offered 
Serenity in intellectual 

1903
01:44:11,600 --> 01:44:14,000
autonomy with no formal teaching
duties. 

1904
01:44:14,000 --> 01:44:17,700
The institutes wooded campus and
quite Community reminded 

1905
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,000
Einstein of the Tranquility. 
He wants treasured in 

1906
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,000
Switzerland, he took up 
residence in a modest house on 

1907
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:26,400
Mercer Street. 
But curious townsfolk would spot

1908
01:44:26,400 --> 01:44:31,100
him on daily walks, unruly hair 
pipe in hand lost in reflection.

1909
01:44:32,200 --> 01:44:36,700
Yet, Exile weighed on him, the 
grateful for safety, he missed 

1910
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:39,700
the vibrant cafes of Europe and 
lamented the plight of Jewish 

1911
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:41,600
refugees barred from many 
countries. 

1912
01:44:41,600 --> 01:44:45,100
He became an outspoken advocate 
for civil rights and 

1913
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:49,000
international cooperation 
determined to counter the Nazi 

1914
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:51,300
threat. 
He supported various relief 

1915
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:54,500
organizations, assisting 
displaced Scholars letters from 

1916
01:44:54,500 --> 01:44:58,700
this period reflect a mix of 
relief, sorrow and moral urgency

1917
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:01,200
scientifically. 
Einstein. 

1918
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:03,300
Continued to question the 
underpinning of quantum 

1919
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:05,600
mechanics. 
He collaborated with Boris 

1920
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:09,900
podolsky and Nathan Roseanne, on
the famous 1935 epr, Paradox 

1921
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:13,100
asserting that quantum theory 
was incomplete. 

1922
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:16,600
This paper challenge, the 
Copenhagen interpretation by 

1923
01:45:16,600 --> 01:45:20,300
suggesting that spooky action at
a distance conflicted with the 

1924
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:23,600
principles of locality and 
realism though intended to 

1925
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:25,300
reveal quantum mechanics, 
shortcomings. 

1926
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:29,100
The paper in Stead pave the way 
for future, breakthroughs in 

1927
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:33,200
quantum, entanglement research, 
ironically fueling the very 

1928
01:45:33,200 --> 01:45:39,400
field Einstein doubted Meanwhile
Global tensions escalated as 

1929
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:42,100
Nazi Germany, expanded. 
Its militaristic Ambitions 

1930
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,400
Einstein was drawn into 
geopolitical concerns. 

1931
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:48,300
He had tried to avoid friends 
cautioned him about the 

1932
01:45:48,308 --> 01:45:51,600
possibility of an atomic bomb. 
Highlighting, the dire 

1933
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:54,100
consequences of Hitler's regime.
Managed to harness nuclear 

1934
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:57,100
fission first. 
Ironically it was Einstein's own

1935
01:45:57,100 --> 01:45:59,800
mass energy. 
Equivalence E equals MC squared.

1936
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:02,100
That foreshadowed the 
destructive power of splitting 

1937
01:46:02,100 --> 01:46:04,700
the atom Alarmed by such 
prospects. 

1938
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:08,500
He allowed Hungarian emigrate 
physicist, Leo, szilard to draft

1939
01:46:08,500 --> 01:46:12,200
a letter in 1939. 
Alerting US President Franklin, 

1940
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:13,900
D. 
Roosevelt to the possibility of 

1941
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:17,600
a German Atomic program. 
This letter bearing Einstein 

1942
01:46:17,600 --> 01:46:20,600
signature catalyzed, the 
Manhattan Project, though, 

1943
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:23,500
Einstein himself never worked 
directly on Atomic weapons. 

1944
01:46:23,500 --> 01:46:27,000
Regret haunted him in later 
Recollections. 

1945
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:29,700
He lamented that had. 
He foreseen the scale of 

1946
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:31,500
Devastation nuclear arms would 
bring. 

1947
01:46:31,500 --> 01:46:34,900
He might never have signed the 
warning yet at the time 

1948
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:36,700
Einstein's. 
Pacifist. 

1949
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:40,300
Leanings clashed with real 
politic a painful contradiction.

1950
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:41,800
He carried to the end of his 
life. 

1951
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:46,700
Princeton gradually became home.
Einstein strolled its streets 

1952
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:49,500
and tattered sweaters. 
Occasionally offering an 

1953
01:46:49,500 --> 01:46:51,300
impromptu violin performance for
friends. 

1954
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:55,500
You feel did letters from admire
as worldwide often replying with

1955
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:58,200
brief. 
But thoughtful notes photos from

1956
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:01,800
the era show, a gentle faced 
figure equal parts, grandfather 

1957
01:47:01,800 --> 01:47:04,900
and inscrutable. 
He advised younger scientists 

1958
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,700
although his own research 
shifted away from mainstream 

1959
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:11,400
physics fixated on unifying 
gravity with electromagnetic 

1960
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:13,500
forces. 
He pursued a theory of 

1961
01:47:13,508 --> 01:47:16,300
everything that increasingly 
isolated him from The Cutting 

1962
01:47:16,300 --> 01:47:20,100
Edge, work on Quantum, Fields 
outside, the academic sphere, 

1963
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:22,500
Einstein gained a voice in 
public debates. 

1964
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,500
He spoke out Against Racism. 
In America comparing it to the 

1965
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:28,500
anti-jewish sentiments, he had 
witnessed in Europe. 

1966
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:31,900
He supported civil rights 
activists and forged friendships

1967
01:47:31,900 --> 01:47:35,100
with prominent black leaders 
despite the era's pervasive 

1968
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:38,200
discrimination. 
Occasionally, he faced criticism

1969
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,500
for meddling in social issues 
rather than sticking to science.

1970
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:45,900
The Einstein considered moral 
responsibility in separable from

1971
01:47:45,900 --> 01:47:49,100
intellectual freedom. 
As World War Two raged 

1972
01:47:49,100 --> 01:47:50,700
Einstein's heartbreak was 
twofold. 

1973
01:47:51,500 --> 01:47:55,400
Germany is intellectual cradle 
and become a synonym for 

1974
01:47:55,400 --> 01:47:57,800
barbarity. 
While the Allies were forced to 

1975
01:47:57,800 --> 01:47:59,900
develop weapons of unprecedented
lethality. 

1976
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:03,900
He could only watch from afar 
offering moral support and 

1977
01:48:03,900 --> 01:48:05,900
condemnation of fascist 
ideologies. 

1978
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,400
In the aftermath of World War 
Two Albert Einstein's status as 

1979
01:48:10,400 --> 01:48:13,400
a global icon. 
Solidified Yet his latter years 

1980
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:16,300
were marked by reflection in a 
sense of unresolved questions. 

1981
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:19,800
Despite pushing physics towards 
quantum theory, he remained 

1982
01:48:19,800 --> 01:48:21,400
resistant to its probabilistic 
core. 

1983
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:25,900
Though, the Manhattan Project 
had validated the destructive 

1984
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:27,700
potential of E equals MC 
squared. 

1985
01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:31,100
It also weighed heavily on his 
conscience. 

1986
01:48:32,200 --> 01:48:34,900
He loathed the arms race that 
followed and spoke openly 

1987
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:39,300
against nuclear proliferation. 
living in Prince and He 

1988
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:42,400
continued his quest for a 
unified field Theory, an 

1989
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:45,200
ambitious bid to reconcile 
electromagnetism and gravity on 

1990
01:48:45,200 --> 01:48:48,300
the one framework. 
Toiled over complex equations, 

1991
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:51,500
convinced that nature possessed 
an underlying simplicity. 

1992
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:54,600
Critics. 
Meanwhile, argued that he was 

1993
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:56,800
out of touch with emerging 
Quantum field, theories, 

1994
01:48:56,800 --> 01:49:01,100
undeterred Einstein pursued his 
unification program almost in 

1995
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:04,900
solitude like in himself to 
alone travel or on a Winding 

1996
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:07,500
Road. 
Younger physicists acknowledged 

1997
01:49:07,500 --> 01:49:10,200
his genius but often parted ways
with his methods. 

1998
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:13,500
Embracing instead, the quantum 
approached had always found on 

1999
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:18,300
settling Beyond science voice 
resonated in global debate. 

2000
01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:21,800
The champion, the super national
government to curb the risk of 

2001
01:49:21,808 --> 01:49:24,800
nuclear war advocating 
collective security over 

2002
01:49:24,800 --> 01:49:27,900
nationalism. 
Despite controversies many 

2003
01:49:27,900 --> 01:49:31,500
admired, his stance seeing in 
him a moral compass shaped by 

2004
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:33,800
first-hand experience of 
authoritarianism. 

2005
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,200
He wrote letters to world 
leaders, sometimes scoring 

2006
01:49:37,200 --> 01:49:39,800
partial victories. 
Often meeting polite, 

2007
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:43,200
indifference yet, he pressed on 
believing that scientific 

2008
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:46,000
Insight conferred a duty to 
safeguard Humanity from its 

2009
01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:48,900
inventions. 
His private life in Princeton 

2010
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,000
had a gentle routine. 
Each morning brought a steady 

2011
01:49:52,000 --> 01:49:53,800
stream of letters. 
Seeking his opinion on 

2012
01:49:53,808 --> 01:49:56,400
everything from cosmic theories 
to personal woes. 

2013
01:49:57,300 --> 01:50:00,100
He obliged when he could, but 
dismissed frivolous requests 

2014
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:03,400
after noon's, often involved 
slow walks or reading classical 

2015
01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:06,800
literature, evening's might find
him improvising on the violin 

2016
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:09,200
seeking solace in music, 
structured for them. 

2017
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:12,200
Friends found him warm, but 
occasionally, aloof and 

2018
01:50:12,200 --> 01:50:14,500
introvert. 
Who valued genuine conversation 

2019
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:15,300
yet. 
Sustained. 

2020
01:50:15,300 --> 01:50:20,000
Small torque Elsa's death in 
1936 had left an emotional Gap 

2021
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:21,900
that he filmed through 
companionship with his 

2022
01:50:21,900 --> 01:50:25,500
stepdaughter Margo and a circle 
of close confidants. 

2023
01:50:25,500 --> 01:50:29,800
His older son Hans, Albert 
pursued, an engineering career. 

2024
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:33,100
While younger son, Edward 
battled health challenges that 

2025
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:36,900
Einstein struggled to comprehend
but he remained steadfast in 

2026
01:50:36,900 --> 01:50:39,300
providing financial and 
emotional support from afar. 

2027
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:44,100
As the Cold War donned Einstein 
found himself in a complicated 

2028
01:50:44,100 --> 01:50:48,200
political environment. 
Paradoxically the FBI kept files

2029
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:51,500
on him viewing his pacifist 
leanings and Global Outlook as 

2030
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:54,800
potentially subversive rumors 
circulated that he was 

2031
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:57,000
sympathetic to communist causes 
though. 

2032
01:50:57,000 --> 01:51:00,500
He consistently denounced 
stalinist oppression instead, 

2033
01:51:00,500 --> 01:51:04,700
Einstein championed Universal 
human rights grew vocally. 

2034
01:51:04,700 --> 01:51:08,200
Critical of McCarthyism branding
it in assault, on intellectual 

2035
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:09,800
Freedom. 
Akin to the political witch 

2036
01:51:09,800 --> 01:51:11,100
hunts. 
He had fled in Germany. 

2037
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:15,700
By the early 1950s health 
issues, nudged him toward a 

2038
01:51:15,700 --> 01:51:18,500
quieter pace? 
Yet his mind remained agile. 

2039
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:22,300
He sometimes engaged in public 
letters, urging scientists to 

2040
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:25,600
unite for peaceful Endeavors. 
He admired young girl, 

2041
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:28,300
luminaries like Kurt Goodall and
conversed with them about the 

2042
01:51:28,300 --> 01:51:31,600
nature of logic and Mathematics,
but he found little common 

2043
01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:33,700
ground with the new wave of 
particle physics. 

2044
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:37,600
Students worldwide still saw him
as an emblem of pure genius, 

2045
01:51:37,600 --> 01:51:40,300
while Einstein himself 
downplayed personal accolades. 

2046
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:43,600
Insisting, he had simply 
followed his curiosity wherever 

2047
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:47,800
it led. 
In 1955, Einstein experienced 

2048
01:51:47,800 --> 01:51:51,000
internal bleeding from an 
abdominal aneurysm though, 

2049
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,600
doctors recommended surgery, he 
refused to clearing that it was 

2050
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:57,500
his time to go with dignity true
to form. 

2051
01:51:57,500 --> 01:51:59,700
He spent his final days, 
revising a speech. 

2052
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,000
He intended to deliver for 
Israel's seventh anniversary 

2053
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:05,400
reflecting his long-standing 
support for Jewish communities, 

2054
01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:07,200
while advocating, peaceful 
coexistence. 

2055
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:12,500
He died on April 18th, 1955, 
leaving behind notes, and half 

2056
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:14,000
finished equations and search of
that. 

2057
01:52:14,000 --> 01:52:18,100
Elusive unified field news of 
his passing reverberated across 

2058
01:52:18,100 --> 01:52:20,900
the globe, world leaders and 
fellow scientists. 

2059
01:52:20,900 --> 01:52:23,500
Paid tribute to the man who had 
reshaped our understanding of 

2060
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:28,600
space time and energy. 
Yet Einstein's Legacy extended 

2061
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:31,700
Beyond equation's. 
He embodied the principal that 

2062
01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:34,800
moral conviction, and 
intellectual daring can, and 

2063
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:39,100
must co-exist in death. 
He became even more iconic. 

2064
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:42,600
His name synonymous with 
Visionary genius and his 

2065
01:52:42,600 --> 01:52:45,500
photograph instantly 
recognizable as a totem of human

2066
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,600
possibility. 
Today Einstein's, work 

2067
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:51,500
undergirds Technologies from GPS
to nuclear power. 

2068
01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:53,700
His debate about quantum 
mechanics. 

2069
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:57,000
Remain at the heart of physics 
pointing toward Frontiers in 

2070
01:52:57,000 --> 01:53:03,000
tank. 
Picture. 

2071
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:06,600
This, you're sitting down to 
dinner and there's no Fork 

2072
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:08,600
beside your plate. 
None. 

2073
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:11,800
All you have is a knife 
resembling, a miniature sword 

2074
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:14,800
and your hands. 
Welcome to Medieval Europe. 

2075
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:18,600
We're eating wasn't just a meal.
It was performance art and 

2076
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:21,900
everyone was terrible at it. 
You reach for that roasted 

2077
01:53:21,900 --> 01:53:24,200
chicken leg grease. 
Already making your fingers 

2078
01:53:24,200 --> 01:53:26,100
slippery as a greased pig at a 
County Fair. 

2079
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:29,800
A person next to you is tearing 
into bread with the dedication 

2080
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:32,900
of someone diffusing a bombs 
flying everywhere, like tiny 

2081
01:53:32,900 --> 01:53:35,800
edible confetti. 
Across the table, someone's 

2082
01:53:35,800 --> 01:53:38,300
attempting to eat soup by 
lifting the Bold to their lips. 

2083
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:41,600
Creating what can only be 
described as a small waterfall 

2084
01:53:41,600 --> 01:53:45,300
of broth down their chin. 
This was dinner every single 

2085
01:53:45,300 --> 01:53:49,100
night for centuries, your 
ancestors possessed a welfare of

2086
01:53:49,108 --> 01:53:52,800
intelligence and creativity as 
evident by the cathedrals they 

2087
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:57,000
build and the Poetry they pined.
But somehow the simple concept 

2088
01:53:57,000 --> 01:54:00,000
of stabbing food with small 
metal tines and bringing it 

2089
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:03,100
gracefully to your mouth. 
That brilliant Innovation was 

2090
01:54:03,100 --> 01:54:06,200
still centuries away. 
The knife had been around 

2091
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:08,400
forever practically since 
humans. 

2092
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:10,000
Figured out how to bang rocks 
together. 

2093
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:13,500
Spoon showed up when someone got
tired of cuping their hands to 

2094
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:16,800
drink soup, and decided a shell,
or carved piece of wood, might 

2095
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:19,100
work better. 
Fork. 

2096
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:22,600
Fork was the middle child of 
utensils arriving. 

2097
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,600
Fashionably late to the party 
and immediately causing drama. 

2098
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:28,400
You have to understand the world
before X entered. 

2099
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,300
This century was a time when 
people thought bathing to 

2100
01:54:31,308 --> 01:54:34,400
frequently was dangerous to your
health when bloodletting was 

2101
01:54:34,400 --> 01:54:37,400
considered sound medical 
practice and when everyone was 

2102
01:54:37,400 --> 01:54:39,500
convinced, the Earth was the 
center of the universe. 

2103
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:43,400
Into this world of questionable 
decision-making. 

2104
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:46,700
Came a utensil that would 
eventually revolutionize not 

2105
01:54:46,700 --> 01:54:50,100
just how we eat but how we can 
sit a civilization itself. 

2106
01:54:51,300 --> 01:54:54,400
The thing is eating with, your 
hands wasn't just accepted. 

2107
01:54:54,400 --> 01:54:57,100
It was the sophisticated way to 
do everything. 

2108
01:54:57,100 --> 01:55:01,000
There were rules. 
Elaborate etiquette guide that 

2109
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:04,000
read like instruction manuals 
for diffusing explosives. 

2110
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:06,600
You use three fingers of your 
right hand. 

2111
01:55:06,600 --> 01:55:09,300
Never your left. 
You wiped your hands on the 

2112
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:12,900
communal napkin, not your 
clothes, you didn't reach across

2113
01:55:12,900 --> 01:55:15,700
the table, like, you were 
performing yoga these words 

2114
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,700
suggestions, they were the 
difference between being invited

2115
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:21,100
back to dinner and being labeled
a social outcast. 

2116
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:25,000
Imagine trying to eat spaghetti 
this way, actually don't imagine

2117
01:55:25,000 --> 01:55:26,000
it. 
It's too painful. 

2118
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:30,600
People managed somehow but meals
took forever and everyone went 

2119
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:33,300
to bed with food under their 
fingernails and gravy stains on 

2120
01:55:33,308 --> 01:55:35,100
their sleeves. 
That would make a modern parent.

2121
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:38,200
Have a nervous breakdown the 
wealthy had it slightly better 

2122
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:42,000
they could afford more elaborate
knives sometimes with decorative

2123
01:55:42,000 --> 01:55:44,100
handles that cost more than most
people's houses. 

2124
01:55:45,000 --> 01:55:47,700
They had servants whose job was 
essentially professional food 

2125
01:55:47,700 --> 01:55:51,100
cutting standing by to slice 
things into manageable pieces. 

2126
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:54,500
Even the richest person in 
medieval Europe, looked like a 

2127
01:55:54,500 --> 01:55:56,900
toddler at dinner time compared 
to how we eat now. 

2128
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:02,100
The mess was truly overwhelming.
Dining halls in Castle's needed 

2129
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:05,000
to be cleaned after every meal 
like someone had hosted a food 

2130
01:56:05,000 --> 01:56:08,100
fight convention, dogs, 
wandered, freely under tables, 

2131
01:56:08,100 --> 01:56:10,400
which sounds Charming until he 
realized, they were basically 

2132
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:13,300
living vacuum cleaners. 
Cleaning up the constant shower 

2133
01:56:13,300 --> 01:56:16,100
of dropped food. 
Table manners, included 

2134
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:18,300
instructions on how to throw 
bones over your shoulder 

2135
01:56:18,300 --> 01:56:21,000
properly because apparently 
there was a right way and a 

2136
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:22,600
wrong way to discard chicken 
remains. 

2137
01:56:22,600 --> 01:56:26,700
This was the world desperately 
waiting for the fork, even 

2138
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:28,400
though nobody knew they were 
waiting for it. 

2139
01:56:29,400 --> 01:56:32,300
Like being thirsty in a desert 
and not knowing water exists. 

2140
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:36,000
Medieval diners struggled 
through meal after meal, never 

2141
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:37,700
imagining there might be a 
better way. 

2142
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:41,600
They adapted, they managed and 
they developed impressive 

2143
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:44,500
hand-eye coordination that they 
never quite conquered. 

2144
01:56:44,500 --> 01:56:46,100
The simple Act of eating 
gracefully. 

2145
01:56:46,100 --> 01:56:50,000
Little did they know far away in
the Byzantine Empire a 

2146
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:53,600
Revolution was quietly Brewing. 
This revolution did not involve 

2147
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,900
armies or politics. 
Instead it was something far 

2148
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:58,400
more dangerous to the 
established order. 

2149
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:01,500
The utensil that would make 
everyone realized just how 

2150
01:57:01,500 --> 01:57:03,300
barbaric their dinner habits had
become. 

2151
01:57:03,300 --> 01:57:09,000
Now, let's travel back to 1,480 
to a world where Constantinople 

2152
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:12,500
glittered like a duel and the 
Byzantine Empire was the height 

2153
01:57:12,500 --> 01:57:16,100
of sophistication. 
This is where our story takes a 

2154
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:19,000
fascinating turn because the 
fork didn't just appear out of 

2155
01:57:19,000 --> 01:57:21,600
nowhere. 
It arrived with all the drama of

2156
01:57:21,600 --> 01:57:25,400
a soap, opera complete with a 
scandalous, princess and enough 

2157
01:57:25,400 --> 01:57:27,400
cultural shocked to power a 
small City. 

2158
01:57:28,500 --> 01:57:31,900
Meet the often who explainer a 
Byzantine princess who was about

2159
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:34,400
to become the most controversial
dinner, guests in European 

2160
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:37,100
history. 
She Was preparing to marry 

2161
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,700
Dominican sell though. 
The Doge of Venice and what was 

2162
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:42,900
essentially, a medieval power 
couple merger. 

2163
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:47,200
But hidden in her trousseau, 
among the silks and jewels, that

2164
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,600
would make a modern bride with 
Envy was something far more 

2165
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:52,900
revolutionary than any crown or 
necklace. 

2166
01:57:52,900 --> 01:57:58,100
She had Forks, actual honest to 
goodness, two pronged gold 

2167
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:01,300
golden 4X, You have to 
understand that this situation 

2168
01:58:01,300 --> 01:58:04,300
is not comparable to packing an 
extra phone charger for a trip 

2169
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:08,700
in Byzantine culture. 
Using small elegant Forks was as

2170
01:58:08,700 --> 01:58:12,600
normal as using Chopsticks in 
China or saying are in Canada. 

2171
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:14,700
They'd been doing it for 
Generations. 

2172
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:18,100
Having picked up the Habit from 
various cultural exchanges with 

2173
01:58:18,100 --> 01:58:21,300
the Middle East where similar 
utensils had been around even 

2174
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:23,900
longer. 
To the offer new Forks were just

2175
01:58:23,908 --> 01:58:28,200
civilized, it's akin to putting 
on shoes or refraining from 

2176
01:58:28,200 --> 01:58:31,200
eating with your feet. 
But when she arrived in Venice 

2177
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:33,500
and delicately lifted food to 
her mouth using these, 

2178
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:37,200
mysterious pronged implements, 
the reaction was immediate and 

2179
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:39,900
intense. 
Picture, the silence that falls 

2180
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:43,600
over a room when someone commits
a major social blunder, except 

2181
01:58:43,600 --> 01:58:46,100
this silence had the weight of 
religious horror behind it. 

2182
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,500
The Venetian Nobles watched in 
Fascination and growing alarm as

2183
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:53,200
this foreign princess never. 
Once touched to food with her 

2184
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:57,900
hands, Beard pieces of meat with
surgical Precision 12, Pastor. 

2185
01:58:57,900 --> 01:59:01,300
Like she was conducting a tiny 
Orchestra and somehow managed to

2186
01:59:01,300 --> 01:59:04,700
eat an entire meal without 
getting a single drop of Source 

2187
01:59:04,700 --> 01:59:07,700
on her, elaborate sleeves. 
It was like watching magic 

2188
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:11,600
although this magic was also 
deeply unsettling the local 

2189
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:14,300
clergy had what can only be 
described as a collective 

2190
01:59:14,300 --> 01:59:17,900
nervous breakdown. 
Here was this woman using what 

2191
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:21,800
looks suspiciously like tiny 
pitchforks, the very symbol of 

2192
01:59:21,808 --> 01:59:25,400
the Devil Himself to eat food 
that God had clearly intended to

2193
01:59:25,400 --> 01:59:29,800
be touched by human hands. 
Father Giovanni, the local 

2194
01:59:29,800 --> 01:59:32,800
Bishop, who probably never seen 
anything more controversial than

2195
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:34,800
someone taking an extra 
communion wafer. 

2196
01:59:34,800 --> 01:59:38,100
Declared that these diabolic 
instruments were in a front to 

2197
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:41,000
Divine will But here's where it 
gets intriguing. 

2198
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:43,100
Some people were secretly 
impressed. 

2199
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:46,500
You can see it in their eyes the
way they watched the afternoon, 

2200
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:48,000
eat with the kind of 
Fascination. 

2201
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:50,700
Usually reserved for watching a 
master Craftsman at work. 

2202
01:59:51,500 --> 01:59:54,600
She never dropped food. 
Never got her hands dirty and 

2203
01:59:54,600 --> 01:59:57,500
never had to excuse herself to 
wash up between courses. 

2204
01:59:57,500 --> 02:00:01,800
While everyone else remained in 
the chaotic present, she was 

2205
02:00:01,800 --> 02:00:05,800
living in the future. 
The Italian Nobles encountered, 

2206
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:08,600
a dilemma on one hand. 
Their religious leaders were 

2207
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:11,700
basically calling Forks. 
The devil's, Cutlery on the 

2208
02:00:11,700 --> 02:00:15,100
other hand watching someone eat 
with such Grace and efficiency 

2209
02:00:15,100 --> 02:00:18,200
was like, seeing a glimpse of 
what human civilization could 

2210
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:20,500
become. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

2211
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:22,500
of watching. 
Someone uses a Smartphone, when 

2212
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:24,600
you're still trying to figure 
out how to work a rotary 

2213
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:26,900
telephone. 
The new for her part seemed 

2214
02:00:26,900 --> 02:00:30,300
genuinely puzzled by the fuss. 
In her letters back to 

2215
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:32,800
Constantinople. 
Yes, she wrote about this 

2216
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:34,900
because apparently folk drama 
was worth documenting. 

2217
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:38,600
She described the Venetian 
dining customs with the kind of 

2218
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:42,400
diplomatic tact that barely 
concealed her horror She wrote 

2219
02:00:42,400 --> 02:00:44,700
about grown men wrestling with 
meat, like they were in 

2220
02:00:44,700 --> 02:00:47,500
hand-to-hand combat. 
About elaborate hand washing 

2221
02:00:47,500 --> 02:00:50,700
ceremonies that took longer than
the actual eating and about the 

2222
02:00:50,700 --> 02:00:53,800
constant rain of food particles 
that made every meal feel like 

2223
02:00:53,800 --> 02:00:58,000
dining in a gentle, hail storm. 
The cultural Clash was so 

2224
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,000
intense that when he often who 
died, just two years later 

2225
02:01:01,000 --> 02:01:04,900
possibly from plague, the local 
religious authorities declared 

2226
02:01:04,900 --> 02:01:07,500
it Divine punishment for her 
unnatural eating habits. 

2227
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:11,800
The forts were quietly packed 
away treated like cursed objects

2228
02:01:11,800 --> 02:01:13,600
that had brought doomed to their
user. 

2229
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,400
You can't uninvent an idea, 
specially one as useful as the 

2230
02:01:17,400 --> 02:01:20,100
fork. 
Those few Venetian Nobles who 

2231
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:22,100
had watched the new eat, didn't 
forget what? 

2232
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:24,600
They'd seen. 
They tucked that memory away 

2233
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:27,100
like a secret recipe or a hidden
treasure map. 

2234
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:29,600
Waiting for the right moment to 
bring it back to light. 

2235
02:01:29,600 --> 02:01:34,300
The seed was planted. 
In the very heart of medieval 

2236
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:37,300
Europe, a handful of people now 
knew there was a better way to 

2237
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:41,000
eat, they'd seen the future of 
dining and it had two prongs and

2238
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:44,300
the power to change everything. 
For the next several centuries. 

2239
02:01:44,300 --> 02:01:47,200
After the afternoon's brief 
dramatic introduction of forks 

2240
02:01:47,200 --> 02:01:49,600
to Europe, something fascinating
happened. 

2241
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:53,200
Absolutely nothing. 
Well, not nothing exactly. 

2242
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:57,100
But the kind of stubborn foot 
dragging resistance, to change 

2243
02:01:57,100 --> 02:01:59,500
that would make a teenager 
refusing to clean their room. 

2244
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:03,100
Look like enthusiastic 
cooperation, the four could show

2245
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:08,000
up demonstrated its obvious 
superiority and then Europe, 

2246
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:10,400
collectively decided to pretend 
it had never happened. 

2247
02:02:10,400 --> 02:02:12,600
It was like that friend, who 
shows you? 

2248
02:02:12,600 --> 02:02:15,200
An amazing new restaurant that 
is of trying it. 

2249
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:18,800
You keep going back to the same 
fast food place because change 

2250
02:02:18,800 --> 02:02:21,400
is scary and the fries are 
predictably mediocre. 

2251
02:02:22,900 --> 02:02:25,900
This event wasn't just about 
eating utensils though, that's 

2252
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:28,000
what made it. 
So perfect for human nature to 

2253
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:30,900
dig in its heels. 
The fork symbolized, a more 

2254
02:02:30,908 --> 02:02:33,700
profound threat. 
The notion that the traditional 

2255
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:36,800
methods may not always be 
optimal, and if people started 

2256
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,300
questioning how they ate, who 
knew what else? 

2257
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:41,800
They might start questioning. 
Church. 

2258
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:45,000
Meanwhile, had developed a full 
theological position on Forks, 

2259
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:47,400
that would have been hilarious 
if it weren't so influential. 

2260
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:50,300
According to various religious 
authorities. 

2261
02:02:50,300 --> 02:02:54,400
God had given humans hands 
specifically for eating using 

2262
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:58,400
artificial extensions, like 
Forks was therefore questioning 

2263
02:02:58,400 --> 02:03:01,100
Divine wisdom. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

2264
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:04,100
of mansplaining. 
Except instead of explaining why

2265
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:06,800
you don't need help parallel 
parking, they were explaining 

2266
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:09,900
why you don't need help eating 
soup, some particularly 

2267
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:12,600
creative, clergy argued that the
suffering involved in eating 

2268
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,500
with your hands. 
The burns from hot food, the 

2269
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:18,600
mess, the general difficulty was
spiritually, beneficial 

2270
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:21,500
character building, they called 
it apparently. 

2271
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:24,600
Graceful dining was a path to 
moral corruption because nothing

2272
02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:26,400
says slippery slope to 
damnation. 

2273
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,000
Quite like not getting grease. 
Under your fingernails during 

2274
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:31,800
dinner. 
But the real resistance came 

2275
02:03:31,800 --> 02:03:34,700
from something much more human 
social embarrassment. 

2276
02:03:35,800 --> 02:03:38,400
Few people who did try to use 
forks to discovered something 

2277
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:42,200
modern, early adopters know, 
well Bing the first person to 

2278
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:44,700
use new technology makes you 
look, either pretentious or 

2279
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:47,400
ridiculous and sometimes both 
simultaneously. 

2280
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,700
Picture yourself at a medieval 
Feast carefully using a fork 

2281
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:53,900
while everyone around. 
You is diving in hands. 

2282
02:03:53,900 --> 02:03:57,800
First your eating elegantly 
efficiently and cleanly and 

2283
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,800
every single person at the table
is staring at you, like you've 

2284
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:04,200
sprouted a second head. 
Someone inevitably makes a joke 

2285
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:07,200
about your fancy heirs. 
And suddenly you're the person 

2286
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:09,200
who thinks they're too 
acceptable for normal eating, 

2287
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:13,100
nobody wants to be that person 
the social pressure was 

2288
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,200
enormous. 
Medieval Society operated on 

2289
02:04:16,200 --> 02:04:19,100
Conformity, akin to the 
intensity of a high school 

2290
02:04:19,108 --> 02:04:21,900
cafeteria, but with greater 
stakes and longer lasting 

2291
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:25,200
consequences. 
Stand out too much and you 

2292
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:27,500
weren't just unpopular. 
You are suspicious. 

2293
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,100
Those who are suspicious often 
faced uncomfortable questions 

2294
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:33,600
from authorities, who were not 
known for their humor. 

2295
02:04:33,600 --> 02:04:36,700
Therefore, the fork retreated, 
both literally and figuratively.

2296
02:04:37,800 --> 02:04:39,700
Few wealthy. 
Merchants might have them tucked

2297
02:04:39,700 --> 02:04:42,800
away for private, use some 
Italian Nobles, kept them as 

2298
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:46,700
Curiosities conversation pieces 
to show sophisticated dinner, 

2299
02:04:46,700 --> 02:04:49,800
guests from foreign lands. 
However, how do they actually 

2300
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:53,500
function in daily life? 
The forks impact on regular 

2301
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:55,500
dining could be compared to that
of a unicorn. 

2302
02:04:55,500 --> 02:04:58,900
Meanwhile, the Practical 
problems of eating with hands 

2303
02:04:58,900 --> 02:05:01,200
continued to be well 
problematic. 

2304
02:05:02,100 --> 02:05:05,500
Medieval medicine such as it was
recommended, all sorts of 

2305
02:05:05,500 --> 02:05:07,300
elaborate. 
Hand-washing rituals to prevent 

2306
02:05:07,300 --> 02:05:10,700
disease, not understanding that 
maybe the solution wasn't more 

2307
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:13,300
washing, but less hand to food 
contact in the first place. 

2308
02:05:13,300 --> 02:05:16,700
They were treating the symptom 
while ignoring the obvious cure 

2309
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:18,600
sitting right there in their 
jewelry boxes. 

2310
02:05:18,600 --> 02:05:23,100
The irony was magnificent. 
This civilization was capable of

2311
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,100
constructing Notre Dame, 
formulating intricate 

2312
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,500
philosophical theories and 
producing art that continues to 

2313
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:33,700
astonish even after centuries. 
But suggests that they might 

2314
02:05:33,700 --> 02:05:36,900
want to try stabbing their food 
with small metal Implement, 

2315
02:05:36,900 --> 02:05:39,100
instead of grabbing it with 
their fingers. 

2316
02:05:39,100 --> 02:05:43,400
Absolutely. 
Not too radical, too strange. 

2317
02:05:43,400 --> 02:05:47,700
Two foreign. 
This resistance would have been 

2318
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:51,700
mildly amusing except for one 
thing, it lasted for centuries. 

2319
02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:56,100
Generations of Europeans were 
born lived their entire lives 

2320
02:05:56,100 --> 02:05:58,900
eating with their hands and died
without ever. 

2321
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:01,500
Seriously, considering that 
there might be a better way. 

2322
02:06:02,900 --> 02:06:05,800
The fork waited patiently in the
wings like an understudy who 

2323
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:09,000
knows they could steal the show 
if only someone would give them 

2324
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:12,000
a chance. 
But change, as it always does 

2325
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:15,100
was coming. 
Slowly quietly. 

2326
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:19,300
And from the most unexpected 
directions, the fort was about 

2327
02:06:19,300 --> 02:06:23,000
to Stage, its come back. 
And this time, it wouldn't be 

2328
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,400
alone by the early 1600. 
Something intriguing was 

2329
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:29,700
happening in France and for once
it wasn't a revolution involving

2330
02:06:29,700 --> 02:06:33,100
heads and baskets, Upon 
returning from a diplomatic 

2331
02:06:33,100 --> 02:06:35,900
mission to Italy. 
King Henry, the third found his 

2332
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:38,400
mind, completely captivated by 
the site's. 

2333
02:06:38,400 --> 02:06:42,200
He'd seen, he was not impressed 
by the art architecture or even 

2334
02:06:42,200 --> 02:06:44,000
the wine. 
Even though they were all 

2335
02:06:44,000 --> 02:06:47,300
impressive, know what had 
captured, the French King's 

2336
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,100
attention was watching. 
Italian Aristocrats eat like 

2337
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:52,800
civilized human beings. 
You have to understand. 

2338
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:55,800
This was Henry, the third were 
talking about a king who was 

2339
02:06:55,800 --> 02:06:59,000
famous for his love of fashion, 
his elaborate Court ceremonies 

2340
02:06:59,000 --> 02:07:02,100
and his General appreciation for
anything that made life, more 

2341
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:04,700
refined. 
And elegant he was essentially 

2342
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:07,400
the medieval equivalent of 
someone who subscribed to every 

2343
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:09,500
lifestyle magazine and actually 
read them. 

2344
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,900
So when he saw Italian Nobles 
using forks, with the kind of 

2345
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,700
graceful Precision that made 
eating look like ballet, he 

2346
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,200
experienced what can only be 
described as a cultural 

2347
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:21,300
epiphany. 
But here's where French 

2348
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:24,300
politics, got deliciously, 
complicated Henry. 

2349
02:07:24,300 --> 02:07:26,900
The third could not simply 
returned to France and Proclaim.

2350
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:30,600
Greetings, everyone, I have 
discovered remarkable eating 

2351
02:07:30,600 --> 02:07:33,400
utensils. 
This was a king who had to worry

2352
02:07:33,400 --> 02:07:36,700
about his image, his authority, 
and the delicate balance of 

2353
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:39,400
keeping, both the nobility and 
the church satisfied. 

2354
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:43,700
Introducing Forks wasn't just 
about improving dining 

2355
02:07:43,700 --> 02:07:46,200
etiquette. 
It was about cultural revolution

2356
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:50,600
discussed as Cutlery. 
Therefore Henry, like any astute

2357
02:07:50,600 --> 02:07:53,500
politician began modestly and 
presented it as his own 

2358
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:56,300
creation. 
He began hosting intimate dinner

2359
02:07:56,300 --> 02:07:59,600
parties, where almost casually. 
These elegant little pronged 

2360
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:01,800
implements would appear beside 
each place setting. 

2361
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:04,400
He didn't make a big 
announcement or is she Royal 

2362
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:08,100
decrees. 
He just used them with the kind 

2363
02:08:08,100 --> 02:08:10,900
of nonchalant confidence that 
made everyone else feel like 

2364
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:12,800
maybe they'd been missing 
something important. 

2365
02:08:13,700 --> 02:08:17,100
The reaction was immediate and 
predictably French half, the 

2366
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,300
court, was scandalized, the 
other half was intrigued and 

2367
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,300
everyone was talking about it. 
Knowing French culture, this was

2368
02:08:24,300 --> 02:08:28,100
precisely the intended message, 
nothing spreads faster and 

2369
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:30,600
France than a new way to 
demonstrate sophistication. 

2370
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:34,500
If it involves making other 
people feel slightly uncivilized

2371
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:37,400
by comparison. 
But the Real Genius of Henry's 

2372
02:08:37,400 --> 02:08:40,600
approach was how he framed it. 
This process wasn't about 

2373
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:43,800
foreign influence or abandoning 
French Traditions know. 

2374
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:47,000
This was about French 
superiority about being more. 

2375
02:08:47,000 --> 02:08:51,100
Refined more civilized more 
elegantly French than anyone 

2376
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,000
else in Europe. 
The fourth became a symbol of 

2377
02:08:54,008 --> 02:08:57,700
French cultural advancement to 
demonstrate that France was 

2378
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:00,700
leading the world in 
sophistication and Superior 

2379
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:04,200
taste. 
The French nobility never wants 

2380
02:09:04,200 --> 02:09:07,100
to be outdone in matters of 
style embraced forks with the 

2381
02:09:07,108 --> 02:09:09,900
kind of enthusiasm. 
Usually reserved for new fashion

2382
02:09:09,900 --> 02:09:13,400
trends, suddenly everyone needed
to have the most beautiful 

2383
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:17,600
Forks, the most elegant Fork 
techniques, and the most refined

2384
02:09:17,600 --> 02:09:20,400
for etiquette, In a 
characteristically. 

2385
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,100
French Manor. 
The pursuit of Civility turned 

2386
02:09:23,100 --> 02:09:26,800
into a fierce competition with 
Cutlery serving as a scorecard. 

2387
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:30,400
This is where the topic becomes 
particularly intriguing as the 

2388
02:09:30,408 --> 02:09:33,500
French not only adopted Forks, 
but also enhance their design 

2389
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:38,400
Talion Forks were functional yet
basic typically featuring only 

2390
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:41,300
two prongs and prioritizing 
utility over Aesthetics. 

2391
02:09:42,400 --> 02:09:44,700
French artists and examined. 
The simple implements and 

2392
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:47,000
concluded. 
We can do better. 

2393
02:09:47,900 --> 02:09:51,500
Italian Forks were functional 
but basic typically featuring 

2394
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:54,400
only two prongs and designed 
primarily for utility rather 

2395
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,500
than Aesthetics. 
French Craftsmen looked at these

2396
02:09:57,500 --> 02:10:00,900
simple tools and thought may 
know, we can do better. 

2397
02:10:00,900 --> 02:10:05,000
The added prongs refined the 
curves, decorated the handles 

2398
02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:07,600
and turned eating utensils. 
Into works of art. 

2399
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:11,700
French forketta kit became 
incredibly elaborate with rules 

2400
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:14,300
that made medieval handy eating 
ceremonies look simple by 

2401
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,200
comparison. 
There were specific ways to hold

2402
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:21,100
your fork particular angles for 
approaching different foods and 

2403
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:23,200
protocols for fork placement. 
That could communicate 

2404
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:25,900
everything from your mood, to 
your intentions for the evening.

2405
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:29,300
It was like learning a new 
language, except the alphabet 

2406
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:34,300
was made of tiny metal tines. 
The church in France chose a 

2407
02:10:34,300 --> 02:10:37,100
much more diplomatic approach 
than their medieval predecessors

2408
02:10:37,100 --> 02:10:39,300
skillfully, reading the 
political winds. 

2409
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:42,600
Like experienced Sailors, 
instead of declaring Forks, 

2410
02:10:42,600 --> 02:10:46,000
demonic French clergy positioned
themselves, as Arbiters of 

2411
02:10:46,008 --> 02:10:49,500
proper Christian, Fork usage, 
they developed guidelines for 

2412
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,200
Spiritual four, etiquette 
ensuring that even this 

2413
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:54,900
newfangled eating method could 
be performed in a man of 

2414
02:10:54,900 --> 02:10:58,000
pleasing to God. 
This was a prime example of 

2415
02:10:58,000 --> 02:11:01,900
theological adaptation within a 
generation eating with your 

2416
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,300
hands at a French Court 
function, became the kind of 

2417
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,500
social suicide that would make 
medieval peasants look 

2418
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:11,900
sophisticated by comparison. 
The fork had not only arrived in

2419
02:11:11,908 --> 02:11:15,300
France it had been completely 
absorbed into French identity 

2420
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:19,000
transformed from a foreign 
curiosity into an essential 

2421
02:11:19,000 --> 02:11:22,900
element of French superiority 
and from France with all the 

2422
02:11:22,908 --> 02:11:25,400
inevitable force of French 
cultural influence. 

2423
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:28,200
The fork began its real conquest
of Europe. 

2424
02:11:29,000 --> 02:11:31,700
Other courts looked at French 
refinement with envy and 

2425
02:11:31,700 --> 02:11:34,100
recognition. 
Their Cuisine was the future of 

2426
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:36,800
dining and they were either 
going to join it or be left 

2427
02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:39,100
behind looking barbaric by 
comparison. 

2428
02:11:39,100 --> 02:11:42,700
The revolution had begun one 
elegant bite at a time. 

2429
02:11:42,708 --> 02:11:45,000
What happened? 
Next was like watching the 

2430
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:48,000
medieval equivalent of something
going viral on social media 

2431
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:51,600
except instead of cat videos, it
was eating utensils. 

2432
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:55,500
And instead of overnight Fame, 
took about 50 years to spread 

2433
02:11:55,500 --> 02:11:59,300
across Europe, But for the 
1600s, the time was lightning 

2434
02:11:59,300 --> 02:12:02,800
speed for a cultural revolution.
The pattern was always the same 

2435
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,400
and frankly, it was beautiful to
observe a French diplomat would 

2436
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:10,000
arrive at some European Court 
set up for a formal dinner and 

2437
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:11,900
then proceeded to eat with a 
level of Grace and 

2438
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:14,400
sophistication that made 
everyone else look like they 

2439
02:12:14,400 --> 02:12:16,400
were having their first meal 
with a posable thumbs. 

2440
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:21,100
The local nobility would watch 
in Fascination as this visitor, 

2441
02:12:21,100 --> 02:12:24,000
somehow managed to consume an 
entire Feast with that. 

2442
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:27,600
Once touching food with their 
hands dropping anything or 

2443
02:12:27,600 --> 02:12:29,200
getting Source on their 
elaborate clothing. 

2444
02:12:30,200 --> 02:12:32,000
You can imagine the 
conversations after these 

2445
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:34,500
dinners. 
Each groups of German Prince's 

2446
02:12:34,500 --> 02:12:37,100
or English laws, huddled 
together, Whispering like 

2447
02:12:37,100 --> 02:12:39,600
teenagers who just discovered 
something their parents didn't 

2448
02:12:39,600 --> 02:12:43,100
want them to know about. 
See how he ate that roast. 

2449
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:46,600
Those little pronged things. 
Where do you suppose he got 

2450
02:12:46,608 --> 02:12:49,100
them? 
My cousin visited Paris last 

2451
02:12:49,108 --> 02:12:50,800
year and said everyone there 
eats like that. 

2452
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:54,900
Now, the Tipping Point came, 
when European nobility realized 

2453
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:57,900
they had a choice, learn to use 
forks or look like country 

2454
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:01,300
bumpkins, every time they hosted
foreign dignitaries and if 

2455
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,300
there's one thing Aristocrats 
throughout history of hated more

2456
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:07,400
than paying taxes, it's looking 
unsophisticated in front of 

2457
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,500
their peers. 
England, predictably held out 

2458
02:13:10,500 --> 02:13:13,400
the longest The English had 
perfected, the art of Being 

2459
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:16,400
stubbornly traditional while 
simultaneously claiming to be 

2460
02:13:16,400 --> 02:13:17,700
more civilized than everyone 
else. 

2461
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:21,000
And they were about to abandon 
this comfortable contradiction 

2462
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:24,700
for some French eating fashioned
British Nobles continued eating 

2463
02:13:24,700 --> 02:13:26,800
with their hands. 
While making pointed comments, 

2464
02:13:26,800 --> 02:13:29,300
about continental affectations 
and foreign nonsense. 

2465
02:13:30,200 --> 02:13:32,700
But even the English could not 
resist forever especially after 

2466
02:13:32,700 --> 02:13:35,500
a particularly embarrassing 
diplomatic dinner with a 

2467
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,600
visiting French Ambassador, 
Eternal entire meal without 

2468
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:41,300
spilling a drop while the 
English host looked like they 

2469
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:43,700
were engaged in hand-to-hand 
combat with their food. 

2470
02:13:43,700 --> 02:13:47,100
The story spread through London 
Society with a kind of 

2471
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:51,000
devastating efficiency that only
truly mortifying gossip can 

2472
02:13:51,000 --> 02:13:53,600
achieve. 
What's fascinating is how each 

2473
02:13:53,600 --> 02:13:56,300
country adapted the fork to 
their own cultural identity? 

2474
02:13:56,300 --> 02:14:00,100
The Germans naturally made them 
incredibly sturdy and functional

2475
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,500
German Forks could probably 
double as small weapons in an 

2476
02:14:03,500 --> 02:14:06,900
emergency and their Fork 
etiquette emphasized deficiency 

2477
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:09,500
and precision. 
The Germans emphasized, 

2478
02:14:09,500 --> 02:14:13,000
efficiency and precision over 
nonsense and Frills in their 

2479
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:14,800
Forks, were functional and 
effective. 

2480
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:17,900
The Spanish developed. 
Elaborate silver Forks, that 

2481
02:14:17,908 --> 02:14:21,400
were practically jewelry turning
meals into opportunities to 

2482
02:14:21,400 --> 02:14:23,300
display well, and artistic 
taste. 

2483
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:26,700
Spanish Fork, etiquette became 
intertwined with concepts of 

2484
02:14:26,708 --> 02:14:30,100
honor and family. 
Pride insult, someone's Fork 

2485
02:14:30,100 --> 02:14:33,000
technique, and you might find 
yourself facing a duel at dawn. 

2486
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:36,700
The Italians who had been 
quietly using Forks all along, 

2487
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:39,000
while the rest of Europe had 
their Collective cultural 

2488
02:14:39,000 --> 02:14:41,300
breakdown. 
Suddenly found themselves in the

2489
02:14:41,308 --> 02:14:43,800
amusing position of being Trend,
Setters by accident. 

2490
02:14:44,900 --> 02:14:47,700
Italian Fork, make us became the
most sought after Craftsman in 

2491
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:50,500
Europe exporting, their 
knowledge to courts that were 

2492
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:53,100
desperately trying to catch up 
to what Italians had been doing 

2493
02:14:53,100 --> 02:14:56,100
for centuries, but here's where 
the story gets intriguing. 

2494
02:14:56,100 --> 02:15:00,200
The fork didn't just change how 
people hate it started, changing

2495
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:01,700
how they thought about 
everything else. 

2496
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:05,100
Experiencing the Civilized 
pleasure of eating without 

2497
02:15:05,100 --> 02:15:07,800
getting your hands. 
Dirty leads you to notice other 

2498
02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:10,200
areas where there might be 
better ways to do things 

2499
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:13,000
European courts that adopted 
Forks. 

2500
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:15,700
Also began developing more 
sophisticated approaches to 

2501
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:21,200
hygiene fashion architecture, on
social interaction, The fork 

2502
02:15:21,200 --> 02:15:23,900
served as a catalyst for 
civilization encouraging 

2503
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:26,500
individuals to consider the 
possibility that the traditional

2504
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:29,500
methods of doing things, might 
not be the only ones. 

2505
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:31,800
The Ripple effects were 
widespread. 

2506
02:15:32,700 --> 02:15:36,500
Dinner parties became more 
elaborate and refined with hosts

2507
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:38,700
competing to demonstrate their 
Mastery of fork. 

2508
02:15:38,700 --> 02:15:41,800
Etiquette, cookbook writers 
began developing recipes, 

2509
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:43,800
specifically designed for 4K 
heating. 

2510
02:15:43,808 --> 02:15:46,400
Leading to more complex and 
delicate Cuisine. 

2511
02:15:46,400 --> 02:15:49,600
Table Linens became more 
important because nobody wanted 

2512
02:15:49,600 --> 02:15:52,800
to ruin beautiful fabric with 
food stains that proper for cues

2513
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:55,600
could prevent. 
Even the common people who 

2514
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:58,600
couldn't afford fancy silver 
Forks, began making crude 

2515
02:15:58,600 --> 02:16:00,300
version from wood or cheap 
metal. 

2516
02:16:01,700 --> 02:16:05,400
The desire to eat like civilized
humans once awakened proved 

2517
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:08,800
impossible to suppress. 
Street vendors started selling 

2518
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:12,500
simple, Wooden Forks alongside 
their food recognizing that 

2519
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:15,600
customers would pay extra for 
the privilege of eating without 

2520
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:20,200
getting their hands. 
Messi, By the late, 1600s, the 

2521
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:21,900
transformation was nearly 
complete. 

2522
02:16:22,800 --> 02:16:25,800
What had started as one 
Byzantine princesses dining 

2523
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:28,300
preference had become the 
standard of European 

2524
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:31,200
civilization. 
The fork had won. 

2525
02:16:32,000 --> 02:16:34,400
Not through force or 
legislation, but through the 

2526
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:38,299
simple irresistible appeal of a 
better way to live, but the real

2527
02:16:38,299 --> 02:16:42,100
Revolution was just beginning. 
The fort quietly began reshaping

2528
02:16:42,100 --> 02:16:44,799
the entire Foundation of how 
humans organize their lives 

2529
02:16:44,799 --> 02:16:46,799
together. 
And what happened next wasn't 

2530
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:49,299
just about better table, manners
or cleaner hands. 

2531
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:53,600
Think about it this way. 
Thousands of years meals had 

2532
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:55,500
been communal. 
Free-for-alls, where everyone 

2533
02:16:55,500 --> 02:16:59,000
reached into shared dishes tour 
food with their hands and 

2534
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:01,299
basically turned dinnertime into
a contact sport. 

2535
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:06,500
Privacy at meals, impossible 
personal space, what's that? 

2536
02:17:06,500 --> 02:17:11,400
Individual portion completely 
foreign concept everyone ate 

2537
02:17:11,400 --> 02:17:14,200
from the same dishes. 
Shared the same serving utensils

2538
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:17,500
and basically spent every meal 
intimate physical contact with 

2539
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:20,400
their fellow diners. 
But once you provide people, 

2540
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,900
individual Forks, something 
magical happens suddenly, 

2541
02:17:23,900 --> 02:17:27,500
everyone can have their portion 
served on their own plate eaten 

2542
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:30,299
with their utensils. 
For the first time in human 

2543
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:33,700
history meals became personal 
private experience is that 

2544
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:35,900
happened to her in the same room
as other people. 

2545
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,600
This might seem like a small 
change but it was actually 

2546
02:17:39,600 --> 02:17:42,299
revolutionary. 
The individual Fork led to 

2547
02:17:42,308 --> 02:17:46,000
individual plates, which led to 
individual place settings, which

2548
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:48,799
led to the entire concept of 
personal space at the dinner 

2549
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:51,100
table. 
People grew accustomed to 

2550
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:54,100
personal space during meals. 
They began to Crave it in other 

2551
02:17:54,100 --> 02:17:57,299
areas as well. 
European architecture began 

2552
02:17:57,299 --> 02:18:00,900
changing in fascinating ways. 
Dining rooms became more 

2553
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:03,799
spacious with room for 
individual chairs around tables 

2554
02:18:03,799 --> 02:18:06,799
designed for personal place 
settings rather than communal 

2555
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:11,000
benches around shared platters. 
Houses began including separate 

2556
02:18:11,000 --> 02:18:14,299
dining areas distinct from 
kitchens because Fork based 

2557
02:18:14,299 --> 02:18:16,799
dining was elegant enough to 
deserve its own special space. 

2558
02:18:16,799 --> 02:18:21,200
The social implications were 
enormous in the old days of 

2559
02:18:21,200 --> 02:18:24,600
communal eating meals were 
inherently Democratic everyone 

2560
02:18:24,600 --> 02:18:27,799
reached for the same food. 
Everyone got messy together and 

2561
02:18:27,799 --> 02:18:30,299
social hierarchies temporarily 
dissolved in the shared. 

2562
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:33,000
Struggle to consume dinner with 
outstanding or embarrassing 

2563
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:35,700
yourself. 
But individual place setting 

2564
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:39,900
changed all that suddenly you 
could demonstrate social status 

2565
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:42,600
through your Cutlery, your 
individual plate and your 

2566
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:45,700
personal napkins, the wealthy 
could eat differently from the 

2567
02:18:45,700 --> 02:18:49,700
poor, not just in terms of what 
they ate but also how they ate 

2568
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:52,500
it. 
For etiquette became a class 

2569
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:55,799
marker, the way to instantly 
identify who belonged in polite 

2570
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:58,600
society, and who didn't? 
This led to something 

2571
02:18:58,600 --> 02:19:01,600
unprecedented. 
The rise of formal dining 

2572
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:05,200
education. 
For the first time in history, 

2573
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:07,900
people needed to be taught how 
to eat properly. 

2574
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:12,400
To get books appeared, detailing
the correct way to hold a fork, 

2575
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,200
the proper angle for approaching
different foods and the 

2576
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:18,000
appropriate Fork switching 
techniques for various courses. 

2577
02:19:19,000 --> 02:19:22,000
Eating became a skill that 
required instruction practice 

2578
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:24,900
and social polish. 
The economic Ripple effects were

2579
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:29,100
staggering entire industry 
sprang up around Fork based 

2580
02:19:29,100 --> 02:19:33,700
dining Silversmith guilds became
incredibly powerful specializing

2581
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,700
in increasingly elaborate 
Cutlery table, linen, 

2582
02:19:36,700 --> 02:19:39,900
manufacturing exploded, because 
proper Fork dining required. 

2583
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:43,600
Proper table, setting China and 
pottery makers developed new 

2584
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:46,799
designs specifically for 
individual play setting rather 

2585
02:19:46,799 --> 02:19:50,000
than communal serving dishes. 
But here's the really 

2586
02:19:50,000 --> 02:19:53,600
fascinating part, the fork 
helped create modern concepts of

2587
02:19:53,608 --> 02:19:57,200
privacy individuality and 
personal hygiene that we now 

2588
02:19:57,200 --> 02:20:00,700
take completely for granted Once
people became accustomed to 

2589
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:03,600
eating without touching their 
food, they started expecting 

2590
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:06,200
that same level of cleanliness, 
in other areas of life. 

2591
02:20:07,000 --> 02:20:10,600
Bathing became more frequent and
more private personal clothing 

2592
02:20:10,600 --> 02:20:13,400
became more important since you 
weren't constantly getting food 

2593
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:16,600
stains on everything. 
People began developing stronger

2594
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:20,100
concepts of personal property, 
personal space, and personal 

2595
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:24,000
responsibility. 
The fork in its quiet way, 

2596
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:27,200
helped create the foundation for
modern individualism. 

2597
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:30,400
Medical knowledge Advanced too 
though. 

2598
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,500
Not always accurately doctors 
began promoting theories about 

2599
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:35,900
the health benefits of forking 
claiming it. 

2600
02:20:35,908 --> 02:20:38,900
Prevented various diseases and 
promoted better digestion. 

2601
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,600
They weren't entirely wrong 
reducing hand, food contact, 

2602
02:20:42,600 --> 02:20:45,800
certainly helped with hygiene, 
but they also credited forks 

2603
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:48,700
with curing everything from 
Melancholy to gout, which was 

2604
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:53,100
probably optimistic, Protestant 
work ethic which was developing 

2605
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:56,500
around the same time embraced 
Fork dining as evidence of human

2606
02:20:56,500 --> 02:20:59,800
Improvement and moral 
advancement Being able to eat 

2607
02:20:59,800 --> 02:21:02,600
cleanly and efficiently, became 
associated with virtue 

2608
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:05,100
self-control and Spiritual 
Development. 

2609
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:09,000
People literally saw proper Fork
technique as a sign of being 

2610
02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:11,700
closer to God. 
Trade routes shifted to 

2611
02:21:11,700 --> 02:21:14,200
accommodate the demand for 
Quality Cutlery, and the 

2612
02:21:14,208 --> 02:21:17,200
materials needed to make it 
mining operations. 

2613
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:20,300
Expanded to provide silver and 
other metals for Fort production

2614
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:24,200
International Commerce patterns 
changed as quartz competed to 

2615
02:21:24,200 --> 02:21:26,100
import. 
The finest Cutlery from the most

2616
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:30,600
skilled Craftsmen This influence
extended to Warfare will be at 

2617
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:33,900
indirectly officers who could 
demonstrate proper four? 

2618
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:36,900
Etiquette were considered more 
suitable for diplomatic missions

2619
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:40,600
and interaction with foreign 
nobility military protocol began

2620
02:21:40,600 --> 02:21:43,900
including dining etiquette as 
part of Officer training because

2621
02:21:43,900 --> 02:21:46,600
how you ate determined, whether 
you could effectively represent 

2622
02:21:46,600 --> 02:21:48,300
your country at formal 
functions. 

2623
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:52,300
By 1700 the fork had. 
Quietly revolutionize European 

2624
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:56,300
civilization in ways that went 
far beyond the dinner table What

2625
02:21:56,300 --> 02:21:59,700
had started as a simple solution
to Messi eating and become the 

2626
02:21:59,700 --> 02:22:03,300
foundation for modern concepts 
of individual dignity, personal 

2627
02:22:03,300 --> 02:22:05,600
refinement, and civilized 
society. 

2628
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:09,500
And the best part will didn't 
even realize it was happening. 

2629
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:12,700
As we settle into the final 
chapter of our Fork story. 

2630
02:22:12,700 --> 02:22:16,400
You're probably wondering how a 
simple eating utensil managed to

2631
02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:19,800
completely transform human 
civilization without anyone 

2632
02:22:19,800 --> 02:22:23,400
really noticing well. 
Grab your favorite blanket and 

2633
02:22:23,400 --> 02:22:25,900
get comfortable, because the 
ending of this tale is both 

2634
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:28,700
satisfying and surprisingly 
relevant to your Modern Life. 

2635
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:32,800
By the early 1700s, the four 
could achieve something 

2636
02:22:32,800 --> 02:22:35,400
remarkable. 
It had become so completely 

2637
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:39,100
integrated into European society
that people couldn't imagine 

2638
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:42,600
life without it. 
Children, grew up learning Fork 

2639
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:45,700
techniques alongside their 
alphabet and proper for 

2640
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:48,700
etiquette was as essential to 
education as reading and 

2641
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:51,600
writing. 
The transformation was so 

2642
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:53,500
complete. 
That Europeans began looking 

2643
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:56,200
back at their hand. 
Eating ancestors, with the same 

2644
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:59,000
mixture of horror and 
Fascination that we might 

2645
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:01,600
reserve for watching people eat 
soup with their feet. 

2646
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:05,700
But the real Triumph wasn't just
European adoption. 

2647
02:23:05,700 --> 02:23:08,500
It was what happened. 
When Europeans began spreading 

2648
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:11,200
their influence around the 
world, wherever European 

2649
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:14,000
Merchants diplomats missionaries
and colonists went. 

2650
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:16,800
They brought their forks with 
them and everywhere. 

2651
02:23:16,800 --> 02:23:19,500
They went local, population's 
were faced with the same Choice.

2652
02:23:19,500 --> 02:23:23,000
Their ancestors had confronted 
centuries earlier adapt to this 

2653
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:27,700
new way of eating or risk being 
considered uncivilized The fork 

2654
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:29,700
became a symbol of European 
sophistication. 

2655
02:23:29,700 --> 02:23:32,700
And by extension European 
superiority. 

2656
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:36,900
Such an event had some 
unfortunate implications for 

2657
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,600
Global cultural exchange, but it
also demonstrated the forks 

2658
02:23:40,600 --> 02:23:43,300
incredible power to reshape how 
people thought about 

2659
02:23:43,300 --> 02:23:47,000
civilization itself. 
Using a fork, wasn't just about 

2660
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:49,400
eating anymore. 
It was about joining the modern 

2661
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:52,500
world. 
American colonists naturally 

2662
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:55,400
took to forks with the 
enthusiasm of people who are 

2663
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:57,600
already rebelling against 
traditional ways of doing 

2664
02:23:57,600 --> 02:23:59,800
things. 
By the time of the American 

2665
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:02,100
Revolution. 
Proper Fork usage was so 

2666
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,300
embedded in colonial culture 
that British observers commented

2667
02:24:05,300 --> 02:24:07,400
on American dining refinement 
with surprise. 

2668
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:10,800
The fork had helped Americans 
develop their own distinct 

2669
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:14,200
cultural identity separate from 
both their European Origins and 

2670
02:24:14,200 --> 02:24:18,100
their Frontier circumstances. 
What's truly remarkable is how 

2671
02:24:18,100 --> 02:24:21,600
the fort continued evolving? 
Even after its basic acceptance.

2672
02:24:21,600 --> 02:24:25,400
The Industrial Revolution 
brought mass production, making 

2673
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:28,200
decent Forks available to 
Ordinary People for the first 

2674
02:24:28,200 --> 02:24:31,800
time in history. suddenly proper
dining wasn't just for the 

2675
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:35,600
wealthy, anyone could afford the
basic tools of civilized, eating

2676
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:39,400
Different cultures adapted, the 
fork and fascinating ways 

2677
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:42,400
Americans developed the 
distinctive habit of cutting 

2678
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:45,200
food with the knife. 
In the right hand and fork in 

2679
02:24:45,200 --> 02:24:47,900
the left, then switching the 
fork to the right hand for 

2680
02:24:47,900 --> 02:24:50,200
eating. 
A practice that still makes 

2681
02:24:50,200 --> 02:24:54,400
European slightly crazy. 
Russians created elaborate Fork,

2682
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:58,100
based dining rituals that 
incorporated vodka service Asian

2683
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:02,000
cultures that adopted Western 
dining Customs developed hybrid,

2684
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:04,600
approaches that combined 
traditional eating techniques 

2685
02:25:04,600 --> 02:25:07,600
with European Fork etiquette. 
But here's where the story gets 

2686
02:25:07,600 --> 02:25:12,100
really interesting for you 
sitting here in 2025 Forks 

2687
02:25:12,100 --> 02:25:16,300
Journey from radical Innovation 
to Universal acceptance, follows

2688
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,300
almost exactly the same pattern 
as every major technological 

2689
02:25:20,300 --> 02:25:22,300
adoption you've witnessed in 
your life time. 

2690
02:25:22,300 --> 02:25:25,700
Think about it. 
Fork faced religious opposition.

2691
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:29,000
Like genetic engineering 
cultural resistance like 

2692
02:25:29,000 --> 02:25:32,700
electric cars, generational, 
divides like smartphones and 

2693
02:25:32,700 --> 02:25:35,500
social class implications like 
organic food. 

2694
02:25:36,300 --> 02:25:39,300
Earlier doctors were considered 
pretentious show-offs, like 

2695
02:25:39,300 --> 02:25:42,300
people with the first cell 
phones while later doctors 

2696
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:45,600
eventually felt embarrassed 
about clinging to old ways, like

2697
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:48,800
people who still use paper maps 
the forks, succeeded for the 

2698
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:51,600
same reasons that successful 
Innovations, always succeed. 

2699
02:25:52,300 --> 02:25:55,300
Solved a real problem. 
It was demonstrably better than 

2700
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:58,500
existing Solutions and it made 
users feel more sophisticated 

2701
02:25:58,500 --> 02:26:03,100
and capable sound familiar. 
It should it's the blueprint for

2702
02:26:03,100 --> 02:26:06,000
every successful technology 
adoption from automobiles to 

2703
02:26:06,008 --> 02:26:08,800
artificial intelligence, what's 
even more fascinating? 

2704
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:11,800
Is how the fort created 
unexpected consequences that 

2705
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:15,000
nobody anticipated? 
Just like how the internet was 

2706
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:17,200
supposed to be about information
sharing, but ended up, 

2707
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:20,000
revolutionizing Commerce, 
entertainment and social 

2708
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:22,300
interaction. 
The fort was supposed to be 

2709
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:25,600
about cleaner eating, but ended 
up creating modern concepts of 

2710
02:26:25,608 --> 02:26:28,700
privacy, individuality and 
personal dignity. 

2711
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:33,000
Today, as you use your fork 
without thinking about it, your 

2712
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:35,500
participating in a tradition 
that represents one of 

2713
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:38,700
Humanity's greatest 
achievements, the ability to 

2714
02:26:38,700 --> 02:26:41,600
recognize, a better way of doing
things and actually changed to 

2715
02:26:41,608 --> 02:26:44,300
adopt it. 
That's rare of and you might 

2716
02:26:44,308 --> 02:26:48,300
think most Innovations fail not 
because they don't work but 

2717
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:51,000
because people resist change 
even when it would clearly 

2718
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:54,200
improve their lives. 
The forks serves as a reminder 

2719
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:56,800
that Civilization encompasses 
more than just major 

2720
02:26:56,800 --> 02:26:59,600
breakthroughs such as the 
discovery of fire or the 

2721
02:26:59,608 --> 02:27:03,000
invention of the wheel. 
Sometimes the most important 

2722
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:05,600
progress comes from small 
seemingly insignificant 

2723
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:08,500
improvements that gradually 
reshape how we think about 

2724
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:10,900
ourselves and our relationship 
to the world around us. 

2725
02:27:11,700 --> 02:27:14,400
So the next time you pick up a 
fork, take a moment to 

2726
02:27:14,400 --> 02:27:15,900
appreciate the Incredible 
Journey. 

2727
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:19,000
At represents you're holding a 
tool that helped create the 

2728
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:23,000
modern world that transformed 
human society and that continues

2729
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,000
to demonstrate our species. 
Remarkable ability to improve 

2730
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:28,900
adapt and become more than we 
were before. 

2731
02:27:29,800 --> 02:27:33,400
When you reflect on it, this is 
precisely the kind of gentle 

2732
02:27:33,400 --> 02:27:34,900
Revolution. 
That deserves celebration. 

2733
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,900
Picture this. 
It's a crisp morning in May 16th

2734
02:27:43,900 --> 02:27:46,100
and you're a respectable citizen
of Salem. 

2735
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:49,000
Massachusetts. 
Maybe you're a farmer, a 

2736
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,000
merchant or a Craftsman. 
Someone who's managed to stay 

2737
02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:53,400
out of trouble and earn a decent
living. 

2738
02:27:53,400 --> 02:27:56,500
In this Puritan Community. 
You're probably thinking about 

2739
02:27:56,500 --> 02:27:59,600
the day ahead, perhaps wondering
if your crops Will Survive the 

2740
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:01,900
late spring Frost when there's a
knock at your door. 

2741
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:04,500
Standing on your threshold is 
the town. 

2742
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:06,800
Constable looking unusually 
serious. 

2743
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:08,800
He's not here about your 
neighbor's. 

2744
02:28:08,800 --> 02:28:11,400
Wandering pig, or a dispute over
property lines. 

2745
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:15,800
No, today, he's carrying a list 
of names and unfortunately, for 

2746
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:19,200
you, yours is on it. 
You've been selected to serve on

2747
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:22,100
a special court jury to hear 
cases involving witchcraft, 

2748
02:28:22,100 --> 02:28:25,200
congratulations. 
You've just won the colonial 

2749
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:26,900
equivalent of the world's worst 
Lottery. 

2750
02:28:26,900 --> 02:28:30,900
Now, you might think jury duty 
sounds like a Civic honor a 

2751
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:33,100
chance to serve your community 
and uphold Justice. 

2752
02:28:33,100 --> 02:28:36,100
After all, you're a God-fearing 
person who believes in doing 

2753
02:28:36,100 --> 02:28:38,900
what's right? 
But as the Constable explains 

2754
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:42,100
your duties and not begins 
forming in your stomach, this 

2755
02:28:42,100 --> 02:28:44,800
isn't going to be like deciding 
whether someone stole a chicken 

2756
02:28:44,800 --> 02:28:48,200
or fail to pay their debts. 
You're going to be determining 

2757
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:51,800
whether your neighbor's people, 
you've known for years are in 

2758
02:28:51,800 --> 02:28:55,000
League with the Devil Himself. 
The weight of this 

2759
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:58,100
responsibility, settles on your 
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 

2760
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:01,600
cloak in your Puritan World, 
which craft isn't just a crime. 

2761
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:05,600
It's the ultimate sin, a 
betrayal of God that threatens 

2762
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:07,400
the very fabric of your 
community. 

2763
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:11,700
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 
not suffer a witch to live. 

2764
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:15,700
If you find someone guilty, 
you're essentially signing their

2765
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:18,300
death warrant. 
If you find them innocent, when 

2766
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:21,100
they're actually guilty, you 
might be allowing Satan's 

2767
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:23,500
influence to spread through your
town, like a plague. 

2768
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:26,100
As you stand there in your 
doorway. 

2769
02:29:26,100 --> 02:29:29,900
Listening to the Constable's 
words, you realize your peaceful

2770
02:29:29,900 --> 02:29:32,400
life is about to become 
incredibly complicated. 

2771
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:36,200
You can't. 
Exactly refuse jury services 

2772
02:29:36,200 --> 02:29:39,600
mandatory and besides, what 
would people think if you try to

2773
02:29:39,600 --> 02:29:43,700
get out of it, would they wonder
if you had something to hide in 

2774
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:47,000
Salem suspicion, spreads, faster
than gossip and gossips Breds 

2775
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:49,300
faster than fire, the Constable 
hands. 

2776
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:52,400
You a notice with the date and 
time of the first trial, you'll 

2777
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:54,600
be joining each other men of 
good standing to form. 

2778
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:58,800
The jury, the trials will be 
held at the Salem townhouse in 

2779
02:29:58,800 --> 02:30:00,500
your expected to be there, 
bright and early. 

2780
02:30:01,500 --> 02:30:04,500
As he walks away you can't help 
but notice how his shoulders 

2781
02:30:04,500 --> 02:30:07,500
seem tense, how he avoids, 
making eye contact with the 

2782
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:09,600
neighbors who peek out from 
behind their curtains. 

2783
02:30:10,700 --> 02:30:14,200
You closed the door and lean 
against it trying to process. 

2784
02:30:14,200 --> 02:30:16,900
What just happened? 
Your wife looks at you with 

2785
02:30:16,908 --> 02:30:19,700
concern and you have to break 
the news that your summer is 

2786
02:30:19,700 --> 02:30:22,300
about to become. 
Very, very interesting, She 

2787
02:30:22,308 --> 02:30:25,000
doesn't say much but you can see
the worry in her eyes. 

2788
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:27,900
Everyone in Salem knows that 
strange things have been 

2789
02:30:27,908 --> 02:30:29,900
happening. 
Young girls having fits 

2790
02:30:29,900 --> 02:30:32,700
accusations flying arrests being
made. 

2791
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:36,200
What started, as Whispers has 
grown into a full blown crisis, 

2792
02:30:36,200 --> 02:30:40,100
the irony isn't lost on you. 
Here, you are chosen to help, 

2793
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:42,400
determine the truth about 
Witchcraft, and you're not even 

2794
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:44,000
entirely sure what which craft 
looks like. 

2795
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:48,100
Sure, you've heard the stories 
people flying through the air 

2796
02:30:48,100 --> 02:30:50,100
turning into animals making 
pacts with the Devil. 

2797
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:53,100
You've never actually seen any 
of this yourself. 

2798
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:57,200
Most of what, you know, comes 
from sermons gossip and the 

2799
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:00,300
occasional pamphlet that makes 
its way to Salem from Boston or 

2800
02:31:00,300 --> 02:31:02,600
Europe. 
As you prepare for bed that 

2801
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:05,500
night, you can't shake the 
feeling that your life is just 

2802
02:31:05,500 --> 02:31:08,700
taken a turn into Uncharted 
Territory tomorrow. 

2803
02:31:08,700 --> 02:31:11,600
You'll begin a journey that will
test, not just your judgment, 

2804
02:31:11,600 --> 02:31:15,300
but your courage, your faith, 
and your ability to sleep 

2805
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:18,100
soundly at night. 
Because, once you've looked into

2806
02:31:18,100 --> 02:31:21,400
the eyes of an accused witch and
decided their fate, there's no 

2807
02:31:21,400 --> 02:31:23,800
going back to the simpletons of 
your old life. 

2808
02:31:23,800 --> 02:31:26,800
The morning of your first trial 
arrives with an unseasonable 

2809
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:28,800
chill, that seems to seep into 
your bones. 

2810
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:32,600
You've barely slept tossing and 
turning as you wondered what the

2811
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,400
day would bring. 
As you walked toward the Salem, 

2812
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:38,600
townhouse, you notice other jury
members making their way through

2813
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:41,800
the streets. 
Some walk with purpose, others 

2814
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:45,300
seem to drag their feet. 
Everyone looks a bit pale and 

2815
02:31:45,300 --> 02:31:47,100
you wonder if you look as 
nervous as they do. 

2816
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:50,100
The townhouse is buzzing with 
activity. 

2817
02:31:50,100 --> 02:31:53,500
When you arrive people have 
gathered from all over sale and 

2818
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:57,400
the surrounding areas drawn by a
mixture of curiosity fear and 

2819
02:31:57,400 --> 02:32:00,900
that peculiar human fascination 
with witnessing someone else's 

2820
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:04,300
potential downfall. 
The atmosphere is Electric in 

2821
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:08,200
the worst possible way like the 
air before a thunderstorm heavy 

2822
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,900
with anticipation and Dread. 
You take your place in the jury 

2823
02:32:11,900 --> 02:32:15,300
box and that's when you first 
notice, just how many eyes are 

2824
02:32:15,300 --> 02:32:17,800
on you. 
It's not just the spectators, 

2825
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:22,300
it's the judges, the ministers, 
the town of officials and most 

2826
02:32:22,300 --> 02:32:24,300
unnerving of all the accusers 
themselves. 

2827
02:32:25,100 --> 02:32:27,900
These are the young women and 
girls who stranger flexion 

2828
02:32:27,900 --> 02:32:30,600
started this whole mess and 
they're watching you with an 

2829
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:32,100
intensity. 
That makes your skin crawl. 

2830
02:32:32,800 --> 02:32:35,200
The first case is called your 
shocked to see it. 

2831
02:32:35,200 --> 02:32:38,800
Someone you know Sarah Goode, a 
woman you've seen around town 

2832
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:40,900
for years. 
She's never been popular. 

2833
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:43,900
Admittedly, she's poor. 
She begs for food and she has a 

2834
02:32:43,908 --> 02:32:48,500
sharp tongue when people refuse 
her but a witch Yeah, accusation

2835
02:32:48,500 --> 02:32:50,900
seems almost surreal as you 
watch her being led into the 

2836
02:32:50,900 --> 02:32:53,900
courtroom in Chains. 
What strikes you immediately is 

2837
02:32:53,900 --> 02:32:55,700
how the whole process feels like
theater. 

2838
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:59,000
But theater, where the audience 
participation might get you 

2839
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:02,600
killed the accusers. 
Begin their performance and it 

2840
02:33:02,600 --> 02:33:03,900
really does feel like a 
performance. 

2841
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:08,600
They rise, they scream and they 
claimed to see good Specter 

2842
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:10,400
tormenting them right there in 
the courtroom. 

2843
02:33:11,100 --> 02:33:14,600
The judge is not Gravely, the 
ministers, quote scripture and 

2844
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,200
the crowd murmurs with a mixture
of horror and Fascination. 

2845
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:21,500
You find yourself in an 
impossible position on one hand,

2846
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,300
you're supposed to be an 
impartial juror, weighing 

2847
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:28,000
evidence and seeking truth. 
On the other hand, everyone in 

2848
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:30,500
that courtroom seems to have 
already decided that witchcraft 

2849
02:33:30,500 --> 02:33:34,300
is real, that these accusers are
legitimate victims and that your

2850
02:33:34,300 --> 02:33:36,800
job is simply to confirm what 
everyone already believes. 

2851
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:40,300
The pressure is suffocating, the
worst part is the way the 

2852
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:42,000
accusers react to your very 
presence. 

2853
02:33:43,300 --> 02:33:45,900
When you shift in your seat or 
lean forward to hear testimony 

2854
02:33:45,900 --> 02:33:48,800
better, they sometimes cry out 
that you're affecting them. 

2855
02:33:48,800 --> 02:33:51,100
Somehow, are you in League with 
the accused? 

2856
02:33:51,100 --> 02:33:55,000
Are you a witch yourself? 
The paranoia in the room is so 

2857
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:58,200
thick, you could cut it with a 
knife and you realize that even 

2858
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:00,600
as a juror you're not safe from 
suspicion. 

2859
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:04,000
As the day wears on. 
You begin to understand that 

2860
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:06,800
this isn't really about evidence
in any conventional sense. 

2861
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:11,000
The main proof being offered is 
spectral evidence testimony. 

2862
02:34:11,000 --> 02:34:14,200
That the accused persons Spirit 
or Specter was seen committing 

2863
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:17,300
malicious Acts. 
But here's the problem only the 

2864
02:34:17,300 --> 02:34:20,900
accusers can see these specters 
you're being asked to convict 

2865
02:34:20,900 --> 02:34:24,100
someone based on testimony about
invisible actions, that only 

2866
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:25,400
certain people claimed to 
witness. 

2867
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:29,000
The judges seemed convinced that
spectral evidence is valid 

2868
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:32,400
citing learned treaties and 
Theological arguments. 

2869
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:36,000
But you can't shake the feeling 
that something is fundamentally 

2870
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,200
wrong with this logic. 
If only the accusers can see the

2871
02:34:39,208 --> 02:34:42,700
evidence, how can you verify it?
How can you cross-examine a 

2872
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:44,400
ghost? 
How can you determine if what 

2873
02:34:44,408 --> 02:34:46,200
they're seeing is real or 
imagined? 

2874
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:49,200
Making matters worse. 
You're beginning to notice 

2875
02:34:49,200 --> 02:34:51,100
patterns in the accusations that
trouble. 

2876
02:34:51,100 --> 02:34:53,800
You the accused tend to be 
people who don't fit in. 

2877
02:34:53,800 --> 02:34:56,700
Well, the poor, the 
argumentative, the eccentric, 

2878
02:34:57,500 --> 02:34:59,600
Meanwhile the accusers are 
mostly young women from 

2879
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:02,700
prominent families and their 
accusations carry a normal 

2880
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:04,700
weight. 
You start to wonder if there 

2881
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:07,400
might be social and economic 
factors at play here that have 

2882
02:35:07,400 --> 02:35:08,900
nothing to do with the 
supernatural. 

2883
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:12,500
But expressing these doubts 
would be incredibly dangerous, 

2884
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:15,600
the judges ministers and 
Community leaders. 

2885
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:19,100
All seem United in their belief 
that Salem is under attack by 

2886
02:35:19,100 --> 02:35:22,000
Satan himself. 
To question the proceedings 

2887
02:35:22,000 --> 02:35:26,000
might be seen as questioning 
God's will or worse as evidence 

2888
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:28,600
that you yourself are influenced
by dark Forces. 

2889
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:32,400
Your trapped between your 
growing skepticism and your need

2890
02:35:32,408 --> 02:35:35,200
to appear as a full Orthodox 
member of the community. 

2891
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,600
As the first day ends and you 
walk home through the Twilight. 

2892
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,200
You realize that being on this 
jury isn't just about 

2893
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:45,800
determining guilt or innocence. 
It's about navigating a social 

2894
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:48,900
and political mind field, where 
one wrong step could make you 

2895
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:52,000
the next Target. 
The comfortable certainties of 

2896
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:54,900
your old life, feel like a 
distant memory, replaced by the 

2897
02:35:54,908 --> 02:35:57,500
constant stress of trying to do 
the right thing, when you're not

2898
02:35:57,508 --> 02:36:00,500
even sure what the right thing 
is anymore, by your third day, 

2899
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:02,700
in the jury box, you've 
developed what you privately 

2900
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:06,000
call the Salem. 
Stare that hollow-eyed look of 

2901
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:08,400
someone who seemed too much and 
slept too little. 

2902
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:12,200
The accusers of elevated to the 
status of stars in this somber 

2903
02:36:12,200 --> 02:36:14,100
theater. 
Allowing you to witness their 

2904
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:15,600
increasingly dramatic 
performance. 

2905
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:19,700
Is up close. 
Today's main accuser is Abigail 

2906
02:36:19,700 --> 02:36:22,100
Williams. 
Referend Paris is 11 year old 

2907
02:36:22,108 --> 02:36:24,800
niece. 
She's small for her age with 

2908
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,700
sharp features and eyes that 
seemed to take him everything. 

2909
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,300
When Abigail points at the 
accused and screams that she can

2910
02:36:31,300 --> 02:36:33,300
see their Specter pinching and 
choking her. 

2911
02:36:33,300 --> 02:36:35,800
The entire courtroom becomes 
silent. 

2912
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:39,700
You find yourself studying her 
face, trying to determine if her

2913
02:36:39,700 --> 02:36:43,300
terror is genuine or performed 
and the fact that you can't tell

2914
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:47,500
makes your stomach churn What's 
particularly unsettling, is how 

2915
02:36:47,500 --> 02:36:49,700
the accusers seem to feed off 
each other's energy. 

2916
02:36:50,500 --> 02:36:53,800
When one girl starts having fits
the others quickly follow suit. 

2917
02:36:53,800 --> 02:36:56,800
As if Supernatural Affliction 
were contagious, they can 

2918
02:36:56,800 --> 02:36:59,800
vaults, they shriek and they 
came to see yellow birds perched

2919
02:36:59,800 --> 02:37:03,100
on the accused fingers or black 
dogs lurking in the corners of 

2920
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:06,300
the courtroom. 
The judges treat each Outburst 

2921
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:09,500
as crucial evidence. 
Scribbling notes furiously and 

2922
02:37:09,500 --> 02:37:12,500
asking probing questions about 
the exact nature of what the 

2923
02:37:12,500 --> 02:37:15,900
girls are experiencing you 
notice that the accusers never 

2924
02:37:15,900 --> 02:37:18,500
seem to be afflicted when they 
are outside the courtroom. 

2925
02:37:18,500 --> 02:37:22,100
They walk in looking perfectly 
normal chat quietly with their 

2926
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:25,700
families and even smile 
occasionally But the moment, the

2927
02:37:25,700 --> 02:37:29,000
proceedings begin, they 
transform into tortured victims 

2928
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:30,400
of Supernatural? 
Assault. 

2929
02:37:30,400 --> 02:37:33,900
It's like watching someone flip 
a switch and you can't help but 

2930
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:35,900
wonder if that's exactly what's 
happening. 

2931
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:39,900
The social dynamics in the 
courtroom of becoming clearer to

2932
02:37:39,908 --> 02:37:43,200
you with each passing day. 
The accusers come from families 

2933
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:46,600
within influence and standing in
the community when they speak 

2934
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,500
important men. 
Listen when they cry out in 

2935
02:37:49,500 --> 02:37:52,000
pain, those same men spring into
action. 

2936
02:37:52,000 --> 02:37:55,200
You're watching young women 
wield, a kind of power that 

2937
02:37:55,200 --> 02:37:58,700
would normally be Unthinkable in
puritan society and they seem to

2938
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:00,500
understand exactly how to use 
it. 

2939
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:04,100
Meanwhile, the accused were 
almost always marginalized 

2940
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:07,600
individuals, the impoverished, 
the argumentative and the 

2941
02:38:07,608 --> 02:38:10,700
unconventional. 
Often after spending weeks in 

2942
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:13,800
the miserable conditions of 
Salem, jail, they arrive looking

2943
02:38:13,800 --> 02:38:17,100
Haggard and frightened. 
They're given little opportunity

2944
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:20,800
to defend themselves effectively
when they do speak, their words 

2945
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:22,500
are often twisted and used 
against them. 

2946
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:25,300
If they maintained their 
innocence, their accused of 

2947
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,400
lying, if they confess 
authorities, asked them to 

2948
02:38:28,408 --> 02:38:31,500
identify their accomplices, 
you're starting to realize. 

2949
02:38:31,500 --> 02:38:34,400
That confession might actually 
be the safest route for the 

2950
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:36,000
accused even if they're 
innocent. 

2951
02:38:36,700 --> 02:38:38,900
Those who confess are often 
spared execution. 

2952
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:41,900
While those who maintained their
innocence are more likely to 

2953
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,600
face the Gallows. 
It's a perverse system that 

2954
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:46,800
seems to reward false 
confessions while punishing 

2955
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:48,500
truthful, Declaration of 
Innocence. 

2956
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:53,100
The pressure on you as a juror 
is intensified after each day's 

2957
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:55,000
testimony. 
Your expected to discuss the 

2958
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:57,900
case with your fellow jurors. 
But these conversations feel 

2959
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:00,800
more like exercises in group 
Conformity than genuine, 

2960
02:39:00,800 --> 02:39:04,900
deliberation anyone who 
expresses too much skepticism is

2961
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:07,300
met with sharp, looks and 
pointed questions about their 

2962
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:11,000
own spiritual State. 
The message is clear on us, 

2963
02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:13,400
Christians believe in the 
reality of which craft and The 

2964
02:39:13,400 --> 02:39:16,600
credibility of the accusers. 
What's making you lose sleep? 

2965
02:39:16,600 --> 02:39:20,000
Is the growing realization that 
your part of a system that seems

2966
02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:23,000
designed to produce guilty 
verdicts regardless of actual 

2967
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:26,000
guilt or innocence. 
The Rules of Evidence favor. 

2968
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:29,200
The accusers, the judges are 
clearly biased, and the 

2969
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:32,700
community pressure is a normus. 
You're supposed to be seeking 

2970
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:36,400
truth and justice, but it feels 
more like your participating in 

2971
02:39:36,400 --> 02:39:37,900
a ritual that is already 
predetermined. 

2972
02:39:37,900 --> 02:39:40,800
Its outcome. 
The worst part is when you catch

2973
02:39:40,800 --> 02:39:43,900
yourself getting caught up in 
the Hysteria, During 

2974
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:47,400
particularly dramatic testimony,
you sometimes find yourself 

2975
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:50,500
believing or at least wanting to
believe that, what your 

2976
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:54,900
witnessing is real Supernatural,
activity, the alternative that 

2977
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:58,800
this is all elaborate deception 
or master illusion is almost too

2978
02:39:58,800 --> 02:40:01,000
disturbing to contemplate. 
It would mean that your 

2979
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:03,900
community has lost its 
Collective mind and that your 

2980
02:40:03,900 --> 02:40:07,900
complicit in a series of 
terrible Injustice as you walk 

2981
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:10,600
home after another day of 
accusations and Supernatural 

2982
02:40:10,600 --> 02:40:13,900
claims, you can't help but 
notice how the town has changed.

2983
02:40:13,900 --> 02:40:17,700
People view each other with 
suspicion conversations halt, 

2984
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:20,700
when strangers approach and 
everyone appears to be cautious 

2985
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:24,500
The sense of community that once
held Salem together, is 

2986
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:27,300
dissolving replaced by fear and 
mistrust. 

2987
02:40:28,100 --> 02:40:31,200
And you as a member of the jury 
a right in the middle of it all 

2988
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:34,600
trying to maintain your sanity 
and your conscience in a world 

2989
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:37,400
that seems to have lost both 
three weeks in to your jury 

2990
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:39,200
service. 
You've learned to recognize the 

2991
02:40:39,200 --> 02:40:41,500
sound of accusations before, 
they are even spoken. 

2992
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:45,100
There's a particular rustling in
the courtroom a collective 

2993
02:40:45,100 --> 02:40:48,100
intake of breath and then the 
pointed finger that could seal 

2994
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:51,400
someone's fate. 
Today that finger is pointing at

2995
02:40:51,408 --> 02:40:54,200
someone who makes your blood run
cold Martha. 

2996
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:56,500
Corey, a woman you've known for 
over a decade. 

2997
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:58,900
Martha has always been a bit 
outspoken. 

2998
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:01,700
Questioning, certain aspects of 
the witch trials from the 

2999
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:03,600
beginning. 
She's made the mistake of 

3000
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:06,300
suggesting that the accusers 
might not be entirely reliable. 

3001
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,000
That perhaps the community was 
getting carried away with 

3002
02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:11,600
Supernatural explanations. 
For what might have natural 

3003
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:15,500
causes now, she standing in the 
dock accused of the very 

3004
02:41:15,500 --> 02:41:18,400
witchcraft, she questioned and 
you can see the cruel irony 

3005
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:22,600
isn't lost on her, the accusers 
are in fine form today, riding 

3006
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:24,800
and screaming. 
As they claim Martha's Specter 

3007
02:41:24,800 --> 02:41:26,900
is attacking them. 
That you remember, Martha from 

3008
02:41:26,900 --> 02:41:29,900
church from Community. 
Gatherings and from the time she

3009
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:32,000
has helped neighbors during 
illness or hardship. 

3010
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:33,700
She sharp tongued. 
Yes. 

3011
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:38,100
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

3012
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:40,500
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

3013
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:42,000
described in court is so 
jarring. 

3014
02:41:42,000 --> 02:41:45,000
It makes you dizzy. 
Particularly disturbing as how 

3015
02:41:45,000 --> 02:41:47,700
the accusers seem to know 
exactly which buttons to push. 

3016
02:41:48,500 --> 02:41:50,900
They Specter appear to them in 
clothing. 

3017
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,600
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

3018
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:55,900
They couldn't possibly have 
known unless they'd seen her 

3019
02:41:55,900 --> 02:41:59,500
that morning, they described her
house, a habits, and her 

3020
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,600
relationships with neighbors. 
You're also noticing how the 

3021
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,000
accusations seem to follow 
patterns of social tension. 

3022
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:07,700
Martha. 
Corey had disagreements with 

3023
02:42:07,700 --> 02:42:09,900
some of the accusers families 
over Church matters. 

3024
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,300
She'd been critical of Reverend 
Parris questioning, his salary, 

3025
02:42:13,300 --> 02:42:15,800
and his methods. 
She'd spoken out against the 

3026
02:42:15,800 --> 02:42:18,800
witch trials themselves. 
Now, she's being accused by the 

3027
02:42:18,800 --> 02:42:22,300
very people, she criticized. 
The Coincidence is too 

3028
02:42:22,300 --> 02:42:24,400
convenient to ignore but 
pointing it out, would be 

3029
02:42:24,408 --> 02:42:27,700
incredibly dangerous, the 
evidence against Martha is the 

3030
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:30,900
same spectral testimony, you've 
been hearing for weeks, but 

3031
02:42:30,900 --> 02:42:33,400
today it feels different. 
Maybe it's because, you know, 

3032
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:36,100
her personally, or maybe it's 
because you've been watching 

3033
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,200
this process long enough to see 
the patterns, but the whole 

3034
02:42:39,200 --> 02:42:41,800
thing feels like, an elaborate 
performance designed to 

3035
02:42:41,800 --> 02:42:43,700
eliminate someone who has 
becoming convenient. 

3036
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:47,700
During the lunch break you 
overhear conversations Among The

3037
02:42:47,700 --> 02:42:49,300
Spectators that chill you to the
bone. 

3038
02:42:49,300 --> 02:42:51,400
People are discussing Martha's 
guilt. 

3039
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:54,300
As if it's already been proven 
debating whether she should be 

3040
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:57,500
hanged or pressed to death. 
Summer even wondering aloud 

3041
02:42:57,500 --> 02:43:00,400
about her family members 
suggesting that witchcraft might

3042
02:43:00,400 --> 02:43:03,900
run in bloodline. 
The presumption of Innocents, a 

3043
02:43:03,900 --> 02:43:07,100
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 
have been completely abandoned. 

3044
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:11,200
When Court resumes, you watch 
Martha attempt to defend herself

3045
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:14,700
and it's heartbreaking. 
Every word she says is Twisted 

3046
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:17,300
against her. 
When she maintains her innocent,

3047
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:20,600
She's accused of lying. 
When she questioned The accusers

3048
02:43:20,600 --> 02:43:23,900
credibility, she is accused of 
trying to undermine God's work. 

3049
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,400
When she grows frustrated with 
the proceedings, her anger is 

3050
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:30,400
cited as evidence of her evil 
nature, it's like watching 

3051
02:43:30,400 --> 02:43:32,900
someone drown, while being told 
their struggles are proof. 

3052
02:43:32,908 --> 02:43:35,300
They can't swim. 
The other jurors are watching 

3053
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:38,400
you as much as they're watching 
the proceedings, you can feel 

3054
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:40,800
their eyes on you during the 
most dramatic moments. 

3055
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,400
Gauging your reactions. 
Checking to see if your 

3056
02:43:44,400 --> 02:43:46,600
displaying the proper level of 
horror and conviction. 

3057
02:43:47,600 --> 02:43:51,400
The social pressure is enormous 
not just to find defendants 

3058
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:54,700
guilty, but to be seen as 
someone who finds them guilty 

3059
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:57,800
for the right reasons with the 
right level of religious fervor.

3060
02:43:58,400 --> 02:44:00,900
Your beginning to understand 
that the witch trials aren't 

3061
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:04,100
really about witchcraft at all. 
There are about power, social 

3062
02:44:04,100 --> 02:44:06,200
control, and the settling of old
scores. 

3063
02:44:07,000 --> 02:44:09,800
The accusers of stumbled onto a 
method of wielding enormous 

3064
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,900
influence and the community 
leaders are using the crisis to 

3065
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:15,700
reinforce their Authority and 
eliminate troublemakers. 

3066
02:44:16,600 --> 02:44:18,600
The supernatural elements. 
Provide perfect. 

3067
02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:21,000
Cover for what's essentially a 
political Purge. 

3068
02:44:22,000 --> 02:44:25,400
As Martha is Led away to a wait 
sentencing, you catch her eye 

3069
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:27,700
for just a moment. 
There's no evil there. 

3070
02:44:27,700 --> 02:44:30,400
No Malice just confusion and 
sadness. 

3071
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:34,600
She looks like what she is. 
A middle-aged woman who spoke 

3072
02:44:34,600 --> 02:44:37,700
her mind wants to offer and now 
faces death for it. 

3073
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:41,500
The weight of your 
responsibility as a juror feels 

3074
02:44:41,508 --> 02:44:44,100
crushing. 
You Hold This Woman's life in 

3075
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:46,600
your hands and you're beginning 
to realize that the system 

3076
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:50,000
you're part of is designed to 
take that life regardless of her

3077
02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:53,400
actual guilt or innocence. 
Walking home that evening. 

3078
02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:56,400
You can't shake the feeling that
Salem has become a place where 

3079
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,800
being different being outspoken,
will simply being unlucky. 

3080
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:03,700
Can be a death sentence and you 
whether you like it or not, or 

3081
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:06,800
one of the people making those 
sentences possible fast forward 

3082
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:08,900
five weeks in. 
You've now developed a nervous 

3083
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:11,400
habit of checking your own 
behavior, for anything that 

3084
02:45:11,400 --> 02:45:12,900
might be construed as 
suspicious. 

3085
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:16,200
Do you react appropriately when 
the accusers have their fits? 

3086
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:18,000
Are you asking the wrong 
questions? 

3087
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:20,800
Have you engaged in any 
questionable conversations? 

3088
02:45:20,800 --> 02:45:23,400
Celebs paranoia is beginning to 
consume. 

3089
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:26,400
You a realization nearly as 
terrifying as the trials 

3090
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:29,100
themselves. 
Today's case involves a man 

3091
02:45:29,100 --> 02:45:32,400
named John Proctor and his 
situation perfectly illustrates 

3092
02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:34,900
The Impossible logic that's 
taking over your community. 

3093
02:45:35,700 --> 02:45:38,100
Proctor made the mistake of 
publicly criticizing the 

3094
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:41,700
accusers, calling them frauds 
and suggesting that they should 

3095
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:45,400
be whipped for their lives. 
His wife, Elizabeth has already 

3096
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:49,000
been accused and arrested now. 
John himself is in the dock and 

3097
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:50,800
the accusers. 
Acclaim, he's been tormenting 

3098
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:53,400
them for months. 
The evidence against Proctor is 

3099
02:45:53,408 --> 02:45:57,600
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

3100
02:45:57,600 --> 02:45:58,900
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

3101
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:01,900
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

3102
02:46:01,908 --> 02:46:04,300
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

3103
02:46:04,300 --> 02:46:07,000
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

3104
02:46:07,800 --> 02:46:10,800
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

3105
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:13,800
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

3106
02:46:13,800 --> 02:46:17,900
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem untroubled by 

3107
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:21,400
this logical inconsistency, but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

3108
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:24,900
What's worse is watching, how 
Proctors attempts to defend 

3109
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:27,500
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his Guild? 

3110
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:30,700
When he points out the 
contradictions in the accuser's 

3111
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,500
testimony, he's accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

3112
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:36,200
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocent, 

3113
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:39,900
he's accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows anger

3114
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:43,400
at the Injustice of the 
preceding, his anger is cited as

3115
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:47,000
evidence of his evil nature. 
It's like watching someone try 

3116
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,700
to prove their not wet while 
being pushed deeper underwater. 

3117
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:52,300
Accusers. 
Have refined their performance 

3118
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:54,900
to an art form. 
They've learned exactly how to 

3119
02:46:54,900 --> 02:46:57,000
time their Outburst for maximum 
effect. 

3120
02:46:57,000 --> 02:46:59,700
How to coordinate their 
Reflections to support. 

3121
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:03,100
Each other's claims and how to 
direct their accusations toward 

3122
02:47:03,100 --> 02:47:06,800
the most vulnerable targets. 
Today, they're putting on a 

3123
02:47:06,800 --> 02:47:10,100
particularly elaborate show 
claiming to see Proctor, Specter

3124
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:12,900
right there in the courtroom, 
mimicking, their movements, and 

3125
02:47:12,908 --> 02:47:16,100
mocking their pain. 
You find yourself studying the 

3126
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:19,100
faces of the other jurors trying
to read their thoughts. 

3127
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:23,300
Some seem genuinely convinced by
what they're seeing others. 

3128
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:26,900
Look troubled, but stay silent. 
A few appear to be going through

3129
02:47:26,900 --> 02:47:29,800
the motions saying what they 
think they're supposed to say 

3130
02:47:29,800 --> 02:47:31,700
while keeping their real 
thoughts hidden. 

3131
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,400
The atmosphere of fear and 
suspicion has made honest 

3132
02:47:35,400 --> 02:47:38,000
communication. 
Almost impossible, the judges 

3133
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:40,600
continue to treat spectral 
evidence as if it were as 

3134
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,800
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.
They ask details. 

3135
02:47:43,800 --> 02:47:46,600
Questions about the appearance 
and behavior of, specters that 

3136
02:47:46,600 --> 02:47:50,000
only the accusers can see 
recording their answers as if 

3137
02:47:50,000 --> 02:47:51,900
they were documenting 
observable, facts. 

3138
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:54,400
You keep wanting to ask the 
obvious question. 

3139
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:57,900
If the devil can create false 
Spectators to deceive people, 

3140
02:47:57,900 --> 02:47:59,900
how do we know these Visions are
real? 

3141
02:48:00,900 --> 02:48:03,600
But asking that question would 
be tantamount to confessing your

3142
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:07,100
own lack of faith. 
During a particularly intense 

3143
02:48:07,100 --> 02:48:10,100
moment of testimony, one of the 
accusers suddenly points 

3144
02:48:10,100 --> 02:48:13,700
directly at you and screams that
she can see your Specter 

3145
02:48:13,700 --> 02:48:17,600
whispering to the accused the 
courtroom Falls silent and you 

3146
02:48:17,608 --> 02:48:20,700
feel every eye in the room 
focusing on you, your heart 

3147
02:48:20,700 --> 02:48:23,100
pounds so hard your Shore, 
everyone can hear it. 

3148
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:27,000
For terrifying moment, you 
realize you could be next that 

3149
02:48:27,000 --> 02:48:29,700
your position as a juror 
provides, no protection against 

3150
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,200
the Machinery of accusation, the
judge quickly, intervenes 

3151
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:36,500
suggesting that the accuser must
be mistaken that the devil is 

3152
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:39,100
trying to confuse her by 
creating false visions. 

3153
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:41,900
But the moment has shaken you to
your core. 

3154
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,900
If you a member of the jury can 
be accused, then literally No 

3155
02:48:45,900 --> 02:48:48,300
One Is Safe. 
The realization that you're 

3156
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:51,400
sitting in Judgment of others 
while being potentially one 

3157
02:48:51,400 --> 02:48:54,700
accusation away from the doc 
yourself is almost too much to 

3158
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:57,500
bear. 
The worst part is that you're 

3159
02:48:57,500 --> 02:48:59,700
starting to understand why some 
people confess to Witchcraft 

3160
02:48:59,700 --> 02:49:03,900
even when they're in a sentient.
Pressure is so intense, the 

3161
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,100
logic so twisted and the 
alternative. 

3162
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:09,300
So terrible that false 
confession, begins to seem like 

3163
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:12,400
the only rational choice. 
If maintaining your innocence 

3164
02:49:12,400 --> 02:49:16,100
means facing death while 
confessing means survival, what 

3165
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:19,000
would you choose? 
The question haunts you because 

3166
02:49:19,000 --> 02:49:21,700
you don't know the answer. 
You Glimpse Elisabeth in the 

3167
02:49:21,700 --> 02:49:24,200
gallery as they lead Procter 
away to await his verdict. 

3168
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:27,400
She is pregnant, which is 
temporarily saved her from 

3169
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:30,300
execution, but you can see the 
desperation in her eyes. 

3170
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:33,900
Her husband is probably going to
die for the crime of speaking, 

3171
02:49:33,900 --> 02:49:36,900
truth to power and there's 
nothing she can do to save him. 

3172
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:40,800
You're part of the system that's
destroying this family and that 

3173
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:43,900
knowledge sits in your stomach, 
like a stone two months, into 

3174
02:49:43,900 --> 02:49:46,100
your service, you've stopped 
counting the number of people 

3175
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,300
you've helped condemned the 
exact number feels less 

3176
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:52,000
important than the weight of 
their Collective presence, which

3177
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,100
seems to follow you everywhere. 
You see their faces, when you 

3178
02:49:55,108 --> 02:49:58,200
close your eyes, hear their 
final words, when the house is 

3179
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:01,300
quiet, feel their absence in the
spaces. 

3180
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:05,300
They used to occupy around town.
Today brings a particularly 

3181
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:08,600
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 
woman. 

3182
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,500
So universally respected that 
her accusation has sent 

3183
02:50:11,508 --> 02:50:15,500
shockwaves through the 
community. 71 years old, deeply 

3184
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:18,600
religious and known for her 
charitable works and gentle 

3185
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:21,200
nature. 
If Rebecca nurse can be a witch,

3186
02:50:21,200 --> 02:50:25,600
the logic goes then anyone can 
be The accusation has Force 

3187
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:28,100
Salem to confront the 
possibility that evil can hide 

3188
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:31,400
behind the most innocent faces, 
which somehow make everyone 

3189
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:34,600
seemed more dangerous. 
The accusers seem to understand 

3190
02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:37,500
the significance of this case 
and they're pulling out all the 

3191
02:50:37,508 --> 02:50:39,800
stops. 
Their performance is a more 

3192
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:42,100
dramatic than usual. 
Their claims more outrageous. 

3193
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:45,400
They're saying Rebecca's Specter
has been tormenting them for 

3194
02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:48,500
months, appearing in their 
bedrooms at night, pinching 

3195
02:50:48,500 --> 02:50:51,700
them, trying to force them to 
sign the devil's book. 

3196
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:55,400
Watching this frail elderly 
woman being accused of such 

3197
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:58,200
energetic, Supernatural, 
terrorism would be almost 

3198
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:01,000
comical if the consequences 
weren't so deadly serious. 

3199
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:04,700
What's particularly disturbing 
is how the community has split 

3200
02:51:04,700 --> 02:51:07,400
over Rebecca's case her family 
and close friends. 

3201
02:51:07,400 --> 02:51:10,100
Maintained her innocence 
passionately While others seemed

3202
02:51:10,100 --> 02:51:12,400
relieved to finally have an 
explanation for various 

3203
02:51:12,400 --> 02:51:16,300
misfortunes, they've attributed 
to Supernatural causes Old 

3204
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:19,200
grudges and property disputes 
are being reframed as evidence 

3205
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:22,500
of malevolent witchcraft. 
You're watching Salem's social 

3206
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:26,500
fabric tear itself, apart one 
accusation at a time the 

3207
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:28,700
evidence against Rebecca is the 
same spectral. 

3208
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:31,500
Testimony you've been hearing 
for weeks but her case 

3209
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:33,700
highlights. 
The fundamental absurdity of the

3210
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:36,800
entire system. 
If this woman who has spent her 

3211
02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:40,100
entire life, serving God and 
helping others can be credibly 

3212
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:43,300
accused of serving Satan, then 
the accusations have become 

3213
02:51:43,300 --> 02:51:47,700
meaningless, either the accusers
lying or the entire concept of 

3214
02:51:47,700 --> 02:51:49,800
judging people by their 
character and actions is 

3215
02:51:49,800 --> 02:51:52,600
worthless. 
During deliberation, you find 

3216
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:55,600
yourself in the uncomfortable 
position of being one of the few

3217
02:51:55,600 --> 02:51:58,800
jurors who seems troubled by the
case, the other seem convinced 

3218
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:00,500
that the accusers wouldn't lie 
about something. 

3219
02:52:00,500 --> 02:52:04,200
So serious, that the consistency
of their testimony proves its 

3220
02:52:04,200 --> 02:52:07,500
truth and that Rebecca's vary 
respectability, might be a 

3221
02:52:07,500 --> 02:52:09,100
cunning disguise for her evil 
nature. 

3222
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:12,400
The logic is so Twisted that it 
makes your head spin, 

3223
02:52:12,400 --> 02:52:15,000
questioning it to openly would 
be dangerous. 

3224
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:17,900
You're also dealing with the 
personal cost of your jury 

3225
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:20,000
service. 
Your family is suffering from 

3226
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,200
your constant stress and 
distraction your wife looks at 

3227
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:26,200
you with increasing concern. 
Your children seem afraid of 

3228
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:29,300
your dark moods, and your work 
is suffering from your inability

3229
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:32,000
to concentrate. 
The Witch Trials aren't just 

3230
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:34,500
destroying the accused. 
They're taking a toll on 

3231
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:36,000
everyone involved in the 
process. 

3232
02:52:36,700 --> 02:52:39,300
The worst part is that you're 
beginning to see how the trials 

3233
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:42,800
have become, self-perpetuating 
each conviction validates, the 

3234
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:46,800
accusers credibility, making the
next accusation more likely to 

3235
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:50,300
be believed each execution. 
Demonstrates the community's 

3236
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,400
commitment to fighting Satan, 
making it harder to admit. 

3237
02:52:53,400 --> 02:52:56,700
That mistakes might have been 
made the system has gained a 

3238
02:52:56,700 --> 02:52:59,200
momentum of its own. 
You're not sure anyone has the 

3239
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:02,700
power to stop it anymore. 
When the jury finally reaches 

3240
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,900
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 
you feel something inside you 

3241
02:53:05,900 --> 02:53:09,300
break, you've just helped 
condemn a woman whose only crime

3242
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,300
was being vulnerable to 
accusation in a community that 

3243
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:15,800
has lost its moral compass. 
The weight of that decision will

3244
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:17,900
stay with you for the rest of 
your life and you know, it 

3245
02:53:17,908 --> 02:53:21,100
you've crossed a line that can 
never be uncrossed and 

3246
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:24,000
participated in an injustice 
that can never be undone. 

3247
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:27,200
As you watch Rebecca, receive 
her sentence. 

3248
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:30,100
You see something in her eyes 
that will haunt you forever. 

3249
02:53:30,100 --> 02:53:35,600
Not anger, or fear but pity She 
gazes at you and the other 

3250
02:53:35,600 --> 02:53:38,700
jurors with the same compassion,
she might show to Lost Children 

3251
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:40,800
and you realize she knows 
something. 

3252
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:45,300
You're just starting to grasp 
The Witch Trials, haven't just 

3253
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:47,600
claimed innocent victims. 
They've corrupted. 

3254
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:51,000
Everyone involved in them. 
You came into this believing. 

3255
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:53,900
You were serving Justice that 
you've become complicit in its 

3256
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:56,800
opposite. 
Walking home through the Salem 

3257
02:53:56,800 --> 02:54:00,100
streets, you notice how empty 
they've become people. 

3258
02:54:00,100 --> 02:54:02,300
Harry passed each other without 
making eye contact. 

3259
02:54:02,300 --> 02:54:05,400
Afraid that any interaction 
might be misinterpreted. 

3260
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:08,300
Any conversation might provide 
ammunition for future 

3261
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:11,300
accusations. 
The community that once held you

3262
02:54:11,300 --> 02:54:13,400
together has dissolved into a 
collection of frightened 

3263
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:15,800
individuals. 
Each trying to avoid becoming 

3264
02:54:15,800 --> 02:54:18,800
the next Target and you've 
helped create this atmosphere of

3265
02:54:18,800 --> 02:54:22,800
Terror one verdict at a time. 
Three months of passed since you

3266
02:54:22,800 --> 02:54:25,400
first, took your seat in the 
jury box and sell them. 

3267
02:54:25,400 --> 02:54:27,400
Barely resembles the town you 
want new. 

3268
02:54:28,200 --> 02:54:31,300
Witch Trials have transformed 
into a mechanism that consumes 

3269
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:35,300
individuals relationships and 
Sanity with equal efficiency. 

3270
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:39,000
You've lost count of how many 
verdicts you've delivered, but 

3271
02:54:39,000 --> 02:54:40,800
your body keeps score in 
Sleepless. 

3272
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:44,500
Nights stress induced headaches 
and a persistent knot in your 

3273
02:54:44,500 --> 02:54:46,300
stomach that never seems to lose
him. 

3274
02:54:47,700 --> 02:54:50,100
The most recent case, concerns 
Mary easty. 

3275
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:54,100
Sister of Rebecca nurse. 
Who circumstances encapsulate? 

3276
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:55,800
All the negative aspects of the 
trials? 

3277
02:54:56,700 --> 02:54:58,800
Mary has maintained her 
innocence throughout the 

3278
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:02,200
proceedings which is also done 
something that shows remarkable 

3279
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:04,700
courage and wisdom. 
She's written a petition to the 

3280
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:08,000
court, not asking for her life, 
but pleading for the trials, to 

3281
02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:12,100
be conducted more carefully to 
prevent future and justices a 

3282
02:55:12,100 --> 02:55:14,200
petition Hans you because it's 
so reasonable. 

3283
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:18,500
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

3284
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:21,100
witchcraft exists, but 
questions, whether the current 

3285
02:55:21,100 --> 02:55:22,800
methods of detecting it are 
reliable. 

3286
02:55:22,800 --> 02:55:25,700
She points out the 
inconsistencies in spectral 

3287
02:55:25,700 --> 02:55:29,600
evidence, the dangers of massive
stereo and the possibility that 

3288
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:31,200
innocent people are dying for 
crimes. 

3289
02:55:31,200 --> 02:55:33,800
They didn't commit. 
It's everything you've been 

3290
02:55:33,800 --> 02:55:37,600
thinking, but haven't dared to 
say aloud reading her petition. 

3291
02:55:37,600 --> 02:55:40,400
You realize you've been 
witnessing the destruction of 

3292
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:41,800
everything. 
You want to believed about, 

3293
02:55:41,808 --> 02:55:46,700
Justice, community and Truth. 
The trials have not shielded 

3294
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:50,300
Salem from Evil instead. 
They finally a distinct form of 

3295
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:52,400
evil. 
One, that divides neighbors and 

3296
02:55:52,400 --> 02:55:56,100
uses accusations as a weapon of 
mass Devastation, the very 

3297
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:57,700
people who are supposed to be 
fighting. 

3298
02:55:57,700 --> 02:56:01,100
Satan have become instruments of
a different kind of Darkness. 

3299
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:03,700
You're not the only one who is 
beginning to see the truth. 

3300
02:56:04,500 --> 02:56:07,200
Some of the other jurors are 
showing signs of Doubt though. 

3301
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:08,600
They're careful. 
Not to express it. 

3302
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:11,900
Openly, there are whispered 
conversations about the growing 

3303
02:56:11,900 --> 02:56:15,300
implausibility of the 
accusations, quiet concerns 

3304
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:18,700
about the accuser's motivations 
and troubled questions about the

3305
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:20,600
reliability of spectral 
evidence. 

3306
02:56:21,300 --> 02:56:24,200
But by now you're all so deep in
the system that backing out 

3307
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:27,000
seems impossible. 
The social cost of changing 

3308
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:30,100
course, would be enormous 
admitting the trials are wrong. 

3309
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:33,000
Would mean acknowledging, that 
innocent people have died that 

3310
02:56:33,000 --> 02:56:36,100
the community has been deceived 
and that everyone involved in 

3311
02:56:36,100 --> 02:56:38,400
the proceedings has been 
complicit in a massive 

3312
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:40,800
Injustice. 
It's easier to keep moving 

3313
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:43,800
forward to maintain the fiction 
that what you're doing is 

3314
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:46,800
necessary and right. 
And confront the alternative. 

3315
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:50,100
But Mary East is petition has 
forced you to confront that 

3316
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:54,000
alternative, she's going to die.
You can see it in the judges 

3317
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:57,500
faces here in the accusers 
testimony and feel it in the 

3318
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,400
courtrooms atmosphere. 
But she's using her final 

3319
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:02,400
moments to try to prevent others
from suffering. 

3320
02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:06,100
The same fate, her courage makes
your complicity feel even more 

3321
02:57:06,100 --> 02:57:09,300
shameful. 
As you deliberate Marys case 

3322
02:57:09,300 --> 02:57:12,600
your struck by the realization 
that you've become part of a 

3323
02:57:12,600 --> 02:57:16,900
system that values can form a 
over truth, fear over Justice, 

3324
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:21,100
an accusation over evidence. 
You came into this believing, 

3325
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:23,200
you were serving, God in 
community. 

3326
02:57:23,900 --> 02:57:26,600
But you've instead served the 
darker, impulses of human 

3327
02:57:26,600 --> 02:57:30,600
nature, the desire to blame 
others for our problems to find 

3328
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:34,300
simple explanations for complex 
issues, and to maintain social 

3329
02:57:34,300 --> 02:57:36,700
order through fear rather than 
Justice. 

3330
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:40,100
The verdict in Mary's cases, 
predetermined, just like all the

3331
02:57:40,100 --> 02:57:44,200
others, the jury's role has 
become purely ceremonial a way 

3332
02:57:44,200 --> 02:57:47,200
of legitimizing decisions that 
have already been made by judges

3333
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:50,400
who believe in the accusers 
infallibility and the reality of

3334
02:57:50,400 --> 02:57:53,300
spectral evidence. 
You're not engaging in a 

3335
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:57,100
deliberative process instead 
your merely validating A system 

3336
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:59,600
that has completely disconnected
from actual Justice. 

3337
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:04,000
When Mary Easter is finally 
executed something in Salem's 

3338
02:58:04,000 --> 02:58:05,500
Collective, Consciousness seems 
to shift. 

3339
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:09,700
Her dignity and death, her 
reasoned petition, and the 

3340
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:12,600
growing employers, ability of 
the accusations begin to create 

3341
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:15,700
cracks in the certainty that has
driven the trials. 

3342
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:19,000
People start asking questions, 
they should have asked months 

3343
02:58:19,000 --> 02:58:22,000
ago noticing and consistence is 
they should have seen from the 

3344
02:58:22,008 --> 02:58:24,000
beginning. 
However, you come to this 

3345
02:58:24,000 --> 02:58:26,800
realization too late. 
You've already been part of 

3346
02:58:26,800 --> 02:58:30,300
condemning at least 20 people to
death and no amount of later was

3347
02:58:30,300 --> 02:58:33,000
dumb can undo. 
That fact, you'll spend the rest

3348
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:35,800
of your life knowing that when 
your community lost its mind, 

3349
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:39,900
you went along with the madness.
When Justice needed Defenders, 

3350
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:41,700
you were too frightened to speak
up. 

3351
02:58:41,700 --> 02:58:45,600
When innocent people needed your
courage, you chose your safety 

3352
02:58:45,600 --> 02:58:49,600
Instead, The Witch Trials will 
eventually end discredited and 

3353
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,200
abandoned by the same people who
want supported them 

3354
02:58:52,200 --> 02:58:55,400
enthusiastically. 
The accusers will recant or be 

3355
02:58:55,408 --> 02:58:58,500
forgotten, the judges will 
quietly distance themselves from

3356
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:01,400
the proceedings and the 
community will try to move on as

3357
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:04,600
if nothing happened. 
But for you, there will be no 

3358
02:59:04,600 --> 02:59:07,100
moving on. 
You'll carry the weight of those

3359
02:59:07,100 --> 02:59:10,600
verdicts forever. 
A reminder of how easily people 

3360
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:12,800
can become complicit in 
extraordinary. 

3361
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:14,800
Evil. 
Years later. 

3362
02:59:14,800 --> 02:59:18,500
When historians study the Salem,
Witch Trials, they'll focus on 

3363
02:59:18,500 --> 02:59:21,300
the accusers, the judges and the
victims. 

3364
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:24,400
But, you know, the real story 
includes people like you 

3365
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:27,500
ordinary citizens, who were 
swept up in events beyond their 

3366
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,100
control and forced to make 
impossible choices. 

3367
02:59:30,100 --> 02:59:33,900
You were just trying to do your 
civic duty to serve your 

3368
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:37,700
community and uphold Justice. 
Instead, you found yourself 

3369
02:59:37,700 --> 02:59:40,600
embroiled in one of the most 
tumultuous periods in American 

3370
02:59:40,600 --> 02:59:43,700
history, serving as a stark 
reminder, that. 

3371
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:46,100
Good intentions can lead to dire
consequences. 

3372
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:50,200
The trials taught you, that 
courage isn't just about facing 

3373
02:59:50,200 --> 02:59:52,600
physical danger. 
It's about standing up for 

3374
02:59:52,600 --> 02:59:54,200
truth. 
When everyone around you is 

3375
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:57,600
abandoned, it justice isn't just
about following procedures. 

3376
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:00,400
It's about questioning those 
procedures when they produce 

3377
03:00:00,400 --> 03:00:03,500
unjust results. 
Community is about protecting 

3378
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:07,300
the vulnerable, even when it's 
inconvenient or dangerous, you 

3379
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:10,200
fail those tests and Salem 
failed them too. 

3380
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:13,900
The witch trials, succeeded in 
their stated goal of rooting out

3381
03:00:13,908 --> 03:00:16,100
evil. 
But the evil they found was in 

3382
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:18,700
the hearts of the accusers and 
the complicity of people like 

3383
03:00:18,700 --> 03:00:20,600
you. 
That's a lesson worth 

3384
03:00:20,600 --> 03:00:23,700
remembering even if it's one you
learn too late to do any good. 

3385
03:00:29,200 --> 03:00:32,900
Now imagine yourself sitting in 
your favorite armchair in 1939 

3386
03:00:32,900 --> 03:00:36,700
perhaps with a lukewarm cup of 
tea on the side table as the 

3387
03:00:36,700 --> 03:00:39,700
world prepares to undergo 
unprecedented transformation. 

3388
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,200
That the people who are about to
change, it had no idea. 

3389
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:45,600
They were writing the most 
expensive recipe ever. 

3390
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,400
The recipe required, 
approximately 130,000 

3391
03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:53,600
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

3392
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:57,300
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

3393
03:00:57,300 --> 03:01:00,900
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

3394
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:03,600
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

3395
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:05,900
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

3396
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:10,100
That's roughly what Leo silard 
felt when he heard that German 

3397
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:12,800
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

3398
03:01:13,600 --> 03:01:16,300
Salad was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

3399
03:01:16,300 --> 03:01:18,500
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

3400
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:21,700
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

3401
03:01:21,700 --> 03:01:25,300
The amusing thing about salad is
that he was the kind of guy who 

3402
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:28,000
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

3403
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:30,400
immediately realize it might be 
dangerous and try to keep it 

3404
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:33,200
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

3405
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:37,000
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

3406
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:39,700
around New York, likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

3407
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:42,600
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

3408
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,600
would listen that America needed
to outpace Germany in the atomic

3409
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:48,100
race. 
But you can't just walk into the

3410
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:51,300
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

3411
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:54,700
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

3412
03:01:54,700 --> 03:01:57,700
quickly. 
So hard did, what any reasonable

3413
03:01:57,700 --> 03:02:00,400
person would do, he got, 
Einstein to write a letter. 

3414
03:02:01,200 --> 03:02:04,900
Apparently even in 1939 name 
recognition held significant 

3415
03:02:04,900 --> 03:02:08,100
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

3416
03:02:08,100 --> 03:02:09,900
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

3417
03:02:09,900 --> 03:02:12,700
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

3418
03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:17,100
He later recognized the irony 
given that he was a pacifist who

3419
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:19,200
had previously expressed a 
preference for being a light, 

3420
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:23,200
housekeeper, over a physicist. 
Rosevelt got the letter in 

3421
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:26,700
October 1939, right around the 
time, he was dealing with a 

3422
03:02:26,700 --> 03:02:28,500
doesn't other world ending 
problems. 

3423
03:02:28,500 --> 03:02:32,400
You have to admire the man's 
ability to prioritize most of 

3424
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:34,500
us, get overwhelmed choosing 
what to watch on streaming 

3425
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:38,400
services, but FDL was juggling 
potential, nuclear weapons, a 

3426
03:02:38,400 --> 03:02:41,500
World War and probably wondering
if his morning coffee was strong

3427
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,600
enough for any of this. 
The initial response was about 

3428
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:47,500
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 
from a government bureaucracy, 

3429
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:51,500
they formed a committee, nothing
conveys, the urgency of a world,

3430
03:02:51,500 --> 03:02:54,200
changing scientific breakthrough
more effectively than the 

3431
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:57,200
formation of a committee, the 
Iranian committee as they 

3432
03:02:57,208 --> 03:02:59,900
called, it met a few times, 
allocated. 

3433
03:02:59,900 --> 03:03:03,200
A wapping 6,000 dollars for 
research, and probably spent 

3434
03:03:03,200 --> 03:03:05,900
more on coffee than uranium. 
It was the governmental 

3435
03:03:05,900 --> 03:03:08,100
equivalent of putting a Band-Aid
on a volcano. 

3436
03:03:09,100 --> 03:03:12,000
But here's where the story gets 
intriguing, and that uniquely 

3437
03:03:12,000 --> 03:03:14,600
American Way. 
While the committee was busy 

3438
03:03:14,600 --> 03:03:16,900
being committed like Pearl, 
Harbor happened. 

3439
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:21,000
Suddenly the abstract concept of
maybe we should look into this 

3440
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:23,500
Atomic thing. 
Became we need this Atomic thing

3441
03:03:23,500 --> 03:03:26,400
yesterday and will build it 
bigger than anyone has ever 

3442
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:30,200
built anything. 
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 

3443
03:03:30,200 --> 03:03:31,300
man who had just finished 
building. 

3444
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:34,200
The Pentagon was probably 
looking forward to a comfortable

3445
03:03:34,200 --> 03:03:37,500
quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

3446
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:40,500
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

3447
03:03:40,500 --> 03:03:43,700
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

3448
03:03:43,700 --> 03:03:46,200
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

3449
03:03:46,900 --> 03:03:49,800
Groves was the kind of military 
mine who could look at an 

3450
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:52,600
impossible task in immediately. 
Start figuring out how to make 

3451
03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:56,200
it slightly less impossible, 
once bed sheet at a time. 

3452
03:03:56,900 --> 03:03:59,600
Beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

3453
03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:02,800
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

3454
03:04:02,800 --> 03:04:05,200
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

3455
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:07,700
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

3456
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:11,200
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

3457
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:13,900
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

3458
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,300
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

3459
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:20,700
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

3460
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:22,500
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

3461
03:04:22,500 --> 03:04:25,700
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

3462
03:04:25,700 --> 03:04:29,300
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

3463
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:31,100
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong. 

3464
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:33,500
It was more like trying to hurt 
cats. 

3465
03:04:33,500 --> 03:04:36,300
If the cats were Nobel Prize 
winners with strong opinions 

3466
03:04:36,300 --> 03:04:39,900
about quantum mechanics, and an 
alarming tendency to argue about

3467
03:04:39,900 --> 03:04:42,400
theoretical physics at 
inappropriate volume's. 

3468
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,600
General Groves bless his 
practical heart approached, this

3469
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:48,600
challenge the way, any good 
military man. 

3470
03:04:48,600 --> 03:04:53,500
Would he made lists lots of 
lists of science list of 

3471
03:04:53,508 --> 03:04:56,800
locations list of things they 
need and probably a list of 

3472
03:04:56,808 --> 03:04:59,600
reasons why this was either the 
best or worst assignment of his 

3473
03:04:59,600 --> 03:05:02,700
career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

3474
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:05,300
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people 

3475
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:08,000
except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

3476
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:11,400
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested, 

3477
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,200
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 
to leave the scientific effort. 

3478
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:17,200
Now, Oppenheimer was an 
interesting choice. 

3479
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:20,200
He was brilliant. 
Absolutely, but he was also the 

3480
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:23,900
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 
of cocktail parties and had a 

3481
03:05:23,900 --> 03:05:26,400
habit of making everyone around 
him feel slightly undereducated.

3482
03:05:26,400 --> 03:05:30,700
He was like that friend who can 
discuss wine literature and 

3483
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:34,400
nuclear physics with equal 
fluency except instead of being 

3484
03:05:34,400 --> 03:05:37,300
annoying at dinner parties. 
He was about to become the most 

3485
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:41,200
famous scientists in America. 
What made oppenheim a perfect 

3486
03:05:41,200 --> 03:05:42,800
for the job. 
Wasn't just his scientific 

3487
03:05:42,800 --> 03:05:45,200
credentials though. 
Those were impressive enough. 

3488
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:48,700
It was his ability to translate 
between the language of pure 

3489
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:51,300
science and the language of we 
need results. 

3490
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:54,700
Now please, you could talk to a 
theoretical physicist about 

3491
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:58,000
quantum mechanics in the morning
and explain to a general why 

3492
03:05:58,000 --> 03:05:59,400
they needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

3493
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:03,100
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

3494
03:06:03,100 --> 03:06:05,600
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

3495
03:06:05,600 --> 03:06:09,100
rather than terrifying. 
He can't run a massive 

3496
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:11,400
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

3497
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:15,200
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

3498
03:06:15,200 --> 03:06:18,800
space. 
They needed Secrets space really

3499
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:21,800
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

3500
03:06:21,808 --> 03:06:24,600
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

3501
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:29,000
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

3502
03:06:29,000 --> 03:06:30,700
location. 
So remote that it made the 

3503
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:32,800
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

3504
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:36,500
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

3505
03:06:36,500 --> 03:06:40,400
be perfect, Sight was isolated 
enough that any accidental 

3506
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:43,800
explosions would mostly just 
bother the local Wildlife but 

3507
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,200
accessible enough that they 
could actually transport 

3508
03:06:46,200 --> 03:06:48,700
equipment and people without 
requiring pack mules. 

3509
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:52,500
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

3510
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:56,300
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

3511
03:06:56,300 --> 03:06:58,800
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

3512
03:06:59,600 --> 03:07:02,300
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

3513
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:05,800
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

3514
03:07:05,800 --> 03:07:08,800
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

3515
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,700
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

3516
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:15,800
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

3517
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:17,900
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

3518
03:07:17,900 --> 03:07:21,200
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

3519
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:24,400
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

3520
03:07:24,400 --> 03:07:27,100
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

3521
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:31,400
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

3522
03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:34,500
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

3523
03:07:34,500 --> 03:07:36,900
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

3524
03:07:36,908 --> 03:07:40,500
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

3525
03:07:40,500 --> 03:07:43,100
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

3526
03:07:43,100 --> 03:07:46,400
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

3527
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:49,500
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

3528
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:51,800
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

3529
03:07:51,800 --> 03:07:54,700
actually tell anyone about The 
Tennessee Valley Authority 

3530
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:57,000
suddenly found itself. 
Powering what looked like the 

3531
03:07:57,000 --> 03:08:01,200
industrial equivalent of a small
Alien Invasion and they just had

3532
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:04,600
to trust that someone somewhere 
knew what they were doing. 

3533
03:08:05,900 --> 03:08:08,400
The security measures were so 
elaborate, they boarded on 

3534
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:11,000
Comedy workers at Oak? 
Ridge were told they were 

3535
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:14,100
helping with the war effort but 
most had no idea what they were 

3536
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:16,800
actually producing. 
Some thought they were making 

3537
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:20,100
Industrial Equipment, others 
assumed it was some kind of 

3538
03:08:20,108 --> 03:08:23,100
superfuel. 
The few probably suspected. 

3539
03:08:23,100 --> 03:08:25,200
They were involved in something 
important but the 

3540
03:08:25,200 --> 03:08:27,300
compartmentalization was so 
thorough. 

3541
03:08:27,300 --> 03:08:30,600
You could work on the Manhattan 
Project for three years and 

3542
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:33,000
still have only the vaguest idea
what you'd actually 

3543
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:35,800
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

3544
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:39,000
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

3545
03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:41,900
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

3546
03:08:41,900 --> 03:08:45,600
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

3547
03:08:45,600 --> 03:08:48,800
in temporary housing in the 
middle of the desert working on 

3548
03:08:48,800 --> 03:08:51,600
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

3549
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:54,200
everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults. 

3550
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:57,900
If summer, camp involved, 
nuclear physics and the fate of 

3551
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:00,000
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

3552
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:02,700
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

3553
03:09:02,700 --> 03:09:04,400
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

3554
03:09:04,400 --> 03:09:07,700
Your dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

3555
03:09:07,700 --> 03:09:09,500
things so small, you can't see 
them. 

3556
03:09:09,500 --> 03:09:12,900
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

3557
03:09:12,900 --> 03:09:16,400
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like to 

3558
03:09:16,400 --> 03:09:18,800
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

3559
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,500
your entire neighborhood. 
If only you could figure out how

3560
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:24,800
to Convince them to cooperate. 
The basic concept of nuclear 

3561
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:26,100
fishing. 
Sounds almost simple. 

3562
03:09:26,100 --> 03:09:29,600
When you say it quickly, you 
take a uranium atom, he split 

3563
03:09:29,600 --> 03:09:33,200
it, and it releases energy, but 
saying that is like, saying 

3564
03:09:33,200 --> 03:09:35,800
baking a cake when you're 
actually trying to construct a 

3565
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:38,600
12 tier wedding cake. 
While blindfolded using 

3566
03:09:38,600 --> 03:09:41,600
ingredients, you've never seen 
before and following a recipe 

3567
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:43,700
written in a language that was 
just invented yesterday. 

3568
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:47,900
The first challenge was getting 
the right kind of uranium 

3569
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:52,600
natural, uranium is mostly 
uranium 238, which is about as 

3570
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:54,800
useful for making bombs as a 
chocolate teapot. 

3571
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:59,700
What they needed was uranium 
235, which makes up less than 1%

3572
03:09:59,700 --> 03:10:02,700
of natural uranium. 
It's like needing to separate 

3573
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:06,300
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 

3574
03:10:06,300 --> 03:10:09,200
M&M's are invisible. 
They're trying to kill you and 

3575
03:10:09,200 --> 03:10:11,500
you can only tell them apart 
using methods that haven't been 

3576
03:10:11,500 --> 03:10:15,000
invented yet. 
The scientists at Oak Ridge 

3577
03:10:15,000 --> 03:10:16,300
approached. 
This problem with the kind of 

3578
03:10:16,308 --> 03:10:19,000
methodical determination that 
only comes from having 

3579
03:10:19,000 --> 03:10:22,200
absolutely no choice. 
They tried several different 

3580
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,700
separation methods, including 
one that involved, giant Electro

3581
03:10:25,700 --> 03:10:28,900
magnets called calutron. 
These machines were enormous and

3582
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:32,300
consumed so much electricity 
that they basically turn the 

3583
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:35,700
separation of uranium ice tubes 
into an industrial process. 

3584
03:10:35,700 --> 03:10:38,900
That could be seen from space of
satellites had existed. 

3585
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:42,500
Then, however, uranium was not 
the soul option of available 

3586
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:45,000
nuclear. 
Reactors could create plutonium 

3587
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:49,600
an element absent in nature. 
Plutonium was like, uranium's 

3588
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:53,400
more complicated cousin, 
potentially more powerful but 

3589
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:56,000
also more difficult to work with
and with a personality that 

3590
03:10:56,000 --> 03:10:58,400
could charitably be described as
temperamental. 

3591
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:02,400
Creating plutonium required 
building nuclear reactors, which

3592
03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:04,400
brought its own special set of 
challenges. 

3593
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:07,800
The first reactor was built 
under the football stadium at 

3594
03:11:07,800 --> 03:11:10,000
the University of Chicago 
because apparently someone 

3595
03:11:10,000 --> 03:11:13,200
thought that the best place to 
test Humanity's first controlled

3596
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:16,300
nuclear chain reaction was 
directly underneath a major 

3597
03:11:16,300 --> 03:11:19,200
American city. 
The physicists in charge of this

3598
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:21,800
experiment. 
In Rico Fermi was reportedly 

3599
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:24,400
betting on whether the reaction 
would stop when they wanted it 

3600
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:27,300
to which shows how well they 
understood what they were doing.

3601
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:29,700
Fermi. 
Incidentally, the kind of 

3602
03:11:29,708 --> 03:11:32,700
scientist who could calculate 
complex physics problems in his 

3603
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:35,000
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

3604
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:37,500
calculators. 
He was also famous for his 

3605
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:39,300
ability to estimate almost 
anything. 

3606
03:11:39,300 --> 03:11:42,000
Give him a few minutes and some 
basic information. 

3607
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:44,600
And he could tell you 
approximately how many piano 

3608
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:48,000
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 
much energy would be released by

3609
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:51,900
various theoretical nuclear 
explosions. this skilled turned 

3610
03:11:51,900 --> 03:11:54,800
out to be surprisingly useful 
when dealing with weapons that 

3611
03:11:54,800 --> 03:11:58,400
released more energy than anyone
had ever handled before, The 

3612
03:11:58,400 --> 03:12:01,500
Chicago reactor worked. 
Thankfully without accidentally 

3613
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:05,000
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

3614
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:07,500
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

3615
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:11,400
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

3616
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:14,500
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

3617
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:17,500
artificially created elements 
and to something measured in 

3618
03:12:17,500 --> 03:12:20,000
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

3619
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:23,600
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

3620
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:25,900
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

3621
03:12:25,908 --> 03:12:29,200
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

3622
03:12:29,200 --> 03:12:31,800
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

3623
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:35,500
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

3624
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:38,800
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

3625
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:41,300
lighting, a candle and 
conducting a symphony, orchestra

3626
03:12:41,300 --> 03:12:45,400
made entirely of fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

3627
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,800
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium into another 

3628
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,800
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its 

3629
03:12:51,800 --> 03:12:55,000
Simplicity, like Nuclear Physics
designed by someone who really 

3630
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:58,600
understood hammers, but this 
method only worked with uranium 

3631
03:12:58,600 --> 03:13:02,200
235 and they didn't have enough 
for more than one bomb. 

3632
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:06,300
The plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

3633
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:10,200
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

3634
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:13,100
conventional explosive and 
detonating them all at. 

3635
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:16,400
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

3636
03:13:16,400 --> 03:13:20,000
it reached critical mass. 
Chiefing this required such 

3637
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:22,900
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

3638
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:26,700
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

3639
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:29,800
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

3640
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:33,800
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

3641
03:13:33,800 --> 03:13:36,700
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

3642
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:39,600
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

3643
03:13:39,600 --> 03:13:44,200
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

3644
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:46,700
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

3645
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:48,300
science project for over two 
years. 

3646
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:52,400
Despite possessing, numerous 
theories calculations and 

3647
03:13:52,400 --> 03:13:55,400
mathematical equations, they 
remained uncertain. 

3648
03:13:55,400 --> 03:13:58,800
If any of them would truly 
function, it's akin to 

3649
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:02,200
dedicating three years to the 
construction of a car, only to 

3650
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:04,900
discover that you've never 
actually attempted to operate 

3651
03:14:04,900 --> 03:14:07,900
the key. 
The gun type uranium bomb was 

3652
03:14:07,900 --> 03:14:10,700
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

3653
03:14:10,700 --> 03:14:13,600
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

3654
03:14:13,600 --> 03:14:16,700
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

3655
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,900
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

3656
03:14:20,700 --> 03:14:24,100
However, the plutonium implosion
bomb presented a distinct 

3657
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:26,300
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

3658
03:14:26,300 --> 03:14:29,500
temperamental that betting the 
war on it without a test would 

3659
03:14:29,500 --> 03:14:32,200
have been like performing brain 
surgery based on a cookbook in 

3660
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:35,100
yourself. 
So they decided to conduct a 

3661
03:14:35,100 --> 03:14:38,300
test which presented its own 
unique set of challenges. 

3662
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:41,900
What would be the most suitable 
location to test in nuclear 

3663
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:44,100
weapon? 
You cannot simply head to the 

3664
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:46,800
nearby firing range and hope for
a favorable outcome. 

3665
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:49,100
You need somewhere remote 
enough. 

3666
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:51,700
That if something goes 
spectacularly wrong he won't 

3667
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:54,000
accidentally eliminate half of 
civilization. 

3668
03:14:54,000 --> 03:14:56,300
Before you've had a chance to 
use your weapon on the enemy. 

3669
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:00,700
They chose a site in the New 
Mexico desert about 200 miles 

3670
03:15:00,700 --> 03:15:02,300
south of Los Alamos called 
Trinity. 

3671
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:06,500
The name was oppenheimer's 
Choice inspired by a John Donne 

3672
03:15:06,500 --> 03:15:08,900
poem because apparently even 
when you're about to test 

3673
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:11,600
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,
you still have time for 

3674
03:15:11,600 --> 03:15:15,900
literature. 
The site was flat empty and Far 

3675
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:18,800
Enough from major population 
centers that any unexpected 

3676
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:21,800
consequences would mostly affect
lizards and Tumble weeds. 

3677
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:25,400
Preparing for the test was like 
planning the world's most 

3678
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,400
dangerous camping trip. 
They had to transport an 

3679
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:31,500
incredibly delicate and 
expensive nuclear device across 

3680
03:15:31,500 --> 03:15:34,300
desert roads that were barely 
suitable for regular 

3681
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,100
automobiles. 
Then assemble it in a temporary 

3682
03:15:37,100 --> 03:15:40,100
laboratory that had been built 
in the middle of nowhere. 

3683
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:44,200
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 
the gadget with the kind of 

3684
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:47,000
casual understatement that 
suggested, they were discussing 

3685
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:49,700
a new kitchen. 
Appliance rather than a weapon 

3686
03:15:49,700 --> 03:15:52,700
that could level a city. 
The scientists and military 

3687
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,200
personnel involved in the tests,
were dealing with unprecedented 

3688
03:15:55,200 --> 03:15:58,300
questions. 
How far away did you need to be 

3689
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:00,200
to observe a nuclear explosion 
safely. 

3690
03:16:00,200 --> 03:16:04,000
Nobody knew because nobody had 
ever observed a nuclear 

3691
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:06,800
explosion before. 
They made their best guesses 

3692
03:16:06,800 --> 03:16:09,600
based on calculations and hope 
they weren't catastrophically 

3693
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:11,900
wrong. 
Some of the scientists brought 

3694
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:15,600
suntan lotion as if protecting 
against nuclear radiation, was 

3695
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:17,200
similar to preventing a mild 
sunburn. 

3696
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:20,800
The test was scheduled for the 
early morning hours of July, 

3697
03:16:20,800 --> 03:16:25,900
16th, 1945, partly for security 
reasons, and partly, because 

3698
03:16:25,900 --> 03:16:28,600
someone thought it would be 
easier to see the explosion 

3699
03:16:28,600 --> 03:16:32,900
against the pre-dawn sky. 
As the countdown approached, the

3700
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:35,500
level of tension at the site was
probably measurable with 

3701
03:16:35,500 --> 03:16:38,600
scientific instruments. 
These were people who had spent 

3702
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,600
years of their lives working 
toward this moment and they were

3703
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,200
about to find out if they'd 
created a revolutionary weapon 

3704
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:47,800
or the world's most expensive 
firework Oppenheimer. 

3705
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:50,400
In the other key scientists 
gathered at control bunker about

3706
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:53,200
six miles from Ground Zero, 
which seemed like a safe 

3707
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:56,300
distance Until you realize that 
nobody actually knew what 

3708
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:59,500
constituted a safe distance from
Humanity's first nuclear 

3709
03:16:59,500 --> 03:17:02,800
explosion, they laid down on the
ground facing away from the 

3710
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:06,000
blast site with instructions to 
look only after the initial 

3711
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:08,400
Flash and passed. 
There was like being told to 

3712
03:17:08,400 --> 03:17:12,000
watch the world's most important
Sunrise through your eyelids at 

3713
03:17:12,000 --> 03:17:15,900
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 
with a force equivalent to about

3714
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:20,300
21,000 tons of TNT. 
For a brief moment, the 

3715
03:17:20,300 --> 03:17:23,100
explosion created temperatures 
comparable to the surface of the

3716
03:17:23,108 --> 03:17:25,600
Sun and light brighter than the 
summit itself. 

3717
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:30,700
The Flash was visible from over 
160 miles away, and the sound of

3718
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:33,200
the explosion Was Heard nearly 
100 miles distant. 

3719
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:37,700
Several observers reported that 
for a few seconds, it was as if 

3720
03:17:37,700 --> 03:17:41,100
there were two sons in the sky, 
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over

3721
03:17:41,100 --> 03:17:44,500
40,000 feet and the heat from 
the explosion turned. 

3722
03:17:44,500 --> 03:17:47,200
The desert sand into a greenish 
glass that they later called 

3723
03:17:47,200 --> 03:17:49,500
trinitite. 
Steel tower. 

3724
03:17:49,500 --> 03:17:52,400
That held the bomb vaporized 
along with everything else 

3725
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:56,300
within a substantial radius of 
ground zero in the space of a 

3726
03:17:56,300 --> 03:17:58,100
few seconds. 
The theoretical had become 

3727
03:17:58,100 --> 03:18:02,000
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 
later said that as he watched 

3728
03:18:02,000 --> 03:18:05,000
the explosion a line from the 
pagadi came to mind. 

3729
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:09,100
Now, I am become death destroyer
of worlds. 

3730
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,200
There was the kind of literary 
reference that seemed almost 

3731
03:18:12,200 --> 03:18:15,700
absurdly intellectual given the 
circumstances but it captured 

3732
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:17,500
the magnitude of what they had 
just witnessed. 

3733
03:18:17,500 --> 03:18:21,200
They had successfully created a 
weapon that could destroy entire

3734
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:24,700
cities in an instance. 
Best was a complete success 

3735
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:28,200
which meant that the Manhattan 
Project had achieved its primary

3736
03:18:28,200 --> 03:18:31,000
goal, they had beaten Germany to
the atomic bomb. 

3737
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:34,200
Of course, by this point Germany
had already surrendered. 

3738
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:37,500
So the original motivation for 
the project was moot. 

3739
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:40,900
But there was still Japan to 
consider and the war in the 

3740
03:18:40,908 --> 03:18:45,100
Pacific was far from over. 
As the mushroom cloud dissipated

3741
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:48,400
over the New Mexico desert, the 
scientists and military 

3742
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:51,400
personnel at Trinity began 
grappling with the implications 

3743
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:54,000
of what they had. 
Just accomplished, they had 

3744
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:55,900
unlocked a portal that would 
never reopen. 

3745
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:58,400
Now, comes the part of the 
story, where things get 

3746
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:00,800
complicated in ways that make 
quantum physics look 

3747
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:03,400
straightforward. 
You have this incredibly 

3748
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:07,600
powerful weapon that works 
exactly as advertised a war that

3749
03:19:07,608 --> 03:19:11,100
still raging in the Pacific and 
a bunch of very smart people. 

3750
03:19:11,100 --> 03:19:14,200
Suddenly realizing that creating
the thing was actually the easy 

3751
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:16,700
part. 
The real challenge lay in 

3752
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:20,300
deciding what to do with it. 
President Truman who had 

3753
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:22,700
inherited both the president's 
he and the Manhattan Project 

3754
03:19:22,700 --> 03:19:25,700
from Roosevelt found himself in 
the position of having to make 

3755
03:19:25,700 --> 03:19:29,500
decisions about weapons. 
He barely understood Imagine 

3756
03:19:29,500 --> 03:19:32,600
being given the keys to a weapon
that could destroy cities and 

3757
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:36,400
being told to learn how to use 
it in a few weeks Truman, was a 

3758
03:19:36,400 --> 03:19:38,800
practical man who preferred 
straightforward problems with 

3759
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:41,300
straightforward Solutions, but 
there was nothing 

3760
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:45,000
straightforward about Atomic, 
weapons military estimates for 

3761
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:48,500
the invasion of Japan were 
extremely sobering operation 

3762
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:51,700
downfall as it was known that 
the potential to cause over a 

3763
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:55,300
million American casualties and 
several million Japanese deaths.

3764
03:19:55,300 --> 03:19:59,000
These were not abstract numbers 
on a strategic planning document

3765
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:03,200
a represented real people 
families and entire communities.

3766
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,200
The alternative was using Atomic
weapons against Japanese cities,

3767
03:20:07,200 --> 03:20:10,800
which would also kill enormous 
numbers of civilians but might 

3768
03:20:10,800 --> 03:20:13,200
end the war quickly enough to 
prevent an even larger 

3769
03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:16,000
catastrophe. 
It's the kind of decision that 

3770
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:19,000
would keep anyone awake at 
night, the kind of moral 

3771
03:20:19,000 --> 03:20:21,000
calculation that has no clearly,
right? 

3772
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:23,300
Answer. 
Do you chose the option that 

3773
03:20:23,300 --> 03:20:26,600
kills fewer people overall, but 
involves using weapons of 

3774
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:29,900
unprecedented destructive power.
Or do you choose the 

3775
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:32,900
conventional Invasion? 
That might ultimately cost more 

3776
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:35,800
lives but doesn't cost the 
threshold in nuclear warfare. 

3777
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:40,400
Some of the scientists involved 
in the Manhattan Project was 

3778
03:20:40,400 --> 03:20:43,200
seriously reconsidering their 
involvement in its creation? 

3779
03:20:44,200 --> 03:20:47,500
Leo silard, who had started the 
whole thing with his worries 

3780
03:20:47,500 --> 03:20:50,600
about German Atomic research. 
Now, found himself trying to 

3781
03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:54,200
stop the use of the weapons. 
He had helped create he and 

3782
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:55,800
several other scientists 
petitioned. 

3783
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:58,700
Truman to demonstrate the bomb's
power without using it against 

3784
03:20:58,700 --> 03:21:01,800
populated areas. 
By detonating it over an 

3785
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:05,200
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could witness its 

3786
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:08,300
destructive potential. 
But military planners argued 

3787
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:11,000
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

3788
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:14,100
Japanese surrender. 
Especially if the bombed to 

3789
03:21:14,100 --> 03:21:17,100
detonate properly. 
They had exactly two. 

3790
03:21:17,100 --> 03:21:21,400
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

3791
03:21:21,400 --> 03:21:25,200
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

3792
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,300
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

3793
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:31,700
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to file 

3794
03:21:31,700 --> 03:21:33,100
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

3795
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:37,100
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

3796
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,500
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

3797
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:42,800
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

3798
03:21:42,800 --> 03:21:45,600
exposure weren't well, 
understood the political 

3799
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:48,300
implications of introducing 
nuclear weapons to Warfare, 

3800
03:21:48,300 --> 03:21:51,800
hadn't been fully considered 
They were making decisions about

3801
03:21:51,800 --> 03:21:55,500
the future of human conflict 
with incomplete information and 

3802
03:21:55,500 --> 03:21:59,400
under enormous time pressure, 
Japanese resistance was fierce 

3803
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,200
and showed no signs of 
diminishing, the battle of 

3804
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,000
Okinawa had demonstrated, the 
terrible cost of invading 

3805
03:22:05,000 --> 03:22:08,500
fortified Japanese positions and
intelligence suggested that the 

3806
03:22:08,500 --> 03:22:11,500
Japanese were preparing to 
defend their home islands with 

3807
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:15,100
even greater determination, 
Kamikaze attacks were increasing

3808
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:18,200
and frequency and intensity. 
From a purely military 

3809
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:21,500
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

3810
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,800
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

3811
03:22:24,800 --> 03:22:27,600
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

3812
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:30,800
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argued that Japan was 

3813
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:33,500
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

3814
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:37,000
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

3815
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:39,900
against Japan. 
Other suggested that the primary

3816
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:43,300
motivation for using the bombs 
was not to defeat Japan but to 

3817
03:22:43,308 --> 03:22:46,800
demonstrate American nuclear 
capability to the Soviet Union. 

3818
03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:51,600
Thereby initiating the Cold War.
Target selection process was 

3819
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:55,200
grimly, methodically military 
planners wanted cities that were

3820
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:58,300
militarily, significant but had 
not been heavily damaged by 

3821
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:01,500
conventional bombing so that the
effects of the atomic weapon 

3822
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:03,200
could be clearly observed and 
documented. 

3823
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:06,900
They also wanted targets that 
would have maximum psychological

3824
03:23:06,900 --> 03:23:10,800
impact on Japanese leadership. 
The final Target list included. 

3825
03:23:10,800 --> 03:23:16,100
Hiroshima, kakura Nagata and 
Nagasaki Kyoto was initially on 

3826
03:23:16,100 --> 03:23:18,200
the list as well. 
But Secretary of War, Henry 

3827
03:23:18,208 --> 03:23:21,500
Stimson, reportedly removed it 
from consideration because he 

3828
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:24,300
had visited the city and 
appreciated, its cultural and 

3829
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:27,400
historical significance. 
It's one of those small human 

3830
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:31,200
moments that had enormous 
consequences, a single person's 

3831
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:34,400
aesthetic, sensibility 
potentially saving a city and 

3832
03:23:34,400 --> 03:23:37,000
its hundreds of thousands of 
inhabitants from nuclear 

3833
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:40,200
destruction. 
As the decision deadline 

3834
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:43,700
approached Truman was receiving 
advice from multiple directions,

3835
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:47,600
much of it contradictory 
military commanders wanted to 

3836
03:23:47,600 --> 03:23:49,500
use the weapons to save American
lives. 

3837
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:52,800
There was a divide among signs 
between those seeking to 

3838
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:55,700
demonstrate the bombs power and 
those advocating for its 

3839
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:59,900
decisive use. political advisors
were thinking about post-war 

3840
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:03,400
relationships with both Japan 
and the Soviet Union in the end 

3841
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,200
Truman, made the decision that 
he believed would end the war, 

3842
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:10,200
most quickly, and save the most 
lives overall whether he was 

3843
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:13,100
right or wrong as a question 
that historians and ethicist 

3844
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:17,400
continued to debate today, But 
in the summer of 1945, with 

3845
03:24:17,400 --> 03:24:21,000
incomplete information and 
enormous pressure, he chose to 

3846
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:23,600
authorize the use of atomic 
weapons, against Japan. 

3847
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:26,600
It was a decision that would 
define, not just the end of 

3848
03:24:26,600 --> 03:24:29,500
World War Two, but the beginning
of the nuclear age on the 

3849
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:35,100
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 

3850
03:24:35,100 --> 03:24:38,300
bomber named after the Pilot's 
mother took off from Tiny and 

3851
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,500
Ireland, carrying little boy, 
the uranium bomb that had never 

3852
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,400
been tested, but was expected to
work based on theoretical 

3853
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:46,900
calculations. 
It's important to take a moment 

3854
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:49,100
to appreciate the surreal nature
of this moment. 

3855
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:52,300
They were piloting. 
An untested nuclear weapon over 

3856
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,600
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 
three years of theoretical 

3857
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:58,600
physics, and Engineering to 
perform precisely as intended at

3858
03:24:58,600 --> 03:25:01,000
The crucial moment. 
Colonel Paul. 

3859
03:25:01,000 --> 03:25:04,100
Tibbets the pilot. 
Probably had the strangest job 

3860
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:05,800
description in military history 
that morning. 

3861
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:09,500
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

3862
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:12,800
destroy an entire city and his 
routing included flying over 

3863
03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:16,100
enemy territory while carrying 
the most expensive and dangerous

3864
03:25:16,100 --> 03:25:20,100
Cargo in human history. 
Crew had been told, they were 

3865
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:23,000
carrying a very powerful bomb, 
but most didn't know they were 

3866
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:25,200
about to witness the first use 
of nuclear weapons. 

3867
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:29,500
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 
as the primary target partly 

3868
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:32,200
because it was an important 
military Center and partly 

3869
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:34,900
because it had been largely 
spared from conventional bombing

3870
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:38,100
making it ideal for observing 
the effects of atomic weapons. 

3871
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:42,900
The city had about 350,000. 
People going about their morning

3872
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:46,400
routines unaware that they were 
about to witness a historic 

3873
03:25:46,400 --> 03:25:49,700
moment. 
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 

3874
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:53,400
Little boy, detonated about 
1,900 feet above the city 

3875
03:25:53,400 --> 03:25:56,900
center, the explosion created a 
fireball with temperatures 

3876
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:58,700
exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun, 

3877
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:01,500
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually everything 

3878
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:04,700
within a 1-mile radius The 
mushroom cloud. 

3879
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:08,700
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

3880
03:26:08,700 --> 03:26:11,800
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

3881
03:26:11,800 --> 03:26:14,400
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

3882
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,600
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

3883
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:21,500
building, simply vanished. 
People who are close to the 

3884
03:26:21,500 --> 03:26:24,500
hyper Center of vaporized. 
So quickly, that their Shadows 

3885
03:26:24,500 --> 03:26:27,700
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces, the intense 

3886
03:26:27,700 --> 03:26:31,400
heat, the crushing force of the 
Shockwave or the collapse of 

3887
03:26:31,400 --> 03:26:35,900
buildings killed, others Tens of
thousands died immediately and 

3888
03:26:35,900 --> 03:26:37,800
tens of thousands. 
More would die in the following 

3889
03:26:37,800 --> 03:26:40,900
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injures. 

3890
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:45,100
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima was destruction, was 

3891
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:48,800
received with a mixture of 
relief satisfaction and growing 

3892
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,000
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

3893
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:54,800
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

3894
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:58,100
United States had developed the 
new and revolutionary increase 

3895
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:02,300
in destruction and warning, 
Japan to surrender or face A 

3896
03:27:02,300 --> 03:27:05,500
Reign of Ruin from the air, the 
like of which has never been 

3897
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:08,700
seen on this Earth for Japan did
not immediately surrender. 

3898
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:11,500
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

3899
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:13,800
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

3900
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:17,200
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

3901
03:27:17,200 --> 03:27:20,600
tinian caring fat, man, the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

3902
03:27:20,608 --> 03:27:25,400
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura a

3903
03:27:25,400 --> 03:27:28,200
cloud cover forced the crew to 
divert to their secondary Target

3904
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:32,900
Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

3905
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:37,300
significant military industry. 
Home to about 240,000, people 

3906
03:27:37,300 --> 03:27:42,000
fat, man, detonated at 11:02 
a.m. on August 9th, creating 

3907
03:27:42,000 --> 03:27:44,900
another mushroom cloud, and 
another zone of complete 

3908
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:48,200
devastation, The bomb was 
actually more powerful than 

3909
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:51,000
little boy, but the hilly 
terrain of Nagasaki limited. 

3910
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:53,600
The destruction somewhat 
compared to the flat geography 

3911
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:56,500
of Hiroshima. 
The two atomic bombings killed 

3912
03:27:56,500 --> 03:27:59,900
over 200,000 people. 
Most of them civilians and 

3913
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:02,800
demonstrated that the United 
States possessed weapons of 

3914
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:06,200
unprecedented destructive power.
More importantly, from a 

3915
03:28:06,208 --> 03:28:09,100
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

3916
03:28:09,100 --> 03:28:11,300
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

3917
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:15,000
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

3918
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:18,500
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

3919
03:28:18,500 --> 03:28:20,700
changed. 
Emperor. 

3920
03:28:20,700 --> 03:28:24,400
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

3921
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:29,000
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

3922
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:32,200
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

3923
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,600
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

3924
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:38,200
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

3925
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:41,800
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

3926
03:28:41,800 --> 03:28:44,200
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

3927
03:28:44,200 --> 03:28:48,100
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer the 

3928
03:28:48,100 --> 03:28:49,500
haunted by what they had helped 
create. 

3929
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:52,800
Others are argued that the bombs
had actually saved lives by 

3930
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:56,100
ending the war quickly and 
preventing a costly invasion of 

3931
03:28:56,108 --> 03:28:58,800
Japan. 
Whether the atomic bombings were

3932
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:02,100
necessary or Justified remains a
topic of debate, but it is 

3933
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:05,300
undeniable that they represented
a significant shift in human 

3934
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:08,600
history. 
The Manhattan Project had 

3935
03:29:08,600 --> 03:29:11,500
succeeded in its primary 
objective, it had created 

3936
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:15,200
weapons powerful enough to end 
World War Two, but it also 

3937
03:29:15,200 --> 03:29:18,600
created something else a world 
where the complete destruction 

3938
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,800
of civilization was now 
theoretically possible, whether 

3939
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:24,100
the stakes of international 
conflict, have been raised 

3940
03:29:24,100 --> 03:29:26,000
beyond anything previously 
imaginable. 

3941
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:30,800
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki receded, the 

3942
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,400
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

3943
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,600
work, came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

3944
03:29:37,600 --> 03:29:40,000
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

3945
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:42,800
challenge of nuclear weapons 
that they had also created 

3946
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:46,400
political ethical and strategic 
challenges that would define 

3947
03:29:46,400 --> 03:29:48,800
international relations for 
generations to come. 

3948
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:52,700
The atomic age had arrived and 
there was no going back when the

3949
03:29:52,700 --> 03:29:55,100
celebration parade ended and the
newspaper. 

3950
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:57,500
Stopped running headlines about 
the miracle weapons, that had 

3951
03:29:57,500 --> 03:30:00,900
ended the war, the people who 
had created those weapons found 

3952
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:04,300
themselves dealing with the 
peculiar kind of Hangover, it 

3953
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:06,800
wasn't the sort you get from too
much champagne at a victory 

3954
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:09,700
party at the kind that comes 
from realizing you've 

3955
03:30:09,700 --> 03:30:13,300
fundamentally changed the world 
and aren't entirely sure. 

3956
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:17,800
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, the Manhattan Project

3957
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:21,200
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

3958
03:30:21,200 --> 03:30:23,900
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

3959
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:25,800
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

3960
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:29,600
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

3961
03:30:29,600 --> 03:30:32,500
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

3962
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:34,900
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

3963
03:30:34,900 --> 03:30:38,600
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency that they 

3964
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:40,400
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

3965
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:42,800
That were much more complicated 
than myth is. 

3966
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:46,700
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

3967
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:49,900
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

3968
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:54,000
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

3969
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:56,900
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

3970
03:30:56,900 --> 03:31:00,000
scientists in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

3971
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,600
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

3972
03:31:03,600 --> 03:31:06,400
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

3973
03:31:06,400 --> 03:31:08,900
nervous. 
Challenging to be a national 

3974
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:10,500
icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

3975
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:12,800
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

3976
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:15,500
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

3977
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:18,500
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

3978
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:21,000
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

3979
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:22,600
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

3980
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:26,300
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

3981
03:31:26,300 --> 03:31:29,800
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

3982
03:31:29,800 --> 03:31:32,200
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

3983
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:36,200
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

3984
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:38,100
the weapons. 
They had helped create were two 

3985
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:39,900
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

3986
03:31:41,000 --> 03:31:43,700
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

3987
03:31:43,700 --> 03:31:45,600
about war and international 
relations. 

3988
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:49,000
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

3989
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:52,000
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

3990
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:54,700
Destruction for everyone 
involved. it was like 

3991
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:56,900
discovering that winning an 
argument could result in both, 

3992
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,500
participants being struck by 
lightning, The traditional logic

3993
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,200
of warfare where you could 
defeat your enemies without 

3994
03:32:03,200 --> 03:32:06,000
destroying yourself. 
No longer applied when nuclear 

3995
03:32:06,000 --> 03:32:09,400
weapons were involved. 
The Soviet Union which had been 

3996
03:32:09,408 --> 03:32:12,800
America's Ally during the war 
immediately began working on its

3997
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:16,600
own nuclear weapons program. 
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 

3998
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:18,600
of leader who was comfortable 
with other countries having 

3999
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:21,000
weapons. 
He didn't possess specially 

4000
03:32:21,000 --> 03:32:22,900
weapons. 
That could level entire cities, 

4001
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:26,600
the race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

4002
03:32:26,608 --> 03:32:28,200
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

4003
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:31,800
A decade's long stand-off 
between superpowers armed with 

4004
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:34,300
enough nuclear weapons to 
destroy each other. 

4005
03:32:34,300 --> 03:32:37,700
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

4006
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,200
Project. 
Watch the mixture of resignation

4007
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:44,400
and horror. 
Many thought that nuclear 

4008
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:48,100
weapons would be so obviously 
bad that no sane leader would 

4009
03:32:48,100 --> 03:32:51,300
want to make more. 
Instead, they discovered that 

4010
03:32:51,300 --> 03:32:53,900
human nature was more 
complicated than nuclear physics

4011
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:56,800
and that the existence of 
nuclear weapons seem to make 

4012
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:59,700
other countries want nuclear 
weapons even more desperately. 

4013
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:04,200
Nuclear testing became a regular
occurrence with both the United 

4014
03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:07,800
States and the Soviet Union 
detonating increasingly powerful

4015
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:10,300
weapons in remote locations 
around the world. 

4016
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:15,100
Hydrogen bomb developed in the 
early 1950s made the weapons 

4017
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,400
used against Japan. 
Looks small by comparison. 

4018
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:20,600
It was comparable to the 
difference between a firecracker

4019
03:33:20,600 --> 03:33:24,400
and a volcano with both having 
the potential to destroy human 

4020
03:33:24,400 --> 03:33:28,300
civilization if misused The 
legacy of the Manhattan Project 

4021
03:33:28,300 --> 03:33:32,100
extended far beyond military 
applications nuclear power. 

4022
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,500
Plants began generating 
electricity nuclear medicine, 

4023
03:33:35,500 --> 03:33:39,200
revolutionized cancer treatment 
and radioactive isotopes became 

4024
03:33:39,200 --> 03:33:41,100
essential tools for scientific 
research. 

4025
03:33:42,000 --> 03:33:44,400
The same knowledge that had 
created the most destructive 

4026
03:33:44,400 --> 03:33:47,200
weapons in history. 
Also led to innovations that 

4027
03:33:47,200 --> 03:33:50,100
saved lives and advanced human 
understanding of the natural 

4028
03:33:50,100 --> 03:33:52,700
world. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

4029
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:56,100
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 
was the way it changed, how we 

4030
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:58,700
think about the relationship 
between science and Society. 

4031
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:03,600
Before 1945, most people viewed 
scientific research as 

4032
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:06,800
inherently beneficial a pure 
pursuit of knowledge that 

4033
03:34:06,800 --> 03:34:08,800
inevitably led to human 
progress. 

4034
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:13,100
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 
became clear that scientific 

4035
03:34:13,100 --> 03:34:15,100
knowledge. 
Could be used for purposes that 

4036
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:17,900
were anything but beneficial and
that scientists had 

4037
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,600
responsibilities that extended 
beyond their Laboratories 

4038
03:34:21,800 --> 03:34:25,000
Manhattan Project demonstrated 
that given enough resources, 

4039
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:28,900
brilliant people and sufficient 
motivation humans can solve 

4040
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,900
almost any technical problem. 
But it also showed that solving 

4041
03:34:32,900 --> 03:34:35,000
technical problems was often 
easier than dealing with the 

4042
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:38,900
consequences of those Solutions.
The scientists had successfully 

4043
03:34:38,900 --> 03:34:42,200
built nuclear weapons, but they 
had also built a world where the

4044
03:34:42,208 --> 03:34:45,700
continued existence of human 
civilization depended on the 

4045
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:49,400
wisdom and Restraint of 
political leaders. as you settle

4046
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:52,500
in for sleep tonight it's worth 
remembering that the story of 

4047
03:34:52,508 --> 03:34:55,800
the Manhattan Project is 
ultimately a story about human 

4048
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:59,100
beings trying to solve an 
unprecedented problem under 

4049
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:02,400
enormous pressure making 
decisions with incomplete 

4050
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,200
information and dealing with 
consequences, they couldn't 

4051
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:09,800
fully anticipate The scientists 
engineers and military 

4052
03:35:09,800 --> 03:35:12,100
personnel. 
Involved were not fundamentally 

4053
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,300
different from people today. 
They were just people trying to 

4054
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:19,200
do their jobs in extraordinary. 
Circumstances, the atomic age 

4055
03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:23,600
that began in the New Mexico. 
Desert in 1945 is still with us 

4056
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:28,100
today and probably always will 
be the knowledge of how to split

4057
03:35:28,100 --> 03:35:30,100
atoms and release a enormous 
amounts of energy. 

4058
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:33,500
Cannot be uninvented, and the 
weapons created during the 

4059
03:35:33,500 --> 03:35:36,200
Manhattan Project of shape 
international relations, for 

4060
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:40,000
over 70 years, but perhaps 
that's not entirely a bad thing.

4061
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:43,700
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

4062
03:35:43,700 --> 03:35:46,000
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

4063
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:49,400
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

4064
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:52,500
destruction Is not the most 
comforting foundation for 

4065
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:55,400
international stability, but it 
has worked so far. 

4066
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:03,100
Picture this, you wake up on a 
sweltering, July Morning. 

4067
03:36:03,100 --> 03:36:05,400
And your first instinct is to 
reach for that blessed 

4068
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:07,700
thermostat. 
But imagine just for a moment 

4069
03:36:07,708 --> 03:36:11,000
that there's no thermostat to 
reach for no, gentle hum of 

4070
03:36:11,008 --> 03:36:14,400
central are no window unit 
rattling away, like a mechanical

4071
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,100
cricket. 
Welcome to the world, your great

4072
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,200
grandparents knew intimately a 
world where summer meant 

4073
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:23,000
something entirely different 
than it does for you today. 

4074
03:36:24,500 --> 03:36:28,600
Before 1902, when a young 
engineer named Willis, carrier 

4075
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:31,300
first figured out how to control
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.

4076
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,400
Plant humans had been dealing 
with heat, the same way for 

4077
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:38,200
thousands of years, they got 
creative they got resourceful 

4078
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:39,800
and honestly they got pretty 
good at it. 

4079
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:42,900
You might think they were just 
sweating it out in misery. 

4080
03:36:42,900 --> 03:36:45,900
You'd be surprised at how 
ingenious people became when 

4081
03:36:45,900 --> 03:36:48,800
Comfort depended on cleverness, 
rather than electricity bills. 

4082
03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:52,600
Your ancestors didn't just 
endure the heat they developed 

4083
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:55,600
an entire culture around it. 
They understood their 

4084
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:58,500
environment in ways, we've 
forgotten reading the subtle 

4085
03:36:58,500 --> 03:37:01,500
signs of where the changes 
knowing, exactly which Windows 

4086
03:37:01,500 --> 03:37:04,600
to open at what time of day and 
timing, their daily activities 

4087
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,500
around the sun's path across the
sky, like choreographers of 

4088
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:09,600
comfort. 
Think about your own 

4089
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:12,800
relationship with heat for a 
moment when it's 85 degrees 

4090
03:37:12,800 --> 03:37:16,900
outside, you probably consider 
that uncomfortably warm your 

4091
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:19,000
great-grandmother would have 
called that a pleasant day and 

4092
03:37:19,000 --> 03:37:20,900
maybe even worn a light sweater 
in the morning. 

4093
03:37:21,800 --> 03:37:24,400
The human body's tolerance for 
temperature was remarkably 

4094
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:27,300
different when it was regularly 
exposed to Natural variations 

4095
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:30,500
much like how your eyes adjust 
to darkness when you're not 

4096
03:37:30,508 --> 03:37:32,700
constantly staring at bright 
screens. 

4097
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:36,400
The pre-air conditioning World 
operated on rhythms, that seem 

4098
03:37:36,400 --> 03:37:39,900
almost mystical to us now. 
People rose with the Sun, not 

4099
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:43,000
because they were more virtuous 
but because the coolest part of 

4100
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:44,800
the day was pressure and not to 
be wasted. 

4101
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:48,800
They took after noon naps, not 
out of laziness, but because 

4102
03:37:48,800 --> 03:37:51,500
even the most ambitious person 
recognized that fighting the 

4103
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:55,300
peak heat was often futile, 
evening activities began later 

4104
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,900
and lasted longer creating 
social patterns that persisted 

4105
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:01,800
well into the night when the are
finally offered some relief. 

4106
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,500
Community's were shaped by heat 
in ways that went far beyond 

4107
03:38:05,500 --> 03:38:07,500
personal comfort. 
Cities. 

4108
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,700
Look different, you'll discover 
more about this soon but the 

4109
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:13,800
social fabric was different too.
Neighbor's knew each other 

4110
03:38:13,800 --> 03:38:16,800
better partly, because everyone 
spent more time outside on, 

4111
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:19,600
porches and Stoops seeking 
whatever Breeze might be 

4112
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:22,500
available, The evening 
constitutional wasn't just 

4113
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:26,000
exercise. 
It was social networking, new 

4114
03:38:26,000 --> 03:38:29,000
sharing and communal heat 
management all rolled into one 

4115
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:31,800
Pleasant tradition. 
You've probably noticed how 

4116
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:34,300
quite your neighborhood gets 
whenever on Retreats indoors to 

4117
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:38,000
their climate controlled, 
environments in the preac era. 

4118
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:41,500
Neighborhoods came alive during 
the cooler hours, children 

4119
03:38:41,500 --> 03:38:44,600
played in the streets until well
past dark adults lingered on 

4120
03:38:44,608 --> 03:38:46,200
front. 
Porches, with glasses of sweet 

4121
03:38:46,200 --> 03:38:49,500
tea or lemonade and the 
boundaries between private and 

4122
03:38:49,500 --> 03:38:53,100
public space blurred in the most
wonderful ways, food culture, 

4123
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:55,700
clothing, choices, 
architectural, decisions, work, 

4124
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:58,400
scheduled social, Gatherings, 
and even romance. 

4125
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:01,600
Everything was influenced by the
simple fact that when it got 

4126
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:04,400
hot, you had to deal with it 
using nothing but human 

4127
03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:08,700
Ingenuity and natural resources,
your ancestors became masters of

4128
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:11,400
reading air, currents, 
understanding thermal dynamics, 

4129
03:39:11,400 --> 03:39:13,700
and working with nature rather 
than against it. 

4130
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:17,600
This isn't a story about how 
tough people used to be over. 

4131
03:39:17,600 --> 03:39:20,500
They certainly were resourceful.
It's about how different life 

4132
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,600
was when humans lived in closer,
harmony with the natural cycles,

4133
03:39:23,600 --> 03:39:26,300
when Comfort was something you 
actively created rather than 

4134
03:39:26,300 --> 03:39:29,700
passively consumed. 
It's about communities that 

4135
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:33,300
formed around shared challenges 
and clever solutions that often 

4136
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:35,400
worked better than our modern 
Brute Force. 

4137
03:39:35,400 --> 03:39:39,000
Approach of Simply cranking up 
the AC and hoping the electric 

4138
03:39:39,000 --> 03:39:42,900
grid holds as you settle in for 
this journey through the pre-air

4139
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:45,800
conditioning World, you'll 
discover that our ancestors 

4140
03:39:45,800 --> 03:39:48,500
weren't just surviving the heat,
they were thriving in it, 

4141
03:39:48,500 --> 03:39:51,800
creating Beauty and comfort, and
community in ways that might 

4142
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:55,700
surprise you and maybe even 
inspire you So let's step back 

4143
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:58,600
in time together. 
Well, moisture when staying cool

4144
03:39:58,600 --> 03:40:01,500
was an art form and summer, 
evenings were something people 

4145
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,600
actually look forward to your 
ancestors were essentially 

4146
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:06,900
climate engineers and they 
didn't even know it. 

4147
03:40:07,700 --> 03:40:10,600
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

4148
03:40:10,600 --> 03:40:13,400
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

4149
03:40:13,400 --> 03:40:15,600
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

4150
03:40:15,600 --> 03:40:18,600
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

4151
03:40:18,600 --> 03:40:21,600
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

4152
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:24,100
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

4153
03:40:24,100 --> 03:40:26,900
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

4154
03:40:26,900 --> 03:40:28,800
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

4155
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:32,100
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

4156
03:40:32,100 --> 03:40:35,700
They were thermal buffers owns 
creating shade that kept the 

4157
03:40:35,700 --> 03:40:38,800
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

4158
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:41,500
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

4159
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:43,800
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

4160
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:46,400
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

4161
03:40:46,400 --> 03:40:47,900
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

4162
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:52,100
Consider the lofty feelings of 
old houses, which may seem 

4163
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:54,600
intimidating to those 
accustomed, to Modern 8-foot 

4164
03:40:54,600 --> 03:40:57,200
rooms, your great-grandparents 
built those high seas things 

4165
03:40:57,200 --> 03:41:00,300
because hot air rises and they 
wanted it to rise as far away 

4166
03:41:00,300 --> 03:41:03,200
from them as possible. 
Those ceiling fans you see in 

4167
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:06,000
historic homes weren't working 
against the natural convection. 

4168
03:41:06,000 --> 03:41:08,600
They were amplifying it. 
Creating air movement that made 

4169
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:11,100
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 75. 

4170
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:15,000
The most ingenious homes had 
what we'd Now call passive 

4171
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:17,200
cooling systems built right into
their bones. 

4172
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:20,800
In the South, you'll find houses
built on tall peers that allowed

4173
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:23,200
air to flow underneath cooling. 
The floors From Below. 

4174
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,500
The famous dog Trot houses with 
an open Breezeway running right 

4175
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:29,700
through the center. 
Were essentially wind tunnels 

4176
03:41:29,700 --> 03:41:32,400
that captured every available 
Breeze and funneled it through 

4177
03:41:32,400 --> 03:41:34,800
the Living Spaces. 
Your ancestors. 

4178
03:41:34,800 --> 03:41:38,600
Understood cross-ventilation 
like meteorologists a positioned

4179
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,100
Windows, not just for light or 
views that create Pathways for 

4180
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:45,300
air to move through the house. 
They knew that a window on the 

4181
03:41:45,300 --> 03:41:47,800
Shaded Northside would draw cool
area. 

4182
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:51,100
While a window on the sunny 
South Side would let hot air 

4183
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,800
Escape, creating a natural 
circulation system that worked, 

4184
03:41:54,800 --> 03:41:57,300
as long as there was even the 
slightest temperature difference

4185
03:41:57,300 --> 03:42:01,600
between inside and outside. 
In hot climates thick walls 

4186
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:05,400
weren't just for durability. 
They were thermal Mass absorbing

4187
03:42:05,400 --> 03:42:08,400
heat during the day and 
releasing it slowly at night. 

4188
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:10,800
Essentially smoothing out 
temperature swings. 

4189
03:42:11,800 --> 03:42:14,800
Adobe houses in the southwest 
could stay remarkably cool 

4190
03:42:14,800 --> 03:42:17,100
during blazing hot days because 
those thick walls. 

4191
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:20,800
Acted like natural batteries 
storing and releasing heat on a 

4192
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:23,800
delayed schedule that favored 
human Comfort color. 

4193
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:27,400
Choices weren't just aesthetic 
decisions, either light, colored

4194
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:30,700
roofs and walls reflected heat 
rather than absorbing it while 

4195
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:33,800
strategic use of vegetation 
created microclimates around 

4196
03:42:33,800 --> 03:42:36,300
homes. 
Your great-grandmother's rose 

4197
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:39,100
bushes and climbing vines were 
just pretty, they were living 

4198
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:41,700
insulation shading walls and 
cooling the air through 

4199
03:42:41,700 --> 03:42:44,600
transpiration. 
The Victorian era brought us 

4200
03:42:44,600 --> 03:42:47,100
some of the most sophisticated 
natural cooling systems 

4201
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:50,700
disguise, as architectural 
details, those cupolas and Ruth 

4202
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:52,900
monitors. 
You see on old houses were 

4203
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:55,800
actually thermal chimneys 
designed to pull hot air up and 

4204
03:42:55,808 --> 03:42:59,000
out of the building. 
The decorative lattice work and 

4205
03:42:59,000 --> 03:43:00,500
fretwork weren't just 
ornamental. 

4206
03:43:00,500 --> 03:43:03,300
They provided shade while 
allowing air to flow through 

4207
03:43:03,300 --> 03:43:05,700
creating natural evaporative 
cooling. 

4208
03:43:06,500 --> 03:43:08,900
Even urban planning was 
influenced by the need to stay 

4209
03:43:08,900 --> 03:43:11,700
cool. 
Cities were laid out with wide 

4210
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:15,000
streets to allow air circulation
and generous setbacks between 

4211
03:43:15,000 --> 03:43:17,300
buildings, prevented them from 
creating heat Islands. 

4212
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:19,900
Tree-lined streets weren't just 
beautiful. 

4213
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:23,100
They were essential 
infrastructure, providing shade 

4214
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:24,800
and cooling the air through 
evaporation. 

4215
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:28,600
Your ancestors also understood 
the power of thermal zoning 

4216
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:31,400
within their homes. 
The kitchen was often separate 

4217
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,000
from the main house or located 
in a basement or outbuilding. 

4218
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:37,400
Keeping the heat from cooking 
fires away from Living Spaces 

4219
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:39,700
bedrooms were typically on upper
floors. 

4220
03:43:39,700 --> 03:43:43,300
Where breezes were stronger 
while daily activities happen in

4221
03:43:43,300 --> 03:43:45,300
the cooler ground floor rooms 
during hot weather. 

4222
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:48,600
They selected the materials 
based on their cooling 

4223
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:52,100
properties and aesthetic appeal.
Hardwood, floors stayed cooler 

4224
03:43:52,100 --> 03:43:54,700
than carpets. 
High-quality plaster walls, had 

4225
03:43:54,700 --> 03:43:56,500
better thermal properties than 
thin drywall. 

4226
03:43:57,200 --> 03:44:00,300
And natural materials like stone
and brick had thermal mass that 

4227
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:02,100
helped regulate temperature 
naturally. 

4228
03:44:02,800 --> 03:44:05,900
These weren't just practical 
decisions, they created homes 

4229
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:07,900
that were genuinely more 
comfortable than many modern 

4230
03:44:07,900 --> 03:44:10,300
houses. 
The constant air movement, the 

4231
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:13,400
natural temperature regulation, 
and the connection to outdoor 

4232
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:16,000
breezes and seasonal changes, 
created, living environments. 

4233
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:18,400
That worked with human 
physiology, rather than trying 

4234
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:22,200
to override it completely. 
Your great-grandparents homes 

4235
03:44:22,200 --> 03:44:25,900
breathed in ways that our sealed
climate controlled boxes simply,

4236
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:29,400
don't your great-grandparents 
didn't just check the whether 

4237
03:44:29,400 --> 03:44:33,000
they lived it breathed it and 
plan their entire day around it.

4238
03:44:33,000 --> 03:44:36,100
They had an intimate 
relationship with atmospheric 

4239
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:37,500
conditions. 
That would seem almost 

4240
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:41,000
Supernatural to you now. while 
you might glance at your phone's

4241
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:44,100
weather app and grab an 
umbrella, he could feel a storm 

4242
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,000
coming in their bones and 
predict the next day's Heat, by 

4243
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:50,300
the way, the evening air moves 
through their hair, the pre-air 

4244
03:44:50,300 --> 03:44:52,400
conditioning day, began with 
what we might call a 

4245
03:44:52,400 --> 03:44:54,900
temperature, reconnaissance 
mission, Before your 

4246
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:58,000
great-grandmother even got out 
of bed, she was assessing the 

4247
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:00,900
thermal situation. 
Was there still a hint of 

4248
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:03,100
coolness in the air that could 
be captured and preserved? 

4249
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:06,600
Were the windows that have been 
open to the night Breeze ready 

4250
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:09,100
to be closed before the sun 
began its daily salt. 

4251
03:45:10,000 --> 03:45:13,200
This wasn't casual observation, 
there was a survival strategy, 

4252
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:16,900
sky as a morning routine, you 
probably think of your daily 

4253
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:20,000
schedule as being controlled by 
work out hours, appointments and

4254
03:45:20,000 --> 03:45:22,500
social obligations. 
Your ancestors organized, their 

4255
03:45:22,500 --> 03:45:25,900
days around the sun's path from 
the thermometers climb the 

4256
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:29,000
heaviest work laundry cooking 
and cleaning happened in the 

4257
03:45:29,000 --> 03:45:32,400
early morning hours when the air
was still cool and energy levels

4258
03:45:32,400 --> 03:45:36,000
were high. 
By the time you settled in for 

4259
03:45:36,000 --> 03:45:38,700
your second cup of coffee your 
ancestors had already 

4260
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:41,400
accomplished what might take you
all morning simply because they 

4261
03:45:41,400 --> 03:45:44,900
understood that working with the
cool was far more efficient than

4262
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:48,300
fighting the heat midday brought
what we might call the ultimate 

4263
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:52,100
hibernation. 
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 

4264
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,600
the sun was most merciless, 
sensible, people found Shady 

4265
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:58,500
spots and settled in for 
activities that required minimal

4266
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:00,700
movement. 
This wasn't laziness. 

4267
03:46:00,700 --> 03:46:03,600
It was physics, your 
great-grandfather understood 

4268
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:06,600
that his body was a heat, 
generating machine and adding 

4269
03:46:06,600 --> 03:46:08,400
human generated warmth to the 
days. 

4270
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:10,500
Natural furnace was simply poor 
engineering. 

4271
03:46:11,600 --> 03:46:14,100
The cset which we often think of
as a quaint. 

4272
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:16,200
Foreign customers was actually 
brilliant thermal management. 

4273
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:19,300
While you might pass through the
afternoon heat with air 

4274
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,300
conditioning and iced coffee. 
Your ancestors recognized that 

4275
03:46:22,300 --> 03:46:25,400
the human body naturally wanted 
to slow down during the hottest 

4276
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,100
part of the day. 
They worked with their biology, 

4277
03:46:28,100 --> 03:46:31,100
rather than against it 
conserving energy for the cooler

4278
03:46:31,100 --> 03:46:33,000
evening hours. 
When productivity could resume. 

4279
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:36,900
But here's where it gets 
interesting, your ancestors 

4280
03:46:36,900 --> 03:46:39,100
didn't just endure these daily 
heat Cycles. 

4281
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:41,200
They found genuine pleasure in 
them. 

4282
03:46:42,000 --> 03:46:44,200
Evening Awakening, when 
temperatures finally began to 

4283
03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:45,700
drop and life resumed, its 
normal. 

4284
03:46:45,700 --> 03:46:50,200
Pace was a daily celebration. 
Imagine the relief and joy of 

4285
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:54,200
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 
After hours of Stillness, the 

4286
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,000
way evening AFL, like Silk 
against skin that had been warm 

4287
03:46:57,000 --> 03:47:00,300
all day these thermal rhythms 
also influence the scheduling of

4288
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:04,200
social life dinner parties began
to later than the air had cooled

4289
03:47:04,200 --> 03:47:07,100
enough to make cooking and 
eating Pleasant again evening. 

4290
03:47:07,100 --> 03:47:10,200
Visits to neighbors walks around
the community and outdoor games 

4291
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:12,700
and activities. 
All of these began when the sun 

4292
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:15,400
started its descent, and 
continued well into the night, 

4293
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:19,300
making the most of every degree 
of cooling, Your 

4294
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:21,600
great-grandmother became a 
master of microclimate 

4295
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:25,100
management within her own home. 
She knew which rooms State 

4296
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:28,300
coolest at which times of day, 
which Windows to open to catch 

4297
03:47:28,300 --> 03:47:30,800
the morning Breeze and which 
ones to close to keep out the 

4298
03:47:30,808 --> 03:47:33,700
afternoon Heat. 
She understood that opening 

4299
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:35,300
Windows on the Shady Side of the
house. 

4300
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:38,200
While closing those On the Sunny
Side, created natural air 

4301
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:41,100
conditioning, pulling cool air 
through while allowing hot air 

4302
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:44,900
to escape The evening ritual of 
opening up, the house was a 

4303
03:47:44,900 --> 03:47:48,800
precise science as temperatures 
dropped Windows throughout the 

4304
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,600
home were strategically opened 
to capture every available 

4305
03:47:51,600 --> 03:47:53,900
Breeze and encourage air 
circulation. 

4306
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:57,800
Your ancestors could feel the 
subtle pressure changes that 

4307
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:01,200
indicated when outdoor air was 
finally cooler than indoor are 

4308
03:48:01,208 --> 03:48:04,600
the exact moment when natural 
ventilation would begin working 

4309
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:07,000
in their favor rather than 
against it. 

4310
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:10,600
They also understood the art of 
thermal layering in their daily 

4311
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:13,400
lives. 
Light loose clothing during the 

4312
03:48:13,408 --> 03:48:16,600
day could be supplemented with 
light Shores or wraps as evening

4313
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:19,500
breezes picked up. 
During hot hours, they start 

4314
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:22,400
their hair up and off the neck 
allowing it to flow freely when 

4315
03:48:22,400 --> 03:48:25,700
the coolness returned even the 
choice of where to sit which 

4316
03:48:25,700 --> 03:48:28,100
chair tattoos and which side of 
the port to favor. 

4317
03:48:28,100 --> 03:48:31,300
All of these decisions were made
with thermal comfort in mind 

4318
03:48:31,300 --> 03:48:33,500
where the prediction became a 
survival. 

4319
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:37,000
Skill your great-grandfather 
could read cloud formation wind 

4320
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:39,800
patterns, and atmospheric 
pressure changes, like you read 

4321
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:42,500
traffic signs. 
A shift in wind direction, might

4322
03:48:42,500 --> 03:48:45,800
mean relief was coming certain 
Cloud for nation's promised 

4323
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:47,500
after noon. 
Thunderstorms, that would break 

4324
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:51,800
the Heat The behavior of animals
and the feel of the are provided

4325
03:48:51,800 --> 03:48:54,500
advanced warning of weather 
changes that could affect the 

4326
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:57,800
days Comfort level. 
This daily dance with whether 

4327
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,100
created a rhythm of life that 
was deeply connected to natural 

4328
03:49:01,100 --> 03:49:04,200
cycles where human activity 
flowed within environmental 

4329
03:49:04,200 --> 03:49:06,200
conditions, rather than trying 
to dominate them. 

4330
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:09,400
Heat, had a way of bringing 
people together that our climate

4331
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:12,900
controlled world has largely 
forgotten When staying cool 

4332
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:16,500
required Community effort and 
shared wisdom, social bonds, 

4333
03:49:16,500 --> 03:49:19,100
formed around the simple, 
necessity of surviving summer, 

4334
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:22,300
your great-grandparents didn't 
just endure the heat alone. 

4335
03:49:22,308 --> 03:49:25,800
They created entire social 
systems around managing it 

4336
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:28,200
together turning. 
What could have been individual 

4337
03:49:28,200 --> 03:49:30,600
misery into Collective comfort 
and even Joy? 

4338
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:33,700
The front porch served as more 
than just an architectural 

4339
03:49:33,700 --> 03:49:37,500
feature it, served as the Hub of
the communities cooling culture.

4340
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:40,100
While you might spend your 
evenings inside watching 

4341
03:49:40,100 --> 03:49:41,900
television in Ed's condition 
Comfort. 

4342
03:49:41,900 --> 03:49:45,100
Your ancestors, gathered on 
porches, as the sun went down, 

4343
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:48,800
creating informal networks of 
conversation, shared cooling, 

4344
03:49:48,800 --> 03:49:52,700
strategies and mutual support. 
These weren't planned social 

4345
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:54,200
events. 
They were spontaneous 

4346
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:57,300
communities that formed wherever
people could catch a breeze and 

4347
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:01,000
share the relief of cooling air.
Imagine a summary evening in 

4348
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:02,600
your great-grandmother's 
neighborhood. 

4349
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,500
As temperatures, finally began 
to drop porch lights, would 

4350
03:50:06,500 --> 03:50:08,900
flicker on and rocking chairs 
would Creak into motion. 

4351
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:11,100
Children would emerge from 
houses. 

4352
03:50:11,100 --> 03:50:14,900
Like, flowers opening to cooler 
air, beginning games of tag and 

4353
03:50:14,900 --> 03:50:17,400
hide and seek that could 
continue safely in the Gathering

4354
03:50:17,400 --> 03:50:19,800
dust. 
Adults would settle into 

4355
03:50:19,800 --> 03:50:22,400
conversations that meandered 
like the evening Breeze itself, 

4356
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:26,500
unhurried and comfortable. 
He's portrait communities shared

4357
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:30,000
more than just evening air 
exchange cooling, wisdom like 

4358
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:33,700
valuable currency. 
Your great art might share her 

4359
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:34,700
secret for keeping bed. 
Sheets. 

4360
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:37,400
Cool Hint. 
It involves strategic folding 

4361
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:39,500
and placement. 
While your neighbor would 

4362
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:42,500
demonstrate his technique for 
creating cross, breezes, using 

4363
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:44,900
strategically placed fans and 
open windows. 

4364
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:49,300
Cooling knowledge was Community 
knowledge passed down through 

4365
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:52,500
informal networks of neighbors. 
Who understood that everyone's 

4366
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:54,300
Comfort depended on shared 
intelligence. 

4367
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:58,200
The evening constitutional that 
leisurely walk through the 

4368
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:00,300
neighborhood. 
That seemed so old fashioned, 

4369
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:03,800
now was actually sophisticated 
heat management disguise to 

4370
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:06,100
socializing. 
Your great-grandparents 

4371
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:09,600
understood that moving slowly 
through cooling air was more 

4372
03:51:09,600 --> 03:51:12,600
refreshing than sitting still. 
And that Community, walks 

4373
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:15,200
created opportunities for air 
circulation around their bodies.

4374
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:18,800
While maintaining social 
connections, these walks weren't

4375
03:51:18,800 --> 03:51:21,700
exercises in the modern sense, 
they were communal cooling 

4376
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:25,000
therapy, churches schools and 
community centers became 

4377
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:28,300
cooling, sanctuaries. 
During the most brutal Heat Not 

4378
03:51:28,300 --> 03:51:30,400
because they had air 
conditioning, they didn't, but 

4379
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:33,800
because they were designed with 
high ceilings, large windows and

4380
03:51:33,800 --> 03:51:36,400
Architectural features that 
promoted their circulation. 

4381
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:40,400
More importantly, they offered 
the cycle comfort of shared 

4382
03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:45,200
experience, Suffering through 
heater Lowell during it. 

4383
03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:48,300
As part of a community made it 
manageable and even meaningful. 

4384
03:51:48,300 --> 03:51:51,900
Your ancestors created, social 
rituals around heat relief that 

4385
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:55,600
sound, almost magical now, Ice 
cream socials weren't just sweet

4386
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:57,400
treats. 
They were Community cooling 

4387
03:51:57,400 --> 03:51:59,900
events where shared cold 
provided both physical and 

4388
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:03,200
psychological relief. 
Picnics were carefully planned 

4389
03:52:03,200 --> 03:52:06,200
for shady spots near water, 
where evaporation and tree 

4390
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:07,800
cover, created natural cooling 
zones. 

4391
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:11,700
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

4392
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:14,800
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

4393
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:18,100
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

4394
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:21,300
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

4395
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:24,600
came to pooling resources 
families with ice, would share 

4396
03:52:24,600 --> 03:52:28,100
with neighbors, whose ice and 
melted. those fortunate enough 

4397
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:31,100
to have deeper wells with cooler
water, would filled jugs for 

4398
03:52:31,108 --> 03:52:34,600
families whose Wells ran warm 
When electric fans became 

4399
03:52:34,600 --> 03:52:37,700
available people borrowed and 
shared them like Precious 

4400
03:52:37,700 --> 03:52:39,800
commodities. 
Community. 

4401
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:41,300
Ice house is weren't just 
commercial. 

4402
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:44,200
Landers, they were essential 
social infrastructure. 

4403
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:47,800
Evening, entertainment adapted, 
to take advantage of cooling, 

4404
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:51,100
air and Community Gathering. 
Band concerts in the park 

4405
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:53,900
weren't just cultural events. 
They were Mass cooling therapy 

4406
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:56,900
session where hundreds of people
could gather in Open Spaces. 

4407
03:52:56,900 --> 03:53:01,400
Designed to capture evening, 
breezes outdoor theater's Garden

4408
03:53:01,400 --> 03:53:04,200
parties and Community festivals.
All took advantage of the 

4409
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:07,000
natural cooling that happened 
when the sun went down and 

4410
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:08,600
people came together in Open 
Spaces. 

4411
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:12,000
Children's play adapted to 
Heaton ways that created their 

4412
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:16,300
own social cooling systems games
moved to shaded areas during the

4413
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:19,300
day, and resumed in full energy 
as evening approached. 

4414
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:23,000
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 
became evening activities when 

4415
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:25,600
the air was finally cool enough 
for active play. 

4416
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:29,400
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.
It was a central cooling that 

4417
03:53:29,400 --> 03:53:31,300
happened in community with 
neighborhood. 

4418
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:34,300
Swimming holes becoming social 
centers where entire families 

4419
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:36,200
gathered for Relief and 
fellowship. 

4420
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,600
Your great grandparents also 
understood that shared meals 

4421
03:53:39,600 --> 03:53:42,100
during hot weather required 
different social Arrangements 

4422
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:44,400
early in the morning or late in 
the evening. 

4423
03:53:44,400 --> 03:53:47,400
When temperatures were bearable 
heavy cooking took place 

4424
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:51,500
Community Kitchens often outdoor
spaces with good ventilation 

4425
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,900
became gathering places where 
the heat of cooking could be 

4426
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:58,500
shared and managed collectively 
rather than making individual 

4427
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:02,000
homes on bearable. 
The social side of staying cool.

4428
03:54:02,000 --> 03:54:05,900
Created bonds that extended far 
beyond summer heat neighbors, 

4429
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:09,000
who shared cooling strategies 
families, who gathered for 

4430
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,100
evening porch, conversations 
communities that came together 

4431
03:54:12,100 --> 03:54:15,100
in cooling spaces. 
These relationships, persisted 

4432
03:54:15,100 --> 03:54:18,300
year-round creating social 
fabric that was strengthened by 

4433
03:54:18,300 --> 03:54:20,800
the shared challenge of managing
summer heat together. 

4434
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:24,800
Your great-grandfather's work 
day was unlike yours with heat 

4435
03:54:24,800 --> 03:54:27,200
acting as an invisible 
choreographer, guiding every 

4436
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:30,500
step while you might complain 
about a slightly, warm office or

4437
03:54:30,500 --> 03:54:34,000
adjust the thermostat, a degree 
or two the organized, his entire

4438
03:54:34,000 --> 03:54:36,800
professional life, around the 
reality that work had to happen 

4439
03:54:36,800 --> 03:54:40,900
and whatever temperature 
provided Managing temperature 

4440
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:42,600
wasn't just about personal 
Comfort. 

4441
03:54:42,600 --> 03:54:46,400
It was about survival 
productivity in creating 

4442
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:49,900
sustainable rhythms that could 
last a lifetime. the 

4443
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:52,800
agricultural world where most of
your ancestors, likely spent 

4444
03:54:52,800 --> 03:54:56,500
their working lives operated on 
what we might call thermal 

4445
03:54:56,500 --> 03:55:00,000
scheduling farmers were early 
risers because they were more 

4446
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:02,700
virtuous than you. 
It was thermal strategists. 

4447
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:06,600
The period between 4 a.m. and 10
a.m. represented precious hours 

4448
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:08,800
when both are temperature and 
energy levels, favored, 

4449
03:55:08,800 --> 03:55:11,700
productive work. 
The great-grandfather could 

4450
03:55:11,700 --> 03:55:14,600
accomplish more in those cool 
morning hours than in twice as 

4451
03:55:14,600 --> 03:55:16,200
much time during the heat of 
midday. 

4452
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:19,400
Harvest Time reveals the 
sophisticated heat management 

4453
03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:22,700
strategies your ancestors 
developed grain cutting 

4454
03:55:22,700 --> 03:55:25,700
haymaking and fruit picking 
weren't scheduled by calendar 

4455
03:55:25,700 --> 03:55:27,900
convenience. 
But by the intersection of crop 

4456
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:31,400
Readiness and thermal reality 
work Crews would start Before 

4457
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:34,500
Dawn race against the climbing 
sun and take extended midday 

4458
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:38,000
breaks that weren't laziness but
practical physics The afternoon 

4459
03:55:38,000 --> 03:55:40,900
shift would resume only when 
Shadows grew long and are began 

4460
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:44,000
to cool called indoor work 
adapted to heat with equals 

4461
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:46,800
sophistication. 
Your great-grandmother's kitchen

4462
03:55:46,800 --> 03:55:49,700
operated on thermal logic, that 
would impress modern efficiency,

4463
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:53,000
experts, red baking happened. 
In the early morning using 

4464
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:55,600
retained heat from multiple 
batches before the day became 

4465
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:58,800
unbearable canning and 
preserving a central work that 

4466
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:01,800
unfortunately generated lots of 
heat, the scheduled for the 

4467
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:04,400
coolest days of available or 
done in outdoor kitchens that 

4468
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:06,100
kept the heat away from Living 
Spaces. 

4469
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,400
Laundry day was perhaps the most
thermally challenging work. 

4470
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:13,400
Your ancestors faced heating 
water, boiling, clothes, or 

4471
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:16,200
clothes. 
And using Hot Irons could turn a

4472
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:19,200
house into a furnace. 
Smart housekeepers, develop 

4473
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:21,700
strategies, that sound almost 
military in their precision. 

4474
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,400
Eating water Outdoors, when 
possible doing washing, in early

4475
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:28,400
morning, or late evening, and 
saving ironing for the coolest 

4476
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:32,200
days, some families even had 
separate wash houses, small 

4477
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:34,700
buildings, dedicated to heat 
generating work. 

4478
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:37,800
That kept the main house 
comfortable, professional work 

4479
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,700
adapted to Heaton ways that 
shaped entire Industries. 

4480
03:56:41,500 --> 03:56:44,900
Blacksmiths and metal workers 
who dealt with extreme heat as 

4481
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:48,400
part of their craft developed 
techniques for managing both the

4482
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:51,100
heat of their forges and the 
ambient heat of Summer. 

4483
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:55,000
They worked shorter shifts, 
during hot weather started early

4484
03:56:55,000 --> 03:56:57,900
and took longer breaks their 
shops were designed with 

4485
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,400
sophisticated ventilation 
systems that would impress. 

4486
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:04,200
Modern industrial Engineers, the
concept of the work day itself 

4487
03:57:04,200 --> 03:57:06,600
was more flexible in the pre-air
conditioning era. 

4488
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:10,400
During the hottest weeks of 
Summer, many businesses would 

4489
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:13,100
close during midday hours and 
reopen in the evening. 

4490
03:57:13,100 --> 03:57:16,000
Staying open later to take 
advantage of cooler air. 

4491
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:20,300
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 
It was thermal adaptation that 

4492
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:23,600
actually increased productivity 
by working with natural cycles, 

4493
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:25,900
rather than against them. 
Your ancestors. 

4494
03:57:25,900 --> 03:57:28,500
Understood something. 
We've largely forgotten that 

4495
03:57:28,500 --> 03:57:31,300
human performance varies 
dramatically with temperature 

4496
03:57:31,300 --> 03:57:34,800
and fighting this reality as 
less efficient than adaptive to 

4497
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:37,400
it. 
Thermal Comfort significantly 

4498
03:57:37,400 --> 03:57:40,700
affects cognitive function, 
physical endurance, and even 

4499
03:57:40,700 --> 03:57:44,200
mood as modern research confirms
their intuitive understanding. 

4500
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:48,200
The scheduled demanding mental, 
work for cool hours and saved 

4501
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:50,700
routine tasks for times when 
heat May concentration. 

4502
03:57:50,700 --> 03:57:54,700
Difficult rest wasn't just the 
absence of work, it was active 

4503
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:58,700
heat management, the afternoon 
csda, which we often dismiss as 

4504
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,100
laziness was actually a 
sophisticated recovery strategy,

4505
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:05,400
your great grandparents 
understood that forcing the body

4506
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,200
to maintain High activity levels
during a peak Heat. 

4507
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:11,100
Created for Teague, that would 
affect productivity for the rest

4508
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,100
of the day by resting. 
During the hottest hours, they 

4509
03:58:14,100 --> 03:58:15,700
preserved energy for evening 
work. 

4510
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:19,200
When conditions improved Sleep 
itself, required thermal 

4511
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:21,400
strategy, your great-grandmother
didn't. 

4512
03:58:21,400 --> 03:58:24,800
Just go to bed, she prepared for
sleep with the same attention to

4513
03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:26,400
cooling. 
That you might give to adjusting

4514
03:58:26,400 --> 03:58:29,400
your thermoset beds, were 
positioned to catch evening. 

4515
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:32,900
Breezes bedrooms were open to 
night air and even sleep. 

4516
03:58:32,900 --> 03:58:35,800
Schedule shifted with the 
seasons, some of their times 

4517
03:58:35,800 --> 03:58:37,800
were later. 
Taking advantage of cooler 

4518
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:40,900
evening hours while wait times 
were early to capture the cool 

4519
03:58:40,900 --> 03:58:43,700
of dawn. 
The social aspects of work also 

4520
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,600
adapted to heat quilting bees 
Barn, Racing's and Community 

4521
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:49,100
work. 
Projects were scheduled for 

4522
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:52,500
cooler weather when possible or 
organized to take advantage of 

4523
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:56,000
shared cooling strategies. 
Group work meant shared cooling 

4524
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:59,000
wisdom, someone always knew 
which areas stayed coolest. 

4525
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:02,200
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

4526
03:59:02,208 --> 03:59:05,800
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

4527
03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:08,500
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

4528
03:59:08,500 --> 03:59:11,500
necessary work while generating 
an absorbing the least possible,

4529
03:59:11,500 --> 03:59:15,000
Heat, Such efficiency wasn't 
just about personal Comfort. 

4530
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:17,200
It was about sustainable 
productivity. 

4531
03:59:17,200 --> 03:59:19,700
That could be maintained 
throughout long hot summers 

4532
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:22,800
without exhaustion or heat 
related illness your 

4533
03:59:22,800 --> 03:59:24,700
great-grandmother's wardrobe 
wasn't just about looking 

4534
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:26,800
proper. 
There was an engineering Marvel 

4535
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:29,200
designed to make summer heat 
bearable while maintaining 

4536
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:32,800
social respectability. 
If we fabric Choice, every style

4537
03:59:32,800 --> 03:59:36,300
decision and every accessory 
served a dual purpose, keeping 

4538
03:59:36,300 --> 03:59:39,900
cool, and looking appropriate 
while you might throw on shorts 

4539
03:59:39,900 --> 03:59:42,500
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 
she had to work within social 

4540
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:44,100
expectations. 
That required, much more 

4541
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:46,900
coverage, making her cooling 
strategies far more 

4542
03:59:46,900 --> 03:59:50,500
sophisticated than yours. 
The Fabrics, your ancestors 

4543
03:59:50,500 --> 03:59:53,300
chose reveal their profound 
understanding of thermal 

4544
03:59:53,300 --> 03:59:56,300
properties, linen cotton and 
other natural. 

4545
03:59:56,300 --> 03:59:59,400
Fibers weren't selected, just 
because synthetic materials 

4546
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:01,600
didn't exist. 
They were chosen because they 

4547
04:00:01,600 --> 04:00:05,700
breathed absorbed moisture and 
allowed air circulation in ways 

4548
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:08,800
that kept the body cooler. 
Your great-grandmother knew that

4549
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:12,100
loose, we Fabrics created, tiny 
air pockets that insulated 

4550
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:16,000
against heat while tight weaves 
trapped hot air against the skin

4551
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:19,600
color science played a crucial 
role in pre-air conditioning 

4552
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:21,900
fashion. 
Light colors weren't just 

4553
04:00:21,908 --> 04:00:24,600
fashionable in summer. 
They were essential technology 

4554
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:26,800
reflecting heat rather than 
absorbing it. 

4555
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:30,600
Your great-grandmother's white 
cotton dresses, light colored 

4556
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:33,400
parasols and pale, summer hats 
were essentially, wearable, 

4557
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:35,100
cooling systems. 
That modern researchers 

4558
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:37,500
confirmed, as remarkably 
effective heat management. 

4559
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:41,500
The layering strategies, your 
ancestors developed would 

4560
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:44,500
impress modern outdoor gear 
designers, they understood that 

4561
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:47,100
multiple light layers, could be 
adjusted throughout the day as 

4562
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,600
temperatures changed allowing 
for fine-tuned thermal control. 

4563
04:00:51,400 --> 04:00:54,700
A light shamise, followed by a 
cotton dress topped with a 

4564
04:00:54,708 --> 04:00:57,000
removable shawl or jacket 
created. 

4565
04:00:57,000 --> 04:00:59,200
A flexible system that could 
adapt to morning. 

4566
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:02,300
Coolness midday heat and 
evening, breezes your 

4567
04:01:02,300 --> 04:01:04,700
great-grandfather summer work 
clothes, tell their own cooling 

4568
04:01:04,700 --> 04:01:07,000
story. 
Those loose overalls weren't 

4569
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:09,700
just practical for farm work. 
They allowed air circulation 

4570
04:01:09,700 --> 04:01:13,100
around the body while protecting
skin from the Sun, the wide 

4571
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:15,700
brimmed hats. 
That seem purely functional were

4572
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:17,400
actually sophisticated cooling 
devices. 

4573
04:01:17,400 --> 04:01:20,900
Creating portable shade while 
allowing heat to escape from the

4574
04:01:20,908 --> 04:01:23,400
head. 
Even suspenders served, a 

4575
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:25,600
cooling purpose, holding the 
pants away from the body to 

4576
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:28,900
allow air circulation 
hairstyling in the pre-air. 

4577
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:31,000
Conditioning era was as much 
about temperature management. 

4578
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:34,700
As it was about fashion, the 
great grandmother's, elaborate 

4579
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:37,800
updos were just decorative. 
They lifted hair off the neck 

4580
04:01:37,800 --> 04:01:40,000
and allowed air to circulate 
around one of the body's most 

4581
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:43,700
effective cooling zones. 
Those intricate braids and buns.

4582
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:46,700
That look so complicated in Old 
photographs were actually 

4583
04:01:46,700 --> 04:01:49,800
practical cooling technology. 
Disgust as Beauty routines 

4584
04:01:49,800 --> 04:01:53,600
undergarments of the era reveal,
the sophisticated, understanding

4585
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:57,700
your ancestors, had of thermal 
regulation, While the idea of 

4586
04:01:57,700 --> 04:02:01,900
corsets and multiple petticoats 
might seem stifling to you, he's

4587
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,800
gone to create air pockets and 
allow circulation while 

4588
04:02:05,800 --> 04:02:08,800
maintaining the silhouette that 
social expectations demanded. 

4589
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:12,300
Summer undergarments were made 
from the lightest possible 

4590
04:02:12,300 --> 04:02:15,500
materials and designed to Wick 
moisture away from the body 

4591
04:02:15,500 --> 04:02:18,600
thermal reality completely 
shaped food culture in the 

4592
04:02:18,608 --> 04:02:22,000
pre-air, conditioning era, your 
great-grandmother didn't avoid 

4593
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:24,800
using the oven in summer because
she was trying to save energy. 

4594
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:27,000
She avoided it because heating 
the kitchen could make the 

4595
04:02:27,000 --> 04:02:28,900
entire house unbearable for 
days. 

4596
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:32,600
Some are menus were essentially 
cooling strategies disguised as 

4597
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:36,800
meals, cold soups fresh salads 
and uncooked Foods weren't just 

4598
04:02:36,808 --> 04:02:38,600
refreshing. 
They were thermal management. 

4599
04:02:39,700 --> 04:02:43,300
Your ancestors understood that 
digestion itself, generates body

4600
04:02:43,300 --> 04:02:45,400
heat. 
So summer, meals were lighter 

4601
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:49,500
easier to digest and required 
less internal energy to process 

4602
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:52,000
those. 
Elaborate cold salads and 

4603
04:02:52,000 --> 04:02:55,800
chilled soups that seem. 
So elegant in all cookbooks are 

4604
04:02:55,800 --> 04:02:59,300
actually sophisticated cooling 
technology preservation methods 

4605
04:02:59,300 --> 04:03:01,200
adapted to heat in ingenious 
ways. 

4606
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,500
Route sellers springhills a nice
houses weren't just food 

4607
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:06,500
storage. 
They were Community cooling 

4608
04:03:06,500 --> 04:03:09,200
infrastructure. 
Your great-grandmother might 

4609
04:03:09,200 --> 04:03:11,800
plan her weekly menu around what
could be stored without 

4610
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:14,100
generating heat. 
What could be prepared without 

4611
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:16,800
cooking and what would actually 
help cool the body from the 

4612
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:20,100
inside? 
Beverages became medicine in the

4613
04:03:20,100 --> 04:03:23,400
pre-air conditioning World. 
Sweet tea, lemonade, and other 

4614
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:25,100
cooling drinks weren't just 
Refreshments. 

4615
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:29,000
They were the thermal therapy. 
Your ancestors understood that 

4616
04:03:29,000 --> 04:03:31,300
certain ingredients could 
actually help the body cool 

4617
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:33,500
itself While others would make 
heat worse. 

4618
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,500
Mint cucumber, and citrus serve,
not only as flavoring but also 

4619
04:03:37,500 --> 04:03:41,100
as internal cooling agents, even
social dining adapted to heat 

4620
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:43,600
management. 
Some are entertaining moved 

4621
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:46,700
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 
but for thermal practicality 

4622
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,300
Garden parties, picnics and 
outdoor dining took advantage of

4623
04:03:50,308 --> 04:03:53,200
breezes and shade. 
While keeping Z heat generating 

4624
04:03:53,200 --> 04:03:56,300
cooking activities away from 
Living Spaces, your great 

4625
04:03:56,300 --> 04:03:58,400
grandmothers summer. 
Dinner parties were carefully 

4626
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,000
choreographed to minimize heat 
generation while maximizing 

4627
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:04,200
cooling opportunities. 
The timing of meals, shifted 

4628
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:06,400
with. 
Thermal reality breakfast, might

4629
04:04:06,400 --> 04:04:09,800
be substantial, taking advantage
of cool, morning air for cooking

4630
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:12,500
and eating lunch became lighter 
and simpler. 

4631
04:04:12,500 --> 04:04:15,800
While dinner was often delayed 
until evening when both cooking 

4632
04:04:15,800 --> 04:04:18,200
and eating could happen in more 
comfortable temperatures. 

4633
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:21,800
Your ancestors, didn't eat by 
the clock, they ate by the 

4634
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:24,200
thermometer. 
These were not just survival 

4635
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:26,700
strategies, they created a 
culture of Elegance and 

4636
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,300
sophistication, that worked 
within natural limits, rather 

4637
04:04:29,300 --> 04:04:32,500
than trying to overcome them. 
Your great-grandmother managed 

4638
04:04:32,500 --> 04:04:35,100
to stay cool. 
Look, beautiful and maintain 

4639
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:37,400
social standards without ever 
touching a thermostat. 

4640
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:40,600
Creating a lifestyle that was 
both practical and genuinely 

4641
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:42,900
stylish. 
As you settle into your climate 

4642
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:45,600
control bedroom tonight, 
consider how different your 

4643
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:48,900
great grandparents relationship 
with sleep was during the 

4644
04:04:48,900 --> 04:04:52,100
sweltering summer months night 
wasn't just a time for rest. 

4645
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:55,300
It was the daily reward for 
surviving another day of heat. 

4646
04:04:56,100 --> 04:05:00,200
precious opportunity to cool 
down recharge and prepare for 

4647
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,700
whatever thermal challenges 
tomorrow might bring the evening

4648
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:05,500
hours. 
Held a special magic that are 

4649
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:07,800
artificially. 
Cooled world has largely 

4650
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:10,500
forgotten. 
The transition from day to night

4651
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:13,200
was something your ancestors 
savored like wine. 

4652
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:17,400
As the Sun finally began its 
descent the entire household 

4653
04:05:17,400 --> 04:05:20,100
would shift into evening mode 
with the Precision of a 

4654
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:23,600
well-rehearsed Orchestra windows
that had been strategically 

4655
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:26,300
closed during the heat of the 
day would begin opening and 

4656
04:05:26,300 --> 04:05:28,700
careful sequence. 
Each one, positioned to catch 

4657
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,400
the first hint of cooling 
airing, encourage it to flow 

4658
04:05:31,400 --> 04:05:34,000
through the house. 
Your great-grandmother had an 

4659
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:36,100
intimate knowledge of her home's
thermal personality. 

4660
04:05:36,100 --> 04:05:39,300
She knew which Windows to open 
first to create the gentle 

4661
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:42,300
suction, that would pull hot air
out while drawing cooler area in

4662
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:45,500
She understood the exact moment 
when the outdoor temperature 

4663
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:47,000
dropped below the indoor 
temperature. 

4664
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:50,500
The magical threshold when 
natural ventilation changed from

4665
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:54,400
liability to blessing. this 
wasn't guest work, it was 

4666
04:05:54,408 --> 04:05:57,500
science learned through years of
paying attention to the scene, 

4667
04:05:57,500 --> 04:06:00,200
subtle signals that told her 
when relief was finally 

4668
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:02,600
available The bedroom 
preparation. 

4669
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:04,900
Rituals of the pre-air 
conditioning era would seem 

4670
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,600
elaborate to you now, but they 
were essential technology for 

4671
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:11,000
achieving comfortable sleep. 
Beds were positioned, not just 

4672
04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:13,800
for convenience but to catch 
every available Breeze. 

4673
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:16,800
Your great-grandfather might 
move the entire bed closer to 

4674
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,800
Windows during heat waves 
transforming the bedroom layout 

4675
04:06:19,800 --> 04:06:21,400
to take advantage of night air 
movement. 

4676
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:24,700
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

4677
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:28,100
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away for the summer 

4678
04:06:28,100 --> 04:06:30,900
replaced by lightweight cotton 
sheets that could breathe with 

4679
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:33,800
the sleeper. 
Some families had special summer

4680
04:06:33,800 --> 04:06:35,400
sheets made from linen or 
cotton. 

4681
04:06:35,400 --> 04:06:37,900
So fine is. 
So it was almost like sleeping 

4682
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:41,800
under woven are Pillows were 
swapped for thinner versions and

4683
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:43,800
even mattresses might be 
replaced with lighter 

4684
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:46,400
Alternatives that didn't trap 
and hold body heat throughout 

4685
04:06:46,400 --> 04:06:49,200
the night. 
Evening cooling routine, 

4686
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:51,000
extended Beyond just opening 
Windows. 

4687
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:54,200
Your great-grandmother might 
take a cool bath or Splash cold 

4688
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:56,900
water on her wrists. 
And neck areas where blood 

4689
04:06:56,900 --> 04:06:59,300
vessels are close to the surface
and cooling them could affect 

4690
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:02,600
the entire body's temperature. 
Hear that had been pinned up all

4691
04:07:02,600 --> 04:07:05,800
day would be, brushed out in a 
Range to allow maximum air 

4692
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:07,800
circulation around the neck and 
head during sleep. 

4693
04:07:08,800 --> 04:07:11,700
Children bed time routines, were
specially adapted to heat 

4694
04:07:11,700 --> 04:07:15,200
management lightweight cotton 
nightgowns replaced heavy, a 

4695
04:07:15,200 --> 04:07:18,000
sleepwear, and children might 
sleep with damp wash clothes on 

4696
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:21,300
their foreheads, or arms. 
Some parents would likely dampen

4697
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,300
sheets with cool water, creating
evaporative cooling. 

4698
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:26,900
That could make the difference 
between restful sleep and a 

4699
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:29,500
night of tossing and turning for
families fortunate enough to 

4700
04:07:29,508 --> 04:07:32,300
have multiple sleeping spaces. 
Some are brought strategic 

4701
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:35,800
relocations sleeping, porches 
screened areas that were 

4702
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:38,800
essentially outdoor bedrooms 
became Havens during the hottest

4703
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:41,200
weeks. 
Upper floors, which were 

4704
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:43,900
stifling during the day might 
become comfortable at night, 

4705
04:07:43,900 --> 04:07:47,500
when breezes were stronger at 
higher elevations. some families

4706
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:49,900
would move mattresses to the 
coolest rooms in the house or 

4707
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:52,700
even Outdoors under mosquito 
netting, when heat became truly 

4708
04:07:52,700 --> 04:07:55,900
unbearable, The sound of Summer 
Nights were different in the 

4709
04:07:55,900 --> 04:07:59,100
pre-air conditioning era. 
Instead of the constant hum of 

4710
04:07:59,100 --> 04:08:02,000
climate control systems, your 
great grandparents, fell asleep 

4711
04:08:02,000 --> 04:08:04,900
to the Natural Symphony of 
cooling are the whisper of 

4712
04:08:04,908 --> 04:08:08,400
breezes through window screens. 
The Gentle Creek of settling 

4713
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:11,400
House's as temperatures dropped 
and the distant conversations of

4714
04:08:11,408 --> 04:08:13,100
neighbors. 
Also seeking relief on their 

4715
04:08:13,100 --> 04:08:16,700
porches and in their yards Night
work took on special 

4716
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:20,200
significance, during hot spells 
tasks that generated heat. 

4717
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:22,400
During the day could be 
accomplished in the Blessed, 

4718
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:24,100
coolness of evening and early 
morning hours. 

4719
04:08:25,100 --> 04:08:28,700
Your great-grandmother might do 
her ironing by Lamplight, taking

4720
04:08:28,700 --> 04:08:30,800
advantage of temperatures that 
made the additional heat 

4721
04:08:30,800 --> 04:08:33,300
bearable baking. 
For the next day, could happen 

4722
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:35,700
in the pre-dawn hours when 
others wouldn't turn kitchens 

4723
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:38,600
into furnaces. 
The social aspects of cooling 

4724
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:41,900
extended into the night as well.
Neighbors might visit each 

4725
04:08:41,900 --> 04:08:45,300
other's cooling spots one family
had a better cross Breeze while 

4726
04:08:45,300 --> 04:08:47,700
another had a deeper. 
Well with cooler water for late 

4727
04:08:47,700 --> 04:08:50,300
evening refreshment. 
These evening, Gatherings 

4728
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:53,300
weren't formal, social events, 
but spontaneous communities of 

4729
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:56,300
relief were shared cooling 
strategies and mutual support 

4730
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:58,000
made the heat more bearable for 
everyone. 

4731
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:02,300
Dawn brought its rituals in the 
pre-air conditioning world. your

4732
04:09:02,300 --> 04:09:05,000
great-grandfather would rise 
early not just to get work done 

4733
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:08,200
before the heat returned, but to
savor those precious hours, when

4734
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:11,700
the air was actually cool, The 
morning routine, included, 

4735
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:13,600
assessing the days thermal 
prospects. 

4736
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,900
Checking cloud, cover feeling 
the air for humidity and making 

4737
04:09:16,900 --> 04:09:19,500
strategic decisions about how to
capture and preserve the 

4738
04:09:19,508 --> 04:09:20,800
coolness for as long as 
possible. 

4739
04:09:21,800 --> 04:09:24,100
The cycle would begin. 
Again, windows that have been 

4740
04:09:24,100 --> 04:09:27,200
opened tonight are would be 
strategically, closed as 

4741
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,300
temperatures began to rise. 
Curtains would be drawn to block

4742
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,000
the sun's Heat and the daily 
dance with temperature would 

4743
04:09:33,000 --> 04:09:35,900
resume. 
But those hours of relief that 

4744
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:39,200
nightly promise of cooling air 
and comfortable sleep, made it 

4745
04:09:39,208 --> 04:09:43,000
all bearable and even beautiful.
Your ancestors didn't just 

4746
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:46,200
survive the heat. 
They created lives of Grace and 

4747
04:09:46,200 --> 04:09:49,200
comfort within natural limits 
that required wisdom patients 

4748
04:09:49,200 --> 04:09:52,500
and Community. 
They understood something, we're

4749
04:09:52,500 --> 04:09:55,400
still learning that working with
natural cycles rather than 

4750
04:09:55,400 --> 04:09:56,900
against them. 
Can create not just 

4751
04:09:56,900 --> 04:10:01,600
sustainability, but genuine 
contentment As you drift off to 

4752
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:03,700
sleep tonight, in your climate 
controlled comfort. 

4753
04:10:03,700 --> 04:10:06,000
You might just dream of Summer 
evenings. 

4754
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:09,300
When cool air was a gift to be 
savored and relief was something

4755
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:11,300
earned through the simple 
passage of time. 

4756
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:14,200
And the reliable promise that 
every hot day, eventually 

4757
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:22,600
surrenders to the cooling mercy 
of night, You know how sometimes

4758
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:25,900
the most ridiculous moments in 
history happen, when powerful 

4759
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:27,900
people try to do something 
perfectly normal? 

4760
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:32,600
Well, settle in because you're 
about to hear about the time 

4761
04:10:32,600 --> 04:10:35,400
Napoleon Bonaparte conqueror of 
Europe. 

4762
04:10:35,400 --> 04:10:39,800
Emperor of France, the man who 
redrew the map of the world got 

4763
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:42,500
completely overwhelmed by a 
bunch of fluffy rabbits. 

4764
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:47,200
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 
when his power was at its peak, 

4765
04:10:47,200 --> 04:10:50,700
he is just signed the Treaty of 
tilsit with the Russia, which 

4766
04:10:50,700 --> 04:10:53,400
essentially divides Europe 
between him and Tsar, Alexander 

4767
04:10:53,400 --> 04:10:55,400
the phone as if they are 
splitting a Pete, sir. 

4768
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,600
The treaty negotiations, took 
place on a raft in the middle of

4769
04:10:58,600 --> 04:11:01,500
the niemen river, which sounds 
uncomfortable, but was 

4770
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:04,000
apparently the fashionable way 
to conduct International 

4771
04:11:04,000 --> 04:11:07,800
diplomacy back there. 
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 

4772
04:11:07,800 --> 04:11:11,200
about himself. 
He is 37 years old ruler of an 

4773
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:14,400
Empire that stretches from Spain
to Poland and he's just 

4774
04:11:14,400 --> 04:11:16,900
convinced one of Europe's. 
Most powerful rulers to be his 

4775
04:11:16,900 --> 04:11:20,600
friend in stead of his enemy. 
In his mind, the occasion calls 

4776
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:24,600
for a celebration, this is not 
just any celebration but one 

4777
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:26,600
that is fittingly Imperial and 
manly. 

4778
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:29,100
So, what does the emperor of 
France decide to do? 

4779
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:32,300
He wants to go hunting. 
Specifically, he wants to go 

4780
04:11:32,300 --> 04:11:35,300
rabbit hunting. 
Now, this may seem like a 

4781
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:39,000
perfectly reasonable way for a 
powerful man to decompress after

4782
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:42,300
all hunting was the traditional 
pastime of European nobility. 

4783
04:11:43,100 --> 04:11:46,000
It showed you had Leisure Time, 
excellent, aim and weren't 

4784
04:11:46,000 --> 04:11:47,500
afraid to get a little dirt 
under your fingernails. 

4785
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:52,100
This is where Napoleon's 
personality begins to emerge. 

4786
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:55,200
Napoleon cannot simply go 
hunting like any other 

4787
04:11:55,200 --> 04:11:57,700
individual. 
Everything has to be grand. 

4788
04:11:57,700 --> 04:12:01,100
Everything has to be perfect and
everything has to make a 

4789
04:12:01,100 --> 04:12:03,300
statement. 
He doesn't want to wander 

4790
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:05,200
through the woods, hoping to 
spot a rabbit or two. 

4791
04:12:05,200 --> 04:12:09,200
He desires a hunt that is not 
only Grand but also spectacular 

4792
04:12:09,200 --> 04:12:13,100
hunt, that will leave a lasting 
impression He turns to his chief

4793
04:12:13,100 --> 04:12:17,000
of staff, Alex, Sandra Bertier, 
and tells him to organize a 

4794
04:12:17,000 --> 04:12:19,400
rabbit hunt. 
This is not just any rabbit hunt

4795
04:12:19,400 --> 04:12:23,400
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 
RTA, who was dealt with 

4796
04:12:23,408 --> 04:12:25,400
Napoleon's grandiose ideas for 
years? 

4797
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:29,100
Probably sized internally, but 
immediately gets to work. 

4798
04:12:29,800 --> 04:12:33,200
After all, if your boss is just 
conquered most of Europe, you 

4799
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,100
don't argue with him about party
planning, the location. 

4800
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:39,000
Chosen is the grounds around 
melisten Napoleon's country 

4801
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:41,600
estate. 
It's a beautiful property with 

4802
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:45,100
Rolling Hills scattered woods 
and plenty of open space. 

4803
04:12:45,100 --> 04:12:50,000
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 
The plan is simple, invite all 

4804
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:53,100
the important Military Officers 
and government officials release

4805
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,000
hundreds of rabbits into the 
countryside and then have a 

4806
04:12:56,000 --> 04:13:00,100
grand time chasing them down. 
You can imagine Napoleon's 

4807
04:13:00,100 --> 04:13:01,700
excitement as the plans come 
together. 

4808
04:13:01,700 --> 04:13:05,900
He's probably pacing around his 
study hands clasped behind his 

4809
04:13:05,900 --> 04:13:08,700
back in that famous, Posse 
detailing, exactly. 

4810
04:13:08,700 --> 04:13:11,800
How he wants everything 
arranged, the weapons must be 

4811
04:13:11,800 --> 04:13:14,400
cleaned and prepared. 
The Refreshments must be 

4812
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:16,700
perfect, and then must be many. 
Rabbits. 

4813
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:19,800
This phase is where busier 
starts to earn his reputation. 

4814
04:13:19,800 --> 04:13:23,200
As one of his history's, most 
competent staff officers, he 

4815
04:13:23,200 --> 04:13:25,500
understands that his Emperor 
doesn't just want to Hunting 

4816
04:13:25,500 --> 04:13:28,700
Party, he wants a hunting party 
that will become a legend. 

4817
04:13:29,800 --> 04:13:32,300
Bertier starts the planning 
process with the same 

4818
04:13:32,300 --> 04:13:34,700
meticulousness. 
He would apply to a military 

4819
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:37,800
campaign. 
First, he needs to secure the 

4820
04:13:37,800 --> 04:13:40,200
hunting grounds. 
The estate must be properly 

4821
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,000
prepared with beaters, 
positioned to drive the rabbits 

4822
04:13:43,000 --> 04:13:45,300
toward the hunters. 
Then there's the matter of 

4823
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:48,000
weapons, fine. 
Hunting rifles, for all the 

4824
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:51,400
guests, properly maintained and 
sighted food. 

4825
04:13:51,400 --> 04:13:54,300
And drink should also be 
provided for the guests as they 

4826
04:13:54,300 --> 04:13:56,700
will undoubtedly engage in a 
LinkedIn day of outdoor 

4827
04:13:56,700 --> 04:13:59,200
activities. 
They need to arrange 

4828
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:01,400
transportation to and from the 
hunting grounds. 

4829
04:14:02,200 --> 04:14:05,600
Starting to sound less like a 
casual afternoon and more like a

4830
04:14:05,600 --> 04:14:08,600
logistical operation. 
But most importantly, Bertier 

4831
04:14:08,600 --> 04:14:11,900
needs rabbits Bertier, requires 
an abundance of rabbits. 

4832
04:14:12,600 --> 04:14:15,600
The year is 1807, so it's not 
like he can just call up a 

4833
04:14:15,600 --> 04:14:16,900
rabbit supplier and place an 
order. 

4834
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:20,000
He needs to find someone who can
provide hundreds of rabbits, on 

4835
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:22,100
short notice. 
And they need to be the right 

4836
04:14:22,100 --> 04:14:26,100
kind of rabbits, healthy 
numerous and suitable for an 

4837
04:14:26,100 --> 04:14:29,200
imperial Hunting Party. 
As you drift off tonight, 

4838
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:32,900
picture Napoleon in his study 
completely absorbed in planning,

4839
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:36,200
what he thinks will be a perfect
day of hunting with no idea that

4840
04:14:36,200 --> 04:14:38,700
he's about to face one of the 
most embarrassing moments of his

4841
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,300
career. 
So there's beta and Napoleon's 

4842
04:14:41,300 --> 04:14:44,300
most trusted organizer facing 
what might seem like a simple 

4843
04:14:44,300 --> 04:14:48,100
task, get some rabbits for the 
emperor's hunting party, but you

4844
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:50,300
know how it is when your boss 
wants something done perfectly 

4845
04:14:50,300 --> 04:14:52,900
suddenly, even the simplest job 
comes complicated. 

4846
04:14:54,300 --> 04:14:57,000
Best starts by doing what? 
Any sensible person would do. 

4847
04:14:57,000 --> 04:15:00,600
He asks around? 
Where does one acquire? 

4848
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:02,700
Several hundred. 
Rabbits for hunting party. 

4849
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,900
It's not exactly the kind of 
question that comes up in normal

4850
04:15:05,900 --> 04:15:09,000
conversation. 
Oh, by the way, do you know 

4851
04:15:09,008 --> 04:15:12,000
anyone who has a few hundred 
rabbits lying around asking for 

4852
04:15:12,000 --> 04:15:14,500
an emperor? 
The answer it turns out is local

4853
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:18,300
farmers and rabbit breeders. 
In early 19th century, France 

4854
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:20,500
rabbit. 
Farming was actually quite 

4855
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:24,300
common rabbits were a reliable 
source of meat and fur. 

4856
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:27,800
They reproduced quickly and they
didn't require much space or 

4857
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:30,600
expensive. 
Feed your average French farmer.

4858
04:15:30,600 --> 04:15:33,400
Probably had a dozen or so 
rabbits in Hutch's behind his 

4859
04:15:33,400 --> 04:15:35,700
house. 
But Bertier, doesn't need a 

4860
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:37,500
dozen rabbits, he needs 
hundreds. 

4861
04:15:38,300 --> 04:15:41,000
So he starts sending out his 
assistance to every farm and 

4862
04:15:41,008 --> 04:15:43,400
rabbit breeder within a day's 
travel of Melissa. 

4863
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:47,200
The message is simple. 
The emperor needs rabbits and he

4864
04:15:47,200 --> 04:15:50,000
needs them by a specific date. 
Money is no object. 

4865
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:53,200
Now, you can imagine the 
conversations this must have 

4866
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:54,700
sparked in, French Farmhouse 
houses. 

4867
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:58,200
The emperor wants. 
Our rabbits does the emperor 

4868
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:02,100
want them all the hunting? 
well, if bonapartes, rabbits 

4869
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:06,100
Bonaparte gets Rapids, It 
probably seemed like the most 

4870
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,000
patriotic thing. 
A rabbit farmer could do for 

4871
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:10,800
France. 
Words quickly through the 

4872
04:16:10,800 --> 04:16:14,100
farming communities imperial 
agent, soon contact, every 

4873
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:17,100
rabbit, breeder in the region, 
the demand is so high. 

4874
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:19,900
That people start bringing 
rabbits from farther and farther

4875
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:23,800
away, carts full of rabbit, 
cages start rolling towards on 

4876
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,100
from all directions. 
Here's where things get 

4877
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:28,800
intriguing and where Bertier, 
makes what historians now 

4878
04:16:28,800 --> 04:16:32,400
recognizes as a crucial era. 
He so focused on getting enough 

4879
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:35,000
rabbits that he doesn't pay 
close attention to, what kind 

4880
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:37,900
he's getting. 
See, there are basically two 

4881
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:40,200
types of rabbits, you might 
encounter in this situation. 

4882
04:16:40,200 --> 04:16:43,400
There are wild rabbits, the kind
that live in the woods and 

4883
04:16:43,400 --> 04:16:46,600
Fields that are naturally wary 
of humans and will run away. 

4884
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,400
The moment, they are released. 
These are the rabbits that would

4885
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:53,000
make for proper hunting skittish
Swift and inclined to scatter in

4886
04:16:53,000 --> 04:16:55,100
all directions. 
The moment they sense Danger. 

4887
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:59,000
Then there are domestic rabbits,
the kind that farmers raise for 

4888
04:16:59,008 --> 04:17:01,800
meat and fur. 
These rabbits have been bred for

4889
04:17:01,800 --> 04:17:05,000
generations to be docile welfare
and comfortable around humans. 

4890
04:17:05,000 --> 04:17:08,800
They used to being handled and 
used to being fed by people and 

4891
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:11,800
they associate humans with food 
and safety rather than Danger. 

4892
04:17:12,500 --> 04:17:15,600
30A in his rushed to fulfill 
Napoleon's order ends up with a 

4893
04:17:15,600 --> 04:17:18,500
mix of both types. 
But here's the problem, the 

4894
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:21,800
domestic rabbits vastly, 
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 

4895
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:24,600
local farmers and breeders are 
supplying domestic rabbits 

4896
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:27,500
because they have a larger 
quantity of them and domestic 

4897
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:29,900
rabbits, it turns out behave 
very differently from wild. 

4898
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,100
Rabbits, when released in to the
countryside, as the day of the 

4899
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:35,100
hunter approaches hundreds of 
rabbits in wooden. 

4900
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:38,800
Cages are being transported to 
malm the logistics alone are 

4901
04:17:38,800 --> 04:17:41,100
impressive. 
You've got dozens of cars. 

4902
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:44,500
Each loaded with rabbit cages 
converging on Napoleon's. 

4903
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:48,400
Estate the rabbits are fed and 
watered kept in the shade 

4904
04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:51,500
generally treated better than 
many soldiers in Napoleon's 

4905
04:17:51,500 --> 04:17:54,000
Army. 
The staff at malamis on is 

4906
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:56,000
probably a bit bewildered by the
whole operation. 

4907
04:17:57,400 --> 04:17:59,600
The stable boys are suddenly 
dealing with hundreds of 

4908
04:17:59,608 --> 04:18:02,600
rabbits, instead of horses. 
The groundskeepers are being 

4909
04:18:02,608 --> 04:18:04,700
asked to help, prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

4910
04:18:05,400 --> 04:18:08,000
The kitchen staff is also 
involved, as they must provide 

4911
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:10,100
food for all the rabbits and the
hunt day. 

4912
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:13,600
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 
more and more excited about his 

4913
04:18:13,600 --> 04:18:17,100
upcoming Hunting Party. 
Napoleon is likely examining his

4914
04:18:17,100 --> 04:18:20,800
hunting rifle strategizing with 
his officers and envisioning. 

4915
04:18:20,800 --> 04:18:23,400
The tales that will unfold from 
This Magnificent hunt. 

4916
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:25,800
In his mind, it's going to be a 
perfect day. 

4917
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,900
Good weather, good company. 
And plenty of rabbits to provide

4918
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:31,200
exciting sport. 
Bertier. 

4919
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:33,600
Meanwhile is dealing with the 
Practical details. 

4920
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:37,100
Could you please advise on the 
optimal location for releasing 

4921
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:39,200
the rabbits? 
How many should be released at 

4922
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:41,400
once? 
Should they be released all at 

4923
04:18:41,400 --> 04:18:44,000
the same time or in waves to 
keep the hunting interesting 

4924
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:46,800
throughout the day? 
These are the kinds of questions

4925
04:18:46,800 --> 04:18:49,800
that don't come up in military 
planning, but their crucial for 

4926
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:53,200
a successful Hunting Party. 
The decision is made to release 

4927
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:55,900
all the rabbits at once from 
several different points around 

4928
04:18:55,900 --> 04:18:59,100
the hunting grounds, the move 
should provide plenty of targets

4929
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:01,300
and ensure that the rabbit 
scatter in all directions, 

4930
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:03,700
giving everyone a good chance at
some hunting. 

4931
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:07,800
Seems like a perfectly 
reasonable plan as you go to 

4932
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:11,700
bed, imagine the rabbits in 
their cages unaware that they're

4933
04:19:11,700 --> 04:19:14,500
about to make history in the 
most unexpected way, the morning

4934
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:17,500
of the great rabbit, hunt, 
Dawn's, clear, and bright the 

4935
04:19:17,500 --> 04:19:18,900
kind of summer day. 
That makes you want to be 

4936
04:19:18,908 --> 04:19:22,400
outside doing something active. 
Napoleon wakes up in an 

4937
04:19:22,400 --> 04:19:25,200
excellent mood. 
Probably humming to himself as 

4938
04:19:25,200 --> 04:19:26,800
he gets dressed in his hunting 
outfit. 

4939
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:29,900
He's chosen his clothes 
carefully elegant. 

4940
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:32,500
But practical the fitting an 
emperor who's about to 

4941
04:19:32,500 --> 04:19:35,500
demonstrate his prowess. 
In the field, you can picture 

4942
04:19:35,500 --> 04:19:38,400
him standing in front of his 
mirror, adjusting his coat. 

4943
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:40,400
Making sure everything is 
perfect. 

4944
04:19:40,400 --> 04:19:43,400
This isn't just a hunting trip. 
It's a performance. 

4945
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:47,600
Napoleon wants to present 
himself as a masterful huntsman 

4946
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:50,500
to all the important people in 
his government and Military who 

4947
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:53,900
will be present. 
The guests start arriving at 

4948
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:57,200
malaise on in the late morning. 
These aren't just casual friends

4949
04:19:57,200 --> 04:20:00,300
invited for a day of sport. 
These are the power Brokers of 

4950
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:03,300
the French Empire, Military 
Officers, who've helped Napoleon

4951
04:20:03,300 --> 04:20:05,800
conquer Europe. 
Government officials who run his

4952
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,800
administration and diplomats who
negotiate his treaties, 

4953
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:12,500
Everyone's dressed in their 
finest hunting attire, carrying 

4954
04:20:12,500 --> 04:20:15,400
beautiful rifles. 
Looking forward to a day of 

4955
04:20:15,400 --> 04:20:19,100
Imperial entertainment. 
The atmosphere is festive and 

4956
04:20:19,108 --> 04:20:21,800
relaxed after years of constant 
Warfare. 

4957
04:20:21,800 --> 04:20:25,600
Everyone's ready for a break. 
Treaty of tilsit has brought a 

4958
04:20:25,600 --> 04:20:28,300
temporary peace to Europe and 
for the first time in years 

4959
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,000
Napoleon's, Inner Circle can 
gather without discussing 

4960
04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:34,400
military campaigns or political 
crises is just going to be a 

4961
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,000
pleasant day of hunting tasty 
food and masculine. 

4962
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:40,000
Camaraderie Bertier. 
Meanwhile, is running around 

4963
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:41,600
making sure everything is 
perfect. 

4964
04:20:41,600 --> 04:20:44,500
These coordinating with the 
beaters, who will drive the 

4965
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,100
rabbits toward the hunters, 
checking that the refreshment 

4966
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:50,300
stations are properly stocked 
and making sure all the rifles 

4967
04:20:50,300 --> 04:20:54,300
are in excellent working order. 
He is also supervising the final

4968
04:20:54,300 --> 04:20:56,000
preparations for the Rabbit 
release. 

4969
04:20:56,800 --> 04:20:59,000
Throughout the hunting grounds. 
The rabbits themselves are 

4970
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:02,600
placed in key, locations of 
cages are scattered through the 

4971
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:05,400
woods and Fields. 
Each one can containing several 

4972
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:07,400
rabbits ready to be released on 
Signal? 

4973
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,600
The plan is beautifully. 
Simple, when Napoleon gives the 

4974
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:14,000
word, all the cages will be open
simultaneously. 

4975
04:21:14,000 --> 04:21:17,300
Releasing a small army of 
rabbits in to the countryside. 

4976
04:21:17,300 --> 04:21:20,600
The hunters will then fan out 
and begin their sport. 

4977
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,300
What nobody realizes that the 
majority of these rabbits of 

4978
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:26,200
spent their entire lives in 
captivity. 

4979
04:21:26,200 --> 04:21:31,300
They've been hand fed by Farmers
handled by humans and generally 

4980
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:33,700
treated as livestock rather than
wild animals. 

4981
04:21:34,600 --> 04:21:36,300
They don't have the instincts 
that would make them good 

4982
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:38,000
hunting targets, they don't 
know. 

4983
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:39,600
They're supposed to be afraid of
humans. 

4984
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:44,500
The Hunting Party gathers in the
main field and Napoleon gives a 

4985
04:21:44,500 --> 04:21:45,800
little speech about the day's 
activities. 

4986
04:21:45,808 --> 04:21:50,300
He's in his element commanding 
attention, setting the tone for 

4987
04:21:50,300 --> 04:21:52,000
what he expects to be a 
memorable day. 

4988
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:55,700
The rifles are loaded. 
The beaters are in position and 

4989
04:21:55,700 --> 04:21:59,600
everyone's ready for the grand 
release. 38, gives the signal 

4990
04:21:59,600 --> 04:22:02,800
and all across the hunting 
grounds caged doors, swing open.

4991
04:22:03,800 --> 04:22:07,200
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 
into the sunshine, probably 

4992
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:10,200
blinking in the southern 
brightness and looking around to

4993
04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:13,700
get their bearings. 
For a brief moment, everything 

4994
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:15,500
appears to be proceeding as 
planned. 

4995
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:19,200
The hunters spread out across 
the field rifles, ready 

4996
04:22:19,200 --> 04:22:22,800
expecting the rabbits to scatter
in all directions and provide 

4997
04:22:22,800 --> 04:22:26,700
them with moving targets. 
Napoleon himself takes a 

4998
04:22:26,700 --> 04:22:27,900
position in the center of the 
field. 

4999
04:22:27,900 --> 04:22:30,500
Probably. 
Feeling very satisfied with how 

5000
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,600
well everything is organized. 
But then something unexpected 

5001
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:36,600
happens instead of running away 
from the humans. 

5002
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,900
The rabbits start moving toward 
them, not just a few rabbits, 

5003
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:43,600
but dozens of them, then 
hundreds, they're hopping across

5004
04:22:43,600 --> 04:22:45,000
the field with what appears to 
be. 

5005
04:22:45,008 --> 04:22:47,900
Determination heading straight 
for the hunting party. 

5006
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:51,300
At first, the scene probably 
seems amusing rather than 

5007
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,400
alarming, maybe Napoleon 
Chuckles and makes a joke about 

5008
04:22:54,408 --> 04:22:55,300
Brave. 
Rabbits. 

5009
04:22:55,300 --> 04:22:58,300
Maybe some of the officers laugh
about, rabbits, that don't know.

5010
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:00,000
They're supposed to be afraid of
hunters. 

5011
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:03,900
It's quirky and unexpected but 
not necessarily problematic. 

5012
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:07,400
But the rabbits keep coming and 
more rabbits, keep emerging from

5013
04:23:07,400 --> 04:23:09,600
the woods. 
And instead of providing moving 

5014
04:23:09,600 --> 04:23:12,600
targets running away from the 
hunters, they're converging on 

5015
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:16,900
the humans like their expecting 
something, which of course they 

5016
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:19,100
are. 
They are expecting to be fed, 

5017
04:23:19,100 --> 04:23:22,200
just like they've been fed every
day of their lives. 

5018
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,300
The Hunting Party Starts to 
realize that something is going 

5019
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:28,900
very wrong with their carefully 
planned day of sport. 

5020
04:23:29,600 --> 04:23:31,700
These aren't wild rabbits 
behaving like wild. 

5021
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:35,000
Rabbits, he's a domestic. 
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,

5022
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:37,300
rabbits and domestic. 
Rabbits have very different 

5023
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:41,100
ideas about what humans are for.
As you drift off to sleep. 

5024
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:44,500
Imagine Napoleon standing in 
that field rifle. 

5025
04:23:44,500 --> 04:23:47,400
In he observing hundreds of 
rabbits, hopping toward him with

5026
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,500
an unmistakable confidence and 
beginning to realize that his 

5027
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:53,500
perfect Hunting Party is about 
to transform into something 

5028
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:57,000
entirely different. 
Do you recall the moment when 

5029
04:23:57,000 --> 04:23:58,600
you become aware of a dire 
situation? 

5030
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:01,200
Yet uncertain about how to 
address it? 

5031
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,400
That's exactly where Napoleon 
finds himself as hundreds of 

5032
04:24:05,408 --> 04:24:08,700
rabbits, continue hopping toward
the hunting party with what can 

5033
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:12,900
only be described as enthusiasm 
at first, the situation is more 

5034
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:15,900
puzzling than alarming. 
These are supposed to be prey 

5035
04:24:15,900 --> 04:24:17,700
animals. 
After all, they're supposed to 

5036
04:24:17,700 --> 04:24:21,600
run away when they see humans 
with rifles instead, there are 

5037
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:23,600
approaching like they're 
expecting a handout. 

5038
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:27,600
Some of the officers are still 
chuckling nervously making jokes

5039
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:30,400
about Fearless French rabbits 
showing their patriotic spirit. 

5040
04:24:31,100 --> 04:24:34,100
But the rabbits keep coming and 
they're not just approaching 

5041
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:36,200
their surrounding the hunting 
party. 

5042
04:24:36,200 --> 04:24:38,100
It's like watching a slow 
motion. 

5043
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:40,300
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 
ears. 

5044
04:24:41,200 --> 04:24:44,200
The rabbits hopped closer and 
closer and some of them start 

5045
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:46,600
doing what domestic rabbits do 
when they wanted attention from 

5046
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:49,300
humans, they start climbing 
picture. 

5047
04:24:49,300 --> 04:24:52,300
Imagine a polio the emperor, 
France and Conquer of Europe, 

5048
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:55,600
standing in a field As Rabbits, 
begin hopping onto his boots, 

5049
04:24:55,600 --> 04:24:58,700
then onto his legs, then up with
his coat. 

5050
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:02,100
These aren't tiny rabbits, 
either, these are well-fed farm,

5051
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:05,200
rabbits, some of them weighing 
several pounds each and their 

5052
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:07,800
treating Napoleon, like he's 
their favorite farmer coming to 

5053
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:09,700
feed them. 
The other Hunters are 

5054
04:25:09,708 --> 04:25:12,900
experiencing the same problem, 
rabbits are climbing all over 

5055
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:14,700
them getting tangled in their 
hunting gear. 

5056
04:25:14,700 --> 04:25:18,300
Generally behaving like overly 
Friendly Pets rather than Wild 

5057
04:25:18,300 --> 04:25:20,800
game. 
Some of the officers are trying 

5058
04:25:20,808 --> 04:25:23,800
to gently push the rabbits away,
but there are too many of them 

5059
04:25:23,800 --> 04:25:28,300
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 

5060
04:25:28,300 --> 04:25:32,000
rapidly turning to irritation. 
This is not how an imperial 

5061
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:34,900
Hunting Party supposed to go. 
He's supposed to be 

5062
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:38,500
demonstrating his, Marksmanship 
enjoying civilized Sport with 

5063
04:25:38,500 --> 04:25:41,200
his colleague and creating 
stories that will enhance his 

5064
04:25:41,200 --> 04:25:44,300
reputation. 
Instead he's being overwhelmed 

5065
04:25:44,300 --> 04:25:47,500
by affectionate rabbits the 
situation gets worse. 

5066
04:25:47,500 --> 04:25:49,900
When the rabbit start, 
exhibiting more, aggressive 

5067
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,500
behavior, They are not 
aggressive in the sense of 

5068
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:56,100
attacking but aggressive in the 
sense of relentlessly pursuing 

5069
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:59,600
their desires and what they 
want, have been trained by a 

5070
04:25:59,600 --> 04:26:02,200
lifetime of human. 
Interaction is food and 

5071
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:04,400
attention from these humans who 
have appeared in their 

5072
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,300
territory. 
Some of the larger rabbits begin

5073
04:26:07,300 --> 04:26:10,300
to exhibit Boulder Behavior. 
They're not just climbing on the

5074
04:26:10,300 --> 04:26:13,300
hunters, there exploring 
Pockets, chewing on clothing. 

5075
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,900
Generally, treating The Hunting 
Party like a mobile petting zoo 

5076
04:26:16,900 --> 04:26:20,300
Napoleon finds himself with 
rabbits in his coat, Pockets 

5077
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:23,800
rabbits tugging at his buttons 
and rabbits that seemed 

5078
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:26,000
determined to climb all the way 
up to his shoulders. 

5079
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:30,000
The rifles intended for hunting 
turn into completely useless 

5080
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:32,400
tools. 
You can't shoot at Rapids that 

5081
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:34,300
are climbing all over you 
without risking injury to 

5082
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:37,400
yourself or your fellow hunters.
And even if you could get a 

5083
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:40,200
clear shot, these rabbits are so
tame and friendly that shooting 

5084
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:42,400
them would feel less like 
hunting and more like Massacre. 

5085
04:26:42,400 --> 04:26:45,000
Their tier watching this 
disaster on fold. 

5086
04:26:45,000 --> 04:26:48,500
Probably realizes exactly what 
went wrong. instead of 

5087
04:26:48,508 --> 04:26:51,900
encountering wild, rabbits 
Bertier has encountered domestic

5088
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:55,300
rabbits who view humans as 
sources of food and comfort, 

5089
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:59,000
rather than as potential 
predators But realizing the 

5090
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:01,400
problem and fixing it, a two 
different things, especially 

5091
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:03,700
when you're dealing with 100s of
determined rabbits. 

5092
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:06,700
The hunters try various 
strategies to deal with their 

5093
04:27:06,700 --> 04:27:09,300
situation. 
Some attempt to walk away from 

5094
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,400
the rabbits but the rabbit 
simply follow them. 

5095
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:13,600
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

5096
04:27:13,600 --> 04:27:17,200
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

5097
04:27:17,200 --> 04:27:20,400
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

5098
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:23,400
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

5099
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:26,100
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

5100
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:29,300
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

5101
04:27:29,300 --> 04:27:32,300
to remove one rabbit, from his 
personal two more take its 

5102
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:34,600
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

5103
04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:37,200
Outfit is getting covered in 
rabbit fur and possibly other 

5104
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:38,700
things that rabbits leave 
behind. 

5105
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:41,500
The other members of The Hunting
Party are having their 

5106
04:27:41,500 --> 04:27:44,100
struggles. 
These men important government 

5107
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:46,900
officials and Military Officers 
are accustomed to receiving 

5108
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:50,100
respect and deference. 
Instead they're being treated 

5109
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:53,400
like walking Rabbit toys by an 
army of overly friendly farm 

5110
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:56,000
animals. 
Eaters who were supposed to 

5111
04:27:56,000 --> 04:27:58,600
drive the rabbits toward the 
hunters a standing around 

5112
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:01,200
looking confused? 
Their job was to make sure the 

5113
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:03,800
rabbits ran in the right 
direction, but these rabbits 

5114
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:04,900
don't need to be driven 
anywhere. 

5115
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:09,400
The rabbits are precisely where 
they should be swarming all over

5116
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:11,200
the humans. 
They believe are there to feed 

5117
04:28:11,208 --> 04:28:13,700
them. 
As the situation continues to 

5118
04:28:13,700 --> 04:28:16,100
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 
giving orders. 

5119
04:28:16,100 --> 04:28:19,900
He's a military commander after 
all and his instinct when faced 

5120
04:28:19,900 --> 04:28:22,700
with a crisis is to take charge 
and start issuing commands. 

5121
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:25,900
What exactly do you instruct 
when you're being surrounded by 

5122
04:28:25,900 --> 04:28:29,500
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 

5123
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,400
Imperial tonight. 
As you settle in picture, 

5124
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:35,600
Napoleon standing in that field,
his Imperial composure, 

5125
04:28:35,600 --> 04:28:38,000
beginning to crack as he 
realizes that he's about to 

5126
04:28:38,000 --> 04:28:39,500
suffer. 
One of the most ridiculous 

5127
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:42,500
defeats of his career. 
At the hands of creatures, that 

5128
04:28:42,500 --> 04:28:46,400
weigh less than his boots. 
Every disaster in a realization 

5129
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:50,000
that maintaining dignity is no 
longer a luxury for Napoleon. 

5130
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:53,000
That moment arrives. 
When a particularly large rabbit

5131
04:28:53,000 --> 04:28:56,100
managers to climb all the way 
up, his coat and perch on his 

5132
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:57,700
shoulder. 
Like some kind of furry 

5133
04:28:57,700 --> 04:29:01,800
floppy-eared parrot, The emperor
of France, the man who has 

5134
04:29:01,800 --> 04:29:04,000
stared down the armies of 
Austria Prussia and Russia 

5135
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:08,300
fighting himself in the utterly 
ridiculous position of being 

5136
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,600
unable to dislodge a single 
rabbit from his personal without

5137
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:13,800
losing his balance and 
potentially falling over. 

5138
04:29:14,600 --> 04:29:17,000
naturally dozens of other 
rabbits surround His Feet 

5139
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:20,200
hopping back and forth, 
rendering any abrupt movement, 

5140
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:23,100
hazardous You can imagine the 
thoughts going through 

5141
04:29:23,100 --> 04:29:26,200
Napoleon's head at this moment. 
This is supposed to be a 

5142
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,200
relaxing day of sport. 
A chance to unwind with his 

5143
04:29:29,200 --> 04:29:32,400
closest Associates and enjoy 
some traditional aristocratic 

5144
04:29:32,400 --> 04:29:36,000
entertainment. 
In Stead an army of overly 

5145
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:38,900
affectionate farm animals is 
treating him like a jungle gym. 

5146
04:29:39,800 --> 04:29:41,500
The other Hunters are faring, 
know better. 

5147
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:44,600
The creatures that eat lettuce 
are defeating these seasoned 

5148
04:29:44,600 --> 04:29:47,200
Military Officers who have 
charged into battle without 

5149
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:49,500
flinching. 
Some of them are trying to 

5150
04:29:49,500 --> 04:29:52,600
maintain their composure, but 
it's hard to look dignified when

5151
04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:55,000
you're covered in rabbit fur and
there's a rabbit trying to nest 

5152
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,800
in your hat. 
The situation reaches its peak, 

5153
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:02,800
when someone history doesn't 
record, who makes the Fatal 

5154
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:04,800
mistake of trying to run away 
from the rabbits. 

5155
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:08,300
Perhaps, it's one of the younger
officers, someone who thinks he 

5156
04:30:08,300 --> 04:30:11,200
can simply outrun the problem. 
But running turns out to be 

5157
04:30:11,200 --> 04:30:14,100
exactly the wrong strategy, 
because it triggers every 

5158
04:30:14,100 --> 04:30:16,600
rabbits instinct to chase after 
something that's moving. 

5159
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:19,600
Suddenly instead of just 
climbing on the stationary 

5160
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:22,000
humans, the rabbits start 
hopping off after the running 

5161
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:26,400
humans and rabbits, it turns out
a surprisingly fast when they 

5162
04:30:26,408 --> 04:30:29,100
want to be. 
They can hop at speeds of up to 

5163
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:32,500
25 miles per hour, which is 
considerably fast than most 

5164
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,400
humans can run while carrying 
hunting rifles and wearing 

5165
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:39,200
formal hunting attire. 
Napoleon seeing one of his 

5166
04:30:39,200 --> 04:30:42,100
officers being chased across the
field by a horde of bouncing, 

5167
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,800
rabbits probably realizes that 
the situation has moved Beyond 

5168
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,400
embarrassing and into the realm 
of the completely absurd. 

5169
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:52,200
This is the kind of seen that 
would be funny if it were 

5170
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,300
happening to someone else but is
absolutely mortifying when it's 

5171
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:59,200
happening to you. 
The decision is reached though. 

5172
04:30:59,200 --> 04:31:02,500
It is not entirely clear who 
made it that the Hunting Party 

5173
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:05,000
should retreat. 
It's not a tactical 

5174
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:08,300
repositioning or a strategic 
withdrawal, but a genuine 

5175
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:12,300
Retreat from an army of rabbits.
Napoleon who is never retreated 

5176
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:15,300
from a human enemy is about to 
retreat from a bunch of farm 

5177
04:31:15,300 --> 04:31:18,400
animals, but retreating from 
Rabbits, turned out to be more 

5178
04:31:18,400 --> 04:31:21,000
complicated than retreating. 
From say, Austrian Cavalry. 

5179
04:31:21,000 --> 04:31:23,800
The rabbits don't understand 
military protocol. 

5180
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:26,800
They don't recognize surrender 
Flags, or cease fire signals. 

5181
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:30,000
They just see their favorite 
humans trying to leave and their

5182
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:33,400
determined to follow. 
The hunting party starts moving 

5183
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:35,900
toward their carriages, but the 
rabbits move with them. 

5184
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:39,300
Like trying to evacuate a 
building while being followed by

5185
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:41,400
100s of overly enthusiastic 
pets. 

5186
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:45,300
Every step toward the carriages 
as a company named by a bouncing

5187
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:48,200
escort of rabbits who seem to 
think their presence is the most

5188
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:50,400
entertaining thing that ever 
happened to them. 

5189
04:31:50,400 --> 04:31:54,200
Napoleon trying to maintain some
semblance of Imperial dignity 

5190
04:31:54,200 --> 04:31:58,400
walks as calmly as he can toward
his Carriage but it's hard to 

5191
04:31:58,408 --> 04:32:00,500
look Imperial. 
When you're brushing rabbits off

5192
04:32:00,500 --> 04:32:03,500
your coat, every few steps and 
there's rabbit fur floating 

5193
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:05,300
around you like some kind of 
Barnard. 

5194
04:32:05,300 --> 04:32:09,200
Snowstorm Carriages when they 
finally reach them present their

5195
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:14,000
problems, the rabbits completely
terrify the horses, horses and 

5196
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:15,200
rabbits, don't normally 
interact. 

5197
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,700
And the horses aren't sure what 
to make of these small bounce 

5198
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:20,500
and creatures that keep hopping 
around their hooves. 

5199
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,200
Some of the horses are dancing. 
Nervously, others are trying to 

5200
04:32:24,200 --> 04:32:27,000
back away and the Coachmen are 
struggling to keep them under 

5201
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:29,700
control. 
Getting into the carriages 

5202
04:32:29,700 --> 04:32:33,100
becomes an operation in itself. 
The moment someone opens a 

5203
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:35,800
carriage door rabbit start 
trying to hop inside they're not

5204
04:32:35,808 --> 04:32:38,700
being malicious, they just want 
to continue their interaction 

5205
04:32:38,700 --> 04:32:42,300
with these fascinating humans. 
But having a carriage full of 

5206
04:32:42,308 --> 04:32:45,300
rabbits, is not exactly what 
Napoleon had in mind for his 

5207
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:48,700
dignified departure. 
The scene becomes increasingly 

5208
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:51,900
chaotic as The Hunting Party 
tries to separate themselves 

5209
04:32:51,900 --> 04:32:55,300
from their rabbit and Meyers 
Some of the officers are 

5210
04:32:55,300 --> 04:32:58,100
literally having to pick rabbits
off themselves and set them down

5211
04:32:58,100 --> 04:33:01,400
before climbing into carriages. 
Others are trying to create 

5212
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:03,400
barriers to keep the rabbits 
from following them. 

5213
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,500
Napoleon finally makes it to his
Carriage probably with less 

5214
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:09,599
Grace than he's used to 
displaying in public. 

5215
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:13,099
The Coachman, who has never 
dealt with a rabbit Siege before

5216
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:16,099
his doing his best, to keep the 
rabbits from climbing onto the 

5217
04:33:16,099 --> 04:33:18,900
carriage itself. 
Some of the more athletic 

5218
04:33:18,900 --> 04:33:21,599
rabbits are actually managing to
hop onto the running boards and 

5219
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:24,400
peer into the windows. 
As you drift off tonight. 

5220
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:28,400
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 
Carriage, looking out at a field

5221
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:31,599
full of rabbits who are probably
wondering why their new human 

5222
04:33:31,608 --> 04:33:34,300
friends are leaving and trying 
to figure out how he's going to 

5223
04:33:34,308 --> 04:33:37,200
explain the matter to anyone. 
The carriage ride back to 

5224
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:39,900
Melbourne, is probably one of 
the most awkward Journeys in 

5225
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:44,000
Napoleon's life. 
He is the Emperor France fresh 

5226
04:33:44,000 --> 04:33:46,200
from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

5227
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:48,300
history. 
And he has to sit there with 

5228
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,200
rabbit first still clinging to 
his coat while pretending that 

5229
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:52,700
what just happened. 
Was somehow normal. 

5230
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,300
You can imagine the silence in 
that Carriage. 

5231
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,599
How do you address the situation
after being unexpectedly? 

5232
04:33:58,599 --> 04:34:00,599
Overrun by a group of domestic. 
Rabbits. 

5233
04:34:01,300 --> 04:34:03,700
How might one present that in a 
way that appears impressive 

5234
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,300
rather than absurd? 
Napoleon who typically possess 

5235
04:34:07,300 --> 04:34:10,900
as a wealth of words, like he 
spends the entire Journey, a 

5236
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:12,599
tempting to contextualize This 
Disaster. 

5237
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,700
The other carriages are dealing 
with their own awkward 

5238
04:34:15,700 --> 04:34:18,099
situations. 
These are high ranking military 

5239
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:20,099
officers and government 
officials who have just 

5240
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:22,800
experienced something that 
defies all their training and 

5241
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:25,000
experience they've been in 
battles. 

5242
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:28,200
They've negotiated trees and 
they've dealt with political 

5243
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:31,099
crises, but none of that 
prepared them for being climbed 

5244
04:34:31,099 --> 04:34:32,800
on by overly friendly farm 
animals. 

5245
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,400
Some officers may be joking to 
lighten the mood, but what do 

5246
04:34:36,400 --> 04:34:38,900
you joke about when rabbits have
just defeated your Emperor? 

5247
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:42,500
Others are maintaining a 
dignified silence pretending 

5248
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:44,000
that nothing unusual has 
happened. 

5249
04:34:44,008 --> 04:34:47,000
A few are probably already 
trying to figure out how to tell

5250
04:34:47,000 --> 04:34:50,300
the story to their wives without
sounding completely insane. 

5251
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,300
Meanwhile, back at the hunting 
grounds Bertier is left to deal 

5252
04:34:54,300 --> 04:34:57,500
with the aftermath, but a must 
decide how to handle the 

5253
04:34:57,500 --> 04:34:59,200
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 
The estate. 

5254
04:34:59,200 --> 04:35:02,099
He can't just leave them there. 
They're not wild rabbits. 

5255
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,099
So they don't know how to 
survive on their own, but he 

5256
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:08,300
also can't exactly round them 
all up and return them to their 

5257
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:11,200
original owners because that 
would require admitting what 

5258
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:14,000
happened. 
The estate staff is probably 

5259
04:35:14,000 --> 04:35:16,599
having the strangest day of 
their careers, the 

5260
04:35:16,599 --> 04:35:19,200
groundskeepers who were 
expecting to help with a normal 

5261
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,599
Hunting Party. 
Now, dealing with a rabbit 

5262
04:35:21,599 --> 04:35:24,700
population explosion. 
The stable hands are trying to 

5263
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:27,599
calm down horses who are stilled
by the mornings of events. 

5264
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:30,700
Everyone is attempting to 
restore some semblance of 

5265
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:33,000
normalcy to the once peaceful 
country estate. 

5266
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:36,300
Word of the rabbit incident 
starts spreading almost 

5267
04:35:36,300 --> 04:35:39,700
immediately, despite everyone's 
best efforts to keep it quiet. 

5268
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:43,800
Servants talk to other servants,
Coachmen shared stories with 

5269
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:46,800
other Coachmen and pretty soon. 
The tail is making its way 

5270
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:48,400
through the Social Circle of 
Paris. 

5271
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:51,700
Stories, that spread aren't 
exactly accurate. 

5272
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:55,500
There are embellished 
exaggerated and twisted into 

5273
04:35:55,500 --> 04:35:58,200
something, even more ridiculous 
than what actually happened. 

5274
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:01,599
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 
with a crisis of public 

5275
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:04,200
relations. 
Napoleon has established his 

5276
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:08,400
reputation by being Invincible. 
Mastering every situation and 

5277
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:10,300
never letting anyone catch him 
off guard. 

5278
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:13,400
The idea that he could be 
defeated by a bunch of rabbits 

5279
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:16,700
is exactly the kind of story 
that his political enemies would

5280
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:19,900
love to spread around Europe. 
The official version of events 

5281
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:22,000
that emerges is carefully, 
sanitized. 

5282
04:36:22,000 --> 04:36:25,599
The hunting party was successful
and enjoyable, the emperor 

5283
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:28,900
demonstrated his excellent 
Marksmanship and everyone had a 

5284
04:36:28,900 --> 04:36:32,300
thoroughly Imperial time. 
Any mention of rabbits behaving 

5285
04:36:32,300 --> 04:36:35,099
on usually as carefully emitted 
from the official records. 

5286
04:36:35,099 --> 04:36:37,500
But you can't completely 
suppress a story. 

5287
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:41,099
This good Whispers and private 
letters circulate the rabbit 

5288
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:44,300
incident as a historical 
anecdote Military Officers. 

5289
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:47,599
Tell the story to their friends,
government officials, share it 

5290
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:50,099
with their families and 
gradually become part of the 

5291
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:53,400
unofficial. 
History of Napoleon's reign, The

5292
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:57,300
irony lies in the fact that this
absurd rabbit defeat occurs 

5293
04:36:57,300 --> 04:36:59,099
during the Pinnacle of 
Napoleon's power. 

5294
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:01,800
He's just negotiated the Treaty 
of tilsit. 

5295
04:37:01,800 --> 04:37:04,800
He controls most of Europe and 
he's at the peak of his 

5296
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:06,300
political and Military 
influence. 

5297
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:10,800
However, he finds himself 
completely powerless against a 

5298
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:13,700
group of domestic, rabbits who 
merely seek food and affection. 

5299
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:18,200
Years later when Napoleon is in 
Exile on Saint Helena, he 

5300
04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:21,400
probably has plenty of time to 
reflect on the rapid incident. 

5301
04:37:21,400 --> 04:37:25,200
The story becomes, increasingly 
humorous, over time and distance

5302
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:27,500
yet. 
It also serves as a poignant 

5303
04:37:27,500 --> 04:37:30,400
illustration of how even the 
most powerful individuals can 

5304
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:31,700
succumb to unforeseen 
circumstances. 

5305
04:37:33,500 --> 04:37:35,700
Bertier. 
Meanwhile learns a valuable 

5306
04:37:35,700 --> 04:37:39,099
lesson about the importance of 
understanding your resources, 

5307
04:37:39,099 --> 04:37:42,400
your successfully managed, 
military logistics for some of 

5308
04:37:42,408 --> 04:37:44,700
the most complex campaigns in 
European history. 

5309
04:37:44,700 --> 04:37:48,200
But his failure to distinguish 
between wild and domestic 

5310
04:37:48,200 --> 04:37:52,400
rabbits has led to his defeat 
Probably not a mistake he'll 

5311
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:55,599
ever make again. 
The rabbits themselves have had 

5312
04:37:55,599 --> 04:37:57,900
their brief moment of historical
significance. 

5313
04:37:57,900 --> 04:38:01,000
Our eventually rounded up and 
returned to more conventional 

5314
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:03,500
lives. 
Some probably end up back on 

5315
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:06,000
farms. 
Others might be relocated to 

5316
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:07,599
areas where they can live more 
naturally. 

5317
04:38:09,099 --> 04:38:12,400
But for one morning in 1807, 
they were the most important 

5318
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:15,300
creatures in France as you 
settle in for the night. 

5319
04:38:15,300 --> 04:38:18,400
Think about how this story 
reveals something essential 

5320
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,500
about human nature, no matter 
how powerful or important we 

5321
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:25,000
become were all just wanting 
counter with unexpected, rabbits

5322
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:26,900
away from looking completely 
ridiculous. 

5323
04:38:26,900 --> 04:38:30,599
The beautiful thing about 
Napoleon's rapid incident is how

5324
04:38:30,608 --> 04:38:32,300
it perfectly captures the 
absurdity. 

5325
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:34,599
That looks beneath all human 
pretension. 

5326
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:37,500
Here we have the most powerful 
man in Europe. 

5327
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:40,500
Someone who has literally 
reshaped the political landscape

5328
04:38:40,500 --> 04:38:44,000
of an entire continent and he's 
brought down by creatures. 

5329
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:47,800
Most people consider suitable 
for children's petting zoos the 

5330
04:38:47,800 --> 04:38:51,200
stories continued survival, 
despite everyone's best efforts 

5331
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:53,400
to suppress it adds to its 
Delight. 

5332
04:38:54,099 --> 04:38:56,800
Napoleon's government certainly 
didn't want this story getting 

5333
04:38:56,800 --> 04:39:00,099
out and most of the participants
probably preferred not to talk 

5334
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:03,400
about their morning being 
overwhelmed by farm animals, but

5335
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:05,599
the story was simply too good to
stay buried. 

5336
04:39:06,700 --> 04:39:09,400
Over the years, the rabbit 
incident has taken on a life of 

5337
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:12,700
its own each telling, like all 
good, historical anecdotes 

5338
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:14,700
embellishes and exaggerates the 
story. 

5339
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,599
And certain Renditions, 
thousands of rabbits, completely

5340
04:39:18,599 --> 04:39:21,000
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 
versions. 

5341
04:39:21,000 --> 04:39:24,000
The rapid attack actually. 
Injures in Napoleon, some 

5342
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:26,700
stories claim the rabbits would 
deliberately released as part of

5343
04:39:26,707 --> 04:39:29,500
a practical joke, While others 
suggest they were trained to 

5344
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:31,300
attack rabbits deployed by his 
enemies. 

5345
04:39:32,200 --> 04:39:35,300
The truth, as you now know, is 
both more mundane and more 

5346
04:39:35,300 --> 04:39:38,600
amusing than the Legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits 

5347
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:40,400
and they worked trying to attack
anyone. 

5348
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,200
Who was simply a case of 
domestic rabbits behaving, like 

5349
04:39:43,200 --> 04:39:46,200
domestic rabbits, treating 
humans as sources of food and 

5350
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:48,600
comfort, rather than as 
predators to be avoided. 

5351
04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:52,600
Story endures because it reveals
something important about power 

5352
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:56,300
and Human Nature. 
Napoleon dedicated the majority 

5353
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,300
of his career to demonstrating 
his ability to sum out any 

5354
04:39:59,300 --> 04:40:02,400
challenge through his unwavering
determination, strategic 

5355
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:05,400
planning and exceptional 
organizational skills. 

5356
04:40:05,400 --> 04:40:09,900
He defeated armies conquered 
Nations and rewrote the laws of 

5357
04:40:09,900 --> 04:40:12,800
entire societies. 
However, he was unable to 

5358
04:40:12,800 --> 04:40:15,300
overcome a group of hungry, 
rabbits, there's something 

5359
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:17,000
deeply satisfying about this 
story. 

5360
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:20,100
The special, for those of us who
sometimes feel overwhelmed by 

5361
04:40:20,100 --> 04:40:21,800
the ordinary challenges of daily
life. 

5362
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,600
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor

5363
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:28,600
setbacks don't carry such 
embarrassment, maybe getting 

5364
04:40:28,600 --> 04:40:31,900
flustered by a technology 
problem or being outwitted by a 

5365
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:34,900
household pet, or failing to 
assemble a piece of furniture 

5366
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:36,800
properly, puts us, in pretty 
good company. 

5367
04:40:38,400 --> 04:40:41,100
The rabbit incidental highlights
the importance of understanding 

5368
04:40:41,100 --> 04:40:42,900
your resources and your 
environment. 

5369
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:45,900
Bertier was an excellent 
organizer. 

5370
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:49,000
But he failed to ask the right 
questions about the rabbits he 

5371
04:40:49,000 --> 04:40:51,500
was acquiring. 
He focused on quantity rather 

5372
04:40:51,500 --> 04:40:54,500
than quality and he didn't 
consider how the rabbits 

5373
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:56,300
background might affect their 
behavior. 

5374
04:40:57,000 --> 04:40:59,100
It's a lesson that applies to 
everything from military 

5375
04:40:59,100 --> 04:41:03,000
campaigns to dinner parties, The
Details Matter and assumptions 

5376
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,400
can be dangerous. modern 
historians have used the rabbit 

5377
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:09,200
story as an example of how even 
the most carefully planned 

5378
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:12,700
events can go wrong in 
unexpected ways, it's become a 

5379
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:15,000
case study in the limits of 
control and the importance of 

5380
04:41:15,008 --> 04:41:18,100
contingency planning, military 
academies. 

5381
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:21,300
Sometimes use it as humorous 
example of how intelligence 

5382
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:24,000
gathering should include 
seemingly trivial details. 

5383
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:27,000
The story has also become a 
favorite among those who study 

5384
04:41:27,000 --> 04:41:31,100
the psychology of power. 
Napoleon's reaction to the 

5385
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:34,500
rabbit incident, his apparent 
inability to laugh at himself. 

5386
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,700
His focus on damage control, 
rather than enjoying the 

5387
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:40,400
absurdity reveals. 
Something about how absolute 

5388
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:42,800
power can make people lose their
sense of humor about themselves.

5389
04:41:42,800 --> 04:41:47,100
But the rabbit incidents most 
lasting lesson is that life is 

5390
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:50,400
unpredictable and observed, no 
matter who you are or how 

5391
04:41:50,400 --> 04:41:53,400
powerful you are. 
Napoleon could plan brilliant 

5392
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:55,800
military campaigns and 
reorganize entirely legal 

5393
04:41:55,800 --> 04:41:58,600
systems but he couldn't play for
the possibility. 

5394
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:01,600
That hundreds of domestic 
rabbits would mistake him for 

5395
04:42:01,600 --> 04:42:04,200
their favorite farmer. 
The rabbits of course, were 

5396
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,300
completely innocent in all this 
it would just being rabbits 

5397
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:09,400
following their instincts and 
their training. 

5398
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,500
They saw humans and expected 
food and attention just as 

5399
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:17,100
they'd been conditioned to 
expect throughout their lives. 

5400
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:20,500
From that perspective, the 
humans were the ones behaving 

5401
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,500
strangely by running away. 
Instead of providing the 

5402
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:27,500
expected carrots and lettuce. 
In the end, the rabbit incident 

5403
04:42:27,500 --> 04:42:30,500
becomes a perfect metaphor for 
the gap between our plans, and 

5404
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:33,700
reality between our self-image 
and how the world actually 

5405
04:42:33,700 --> 04:42:36,500
works. 
Napoleon saw himself as the 

5406
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:40,000
master of Europe, but the rabbit
saw him as a potential source of

5407
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:43,300
breakfast. 
Both perspectives were valid but

5408
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:45,600
only one of them was prepared 
for what actually happened that 

5409
04:42:45,600 --> 04:42:48,400
morning. 
As you drift off to sleep 

5410
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:50,600
tonight. 
Remember that, no matter how 

5411
04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:54,000
important our plans seem to us, 
somewhere, there are rabbits who

5412
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:55,800
have their ideas about how 
things should work. 

5413
04:42:55,800 --> 04:42:59,100
And sometimes, just sometimes 
the rabbits win. 

5414
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:07,200
Know that. 
Feeling when you realize you've 

5415
04:43:07,200 --> 04:43:09,500
been completely oblivious to 
something that was right in 

5416
04:43:09,500 --> 04:43:10,800
front of your face the whole 
time. 

5417
04:43:11,600 --> 04:43:14,100
Like when you finally notice 
your neighbor's been waving at 

5418
04:43:14,100 --> 04:43:16,900
you for three years and you 
thought they had some sort of 

5419
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:20,200
nervous. 
Tic, well, imagine that feeling 

5420
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:23,900
but multiply it by about a 
thousand and you'll get close to

5421
04:43:23,900 --> 04:43:26,500
what archaeologists felt when 
they stumbled upon one of 

5422
04:43:26,508 --> 04:43:31,000
history's most overlooked 
communication systems Started as

5423
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:33,600
these things often do with 
someone having a perfectly 

5424
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:35,900
ordinary day, that was about to 
become extraordinary. 

5425
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:40,000
Dr. Elena Vasquez was having her
morning coffee in a Dusty tent 

5426
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:43,000
outside Cairo squinting at 
Pottery, sherds that looked 

5427
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:46,500
about as exciting as yesterday's
newspaper, when her graduate 

5428
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:49,300
student markers bursts in with 
the enthusiasm of a golden 

5429
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:52,000
retriever, who'd found the 
world's best stick. 

5430
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:56,000
Professor, you have to see this 
and practically shouted, 

5431
04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:58,700
clutching a fragment of ancient 
painted plaster, like it 

5432
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:01,700
contained the secrets of the 
universe, which as it turned 

5433
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:05,100
out, it kind of did the fragment
showed what appeared to be a 

5434
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:08,800
typical Egyptian banquet scene, 
you know, the type where 

5435
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:11,900
everyone looking impossibly. 
Elegant, while servants found 

5436
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:15,500
them, with giant feathers, But 
Marcus had noticed something 

5437
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:17,900
that generations of Scholars had
somehow missed. 

5438
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:21,700
Every single person at this 
banquet had their hair arranged 

5439
04:44:21,700 --> 04:44:24,900
in a completely different style 
and more importantly these 

5440
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:27,300
Styles seem to follow very 
specific patterns. 

5441
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:31,300
You see for centuries historians
had assumed that ancient 

5442
04:44:31,300 --> 04:44:33,300
hairstyles were just fashion 
statements. 

5443
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,400
Like how we might choose between
a bob or layers based on what 

5444
04:44:36,400 --> 04:44:38,100
magazine? 
We flip through at the salon. 

5445
04:44:38,100 --> 04:44:40,600
But what if hair wasn't just 
about looking good? 

5446
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:43,700
What if it was actually a 
sophisticated communication 

5447
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:48,200
system as complex and nuanced as
any written language, the idea 

5448
04:44:48,200 --> 04:44:52,000
seemed ridiculous at first, 
after all, how could something 

5449
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:55,900
as simple as how you wore your 
hair carry, meaning Beyond, I'm 

5450
04:44:55,900 --> 04:44:58,900
having a good hair day or a 
clearly gave up on life this 

5451
04:44:58,900 --> 04:45:03,600
morning. but the more Elena and 
Marcus examine the fragment the 

5452
04:45:03,600 --> 04:45:06,900
more patterns, they discovered 
the woman with three braids 

5453
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:10,200
wound with gold thread was 
positioned next to the man with 

5454
04:45:10,200 --> 04:45:13,500
the elaborate topknot, while the
figure with Loose Hair, adorned 

5455
04:45:13,500 --> 04:45:15,900
with lotus flowers sat across 
from someone whose hair was 

5456
04:45:15,900 --> 04:45:18,300
completely covered. 
It was like looking at a 

5457
04:45:18,308 --> 04:45:20,600
crossword puzzle where you 
suddenly realized. 

5458
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:23,800
All the clues are connected. 
Positioning was not random. 

5459
04:45:23,800 --> 04:45:26,000
It was deliberate meaningful 
coded. 

5460
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:29,000
These people weren't just 
sitting around eating greats and

5461
04:45:29,008 --> 04:45:31,200
looking fabulous. 
They were having a conversation 

5462
04:45:31,200 --> 04:45:33,400
and their hair was doing all the
talking. 

5463
04:45:34,700 --> 04:45:36,600
As Elena sipped her now called 
coffee. 

5464
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,700
She felt that familiar. 
Tingle that archaeologists, get?

5465
04:45:39,708 --> 04:45:42,300
When they're about to turn the 
academic world upside down. 

5466
04:45:43,100 --> 04:45:45,300
It's the same feeling you get 
when you're about to tell 

5467
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:47,500
someone a secret that's going to
blow their mind. 

5468
04:45:47,500 --> 04:45:51,100
Except in this case the secret 
had been hiding in plain sight 

5469
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:54,800
for thousands of years, the 
implications were staggering if 

5470
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:57,500
hair truly functioned as a 
secret language in ancient 

5471
04:45:57,500 --> 04:46:00,300
Egypt. 
What about other cultures that 

5472
04:46:00,300 --> 04:46:03,400
archeologists been looking at? 
Countless artifacts paintings 

5473
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,500
and sculptures without realizing
they were essentially reading 

5474
04:46:06,500 --> 04:46:08,100
books with half the words 
missing. 

5475
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:11,100
It would be like trying to 
understand a conversation by 

5476
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:14,200
only listening to every other 
sentence technically possible 

5477
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:17,100
but your definitely going to 
miss some crucial plot points. 

5478
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:20,700
Ellen set down her coffee cup 
with his decisive. 

5479
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:23,000
Clink of someone who has just 
made a life-changing decision. 

5480
04:46:24,100 --> 04:46:26,200
She was going to prove that 
hair, wasn't just about 

5481
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:29,400
Aesthetics in the ancient world.
It was about communication, 

5482
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,800
status identity and social 
navigation. 

5483
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:35,400
All rolled into one beautifully,
elaborate system. 

5484
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:39,500
And if she was right every 
Museum in the world had been 

5485
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:42,800
displaying, what amounted to 
ancient text messages completely

5486
04:46:42,800 --> 04:46:45,500
unaware that they were looking 
at some of Humanity's earliest 

5487
04:46:45,500 --> 04:46:48,700
social media posts. 
Little did she know that this 

5488
04:46:48,700 --> 04:46:50,700
discovery would lead her down a 
rabbit hole? 

5489
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:53,200
So deep and winding that she'd 
emerge on the other side. 

5490
04:46:53,200 --> 04:46:55,700
With completely new, 
understanding of how our 

5491
04:46:55,700 --> 04:47:00,300
ancestors communicated loved 
fought and lived their daily 

5492
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:02,900
lives. 
All through the simple that 

5493
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:05,000
profound Act of arranging the 
hair on their heads. 

5494
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:07,800
You might think that cracking 
ancient haircode would be like, 

5495
04:47:07,800 --> 04:47:10,800
solving a jigsaw puzzle where 
half the piece is a missing and 

5496
04:47:10,800 --> 04:47:12,200
the other half are covered in 
dust. 

5497
04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:16,700
Absolutely right. 
However, Eleanor had 

5498
04:47:16,708 --> 04:47:20,600
consistently embraced challenges
when faced with chaos, her 

5499
04:47:20,600 --> 04:47:22,700
realization that she had been 
approaching the problem 

5500
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,700
incorrectly led to a 
breakthrough instead of trying 

5501
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:28,800
to decode individual hairstyles,
like some sort of follicular 

5502
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:31,200
Rosetta Stone. 
She needed to look at the 

5503
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:34,000
relationships between different 
styles within the same cultural 

5504
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:36,200
context. 
It was like realizing that you 

5505
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:40,100
can't understand what thumbs up 
means by just staring at a 

5506
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:42,900
thumb. 
You need to know when where and 

5507
04:47:42,900 --> 04:47:46,200
how people use it? 
Elena started with watching. 

5508
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:50,000
You ancient Egyptian art was 
Notorious for its Precision, 

5509
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:54,500
every higher, a glyph, every 
color, and every positioning had

5510
04:47:54,500 --> 04:47:59,100
meaning If the Egyptians were 
that meticulous about drawing a 

5511
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:01,300
bird to represent a sound, 
surely, they won't just 

5512
04:48:01,300 --> 04:48:03,400
randomly, doodling hairstyles 
for the fun of it. 

5513
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:07,100
She began cataloging every 
depiction of her. 

5514
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:10,400
She could find in Egyptian art 
from tomb paintings to Temple. 

5515
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:14,000
Carvings to Papyrus 
illustrations at first, the 

5516
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,300
catalog appeared monotonous with
page after page of ancient, 

5517
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:19,700
updos braids, and headpieces 
that would leave a modern 

5518
04:48:19,700 --> 04:48:21,200
wedding planner in a state of 
envy. 

5519
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:24,500
But slowly patterns began to 
emerge. 

5520
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:27,900
Women depicted in domestic 
scenes consistently wore their 

5521
04:48:27,908 --> 04:48:31,700
hair in simple lower 
Arrangements, often with minimal

5522
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:35,200
decoration, but the same women 
when shown in religious 

5523
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:38,500
ceremonies suddenly sprouted 
elaborate constructions that 

5524
04:48:38,500 --> 04:48:41,900
defied both gravity and 
reasonable styling time, it 

5525
04:48:41,900 --> 04:48:43,800
wasn't that they were getting 
dressed up for special 

5526
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:46,000
occasions. 
It was that they were literally 

5527
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:49,100
changing their message. 
The domestic hair seemed to 

5528
04:48:49,108 --> 04:48:52,400
communicate availability 
approachability and fertility. 

5529
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:55,300
think of it as the ancient 
equivalent of wearing your 

5530
04:48:55,300 --> 04:48:59,900
comfiest jeans and a world's 
best mom t-shirt However, this 

5531
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:03,600
ceremonial hair represented, a 
form of pure power 

5532
04:49:03,600 --> 04:49:06,300
communication, those towering 
Arrangements. 

5533
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:09,000
Studied with gold ornaments 
weren't just showing off wealth.

5534
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:12,600
They were broadcasting 
Authority, Divine connection on 

5535
04:49:12,600 --> 04:49:15,500
social status, so loudly that 
they might as well have come 

5536
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:19,300
with their ancient PA system. 
Eleanor's, real Epiphany 

5537
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:21,900
occurred when she began 
examining the men's hairstyles. 

5538
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:25,700
For years, Scholars, had largely
ignored male grooming in Ancient

5539
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:27,700
Art. 
Assuming it was less complex 

5540
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:31,300
than women Styles. 
This Elena realized was, like, 

5541
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:34,000
assuming that ties are just 
decorative strips of fabric 

5542
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:36,800
instead of recognizing their 
role as subtle indicators of 

5543
04:49:36,800 --> 04:49:42,200
professionality and occasion. 
ancient Egyptian men, it turned 

5544
04:49:42,200 --> 04:49:46,200
out had their own sophisticated 
hair, vocabulary, Priests kept 

5545
04:49:46,200 --> 04:49:49,300
their heads completely shaved 
the visual representation of 

5546
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:51,000
Purity and dedication to the 
Gods. 

5547
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,000
But they didn't just shave 
randomly the timing of when they

5548
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:58,300
shaved, how often they shaved 
and what they wore to cover, 

5549
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:01,800
their baldness all carried. 
Meaning The priest with a 

5550
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:03,800
perfectly smooth scalp was 
saying something. 

5551
04:50:03,800 --> 04:50:07,400
Very different from one with the
faintest, double and both were 

5552
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:10,300
distinct from the high priest, 
who wore an elaborate headdress 

5553
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:13,600
that compensated for his lack of
actual hair with symbolic power 

5554
04:50:13,600 --> 04:50:17,200
military, men wore their hair in
Practical short styles that 

5555
04:50:17,200 --> 04:50:19,900
nonetheless managed to 
communicate rank through subtle 

5556
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:21,800
variations in length and 
styling. 

5557
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,100
A general's hair might look 
similar to a foot soldiers from 

5558
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:28,400
a distance but up close. 
The differences were as clear as

5559
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:31,200
military insignia. 
The generals hair would be 

5560
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:34,700
precisely trimmed perhaps with 
small braids that indicated his 

5561
04:50:34,700 --> 04:50:37,900
victory while the soldiers 
simplest style, communicated, 

5562
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:40,700
his Readiness for battle, and 
his place in the hierarchy. 

5563
04:50:42,200 --> 04:50:45,500
Elena found herself staying up 
late into the night pouring over

5564
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,400
images by Lamplight. 
Like a detective solving a Cold 

5565
04:50:48,400 --> 04:50:51,600
Case, each new piece of evidence
added another layer to the 

5566
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,500
picture. 
Here wasn't just communication. 

5567
04:50:54,500 --> 04:50:58,400
It was a complete social 
operating system, it told you 

5568
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:02,500
who they were what they did, 
their social status, if they 

5569
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:06,100
were single, what gods, they 
worshiped and maybe what they 

5570
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:09,700
had for breakfast. 
The more she learned, the more, 

5571
04:51:09,700 --> 04:51:13,000
she realized that modern people 
had completely lost touch with 

5572
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:16,200
this ancient wisdom. 
We might spend fortunes on here,

5573
04:51:16,200 --> 04:51:19,700
cuts and products, but we use 
our hair primarily for personal 

5574
04:51:19,700 --> 04:51:22,400
expression rather than social 
communication. 

5575
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:25,900
Imagine if your hairstyle could 
tell everyone, you met your job,

5576
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:30,200
your relationship status, your 
political affiliation, and your 

5577
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:34,000
current mood. 
All without saying a word, It 

5578
04:51:34,000 --> 04:51:36,700
would be, like, carrying around 
a constantly, updating personal 

5579
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:39,800
billboard and everyone around. 
You would be fluent in reading 

5580
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:42,400
it. 
As Elena's research progressed, 

5581
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,700
she began to suspect that the 
Egyptians weren't unique in this

5582
04:51:45,700 --> 04:51:48,300
practice. 
If hair could serve as a secret 

5583
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:51,200
language, in one ancient 
culture, surely others have 

5584
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:54,700
developed their own follicular 
communication systems The 

5585
04:51:54,700 --> 04:51:57,400
question was, how many 
civilizations have been having 

5586
04:51:57,400 --> 04:52:01,200
entire conversations over our 
heads for thousands of years and

5587
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:03,200
we just been admiring their 
fashion sense. 

5588
04:52:03,200 --> 04:52:06,300
You know how sometimes you meet 
someone who completely shatters 

5589
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:08,300
your assumptions about what 
they're going to be like. 

5590
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:11,800
Elena felt that way about the 
Vikings when she started 

5591
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:13,800
investigating their relationship
with hair. 

5592
04:52:14,600 --> 04:52:17,100
She'd expected to find a bunch 
of rough and tumble Warriors, 

5593
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,300
who may be braided their beards 
when they remembered to not a 

5594
04:52:20,300 --> 04:52:23,000
sophisticated culture with a 
hair communication system that 

5595
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,500
made Modern social media. 
Look primitive The Vikings it 

5596
04:52:26,500 --> 04:52:29,400
turned out were absolutely 
obsessed with hair. 

5597
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:33,500
However, it was not about vanity
or fashion in the way you might 

5598
04:52:33,500 --> 04:52:36,100
expect. 
For them hair held. 

5599
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:40,300
Immense significant influencing 
everything from social status to

5600
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:42,400
the likelihood of survival 
during a raid. 

5601
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:46,200
Elena discovered these facts. 
When she started examining 

5602
04:52:46,200 --> 04:52:49,900
Viking burial sites with A New 
Perspective instead of just 

5603
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:52,300
cataloging the weapons and 
jewelery buried with the 

5604
04:52:52,300 --> 04:52:55,700
deceased, she began paying 
attention to how their hair had 

5605
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:57,200
been arranged for their final 
Journey. 

5606
04:52:58,100 --> 04:53:02,000
What she found was remarkable. 
Every single burial showed 

5607
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:05,200
evidence of deliberate 
hairstyling even when the body 

5608
04:53:05,200 --> 04:53:07,700
had been buried quickly or 
indifferent circumstances. 

5609
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:11,100
Viking men, contrary to popular 
belief. 

5610
04:53:11,100 --> 04:53:14,800
Didn't just let their hair grow 
wild and free like extras in a 

5611
04:53:14,808 --> 04:53:17,900
heavy metal music video. 
They maintain their hair with 

5612
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:20,300
the same attention to detail 
that they apply to their 

5613
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:23,400
weapons. 
The Warriors had told the story 

5614
04:53:23,400 --> 04:53:26,200
of his life. 
Each braid might represent a 

5615
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,700
successful raid a defeated enemy
or a heroic deed. 

5616
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:33,500
Long hair was a symbol of 
strength and virility but one 

5617
04:53:33,500 --> 04:53:36,100
had to earn it. 
You couldn't just decide to grow

5618
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:38,500
your hair long. 
Your community had to recognize 

5619
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:41,300
that you'd achieve something 
worthy of long hair privilege. 

5620
04:53:42,400 --> 04:53:45,400
The really fascinating part was 
how Viking haircut Customs 

5621
04:53:45,400 --> 04:53:48,500
differed based on your role in 
society, y'alls? 

5622
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:51,000
The Viking equivalent of nobles 
wore. 

5623
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:53,400
Their hair in complex 
Arrangements that took serious 

5624
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:56,900
time and skill to achieve. 
The practice wasn't just showing

5625
04:53:56,900 --> 04:53:59,000
off. 
It was a practical demonstration

5626
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:01,800
that they had enough wealth and 
status to spend hours on 

5627
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:03,300
grooming instead of manual 
labor. 

5628
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:08,300
The hair was a century, a 
walking resume, but the Viking's

5629
04:54:08,300 --> 04:54:10,800
also used hair to communicate, 
temporary States and 

5630
04:54:10,800 --> 04:54:13,600
intentional. 
Warrior preparing for battle 

5631
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:16,700
might braid his hair in a 
specific pattern that announced 

5632
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:20,000
his Readiness to die gloriously.
While someone seeking to 

5633
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:23,300
negotiate a peaceful resolution 
would arrange their hair to 

5634
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:25,100
signal non-threatening 
intensions. 

5635
04:54:25,900 --> 04:54:28,700
It was like having a universal 
mood ring that everyone in your 

5636
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:30,500
culture could read from a long 
house. 

5637
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:34,300
Eleanor was particularly amused 
to discover that Viking. 

5638
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:37,300
Women had their own elaborate 
hair hierarchy that made Modern 

5639
04:54:37,300 --> 04:54:40,000
office politics. 
Look straightforward, unmarried 

5640
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:43,000
women wore their hair loose and 
flowing advertising their 

5641
04:54:43,000 --> 04:54:47,600
availability with every strand. 
But the moment they married that

5642
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:51,000
changed dramatically married, 
women, covered their hair, 

5643
04:54:51,000 --> 04:54:54,000
almost completely, not out of 
modesty as Scholars. 

5644
04:54:54,000 --> 04:54:57,200
Had long assumed, but as a form 
of social communication that 

5645
04:54:57,200 --> 04:55:01,100
said I'm taken and my husband is
powerful enough to afford a wife

5646
04:55:01,100 --> 04:55:02,600
who doesn't need to advertise 
herself. 

5647
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:06,200
The hair, covering itself was a 
Marvel of coded communication, 

5648
04:55:06,200 --> 04:55:10,200
the fabric, the way it was tied,
the amount of hair that showed 

5649
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:14,700
beneath it every detail carried.
Meaning, a woman whose covering 

5650
04:55:14,700 --> 04:55:18,000
slip to show a bit of hair at 
her temples was communicating 

5651
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:20,500
something very different from 
one whose hair was completely 

5652
04:55:20,500 --> 04:55:22,900
hidden. 
It was like having an entire 

5653
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:25,000
conversation through strategic 
hat placement. 

5654
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:28,900
But perhaps the most ingenious 
aspect of Viking hair, 

5655
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:32,300
communication was how they used 
it for deception and strategy. 

5656
04:55:33,000 --> 04:55:34,600
Viking. 
Raiders were masters of 

5657
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,300
psychological warfare. 
And they quickly figured out 

5658
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,200
that they could manipulate enemy
perceptions through strategic 

5659
04:55:40,200 --> 04:55:43,400
hair choices. 
A rating party might style their

5660
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:46,400
hair to appear larger and more 
numerous than they actually were

5661
04:55:46,400 --> 04:55:49,500
or conversely. 
They might tone down their hair 

5662
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:51,800
displays to appear less 
threatening before a surprise 

5663
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:54,800
attack. 
Elinor found evidence of Vikings

5664
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:57,000
who had completely changed their
hair styling. 

5665
04:55:57,000 --> 04:56:00,200
When traveling to foreign lands,
essentially code switching, 

5666
04:56:00,200 --> 04:56:02,500
their appearance, the way, 
modern people might change their

5667
04:56:02,500 --> 04:56:04,200
accent in different social 
situations. 

5668
04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:08,200
The Viking Trader entering a 
Christian kingdom, might adopt 

5669
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:10,300
more, conservative hair 
arrangements to blend in and 

5670
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:13,300
avoid unwanted attention. 
While the same person might 

5671
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:14,800
support. 
Elaborate Warrior braids. 

5672
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:17,400
When returning home to establish
their continued Viking 

5673
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:21,700
credibility, The complexity of 
the system was mind-boggling 

5674
04:56:21,700 --> 04:56:25,200
Elena realized that Vikings had 
essentially created a visual 

5675
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:28,700
language So Sophisticated that 
they could communicate details 

5676
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:30,300
information about personal 
history. 

5677
04:56:30,300 --> 04:56:35,200
Current intensions social status
and availability for various 

5678
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:39,000
activities all through hair 
Arrangement it was like wearing 

5679
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:41,400
your entire LinkedIn profile in 
your follicles. 

5680
04:56:42,800 --> 04:56:45,900
As she explored the Viking hair 
culture, Elinor began to 

5681
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:48,200
understand that this wasn't just
about communication. 

5682
04:56:48,200 --> 04:56:52,400
It was about identity itself. 
Your hair wasn't something you 

5683
04:56:52,400 --> 04:56:55,400
had, it was something you were 
changing. 

5684
04:56:55,400 --> 04:56:57,000
Your hairstyle, wasn't a fashion
Choice. 

5685
04:56:57,000 --> 04:56:59,300
It was a declaration of personal
transformation. 

5686
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:03,200
No, wonder the Vikings 
considered forced haircutting. 

5687
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:05,900
One of the worst possible 
punishments equivalent to 

5688
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:08,600
stealing someone's Voice or 
erasing their identity. 

5689
04:57:09,600 --> 04:57:12,800
The more Elena learned about 
Viking hair practices, the more,

5690
04:57:12,800 --> 04:57:15,400
she realized that modern people 
had lost something profound when

5691
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:18,000
we abandoned these complex 
systems of visual communication.

5692
04:57:19,300 --> 04:57:21,500
We'd gained individual freedom 
of expression. 

5693
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,100
Sure. 
That we'd lost a shared language

5694
04:57:24,100 --> 04:57:27,400
that could convey incredibly 
nuanced, social information at a

5695
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:30,400
glance Elena discovered that 
ancient Asian cultures had 

5696
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,800
developed communication systems.
So intricate that they made 

5697
04:57:33,800 --> 04:57:37,300
Viking haircuts, resemble finger
painting next to the Sistine 

5698
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:41,200
Chapel The deeper she dug in to 
Chinese Japanese and Korean 

5699
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:44,000
historical records. 
The more she realized she'd 

5700
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:46,500
stumbled into the equivalent of 
discovering that ancient people 

5701
04:57:46,500 --> 04:57:48,600
have been writing novels with 
their follicles. 

5702
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:53,300
Ancient Chinese hair culture. 
Elena found was basically a 

5703
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:56,400
three-dimensional language with 
grammar rules more complex than 

5704
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,800
Latin during the hand, in esteem
your hairstyle. 

5705
04:57:59,800 --> 04:58:03,100
Didn't just tell people who you 
were told them exactly where you

5706
04:58:03,108 --> 04:58:04,900
fit in the cosmic order of the 
universe. 

5707
04:58:04,900 --> 04:58:08,200
There was no pressure there. 
The Chinese had developed what 

5708
04:58:08,200 --> 04:58:12,200
Elena came to think of others 
architectural hair style so 

5709
04:58:12,200 --> 04:58:15,200
precisely constructed that they 
required engineering skills 

5710
04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:18,100
alongside Beauty College. 
A proper Court. 

5711
04:58:18,100 --> 04:58:20,500
Ladies hairstyle might take 
three hours to create and 

5712
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,700
require multiple assistance, 
special tools and enough hair 

5713
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:25,000
pins to stock a small hardware 
store. 

5714
04:58:25,900 --> 04:58:28,900
But every single pin, every 
twist, and every ornament 

5715
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,200
placement followed strict rules 
that communicated, everything 

5716
04:58:32,200 --> 04:58:34,500
from the woman's family 
background to her, husband's 

5717
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,500
political affiliations, to her 
personal virtues, and 

5718
04:58:37,500 --> 04:58:40,500
accomplishments. 
Eleanor was particular. 

5719
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:43,800
Stated by the discovery that 
Chinese women could essentially 

5720
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:47,600
update their status by changing 
small details in their hair 

5721
04:58:47,600 --> 04:58:50,500
arrangement. 
Moving a decorative comb from 

5722
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:53,300
one side to the other might 
signal that, they were ready to 

5723
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:56,000
receive visitors. 
While adjusting, the angle of a 

5724
04:58:56,000 --> 04:58:58,600
hairpin, could indicate their 
mood or availability for 

5725
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:01,000
conversation. 
It was like having a constantly 

5726
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,000
editable social media profile 
that everyone around you could 

5727
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:07,200
read in real time. 
The Real Genius of the Chinese 

5728
04:59:07,200 --> 04:59:10,400
system was how it Incorporated 
time and seasoning into her 

5729
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:13,700
communication. some style would 
different from winter styles, 

5730
04:59:13,700 --> 04:59:17,300
not just for practical reasons 
but because they communicated 

5731
04:59:17,300 --> 04:59:20,000
different aspects of a person's 
character and social role 

5732
04:59:20,900 --> 04:59:23,100
Springhill Arrangements. 
Might emphasize Youth and 

5733
04:59:23,100 --> 04:59:26,400
renewal while Autumn style could
highlight wisdom and preparation

5734
04:59:26,400 --> 04:59:29,800
for challenges ahead. 
Your hair was essentially a 

5735
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:31,000
calendar. 
That also happened to be a 

5736
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:35,900
personality test Japanese hair 
culture lender discovered had 

5737
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:38,900
taken the concept of coded 
communication and elevated it to

5738
04:59:38,900 --> 04:59:41,100
an art form. 
So refined that it made ballet 

5739
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:43,700
look clumsy. 
The elaborate hairstyles of 

5740
04:59:43,708 --> 04:59:47,000
geishas weren't just beautiful. 
They were walking in cyclopedia 

5741
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:49,100
of information for anyone who to
read them. 

5742
04:59:50,100 --> 04:59:51,400
The geisha's hair could tell 
you. 

5743
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:54,600
Not only her level of training 
and experience but also what 

5744
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:57,800
season it was, what district she
worked in, whether she was 

5745
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:01,200
entertaining a regular Patron or
meeting someone new and dozens 

5746
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:05,000
of other subtle social cues The 
shape of her, top knot, the 

5747
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:06,600
number and placement of 
ornaments. 

5748
05:00:06,600 --> 05:00:10,400
The way her hair was sectioned 
and folded every detail was 

5749
05:00:10,400 --> 05:00:13,900
deliberate and meaningful Helen 
Found Records indicating that 

5750
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:16,700
accomplished gays could 
communicate complex messages to 

5751
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:20,000
each other across a crowded room
simply by adjusting their hair 

5752
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:23,400
ornaments, a slight shift in the
angle of a decorative comb. 

5753
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:25,400
Might warn a colleague about a 
difficult client. 

5754
05:00:25,400 --> 05:00:28,500
While touching a specific. 
Hairpin could signal that a 

5755
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:30,500
patron was particularly generous
that evening. 

5756
05:00:30,500 --> 05:00:34,100
They decently developed their 
own secret Professional Network 

5757
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:37,700
using nothing but strategic hair
adjustment Korean Court culture.

5758
05:00:37,700 --> 05:00:40,000
Meanwhile had developed, what 
Ellen privately called 

5759
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:44,200
diplomatic hair styles so loaded
with political meaning that 

5760
05:00:44,200 --> 05:00:46,800
changing your hairstyle 
incorrectly could accidentally 

5761
05:00:46,800 --> 05:00:50,300
start a war. 
Court, ladies, during the USA on

5762
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:53,000
Dynasty wore, a laboratory 
Arrangements that indicated, not

5763
05:00:53,000 --> 05:00:56,300
just their status, but their 
families political alliances, 

5764
05:00:56,300 --> 05:00:59,500
their husbands government 
position and their opinion on 

5765
05:00:59,500 --> 05:01:02,900
current policy debates. 
Elena discovered records of 

5766
05:01:02,900 --> 05:01:05,300
women who had gotten into 
serious political troubles, 

5767
05:01:05,300 --> 05:01:07,800
simply because they'd warned the
wrong hair ornament to a court 

5768
05:01:07,800 --> 05:01:10,200
function. 
Accidentally signaling support 

5769
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:11,800
for a rival. 
Political faction. 

5770
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:14,900
There was like, showing up to a 
modern political rally where the

5771
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:18,000
wrong campaign button, except 
the consequences could include 

5772
05:01:18,000 --> 05:01:21,400
Exile or worse. 
Eleanor's mind reeled from the 

5773
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:24,600
intricacy of these Asian 
hairstyles, not only due to the 

5774
05:01:24,608 --> 05:01:26,200
time, it took to style him every
morning. 

5775
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:30,100
These cultures had created 
visual communication systems so 

5776
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:32,700
complex that they required years
of education. 

5777
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:36,100
To master young girls from 
wealthy families, would spend 

5778
05:01:36,100 --> 05:01:39,800
hours learning, not just how to 
create these elaborate Styles 

5779
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:43,000
but how to read the subtle 
messages and other women's hair 

5780
05:01:43,000 --> 05:01:45,300
Arrangements. 
It was social media before 

5781
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:49,500
social media existed, except 
instead of posting update, you 

5782
05:01:49,500 --> 05:01:53,400
wore them instead of scrolling 
through feeds, you read the room

5783
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:56,700
by observing everyone's 
hairstyles, and in stead of 

5784
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:59,100
getting notifications, you 
received information through 

5785
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:01,600
subtle changes in other people's
hair presentations. 

5786
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:06,000
Elinor began to realize that 
these ancient hair languages 

5787
05:02:06,000 --> 05:02:09,100
weren't just sophisticated. 
They were actually more nuanced 

5788
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,700
than many modern communication 
systems, we might have emojis 

5789
05:02:12,700 --> 05:02:15,600
and status updates, but could 
you communicate your entire 

5790
05:02:15,600 --> 05:02:18,200
family history? 
Current mood political 

5791
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,700
affiliations, professional 
status and availability for 

5792
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:24,100
social interaction. 
All through a single photograph 

5793
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:28,300
These ancient cultures could do 
exactly that, and they carry 

5794
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:30,000
their messages with them 
everywhere. 

5795
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:33,700
They went. 
As Elena's research progressed. 

5796
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:37,200
She started to wonder. 
And we gained convenience in 

5797
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:40,600
modern communication, but lost 
something profound about human 

5798
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,100
connection. 
When everyone around, you can 

5799
05:02:43,100 --> 05:02:45,600
read detailed information about 
your life and current state 

5800
05:02:45,600 --> 05:02:49,000
simply by looking at your hair 
that you develop a different 

5801
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:50,800
kind of social awareness and 
empathy. 

5802
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:55,000
Maybe we traded deep intuitive 
communication for broad but 

5803
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:57,600
shallow connection. 
Just when Elena thought she'd 

5804
05:02:57,600 --> 05:03:00,000
mapped the outer boundaries of 
ancient Hare communication. 

5805
05:03:00,000 --> 05:03:03,300
She discovered that the Celts 
had been weaving Messengers into

5806
05:03:03,300 --> 05:03:05,900
their hair with the same 
intricate Artistry. 

5807
05:03:05,900 --> 05:03:08,600
They brought to their metal work
and manuscripts. 

5808
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:12,800
If Asian cultures had turned 
hair into architecture, the 

5809
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:14,600
silks are transformed it into 
storytelling. 

5810
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:17,900
Helena's introduction to Celtic 
hair culture. 

5811
05:03:17,900 --> 05:03:21,500
Came through an unlikely Source 
a medieval Irish monks, 

5812
05:03:21,500 --> 05:03:24,200
complaint letter. 
Brother Finnegan writing in the 

5813
05:03:24,200 --> 05:03:26,900
8th century was apparently fed 
up with how long it took to 

5814
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:30,200
decode the messages, that Celtic
women were literally wearing on 

5815
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:31,900
their heads. 
When they came to the monastery 

5816
05:03:31,900 --> 05:03:35,700
seeking Sanctuary his frustrated
scribblings revealed that Celtic

5817
05:03:35,700 --> 05:03:37,400
Hair Braiding wasn't just 
decorative. 

5818
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:41,600
It was narrative each braid 
pattern told a story and not 

5819
05:03:41,600 --> 05:03:44,700
just any story but often the 
woman's entire family history 

5820
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:48,300
going back Generations. 
A Celtic woman's hair, might 

5821
05:03:48,300 --> 05:03:51,200
contain the tale of her great 
grandmother's heroic defense of 

5822
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:53,900
the clan lands. 
Her mother's tragic, love affair

5823
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:57,800
and her own recent adventures, 
all woven together in patterns 

5824
05:03:57,800 --> 05:03:59,400
that functioned like a portable 
library. 

5825
05:04:00,400 --> 05:04:02,900
Eleanor, imagine these women 
walking around like living 

5826
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:06,500
breathing audiobooks. 
Except instead of listening, you

5827
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:08,100
had to know how to read 
patterns. 

5828
05:04:08,100 --> 05:04:12,400
A complexity, was staggering, 
Elinor found evidence that 

5829
05:04:12,400 --> 05:04:14,300
Master braids readers could 
determine not. 

5830
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:17,600
Just what stories were being 
told that how the woman felt 

5831
05:04:17,600 --> 05:04:22,200
about those stories based on 
subtle variations, intention and

5832
05:04:22,200 --> 05:04:26,300
decorative elements woven into 
the patterns, a tightly woven 

5833
05:04:26,300 --> 05:04:30,400
section might indicate pride in 
a family achievement, while Luca

5834
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:33,000
braiding, could suggest sorrow 
or regret about a particular 

5835
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:37,100
event. 
Celtic men not to be outdone, a 

5836
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:40,600
own hair based communication 
system that was equal parts 

5837
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:44,400
practical and poetic Warriors 
wore their hair and patterns 

5838
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,000
that announced their battle 
achievements but they also 

5839
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:49,800
Incorporated elements that told 
the stories of their fallen 

5840
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:52,300
comrades. 
It was like wearing a memorial 

5841
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:54,000
and a military record 
simultaneously. 

5842
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:57,000
Except infinitely, more personal
and meaningful. 

5843
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:00,800
Elena was particularly moved to 
discover that Celtic hair 

5844
05:05:00,800 --> 05:05:04,700
patterns, often included, memory
braids sections. 

5845
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:07,700
Specifically dedicated to 
keeping the stories of deceased,

5846
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:10,100
family members alive. 
A mother, might weave the 

5847
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:12,500
pattern that represented her 
Lost Child into her hair, 

5848
05:05:12,500 --> 05:05:15,900
ensuring that the child's memory
traveled with her wherever she 

5849
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:18,200
went. 
There was a form of grief 

5850
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:21,300
processing and Memorial that was
both private and public, 

5851
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:24,500
allowing the community to 
recognize and support someone's 

5852
05:05:24,500 --> 05:05:28,200
lost while giving the bereaved 
person, a tangible way to carry 

5853
05:05:28,200 --> 05:05:32,100
their loved one story forward. 
But perhaps the most ingenious 

5854
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:35,100
aspect of Celtic hair 
Communications was how they used

5855
05:05:35,100 --> 05:05:38,100
it for matchmaking and 
courtship. young people could 

5856
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:41,300
communicate incredibly detailed 
information about their romantic

5857
05:05:41,300 --> 05:05:44,500
availability preferences and 
family background, through 

5858
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:48,300
strategic hair, arrangement A 
woman might weave patterns that 

5859
05:05:48,300 --> 05:05:51,000
told potential suitors about her
family's cattle Holdings. 

5860
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:55,400
Her own domestic skills and even
her personality traits all while

5861
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:59,000
appearing to Simply wear hair in
an attractive style Elena. 

5862
05:05:59,000 --> 05:06:01,500
Discovered records of elaborate.
Courtship negotiations, 

5863
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:04,000
conducted entirely through hair 
pattern exchanges. 

5864
05:06:04,900 --> 05:06:07,300
The young man might ask his 
sister to visit a potential 

5865
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:10,600
bride's family and read the 
girls hair to gather information

5866
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:13,400
about her suitability. 
While the girls relatives would 

5867
05:06:13,400 --> 05:06:16,600
be simultaneously analyzing The 
Messengers hair patterns to 

5868
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:19,100
assess the suitors, family 
background and Prospect. 

5869
05:06:19,100 --> 05:06:22,500
There was like having details 
dating profiles that you wore on

5870
05:06:22,500 --> 05:06:25,100
your head. 
Eleanor called the Celts 

5871
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:28,900
traveling hair patterns that 
showed where a person was from 

5872
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:32,600
and how they got there. 
This practice was incredibly 

5873
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,600
practical in a world where 
knowing someone's origin and 

5874
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:37,900
journey could be crucial for 
determining. 

5875
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,300
Whether they were friends, 
though, or trading partner, your

5876
05:06:41,300 --> 05:06:44,200
hair centrally functioned as a 
passport and travel itinerary 

5877
05:06:44,200 --> 05:06:48,300
combined, Elinor found evidence 
that Celtic, Druids had elevated

5878
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,000
hair communication to a 
spiritual level using a 

5879
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:53,600
laboratory rangements to commune
with debtors and channel 

5880
05:06:53,600 --> 05:06:57,100
otherworldly wisdom. 
Drew its hair pattern might 

5881
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,100
incorporate symbols representing
the phases of the moon, the 

5882
05:07:00,100 --> 05:07:03,600
changing seasons in various 
Natural Forces creating a living

5883
05:07:03,608 --> 05:07:05,500
mandala. 
That connected the wearer to the

5884
05:07:05,508 --> 05:07:08,500
cosmic order, it was like 
wearing a direct line to the 

5885
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:12,300
Divine except in a phone. 
You used intricate braiding 

5886
05:07:12,300 --> 05:07:14,800
techniques passed down through 
generations of spiritual 

5887
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:17,900
practitioners. 
But what really impressed Elena 

5888
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,700
was how the Celts had managed to
make their hair Communication 

5889
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:23,500
System, adaptable across 
different social situations. 

5890
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:27,700
The same basic braid, pattern 
might be worn Loosely and 

5891
05:07:27,700 --> 05:07:30,100
casually for every day 
activities tightened, and 

5892
05:07:30,100 --> 05:07:33,500
decorated for formal occasions 
or modified with specific 

5893
05:07:33,500 --> 05:07:36,100
additions for ritual or 
ceremonial purposes. 

5894
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:39,500
It was like having one 
incredibly versatile language 

5895
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:42,800
that could shift registers 
depending on the context from 

5896
05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:46,400
casual conversation, to formal 
presentation to Sacred ceremony.

5897
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,500
The more Elena studied Celtic 
hair culture, the more she 

5898
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:53,300
realized that they'd solved one 
of the fundamental challenges of

5899
05:07:53,300 --> 05:07:56,200
human communication, how to 
share complex personal 

5900
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:58,300
information while maintaining 
privacy and dignity. 

5901
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:02,500
Celtic woman could tell her 
entire life story to those who 

5902
05:08:02,500 --> 05:08:05,100
needed to know it. 
While the same Arrangement might

5903
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:08,100
appear to be simply attractive 
braiding to Casual observers. 

5904
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:10,800
It was selectively broadcasting 
at its finest. 

5905
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:15,400
Intimate communication disguised
as beautiful hair styling as 

5906
05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:18,500
Elena pieced together, the 
complex mysteries of Celtic hair

5907
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:20,500
messaging. 
She began to understand that. 

5908
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,100
These ancient people had created
something remarkable, a 

5909
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:26,500
communication system that was 
simultaneously, practical, 

5910
05:08:26,500 --> 05:08:30,000
beautiful, emotionally, 
meaningful, and spiritually 

5911
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:33,200
significant. 
They hadn't just figured out how

5912
05:08:33,200 --> 05:08:36,000
to speak with their hair. 
They discovered how to turn 

5913
05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:39,500
their entire heads into living. 
Breathing, works of art that 

5914
05:08:39,500 --> 05:08:42,700
told the stories of their lives,
their families and their deepest

5915
05:08:42,708 --> 05:08:46,600
beliefs, by this point, in her 
research, Elena felt like she 

5916
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:50,000
discovered that the entire 
ancient world had been having a 

5917
05:08:50,000 --> 05:08:53,100
massive ongoing conversation, 
right over everyone's heads, 

5918
05:08:53,100 --> 05:08:57,900
literally, But the more cultures
she investigated more, she 

5919
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:00,700
realized that her communication 
wasn't just a collection of 

5920
05:09:00,700 --> 05:09:04,600
isolated cultural practices, it 
was something much more profound

5921
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:08,500
a universal human impulse to 
turn our most visible feature, 

5922
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:13,100
into a language of identity 
status and connection illness 

5923
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:15,100
breaks through Kmart. 
When she started mapping the 

5924
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:17,900
common elements across all the 
hair Communication System, she'd

5925
05:09:17,900 --> 05:09:20,600
studied despite developing in 
complete. 

5926
05:09:20,600 --> 05:09:23,700
Isolation from each other, 
cultures around the world had 

5927
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:27,000
independently arrived at 
remarkably similar solutions to 

5928
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:28,400
the challenge of visual 
communication. 

5929
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:32,600
It was like to discovering that 
humans had an innate need to 

5930
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:36,400
speak with their hair regardless
of their geographic location or 

5931
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,800
historical period. 
Length, it turned out was 

5932
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:43,300
universal currency in her 
communication from Viking. 

5933
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:46,900
Warrior's to Chinese empresses 
to Celtic Druids longer hair. 

5934
05:09:46,900 --> 05:09:50,700
Consistently indicated higher 
status, greater power or deeper 

5935
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:55,200
spiritual connection. but the 
genius was in the details how 

5936
05:09:55,200 --> 05:09:58,400
that length was managed styled 
and displayed varied 

5937
05:09:58,400 --> 05:10:01,800
dramatically between cultures 
while maintaining the same basic

5938
05:10:01,800 --> 05:10:06,000
meaning, This is similar to how 
a smile universally signifies 

5939
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:09,300
friendliness yet, the specific 
ways in which people smile 

5940
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:11,400
differ, according to their 
cultural backgrounds. 

5941
05:10:12,200 --> 05:10:15,000
Covering and uncovering hair. 
Also appear to be a universal 

5942
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:18,500
communication strategy, though. 
The specific meanings varied 

5943
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:22,000
fascinatingly between cultures. 
What remained constant was the 

5944
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:25,200
recognition that hair visibility
was a powerful tool for social 

5945
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:28,100
signaling. 
Whether you were a Roman matron 

5946
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:30,400
covering your hair to indicate 
respectability. 

5947
05:10:30,400 --> 05:10:32,800
A Celtic. 
Warrior leaving his hair while 

5948
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:36,300
to demonstrate his dangerous 
nature or a Japanese geisha. 

5949
05:10:36,300 --> 05:10:39,000
Revealing carefully styled locks
to advertise her artistic 

5950
05:10:39,000 --> 05:10:41,700
refinement. 
You are all participating in the

5951
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:45,400
same basic human, practice of 
using hair visibility as a form 

5952
05:10:45,400 --> 05:10:48,600
of communication. 
Elena discovered that braiding 

5953
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:51,100
patterns seemed to emerge 
independently in every culture 

5954
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:53,800
that developed sophisticated 
hair communication. 

5955
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:57,500
But each Society had found its 
own symbolic, vocabulary within 

5956
05:10:57,500 --> 05:11:01,500
the medium of woven hair. 
Viking's braided stories of 

5957
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:05,400
Conquest, Celts, braided family 
history and Varys. 

5958
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:08,400
African cultures whose hair 
Communications systems are 

5959
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:09,400
laying. 
It was just beginning to 

5960
05:11:09,400 --> 05:11:12,600
investigate the developed 
braiding patterns, that could 

5961
05:11:12,600 --> 05:11:15,800
indicate everything from tribal 
affiliation to personal 

5962
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,000
achievements to spiritual 
beliefs. 

5963
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,300
Perhaps the most universal 
element Elena found was the use 

5964
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:25,600
of hair communication for mate, 
selection and relationship 

5965
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:28,900
status every culture. 
She studied had developed 

5966
05:11:28,900 --> 05:11:31,800
sophisticated ways to broadcast,
romantic, availability, 

5967
05:11:31,800 --> 05:11:35,500
partnership, status and 
desirability through her 

5968
05:11:35,500 --> 05:11:38,000
arrangement. 
It made perfect sense from an 

5969
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:40,900
evolutionary perspective. 
Hair is visible from a distance.

5970
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:44,800
Can be styled to enhance or 
disguise certain features and 

5971
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:48,300
changes over time in ways that 
can indicate health age and 

5972
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:51,800
social status. 
The more Elena studied these 

5973
05:11:51,800 --> 05:11:54,900
patterns, the more she realized 
that modern humans had retained 

5974
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:58,400
many of these ancient instincts 
without consciously recognizing 

5975
05:11:58,400 --> 05:12:00,500
them. 
We still make judgments about 

5976
05:12:00,500 --> 05:12:03,700
people, based on their 
hairstyles, still use our hair 

5977
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:06,300
to Signal different aspects of 
our Personality and Social 

5978
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:10,200
Status, and still pay attention 
to hair changes as indicators of

5979
05:12:10,200 --> 05:12:12,100
Life, transitions or emotional 
states. 

5980
05:12:12,900 --> 05:12:15,700
We just don't have the 
sophisticated culturally agreed 

5981
05:12:15,700 --> 05:12:17,800
upon vocabulary that are 
ancestors developed. 

5982
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:20,600
Elinor began to see that hair. 
Communication haven't 

5983
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:22,400
disappeared with ancient 
civilizations. 

5984
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,500
It had just become less 
conscious and systemic. 

5985
05:12:26,400 --> 05:12:29,700
Modern people still use dramatic
haircuts to Mark major life 

5986
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:32,100
changes. 
Still spend enormous amounts of 

5987
05:12:32,100 --> 05:12:35,000
money and time on hair styling, 
to communicate aspects of their 

5988
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:37,700
identity. 
And still notice an interpret 

5989
05:12:37,700 --> 05:12:39,800
other people's hair choices as 
social signals. 

5990
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:43,400
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge that would let us read

5991
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:45,800
these signals with the Precision
and sophistication of our 

5992
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:49,100
ancestors. 
This realization LED Elena to 

5993
05:12:49,100 --> 05:12:52,200
watch, she considered her most 
important Discovery, her 

5994
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:55,400
communication systems seem to 
emerge naturally in any society 

5995
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:58,400
that valued, complex, social 
relationships, and nuanced, 

5996
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:01,500
identity expression. 
The more sophisticated, the 

5997
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:04,100
social structure, the more 
elaborate, the hair language 

5998
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:07,400
became it, wasn't that ancient 
people were obsessed with hair 

5999
05:13:07,400 --> 05:13:10,100
for its own sake. 
They were using hair as a tool 

6000
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:13,400
for navigating increasingly 
complex, social environments, 

6001
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:17,500
Elena started to understand that
these ancient Harlan languages 

6002
05:13:17,500 --> 05:13:20,600
represented, something that 
modern society might have lost. 

6003
05:13:21,400 --> 05:13:24,900
Shared vocabulary for expressing
the subtle complex aspects of 

6004
05:13:24,900 --> 05:13:28,300
human identity that don't fit 
neatly into simple categories. 

6005
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:31,300
When your hairstyle could 
communicate, not just your 

6006
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:34,700
social status, but your family 
history, your personal 

6007
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:38,000
achievements, your current 
emotional, state, your spiritual

6008
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:40,900
beliefs, and your availability, 
for various types of 

6009
05:13:40,900 --> 05:13:44,100
relationships, you had a 
communication tool of remarkable

6010
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,800
sophistication and Nuance. 
The implications were staggering

6011
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:51,200
Eleanor realized that ancient 
people might have been better at

6012
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:53,900
reading, social, cues 
understanding, complex, social 

6013
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:57,100
dynamics and navigating 
interpersonal relationships 

6014
05:13:57,100 --> 05:13:59,900
precisely because they have 
these shared visual languages 

6015
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:03,400
that provided immediate details 
information about everyone 

6016
05:14:03,400 --> 05:14:06,900
around them. modern people might
have gained individual freedom 

6017
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:09,800
of expression but we've lost 
Collective tools for social 

6018
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:13,700
communication and understanding 
As Elena synthesized, her 

6019
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:15,600
research across cultures and 
centuries. 

6020
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:19,000
She began to see that her 
communication wasn't, just an 

6021
05:14:19,000 --> 05:14:20,600
intriguing, historical 
curiosity. 

6022
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:23,900
There was evidence of a 
fundamental human capacity for 

6023
05:14:23,900 --> 05:14:27,000
creating meaning building 
community and expressing 

6024
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:29,600
identity through the most basic 
aspects of our physical 

6025
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:32,200
appearance. 
We'd always been speaking with 

6026
05:14:32,200 --> 05:14:34,700
our hair. 
We just forgotten how to listen 

6027
05:14:34,700 --> 05:14:37,900
to what it was saying, as Elena 
sat in a study on evening, 

6028
05:14:37,900 --> 05:14:41,400
surrounded by photographs, 
sketches and notes, from 

6029
05:14:41,400 --> 05:14:44,600
cultures spanning thousands of 
years, and every inhabited 

6030
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:48,100
continent, she realized she'd 
uncovered something that went 

6031
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:52,300
far beyond academic curiosity. 
She discovered a lost dimension 

6032
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:55,600
of human communication that 
revealed profound truths about 

6033
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:59,400
connection identity and the ways
people create meaning in their 

6034
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:01,600
lives. 
The evidence was overwhelming 

6035
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:06,000
for most of human history had 
served as a sophisticated 

6036
05:15:06,000 --> 05:15:09,100
nuanced language that allowed 
people to communicate complex 

6037
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:12,200
information about themselves 
while simultaneously reading 

6038
05:15:12,200 --> 05:15:14,700
equally complex information 
about everyone around them. 

6039
05:15:14,700 --> 05:15:17,900
Modern humans had retained the 
instinct to use hair for 

6040
05:15:17,908 --> 05:15:20,700
communication. 
We still make dramatic hair 

6041
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:22,500
changes to Mark, life 
transitions. 

6042
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:25,200
Still judge others based on 
their styling choices. 

6043
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:28,300
Still use our hair to express 
personality and attract 

6044
05:15:28,300 --> 05:15:31,700
Partners, but we'd lost the 
shared cultural knowledge that 

6045
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:33,800
would make this communication 
truly affected. 

6046
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:37,200
Elinor began to imagine what it 
would have been like to live in 

6047
05:15:37,200 --> 05:15:40,400
a world where everyone around 
you was constantly broad, cast 

6048
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:44,000
in details information about 
their identity, status history, 

6049
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:47,300
and current emotional state, 
through their hair choices. 

6050
05:15:48,500 --> 05:15:51,200
Instead of the awkward small 
talk that dominates modern 

6051
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:54,800
social interactions ancient 
people could gather enormous 

6052
05:15:54,800 --> 05:15:57,900
amounts of relevant information 
about new acquaintances simply 

6053
05:15:57,900 --> 05:15:59,700
by observing their hair 
Arrangements. 

6054
05:16:00,400 --> 05:16:03,100
There would be like having 
everyone's biography current 

6055
05:16:03,100 --> 05:16:06,100
mood and availability status 
visible at a glance. 

6056
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:10,500
The more Elena thought about it.
The more she realized that 

6057
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:13,100
ancient hair communication 
offered something even more 

6058
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:16,500
valuable than efficient 
information exchange, it 

6059
05:16:16,500 --> 05:16:19,500
provided a way for people to 
express the full complexity of 

6060
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,400
their identity within a shared 
cultural framework. 

6061
05:16:23,300 --> 05:16:26,300
When your hairstyle could tell 
the story of your family, your 

6062
05:16:26,300 --> 05:16:29,900
achievements, your beliefs and 
your dreams, you had a way to be

6063
05:16:29,908 --> 05:16:33,900
seen and understood as a 
complete person rather than just

6064
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:35,700
a collection of demographic 
categories. 

6065
05:16:36,800 --> 05:16:39,700
Elena found herself wandering. 
What we'd lost when we abandoned

6066
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:41,600
the sophisticated visual 
languages. 

6067
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:45,200
Modern people often complain 
about feeling disconnected, 

6068
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:49,400
misunderstood or unable to 
express their authentic cells 

6069
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:52,900
and social situations. 
What if part of the solution was

6070
05:16:52,900 --> 05:16:55,800
learning to read and speak in 
the visual languages that humans

6071
05:16:55,800 --> 05:16:59,100
had naturally developed over 
thousands of years, the 

6072
05:16:59,100 --> 05:17:01,900
implications extended Beyond 
individual communication to 

6073
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:03,700
community building and social 
cohesion. 

6074
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:07,100
When everyone in a community 
shared a visual language, that 

6075
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:10,100
could communicate personal 
history, family connections, 

6076
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:12,100
social status and current 
circumstances. 

6077
05:17:12,100 --> 05:17:15,000
It created a web of 
understanding and mutual 

6078
05:17:15,000 --> 05:17:17,100
recognition. 
That went far deeper than 

6079
05:17:17,100 --> 05:17:20,700
surface-level interactions. 
People could understand their 

6080
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:23,800
place in the community, not just
through verbal communication, 

6081
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,700
but through constant visual 
reinforcement of social 

6082
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:28,400
relationships, and shared 
values. 

6083
05:17:29,500 --> 05:17:32,900
Helena realized that ancient 
hair communication systems had 

6084
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:34,700
solved. 
One of the persistent challenges

6085
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:37,500
of human society. 
How to balance individual 

6086
05:17:37,500 --> 05:17:40,100
expression with Community 
cohesion? 

6087
05:17:40,700 --> 05:17:43,700
These systems allowed people to 
express their unique identity 

6088
05:17:43,700 --> 05:17:46,900
and personal story while 
simultaneously participating in 

6089
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:50,600
a shared cultural language that 
strengthened Community bonds. 

6090
05:17:51,500 --> 05:17:54,500
You could be completely yourself
while still being clearly 

6091
05:17:54,500 --> 05:17:56,800
connected to your community 
while Elena. 

6092
05:17:56,800 --> 05:18:00,000
Reflected on her research, she 
began seeing parallels between 

6093
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:03,700
ancient hair, communication and 
modern digital communication. 

6094
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:07,000
So, social media platforms, 
dating apps and professional 

6095
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,100
networking sites, all attempt to
help people broadcast 

6096
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:13,000
information about their identity
status and availability. 

6097
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:17,000
Essentially the same functions 
that hair served in ancient 

6098
05:18:17,000 --> 05:18:20,400
cultures, but where can 
communication was immediate 

6099
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,500
nuanced and integrated into 
daily life? 

6100
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:27,700
Digital communication often 
feels artificial, performative 

6101
05:18:27,700 --> 05:18:30,200
and separated from authentic 
human connection. 

6102
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:33,900
Perhaps most importantly, 
Eleanor realized that hair 

6103
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:37,800
communication had been 
inherently democratic Unlike 

6104
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:41,100
written languages, that required
literacy and education or 

6105
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:43,300
complex, social protocols, that 
required training. 

6106
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:46,100
And etiquette here, 
communication was accessible to 

6107
05:18:46,100 --> 05:18:49,300
everyone ritual. 
Poor educated or illiterate. 

6108
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:53,000
Everyone had hair and everyone 
could participate in the visual 

6109
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:55,400
conversation that helped bind 
communities together. 

6110
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,500
Elena's research had started 
with curiosity about ancient 

6111
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:03,900
Aesthetics that it had evolved 
into something much larger, a 

6112
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:07,200
recognition that humans have 
always had sophisticated ways of

6113
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:11,600
communicating identity building 
community and creating meaning 

6114
05:19:11,600 --> 05:19:13,800
through the most basic aspects 
of physical appearance. 

6115
05:19:14,700 --> 05:19:17,100
We hadn't lost the ability to 
communicate through hair. 

6116
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:21,000
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge, that would make that 

6117
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:22,700
communication effective and 
meaningful. 

6118
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:27,300
As she prepared to share her 
findings with the world Elena 

6119
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:29,900
felt both excitement and 
sadness. 

6120
05:19:31,200 --> 05:19:33,700
Eleanor was filled with 
excitement, as she discovered 

6121
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:38,100
evidence of human creativity, 
Ingenuity and connection that 

6122
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:39,800
have been concealed for 
centuries. 

6123
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:44,200
She felt sadness because she 
realized how much richness and 

6124
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:47,700
depth of communication, modern 
people had unknowingly 

6125
05:19:47,700 --> 05:19:50,400
sacrificed for the sake of 
individual freedom. 

6126
05:19:52,900 --> 05:19:56,000
And perhaps Elena thought she 
finally turned off her desk lamp

6127
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:59,400
and headed to bed understanding.
What we'd lost was the first 

6128
05:19:59,400 --> 05:20:02,100
step toward recovering, some of 
what had made ancient 

6129
05:20:02,100 --> 05:20:03,800
communities. 
So skilled at reading 

6130
05:20:03,800 --> 05:20:05,800
understanding and connecting 
with each other. 

6131
05:20:06,700 --> 05:20:10,000
Perhaps, we haven't truly lost 
The Secret Language of Hair but 

6132
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:12,500
it's simply waiting for us to 
reclaim its ability to 

6133
05:20:12,508 --> 05:20:15,500
communicate, your hair. 
After all has been trying to 

6134
05:20:15,508 --> 05:20:18,400
tell your story all along. 
The only question is, whether 

6135
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:26,600
anyone around you still 
remembers how to listen Sleep 

6136
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:28,900
wasn't quite the uninterrupted, 
eight-hour luxury. 

6137
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:32,700
You once knew in another life, 
instead you dozed fitfully 

6138
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:36,800
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

6139
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,900
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large, moving through 

6140
05:20:39,900 --> 05:20:43,600
the brush outside and the gentle
snoring of your cave, May's 

6141
05:20:43,600 --> 05:20:46,200
curled around the dying. 
Embers of last night's fire. 

6142
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,200
Your bed is a carefully arranged
pile of Furs and dried grasses 

6143
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:52,700
position. 
Just far enough from the cave 

6144
05:20:52,700 --> 05:20:55,400
mouth to avoid the morning. 
Chill, the close enough to make 

6145
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:57,500
a quick Escape if needed. 
Yes. 

6146
05:20:57,500 --> 05:21:00,600
Escape plans were part of 
interior decorating back there. 

6147
05:21:00,600 --> 05:21:04,100
The stone beneath you has been 
worn Smooth by countless nights 

6148
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:08,000
of human body seeking comfort 
and honestly it's not terrible. 

6149
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:13,000
Once you pile on enough, hide 
Stretching your arms carefully 

6150
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:14,900
because that shoulder you rented
wrestling. 

6151
05:21:14,900 --> 05:21:17,500
A particularly stubborn, root 
vegetable last week, still 

6152
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:20,500
protests. 
You notice the familiar ache in 

6153
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:24,300
your lower back living in the 
Paleolithic era was essentially 

6154
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:26,900
a continuous low intensity 
exercise regiment. 

6155
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:30,200
That would leave modern Fitness 
Enthusiast feeling both envious 

6156
05:21:30,200 --> 05:21:33,700
and exhausted. 
Fire pit still glows faintly in 

6157
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:36,700
the center of your cave home. 
Keeping it alive through the 

6158
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:39,700
night was everyone's 
responsibility because starting 

6159
05:21:39,700 --> 05:21:42,900
a new fire from scratch was 
about as fun as performing 

6160
05:21:42,900 --> 05:21:45,900
surgery with stone tools, which 
come to think of it. 

6161
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:49,000
Sometimes happened. 
You pad over on bare feet that 

6162
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:51,100
have developed, Souls tougher 
than any boot leather. 

6163
05:21:51,100 --> 05:21:54,400
Adding a few small branches to 
coax the Flames back to life. 

6164
05:21:55,200 --> 05:21:57,900
The morning ritual begins with 
checking your body from new 

6165
05:21:57,900 --> 05:21:59,800
aches cuts. 
Or mysterious bruises that 

6166
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:02,800
appeared overnight. 
Living near nature, often 

6167
05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:05,600
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

6168
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:08,600
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

6169
05:22:08,600 --> 05:22:11,600
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and attend a spot on 

6170
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:14,000
your hip where you misjudge the 
height of a boulder. 

6171
05:22:14,000 --> 05:22:18,600
This is a common occurrence, the
stomach announces itself with a 

6172
05:22:18,600 --> 05:22:20,900
rumble that Echoes slightly off 
the cave walls. 

6173
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:24,700
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

6174
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:27,800
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

6175
05:22:27,800 --> 05:22:32,100
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

6176
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:35,500
success at Gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

6177
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:36,900
someone else to share their 
food. 

6178
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:40,300
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

6179
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:43,900
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

6180
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:47,500
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

6181
05:22:47,500 --> 05:22:49,700
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

6182
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,400
Main Street, grocery store and 
Community Center. 

6183
05:22:52,400 --> 05:22:56,500
All rolled into one, the air 
carries the center of pine resin

6184
05:22:56,500 --> 05:23:00,200
damper and something that might 
be Smoke From Another group's 

6185
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:03,100
fire and Miles Away. 
Where the prediction was a 

6186
05:23:03,108 --> 05:23:07,300
survival skill back there. 
Not casual conversation, you 

6187
05:23:07,300 --> 05:23:10,000
scan the sky with the intensity 
of a meteorologist. 

6188
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:13,000
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

6189
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:17,200
Those whispy streets to the 
West's suggest wind later which 

6190
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:20,500
could mean Rain by evening. 
Thought makes you mentally 

6191
05:23:20,500 --> 05:23:22,500
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

6192
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:26,200
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

6193
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:29,900
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

6194
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:31,600
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

6195
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:35,800
There's grack you snoring, could
wake the dead and occasionally 

6196
05:23:35,800 --> 05:23:37,700
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments. 

6197
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:41,300
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

6198
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:44,300
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

6199
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:48,100
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

6200
05:23:48,100 --> 05:23:51,900
a cat, a movement's graceful 
despite sleeping on Stone and 

6201
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:54,500
fur. 
The day ahead holds the usual 

6202
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:58,700
uncertainty food needs to be 
found tools require maintenance 

6203
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:02,200
and Somewhere Out There 
opportunities and dangers weight

6204
05:24:02,200 --> 05:24:06,300
in equal measure. 
First, there is the simple joy 

6205
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:09,100
of living in a world where each 
Sunrise feels like a, tiny 

6206
05:24:09,100 --> 05:24:12,600
triumphs against the challenges,
your feet, find their way to the

6207
05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:15,900
cave entrance, and you stand 
there for a moment breathing in 

6208
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:18,200
the morning are that tastes 
cleaner than anything you could 

6209
05:24:18,200 --> 05:24:21,600
imagine. 
Sun climbs, higher promising, 

6210
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:25,200
warmth later, and somewhere in 
the distance, a bird calls with 

6211
05:24:25,200 --> 05:24:27,400
the kind of pure joy, that makes
you remember. 

6212
05:24:27,400 --> 05:24:31,100
Why being alive even in the 
Stone Age, has its moments of 

6213
05:24:31,100 --> 05:24:34,500
absolute perfection finding 
breakfast in the Paleolithic 

6214
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:36,300
Era. 
It's like playing the world's 

6215
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:39,300
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

6216
05:24:39,300 --> 05:24:41,300
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

6217
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:45,900
You step outside the Cave, Bear 
feet, immediately registering 

6218
05:24:45,900 --> 05:24:48,400
the temperature and texture of 
the ground information. 

6219
05:24:48,400 --> 05:24:51,000
Your modeling brain would 
dismiss but your ancient 

6220
05:24:51,000 --> 05:24:55,300
instincts catalog automatically,
The morning dew is settled on 

6221
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:59,100
everything, turning spider, webs
into dual masterpieces and 

6222
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:01,600
making certain rocks. 
Slippery enough to turn a casual

6223
05:25:01,608 --> 05:25:04,700
stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session, having 

6224
05:25:04,700 --> 05:25:07,100
experienced this lesson 
first-hand several times. 

6225
05:25:07,100 --> 05:25:10,900
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

6226
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:13,300
Remains the Same in the Stone 
Age as it does everywhere else. 

6227
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:16,600
Your stomach grumbles again, 
more insistently. 

6228
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:20,000
This time, you've noticed that 
the human digestive system 

6229
05:25:20,000 --> 05:25:22,800
doesn't care about the 
historical significance of your 

6230
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:25,500
situation. 
It's simply craves food. 

6231
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:29,500
Ideally as soon as possible. 
This morning's breakfast menu 

6232
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:31,800
depends entirely on your 
knowledge of what's edible 

6233
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:35,400
versus what's decorative versus 
what's deadly It's like being a 

6234
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:39,100
contestant on the world's most 
dangerous cooking show. 20 yards

6235
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:40,900
from the cave. 
You spot a cluster of berry 

6236
05:25:40,900 --> 05:25:42,100
bushes. 
That wasn't there yesterday 

6237
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:44,400
actually they were there 
yesterday. 

6238
05:25:44,400 --> 05:25:47,800
Your brain is still learning to 
see food sources and stead of 

6239
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:51,400
just green stuff. 
The berries are small and dark 

6240
05:25:51,400 --> 05:25:53,400
purple and past the preliminary 
tests. 

6241
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,600
Birds have been eating them 
without falling over and they 

6242
05:25:56,600 --> 05:25:59,500
smell, right? 
You taste one carefully letting 

6243
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,300
the flavor register fully before
committing to a handful. 

6244
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,500
They are sweet. 
Slightly tart and have a texture

6245
05:26:05,500 --> 05:26:07,300
that suggests. 
They won't cause immediate 

6246
05:26:07,300 --> 05:26:11,200
digestive Rebellion. 
Says, gathering enough to 

6247
05:26:11,200 --> 05:26:14,300
satisfy your hunger, you remain 
vigilant for potential 

6248
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:17,300
opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

6249
05:26:17,300 --> 05:26:20,300
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

6250
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:21,900
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

6251
05:26:22,800 --> 05:26:25,400
Near the berry bushes, the 
cluster of what you've learned 

6252
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:27,400
are. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

6253
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:29,100
soil. 
Digging them up. 

6254
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:32,300
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week and Excavating 

6255
05:26:32,300 --> 05:26:35,100
Roots turns out to be excellent 
exercise for muscle groups. 

6256
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:39,300
You didn't know existed, The 
roots are starchy filling and 

6257
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:42,200
tastes vaguely, like potatoes. 
If potatoes had been designed by

6258
05:26:42,200 --> 05:26:44,500
someone, who'd only heard a 
rough description of what food 

6259
05:26:44,500 --> 05:26:47,000
should taste. 
Like a flash of movement catches

6260
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:50,300
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 
the peculiar way. 

6261
05:26:50,300 --> 05:26:52,400
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

6262
05:26:52,400 --> 05:26:55,800
Absolutely, still. 
Your hand moves, slowly toward 

6263
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:58,400
the throwing stick tucked into 
your woven grass belt. 

6264
05:26:59,200 --> 05:27:00,800
Wrap. 
It would be a protein upgrade. 

6265
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:03,900
This morning's vegetarian fare 
but hunting requires a 

6266
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:07,600
combination of skill luck and 
the kind of patients that 

6267
05:27:07,600 --> 05:27:10,200
doesn't come naturally when your
stomach is demanding immediate 

6268
05:27:10,200 --> 05:27:13,200
attention. 
The throwing stick is a Marvel 

6269
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:16,200
of Stone Age, engineering 
basically a carefully balanced, 

6270
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:18,600
wooden projectile that you've 
practiced with until your 

6271
05:27:18,600 --> 05:27:21,300
shoulder aches. 
The rapid remains motionless 

6272
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:25,300
probably calculating its odds of
Escape versus the energy cost of

6273
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:28,000
sudden movement. 
You shift your weight slowly 

6274
05:27:28,000 --> 05:27:30,700
raising the stick with movement 
smoother enough. 

6275
05:27:30,700 --> 05:27:32,500
Not to trigger the rabbits 
flight response. 

6276
05:27:32,500 --> 05:27:34,800
Then a branch crack somewhere 
behind you. 

6277
05:27:34,800 --> 05:27:38,500
Probably grax stumbling around 
looking for his breakfast and 

6278
05:27:38,500 --> 05:27:41,700
the rabbit vanishes and a blur 
of brown fur and indignation. 

6279
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:45,800
You're throwing sticks sails 
through empty air and lands with

6280
05:27:45,800 --> 05:27:49,500
a disappointed thud against a 
tree trunk, so much for upgraded

6281
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:53,300
protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

6282
05:27:53,300 --> 05:27:56,300
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

6283
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,300
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

6284
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:02,600
Aries and Roots will have to 
suffice for now. 

6285
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:05,400
Supplemented by the memory of 
yesterday's successful. 

6286
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:09,100
Fishing Expedition. 
Walking back toward the cave, 

6287
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:11,600
you notice Mirror Has discovered
a bird's nest with eggs. 

6288
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:14,200
The kind of find that makes 
everyone's morning. 

6289
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:17,800
Significantly brighter eggs are 
perfect food packages. 

6290
05:28:17,800 --> 05:28:20,800
Assuming you can convince their 
parents that you need them more 

6291
05:28:20,808 --> 05:28:24,100
than the unhatched occupants. 
Do the negotiation typically 

6292
05:28:24,100 --> 05:28:28,000
involves quick hands and faster.
Feet is when the parents are 

6293
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:30,200
larger birds with strong 
opinions about egg ownership, 

6294
05:28:30,200 --> 05:28:33,600
the morning meal shapes up to be
a combination of your berries 

6295
05:28:33,600 --> 05:28:36,700
and roots. 
Shin some leftover fish that 

6296
05:28:36,700 --> 05:28:38,700
crack managed not to eat 
entirely yesterday. 

6297
05:28:38,700 --> 05:28:42,200
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

6298
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:45,400
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

6299
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:48,200
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

6300
05:28:48,200 --> 05:28:49,600
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

6301
05:28:50,500 --> 05:28:53,700
On a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

6302
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:58,100
slowly savoring flavors that are
simple direct and somehow more 

6303
05:28:58,100 --> 05:29:02,300
satisfying than you expected. 
The food tastes like work, like 

6304
05:29:02,300 --> 05:29:05,100
success. 
Like the peculiar Pride that 

6305
05:29:05,100 --> 05:29:07,400
comes from feeding yourself 
through knowledge and effort 

6306
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:10,500
rather than convenient your 
stomach settles into 

6307
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:12,900
contentment. 
And the day ahead seems more 

6308
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:16,400
manageable with breakfast 
accomplished the sun rise, his 

6309
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:18,800
higher warming, the rocks on 
your shoulders. 

6310
05:29:19,600 --> 05:29:22,100
Somewhere in the distance. 
You can hear the river calling 

6311
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:25,000
with Promises of fish and the 
kind of morning bath that wakes 

6312
05:29:25,000 --> 05:29:27,700
up every nerve ending at once. 
After breakfast. 

6313
05:29:27,700 --> 05:29:30,800
Your attention, turns to the 
Daily maintenance tasks that 

6314
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:34,600
keeps Stone Age life functional 
your toolkit needs inspection 

6315
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:37,700
and in a world where the nearest
hardware store won't exist for 

6316
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:40,800
several Millennia. 
Tool maintenance isn't optional.

6317
05:29:40,800 --> 05:29:44,400
Its survival. 
You settle onto a Flat Rock that

6318
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:47,400
serves as your workbench 
spreading out your collection of

6319
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:50,300
implements with the care of a 
surgeon arranging instruments. 

6320
05:29:50,300 --> 05:29:54,100
There's the knife you chip from 
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 

6321
05:29:54,100 --> 05:29:56,900
still sharp enough to slice 
through high but showing tiny 

6322
05:29:56,900 --> 05:29:59,000
Nicks from yesterday's route, 
digging Expedition. 

6323
05:29:59,000 --> 05:30:02,300
You've bound the spirit tip 
which required three attempts to

6324
05:30:02,308 --> 05:30:06,200
perfect, to its wooden shaft 
with such meticulous wrapping 

6325
05:30:06,200 --> 05:30:07,700
that it almost appears 
decorative. 

6326
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:11,200
Flint, knapping the art of 
striking stone with stone to 

6327
05:30:11,200 --> 05:30:14,800
create sharp edges requires the 
kind of focused attention. 

6328
05:30:14,800 --> 05:30:18,900
That makes meditation look like 
multi-tasking, you choose a 

6329
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:21,100
piece of flint testing its 
weight and dense City with 

6330
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:23,500
fingers that have learned to 
read Stone, like others, read 

6331
05:30:23,500 --> 05:30:26,200
books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

6332
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:28,500
in your palm its surface. 
Warm Smooth. 

6333
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:32,900
By countless impacts, the first 
strike sends a small chip flying

6334
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:35,800
landing near your feet with a 
tiny click. 

6335
05:30:36,800 --> 05:30:40,900
Says you turn the Flint slightly
visualizing the blade hidden 

6336
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:43,600
inside the Raw, Stone waiting to
be revealed through. 

6337
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:49,900
Patient, precise, work strike 
turn, examine strike, turn 

6338
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,600
examine the Rhythm becomes 
almost hypnotic. 

6339
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:56,500
Each impact. 
Calculated to remove exactly the

6340
05:30:56,500 --> 05:30:59,400
right amount of material. 
Somewhere around the 15th, 

6341
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:02,500
strike your concentration, 
waivers for just a moment. 

6342
05:31:02,500 --> 05:31:05,300
And the Hammerstone catches, the
Flint at the wrong angle, 

6343
05:31:05,300 --> 05:31:09,400
instead of a clean chip, a large
chunks away, taking half your 

6344
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:12,700
emerging Blade with it. 
Flint now looks less like a 

6345
05:31:12,708 --> 05:31:15,800
future tool and more like 
evidence of why patients isn't 

6346
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:17,900
just a virtue. 
It's a requirement. 

6347
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:21,300
You set the ruined Flint aside 
and reach for another piece. 

6348
05:31:21,300 --> 05:31:24,300
Reminding yourself, that failure
is just another word for 

6349
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,700
practice. 
The second attempt goes better 

6350
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:30,900
partly because you've already 
made today's mistake and partly 

6351
05:31:30,900 --> 05:31:32,800
because your hands. 
Remember the proper rhythm. 

6352
05:31:33,900 --> 05:31:37,600
Gradually a serviceable blade 
emerges from the Royal Stone its

6353
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:39,900
Edge sharp enough to make your 
respective immediately. 

6354
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:43,800
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 
just making new implements. 

6355
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:47,300
Your spare shaft is developed a 
small crack near The Binding, 

6356
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:50,300
the kind of floor that could 
turn a hunting trip into a 

6357
05:31:50,308 --> 05:31:53,200
disaster. 
If left unattended, you unwrap 

6358
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,000
the sin, you carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

6359
05:31:56,000 --> 05:31:59,200
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

6360
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,900
grain, which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

6361
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:06,800
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet 

6362
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:09,600
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

6363
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:11,500
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

6364
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:15,900
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

6365
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:19,000
stronger than the original wood.
Stone Age. 

6366
05:32:19,000 --> 05:32:23,100
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive and the tape fire 

6367
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:27,400
maintenance to attention. 
The coals from last night have 

6368
05:32:27,400 --> 05:32:30,500
settled into a bed of Embers 
perfect for cooking but needing 

6369
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:34,500
encouragement to Flame up again.
You add small kindling, dry 

6370
05:32:34,500 --> 05:32:38,300
grass thin Twigs strips of birch
bark, that catch fire. 

6371
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:39,700
Like they were designed for the 
purpose. 

6372
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:43,800
The Flames respond eagerly 
crackling to life with the kind 

6373
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,700
of enthusiasm that makes you 
appreciate Humanity's ancient 

6374
05:32:46,700 --> 05:32:48,700
partnership with controlled 
combustion. 

6375
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:53,100
Keeping the fire alive was a 
community responsibility that 

6376
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:54,900
rotated among the caves 
inhabitants. 

6377
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,600
Today is your turn to be the 
fire keeper, which means feeding

6378
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,700
it regularly banking the coals 
for cooking and most 

6379
05:33:01,700 --> 05:33:03,800
importantly, never letting it 
die completely. 

6380
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,700
Starting a fire from scratch. 
Using flint and steel, or rather

6381
05:33:08,700 --> 05:33:11,900
flint and iron pyrite. 
Since steel won't be invented 

6382
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:16,200
for quite a while is possible, 
but exhausting you practice the 

6383
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:19,500
Fire Starting technique anyway 
because redundancy keeps you 

6384
05:33:19,500 --> 05:33:22,800
alive strike. 
Flint against pyrite, directing 

6385
05:33:22,800 --> 05:33:25,800
the Sparks into a nest of the 
finest driest into. 

6386
05:33:25,800 --> 05:33:30,000
You can prepare Cedar bark 
worked into soft fibers Birch, 

6387
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,100
fungus and dried grass. 
So fine. 

6388
05:33:32,100 --> 05:33:35,900
It's almost powder. 
Sparks, catch glowing like tiny 

6389
05:33:35,900 --> 05:33:39,600
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coaxes them into 

6390
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:43,200
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing but skill 

6391
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:46,100
and persistence. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

6392
05:33:46,100 --> 05:33:49,100
satisfaction. 
That's hard to describe in a 

6393
05:33:49,100 --> 05:33:52,000
world where most things are 
uncertain being able to create 

6394
05:33:52,000 --> 05:33:54,300
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

6395
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:57,500
which from the perspective of 
any other animal. 

6396
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:00,900
You supposed it is your 
morning's work, spreads out 

6397
05:34:00,900 --> 05:34:05,100
around, you newly sharpened 
tools, repair weapons, a healthy

6398
05:34:05,100 --> 05:34:07,800
fire and the kind of competence 
that builds confidence. 

6399
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:11,000
These aren't glamorous tasks, 
but they form the foundation 

6400
05:34:11,000 --> 05:34:12,800
that makes everything else 
possible. 

6401
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:17,600
Every sharp edge, every strong 
binding, and every glowing coal 

6402
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:20,000
represents the difference 
between thriving and merely 

6403
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:23,100
surviving. 
Son has climbed higher while you

6404
05:34:23,100 --> 05:34:25,600
worked and the warmth feels good
on your shoulders. 

6405
05:34:26,700 --> 05:34:29,400
In the distance, you can hear 
water running over rocks. 

6406
05:34:29,400 --> 05:34:32,500
The river calling with Promises 
of fish and the kind of cooling 

6407
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:35,700
bath that makes hot work. 
While the river beckons with the

6408
05:34:35,708 --> 05:34:37,700
sound of water, moving over 
Stones. 

6409
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:40,900
A constant murmur that serves as
the soundtrack to your daily 

6410
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:43,200
life you gather your fishing 
equipment. 

6411
05:34:44,100 --> 05:34:47,900
Spear with a particularly point 
a, net woven from plant fibers 

6412
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:51,300
that took weeks to complete and 
the kind of optimism that comes 

6413
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:54,000
from successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

6414
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:56,600
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

6415
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,700
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

6416
05:34:59,700 --> 05:35:03,000
terrain that changes subtly with
each day's weather today. 

6417
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:06,000
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

6418
05:35:06,000 --> 05:35:09,300
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

6419
05:35:09,308 --> 05:35:11,600
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

6420
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:14,300
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

6421
05:35:14,300 --> 05:35:17,900
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

6422
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:21,100
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

6423
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:23,700
when you're picking mud out of 
uncomfortable places. 

6424
05:35:23,700 --> 05:35:26,900
Your fishing spot is a bend in 
the river where the current 

6425
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:30,500
slows and deepens creating a 
natural pool where fish tend to 

6426
05:35:30,500 --> 05:35:33,800
gather The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

6427
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,200
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

6428
05:35:37,200 --> 05:35:39,300
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

6429
05:35:39,308 --> 05:35:42,200
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

6430
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:46,000
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

6431
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:47,600
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

6432
05:35:47,600 --> 05:35:50,400
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

6433
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:53,100
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

6434
05:35:53,100 --> 05:35:56,200
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

6435
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:59,700
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

6436
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:02,600
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

6437
05:36:02,608 --> 05:36:06,000
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

6438
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:08,600
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

6439
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,700
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

6440
05:36:11,700 --> 05:36:14,100
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

6441
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:17,300
to maintain its place in the 
current its perfectly positioned

6442
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:19,700
for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

6443
05:36:19,700 --> 05:36:23,700
complex physics of refraction 
water resistance and the fish is

6444
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:26,000
likely Escape Route, all while 
maintaining the balance 

6445
05:36:26,000 --> 05:36:28,800
necessary not to fall off your 
rock in to the river. 

6446
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:31,700
You raise the spear slowly 
muscles. 

6447
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,200
Remembering the thousands of 
practice throws that have taught

6448
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,500
your arms, the proper Ark and 
release point. 

6449
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:41,900
The fish remains steady focused 
on something Upstream that might

6450
05:36:41,900 --> 05:36:43,500
be food drifting down with the 
current. 

6451
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:47,700
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet opportunity

6452
05:36:47,700 --> 05:36:51,100
assuming your aim is improved 
since yesterday somewhat 

6453
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:54,300
embarrassing performance. 
Spear leaves your hand with the 

6454
05:36:54,300 --> 05:36:58,000
smooth motion of long, practice 
cutting through air, and then 

6455
05:36:58,008 --> 05:37:01,900
water with barely a splash 
success appears certain for a 

6456
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:05,300
moment, then physics asserts 
itself in the form of water, 

6457
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:08,600
refraction and your spare passes
harmlessly beneath the fish, 

6458
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,500
which vanishes in a swirl of 
indignant motion. 

6459
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:15,600
That somehow manages to look 
reproach for retrieving, the 

6460
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:17,000
spear requires wading into 
water. 

6461
05:37:17,000 --> 05:37:20,400
That shockingly cold, despite 
the warm air, the river bottom 

6462
05:37:20,400 --> 05:37:23,200
is a collection of smooth 
Stones, Some steady and reliable

6463
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:25,600
others. 
Perfectly designed to shift, 

6464
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:29,100
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

6465
05:37:29,100 --> 05:37:32,600
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

6466
05:37:32,600 --> 05:37:35,700
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

6467
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:38,800
rocks and deeper water. 
Requiring, a Wade that brings 

6468
05:37:38,800 --> 05:37:42,400
the river level to mid-thigh. 
The cold is invigorating in the 

6469
05:37:42,400 --> 05:37:44,300
way that makes you immediately 
understand why? 

6470
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:46,500
Some people voluntarily take 
cold showers. 

6471
05:37:46,500 --> 05:37:50,300
While simultaneously, making the
question their sanity, your 

6472
05:37:50,300 --> 05:37:52,900
muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

6473
05:37:52,900 --> 05:37:55,400
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick, efficiency, rather than 

6474
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:59,500
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

6475
05:37:59,500 --> 05:38:02,800
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

6476
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:05,200
warmed. 
Stone, net, offers different 

6477
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:08,500
possibilities. 
Let's Precision required, but 

6478
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:10,900
demanding perfect timing, and 
the ability to read fish 

6479
05:38:10,900 --> 05:38:12,400
Behavior. 
Well, enough to predict their 

6480
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:14,700
movements. 
You study the water again, 

6481
05:38:14,700 --> 05:38:17,800
looking for the subtle signs 
that indicate where fish are 

6482
05:38:17,800 --> 05:38:20,900
like to swim. 
School of smaller fish moves 

6483
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:23,600
through the shallows. 
Their bodies flashing silver as 

6484
05:38:23,600 --> 05:38:26,900
they turn in unison, they're 
following some underwater logic.

6485
05:38:26,900 --> 05:38:29,800
That makes perfect sense to them
and appears completely random to

6486
05:38:29,800 --> 05:38:31,800
you. 
The net requires positioning 

6487
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:35,100
Downstream from their path. 
Then patience while they swim 

6488
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:37,800
into range. 
You slip into the water again, 

6489
05:38:37,800 --> 05:38:41,500
moving with exaggerated care to 
avoid sending vibrations through

6490
05:38:41,500 --> 05:38:43,500
the riverbed that would scatter 
your targets. 

6491
05:38:44,700 --> 05:38:47,000
The fish continue their 
mysterious choreography, 

6492
05:38:47,000 --> 05:38:50,300
occasionally coming 
tantalizingly close to your nets

6493
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:52,600
range before veering away. 
As if they've suddenly 

6494
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:55,500
remembered important 
appointments elsewhere, finally 

6495
05:38:55,500 --> 05:38:58,100
the schools wandering path. 
Brings them directly toward your

6496
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:00,600
position. 
You raise the Nets slowly 

6497
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:03,500
waiting for the moment. 
When the maximum number of fish 

6498
05:39:03,500 --> 05:39:07,400
occupy, the minimum amount of 
space, the technique and assess 

6499
05:39:07,400 --> 05:39:10,100
States precise timing. 
If you act to early, the fish 

6500
05:39:10,100 --> 05:39:12,200
will scatter. 
And if you act too late, they 

6501
05:39:12,200 --> 05:39:13,200
will have already passed 
through. 

6502
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:17,200
Now, the net sweeps through 
water and fish with satisfying 

6503
05:39:17,200 --> 05:39:20,800
efficiency, and suddenly your 
holding breakfast, lunch and 

6504
05:39:20,800 --> 05:39:22,900
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

6505
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,800
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency and you 

6506
05:39:26,800 --> 05:39:29,300
wait quickly to shore to 
transfer them to the woven 

6507
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:32,400
basket that serves as your 
portable container success 

6508
05:39:32,400 --> 05:39:35,400
tastes like cold river water and
feels like the quiet 

6509
05:39:35,400 --> 05:39:37,900
satisfaction of having fed 
yourself through skill and 

6510
05:39:37,908 --> 05:39:40,100
patience. 
The mornings fishing has 

6511
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:43,500
provided enough protein for the 
day plus extra to share with 

6512
05:39:43,500 --> 05:39:46,000
your cavemen who may have had 
less luck with their own food 

6513
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:49,400
Gathering expeditions. 
Walking back toward the cave 

6514
05:39:49,400 --> 05:39:52,200
basket of fish and one hand and 
wet fishing gear in the other. 

6515
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,700
You reflect on the peculiar 
satisfaction of having succeeded

6516
05:39:55,700 --> 05:39:57,800
at something. 
Your ancestors would recognize 

6517
05:39:57,800 --> 05:40:01,000
and approval of There's 
something deeply right about 

6518
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:04,100
providing food through your own 
efforts, even when those efforts

6519
05:40:04,100 --> 05:40:07,100
occasionally involve falling 
into cold water, while chasing 

6520
05:40:07,100 --> 05:40:10,100
fish, that seemed to mock your 
hunting skills, the afternoon 

6521
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:13,000
sun has reached that perfect 
angle, where it warms without 

6522
05:40:13,000 --> 05:40:15,400
burning. 
Your successful fishing 

6523
05:40:15,400 --> 05:40:17,800
Expedition has left. 
You feeling confident enough to 

6524
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:19,700
venture further from the cave 
than usual. 

6525
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:23,600
Today's seems like an ideal time
to explore the valley Beyond The

6526
05:40:23,608 --> 05:40:26,400
Ridge where rumor delivered by a
traveling group. 

6527
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:29,700
Last week suggests, there might 
be fruit trees and possibly 

6528
05:40:29,700 --> 05:40:32,700
deposits of the particularly 
good Flint, that makes Superior 

6529
05:40:32,700 --> 05:40:35,600
tools. 
You gather exploration supplies 

6530
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:37,700
with the methodical care of 
someone who has learned that 

6531
05:40:37,700 --> 05:40:40,800
preparation prevents most 
disasters, an improvisation 

6532
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:44,000
handles the rest. 
Your pack consists of a large 

6533
05:40:44,008 --> 05:40:46,000
hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

6534
05:40:46,000 --> 05:40:49,200
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

6535
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:52,200
multi-purpose knife that sharp 
enough to be useful, but not so 

6536
05:40:52,200 --> 05:40:55,400
precious. 
If you lost it recorded woven 

6537
05:40:55,400 --> 05:40:58,500
from plant fibers, that serves 
approximately 600 different 

6538
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:02,600
functions in Stone Age life. 
The ridge requires a climb that 

6539
05:41:02,608 --> 05:41:05,600
would be considered moderate 
exercise in modern terms, but 

6540
05:41:05,600 --> 05:41:07,200
feels more like a full body 
workout. 

6541
05:41:07,200 --> 05:41:10,300
When you're carrying supplies 
and watching for loose rocks, 

6542
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:12,800
that could turn an afternoon 
hike into a medical emergency 

6543
05:41:12,800 --> 05:41:16,300
your route follows, what might 
charitably be called a path? 

6544
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:19,800
Really just a series of animal 
tracks connected by your own 

6545
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,300
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

6546
05:41:22,300 --> 05:41:25,400
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge. 

6547
05:41:25,400 --> 05:41:29,000
You pause to catch your breath 
and immediately understand why 

6548
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:31,800
your ancestors developed such 
impressive cardiovascular 

6549
05:41:31,800 --> 05:41:34,700
systems. 
Every activity in Paleolithic 

6550
05:41:34,700 --> 05:41:38,400
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

6551
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,600
a sadistic sense of humor, and a
deep commitment to building 

6552
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:44,800
character through physical 
challenge, the view from The 

6553
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:48,600
Ridge Top, makes the climb 
worthwhile, The Valleys below. 

6554
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:51,600
You like a green carpet dotted 
with Silver Streams, and dark 

6555
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:53,700
patches that might be Groves of 
the fruit trees. 

6556
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:57,200
You'll seeking In the distance. 
Smoke Rise is from what's 

6557
05:41:57,200 --> 05:42:00,300
probably another group's fire. 
Reminding you that you're not 

6558
05:42:00,308 --> 05:42:03,600
alone in this vast landscape, 
just temporarily out of the 

6559
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:06,400
shouting range of your 
neighbor's descending, into the 

6560
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:09,700
valley proves trickier than the 
ascent gravity, assists your 

6561
05:42:09,708 --> 05:42:12,800
progress with the kind of 
helpful in enthusiasm that 

6562
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:15,600
occasionally threatened to turn 
a control descent into an 

6563
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,600
uncontrolled tumble. 
You pick your way carefully down

6564
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:22,600
the slope using trees and rock 
outcroppings as hand holds and 

6565
05:42:22,600 --> 05:42:23,700
trying. 
Not to think about how much 

6566
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:25,800
easier going down is than 
climbing. 

6567
05:42:25,800 --> 05:42:29,500
Back up will be The valley floor
reveals itself to be a mixture 

6568
05:42:29,500 --> 05:42:33,700
of opportunity and complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

6569
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:37,100
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

6570
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:39,900
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

6571
05:42:39,900 --> 05:42:42,800
decoration. 
Good news is many trees are 

6572
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:45,500
heavy with ripe fruit. 
The challenging news is that 

6573
05:42:45,500 --> 05:42:47,400
you're apparently not. 
The first to discover this 

6574
05:42:47,400 --> 05:42:50,400
resource Fresh Tracks in the 
soft Earth near the largest 

6575
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:52,300
fruit Grove. 
Tell a story that makes your 

6576
05:42:52,300 --> 05:42:56,500
survival instincts, pay close to
attention The large pork prints 

6577
05:42:56,500 --> 05:43:00,100
indicating a predator rather 
than prey are so recent that 

6578
05:43:00,100 --> 05:43:04,200
their edges remain sharp bear, 
most likely and probably still 

6579
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:07,200
in the area since Bears tend to 
stay near excellent food sources

6580
05:43:07,200 --> 05:43:08,900
until they've exhausted them 
completely. 

6581
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:12,600
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

6582
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:16,100
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients that 

6583
05:43:16,100 --> 05:43:18,000
would improve, everyone's diets 
significantly. 

6584
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,400
The bear represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

6585
05:43:22,400 --> 05:43:25,700
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

6586
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:30,300
well for the smaller participant
wisdom suggests Retreat, hunger 

6587
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:33,600
suggests to negotiation Pride 
suggests, you're probably 

6588
05:43:33,608 --> 05:43:37,100
overthinking the whole situation
you compromised by gathering 

6589
05:43:37,100 --> 05:43:40,000
fruit from trees on the 
periphery of the Grove working 

6590
05:43:40,000 --> 05:43:43,000
quickly. 
But quietly is tuned for any 

6591
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:45,400
sound that might indicate you're
about to have an unexpected 

6592
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:47,400
encounter with the local bear 
population. 

6593
05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:51,200
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

6594
05:43:51,200 --> 05:43:55,100
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

6595
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,300
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps but they 

6596
05:43:58,300 --> 05:44:02,100
considerably more than yours. 
The fruit Gathering goes well 

6597
05:44:02,100 --> 05:44:04,300
until you reach for a 
particularly promising, cluster 

6598
05:44:04,300 --> 05:44:07,600
growing just out of easy, reach 
stretching toward it requires 

6599
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:09,100
shifting, your weight onto a 
branch. 

6600
05:44:09,100 --> 05:44:11,100
That seemed sturdy enough when 
you tested it. 

6601
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:14,300
But apparently has strong 
opinions about supporting human 

6602
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:17,100
body weight. 
The branch surrenders with a 

6603
05:44:17,100 --> 05:44:20,000
sharp crack. 
The Echoes through the Grove 

6604
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:22,300
like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

6605
05:44:22,300 --> 05:44:25,400
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

6606
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:28,900
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

6607
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:32,600
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

6608
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:35,400
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

6609
05:44:35,400 --> 05:44:39,100
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

6610
05:44:39,100 --> 05:44:41,800
its presence. 
So dramatically after several 

6611
05:44:41,800 --> 05:44:44,200
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears, 

6612
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:47,900
you can include that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

6613
05:44:47,900 --> 05:44:50,500
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

6614
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:53,800
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

6615
05:44:53,800 --> 05:44:56,400
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

6616
05:44:57,200 --> 05:44:59,000
Your pack. 
Now contains enough fruit to 

6617
05:44:59,008 --> 05:45:02,100
supplement several meals plus 
the kind of story that will 

6618
05:45:02,100 --> 05:45:04,300
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire. 

6619
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:07,700
The discovery of the Flint 
deposits proves anti-climactic, 

6620
05:45:07,700 --> 05:45:11,600
after the fruit tree Adventure, 
yes, the stone is excellent 

6621
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:13,500
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

6622
05:45:13,508 --> 05:45:16,200
working with. 
Yes, there's enough to supply 

6623
05:45:16,200 --> 05:45:17,800
your tool-making needs for 
months. 

6624
05:45:17,800 --> 05:45:22,500
And yes, it's located in an easy
to access outcropping that 

6625
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:24,700
doesn't require negotiating with
large carnivores. 

6626
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:28,700
You gather several Prime pieces 
of Flint testing each for 

6627
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:32,000
quality and selecting those most
likely to produce Superior 

6628
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:34,500
tools. 
The additional weight in your 

6629
05:45:34,508 --> 05:45:37,400
pack reminds you that the return
Journey will be more challenging

6630
05:45:37,400 --> 05:45:40,700
than the trip down, but a good 
Flint is worth the extra effort.

6631
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:44,500
The afternoon light has begun 
its slow slide toward evening. 

6632
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,600
By the time you start the 
return, climb your pack. 

6633
05:45:47,600 --> 05:45:50,100
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 
makes the ascent feel like a 

6634
05:45:50,108 --> 05:45:53,100
full body strength, training 
session, designed by someone who

6635
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:56,700
believes suffering, builds 
character each step up the ridge

6636
05:45:56,700 --> 05:45:59,800
requires deliberate effort and 
you find yourself developing a 

6637
05:45:59,800 --> 05:46:03,500
new appreciation for the concept
of pack weight distribution, the

6638
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:05,200
return to your cave feels like 
coming home. 

6639
05:46:05,200 --> 05:46:08,400
After a successful Adventure, 
your pack heavy with the days 

6640
05:46:08,400 --> 05:46:11,700
discoveries and your body 
pleasantly worn out from useful 

6641
05:46:11,700 --> 05:46:14,900
exertion. 
Later afternoon, light filters 

6642
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:17,000
through the trees with that gold
and quality. 

6643
05:46:17,000 --> 05:46:20,100
That makes everything look like.
It's been painted by someone who

6644
05:46:20,100 --> 05:46:22,300
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

6645
05:46:23,400 --> 05:46:26,700
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence Mira has 

6646
05:46:26,708 --> 05:46:30,100
constructed what appears to be a
fish drying rack from carefully 

6647
05:46:30,100 --> 05:46:34,100
arranged branches, and several 
of yesterday's catching rows 

6648
05:46:34,100 --> 05:46:37,400
slowly transforming into 
preserve protein that will last 

6649
05:46:37,400 --> 05:46:41,100
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

6650
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:43,500
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

6651
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,600
And what looks like sinu though,
his projects often remain 

6652
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:48,300
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

6653
05:46:49,800 --> 05:46:51,000
Fruit. 
You've gathered creates 

6654
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:54,300
immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

6655
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:57,200
lately and the variety you've 
brought back includes several 

6656
05:46:57,200 --> 05:46:58,900
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

6657
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:03,000
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

6658
05:47:03,000 --> 05:47:05,200
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

6659
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:09,000
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

6660
05:47:09,000 --> 05:47:10,600
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

6661
05:47:11,400 --> 05:47:14,100
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

6662
05:47:14,100 --> 05:47:16,800
slightly tart finish in your 
stomach accepts the without 

6663
05:47:16,800 --> 05:47:20,600
protest. 
Cess dinner will be considerably

6664
05:47:20,600 --> 05:47:23,900
more intriguing than usual. 
The remaining fruit can be dried

6665
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:27,800
using techniques that transform 
perishable food into long-term 

6666
05:47:27,800 --> 05:47:30,500
storage solutions, your Flint, 
Discovery. 

6667
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:34,700
Generates a different kind of 
enthusiasm crack examined. 

6668
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:38,300
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert testing 

6669
05:47:38,300 --> 05:47:41,000
density and grain structure with
techniques, you're still 

6670
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:45,000
learning Good, Flint means 
better tools which means more 

6671
05:47:45,000 --> 05:47:48,100
successful hunting and Gathering
which means improved odds of 

6672
05:47:48,108 --> 05:47:50,000
thriving rather than merely 
surviving. 

6673
05:47:51,000 --> 05:47:53,000
His evening approaches, the 
ritual of fire. 

6674
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:56,700
Building begins today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

6675
05:47:56,700 --> 05:47:58,500
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

6676
05:47:58,500 --> 05:48:01,300
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

6677
05:48:01,300 --> 05:48:04,800
around Flames while sharing the 
day's experiences, you add a 

6678
05:48:04,808 --> 05:48:07,500
portion of fuel and soon the 
cave, entrance glows with 

6679
05:48:07,508 --> 05:48:11,700
cheerful light pushing back, the
growing Darkness outside cooking

6680
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:15,100
in the Stone, Age requires 
timing attention and acceptance,

6681
05:48:15,100 --> 05:48:17,200
the Precision isn't always 
possible. 

6682
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:20,500
The fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

6683
05:48:20,500 --> 05:48:23,000
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

6684
05:48:23,000 --> 05:48:26,000
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

6685
05:48:26,000 --> 05:48:29,300
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

6686
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,800
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

6687
05:48:32,800 --> 05:48:35,100
hard starch becomes something 
approaching tender. 

6688
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:39,600
Fruit needs no cooking but some 
of it gets wrapped in leaves and

6689
05:48:39,600 --> 05:48:42,700
placed near the fires Edge, 
where gentle heat, concentrates 

6690
05:48:42,700 --> 05:48:45,400
the flavors and creates 
something resembling A Primitive

6691
05:48:45,400 --> 05:48:48,100
desert. 
The result tastes like 

6692
05:48:48,100 --> 05:48:51,400
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

6693
05:48:51,400 --> 05:48:54,500
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

6694
05:48:54,500 --> 05:48:56,300
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

6695
05:48:57,600 --> 05:49:00,100
Meal time in your small 
community follows informal. 

6696
05:49:00,100 --> 05:49:02,700
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

6697
05:49:02,700 --> 05:49:07,300
Harmony Everyone shares the food
based on their contributions and

6698
05:49:07,300 --> 05:49:08,900
needs. 
Today's successful. 

6699
05:49:08,900 --> 05:49:11,600
Fishing Expedition earns you a 
larger portion of the evening 

6700
05:49:11,600 --> 05:49:13,000
meal. 
While your fruit. 

6701
05:49:13,000 --> 05:49:15,700
Discovery means everyone enjoys 
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise

6702
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:18,500
have been available the 
conversation, that accompanies 

6703
05:49:18,500 --> 05:49:21,100
dinner revolves around the day's
experiences challenges, and 

6704
05:49:21,100 --> 05:49:25,100
discoveries crack describes his 
hide working project which is 

6705
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:27,500
apparently intended to become a 
more comfortable sleeping 

6706
05:49:27,500 --> 05:49:29,900
Arrangement. 
An innovation that everyone 

6707
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:34,600
endorses enthusiastically mirror
explains her fish, drying 

6708
05:49:34,600 --> 05:49:37,900
technique learned from a group 
they encountered several weeks 

6709
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:41,200
ago who came from a region where
preservation methods had evolved

6710
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:45,000
to handle seasonal variations 
and food availability Your 

6711
05:49:45,000 --> 05:49:47,600
adventure in the fruit growth 
gets recounted with the kind of 

6712
05:49:47,600 --> 05:49:50,900
embellishment that turns a minor
mishap into an entertaining 

6713
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:53,600
story. 
The branch breaking incident 

6714
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:56,800
becomes slightly more dramatic 
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 

6715
05:49:56,800 --> 05:50:01,300
slightly fresher and your Escape
slightly more narrow This is how

6716
05:50:01,300 --> 05:50:05,500
oral tradition begins not with 
deliberately exaggeration, but 

6717
05:50:05,500 --> 05:50:08,100
with the natural tendency to 
make it experience, is more 

6718
05:50:08,100 --> 05:50:09,900
engaging when sharing them with 
others. 

6719
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:13,500
As full Darkness, settles 
outside the cave entrance. 

6720
05:50:14,300 --> 05:50:16,900
Fire becomes the center of your 
small world. 

6721
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:20,600
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

6722
05:50:20,600 --> 05:50:23,500
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

6723
05:50:23,500 --> 05:50:27,200
threatening The Flames danced 
with hypnotic patterns that 

6724
05:50:27,200 --> 05:50:30,700
capture attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

6725
05:50:30,700 --> 05:50:32,500
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

6726
05:50:33,400 --> 05:50:35,400
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

6727
05:50:35,400 --> 05:50:38,700
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

6728
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:40,300
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

6729
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:43,800
The careful chip by chip 
process, made easier by good 

6730
05:50:43,800 --> 05:50:46,800
light, and comfortable seating 
on, fur covered rocks. 

6731
05:50:47,800 --> 05:50:50,800
Mirror Works on cordage 
twisting, plant fibers into 

6732
05:50:50,800 --> 05:50:53,800
strong rope, using techniques 
that require consistent tension 

6733
05:50:53,800 --> 05:50:55,800
and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

6734
05:50:55,800 --> 05:50:58,700
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

6735
05:50:58,700 --> 05:51:00,400
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

6736
05:51:00,400 --> 05:51:03,500
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

6737
05:51:03,500 --> 05:51:07,000
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

6738
05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:09,500
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

6739
05:51:09,500 --> 05:51:12,800
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

6740
05:51:12,800 --> 05:51:16,600
Age, Crafts People. 
Fire settles into steady coals 

6741
05:51:16,600 --> 05:51:19,700
as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

6742
05:51:19,700 --> 05:51:23,000
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

6743
05:51:23,000 --> 05:51:25,300
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

6744
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:28,500
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

6745
05:51:28,500 --> 05:51:32,200
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

6746
05:51:32,200 --> 05:51:36,300
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

6747
05:51:36,300 --> 05:51:40,100
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls, 

6748
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:43,200
calling across the valley, the 
distance of something large, 

6749
05:51:43,200 --> 05:51:46,200
moving through the river and the
rustle of small creatures going 

6750
05:51:46,200 --> 05:51:49,900
about their nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

6751
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:52,200
when heard from the safety of 
your file, it cave. 

6752
05:51:52,200 --> 05:51:55,700
They're simply the soundtrack of
a world that continues its 

6753
05:51:55,700 --> 05:51:59,300
complex business, regardless of 
human concerns, a transition 

6754
05:51:59,300 --> 05:52:02,300
from active evening to restful 
night, happens gradually in your

6755
05:52:02,308 --> 05:52:06,100
Stone Age World marked, not by 
clocks or schedules but by the 

6756
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:09,900
natural rhythm of fire settling 
into coals and bodies growing 

6757
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:13,700
heavy with the days accumulated.
Fatigue, The work around the 

6758
05:52:13,700 --> 05:52:16,600
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

6759
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,600
understand that sometimes are 
improved by patients rather than

6760
05:52:19,600 --> 05:52:22,900
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

6761
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:25,400
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

6762
05:52:25,408 --> 05:52:28,900
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

6763
05:52:28,900 --> 05:52:31,700
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

6764
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:35,100
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

6765
05:52:35,900 --> 05:52:38,800
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

6766
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:42,200
percussion that blends with the 
soft sounds of your companions 

6767
05:52:42,200 --> 05:52:45,400
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

6768
05:52:46,600 --> 05:52:48,300
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

6769
05:52:48,300 --> 05:52:51,900
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

6770
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:54,400
tension that comes from 
practiced hands and focused. 

6771
05:52:54,400 --> 05:52:57,900
Attention, she tests each 
section by pulling against it 

6772
05:52:57,900 --> 05:53:00,800
with a full strength nodding 
with satisfaction when the 

6773
05:53:00,808 --> 05:53:03,300
fibers hold without stretching 
or breaking. 

6774
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:07,800
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

6775
05:53:07,800 --> 05:53:10,200
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

6776
05:53:11,400 --> 05:53:13,900
Grass hide preparation has 
reached the stage where the 

6777
05:53:13,900 --> 05:53:16,900
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

6778
05:53:16,900 --> 05:53:19,700
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

6779
05:53:19,700 --> 05:53:22,700
it, where morning, due won't 
reach but are can continue to 

6780
05:53:22,700 --> 05:53:25,400
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

6781
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:28,000
unhurried, Precision of someone 
whose learned that rushing this 

6782
05:53:28,000 --> 05:53:31,500
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

6783
05:53:31,500 --> 05:53:34,200
effort. 
Fire has settled in to the 

6784
05:53:34,200 --> 05:53:36,600
perfect state for banking. 
Coals. 

6785
05:53:36,600 --> 05:53:39,300
That will retain heat through 
the night, while being easily, 

6786
05:53:39,300 --> 05:53:42,300
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the range. 

6787
05:53:42,308 --> 05:53:45,000
The coals care for Lee, covering
them with a layer of Ash, that 

6788
05:53:45,000 --> 05:53:46,300
will insulate without 
smothering. 

6789
05:53:46,300 --> 05:53:49,300
Then surrounding the whole 
arrangement with stones that 

6790
05:53:49,300 --> 05:53:51,800
will radiate absorbed heat and 
long after the Flame's 

6791
05:53:51,800 --> 05:53:54,900
disappear. 
Your sleeping area beckons with 

6792
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:57,000
the promise of rest. 
After a day, filled with 

6793
05:53:57,000 --> 05:54:00,500
successful activities. 
The Furs have been arranged for 

6794
05:54:00,500 --> 05:54:03,700
maximum comfort with extra 
padding beneath your hip and 

6795
05:54:03,708 --> 05:54:06,200
shoulder. 
Pressure points that determine 

6796
05:54:06,200 --> 05:54:08,500
whether you wake refreshed or 
spend the night shifting 

6797
05:54:08,500 --> 05:54:10,500
position in search of elusive 
comfort. 

6798
05:54:12,000 --> 05:54:15,600
As you settle into your sleeping
Arrangement, the days experience

6799
05:54:15,600 --> 05:54:18,500
is Replay in your mind with the 
satisfaction that comes from 

6800
05:54:18,500 --> 05:54:21,000
time. 
Well, spent The morning 

6801
05:54:21,000 --> 05:54:23,700
successful fishing the 
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 

6802
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:26,900
discoveries and the evenings 
productive work around the fire.

6803
05:54:26,900 --> 05:54:30,300
Each activity connected to the 
others, in the Seamless Web of 

6804
05:54:30,300 --> 05:54:34,700
interdependence that 
characterizes Stone Age life The

6805
05:54:34,700 --> 05:54:37,100
sound of your companions 
settling into their sleeping 

6806
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:39,400
Arrangements, create a 
comfortable background of 

6807
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:42,700
familiar noises. 
Soft movements as Furs or 

6808
05:54:42,700 --> 05:54:47,000
adjusted, the quiet breathing, 
that indicates relaxation and 

6809
05:54:47,000 --> 05:54:50,400
the occasional contented sigh 
that suggest everyone is pleased

6810
05:54:50,400 --> 05:54:53,900
with the days accomplishments. 
These are the sounds of security

6811
05:54:53,900 --> 05:54:56,800
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

6812
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:01,000
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

6813
05:55:01,000 --> 05:55:04,100
patterns and alcohols from 
somewhere across the valley. 

6814
05:55:04,100 --> 05:55:07,100
His voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

6815
05:55:07,100 --> 05:55:11,500
and still, The river murmurs. 
It's constant song a liquid 

6816
05:55:11,500 --> 05:55:14,700
soundtrack that says, reliable 
as sunrise and equally soothing 

6817
05:55:15,600 --> 05:55:18,600
somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, not the threatening 

6818
05:55:18,600 --> 05:55:21,500
sound of nearby danger, but the 
distant communication of 

6819
05:55:21,500 --> 05:55:24,800
creatures going about their own 
business in their territory, the

6820
05:55:24,800 --> 05:55:28,000
darkness beyond your cave, 
entrance isn't entity, It's full

6821
05:55:28,000 --> 05:55:30,600
of life, following rhythms older
than human memory. 

6822
05:55:31,400 --> 05:55:34,800
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue 
nocturnal prey, night-blooming 

6823
05:55:34,800 --> 05:55:38,300
Plants release fragrances that 
attract night flying insects, 

6824
05:55:38,300 --> 05:55:41,300
and the complex web of 
relationships that sustains this

6825
05:55:41,300 --> 05:55:44,500
ecosystem continues without 
pause or fanfare. 

6826
05:55:45,300 --> 05:55:49,500
From your perspective enveloped 
in warm furs, with a banked fire

6827
05:55:49,500 --> 05:55:52,600
nearby and trusted companions. 
Within reach the night. 

6828
05:55:52,600 --> 05:55:55,800
Feels protective rather than 
threatening your cave, has 

6829
05:55:55,800 --> 05:55:58,500
become home. 
In the most fundamental sense, a

6830
05:55:58,500 --> 05:56:01,700
place where you belong, where 
you're safe, where you can rest 

6831
05:56:01,700 --> 05:56:05,300
without constant Vigilantes 
sleep approaches with the gentle

6832
05:56:05,300 --> 05:56:09,100
inevitability of Tides or 
Seasons natural processes that 

6833
05:56:09,100 --> 05:56:12,400
don't require your participation
or permission your breathing 

6834
05:56:12,400 --> 05:56:15,700
deeper and matching the slow 
rhythm of complete relaxation. 

6835
05:56:17,200 --> 05:56:20,100
The days minor aches and 
tensions dissolve into the kind 

6836
05:56:20,100 --> 05:56:22,500
of profound rest that comes from
physical work. 

6837
05:56:23,300 --> 05:56:26,600
Fresh air and the satisfaction 
of having lived fully within 

6838
05:56:26,600 --> 05:56:30,600
your circumstances. 
Dreams, when they come a filled 

6839
05:56:30,600 --> 05:56:32,800
with the textures and colors of 
your waking world. 

6840
05:56:33,800 --> 05:56:36,300
The sound of running water over 
smooth Stones, sunlight 

6841
05:56:36,300 --> 05:56:39,100
filtering through leaves, and 
the satisfying weight of 

6842
05:56:39,108 --> 05:56:42,200
well-made tools in your hands 
all contribute to these dreams. 

6843
05:56:43,400 --> 05:56:45,700
These aren't the anxious 
disconnected fragments that 

6844
05:56:45,700 --> 05:56:47,600
trouble more complex Minds 
there. 

6845
05:56:47,600 --> 05:56:50,100
The peaceful processing of a 
life lived in harmony with 

6846
05:56:50,100 --> 05:56:54,000
immediate tangible realities. 
The fire settles deeper into 

6847
05:56:54,000 --> 05:56:57,700
coals radiating steady warmth 
that makes the caves are 

6848
05:56:57,700 --> 05:56:58,900
comfortable throughout the 
night. 

6849
05:56:59,800 --> 05:57:03,100
The bank heat will last until 
morning, ready to kill into 

6850
05:57:03,100 --> 05:57:05,700
flame, when the new day begins 
its cycle of challenges and 

6851
05:57:05,700 --> 05:57:08,200
opportunities. 
Tomorrow will bring its own, 

6852
05:57:08,200 --> 05:57:11,900
whether its own possibilities 
for success and failure, and its

6853
05:57:11,900 --> 05:57:14,000
own moments of satisfaction and 
frustration. 

6854
05:57:15,000 --> 05:57:18,800
Tonight offers the perfect rest 
that prepares mind and body for 

6855
05:57:18,800 --> 05:57:21,900
whatever comes next. 
Your breathing slows to match 

6856
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:25,300
the rhythm of deep sleep and the
last conscious thought is 

6857
05:57:25,300 --> 05:57:27,800
gratitude for the simple 
completeness of a day. 

6858
05:57:27,800 --> 05:57:30,400
Well, lived in Humanity's most 
essential mode. 

6859
05:57:31,400 --> 05:57:34,400
The night in braces, you with 
the vast Stillness of a world 

6860
05:57:34,400 --> 05:57:36,400
where artificial light hasn't 
yet. 

6861
05:57:36,400 --> 05:57:39,500
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

6862
05:57:39,500 --> 05:57:42,900
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

6863
05:57:42,900 --> 05:57:47,300
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

6864
05:57:47,300 --> 05:57:52,200
to be profound restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

6865
05:57:52,200 --> 05:57:54,500
natural world. 
That remains your home your 

6866
05:57:54,500 --> 05:57:57,300
challenge and your endless 
source of both struggle and 

6867
05:57:57,300 --> 05:58:01,800
wonder In the depths of night, 
your cave becomes a pocket of 

6868
05:58:01,800 --> 05:58:04,500
human warmth in the vast, 
coolness of the world. 

6869
05:58:04,500 --> 05:58:09,400
The banked fire glows like a 
gentle heartbeat steady and 

6870
05:58:09,400 --> 05:58:13,000
reassuring. 
Your breathing synchronizes with

6871
05:58:13,000 --> 05:58:16,100
the ancient rhythms that have 
guided human rest for countless 

6872
05:58:16,100 --> 05:58:19,900
Generations. 
Slow deep peaceful. 

6873
05:58:19,900 --> 05:58:23,200
Breaths that carry away the days
tension and prepare your body 

6874
05:58:23,200 --> 05:58:26,500
for tomorrow's Adventures. 
First beneath, you hold the 

6875
05:58:26,500 --> 05:58:30,100
days, accumulated warmth, 
creating a cocoon of comfort 

6876
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:33,600
that makes the stone floor. 
Feel almost luxurious your 

6877
05:58:33,600 --> 05:58:36,900
muscles, relax, completely 
releasing the subtle tensions 

6878
05:58:36,900 --> 05:58:39,900
that come from constant 
awareness, constant Readiness 

6879
05:58:39,900 --> 05:58:43,000
and constant engagement with the
world that demands your full 

6880
05:58:43,000 --> 05:58:47,000
attention during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims you

6881
05:58:47,000 --> 05:58:50,500
can completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans rarely 

6882
05:58:50,500 --> 05:58:55,000
experienced uninterrupted by 
artificial lights, electronic 

6883
05:58:55,000 --> 05:58:58,400
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

6884
05:58:58,400 --> 05:59:01,600
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

6885
05:59:01,600 --> 05:59:06,300
purpose, complete restoration of
body and mind preparing you for 

6886
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:08,800
another day of the most 
essential human activities, 

6887
05:59:08,800 --> 05:59:12,700
finding food, creating shelter, 
making tools. 

6888
05:59:12,700 --> 05:59:15,000
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

6889
05:59:15,000 --> 05:59:18,000
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

6890
05:59:19,600 --> 05:59:22,500
The night passes peaceful around
your small community. 

6891
05:59:22,500 --> 05:59:26,000
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

6892
05:59:26,000 --> 05:59:29,200
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity and evening 

6893
05:59:29,200 --> 05:59:31,100
spent in productive 
companionship. 

6894
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:34,800
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

6895
05:59:34,800 --> 05:59:37,300
activities while within your 
cave. 

6896
05:59:37,300 --> 05:59:41,300
Three humans Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

6897
05:59:41,308 --> 05:59:45,800
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

6898
05:59:46,800 --> 05:59:49,800
Tomorrow will bring you 
challenges new discoveries and 

6899
05:59:49,800 --> 05:59:52,700
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

6900
05:59:52,700 --> 05:59:56,200
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

6901
05:59:57,400 --> 06:00:01,000
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

6902
06:00:01,000 --> 06:00:04,800
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

6903
06:00:04,800 --> 06:00:09,100
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

6904
06:00:09,100 --> 06:00:09,600
truest home