What Life Was Really Like for Wandering Vagabonds in the Middle Ages | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey there, my sleepy friends and
positive today was quite 

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chaotic, maybe busy. 
So why don't we become snuggle 

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Pals? 
Let me tell you a story here 

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tonight. 
We're following the footsteps of

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people history, often forgot to 
write about The Wanderers. 

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The Vagabonds, the walking Souls
who knew every mile of medieval 

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Europe's dirt roads, better than
the new any place called home. 

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This is about how medieval 
Vagabond survived the coldest 

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nights if you're new here. 
Joining, the community is super 

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quick and easy, just tap 
subscribe and like the video and

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let me know where in the world 
you're watching from and what 

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time it is for you. 
I also wanted to give a huge 

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shout out to a few of our top 
supporters, all across the 

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board, Laura, roll squid, and 
Sheila Montreal, and Julie. 

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We appreciate you guys so much. 
Now, find your sweet spot for 

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sleeping and let's begin. you 
wake Before Dawn in a barn that 

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isn't yours, your breath forming
small clouds in the November are

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The straw Beneath You holds the 
musty sweetness of last Summer's

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Harvest. 
And somewhere above in The Loft,

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a barn, catch shifts position, 
causing dried stalks to whisper 

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and settle. 
This is the 5th, Barn, this 

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week, and the 20th this month. 
You've become skilled at 

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judging, which farmers will 
tolerate a travel a sleeping 

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among their animals and, which 
will set dogs loose at the first

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sign of trespassing, the 
medieval road called a different

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people for different reasons. 
Some walked because debt or 

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crime had made staying 
dangerous. 

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Others wondered because a lord 
had died and his successor had 

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no use for extra servants. 
Few chose the road deliberately 

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though. 
Most people in the 1300s would 

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have found this Choice as 
incomprehensible as someone 

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wanted to date deciding to be 
permanently homeless The road 

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was not romantic. 
It was hard uncertain and 

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frequently hungry. 
But there you are, pulling on 

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boots that have been repaired. 
So many times. 

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The original leather is more 
memory than material. your feet 

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know, these boots intimately 
every warned spot every place 

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where the stitching pulls 
against your skin, after 10 

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miles of walking, You've learned
to wrap your feet in strips of 

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wool before putting on the 
boots, a trick and old Soldier 

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taught you outside of Brugge to 
Winter's ago. 

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The Farmers Wife appears at the 
barn door, just as pink light 

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begins filtering through gaps in
the wooden walls, she doesn't 

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smile. 
Most people don't smile at 

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vagabonds but she hands you a 
heel of yesterday's bread and a 

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piece of hard cheese wrapped in 
a cloth. 

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You accept both with small bow 
and a mermaid blessing, which is

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the expected Exchange. 
She gets the satisfaction of 

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Christian charity. 
You get breakfast. 

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Neither of you Harbors Illusions
about affectional gratitude 

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beyond the simple transaction 
walking away from the farm. 

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You join a road that's been 
walked by countless others. 

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medieval roads, weren't paved 
highways, but rather suggestions

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of Direction, paths, beaten into
the Earth by generations of feet

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Hooves and wagon wheels, After 
rain, they become rivers of mud,

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that suck at your boots with 
each step. 

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In summer the dust rises in 
choking clouds that coat your 

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throat, and turn your spit 
Brown. 

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Today in late Autumn the ground 
holds that peculiar firmness 

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that comes just before the first
freeze when the earth feels 

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solid but not yet hostile. 
The wandering life operates on 

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rhythms that settled people 
never learn You measured 

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distance, not in miles but in 
landmarks its two church towers 

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to the next Village. 
Three Market crosses to the 

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monastery and a half days walk 
to the River Falls. 

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Time itself becomes fluid. 
When you have no work belt to 

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answer, no Master's schedule to 
follow. 

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Sunrise means walking, Sunset 
means finding shelter. 

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The in-between belongs entirely 
to you other Travelers appear on

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the road as morning. 
Progresses an elderly Tinker 

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pushing a cart loaded with pots 
and mending, tools nods as he 

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passes heading in the opposite 
direction. 

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Two young men carrying bundles 
of wool, hurry past with a 

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purposeful stride of those who 
have somewhere specific to be. 

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A woman leading a donkey loaded 
with firewood watches, you care 

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as you approach her hand resting
on a knife at her belt until 

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you've passed, and she can relax
again, you understand her 

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caution, the road attracts, both
the desperate, and the predatory

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and distinguishing between, them
isn't always easy, until it's 

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too late. 
You've learned to read other 

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Travelers the way Farmers, read 
whether assessing Danger from 

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posture pace and the set of 
someone shoulders. 

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That skill as kept you alive 
through situations, where 

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younger more trusting, Travelers
disappeared into unmarked. 

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Graves beside Forest parks by 
mid-morning. 

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Your stomach, reminds you that a
heel of bread isn't enough fuel 

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for a day's walking. 
Hunger becomes a constant 

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companion on the road, not the 
sharp emergency hunger of 

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missing one meal, but the steady
grinding hunger of never quite 

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eating enough. 
Your body has adapted over the 

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months, learning to extract 
every possible Cal from whatever

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food you can bag, find or 
occasionally steal you've lost 

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weight. 
You couldn't afford to lose and 

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you're facing still pond. 
Water shows Hollows. 

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That weren't there. 
When you started wandering, the 

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landscape rolling past holds a 
beauty that settle people rarely

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notice. 
You've learned to appreciate the

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particular green of new wheat, 
shoots the way evening, light 

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turns ordinary Fields into 
something that looks painted in 

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the architectural Grace of a 
well-made bridge, arching over a

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stream. 
These observations cost nothing 

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and provide a kind of wealth 
that empty Pockets, can't 

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diminish but you also see what 
prosperous Merchants traveling 

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these same roads, never noticed.
The abandoned Cottage slowly 

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collapsing back into the Earth. 
the field lying fallow because 

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no one survived the last fever 
to plant it and the Wayside 

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Shrine with offering so old, 
they've rotted into 

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unrecognizable lumps, The 
Medieval World is beautiful and 

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brutal in equal measure. 
And the road shows you both 

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phases without pretense as 
afternoon, Shadows, lengthen, 

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your thoughts. 
Turn to the evenings pressing 

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question. 
Where will you sleep? 

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The calculation involves 
multiple factors. 

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Is there a monastery ahead? 
Where the Almanor might provide 

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space in the guest house. 
Does the next Village have a 

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churchyard with a covered porch?
Failing those options is there a

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Shepherd Hut and abandoned barn,
or at least a dense cops of 

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trees that might provide some 
shelter from wind. 

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This constant uncertainty about 
shelter is perhaps the hardest 

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part of wandering life. 
Settle people take for granted 

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the knowledge that Nightfall 
means a returning to a familiar 

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space with wolves and a roof. 
You've learned to be grateful 

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for any structure that keeps off
rain and cuts the wind, any pile

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of straw enough to provide 
insulation from Frozen Ground. 

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Comforts and memory survival is 
the daily Victory. 

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The first snow arrives on a 
Tuesday in late November, 

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though, you've stopped tracking 
days of the week with any 

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precision. 
Your Crossing High Ground 

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between two river. 
Valleys when fat white flakes, 

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begin drifting down from a sky, 
the color of old pewter. 

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Within an hour, the road ahead 
disappears, under a blanket of 

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white that obscures familiar 
landmarks and makes every 

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Direction look equally 
unwelcoming, snow transforms. 

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The medieval Road from difficult
to potentially deadly. 

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The Pact that provided firm 
walking becomes treacherous with

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hidden ice. 
The ruts and holes that you 

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could see, and avoid in clear, 
weather become invisible traps 

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waiting to turn an ankle or 
break a leg. 

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Your boots adequate for dry 
Autumn, travel proved woefully 

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insufficient against the cold 
seeping up from The Frozen 

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Ground. 
You're not alone in this sudden,

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storm 100 yards ahead, you spot,
another traveler moving slowly 

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through the thickening. 
Snow, an older man whose bent 

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posture speaks of too many years
carrying too many. 

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Birds, you increase your pace to
catch up because traveling 

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together in snow is safer than 
traveling alone. 

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He turns at the sound of your 
approach, his face showing the 

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same calculation. 
You're making, is this person 

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help or a threat. 
Something in your expressional 

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bearing was satisfy him because 
he nods and adjusts his Pace to 

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match yours. 
No names. 

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Are exchanged Wanderers often 
keep their names private. 

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You fall into step together, two
figures trudging through, 

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whether that cares, nothing for 
human struggles. 

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The snow brings a peculiar 
silence to the landscape 

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muffling. 
The usual Road, sounds until all

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you hear is your own breathing 
and the crunch of snow under 

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your boots. 
The world shrinks to just a few 

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yards of visibility in any 
direction, creating the 

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unsettling Sensation that you 
and your companion. 

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Are the only people left in 
existence walking through an 

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empty white void. 
After an hour of this, your 

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companion makes gesture toward a
darker Shadow. 

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Barely visible through the snow 
It resolves into a small Stone 

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building. 
Possibly a Wayside Chapel more, 

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likely a Shepherd shelter. 
You both hurry toward it with 

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the desperation of those who've 
just been offered life in stead 

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of death. 
The shelter is barely 10 feet 

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square with stonewalls, a 
partially collapsed roof and 

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know to speak of, but it's 
infinitely better than the 

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exposed Road. 
The floor inside is covered with

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old straw and what might be 
sheep droppings but it's dry and

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out of the Wind. 
You and the old man. 

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Settle into opposite Corners, 
maintaining a respectful 

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distance. 
He produces a small bag from his

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cloak and extract a piece of 
dried fish. 

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Breaks roughly in half and 
offers to you. 

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You accept it, gratefully, 
understanding that this 

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generosity might represent a 
significant portion of his food 

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supply in return. 
You share a turnip, you picked 

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from a field yesterday, raw and 
dirty but edible This exchange 

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of food is more than practical. 
It's a ritual of trust and 

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acknowledgment that your 
temporary allies, against the 

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cold, the snow continues, 
through the afternoon and into 

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the evening. 
You and your companion? 

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Take turns going outside to 
gather arm Falls of dry grass 

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from beneath the snow Piling it 
in the center of your shelter 

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for insulation? 
Neither of you has the means to 

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make fire flint and steel a 
luxuries and dry, Tinder is 

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impossible to find in these 
conditions. 

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So you prepare for a Long Cold 
Night by building nests of grass

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and straw to sleep in as 
Darkness Falls. 

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And the temperature drops 
further, you borrow in your nest

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of straw with your cloak wrapped
tight and your arms, hugged 

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against your chest. 
The cold seeps through anyway 

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settling into your bones with an
ache that no amount of 

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repositioning can ease. 
You've learned that the coldest 

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part of the Night Comes Just 
Before Dawn. 

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So you prepare yourself mentally
for hours of shivering, 

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discomfort? 
This is, when the wandering life

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reveals, its harshest truth, you
are utterly dependent on your 

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own body's ability to survive. 
There's no fire to warm, you 

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know, extra blankets to pile on 
and no hot meal to Kindle 

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00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:27,800
internal warmth. 
Your survival depends on your 

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00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:30,600
body, producing enough heat to 
keep your core temperature, 

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above dangerous levels. 
And there's nothing you can do 

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to help that process except wait
for more morning. 

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00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:39,300
The old man in the opposite 
corner makes a sound, not quite 

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a grown, or like a sigh that 
carries Decades of similar 

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nights. 
You recognize it as a sound. 

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00:11:45,300 --> 00:11:48,000
You've made your self the 
audible acknowledgment. 

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That this is hard. 
That your tired. 

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00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,500
That you're not sure you can do 
this again. 

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00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:57,300
And again, You will because the 
alternative is stopping and 

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00:11:57,300 --> 00:12:00,300
stopping on the road means. 
Dying on the road around 

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00:12:00,300 --> 00:12:03,200
midnight, the wind picks up 
whistling through gaps in the 

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stone walls and sending small 
drifts of snow across the floor.

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00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:10,800
You pull your cloak over your 
head, creating a small tenter 

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fabric around your face and 
breathe into the enclosed space 

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to warm it slightly. 
This creates condensation, that 

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makes the fabric damp. 
The dampness is better than the 

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cutting wind. 
You drift in and out of sleep, 

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not the restful sleep of a 
proper bed, but the fitful half 

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00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:30,000
consciousness of someone too 
cold to fully relax. 

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00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,600
Your dreams when they come a 
confused fragments. 

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Fire that won't provide heat, 
adore, that won't open and erode

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that goes nowhere. 
You wake from these dreams to 

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the reality. 
That is not much different then 

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00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:48,400
drift away again around. 3 in 
the morning you wake to realize 

230
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,900
the winter stopped. 
The sudden silence is profound 

231
00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:55,300
and slightly. 
Eerie You shift position in your

232
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:58,900
straw nest and feel how stiff 
your joints have become, how 

233
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:02,500
your body is contracted against 
the cold into a tight ball of 

234
00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:05,900
muscle and determination. 
The old man is awake too. 

235
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:10,000
You can tell from his breathing 
pattern Neither of you speaks, 

236
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,000
but there's comfort in knowing 
your not alone in this video. 

237
00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,500
Waiting for Dawn to arrive and 
release you from this Frozen. 

238
00:13:16,500 --> 00:13:21,400
Tableau Dawn, finally comes 
gradual and gray revealing, a 

239
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,000
world transformed by snow. 
When you emerge from the 

240
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:28,900
shelter, your muscles protesting
every movement, the landscape 

241
00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:30,400
looks nothing like it did 
yesterday. 

242
00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,100
Familiar landmarks have been 
softened and disguised by white 

243
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:36,700
blankets. 
That make everything look 

244
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:38,700
smallness Lee, beautiful and 
dangerous. 

245
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,900
Your companion points to a 
thread of smoke rising in the 

246
00:13:41,908 --> 00:13:46,500
distance, a village or 
Farmstead, perhaps a mile away, 

247
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:50,500
you both understand without 
discussion that this smoke 

248
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:55,700
represents survival, warmth, 
possible, food, and shelter from

249
00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:57,500
the elements that would gladly 
kill you. 

250
00:13:57,500 --> 00:14:00,600
Both, if give them the charms, 
the walk to the Village takes 

251
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,400
twice, as long as it should 
because the snow hives the roads

252
00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:07,000
Contours you break through 
crusts of ice into hidden 

253
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,500
puddles stumble over buried 
rocks, and sink unexpectedly 

254
00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:13,200
into drifts that reach your 
knees. 

255
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,300
By the time you arrive at the 
Village Edge, your boots are 

256
00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:20,700
soaked through your feet have 
gone numb, a dangerous 

257
00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:22,400
condition. 
That requires immediate 

258
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:25,300
attention, the village is just 
seven or eight buildings. 

259
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:28,300
Clustered around a small Church.
The kind of place that doesn't 

260
00:14:28,300 --> 00:14:30,500
appear on any map because it 
barely exists in the 

261
00:14:30,508 --> 00:14:32,300
consciousness of anyone who 
doesn't live there. 

262
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:37,100
But right now, it looks like 
paradise because several houses 

263
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:40,700
have smoke rising from their 
roofs visible proof of fire and 

264
00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:43,000
warmth. 
Your companion touches his 

265
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,700
forehead in farewell and heads 
toward one house while you 

266
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:50,200
approach another understanding 
that two vagabonds together are 

267
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:54,000
more threatening than one alone.
You knock on the door of a house

268
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,500
that looks slightly more 
prosperous than its neighbors. 

269
00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:59,900
Not because you expect better 
treatment there but because 

270
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:02,700
wealthier households are more 
likely to spare resources for 

271
00:15:02,700 --> 00:15:06,000
charity, the door opens to 
reveal a woman in her middle 

272
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,100
years. 
Her face showing the kind of 

273
00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:11,200
suspicion that all sensible 
medieval people direct toward 

274
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,200
strangers. 
You don't ask to come inside. 

275
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:18,400
That would be presumptuous but 
in Stead just to your feet and 

276
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:22,100
make the universal signs for 
cold and desperate your teeth 

277
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:25,200
chatter, helpfully adding 
authenticity to your petition, 

278
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:29,200
she considers for a long moment 
and steps back and gestures 

279
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:32,400
toward the barn. 
It's not an invitation in her 

280
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:34,700
home. 
Few medieval people will be 

281
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:36,700
foolish enough to invite a 
stranger inside. 

282
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,800
But permission to warm yourself 
in the barn which likely has 

283
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,400
animals whose body heat provides
some ambient warmth. 

284
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,000
The barn is dark and pungent 
with the smell of cows and old. 

285
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,600
Hey, but it's infinitely warmer 
than outside. 

286
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,500
You find a corner near the 
animals and sit down to examine 

287
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,900
your feet, they're white. 
And waxy looking the early 

288
00:15:56,908 --> 00:15:59,200
stages of frostbite that will 
become serious. 

289
00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:02,900
If not addressed You pull off 
your boots and wet stockings, 

290
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,000
then bury your feet in a pile of
loose. 

291
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,700
Hay massaging. 
Them gently to encourage blood 

292
00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:11,900
flow, the barn door opens again,
and the woman appears carrying a

293
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:15,400
small pot of something steaming 
She sets it down within your 

294
00:16:15,408 --> 00:16:18,800
reach without coming too close. 
Then disappears back to her 

295
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,200
house. 
You pull the pot closer and 

296
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,100
Discover it contains, hot water 
with some oatmeal stirred, in 

297
00:16:24,108 --> 00:16:28,000
not quite soup. 
Not quite porridge, but hot, and

298
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:30,800
nourishing. 
You cradle the pot in both 

299
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,700
hands, letting the warmth seep 
into your fingers before, 

300
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:37,000
drinking the liquid slowly 
making it last as long as 

301
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:39,400
possible. 
This simple Act of hospitality 

302
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,000
providing hot food to a stranger
represents. 

303
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,400
One of the surviving threads of 
human decency in a world. 

304
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,000
That was often brutal and short 
on compassion. 

305
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:52,900
The woman who brought you, this 
food has no reason to help you 

306
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:56,300
beyond her Christian duty to 
feed the hungry and warm the 

307
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:58,600
cold. 
She gains nothing from your 

308
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:02,400
survival except the satisfaction
of having done right according 

309
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,200
to her face. 
As your feet slowly regained, 

310
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,000
feeling a process that involves 
considerable pain. 

311
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:11,200
You think about the crucial 
importance of cloaks in the 

312
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:14,200
wandering life. 
Your cloak is your most valuable

313
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,800
possession more important than 
your boots, or your knife or any

314
00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:21,599
other item you carry. 
A good cloak provides warmth 

315
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:26,300
serves as a blanket at night can
be used as ground cover or an 

316
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:29,000
improvised bag and marks. 
You as someone who isn't 

317
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:33,000
completely destitute your 
particular cloak started life as

318
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:35,500
something better. 
You can tell from the quality of

319
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:37,900
the weaving. 
But it's been patched so many 

320
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,300
times with different materials 
that it now resembles a quilted 

321
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:44,500
map of your travels. 
The patch on the left shoulder, 

322
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,000
came from a piece of blanket, 
you found in Canterbury. 

323
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:50,900
The reinforcement around the 
hood came from a Merchant's cast

324
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:54,400
officer in. 
The entire bottom hem is 

325
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:55,900
reinforced with strips of 
leather. 

326
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:59,200
You Bartered for with a cobbler 
who appreciated a well-told 

327
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:02,000
story. 
The cloak is made of wool, which

328
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:06,100
is crucial because wool remains 
warm even when wet A property 

329
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:07,900
that has saved your life at 
least twice. 

330
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:10,300
When you've been caught in 
freezing, rain with no shell 

331
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:14,000
shelter, you've learned to care 
for this cloak like a medieval 

332
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,400
Knight cared for his armor. 
Checking for Tears before they 

333
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:21,400
become holes, cleaning off mud 
before it sets and carefully 

334
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:25,000
drying it, when wet rather than 
letting it rot medieval 

335
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:28,600
vagabonds developed an entire 
technology around staying warm 

336
00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:32,100
without reliable access to fire.
You've learned to identify 

337
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,900
places where the ground retains 
residual warmth. 

338
00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:39,600
Near compost, heaps and fresh 
manure, piles and in spots where

339
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,900
livestock have been lying. 
You've discovered that churches 

340
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:46,600
with their thick stone walls, 
hold daytime warmth well into 

341
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:48,800
the evening. 
You've mastered the art of 

342
00:18:48,808 --> 00:18:52,500
sleeping and positions that 
minimize heat loss and maximize 

343
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:55,500
the insulation value of your 
cloak but nothing replaces 

344
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:58,400
actual fire. 
After several hours in the barn,

345
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,500
when your feet of return to 
something approaching normal 

346
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:04,000
color and sensation you venture 
back outside to find that. 

347
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:07,400
Several Villages have built. 
A communal fire in the space 

348
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:10,200
between buildings. 
This is common in Winter, 

349
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:14,500
private fires in individual. 
Homes are supplemented by larger

350
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:18,200
fires, where people, gather to 
work, socialize and share warmth

351
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,900
you approach. 
The fire with proper deference, 

352
00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:23,700
not pushing close. 
But staying at the periphery, 

353
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:27,500
where vagabonds belong the 
villagers are you wearily but 

354
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:30,300
don't drive you away. 
One old man. 

355
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:34,300
His hands busy with some kind of
rope work nods like in your 

356
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:38,700
direction and acknowledgment of 
your shared Humanity if not 

357
00:19:38,700 --> 00:19:42,200
exactly friendship. 
The fire is made with wood that 

358
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:46,100
someone spent hours cutting 
Gathering and carrying In the 

359
00:19:46,108 --> 00:19:50,100
Medieval World fuel for fire, 
was a precious resource that 

360
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:54,800
represented significant labor. 
To the allowed to share this 

361
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,400
warmth. 
Is another form of Charity one 

362
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:00,400
that costs. 
The Villages, real money. 

363
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,500
In terms of the extra wood 
needed to maintain the flames. 

364
00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:07,300
You stand at the fire's Edge and
slowly rotate warming. 

365
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:10,700
First your front, then your 
sides, then your back the way, a

366
00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:15,400
piece of meat rotates on a spit.
the heat penetrates your cloak 

367
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,600
and your multiple layers of 
clothing gradually drive driving

368
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:22,300
out the Deep cold that had 
settled into your bones, your 

369
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,000
fingers and toes, tingle 
painfully, as circulation 

370
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:29,100
returns fully A sensation that's
almost worse than being numb but

371
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:32,800
signals that your people your 
digits for now as the sun sets 

372
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,300
painting, the snowy landscape 
and shades of pink and orange. 

373
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:39,100
You prepare mentally for another
cold night. 

374
00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,100
But this time, you'll sleep in 
the barn with some residual, 

375
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:48,400
warmth in your body, dry clothes
and a full stomach luxury. 

376
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:50,900
Is that make the difference 
between merely uncomfortable and

377
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:53,400
genuinely dangerous two weeks 
later? 

378
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:57,400
The snow is melted into a 
landscape of mud and ice and 

379
00:20:57,400 --> 00:20:59,800
you're walking South toward 
regions where Winter might be 

380
00:20:59,808 --> 00:21:03,600
marginally less harsh. 
The road has been relatively 

381
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,200
empty for days, new fallen into 
the rhythm of solitary travel. 

382
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:12,100
Walk until tired, rest briefly 
and walk again, until Darkness 

383
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:15,300
forces you to seek shelter, you 
come upon a monastery. 

384
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:18,400
Just as evening prayers are 
ending their voices drifting 

385
00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:21,600
across the fields in plain song,
that sounds like something not 

386
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:25,200
quite of this Earth. 
Medieval monasteries served 

387
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:29,200
multiple functions in society 
religious centers, certainly but

388
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,400
also hospitals, schools, hostels
and refugees. 

389
00:21:33,300 --> 00:21:36,600
The Almer of any Monastery, had 
a sacred duty to provide food 

390
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,200
and shelter to travel as an 
Beggars though the quality and 

391
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,100
quantity of such Chariot varied 
wildly depending on the 

392
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:45,800
monasteries wealth. 
And the ominous temperament this

393
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,600
particular Monastery is neither 
rich nor poor amidst size to 

394
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,700
establishment of perhaps 20 
monks who work their own fields 

395
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:56,000
and maintain modest building of 
local Stone. 

396
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:00,600
He approached the gate and ring 
the small bell that signal 

397
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:04,100
someone seeking the almonds 
charity, the monk who appears is

398
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:07,800
Young and the new expected, 
perhaps the 30 with the kind of 

399
00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:10,100
face that suggests he smiles 
easily. 

400
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,100
He looks you over with eyes, 
that seemed more than your 

401
00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:15,700
racket appearance. 
That seemed to calculate your 

402
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,200
story in your needs with 
practice deficiency. 

403
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,700
He gestures for you to follow 
him to a long low building, 

404
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:23,700
adjacent to the monasteries main
Church. 

405
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,800
Inside you find a dozen other 
Travellers in various states of 

406
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:32,400
disrepair other vagabonds, a 
family displaced by some unnamed

407
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:36,600
disaster and an elderly woman 
who might be a pilgrim or might 

408
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:40,000
just be homeless. 
The almanac provides each person

409
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:43,400
with a bowl of thick pottage a 
piece of bread, and a cup of 

410
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:46,000
weak ale. 
The male is simple, but generous

411
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,300
and the room where you eat is 
warmed by a fire that crackles 

412
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:53,100
in a central half. 
After months of Uncertain food 

413
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,300
and frequent colds. 
This feels like extravagant 

414
00:22:56,300 --> 00:22:59,600
luxury. 
You eat slowly making each 

415
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,900
spoonful last, while around you 
others do the same. 

416
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:06,700
There's little conversation, 
hunger and exhaustion, leave 

417
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:10,000
little room for socializing. 
But there's a sense of shared 

418
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:14,000
relief of having reached 
temporary safety after the meal.

419
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,600
The Almond shows you to a 
sleeping room line with simple 

420
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:20,000
palettes stuffed with straw. 
It's not private, you'll be 

421
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:22,700
sharing space with other 
Travelers, but it has a roof 

422
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:26,200
that doesn't leak walls. 
That block the wind and enough 

423
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:28,600
blanket that you might actually 
be warm tonight. 

424
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,300
The ulna offers a quiet blessing
over the rooms occupants before 

425
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:35,800
leaving. 
His last words are a reminder 

426
00:23:35,808 --> 00:23:38,900
that the chapel will be opened 
Before Dawn if anyone wishes to 

427
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:42,400
attend prayers, you claim a 
palate in the corner and settle 

428
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:44,700
in with the cautious relief of 
someone who's learned not to get

429
00:23:44,708 --> 00:23:48,800
too comfortable tomorrow, you'll
need to leave return to the road

430
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,800
and resume the constant search 
for food and shelter. 

431
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:56,500
But tonight you have both and 
that's enough lying on your 

432
00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:59,100
palate surrounded by the 
breathing of other Travelers and

433
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:01,700
the occasional crackle from 
dying Embers in the half. 

434
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:04,900
You think about the various 
forms of kindness you've 

435
00:24:04,900 --> 00:24:06,200
encountered in your months, on 
the road? 

436
00:24:07,300 --> 00:24:09,900
Some kindness comes from 
religious Duty like this 

437
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:13,400
Monastery is hospitality. 
Other kindness arrives 

438
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:17,100
unexpectedly like the farmer. 
Who not only let you sleep in 

439
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:20,900
his barn but also invited you to
help with harvest in exchange 

440
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:24,300
for meals and a week of shelter.
You remember the Millers wife 

441
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:26,800
who noticed your boots were 
falling apart and gave you a 

442
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:28,600
pair that had belonged to her 
deceased husband? 

443
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:33,700
You recall the keeper who let 
you sleep by his fire in 

444
00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:36,500
exchange for sweeping the floor 
and Hauling water. 

445
00:24:36,500 --> 00:24:40,300
You think of the old woman who 
shared her fire and her bread 

446
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,400
while telling you about the sun 
she'd lost to play. 

447
00:24:43,300 --> 00:24:45,400
Seeming to need the company more
than you needed. 

448
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:47,700
The food. 
These moments of unexpected 

449
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:51,400
Humanity, stand out against the 
background of indifference and 

450
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:55,200
occasional hostility that 
characterizes most interactions 

451
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,800
with settled people. 
Medieval Society was not 

452
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,800
uniformly cruel but it was 
practical in ways that left a 

453
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:04,700
little room for sentiment about 
strangers. 

454
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,800
Every piece of bread given to a 
vagabond was bred That Couldn't 

455
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,600
feed a family member, every 
space offered to a traveler was 

456
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:13,900
space. 
That couldn't be used for 

457
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:18,000
something else yet. 
Kindness persisted motivated by 

458
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,900
various combinations of 
Christian Duty, human 

459
00:25:20,900 --> 00:25:24,600
compassion, and perhaps the 
superstitious belief that any 

460
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:26,800
stranger might be an angel in 
disguise. 

461
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:32,000
These acts of Charity, created a
network of survival that made 

462
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,900
the wandering life possible, 
barely precariously. 

463
00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:37,900
But possible, you've also 
learned to offer your own forms 

464
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,800
of kindness in return. 
You help carry water chop wood, 

465
00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:46,200
mend fences or perform what ever
tasks your temporary host need. 

466
00:25:46,900 --> 00:25:50,000
You tell news from the road, 
share information about 

467
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:54,000
conditions in other regions, and
serve as a mobile newspaper in a

468
00:25:54,008 --> 00:25:58,300
world without printed media. 
You offer blessings and prayers 

469
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:02,400
real or fabricated because 
people like to believe that 

470
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,700
Divine favor follows charitable 
acts. 

471
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,700
Sometimes the kindness you 
encounter takes unexpected 

472
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:11,500
forms, There was the monk who 
could often no food because the 

473
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:15,200
monastery stores were depleted. 
But who gave you a small wooden 

474
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,900
cross and assured you, that God 
would provide The cross had no 

475
00:26:18,900 --> 00:26:22,100
monetary value. 
But wearing it around your neck 

476
00:26:22,100 --> 00:26:26,200
changed, how some people saw you
transformed you from a possible 

477
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,600
threat into a pilgrim deserving 
of protection. 

478
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,700
There was the night to found you
sleeping in his hunting lodge. 

479
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:35,800
And in stead of punishing you 
for trespassing, asked about 

480
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,500
your travels and listened with 
genuine interest to your 

481
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,700
descriptions of roads and towns.
He sent your way with coins in 

482
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:45,600
your pocket and directions to 
his brothers manner where you 

483
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,600
were treated as a guest. 
For three days before continuing

484
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,800
your journey, there was the 
prostitute in Toulouse who 

485
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,800
shared her fire and her food 
while explaining that she 

486
00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:58,600
understood what it meant to live
on society is margins. to be 

487
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:03,100
someone that respectable people 
looked through rather than at a 

488
00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:05,200
kindness came without judgment 
or piratey. 

489
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:09,000
Just one marginal person, 
helping another because that's 

490
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:11,900
what people should do. 
These memories are your true 

491
00:27:11,900 --> 00:27:15,400
wealth more valuable than money,
because they sustained hope. 

492
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:19,300
They proved that even in a world
structured around hierarchy 

493
00:27:19,300 --> 00:27:22,300
obligation and self-interest 
individuals. 

494
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:24,800
Still sometimes choose 
compassion over indifference 

495
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:29,100
generosity over calculation and 
connection over isolation. 

496
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:34,000
Spring arrives gradually not as 
a single event but as a series 

497
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,900
of small changes, you notice 
while walking The mud of early 

498
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:41,400
March gives way to firmer 
ground, the bare trees begin 

499
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:45,800
showing small, green suggestions
of buds, Birds returned from 

500
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:49,600
wherever Birds, spend the winter
filling mornings with song that 

501
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:51,500
sounds. 
Excessive after months of 

502
00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:55,100
Silence, you've survived your 
first winter on the road which 

503
00:27:55,100 --> 00:27:57,700
means you've learned enough to 
survive future Winters. 

504
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:02,000
This knowledge sits in your body
as much as your mind, your 

505
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:04,500
hands, know how to build a 
shelter from branches. 

506
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:08,700
Your feet, know how to walk on 
Ice, your stomach knows how to 

507
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:13,000
function on minimal food, your 
thinner, harder, and more 

508
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:14,800
resilient than when you started 
wandering. 

509
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,700
With warmer weather comes an 
increase in Travelers on the 

510
00:28:17,708 --> 00:28:21,500
roads Merchants emerged to 
trade, goods that wintered 

511
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:24,300
locked away. 
Pilgrims begin Journeys to 

512
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:28,200
distant shrines, they're walking
stars and shell badges, 

513
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:32,200
identifying their purpose. 
Entertainers move between towns 

514
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,900
and fairs, carrying their trade,
and carts, or on their backs. 

515
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,400
The road becomes almost crowded.
At least compared to Winter's 

516
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:41,700
emptiness among these spring 
Travelers. 

517
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:44,100
You notice a group that moves 
with particular energy. 

518
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:47,900
Three young men and a woman 
carrying instruments wrapped in 

519
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,800
protective cloth their minstrels
or junglers professional 

520
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:55,000
entertainers, who make their 
living from music, acrobatics, 

521
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,200
and storytelling. 
You've encountered such groups 

522
00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:02,300
before, usually giving them wide
berth because entertainers guard

523
00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:05,100
their territories and resent 
amateur competition. 

524
00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:09,100
But this group seems less 
territorial than most When you 

525
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:11,200
stop at a crossroad, Shrine for 
a brief rest. 

526
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:14,600
There are already there sharing 
a meal and discussing their next

527
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,000
destination. 
One of them, a young man with a 

528
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:22,300
face, that suggests he smiles 
off and notices you and gestures

529
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:24,400
toward their food in casual 
invitation. 

530
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:28,000
You join them cautiously 
accepting a piece of cheese and 

531
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,000
some bread while they debate the
merits of various routes South 

532
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:34,900
Their conversation reveals that 
they're heading toward a series 

533
00:29:34,900 --> 00:29:38,200
of spring fairs where Lords and 
Merchants gather to trade 

534
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:40,000
socialize and watch 
entertainment. 

535
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:43,600
It's the profitable season for 
traveling performers. 

536
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:47,200
When Noble households will pay, 
well for skilled musicians and 

537
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:50,300
the crowds have money to throw 
to street performers. 

538
00:29:50,300 --> 00:29:54,900
The woman in the group, she 
introduces herself as Agnes asks

539
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:58,600
about your travels with genuine 
curiosity rather than the plight

540
00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:02,200
indifference most people show 
vagabonds You tell her about the

541
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,700
roads, you've walked the towns, 
you've passed through and the 

542
00:30:05,700 --> 00:30:09,700
conditions in various regions. 
She listens with the attention 

543
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:11,400
of someone Gathering useful 
information. 

544
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,700
Occasionally asking specific 
questions about particular 

545
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:17,800
places in return. 
Agnes tells you about the 

546
00:30:17,808 --> 00:30:21,400
performers life, which is both 
similar to and different from a 

547
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:25,100
vagabond's existence. 
Like you their constantly 

548
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:27,100
moving. 
Always uncertain about 

549
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:30,900
tomorrow's food and shelter. 
Unlike you they have a trade 

550
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:34,100
that people value and skills 
that can be exchanged for money 

551
00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:37,300
and hospitality. 
Their marginal, people, too, 

552
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,500
Society views, traveling 
performers, with suspicion, 

553
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:43,900
considering the only slightly 
more respectable than beggars. 

554
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,800
But their marginality includes a
kind of Glamour that pure 

555
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,500
vagrancy lacks as you talk one 
of the young men and wraps a 

556
00:30:51,500 --> 00:30:54,600
small, wooden flute and begins 
playing, he just for the 

557
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:59,100
pleasure of it. the music is 
simple but skillfully played a 

558
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:01,800
Melody, that sounds like it 
might be a dance tune or perhaps

559
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:05,400
a popular song you've heard 
music occasionally during a 

560
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,300
travels church bells, work songs
from Fields, drunken singing 

561
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:13,500
from taverns, but this is 
different This is music made by 

562
00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:17,100
someone who has spent, hundreds 
of hours learning to coax 

563
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:20,300
Beauty, from a piece of carved 
wood, the music does something 

564
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:23,700
unexpected to you. 
Emotions you've kept carefully, 

565
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,500
controlled for months, suddenly,
press against your composure. 

566
00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:31,500
The melody sounds like longing 
like memory like everything 

567
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:34,700
you've lost in choosing or being
forced into the wandering life. 

568
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,800
Your eyes Sting with tears, you 
refuse to let Falls New. 

569
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:42,600
Look Away toward the Horizon 
until the moment passes Agnes. 

570
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:46,800
Notices, of course, she notices 
but says nothing, just Pat your 

571
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,300
arm briefly and wordless 
understanding When the song 

572
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:53,400
ends, she begins. 
Another this one with words, 

573
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:57,800
something about a knight and a 
lady, and a Rose Garden. 

574
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:02,700
A voice is clear and practiced, 
the voice of someone who has 

575
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:06,600
sunglass song of times in Halls 
and Market places the group 

576
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,700
invite you to travel with them 
for a few days. 

577
00:32:08,700 --> 00:32:13,200
And you accept gratefully 
Walking with companies both 

578
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:15,700
easier and more complicated than
walking alone. 

579
00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:18,900
Easier because shared labor 
makes some tasks. 

580
00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:22,800
Simpler more complicated because
you must negotiate constantly 

581
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:26,900
about Pace Direction. 
And The 100 small decisions that

582
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:30,600
solitary travel allows you to 
make without consultation over 

583
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:32,900
the next week. 
You learn that music and Faith 

584
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:35,000
serve similar purposes for 
people on the road. 

585
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,300
Both provide structure and 
meaning to days that might 

586
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:41,800
otherwise feel purposeless. 
Both connect you to something 

587
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:45,500
larger than immediate survival. 
Both remind you that human 

588
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:49,300
existence includes Beauty and 
Transcendence, not just hunger 

589
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:53,300
and cold the performers, carry 
their faith lightly, neither 

590
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:57,000
particularly devout nor openly 
skeptical just accepting that 

591
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,100
churches. 
Exist and prayers are sometimes 

592
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,500
useful. 
They stop at roadside shrines to

593
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,800
offer brief supplications, 
attend Sunday, mass when it's 

594
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,900
convenient and carry small 
tokens, a Saints medal. 

595
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:14,000
A scrap of holy texts that might
provide protection or at least 

596
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,700
Comfort. 
You've noticed that vagabonds 10

597
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:18,900
toward either Intense 
religiosity or complete 

598
00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:21,200
skepticism with little middle 
ground. 

599
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,400
Some Wanderers become convinced 
that their suffering is divinely

600
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,700
ordained, a test of faith that 
will earn salvation. 

601
00:33:29,500 --> 00:33:32,700
Others, decide that any God, who
would permit such hardship is 

602
00:33:32,708 --> 00:33:36,600
even non-existent, or not worth 
worshiping, your own faith, has 

603
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,400
evolved during your months on 
the road, you still pray but 

604
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,600
your prayers have become more. 
Practical request for dry 

605
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:48,800
weather, safe, passage and kind 
strangers, rather than abstract 

606
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:50,400
petitions for Grace or 
salvation. 

607
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,000
You've developed a working 
relationship with the Divine. 

608
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,600
You'll maintain belief of God, 
maintains some minimal level of 

609
00:33:57,608 --> 00:34:00,700
support. 
Is not the faith of Saints or 

610
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:04,300
Mystic but it's honest and it 
helps you face each day. 

611
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:08,400
The performers Teach You songs 
during the shared days partly as

612
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,100
entertainment and partly because
songs are currently in their 

613
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,900
world. 
The more songs, you know, the 

614
00:34:13,900 --> 00:34:17,800
more valuable you are gathering 
where music is expected, you 

615
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:21,900
learn a ballad about Roland and 
Oliver a body song about a 

616
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:25,699
Millers wife and a to the Virgin
that might provide access to 

617
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:29,400
churches or monasteries your 
voice is on trained and rough 

618
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:33,400
from months of shouting, into 
wind and coldness, coaches. 

619
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,900
You patiently showing you how to
breathe properly and project 

620
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:39,800
sounds. 
She treats this teaching with 

621
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,400
the same seriousness. 
She might give to training a 

622
00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:45,400
formal Apprentice perhaps 
because she understands that you

623
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,600
might someday need these skills 
to survive one evening, the 

624
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:50,800
group performs at a small 
village celebration. 

625
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:54,500
Something to do with the spring 
planting or a local Saints Day. 

626
00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:58,600
You watch from the edges as they
transform from ordinary Road 

627
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:00,700
Travelers into something 
magical. 

628
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:05,400
Agnes dances while singing a 
movement graceful and practice. 

629
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,400
The men juggle and perform 
acrobatics that seem to defy 

630
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:12,000
gravity. 
The music and performance 

631
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,800
creates temporary space where 
the audience forgets their daily

632
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,900
struggles and simply enjoys 
being entertained. 

633
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:20,900
You understand, then that what 
these performers offer isn't 

634
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:25,600
just skill or music, it's 
temporary transcendents a brief 

635
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,500
escape from the grinding reality
of medieval life. 

636
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,400
For the price of a few coins. 
Villagers can watch something 

637
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:37,000
beautiful laugh at clever joke's
and feel emotions that daily 

638
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,000
survival usually suppresses. 
It's a service as real as 

639
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,100
anything. 
A blacksmith or Baker provides 

640
00:35:43,100 --> 00:35:46,600
and watching The Villages faces.
You see how desperately people 

641
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,700
need this service? 
After the performance villagers,

642
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:53,100
provide the group with food, 
drink and space in a barn to 

643
00:35:53,108 --> 00:35:55,300
sleep. 
You're included in this 

644
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:58,600
hospitality is part of the 
troupe and for one night, you 

645
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:01,800
experienced what, it might be 
like to have a trade to be 

646
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,500
valued for skills, rather than 
merely tolerated. 

647
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:07,800
As a Christian obligation, you 
part ways with the performers at

648
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:11,200
a Crossroads in early April each
group heading toward different, 

649
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:15,200
destinations Agnes gives you a 
small wooden whistle as a 

650
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:18,500
Parting Gift showing you how to 
play three simple songs before 

651
00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:22,500
she leaves, the whistle fits in 
your pocket, weighs almost 

652
00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:26,900
nothing and represents a Kind of
Magic, the ability to create 

653
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:30,200
music and to potentially earn 
coins or food through 

654
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:33,600
performance rather than begging,
but Springs promise proves to 

655
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:38,000
setup, A week after you separate
from the performers, the weather

656
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,900
turns viciously cold again one 
of those late season freezes 

657
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:45,600
that kills early Buds and remind
everyone that winter doesn't 

658
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,900
release its grip easily. 
Your court between towns when 

659
00:36:49,900 --> 00:36:53,800
the cold arrives, walking a road
that passes through a forest 

660
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,200
where the trees provide, some 
wind protection but no actual 

661
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,900
shelter. 
This is different from the deep 

662
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:02,800
winter cold. 
You experience months ago, then 

663
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,400
you were resigned to discomfort 
psychologically prepared for 

664
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,700
suffering. 
This cold arrives when you've 

665
00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:13,000
started hoping for warmth. 
When you've let yourself believe

666
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:14,900
that survival might become 
easier. 

667
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,800
The psychological impact of 
disappointed hope is worse than 

668
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,600
the cold itself. 
You walk through afternoon and 

669
00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:25,100
into evening looking for any 
structure that might serve as 

670
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,400
shelter. 
Forest seems endless and the 

671
00:37:28,408 --> 00:37:31,000
cold intensifies as the sun 
sets. 

672
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:36,100
Your breath forms clouds that 
freeze into tiny ice crystals on

673
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:38,900
your beard. 
Your fingers inside your gloves.

674
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:43,600
Go numb despite constant flexing
just as full Darkness arrives, 

675
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:47,100
you spot a dark shape through 
the trees, a charcoal burners 

676
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:50,200
Hut probably abandoned for the 
season but potentially offering 

677
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,200
shelter. 
You approach carefully because 

678
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:56,000
sometimes such structures are 
occupied by people who value 

679
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,000
Solitude enough to fight for it.
The Hutt is empty. 

680
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:03,600
But shows signs of recent use 
the half contains cold ashes, 

681
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,000
and someone has left to small 
pile of firewood stacked against

682
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,400
the wall. 
This presents both a gift and a 

683
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,100
moral dilemma. 
The would clearly belongs to 

684
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:16,300
whoever built this shelter and 
is probably stored here for 

685
00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:20,100
their next visit. 
Taking it would be theft of 

686
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:23,100
violation of the unspoken rules 
that govern survival in the 

687
00:38:23,100 --> 00:38:26,700
wilderness, but the alternative 
is risking death from cold in 

688
00:38:26,700 --> 00:38:29,100
the night ahead. 
You have flint and steel 

689
00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:33,200
acquired through careful trade 
but no Tinder or kindling. 

690
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:37,300
The wood in the Hutt is your 
only option for fire after long 

691
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:40,100
consideration. 
You decide to take just enough 

692
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:42,600
wood to survive. 
The night resolving to leave 

693
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,200
something of value in return, 
you arrange your few possessions

694
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:49,700
and realize you have almost 
nothing worth leaving a bone 

695
00:38:49,700 --> 00:38:53,200
needle, a leather strap and the 
wooden whistle Agnes gave you 

696
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:56,200
The whistle is your most 
valuable possession. 

697
00:38:57,200 --> 00:38:59,900
There's also the only thing you 
have worth the, would you need 

698
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,100
you place, the whistle carefully
on the woodpile where the owner 

699
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:06,100
will find it saying a brief 
prayer that they'll understand 

700
00:39:06,100 --> 00:39:08,900
the exchange. 
Then you set about building a 

701
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:13,000
fire using precious time and the
last of your energy to cope for 

702
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:17,100
flame from cold materials. 
The fire of eventually catchers 

703
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:20,100
smaller at first. 
But gradually growing as you 

704
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:24,100
carefully, add wood The warmth 
feels like being welcomed back 

705
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,500
into the world of the living. 
You hold your hands near the 

706
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,600
Flames, watching the color 
return, to your fingers. 

707
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:34,900
Feeling the deeper Acres, 
circulation, resumes with virus 

708
00:39:34,900 --> 00:39:36,600
established. 
You begin preparing for the 

709
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,800
night ahead. 
You seal gaps in the Huts walls 

710
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,200
with handfuls of leaves and dirt
creating a slightly better 

711
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:46,700
barrier Against the Wind, you 
arrange Stones around the fire 

712
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:50,500
to hold heat, that will continue
radiating after the Flames die 

713
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:52,900
down. 
You prepare your sleeping area? 

714
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:56,200
Close enough to the fire for 
warmth, but not so close. 

715
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,100
That a spark might catch your 
cloak. 

716
00:39:58,100 --> 00:40:01,300
The night that follows is a 
study and careful, fire 

717
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:03,600
management. 
You've learned that keeping a 

718
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:05,300
fire. 
Going through a cold night 

719
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:07,700
requires more skill than simply 
piling on wood. 

720
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,800
Feed it too much and you waste 
precious fuel, feed it too 

721
00:40:11,808 --> 00:40:15,100
little and you risk waking to 
cold, ashes, and potential 

722
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:17,800
hypothermia. 
You've developed an internal 

723
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,900
clock that wakes you every few 
hours to check the fire and add 

724
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:24,000
wood as needed between these 
fire tending intervals, you 

725
00:40:24,008 --> 00:40:27,300
sleep, fitfully, your dreams 
filled with fragments of memory.

726
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:31,800
you dream of a life before the 
road, whether a real memory or a

727
00:40:31,808 --> 00:40:36,400
fantasy, you'll no longer 
certain The details of blurred 

728
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:40,100
over months of exposure to cold 
and hunger and the constant 

729
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:44,800
demands of survival. 
You dream of warmth of abundance

730
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:48,200
of a place where to Morrow 
shelter isn't a constant 

731
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:51,100
question. 
Just Before Dawn, you awake to 

732
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,600
find that the fire has burned 
down to glowing coals and the 

733
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:56,700
interior of the Hutt has grown 
cold again. 

734
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,700
You have the last of the wood 
watching the Flames rise and 

735
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:03,500
knowing that, when this burns 
down, you'll need to continue 

736
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,100
walking regardless of 
temperature or conditions. 

737
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:10,700
The charcoal burners generosity,
even unintentional. 

738
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:15,000
Generosity has bought you one 
night of survival, but nothing 

739
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,800
more has gray. 
Light filters through gaps. 

740
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,400
In the Hutt's walls, you emerge 
to find a landscape transformed 

741
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,700
by Frost. 
Every surface Glitters with ice 

742
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:28,500
crystals, that catch the early 
light and Scatter it in tiny 

743
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:31,400
rainbows. 
Trees that looked dead yesterday

744
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,800
now, seeming, casting glass each
branch outlined in Frozen 

745
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:38,700
Perfection. 
It's breathtakingly beautiful 

746
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:41,800
and brutally cold in equal 
measure your breath. 

747
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:44,000
Forms clouds that hang in the 
still air. 

748
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:47,900
As you stretch muscles stiffened
by cold and uncomfortable sleep.

749
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,400
You check your body for damage. 
Testing fingers and toes for 

750
00:41:52,400 --> 00:41:55,700
frostbite examining hands for 
cracks in the skin. 

751
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:58,900
That might become infected and 
assessing your overall condition

752
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:02,300
with the dispassionate attention
of someone, who knows their 

753
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:05,000
survival depends on maintaining 
this physical machine. 

754
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:10,400
Everything appears functional, 
your cold hungry and tired but 

755
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:12,500
none of these conditions are 
life threatening yet. 

756
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:16,400
You've learned to distinguish 
between discomfort and danger 

757
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:20,800
between suffering that can be 
endured and damage that requires

758
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:23,900
immediate attention before, 
leaving the heart, you Bank, the

759
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:27,000
coals carefully hoping that the 
person who returns will find 

760
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,400
some residual warmth and 
understand that you respected 

761
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,000
their property as much as 
circumstances allowed. 

762
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,600
The missing whistle should tell 
them that another traveler pass 

763
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:40,100
through took, what they needed 
to survive and left something in

764
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:42,800
return. 
It's a small gesture toward 

765
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,300
maintaining the network of 
informal cooperation, that makes

766
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:49,600
the wandering life possible. 
The road that day is harder than

767
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:52,100
usual. 
The coldest sap, your energy, 

768
00:42:52,108 --> 00:42:54,800
and the lack of food is 
beginning to matter, more than 

769
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:58,300
it has in weeks. 
Your stomach no longer growls, 

770
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:02,800
it's moved Beyond hunger into a 
kind of empty numbness. 

771
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:06,200
That suggests your body is 
consuming its own resources for 

772
00:43:06,200 --> 00:43:09,000
fuel. 
You've lost more weight and your

773
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,600
clothes hang loose on a frame 
that was never particularly 

774
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,600
substantial to begin. 
With around midday you meet 

775
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:16,600
another traveler heading in the 
opposite direction. 

776
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,300
A monk traveling alone which 
suggests either courage or 

777
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:23,400
foolishness depending on 
conditions and local banditry. 

778
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:27,100
He stops when he sees you 
perhaps recognizing in your 

779
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:30,100
appearance, something that 
requires Christian intervention,

780
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,500
the monk reaches into his bag 
and produces a small round of 

781
00:43:33,508 --> 00:43:36,500
cheese and a piece of bread 
which he offers without comment 

782
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:40,500
or expectation of thanks. 
You except with a small bowel 

783
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:42,900
too weary for elaborate displays
of gratitude. 

784
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:46,300
He makes the sign of blessing 
over you and continues on his 

785
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:48,400
way. 
Having performed his charitable 

786
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:51,500
Duty without fuss or ceremony. 
You eat half the food 

787
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:54,500
immediately, then carefully wrap
the remainder in a piece of 

788
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:58,300
cloth for later. 
This discipline saving food, 

789
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:02,000
when you're desperately hungry, 
is one of the hardest lessons of

790
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:05,100
the wandering life. 
The temptation to consume 

791
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:06,800
everything immediately as 
overwhelming. 

792
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:09,500
But experience has taught that 
having food. 

793
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:11,900
Tomorrow matters, more than 
being slightly less hungry 

794
00:44:11,900 --> 00:44:15,600
today, the road climbs into 
Hills as afternoon progresses 

795
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:18,700
and the extra effort required by
the elevation makes your 

796
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:22,500
weakness more apparent. 
You find yourself stopping to 

797
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:26,500
rest more frequently sitting on 
roadside rocks, while your legs 

798
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,600
tremble from exertion, which 
shouldn't be difficult for 

799
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:32,700
someone in good condition. 
This is where the wandering life

800
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:36,200
becomes truly dangerous. 
When accumulated debt probation 

801
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:39,000
reaches the point where your 
body begins failing at basic 

802
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,000
tasks. 
You recognize the warning signs,

803
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,900
the trembling legs, the 
dizziness, when standing, too 

804
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:47,500
quickly. 
And the way your thoughts 

805
00:44:47,508 --> 00:44:51,500
occasionally scatter and refused
to focus, Your approaching the 

806
00:44:51,508 --> 00:44:55,300
edge were survival stops being 
reasonably, likely and becomes 

807
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:58,600
merely possible as evening. 
Approaches you spot. 

808
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:02,300
The village ahead and make the 
calculation that every Vagabond 

809
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:05,000
must make regularly. 
We'll approaching this 

810
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:07,500
settlement result in charity or 
hostility. 

811
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:11,700
Some Villages, welcome 
Travelers, seeing them a sources

812
00:45:11,700 --> 00:45:15,500
of news and opportunities for 
Christian virtue, others view 

813
00:45:15,500 --> 00:45:19,100
strangers, as threats. 
Potential thieves or disease 

814
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,700
carriers, who should be driven 
away before they cause problems.

815
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,800
This Village appears prosperous,
but not wealthy. 

816
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:29,800
The houses are maintained, but 
modest Churches Stone but small 

817
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:33,200
and the fields show signs of 
careful cultivation with our 

818
00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:37,200
excessive abundance. 
You approach slowly making 

819
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,900
yourself as visible and 
unthreatening as possible. 

820
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,000
Your hands, empty and visible. 
Your posture suggesting 

821
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:47,200
exhaustion, rather than 
aggression a group of men. 

822
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:48,800
Working in a field near the 
road. 

823
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:52,700
Look up as you pass one of them 
older, probably the village 

824
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,800
headman or someone of similar 
Authority walks over to 

825
00:45:55,800 --> 00:46:00,200
intercept you His expression 
isn't hostile exactly but it's 

826
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:03,100
not welcoming either. 
It's the look of someone 

827
00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:05,800
assessing a potential problem 
and deciding how to handle it. 

828
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:10,000
You stop and wait, understanding
that running or even walking 

829
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:11,600
away. 
Would Mark you a suspicious. 

830
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,900
The head man, looks you over 
with experienced eyes, seeing 

831
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,600
the ragged clothes, the obvious 
exhaustion, and the hollow 

832
00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:21,900
cheeks that speak of extended 
hunger. 

833
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:27,000
His calculation is visible on 
his face. threat or unfortunate 

834
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,900
obligation, or discretionary 
charity, he asks where your 

835
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:34,000
traveling from and where your 
heading You answer honestly 

836
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,800
because lies are usually 
detected and always makes it 

837
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:39,900
worse. 
You tell him your heading south 

838
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,200
looking for work, or any 
situation that might offer more 

839
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:45,000
stability than the road 
provides. 

840
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:48,200
This is true enough though. 
You've learned that such 

841
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:51,200
situations, rarely materialize 
for people in your condition, 

842
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:55,700
the head man, nods slowly, then 
gestures toward the village, he 

843
00:46:55,700 --> 00:46:58,600
doesn't offer specific 
Hospitality but he doesn't 

844
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:01,300
forbid your presence either. 
It's a middle ground. 

845
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,900
That means you may pass through,
perhaps find some charity, but 

846
00:47:04,900 --> 00:47:07,000
don't cause problems or expect 
too much. 

847
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:10,300
You thank him and continued into
the village. 

848
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:13,200
Heading directly toward the 
church because that's the 

849
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:15,000
customary first stop for 
travelers. 

850
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:17,900
Seeking charity. 
The priest. 

851
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,900
When you find him in the small 
garden behind the church is 

852
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:25,100
younger than you expected and 
has the kind of face that 

853
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:26,600
suggests. 
He takes his Christian 

854
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:29,500
obligation, seriously, he 
listens to your brief 

855
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:33,800
explanation, traveler hungry, 
seeking shelter for the night. 

856
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:37,700
With attention that feels 
genuine rather than perfunctory.

857
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:42,000
Then he nods and leads you to a 
small building adjacent to the 

858
00:47:42,008 --> 00:47:45,900
church clearly used for storage.
But with space enough for a 

859
00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:49,900
person to sleep, the priest 
provides you with bread ale, and

860
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:53,500
a piece of salted fish along 
with permission to sleep in the 

861
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:56,600
storage building. 
He doesn't linger to talk or 

862
00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:59,900
preach, some priests treat 
charity is an opportunity for 

863
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:03,200
captive evangelism, but this one
seems to understand that 

864
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,100
exhausted Travelers need food 
and rest, more than spiritual 

865
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:08,700
instruction alone in the storage
building. 

866
00:48:08,700 --> 00:48:13,000
You eat slowly making each bite.
Last rehydrating, your body with

867
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:16,000
the ale and feeling your 
strength, begin returning as 

868
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,000
your stomach receives actual 
nourishment. 

869
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,500
The fish is salty enough to hurt
your dried lips. 

870
00:48:21,500 --> 00:48:25,200
But it's protein and fat, both 
of which your body desperately 

871
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:29,400
needs as Darkness Falls, your 
cloak on the floor and lie down 

872
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:32,300
feeling safer, and warmer than 
you have in days. 

873
00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:35,500
The storage building smells of 
grain and wood. 

874
00:48:36,200 --> 00:48:39,800
Comfortable smells that speak of
human activity and abundance. 

875
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:44,400
Through the walls, you can hear 
Village Life, continuing voices,

876
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,400
calling to each other, a dog 
barking and children playing 

877
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:49,200
some evening game before being 
called to bed. 

878
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:52,900
You're separate from this life 
observing it from outside. 

879
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:55,400
Like someone looking through a 
window at a scene, you can't 

880
00:48:55,408 --> 00:48:59,100
quite enter. 
The wandering life creates this 

881
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:02,600
separation, you move through 
communities without belonging to

882
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:06,100
them benefit from their charity 
without earning their investment

883
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:09,400
and exist on their margins 
without penetrating their 

884
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:12,100
centers. 
True spring finally arrives in 

885
00:49:12,108 --> 00:49:17,600
late, April unmistakable and 
insistent the trees explode into

886
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:21,200
green almost overnight. 
Flowers appear in Meadows and 

887
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,800
along roadsides, splashing color
across a landscape that has been

888
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:29,200
Brown and gray for months. 
The air itself changes carrying 

889
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:32,100
warmth and the smell of growing 
things of Earth. 

890
00:49:32,100 --> 00:49:36,000
Waking up after Winter's dormant
sea, with spring comes Renewed 

891
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:39,000
Energy and possibility. 
The road dries out making 

892
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:43,600
walking easier while Foods 
appear early greens that can be 

893
00:49:43,608 --> 00:49:47,400
eaten raw mushrooms in the 
forest and berries beginning to 

894
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:51,100
form on bushes. 
You're still hungry, most of the

895
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:53,900
time, but the edge of 
desperation dull slightly as the

896
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:57,100
world provides small. 
Supplements to your diet, you 

897
00:49:57,100 --> 00:49:59,500
notice changes in your own body 
as the weather improves. 

898
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:03,300
The constant cold that seemed to
have settled permanently into 

899
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:07,900
your bones gradually dissipates.
Your joints stop aching quite so

900
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:12,400
intensely. your skin which had 
become gray, and papery during 

901
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:17,500
winter show signs of returning 
health, you're still thin still 

902
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,700
worn down by months of 
deprivation, but your surviving 

903
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:25,100
the roads become crowded with 
spring activity, Farmers move 

904
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:29,500
between Fields, Merchants 
transport, Goods to markets and 

905
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:33,600
pilgrims resume Journeys that 
winter had interrupted You'll no

906
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,400
longer unusual, just one more 
person on a road for people. 

907
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:40,000
Your poverty and wandering 
status less conspicuous among 

908
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:43,400
the general movement of spring 
you fall into traveling company,

909
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:46,100
with a group heading toward a 
large town that hosts a spring 

910
00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:48,800
fair. 
The group includes two Merchants

911
00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:52,100
their servants, and several 
other Travelers who have 

912
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:54,100
attached themselves for safety 
and numbers. 

913
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:57,900
No one objects to your presence 
because you're clearly harmless 

914
00:50:57,900 --> 00:51:00,500
and groups. 
Generally, welcome additional 

915
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:02,100
bodies to help watch for 
Bandits. 

916
00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:04,200
The merchants. 
Treat you with plight in 

917
00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:07,700
different, your neither customer
nor threat just a background 

918
00:51:07,700 --> 00:51:10,500
presence. 
Their servants are friendlier, 

919
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,700
perhaps recognizing in you 
someone closer to their own 

920
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:15,600
social status than their 
masters. 

921
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:19,600
You help with small tasks around
the evening Camp gathering 

922
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:23,100
firewood, hauling water. 
Keeping the fire going in 

923
00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:26,300
return, for being allowed to 
share their food and fire one 

924
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:28,500
evening as the group camps 
beside a stream. 

925
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:32,700
One of the servants asks about 
your travels, He's curious about

926
00:51:32,700 --> 00:51:35,400
the wandering life in the way 
that settled people, sometimes 

927
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:39,600
are interested in a lifestyle, 
they simultaneously fear and 

928
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,300
romanticize. 
You tell him some of your 

929
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:45,500
experiences editing out the 
worst Parts because people don't

930
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:48,000
really want to hear about 
frostbite and starvation. 

931
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:52,100
He listens with Fascination then
admits that he sometimes thinks 

932
00:51:52,100 --> 00:51:55,700
about leaving his position, 
taking to the road and 

933
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:59,300
experience in the freedom of 
having no master You don't tell 

934
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,000
him that freedom and desk 
tuition often look identical 

935
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:05,200
from the inside. 
You don't mention the constant 

936
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:08,100
fear, the grinding hunger, or 
the cold. 

937
00:52:08,100 --> 00:52:09,900
That seems to hollow out your 
bones. 

938
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:14,900
Instead you describe Sunrise is 
seen from hilltops The 

939
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:18,900
satisfaction of walking all day 
under Open Sky and the strange 

940
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:20,900
communities that form among 
Travelers. 

941
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,600
Your description is honest 
without being complete true 

942
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:28,200
without being whole, The 
wandering life does offer, 

943
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:32,700
certain freedoms, Freedom from 
obligations from schedules, and 

944
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:35,400
from the expectations that come 
with settled life. 

945
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,900
These freedoms come at an 
enormous cost and you're not 

946
00:52:39,908 --> 00:52:41,600
certain, the trade is 
worthwhile. 

947
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:45,000
Still, you don't say this to the
servant because everyone needs 

948
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:48,600
their dreams of Escape, their 
fantasies of alternative lives 

949
00:52:48,600 --> 00:52:52,100
the group reaches, the town, 
just as the spring fair is 

950
00:52:52,100 --> 00:52:54,700
beginning. 
The fair transforms the town 

951
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:58,200
from a normal medieval 
settlement into a temporary City

952
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:02,300
of Commerce and entertainment. 
Merchants from distant regions. 

953
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:05,400
Set up elaborate stalls, 
displaying goods from a cross 

954
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:08,100
Europe, and Beyond entertainers 
perform. 

955
00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:11,500
In the streets, food vendors, 
sell items that smell like 

956
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:13,800
paradise. 
After months of bread and thin 

957
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:17,000
suit, you separate from the 
traveling group and one through 

958
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,600
the fair over WellMed by the 
abundance and activity. 

959
00:53:21,400 --> 00:53:24,200
There's more food visible in the
single Market than you've seen 

960
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:26,600
in the past. 
Three months, combined, the 

961
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:30,100
colors sounds and smells created
Centric experience. 

962
00:53:30,100 --> 00:53:32,300
So intense. 
It's almost painful after the 

963
00:53:32,300 --> 00:53:36,000
muted palette of winter roads, 
you have no money to purchase 

964
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,800
anything, but watching is free 
and you station yourself near 

965
00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:43,000
food vendors or occasionally, 
they'll offer samples to attract

966
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:47,500
customers A baker gives you a 
piece of fresh bread, still warm

967
00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:49,700
with butter that melts into the 
crumb. 

968
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:54,300
You eat it, slowly savoring, 
each bite, understanding that 

969
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:57,700
this might be the best food you 
taste for weeks as afternoon 

970
00:53:57,700 --> 00:54:00,100
progresses. 
You drift toward an area, where 

971
00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:04,200
entertainers are performing you 
recognize some of the acts a 

972
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,100
jugly, you saw last month, a 
pair of acrobats who might have 

973
00:54:07,108 --> 00:54:08,900
been in that group, you traveled
with briefly. 

974
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:12,300
You don't approach them because 
entertainers relationships with 

975
00:54:12,300 --> 00:54:16,000
vagabonds are complicated. 
You occupy similar social 

976
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,500
territory but they have 
marketable skills while you have

977
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:23,100
only your ability to survive, 
then you spot hackness from the 

978
00:54:23,108 --> 00:54:26,000
troupe you traveled with now, 
performing with different 

979
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:28,800
partners. 
She singing a ballad about a 

980
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:30,600
Merchant's daughter and a 
sailor. 

981
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:34,300
Her voice clear and trained 
capturing an audience as 

982
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:36,900
attention with the confidence of
someone who does this 

983
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,100
professionally. 
When she finishes the crowd toss

984
00:54:40,100 --> 00:54:43,600
his coins, apart as collective. 
At she sees you standing at the 

985
00:54:43,608 --> 00:54:46,500
edge of the crowd and waves 
gesturing for you to approach. 

986
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:51,000
You do so hesitantly aware that 
you look even more ragged than 

987
00:54:51,008 --> 00:54:54,100
when you travel together that 
you probably smell like old 

988
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,200
sweat and wood smoke that you 
represent the poverty. 

989
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:00,900
Most people prefer to ignore but
Agnes doesn't seem bothered by 

990
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:03,100
your appearance, she asked about
your travels. 

991
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:07,000
Since you parted listens to your
brief summary, then reaches into

992
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:09,300
her purse and producers a few 
small coin coins. 

993
00:55:10,100 --> 00:55:13,800
You start to refuse pride is 
often the last thing, poverty 

994
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:17,600
leaves intact but she insists 
with a practicality that makes 

995
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:21,500
refusal seem churlish. 
She also asks about the whistle 

996
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:25,200
she gave you When you explain 
about the charcoal, burners Hut 

997
00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:29,900
the cold night and the trade you
made for survival, she nods with

998
00:55:29,908 --> 00:55:32,200
understanding rather than 
disappointment. 

999
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:35,900
She reaches into her bag and 
produces another whistle. 

1000
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:39,800
This one slightly smaller, but 
similar in construction, Agnes 

1001
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:41,900
spends a few minutes. 
Refreshing, your memory on the 

1002
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:44,900
simple song, she taught you 
before then shows you a new one 

1003
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:47,900
attune that's apparently popular
at Spring fairs. 

1004
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:51,200
The melody is simple enough that
you can approximate it. 

1005
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:54,300
After a few tries though you're 
playing as rough compared to her

1006
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:57,900
practice skill before she 
returns to her troupe Agnes 

1007
00:55:57,900 --> 00:56:00,400
offered some advice that comes 
from her experience as someone 

1008
00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:02,400
who lives on the margins of 
settled Society. 

1009
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:06,800
She tells you that at fairs like
this, there's often work for 

1010
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:10,000
temporary laborers loading and 
unloading Merchant Goods, 

1011
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:14,300
helping construct and dismantle,
stalls and Performing, simple 

1012
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:16,200
tasks. 
That regular workers don't have 

1013
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:19,800
time for. 
The pay is minimal but its pay 

1014
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:23,800
and it might provide a few days 
of regular meals who thanked her

1015
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,900
and she disappears back into the
fairground returning to troop 

1016
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:31,100
and their next performance. 
Her kindness, feels different 

1017
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:33,900
from the charity. 
You usually receive its 

1018
00:56:33,900 --> 00:56:38,100
practical rather than spiritual 
offered from one marginal person

1019
00:56:38,100 --> 00:56:40,200
to another without judgment or 
pity. 

1020
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:44,300
Following her advice you begin 
approaching Merchants asking if 

1021
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,100
they need temporary help, most 
refused. 

1022
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:49,600
They have their own servants, 
and don't trust strangers. 

1023
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:53,500
But eventually you find a spice 
Merchants, who agrees to pay you

1024
00:56:53,500 --> 00:56:56,700
a few coins to help guard his 
stall overnight? 

1025
00:56:56,700 --> 00:57:00,800
When theft becomes a significant
risk, the work is simple sit 

1026
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:03,400
near the merchants Goods stay 
awake and call for help. 

1027
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,600
If anyone tries to steal 
anything, you've spent months, 

1028
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:08,400
staying away through 
uncomfortable nights. 

1029
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:12,600
So this is easy by comparison. 
The merchant provides you with a

1030
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:17,000
meal before the nightwatch 
begins meet pie and Ale the kind

1031
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:19,600
of substantial food. 
You've been dreaming about as 

1032
00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:22,100
you sit through the night, 
watching the fair, settle into 

1033
00:57:22,100 --> 00:57:25,100
sleeping quiet. 
You think about how strange it 

1034
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:28,500
is to be paid for something? 
You would gladly do for free, 

1035
00:57:28,500 --> 00:57:32,600
just for the privilege of having
food and a legitimate reason to 

1036
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,600
be present. 
The coin's, the merchant will 

1037
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:38,700
give you tomorrow represent more
than their monetary value. 

1038
00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:41,700
They represent the difference 
between begging and earning 

1039
00:57:41,700 --> 00:57:44,700
between being an object of 
Charity, and being a 

1040
00:57:44,700 --> 00:57:47,700
participant, however, minor in 
economic life. 

1041
00:57:47,700 --> 00:57:51,200
The fair continues for three 
more days and you managed to 

1042
00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:54,600
find similar work each day. 
Simple labor, that exhausted 

1043
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:57,100
Merchants need done. 
But their regular servants are 

1044
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,900
too busy to handle, The pay is 
minimal barely enough to buy 

1045
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:04,300
food for the day, but you feel 
more human performing this work 

1046
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:07,700
than you have in months of 
wondering on the fair's final 

1047
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:09,900
day. 
You use your accumulated coins, 

1048
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:13,800
to purchase practical supplies, 
a new pair of stockings to 

1049
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:15,900
replace the ones falling apart 
on your feet. 

1050
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:19,700
A small amount of dried meat 
that you can carry for when food

1051
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:23,000
becomes scarce again and a piece
of hard soap that will let you 

1052
00:58:23,008 --> 00:58:25,200
wash yourself and your clothes 
at the next stream. 

1053
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:29,000
You encounter these purchases 
represent calculation and Hope. 

1054
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:32,500
The stockings will make walking 
easier and reduce the likelihood

1055
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:34,500
of blisters that might become 
infected. 

1056
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:37,700
The dried meat, could mean the 
difference between manageable 

1057
00:58:37,700 --> 00:58:40,900
hunger and dangerous starvation 
during a lean period. 

1058
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:44,500
The soap acknowledges that 
maintaining hygiene matters. 

1059
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:48,000
Even when your homeless that 
caring for yourself is an act of

1060
00:58:48,008 --> 00:58:50,400
resistance against the 
degradation that poverty 

1061
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:53,700
encourages, as the fair breaks 
up and Merchants pack their 

1062
00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:57,100
goods for travel. 
You stand, at a Crossroads, both

1063
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:01,400
literal and metaphorical The 
road continues in multiple 

1064
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,100
directions, each leading to 
unknown destinations and 

1065
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:09,600
uncertain outcomes. you've 
survived winter learned skills, 

1066
00:59:09,600 --> 00:59:13,100
the increase your chances of 
future survival and created a 

1067
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:15,600
small network of people who 
might remember you, if your 

1068
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:20,000
paths cross again, late spring 
slide into early summer, and you

1069
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:22,300
find yourself covering 
territory, you walked months 

1070
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:26,000
ago, during your first weeks on 
the road, The landscape looks 

1071
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:30,100
different now partly, because 
the season has changed partly 

1072
00:59:30,100 --> 00:59:33,500
because you've changed the 
person who first walked, these 

1073
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:36,500
roads was unprepared for what 
the wandering life required. 

1074
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:40,300
You'll no longer that person. 
You've learned to read whether 

1075
00:59:40,300 --> 00:59:42,500
with accuracy that would impress
Farmers. 

1076
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,800
You can tell from the morning 
sky where the rain will arrive 

1077
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:48,800
by afternoon. 
You can feel in your joints, 

1078
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:52,200
when cold weather is approaching
even when the current day feels 

1079
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:54,700
mild. 
You've learned which clouds 

1080
00:59:54,700 --> 00:59:58,400
promised gentle rain, and which 
threaten storms that require a 

1081
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,600
media shelter, you've developed 
in cyclopedic knowledge of 

1082
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:05,200
edible plants that grow beside 
roads and infields, You know, 

1083
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:08,500
that dandelion greens are best 
before the flowers appear that 

1084
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:10,300
wild. 
Garlic can be found in damp 

1085
01:00:10,300 --> 01:00:13,900
areas near streams and that 
certain mushrooms are safe while

1086
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:15,800
similar looking varieties. 
A deadly. 

1087
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:19,400
This knowledge is supplemented 
your diet during the worst 

1088
01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:22,400
periods of hunger, providing 
nutrition that kept you 

1089
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:24,100
functioning. 
When bread alone would have 

1090
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:26,700
fail, you've mastered the art of
firemaking. 

1091
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:30,700
Under nearly any conditions, you
can Cope's flame from damp wood 

1092
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:32,600
using techniques learned from 
charcoal. 

1093
01:00:32,600 --> 01:00:36,200
Burners and other Travelers, you
know, where to find dry Tinder. 

1094
01:00:36,200 --> 01:00:40,200
Even after rain, how to protect 
a small flame from wind and how 

1095
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:43,400
to build a fire that provides 
maximum warmth with minimum 

1096
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:46,100
fuel. 
Fire has become something you 

1097
01:00:46,100 --> 01:00:48,900
understand, intimately rather 
than a mysterious phenomenon. 

1098
01:00:48,900 --> 01:00:52,000
You either have or don't have 
your navigation skills. 

1099
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:54,500
Have improved to the point where
you rarely get lost anymore. 

1100
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:58,700
You've learned to read the 
subtle signs that Mark paths The

1101
01:00:58,700 --> 01:01:02,200
Way Grass Grows differently, 
Where Feet regularly pass the 

1102
01:01:02,200 --> 01:01:03,800
worn. 
Patches on Stones, where 

1103
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:06,700
Travelers have stepped in the 
arrangement of trees, that 

1104
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:09,500
suggests human traffickers 
influenced the landscape. 

1105
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:13,400
You can estimate distances 
accurately and judge how long a 

1106
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:15,400
journey will take based on 
terrain and conditions. 

1107
01:01:15,400 --> 01:01:19,100
More importantly, you've learned
to read people to distinguish 

1108
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:22,800
between those likely to offer 
help and those best avoided. 

1109
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:26,000
You can tell from body language 
whether someone will respond 

1110
01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:29,400
positively to a request for food
or whether approaching them will

1111
01:01:29,400 --> 01:01:32,800
result in anger or violence. 
You've learned Which social 

1112
01:01:32,800 --> 01:01:36,600
performance is are expected. 
Grateful, beggar The Humble 

1113
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:40,500
petitioner, the entertaining 
Storyteller and helpful laborer.

1114
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:44,300
You can shift between these 
roles as situations require 

1115
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:49,000
using performance as a survival 
tool, the wandering life has 

1116
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:52,500
taught you about the structures 
that undergird medieval Society.

1117
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:58,100
Systems that settled people take
for granted but which become 

1118
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:00,100
visible when you exist outside 
them. 

1119
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,900
You've learned that charity is 
organized through networks of 

1120
01:02:03,908 --> 01:02:07,100
religious obligation that 
connect monasteries, churches 

1121
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:10,500
and Pious individuals into a 
safety, net that barely 

1122
01:02:10,500 --> 01:02:15,400
functions, but does function. 
Without this network vagabonds 

1123
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:17,700
would simply die in large 
numbers during winter. 

1124
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:21,400
You've observed how fear governs
many interactions between 

1125
01:02:21,400 --> 01:02:25,100
Travelers and settled people. 
Villagers fear strangers, 

1126
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:29,300
because strangers might be, 
Thieves might carry disease or 

1127
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:31,600
might disturb the delicate 
balance that allows their 

1128
01:02:31,600 --> 01:02:36,000
communities to function. 
This fear is rational you've 

1129
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:38,900
encountered Travelers, who were 
indeed dangerous, who survived 

1130
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,700
through theft and violence 
rather than begging and labor. 

1131
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:45,700
The challenge is that settle 
people can't easily distinguish 

1132
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:48,100
between harmless vagabonds and 
genuine threats. 

1133
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:50,900
So they treat all strangers with
suspicion. 

1134
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,100
You've come to understand that 
the wandering life exists in a 

1135
01:02:54,108 --> 01:02:57,000
strange space outside. 
Normal medieval social 

1136
01:02:57,000 --> 01:03:01,700
categories, you're not a surf 
bountyland, not a Craftsman tied

1137
01:03:01,700 --> 01:03:06,000
to killed, not a merchant with 
capital and credit and not a 

1138
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:09,400
noble with inherited status. 
Your essentially outside the 

1139
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:11,900
feudal system, which makes you 
simultaneously free and 

1140
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:15,800
vulnerable know, Lord protect 
you but no Lord can command, you

1141
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:19,900
know, community supports you but
no Community can demand your 

1142
01:03:19,900 --> 01:03:22,400
labor. 
This Freedom has its attractions

1143
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:26,200
you wake each day with no 
obligations Beyond Survival. 

1144
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:31,300
No, master to serve and no 
schedule to follow. you can walk

1145
01:03:31,300 --> 01:03:35,600
in any direction, stop when you 
choose and make decisions based 

1146
01:03:35,600 --> 01:03:39,600
entirely on your own assessment 
of conditions, That someone who 

1147
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:43,400
values autonomy, this represents
a kind of Liberty that bound 

1148
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:47,100
peasants never experienced but 
the freedom is purchased at 

1149
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:50,000
enormous cost. 
You have no safety net. 

1150
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:54,000
If you become injured or sick, 
no Community feels obligated to 

1151
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:58,000
support you during hard times, 
your survival depends entirely 

1152
01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:00,900
on your own physical capacity, 
and mental resilience. 

1153
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:05,300
When either of these fails, as 
of eventually, they must, you 

1154
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:07,300
will likely die somewhere beside
a road. 

1155
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:10,400
Your body disposed of by 
strangers, who don't know, your 

1156
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:14,200
name, these thoughts occupy you 
as you walk through a landscape,

1157
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:18,700
transformed by summer abundant, 
Fields are heavy with growing 

1158
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:20,700
grain. 
That will be harvested in a few 

1159
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:23,300
months. 
Orchard show fruit, beginning to

1160
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:28,300
form, promising Autumn plenty. 
The world looks generous and 

1161
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:32,000
fertile Nature's well. 
Displayed in every direction 

1162
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:36,600
yet, you remain hungry unable to
access the abundance because it 

1163
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:39,400
belongs to people and 
institutions that don't include 

1164
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:42,100
you. 
The Grain and Fields has owners 

1165
01:04:42,100 --> 01:04:45,400
who are prosecute theft. 
The fruit on trees belongs to 

1166
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:48,600
Lourdes and monasteries that 
guard their property, even the 

1167
01:04:48,600 --> 01:04:52,100
fishing streams that someone 
with greater right than yours. 

1168
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:56,800
You walk through abundance while
experiencing scarcity surrounded

1169
01:04:56,800 --> 01:05:00,500
by food, you cannot eat without 
stealing this contradiction 

1170
01:05:00,500 --> 01:05:03,300
reveals something fundamental 
about medieval Society. 

1171
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:07,500
Poverty exists, not because 
resources are insufficient but 

1172
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:10,200
because access to resources is 
controlled. 

1173
01:05:10,900 --> 01:05:13,000
There's enough food to feed 
everyone enough. 

1174
01:05:13,000 --> 01:05:15,500
Shelter to house everyone and 
enough, clothing. 

1175
01:05:15,500 --> 01:05:18,400
To keep everyone warm. 
But these resources are 

1176
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:21,300
distributed through systems of 
ownership and obligation that 

1177
01:05:21,300 --> 01:05:24,600
exclude people like you you've 
learned to navigate these 

1178
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,800
systems carefully. 
Taking small amounts that might 

1179
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,900
be overlooked rather than large 
thefts, that would provoke 

1180
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:33,800
Pursuit. 
You pick fruit from trees on the

1181
01:05:33,800 --> 01:05:38,000
edges of orchards rather than 
the interior you glean grain 

1182
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:41,700
from Fields after harvest 
collecting what the official 

1183
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:45,000
Gleaners missed. 
You fish from streams using 

1184
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:47,500
techniques that leave no 
evidence of your presence. 

1185
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:51,600
This stealing without stealing 
represents a survival strategy 

1186
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:54,900
developed over months of 
necessity, the ethical 

1187
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:58,300
complexity of the situation 
occasionally troubles, you've 

1188
01:05:58,300 --> 01:06:01,900
taken food that belong to others
justifying the theft through 

1189
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:04,800
your own hunger. 
You've left in Barns and 

1190
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:08,500
shelters without permission 
arguing, that empty space costs 

1191
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:12,200
the owner, nothing. 
You've used resources firewood 

1192
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:16,500
water sometimes tools that 
weren't yours to use. 

1193
01:06:17,200 --> 01:06:19,800
These actions violate the 
property rights that medieval 

1194
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:22,400
Society. 
Considers fundamental it 

1195
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:25,900
refusing to take these resources
would mean death and you're not 

1196
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:29,400
ready to accept that outcome so 
you can continue to exist in 

1197
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:32,700
this ethical gray area. 
Taking what you need while 

1198
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:35,600
trying to minimize harm and 
occasionally leaving small 

1199
01:06:35,600 --> 01:06:39,700
compensation when possible You 
tell your self that survival 

1200
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:42,300
justifies these compromises 
though. 

1201
01:06:42,300 --> 01:06:46,400
You'll never entirely convinced 
a summer progresses you find 

1202
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:48,200
yourself gravitating toward a 
region. 

1203
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:49,600
You've passed through several 
times. 

1204
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:54,700
Now, it's not home, you have no 
home but it's becoming familiar 

1205
01:06:54,700 --> 01:06:58,100
territory where, you know, which
Villages are generous and which 

1206
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:00,100
Monastery is provide reliable 
charity. 

1207
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:04,400
You recognize landmarks and can 
anticipate conditions ahead. 

1208
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:08,400
The landscape has stopped being 
threatening Wilderness and 

1209
01:07:08,400 --> 01:07:11,300
become something more like a 
very large uncomfortable room 

1210
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:13,500
you know how to navigate you 
encounter. 

1211
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:16,800
Other regular Wanderers people 
who seem to travel similar 

1212
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:20,200
circuits as similar times. 
You don't become friends. 

1213
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:23,400
Exactly the wandering. 
Life doesn't encourage deep 

1214
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:26,500
connections. 
But you develop a nodding 

1215
01:07:26,500 --> 01:07:28,600
acquaintance based on repeated 
encounters. 

1216
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:32,500
You share information about road
conditions warn each other about

1217
01:07:32,500 --> 01:07:36,000
hostile Villages or generous, 
monasteries, and occasionally 

1218
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:37,600
travel together for a few days 
before. 

1219
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:41,300
Separating again, one of these 
semi-familiar faces is an older 

1220
01:07:41,300 --> 01:07:43,800
woman who walks with a 
pronounced limp carrying all her

1221
01:07:43,800 --> 01:07:46,200
possessions in a bag made from a
piece of old sail. 

1222
01:07:46,200 --> 01:07:49,000
Cloth you've encountered a four 
or five times. 

1223
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:52,000
Now, over the months, always 
moving in roughly the same 

1224
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:54,600
circuit through a region that 
spans about 50 miles. 

1225
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:57,900
She's more talkative than most 
vagabonds willing to share 

1226
01:07:57,900 --> 01:07:59,500
stories from her decades on the 
road. 

1227
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,400
She tells you that she started 
wandering after her husband died

1228
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:06,600
and his Lord reclaimed their 
cottage for a new tenant. 

1229
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:10,400
That was 20 years ago when she 
was still strong enough to work 

1230
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:12,200
as a harvest labor or Dairy. 
Maid. 

1231
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:16,000
Now she's too old and injured 
for sustained, physical labor. 

1232
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:20,399
So she survives almost entirely 
on charity and small thefts. 

1233
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:23,500
Her life represents what your 
future might look like if you 

1234
01:08:23,500 --> 01:08:28,500
can continue wandering. 
Cades of decoration accumulating

1235
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:32,800
injuries slowly diminishing 
capacity, until some illness or 

1236
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:35,899
winter night. 
Finally ends the struggle It's 

1237
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:39,600
not an encouraging Vision but 
she seems neither nor defeated 

1238
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:42,700
just matter-of-fact about a life
that has turned out differently 

1239
01:08:42,700 --> 01:08:45,700
than she expected. 
She offers you advice based on 

1240
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:48,800
her experience. 
Never stay in one place long. 

1241
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:50,899
Enough to become a burden that 
local authorities. 

1242
01:08:50,899 --> 01:08:55,399
Feel obligated to remove 
cultivate relationships with 

1243
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:58,600
charitable individuals, but 
don't overstay their generosity.

1244
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:02,300
Learn multiple skills. 
So you can offer labor in 

1245
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:04,899
exchange for food, rather than 
relying purely on begging. 

1246
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:08,600
Maintain your teeth as long as 
possible because eating becomes 

1247
01:09:08,600 --> 01:09:11,500
difficult without them, this 
last piece of advice, seems 

1248
01:09:11,500 --> 01:09:14,399
oddly specific, and she 
demonstrates by pulling back, 

1249
01:09:14,399 --> 01:09:18,200
her lip to show, missing teeth 
that make eating anything except

1250
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:21,800
soft foods nearly impossible. 
She is, matter of fact about 

1251
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:25,600
this too explaining that she 
mostly lives on bread soaked in 

1252
01:09:25,608 --> 01:09:27,500
ale. 
Now, supplemented by whatever 

1253
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:31,399
can be matched into edible Pole.
It's another glimpse of what the

1254
01:09:31,408 --> 01:09:33,399
wandering life does to body's 
over time. 

1255
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:37,300
He part ways at Crossroads and 
you can continue walking into 

1256
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,800
the long Summit evening thinking
about Futures and choices. 

1257
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:44,399
The wandering life was never 
supposed to be permanent. 

1258
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:47,800
It was supposed to be a 
temporary necessity until 

1259
01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:50,100
conditions. 
Improved enough to rejoin 

1260
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:54,400
settled Society. 
But months of past and you're no

1261
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:56,600
closer to that rejoining than 
when you started. 

1262
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:00,900
The road has become less a 
temporary refuge and more a 

1263
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:03,100
trap. 
That's difficult to escape late.

1264
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:05,200
Summer, brings its own 
challenges as Rhodes. 

1265
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:09,500
Bake hard under a son. 
That seems relentless The dust 

1266
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:12,900
that rises with each step coats,
your throat, and turns your spit

1267
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:14,500
into mud. 
Water. 

1268
01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:18,500
Becomes a constant concern 
streams, run lower and you must 

1269
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,700
sometimes walk miles out of your
way to find drinking water that 

1270
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:24,200
hasn't been reduced to a trickle
or stagnant pool. 

1271
01:10:24,200 --> 01:10:28,300
You've learned to carry water 
when you find it using a leather

1272
01:10:28,300 --> 01:10:31,600
bottle acquired through trade 
with a cobbler who appreciated 

1273
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:33,700
the news, you brought from 
distant regions. 

1274
01:10:34,600 --> 01:10:36,900
The bottle holds perhaps two 
days worth of water. 

1275
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,100
If your careful providing a 
buffer against desperate 

1276
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:42,000
searches during the hottest part
of Summer. 

1277
01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:45,900
The heater effects. 
Everyone on the road, Merchants 

1278
01:10:45,900 --> 01:10:49,700
move more slowly Travelers seek 
shade during the afternoon hours

1279
01:10:49,700 --> 01:10:52,100
and even animals seem less 
energetic. 

1280
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:56,400
You adjust your walking schedule
to match the weather Rising 

1281
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:00,000
Before, Dawn, to walk during the
cool morning hours, resting 

1282
01:11:00,000 --> 01:11:01,700
through the brutal afternoon 
heat. 

1283
01:11:01,700 --> 01:11:03,600
Then walking again in the 
evening. 

1284
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:07,000
As temperatures moderate, this 
schedule means you often find 

1285
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:10,300
yourself walking in near 
darkness which creates its own 

1286
01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:14,900
risks, like walking requires 
constant attention to avoid 

1287
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:17,200
twisting an ankle or missing the
road entirely. 

1288
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:21,200
You've learned to read 
Landscapes By Starlight to judge

1289
01:11:21,200 --> 01:11:25,600
distances in darkness and to 
distinguish between Shadows that

1290
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:29,800
represent actual obstacles and 
those created by tired eyes. 

1291
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:32,900
But night walking also has 
unexpected benefits. 

1292
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:36,600
The roads are quieter allowing 
you to hear approaching 

1293
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:38,200
Travelers long before you meet 
them. 

1294
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:41,500
The cooler temperatures. 
Make long distance, walking less

1295
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:43,900
exhausting. 
Sometimes you encounter 

1296
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:48,200
nocturnal animals, owls hunting 
from fence posts foxes Crossing 

1297
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:51,400
roads on their own mysterious 
errands and bats Wheeling 

1298
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:54,600
through the air in pursuit of 
insects these encounters with 

1299
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:56,700
Wildlife provide strange 
comfort. 

1300
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:00,800
You share the night with other 
creatures, who exist outside 

1301
01:12:00,800 --> 01:12:03,900
human social structures, who 
survived through their own 

1302
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:06,400
resourcefulness rather than 
Community Support. 

1303
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:09,700
There's kinship in this marginal
existence. 

1304
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:13,700
A sense that the wandering life 
connects you to something older 

1305
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:17,200
than medieval societies 
elaborate higher Archies, as 

1306
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,200
summer Peaks and begins. 
Its slow decline toward Autumn, 

1307
01:12:20,200 --> 01:12:22,600
you notice. 
Subtle changes in the landscape.

1308
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:26,700
The Grain in fields shifts from 
green to Gold. 

1309
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:30,600
Apple's on trees. 
Begin showing color birds start 

1310
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,800
gathering in larger flocks, 
preparing for migration. 

1311
01:12:35,100 --> 01:12:38,000
These signs remind you that 
another winter is coming. 

1312
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:41,600
That the survival cycle is 
beginning again and that you 

1313
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:44,600
need to prepare for months of 
cold and scarcity. 

1314
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:47,400
This realization brings a 
familiar dread. 

1315
01:12:48,200 --> 01:12:50,900
You survived one winter but it 
nearly killed you. 

1316
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:54,000
The thought of enduring, another
winter on the road, feels 

1317
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:56,900
overwhelming. 
You find yourself thinking more 

1318
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:00,600
seriously about Alternatives, 
finding some kind of regular 

1319
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:04,800
work, joining a monastery as a 
labor, will somehow rejoining 

1320
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:08,400
settled Society, even if it 
means accepting conditions, you 

1321
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:11,700
previously, found intolerable, 
but these Alternatives all 

1322
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:15,600
require resources, you don't 
have regular work requires that 

1323
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:17,700
employers. 
Trust you enough to hire you, 

1324
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:20,500
despite your appearance and lack
of references. 

1325
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:25,600
Monasteries, rarely accept one 
as a brothers without some kind 

1326
01:13:25,600 --> 01:13:29,400
of connection or dowry. 
Rejoining settle Society 

1327
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:33,800
requires money can skills that 
translate into stable 

1328
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:37,300
employment, none of which you 
possess in sufficient quantity 

1329
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,900
your court in what feels like an
inescapable cycle. 

1330
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:46,000
You can't rejoin settle Society 
because you lack resources but 

1331
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:48,300
you can't accumulate resources 
while wandering. 

1332
01:13:49,300 --> 01:13:51,900
The road that seemed like a 
temporary Refuge has become 

1333
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:54,400
something more like a prison 
with very wide walls. 

1334
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:58,100
These dark thoughts occupy you 
as you walk toward a town, 

1335
01:13:58,108 --> 01:13:59,800
that's hosting a late Summer, 
Festival. 

1336
01:13:59,800 --> 01:14:03,900
Something related to harvest 
predictions or a local Saints 

1337
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:06,200
Day. 
Festivals, often provide 

1338
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:09,300
opportunities for temporary work
or unusual charity. 

1339
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:13,300
So vagabonds gravitate toward 
them, despite the crowds and 

1340
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:17,000
occasional hostility from 
townspeople, who resent sharing 

1341
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:19,000
limited resources, without 
ciders. 

1342
01:14:19,000 --> 01:14:24,200
The town is larger than most you
visited that 1000 residents with

1343
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:26,000
stone walls and multiple 
churches. 

1344
01:14:26,000 --> 01:14:29,200
Its prosperous. 
In the way that successful 

1345
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:33,300
medieval towns are prosperous 
well-maintained buildings, busy 

1346
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:36,500
markets, and the sound of 
Craftsmen working at their 

1347
01:14:36,500 --> 01:14:39,200
trades. 
You can hear the festival Before

1348
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:44,600
You See It music voices, and the
general raw of crowd activity, 

1349
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:47,600
you enter the town through Gates
that aren't being guarded 

1350
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:50,400
because the festival has made 
authorities more relaxed about 

1351
01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:53,000
who enters. 
The streets are crowded with 

1352
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:55,100
people from surrounding Villages
and regions. 

1353
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:58,700
Creating the kind of temporary 
anonymity that benefits 

1354
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:02,000
vagabonds in this mass of 
unfamiliar faces. 

1355
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:05,000
You're just another traveler. 
Not obviously different from 

1356
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:08,000
100s of others. 
The festival includes the usual 

1357
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:09,700
elements. 
Food vendors. 

1358
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:13,400
Entertainers Merchants 
displaying Goods, religious 

1359
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:15,400
processions and substantial 
drinking. 

1360
01:15:16,300 --> 01:15:19,800
You drift through crowds 
observing but not participating 

1361
01:15:19,800 --> 01:15:21,900
because participation requires 
money. 

1362
01:15:21,900 --> 01:15:25,500
You don't have. 
Still watching provides its own 

1363
01:15:25,508 --> 01:15:28,800
satisfaction, the color and 
movement and energy feel 

1364
01:15:28,800 --> 01:15:31,200
nourishing. 
After months of lonely roads and

1365
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:33,000
quiet Fields. 
You spot. 

1366
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:34,600
Someone who looks Vaguely 
Familiar. 

1367
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:39,400
A man, perhaps your age dressed 
well, but not ostentatiously. 

1368
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:42,900
Watching the festival with the 
slightly detached expression of 

1369
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:45,800
someone who's present physically
but absent mentally. 

1370
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:49,500
It takes you several minutes to 
place it and when you do 

1371
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:53,900
recognition, arrives with shock,
he's from your old life before 

1372
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:57,200
the road. 
You knew him slightly not 

1373
01:15:57,200 --> 01:15:59,900
friends. 
Exactly, but acquaintances is 

1374
01:15:59,900 --> 01:16:03,300
who occasionally crossed Paws in
whatever capacity you functioned

1375
01:16:03,300 --> 01:16:07,700
before, becoming a vagabond, 
Seeing him here solid and 

1376
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:11,300
prosperous and settled creates a
strange collision between your 

1377
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:15,000
past and present. 
He hasn't noticed you yet and 

1378
01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:17,800
you have time to decide whether 
to approach him or disappear 

1379
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:22,300
into the crowd approaching risks
exposes, how far you fall and 

1380
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:26,000
requires admitting that the life
you want to live as been reduced

1381
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:29,900
to wandering and begging. 
But avoiding him means accepting

1382
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,600
that your old identity is 
completely lost that you've been

1383
01:16:33,600 --> 01:16:37,600
erased by the wandering life. 
After long consideration, you 

1384
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:40,900
decide to approach you make 
yourself, as presentable as 

1385
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:43,400
possible. 
Brushing dust from your cloak 

1386
01:16:43,400 --> 01:16:45,300
running fingers through your 
hair. 

1387
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:48,600
Straightening your posture from 
the habitual stoop of someone 

1388
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:50,600
trying to appear smaller and 
less threatening. 

1389
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:54,200
Then you move through the crowd 
toward him watching as 

1390
01:16:54,200 --> 01:16:56,700
recognition slowly Dawns on his 
face. 

1391
01:16:56,700 --> 01:17:01,000
His expression Cycles through 
surprise confusion and something

1392
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:03,600
like embarrassment as he 
processes your appearance and 

1393
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:07,100
obvious poverty. 
You greet him by name, keeping 

1394
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,600
your tone casual acting, as 
though, your meeting is ordinary

1395
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:13,300
rather than loaded with 
implications about success and 

1396
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:15,800
failure. 
He recovers his composure and 

1397
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,100
greets, your politely asking 
about your circumstances in the 

1398
01:17:19,108 --> 01:17:22,100
careful way that people ask 
questions, they're not certain 

1399
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:25,600
they want answered. 
You provide a brief heavily 

1400
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:29,000
edited version of how you came 
to be on the road, leaving out 

1401
01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:32,300
the worst part and framing your 
wandering as more Choice than 

1402
01:17:32,300 --> 01:17:34,800
necessity. 
He listens with the expression 

1403
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:37,800
of someone, performing a social 
obligation rather than showing 

1404
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:40,900
genuine interest and you 
understand that you're making 

1405
01:17:40,908 --> 01:17:43,900
him uncomfortable. 
Your presence reminds him that 

1406
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:46,500
the security takes for granted 
is fragile. 

1407
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:50,600
The disaster can transform 
anyone from settled citizen to 

1408
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:53,400
homeless Wanderer? 
You're a walking cautionary, 

1409
01:17:53,400 --> 01:17:56,600
tale, an embodiment of fears. 
He preferred to ignore. 

1410
01:17:56,600 --> 01:18:00,400
The conversation is brief and 
ends with him offering you a few

1411
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:03,300
coins not enough to 
fundamentally change your 

1412
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:07,000
circumstances, but enough to buy
several meals you except with 

1413
01:18:07,000 --> 01:18:09,700
thanks that are genuine. 
Despite your complicated 

1414
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:13,800
feelings about the exchange He 
disappears back into the 

1415
01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:16,100
festival crowd, probably 
relieved, to escape your 

1416
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:18,600
presence. 
You stand holding the coins, 

1417
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:20,300
thinking about what just 
happened? 

1418
01:18:21,200 --> 01:18:23,600
Those few minutes of 
conversation have forced you to 

1419
01:18:23,608 --> 01:18:27,300
see yourself through someone 
else's eyes to recognize how 

1420
01:18:27,300 --> 01:18:29,800
completely the wandering life 
has transformed. 

1421
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:32,900
You, you'll no longer 
recognizable as whatever you 

1422
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:35,300
used to be. 
You've become something else. 

1423
01:18:35,300 --> 01:18:39,500
Entirely a vagabond? 
A Wanderer, someone who exists 

1424
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:42,800
outside the social categories 
that Define identity in medieval

1425
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:45,500
Society. 
This realization is both 

1426
01:18:45,500 --> 01:18:49,300
liberating and devastating. 
Liberating because it means 

1427
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:52,700
you're finally accepting what 
you've become rather than 

1428
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,200
clinging to a past that no 
longer exists. 

1429
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,800
Devastating because it confirms 
that returning to your old life.

1430
01:19:00,700 --> 01:19:04,600
Probably impossible, you've 
traveled too far changed too 

1431
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:06,800
much and become too alien to the
world. 

1432
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:10,800
You want to inhabited, you use 
the coins to buy food, not 

1433
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:13,800
Festival Treats but practical 
items like bread and cheese that

1434
01:19:13,800 --> 01:19:17,100
will last for days. 
While eating you watch the 

1435
01:19:17,100 --> 01:19:20,500
festival continued around you 
all this celebration and 

1436
01:19:20,500 --> 01:19:24,700
abundance that you can observe 
but not fully join your present,

1437
01:19:24,700 --> 01:19:28,200
but separate included. 
But marginal seeing everything 

1438
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:31,700
while belonging nowhere has 
evening arrives and the festival

1439
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:35,800
reaches its peak of drinking and
celebrating you slip away to 

1440
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:38,700
find sleeping space in a stable 
on the town's Edge. 

1441
01:19:39,500 --> 01:19:43,000
The stable keeper charges a 
small coin for space in the Loft

1442
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:46,700
and you pay it gladly because 
sleeping indoors feels like 

1443
01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,600
luxury after months of exposed 
Knights lying in the hay with 

1444
01:19:50,600 --> 01:19:53,000
Festival sounds drifting in from
the distance. 

1445
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:55,400
You think about balance and 
survival? 

1446
01:19:56,500 --> 01:19:58,800
The wandering life requires 
constant adjustment. 

1447
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:03,500
Not too hopeful which leads to 
devastating disappointment but 

1448
01:20:03,500 --> 01:20:06,600
not too despairing which leads 
to giving up entirely. 

1449
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:09,600
You must find some Middle Ground
where you accept your 

1450
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:12,200
circumstances without being 
destroyed by them. 

1451
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:17,000
You survived this far through a 
combination of skill, luck and 

1452
01:20:17,000 --> 01:20:21,700
stubborn, refusal to quit. 
Perhaps that's enough that the 

1453
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:24,400
goal isn't to escape the 
wandering life or to thrive 

1454
01:20:24,400 --> 01:20:28,100
within it, but simply to 
continue to wake each morning, 

1455
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:32,800
to walk each day to find shelter
each night to string together 

1456
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:34,800
enough. 
Small victories, that they add 

1457
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:42,800
up to something we call life. 
In the year, 1325 a 21 year old 

1458
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:46,300
legal scholar from Tangier 
named, IBN battuta mounted, his 

1459
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:49,000
horse to embark on the Hedge 
pilgrimage to Mecca. 

1460
01:20:49,000 --> 01:20:52,700
What distinguished, this 
particular Journey was not its 

1461
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,200
beginning but its end or rather 
the absence of one. 

1462
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:58,600
When Eben tutor finally returned
home, nearly three decades 

1463
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:00,800
later. 
He had traversed approximately 

1464
01:21:00,800 --> 01:21:04,400
75,000 miles visiting 
territories equivalent to 

1465
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:07,100
roughly 44, modern countries. 
Yep. 

1466
01:21:07,100 --> 01:21:09,600
Perhaps the most remarkable 
aspect of his story is that 

1467
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,300
traveling was never his passion 
or intention. 

1468
01:21:13,100 --> 01:21:16,000
Unlike Marco Polo whose 
Mercantile family had prepared 

1469
01:21:16,008 --> 01:21:19,400
him for Journeys abroad or Jiang
HEI, who commanded. 

1470
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:23,400
Massive Chinese treasure fleets 
with Imperial backing Edinburgh,

1471
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,200
tutor stumbled into expiration 
almost accidentally. 

1472
01:21:26,200 --> 01:21:29,300
His contemporaries would have 
considered him bookish and 

1473
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:33,200
conventional, a devout adherent 
to the Malachi School of Islamic

1474
01:21:33,200 --> 01:21:36,600
jurisprudence who had memorized 
the Quran and studied legal 

1475
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:40,300
precedence, his earliest 
writings reveal a young man more

1476
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:42,200
concerned with proper prayer 
techniques than with the 

1477
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:46,300
adventures and distant lands. 
I set out a loan having neither 

1478
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:48,100
fellow traveler in his 
companionship. 

1479
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:50,400
I might find cheer or Caravan 
whose party. 

1480
01:21:50,400 --> 01:21:52,300
I might join he wrote of his 
departure. 

1481
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:55,600
His statement was not the 
romanticized Declaration of an 

1482
01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:59,500
Intrepid Explorer but the lament
of a anxious young man. 

1483
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,600
The Solitude was not by choice, 
he had missed the pilgrim. 

1484
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:05,600
Caravan, while attending his 
sister's funeral. 

1485
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:09,500
IBN battuta's first 
transformative experience, came 

1486
01:22:09,500 --> 01:22:12,700
not from natural wonders or 
architectural Marvels, but 

1487
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:15,800
through an unexpected fever that
struck him outside the town of 

1488
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:19,700
Tunis delirious and alone. 
He fell from his horse and was 

1489
01:22:19,708 --> 01:22:22,100
discovered by a passing traveler
who nursed him back to health. 

1490
01:22:22,100 --> 01:22:25,700
This stranger a Tunisian poet 
returning from Al andalus, 

1491
01:22:25,700 --> 01:22:29,000
shared stories of Courts. 
He had visited while even batuta

1492
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:32,400
recuperated the Young jurists 
World expanded through these 

1493
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,100
second-hand tails before he had 
even left North Africa. 

1494
01:22:35,900 --> 01:22:38,900
Upon reaching Alexandria, IBM 
battuto encountered, another 

1495
01:22:38,900 --> 01:22:42,600
pivotal figure. 
A Mystic named Bhajan Aldean who

1496
01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:44,600
lived in isolation in the city's
lighthouse. 

1497
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:48,400
During their meeting the holy 
man made an astonishing 

1498
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:51,400
prediction. 
Your visit my brother faridun. 

1499
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,600
India, my brother, rook and 
Aldean in Sindh and my brother 

1500
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:57,500
burhan Alden in China convey my 
greetings to them. 

1501
01:22:58,300 --> 01:23:01,900
IBN battuta would later. 
Claim this prophecy, guided his 

1502
01:23:01,900 --> 01:23:04,600
extended travels, though. 
Historians note, these 

1503
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:07,400
destinations were not uncommon 
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 

1504
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:11,300
His early Journey revealed a 
complex tension in his character

1505
01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:14,200
while he craved The Prestige of 
scholarly appointments. 

1506
01:23:14,200 --> 01:23:17,700
He repeatedly abandoned secure 
positions after brief. 10 years 

1507
01:23:17,708 --> 01:23:21,200
in Damascus, he secured a 
respectable judge ship but 

1508
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:25,200
departed after just days the 
same pattern occurred in Delhi 

1509
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:27,900
years later. 
This behavioral inconsistency, 

1510
01:23:27,900 --> 01:23:30,800
puzzled his contemporaries and 
continues to challenge modern 

1511
01:23:30,800 --> 01:23:33,300
biographer's. 
The geographic scope of 

1512
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:36,300
Edinburgh to his travels, 
exceeded, even the expansive 

1513
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:40,100
Muslim world of his time, yet, 
he maintained a peculiar form of

1514
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,900
provincialism throughout often 
rejecting local Customs despite 

1515
01:23:43,900 --> 01:23:47,000
his exposure to them. 
Traveled through societies with 

1516
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:50,000
dramatically different Norms, 
but remained committed to 

1517
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:53,600
judging them, by the standards 
of his Madre upbringing, unlike 

1518
01:23:53,600 --> 01:23:56,500
many Travelers, whose Horizons 
broadened through exposure to 

1519
01:23:56,500 --> 01:23:59,800
different cultures, IBN to 
frequently hardened his 

1520
01:23:59,800 --> 01:24:01,800
positions. 
When confronted with alternative

1521
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:05,200
perspectives, What truly 
distinguished him was not his 

1522
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:08,500
openness to new experiences, but
his remarkable adaptability 

1523
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:11,900
within his own rigid framework. 
He could navigate foreign 

1524
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:14,700
courts, established temporary 
households and distant cities 

1525
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,200
and integrate himself into 
trading networks, without 

1526
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:19,100
fundamentally changing his 
worldview. 

1527
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:23,200
This paradoxical quality being 
simultaneously adaptable and 

1528
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:26,500
inflexible defined both his 
travels, and his written 

1529
01:24:26,500 --> 01:24:29,200
account. 
By the time IBN number tutor 

1530
01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:33,200
completed his first in 1326, 
something had fundamentally 

1531
01:24:33,200 --> 01:24:36,600
shifted in his approach to life.
Though he had fulfilled his 

1532
01:24:36,600 --> 01:24:40,400
religious obligation, he chose 
not to return home but instead 

1533
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:43,100
headed North toward direct, his 
explanation was 

1534
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:44,500
characteristically 
straightforward. 

1535
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:47,500
I set out not knowing to what 
land. 

1536
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,800
My journey would lead me. 
The Reluctant traveler had 

1537
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:53,400
discovered something. 
Unexpected, not a passion for 

1538
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:57,000
exploration, but a curious 
restlessness that would Propel 

1539
01:24:57,000 --> 01:24:59,200
him across continents for the 
next 24 years. 

1540
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:02,500
The greatest misconception of 
about Urban tutors travels 

1541
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:05,000
concerns the economics that 
supported his Decades of 

1542
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:07,900
movement across continents. 
Unlike state-sponsored, 

1543
01:25:07,900 --> 01:25:11,400
explorers or wealthy merchants 
funded his extraordinary, 

1544
01:25:11,400 --> 01:25:14,300
Odyssey, through a patchwork of 
what we might Now, call gig 

1545
01:25:14,300 --> 01:25:17,500
work, leveraging his credentials
and a system that modern 

1546
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:19,000
Travelers. 
Would barely recognize. 

1547
01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:22,600
The medieval Islamic World 
operated on a sophisticated 

1548
01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:25,700
network of patronage that 
rewarded learned men, who 

1549
01:25:25,700 --> 01:25:30,100
crossed borders, this system 
known as the adab culture valued

1550
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:32,700
the cross-pollination of ideas 
through traveling Scholars. 

1551
01:25:33,500 --> 01:25:36,400
IBN battuta exploited. 
This economy with remarkable 

1552
01:25:36,400 --> 01:25:39,100
skill. 
Transforming his Maliki legal 

1553
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:42,900
training into a portable career 
that functioned across cultural 

1554
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:45,800
boundaries in Cairo. 
He served briefly as an 

1555
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:49,600
assistant cardi judge, hearing 
minor cases relating to 

1556
01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:53,800
commercial disputes in Damascus.
He leveraged recommendations 

1557
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:56,900
from previous hosts to secure. 
Temporary teaching appointments,

1558
01:25:56,900 --> 01:26:00,500
these positions, rarely lasted, 
more than a few months, but they

1559
01:26:00,508 --> 01:26:03,800
provided critical financial 
resources and enhanced his 

1560
01:26:03,800 --> 01:26:05,500
credentials for the next 
destination. 

1561
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:09,900
When I arrived in any City, he 
noted particularly candidate 

1562
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:12,100
passage. 
The first place is I visited 

1563
01:26:12,100 --> 01:26:14,900
with a mosque from madrasas 
seeking out, the renowned 

1564
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:18,100
Scholars of each town. 
These meetings were not merely 

1565
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:20,900
scholarly exchanges, but 
calculated networking 

1566
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:23,700
opportunities. 
A favorable impression might 

1567
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:27,000
result in an invitation to 
dinner, temporary, lodging or 

1568
01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:30,000
most valuable of all Peter of 
introduction to influential 

1569
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:31,800
figures in the next city on his 
route. 

1570
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:35,200
His most lucrative opportunities
came through the system of 

1571
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:39,400
diplomatic gift exchange, when 
rulers dispatched, envoys to 

1572
01:26:39,408 --> 01:26:41,900
foreign courts. 
They often included scholars in 

1573
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:45,700
their delegations, IBN battuta 
secured, these appointments 

1574
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:48,300
multiple times. 
Most lucrative leap. 

1575
01:26:48,300 --> 01:26:51,600
When Sultan Muhammad been took, 
look of Delhi designated him as 

1576
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:54,800
an invite to the UN dynasty in 
China, though, the Diplomatic 

1577
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:57,300
Mission ultimately failed. 
The appointment came with 

1578
01:26:57,300 --> 01:27:01,100
substantial compensation, 
including 13 bags of gold coins 

1579
01:27:01,100 --> 01:27:03,600
that financed his subsequent 
travels, through South East 

1580
01:27:03,600 --> 01:27:05,900
Asia. 
Even by tutors Financial 

1581
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:09,600
strategies occasionally bordered
on exploitation, he became a 

1582
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:11,800
depth of what historians of 
termed credential inflation. 

1583
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:15,400
Gradually elevating, his claimed
expertise and Authority as he 

1584
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:18,600
moved farther from North Africa.
Where is actual qualifications 

1585
01:27:18,600 --> 01:27:22,100
might be verified by the time he
reached the Maldives he 

1586
01:27:22,100 --> 01:27:24,800
presented himself as a chief 
legal Authority despite having 

1587
01:27:24,800 --> 01:27:26,300
only modest training in his 
youth. 

1588
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:29,900
His pattern of a accumulating 
and abandoning wives reveals, 

1589
01:27:29,900 --> 01:27:32,700
another dimension of his 
economic approach to travel 

1590
01:27:32,700 --> 01:27:36,000
throughout his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

1591
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:38,900
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

1592
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,000
number exceeded 15 These 
marriages offered him 

1593
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,500
integration into local 
communities household management

1594
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:50,100
during Extended Stays and 
crucial access to dowries and 

1595
01:27:50,108 --> 01:27:52,600
matrimonial gifs when departing 
a region. 

1596
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,600
He typically divorced, these 
women sometimes leaving behind 

1597
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:58,600
children as well. 
The material reality of 

1598
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:00,600
long-distance travel in the 14th
century. 

1599
01:28:00,600 --> 01:28:05,000
Imposed constraints that shaped 
in pitas itinerary He 

1600
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:07,600
deliberately followed trade 
routes, where Caravans arise 

1601
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:11,100
offered secure lodging avoided, 
territories without established 

1602
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,600
Muslim communities, and timed 
his journeys to coincide with 

1603
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,600
Merchant, Caravans that provided
safety in numbers. 

1604
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:21,000
His account downplays the 
pragmatic considerations that 

1605
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:24,500
determined his path instead 
emphasizing religious 

1606
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:29,500
motivations or pure wonderlust. 
Perhaps most remarkably IBN 

1607
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:31,800
battuta operated within an 
economic system. 

1608
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:36,000
That valued his very foreignness
as courts throughout the Islamic

1609
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:39,300
World sought to demonstrate 
their cosmopolitanism hosting 

1610
01:28:39,300 --> 01:28:42,100
travelers from distant regions, 
became a form of cultural 

1611
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,400
capital. 
The Moroccan scholar. 

1612
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:47,400
Could leverage his exotic 
background increasingly 

1613
01:28:47,400 --> 01:28:50,400
embellished as he traveled into 
opportunities, that local 

1614
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:53,500
Scholars could not access. 
This created a self-reinforcing 

1615
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:57,800
cycle, the father, he traveled, 
the more valuable, his presence 

1616
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:01,700
became to subsequent hosts. 
When resources fails as they 

1617
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:04,900
occasionally, did it but two 
resulted to more desperate 

1618
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:08,700
measures in the steps, north of 
the Black Sea, he was robbed of 

1619
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:11,300
nearly all possessions and 
survived, by attaching himself 

1620
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:15,300
to a passing Caravan as an 
informal religious advisor in 

1621
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:18,100
the mountains of turkey. 
He worked briefly as a copyist 

1622
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:20,400
producing manuscripts for a 
local madrasa. 

1623
01:29:21,100 --> 01:29:24,100
These episodes of vulnerability 
rarely appear in his polished 

1624
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,300
narrative, but emerged through 
inconsistencies in his timeline 

1625
01:29:27,300 --> 01:29:30,800
and oblique references. 
By the time, even batuta 

1626
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:34,400
returned to Morocco in 1349. 
He had mastered, the economic 

1627
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,800
architecture of medieval travel 
transforming, his modest, legal 

1628
01:29:37,800 --> 01:29:40,500
credentials into a career, that 
spanned continents and cultures,

1629
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:43,900
the conventional Narrative of 
IBN battuta, portrays him. 

1630
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:46,900
As a solitary, male traveler 
moving through a world dominated

1631
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:49,600
by men. 
It is own account when red 

1632
01:29:49,600 --> 01:29:52,400
Against the Grain, reveals 
dozens of women who profoundly 

1633
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:56,300
influenced his experience as 
provided critical assistance and

1634
01:29:56,300 --> 01:30:00,000
occasionally redirected his 
journey entirely Their stories 

1635
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:04,200
often reduced to brief mentions 
in his text illuminate, aspects 

1636
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:07,300
of medieval Islamic Society, 
typically obscured in historical

1637
01:30:07,300 --> 01:30:12,400
accounts in Damascus, Eben, 
battuta encountered zaynab bint 

1638
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:15,300
amideast a scholar. 
Who held the prized ijazah 

1639
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:18,400
teaching license for the 
collected works of Hadith 

1640
01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:22,600
scholar, album Carrie, despite 
his only legal training IBM to 

1641
01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:26,800
lacked this person's credential 
He studied under her for several

1642
01:30:26,800 --> 01:30:29,800
months joining classes that 
included both male and female 

1643
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,300
students before receiving his 
only jazza. 

1644
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:36,300
That a male scholar from Morocco
would seek instruction from a 

1645
01:30:36,300 --> 01:30:38,600
woman challenges. 
Simplified narratives about 

1646
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,400
gender in medieval Islamic 
education. 

1647
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:46,100
The most remarkable woman I met 
IBN battuta wrote unexpectedly 

1648
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:48,900
was the Turkish princess by a 
loon. 

1649
01:30:49,800 --> 01:30:53,200
This daughter of the Byzantine, 
emperor had married, the Mongol 

1650
01:30:53,200 --> 01:30:55,800
Khan as beg, but maintained her 
Christian faith. 

1651
01:30:55,800 --> 01:30:58,700
When the Khan dispatched her to 
visit her father, in 

1652
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:02,400
Constantinople IBN battuta 
secured permission to join her 

1653
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:05,100
Entourage. 
Providing him rare access to 

1654
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:07,900
Byzantine territories typically 
closed and Muslim Travelers. 

1655
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:11,700
Throughout this journey by Alana
effectively served as his 

1656
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:15,300
protector and guide, determining
the itinerary and managing 

1657
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:19,300
diplomatic interactions in the 
Maldives where even batuta 

1658
01:31:19,300 --> 01:31:22,800
served briefly, as chief judge, 
he described to society with 

1659
01:31:22,800 --> 01:31:26,700
striking features of matricula 
quality where husbands moved 

1660
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,400
into the households of their 
wives and women maintained 

1661
01:31:29,400 --> 01:31:35,100
control over their divorce. 
He noted with evident 

1662
01:31:35,100 --> 01:31:37,900
discomfort. 
No, man would eat food except 

1663
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,100
what has been prepared in his 
wife's house. 

1664
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,000
And to eat in one's own house, 
would bring great shame. 

1665
01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:47,900
His attempts to impose stricter,
gender segregation during his 

1666
01:31:47,900 --> 01:31:51,000
judge ship generated significant
resistance from local women. 

1667
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,200
Ultimately contributing to his 
departure from the islands. 

1668
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:58,100
His most consequential romance 
occurred in Bukhara with a 

1669
01:31:58,100 --> 01:32:01,100
Merchant's daughter named Aisha.
Though he mentions her only 

1670
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:04,100
briefly contextual evidence 
suggests, she traveled with him 

1671
01:32:04,100 --> 01:32:07,000
for nearly eight months 
including through the dangerous 

1672
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:10,200
mountain, passes of Central 
Asia, when she fell ill in 

1673
01:32:10,200 --> 01:32:12,800
Samarkand IBN battuta faced a 
pivotal Choice. 

1674
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:15,200
Continue his journey or remain 
with her. 

1675
01:32:15,200 --> 01:32:18,800
He chose to proceed a decision. 
He later described with 

1676
01:32:18,808 --> 01:32:23,000
uncharacteristic regret. 
Of all the paths not taken the 

1677
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:25,400
road back to esher remains most 
Vivid in my memory. 

1678
01:32:26,600 --> 01:32:30,300
Eben tutors account reveals a 
pattern in which female slaves 

1679
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:33,200
frequently served as linguistic 
and cultural intermediaries. 

1680
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:37,600
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 
girl who spoke both Persian and 

1681
01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:40,400
Bengali relying on her 
translations during his 

1682
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,900
six-month day. 
Similarly, in Constantinople, he

1683
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:46,800
employed a greek-speaking slave 
who negotiated his access to 

1684
01:32:46,800 --> 01:32:49,600
various sites, including the 
Hagia Sophia. 

1685
01:32:50,400 --> 01:32:54,500
These women unnamed in his text 
performed critical functions 

1686
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:57,200
that made his travel possible 
yet receive minimal 

1687
01:32:57,200 --> 01:33:00,400
acknowledgment. 
Perhaps most revealing, as it 

1688
01:33:00,408 --> 01:33:03,700
been berta's interaction with 
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 

1689
01:33:03,700 --> 01:33:07,700
of Mali. during his West African
travels, he committed a serious 

1690
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:10,600
breach of protocol when 
addressing her father, rather 

1691
01:33:10,600 --> 01:33:14,300
than having him punished 
Khadijah intervened, explaining 

1692
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:18,100
to IBN battuta the proper Court 
etiquette, She later granted him

1693
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:21,400
access to women's quarters of 
the palace spaces entirely 

1694
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:24,500
closed to most male visitors 
where he observed and documented

1695
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:28,400
female politic or influence in 
the Mali Empire that would 

1696
01:33:28,400 --> 01:33:31,900
otherwise remain unrecorded. 
Naveen. 

1697
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:35,300
Berta's marriages reveals a 
calculated approached Intimacy 

1698
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:38,300
in regions where he planned 
Extended Stays. 

1699
01:33:38,300 --> 01:33:41,900
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

1700
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:45,200
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

1701
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,200
networks, when to parting 
usually exercise. 

1702
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,500
The Islamic of unilateral 
divorce though, occasionally 

1703
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:55,100
economic circumstances or family
interventions complicated these 

1704
01:33:55,100 --> 01:33:57,800
separations. 
While his descriptions of women,

1705
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,700
often reflect the prejudices of 
his time and background, the 

1706
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:03,700
occasionally contained. 
Surprising insights In 

1707
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:06,000
describing female religious 
scholars in Damascus. 

1708
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:10,400
He observed their knowledge. 
Often exceeds that of men for 

1709
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:12,800
they devote themselves entirely 
to study while men are 

1710
01:34:12,808 --> 01:34:17,000
distracted by worldly Pursuits. 
this recognition of how gendered

1711
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:19,800
expectations might actually 
Advantage, female scholars in 

1712
01:34:19,808 --> 01:34:24,000
specific contexts demonstrates, 
an analytical depth rarely 

1713
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:28,600
credited to him Through these 
fragmentary references, a 

1714
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:30,400
different understanding of 
Edinburgh. 

1715
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:33,900
Tutor's Journey, emerges, not as
the adventure of an independent 

1716
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:37,600
male traveler, but as a complex,
social Endeavor shaped by 

1717
01:34:37,600 --> 01:34:41,700
numerous women whose assistants 
knowledge and relationships. 

1718
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:45,800
Made his unprecedented travels 
possible in 1335 somewhere 

1719
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:48,900
between the cities of astrakhan.
And Sarai along the Volga River 

1720
01:34:48,900 --> 01:34:52,300
IBN battuta experience. 
What modern psychologists would 

1721
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:55,800
likely classify as a severe 
mental health crisis though? 

1722
01:34:55,800 --> 01:34:58,500
He never named it as such 
lacking the vocabulary or 

1723
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:01,100
conceptual framework his writing
from this period. 

1724
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:03,500
Reveals profound psychological 
distress. 

1725
01:35:03,500 --> 01:35:06,300
That nearly terminated his 
travels entirely. 

1726
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,400
The episode began with physical 
symptoms insomnia, that lasted 

1727
01:35:10,400 --> 01:35:13,300
weeks followed by what he 
described as a heaviness of 

1728
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:15,600
spirit that prevented even the 
simplest decision. 

1729
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:20,500
He abandoned his plan, Eastward 
Journey, three times each time 

1730
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:23,000
returning to astrocare after 
traveling just a few miles. 

1731
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:26,200
Local Merchants noted, his 
erratic Behavior. 

1732
01:35:26,900 --> 01:35:28,800
Particularly his sudden, 
aversion to crowds and 

1733
01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:30,800
marketplaces. 
That had previously been Central

1734
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:34,400
to his daily routine. 
I found myself unable to recall 

1735
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:36,600
the first lines of even the most
familiar prayers. 

1736
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:40,500
He wrote in a passage, rarely 
highlighted by historians words.

1737
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:42,600
I had known since childhood 
became foreign to me. 

1738
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:46,800
This cognitive disruption, 
coincided with an unusually 

1739
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,500
harsh winter, during which IBN 
battuta remained. 

1740
01:35:50,500 --> 01:35:53,900
Largely confined to a small room
provided by a sympathetic 

1741
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,200
Iranian physician named 
al-tabari. 

1742
01:35:57,600 --> 01:35:59,600
Several factors. 
Likely contributed to this 

1743
01:35:59,600 --> 01:36:03,300
cycle, collapse. 
Just months earlier IBN battuta 

1744
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:06,100
had received news of his 
father's death delivered by a 

1745
01:36:06,100 --> 01:36:09,500
merchant from Tangier. 
Whom he encountered unexpectedly

1746
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:12,300
and Damascus. 
This loss coincided with the 

1747
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:15,400
10th anniversary of his 
departure from home, triggering 

1748
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,300
what his writing suggests was an
intense period of grief and 

1749
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:21,000
regret over his absence during 
his father's final Year's. 

1750
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:23,500
Compounding. 
This emotional strain was a 

1751
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:26,500
severe case of frostbite that 
damaged several toes on his 

1752
01:36:26,500 --> 01:36:30,200
right foot Injury left, him 
temporarily immobile and 

1753
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:32,000
dependent on Strangers for basic
needs. 

1754
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:35,300
A profound vulnerability for a 
man who had cultivated 

1755
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:37,100
self-sufficiently throughout his
travels. 

1756
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:41,500
The physical pain, limited 
mobility, and force dependents, 

1757
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:44,300
created conditions, right for 
cycle of distress. 

1758
01:36:45,100 --> 01:36:48,800
Even batutas recovery came 
through, an unexpected Source, a

1759
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:52,600
Sufi Shaikh named Noman alka-ur 
yzma who practiced an 

1760
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:56,000
unconventional form of therapy. 
Rather than offering religious 

1761
01:36:56,000 --> 01:36:59,200
Council the Sheik prescribed 
daily immersion in Hot Springs 

1762
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:03,000
outside the city, followed by 
structured conversations for 

1763
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:06,000
focusing, not on spiritual 
matters but on concrete 

1764
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:08,400
memories. 
Each day, he asked me to 

1765
01:37:08,408 --> 01:37:11,100
describe a single Street or 
building from my hometown with 

1766
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:13,600
complete Precision, IBN battuta 
noted. 

1767
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,200
Through these Recollections. 
My mind began to clear. 

1768
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:22,300
The crisis transformed as 
approached to his travels before

1769
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:25,900
this episode. 
His writing displays and almost 

1770
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:28,100
clinical Detachment. 
When describing various 

1771
01:37:28,100 --> 01:37:31,400
cultures, afterward his 
observations become more 

1772
01:37:31,400 --> 01:37:34,100
empathetic, particularly 
regarding individuals 

1773
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:37,500
experience, in forms of 
suffering or displacement, He 

1774
01:37:37,500 --> 01:37:40,200
began seeking hospitals and 
charitable institutions in each 

1775
01:37:40,200 --> 01:37:44,200
City he visited space, is he had
previously ignored during this 

1776
01:37:44,200 --> 01:37:46,800
period. 
He also abandoned a project, he 

1777
01:37:46,800 --> 01:37:50,100
had carried for years, ambitious
legal Treatise, comparing, 

1778
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:53,500
Judicial Systems across 
different his La Victoria's, his

1779
01:37:53,500 --> 01:37:56,100
notes for this work, which he 
occasionally references in his 

1780
01:37:56,100 --> 01:37:58,000
later. 
Travelogue were left with a 

1781
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:01,100
scholar in Sarai. 
This abandonment of scholarly 

1782
01:38:01,100 --> 01:38:04,900
ambition suggests a fundamental 
reevaluation of priorities 

1783
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:08,800
following his psychological 
crisis, most significantly even 

1784
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,800
batuta emerged from this period 
with an altered relationship to 

1785
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:14,000
home. 
Before his breakdown, his 

1786
01:38:14,000 --> 01:38:16,700
writings reveal an assumption 
that he would eventually return 

1787
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:19,100
to Morocco. 
To occupy a prestigious judicial

1788
01:38:19,100 --> 01:38:21,800
position. 
Afterward he began 

1789
01:38:21,800 --> 01:38:25,800
conceptualizing himself as 
permanently transient a identity

1790
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,700
shift that allowed him to engage
more deeply with each location 

1791
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:32,000
rather than viewing it 
instrumental as material for 

1792
01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:33,300
future. 
Scholarly work. 

1793
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:38,100
The psychological vulnerability 
IBN battuta experience to 

1794
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,200
contrast sharply with the 
confident Persona, he cultivates

1795
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:44,600
through most of his narrative. 
This tension between public 

1796
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:47,500
performance and private struggle
characterized much of his 

1797
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:52,300
journey in Delhi Constantinople 
and later in Marley, he 

1798
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:55,500
presented himself as a composed 
authoritative figure while 

1799
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:57,100
privately. 
Grappling with recurring 

1800
01:38:57,100 --> 01:39:01,600
episodes of what he calls the 
darkness of spirit, Eben, 

1801
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:04,700
battuta's Mental Health crisis 
provides a rare window into the 

1802
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:07,900
cycle dimension of medieval 
travel, the cognitive and 

1803
01:39:07,900 --> 01:39:10,900
emotional toll of sustained. 
Displacement identity, 

1804
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,700
disruption and cultural 
dissonance His experience, 

1805
01:39:14,700 --> 01:39:17,800
challenges romanticized, Notions
of pre-modern exploration 

1806
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:21,400
revealing, the profound personal
cost that accompanied his 

1807
01:39:21,408 --> 01:39:26,700
Geographic Mobility by Spring 
1336, IBN battuta had recovered 

1808
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:28,800
sufficiently to resume his 
Eastward Journey. 

1809
01:39:29,500 --> 01:39:32,500
Yet the cycle patterns 
established during this crisis, 

1810
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:36,000
including periodic withdrawals 
into isolation and recurring 

1811
01:39:36,000 --> 01:39:39,500
battles with what appears to be 
situational depression would 

1812
01:39:39,500 --> 01:39:42,500
resurface throughout his 
subsequent travels particularly 

1813
01:39:42,500 --> 01:39:46,700
during his difficult final years
in Mali and Spain among tutors 

1814
01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:49,700
most valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge, is his 

1815
01:39:49,700 --> 01:39:53,100
details account of killer a 
prosperous East African Coastal.

1816
01:39:53,100 --> 01:39:55,900
Sultanate that dominated in 
Indian Ocean trade networks for 

1817
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:58,100
centuries. 
Yet remains largely absent from 

1818
01:39:58,100 --> 01:40:01,700
Western Historical awareness. 
His documentation provides one 

1819
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:03,500
of the few contemporary 
descriptions of this 

1820
01:40:03,500 --> 01:40:07,100
sophisticated commercial power 
before its eventual, disruption 

1821
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,200
by Portuguese forces, in the 
early 16th century. 

1822
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:15,000
Even before tutor arrived in, 
kilwa in modern Tanzania, in 

1823
01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:18,600
1331 having traveled down the 
East African Coast from 

1824
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:21,500
Mogadishu. 
What he encountered defied, his 

1825
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:25,000
expectations and challenges 
persistent misconceptions about 

1826
01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:29,100
pre-colonial African States. 
I've seen no more beautiful city

1827
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:32,900
in all my travels he wrote with 
uncharacteristic enthusiasm its 

1828
01:40:32,900 --> 01:40:36,400
buildings are constructed 
entirely of wood expertly joined

1829
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:40,000
without nails or pegs and roofed
with panels of red, Mangrove 

1830
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:42,200
that shine like polished metal 
under the sun. 

1831
01:40:42,900 --> 01:40:45,800
The killer he described was the 
center of a commercial Network 

1832
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:48,800
that stretched from the interior
gold fields of Zimbabwe to the 

1833
01:40:48,800 --> 01:40:51,700
northern ports of India. 
It's Harbor, accommodated. 

1834
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:55,100
Hundreds of vessels ranging from
Coastal, dowels to Deepwater 

1835
01:40:55,100 --> 01:40:57,300
Merchant ships from Gujarat and 
China. 

1836
01:40:58,000 --> 01:41:00,500
Even battuta noted with 
particular interest, the 

1837
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:03,500
standardized system of 
commercial, documentation used 

1838
01:41:03,500 --> 01:41:07,300
in Killers Customs houses. 
Sophisticated predecessor to 

1839
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:10,800
Modern bills of lading that 
facilitated complex commercial 

1840
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:14,700
Arrangements, across linguistic,
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta

1841
01:41:14,700 --> 01:41:19,500
encountered Sultan Al Hassan, 
Suleman represented, the Coleman

1842
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:22,700
of a dynastic tradition that 
traced its Origins to Persian 

1843
01:41:22,700 --> 01:41:26,100
settle as who had intermarried 
with local Bantu population's, 

1844
01:41:26,100 --> 01:41:28,100
the resulting cultural 
synthesis. 

1845
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:31,400
Had produced a distinctive 
Swahili civilization, that IBN 

1846
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:34,500
battuta recognized as neither 
purely African nor Middle 

1847
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:36,900
Eastern, but something uniquely 
integrated. 

1848
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:41,000
The sultan himself maintained a 
court protocol that combined 

1849
01:41:41,000 --> 01:41:44,500
elements from Abbasid, Fatimid 
and Indigenous African 

1850
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:47,600
traditions. 
Kill was economic Foundation 

1851
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:50,000
rested on its control of gold 
trade from the interior, 

1852
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:53,400
particularly from what IBN 
battuta called the land of 

1853
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:55,900
yuffie likely, the Zimbabwe 
plateau. 

1854
01:41:57,000 --> 01:41:59,300
This gold traveled along 
protected trade routes 

1855
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:02,400
maintained by the sultanate, 
through a series of Inland 

1856
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:05,800
administrative centers. 
IBN battuta observed one, 

1857
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,600
Caravans arrival noting, the 
elaborate security. 

1858
01:42:08,600 --> 01:42:11,100
Measures that protected the 
precious cargo and the 

1859
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:14,400
sophisticated, weighing and a 
say technique used to verify the

1860
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,500
Gold's purity. 
The religious life of killer, 

1861
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:20,500
particularly impressed, IBN 
battuta, who counted more than 

1862
01:42:20,508 --> 01:42:24,900
40 substantial mosques within 
the city walls, the Grand Mosque

1863
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:27,800
portions of which still stand 
today, featured in of 

1864
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,900
architectural elements, 
including sailing, derived 

1865
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:34,500
tensioning systems that allowed 
its Dome to span a greater 

1866
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:36,800
distance than typical Islamic 
structures of the period. 

1867
01:42:37,500 --> 01:42:40,200
IBN battuta specifically 
commented on the mosques 

1868
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:44,200
distinctive octagonal minaret. 
Which Incorporated acoustic 

1869
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:46,700
enhancements that carried the 
moose in his call across the 

1870
01:42:46,708 --> 01:42:49,900
entire Harbor. 
Most remarkable was killed was 

1871
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:53,400
monetary system. 
Which utilized standardized gold

1872
01:42:53,400 --> 01:42:57,000
coins known as midcal. 
That circulated us alongside 

1873
01:42:57,000 --> 01:42:59,000
copper tokens for smaller 
transactions. 

1874
01:42:59,700 --> 01:43:02,700
IBN battuta noted that these 
coins were accepted without 

1875
01:43:02,700 --> 01:43:06,700
question throughout the trading 
networks, extending to India a 

1876
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:09,400
testament to kill was reputation
for commercial integrity. 

1877
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:13,200
He recorded watching Court, 
metallurgists testing, incoming,

1878
01:43:13,200 --> 01:43:16,400
gold shipments and striking new 
coins under the Sultan's direct 

1879
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:19,300
supervision. 
The social structure of killer 

1880
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:23,100
revealed complex stratification,
that defied IBN batters attempts

1881
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:26,400
at simple categorization, the 
urban population included in 

1882
01:43:26,400 --> 01:43:29,800
indigenous Africans, Arab, and 
Persian, descendants, and mixed 

1883
01:43:29,800 --> 01:43:32,100
Heritage individuals, who 
occupied various social 

1884
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:35,700
positions, without rigid, racial
boundaries, he observed, that 

1885
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:38,800
key administrative positions 
were filled based on Merit and 

1886
01:43:38,800 --> 01:43:42,800
familial connections rather than
ethnic background creating a 

1887
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:45,400
meritocratic system that 
contrasted with more hereditary 

1888
01:43:45,400 --> 01:43:46,800
structures. 
He had encountered, elsewhere 

1889
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,800
women in Kill were occupied 
positions of significant 

1890
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:52,900
economic independence, 
particularly in the textile 

1891
01:43:52,900 --> 01:43:55,900
sector. 
Urban beta described workshops, 

1892
01:43:55,900 --> 01:43:58,200
where women control the 
production of the finely woven 

1893
01:43:58,200 --> 01:44:00,400
cotton cloth that served as a 
major export. 

1894
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:03,700
The mistresses of these 
establishments from he noted 

1895
01:44:03,700 --> 01:44:07,100
maintain their own accounts and 
negotiate directly with foreign 

1896
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,200
Merchants requiring, no male 
intermediaries. 

1897
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:13,900
This economical autonomy, 
extended to property ownership 

1898
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:16,900
with Eben, battuta recording his
surprise, at learning. 

1899
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:20,000
That nearly a third of kill was 
Urban real estate was held by 

1900
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,000
women. 
When IBM, Peter departed, killer

1901
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:26,300
after a three-month, stay he 
carried with him documentation. 

1902
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:29,400
That would later prove 
invaluable to historians precise

1903
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,600
observations of a sophisticated 
African urban center that 

1904
01:44:32,600 --> 01:44:35,800
operated as an equal participant
in Indian Ocean, trade Networks.

1905
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:38,900
His account contradicts 
persistent narratives that 

1906
01:44:38,900 --> 01:44:42,700
portray pre-colonial African 
societies as isolated or 

1907
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:46,100
technologically primitive. 
Instead revealing killers and 

1908
01:44:46,100 --> 01:44:49,300
Innovative commercial power that
combined multiple cultural 

1909
01:44:49,300 --> 01:44:52,000
traditions in to a distinctive 
and successful synthesis. 

1910
01:44:52,000 --> 01:44:55,600
The final destination in 
Edinburgh tutors, Epic Journey, 

1911
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:59,000
China during the Yuan Dynasty 
represents his most 

1912
01:44:59,000 --> 01:45:01,600
controversial claim in his most 
significant failure. 

1913
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,300
Unlike his details accounts of 
other regions. 

1914
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:07,100
His description of China 
contains geographical and 

1915
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:11,200
consistency employable timelines
and passengers that appear 

1916
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,100
borrowed from other Travelers 
reports for centuries. 

1917
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:17,600
Historians have debated whether 
IBN battuta actually reached 

1918
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:20,300
China or fabricated this portion
of his narrative. 

1919
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:23,400
Recent scholarship. 
Suggests a more nuanced 

1920
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:27,400
possibility that IBN battuta did
indeed enter your territory but 

1921
01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:30,100
experienced a series of setbacks
that prevented him from 

1922
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:32,600
accessing the cultural and 
political centers. 

1923
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:36,700
He had intended to visit his 
subsequent account represents an

1924
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:39,900
attempt to salvage reputation 
from failure through a 

1925
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,600
combination of borrowed details 
and strategic emissions. 

1926
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:46,300
IBN battuta's China's began 
before he even reached its 

1927
01:45:46,300 --> 01:45:50,800
borders in 1345. 
While in Calicut modern Kerala 

1928
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:52,900
India. 
He boarded a Chinese treasure 

1929
01:45:52,900 --> 01:45:55,900
ship Bound for Guangzhou with 
most of his accumulated 

1930
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,100
possessions including gifs 
intended for the UNM emperor. 

1931
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:02,600
When a storm forced the ship to 
Anchor near Calicut overnight 

1932
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:06,400
IBN battuta went ashore to 
attend prayers during his 

1933
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:10,400
absence of violence storm, drove
the ship out, to see all my 

1934
01:46:10,400 --> 01:46:13,500
possessions remained on board. 
He wrote, including the slave 

1935
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:16,200
girls and gifts that the Sultan 
of Delhi had sent with me to the

1936
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:20,400
Emperor of China. 
This catastrophic loss left eye 

1937
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,700
in a precarious position. 
Expected to continue his 

1938
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,200
diplomatic Mission. 
Without the gifts that would 

1939
01:46:26,200 --> 01:46:29,700
secure proper reception. after 
several months attempting to 

1940
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:32,500
rebuild his resources in 
Southern India, he embarked 

1941
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:36,600
again on a different vessel This
ship was attacked by pirates in 

1942
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:40,200
the Strait of Malacca and IBN 
battuta narrowly escaped with 

1943
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:42,900
his life, losing what remained 
of his possessions. 

1944
01:46:42,900 --> 01:46:45,800
When he finally reached what 
appears to have been fujian 

1945
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:50,200
province in late 1346 IBN 
battuta encountered a political 

1946
01:46:50,200 --> 01:46:52,000
situation. 
He was unprepared to navigate 

1947
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:56,400
the UN Dynasty established by 
Mongol conquerors maintained. 

1948
01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:59,300
A rigid classification system 
that placed foreign Muslims in 

1949
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:01,600
specific administrative 
categories with limited 

1950
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:05,000
privileges, Without proper 
diplomatic credentials and 

1951
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:08,800
Gifts, even batuta could not 
secure the status necessary to 

1952
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:11,300
access the Imperial Court, or 
major cultural centers. 

1953
01:47:12,300 --> 01:47:15,000
His writing suggests, he spent 
approximately four months in 

1954
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:18,600
Chinese territory, primarily in 
coastal regions with established

1955
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:22,000
Muslim merchants communities. 
These enclaves while technically

1956
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:24,900
within China functioned, as 
cultural aisle islands, where 

1957
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:28,500
Arabic and Persian were commonly
spoken and Islamic Customs 

1958
01:47:28,500 --> 01:47:31,500
maintained. 
From these limited Vantage 

1959
01:47:31,500 --> 01:47:34,600
points. 
Hidden Glimpse Chinese Society 

1960
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:37,100
but never experience the 
immersive engagement that 

1961
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,400
characterized his travels. 
Elsewhere, the UN China section 

1962
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:44,000
of his narrative contains 
telling gaps unlike his accounts

1963
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,700
of India or Molly, where he 
named specific individuals who 

1964
01:47:47,700 --> 01:47:51,100
hosted him his Chinese 
interactions remain strikingly 

1965
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,000
anonymous, he describes no 
extended conversations with 

1966
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:57,600
Chinese Scholars or officials 
suggesting very limited contact 

1967
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:01,100
Beyond Merchant intermediaries 
his observations Focus 

1968
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:05,300
predominantly on material 
culture Ceramics, paper currency

1969
01:48:05,300 --> 01:48:08,300
shipbuilding, techniques, rather
than social, or political 

1970
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:10,900
systems, he could only have 
understood through sustained 

1971
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:15,500
interaction Most revealing is 
even berta's omission of any 

1972
01:48:15,500 --> 01:48:18,700
mention of the Grand Canal. 
China's most impressive 

1973
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:21,300
infrastructure projects that 
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 

1974
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:25,200
This absence is particularly 
striking given his pattern of 

1975
01:48:25,200 --> 01:48:27,700
documenting major engineering 
Works throughout his travels. 

1976
01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:31,000
Similarly, he fails to mention 
the distinctive Chinese 

1977
01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:32,900
examination system for civil 
service. 

1978
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:35,900
A unique administrative 
Innovation that would have 

1979
01:48:35,908 --> 01:48:39,400
fascinated, a train jurist. 
These gaps strongly suggest 

1980
01:48:39,400 --> 01:48:42,100
limited access to China's 
interior regions and 

1981
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:47,000
administrative centers. 
What edinburgh's essentially was

1982
01:48:47,000 --> 01:48:50,600
Maritime China? 
The coastal interface were 

1983
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:53,900
foreign Merchants conducted 
heavily regulated trade under un

1984
01:48:53,900 --> 01:48:56,300
supervision. 
When he realized, he could not 

1985
01:48:56,300 --> 01:48:58,100
penetrate Beyond this, periphery
with that. 

1986
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:00,800
Proper credentials. 
He appears to have supplemented 

1987
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,400
his limited first-hand 
observations with the counts 

1988
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:07,200
from Persian and Arab Merchants 
who had better access. this 

1989
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:10,400
experience of failure was not 
unique to China in IBM but as 

1990
01:49:10,400 --> 01:49:13,500
travels Throughout his nearly 
three decades of journeying 

1991
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:17,600
experienced numerous setbacks 
redirections and outright 

1992
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,200
disasters. 
What distinguishes, the China 

1993
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:23,100
episode is his unwillingness to 
acknowledge these limitations, 

1994
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:25,900
in his subsequent account 
likely, because China 

1995
01:49:25,900 --> 01:49:28,900
represented, the easternmost 
extent of his travels and 

1996
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:31,200
therefore held symbolic 
importance to his overall 

1997
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:34,400
narrative. 
Even Peters partially invented. 

1998
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,700
China becomes fascinating case, 
study in travel literatures 

1999
01:49:37,700 --> 01:49:41,600
complex relationship with truth.
Rather than viewing his account 

2000
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:45,200
as either factual or fraudulent,
we might understand it as a 

2001
01:49:45,200 --> 01:49:48,900
negotiation between experience 
expectation and reputation 

2002
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:53,200
management. 
His China narrative reveals how 

2003
01:49:53,200 --> 01:49:57,000
many evil Travelers constructed 
authoritative accounts even when

2004
01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:59,800
their actual experience is fell 
short of their ambitions. 

2005
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:04,700
By early 1347 in batuta had 
abandoned his Chinese 

2006
01:50:04,700 --> 01:50:07,000
aspirations and begun. 
The long journey that would have

2007
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:10,400
eventually returned him to 
Morocco, the China episode with 

2008
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,900
its blend of limited observation
and borrowed detail represents 

2009
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:17,100
not just Geographic terrain, but
the boundaries of Edinburgh 

2010
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:20,500
tutors remarkable adaptability 
as a traveler, the conventional 

2011
01:50:20,500 --> 01:50:23,900
Narrative of Eden battuta 
conclude with his return to 

2012
01:50:23,900 --> 01:50:27,200
Morocco in 1349 and the 
subsequent dictation of his 

2013
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:30,600
travels to images, a who 
compiled the famous Realo 

2014
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:33,600
Journey, that secured even 
tooters historical Legacy. 

2015
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:36,600
Yet this account. 
Emits a significant Final 

2016
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,500
Chapter his journey through 
Muslim Spain, and the North 

2017
01:50:39,508 --> 01:50:42,900
African interior, that occupied 
the last decade of his life and 

2018
01:50:42,900 --> 01:50:47,100
revealed a man transformed by 
his earlier travels in 1350 just

2019
01:50:47,100 --> 01:50:49,400
months after completing. 
The initial dictation of his 

2020
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:53,000
epic travelogue, IBN battuta 
embarked on a journey to the 

2021
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:56,000
kingdom of Granada. 
The last remaining Muslim state 

2022
01:50:56,000 --> 01:50:58,900
in Iberia. 
His motivations for this trip 

2023
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,900
differed markedly from his 
earlier travels rather than 

2024
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:03,600
seeking Adventure or career 
advancement. 

2025
01:51:04,700 --> 01:51:07,400
He traveled as a cultural 
Ambassador concerned with the 

2026
01:51:07,400 --> 01:51:10,400
erosion of Islamic governance in
territories being steadily 

2027
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:12,000
reconquered by Christian 
kingdoms. 

2028
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:15,200
I founding Grenada people 
clinging to Traditions. 

2029
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:18,500
They scarcely remembered he 
wrote in passages excluded from 

2030
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:21,300
the standard wrestler. 
They maintain the forms of 

2031
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:23,500
Muslim practice while forgetting
their substance. 

2032
01:51:24,600 --> 01:51:27,900
This critical perspective, 
reflects your number's Evolution

2033
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:30,900
from an observer of cultural 
differences to an active 

2034
01:51:30,900 --> 01:51:33,600
advocate for religious 
authenticity as he defined it. 

2035
01:51:34,700 --> 01:51:37,700
The Granada Journey initiated 
appeared of what even batuta 

2036
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,500
called purposeful travel 
Journeys. 

2037
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,800
Undertaken, not for exploration,
but for specific cultural 

2038
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:48,500
interventions. 
Between 1352 and 1355, he 

2039
01:51:48,500 --> 01:51:51,500
traversed the middle Atlas 
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 

2040
01:51:51,500 --> 01:51:54,600
remote Berber communities, where
Islamic practices had blended 

2041
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:57,700
with indigenous traditions. 
Unlike his earlier. 

2042
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:00,700
Descriptive approach to cultural
difference, these accounts, 

2043
01:52:00,700 --> 01:52:03,100
reveal active efforts to modify 
local practices. 

2044
01:52:03,100 --> 01:52:05,400
He deemed inconsistent with 
Orthodox, Islam. 

2045
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:09,200
This late life transformation 
from traveler to reformer 

2046
01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:12,600
culminated in his. 
Most overlooked Journey, an 

2047
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:14,900
expedition to the Mali Empire in
1352. 

2048
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:19,200
This West African Kingdom had 
already embraced Islam but IBN 

2049
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:22,500
battuta approached it with 
missionary Zeal nonetheless, his

2050
01:52:22,500 --> 01:52:25,000
account of Molly differs 
strikingly from his earlier, 

2051
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:27,800
writing's focusing almost 
exclusively on religious 

2052
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:31,000
practices, rather than the 
commercial and political systems

2053
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:35,900
that had previously captured his
attention In Mali, IBN battuta 

2054
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:39,100
experience his. 
Most significant rejection after

2055
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:41,000
a tempting to implement 
stricter, religious 

2056
01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:43,400
interpretations at the court of 
Mansa Suleiman. 

2057
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:47,200
He was effectively sidelined 
comfortable, but inconsequential

2058
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:49,000
duties, that limited his 
influence. 

2059
01:52:49,800 --> 01:52:53,600
After six months of frustration,
he departed Northwood leaving 

2060
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:55,800
behind a rare written record of 
his failure. 

2061
01:52:55,800 --> 01:52:58,800
I found myself unable to bend 
this Kingdom toward the 

2062
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:01,000
practices. 
I had witnessed in Mecca for 

2063
01:53:01,000 --> 01:53:03,700
their Islam has taken root in 
forms adapted to this 

2064
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:07,600
circumstances. 
The final years of IBN Peters 

2065
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:11,600
life, reveal a pattern, common 
to many long-term Travelers the 

2066
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:13,800
complicated experience of 
returning home after 

2067
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:17,200
transformative Journeys. 
following his Molly Expedition, 

2068
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:21,000
he accepted a modest judicial 
position in fairs where 

2069
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,500
colleagues, regarded him with a 
mixture of respect for his 

2070
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:26,000
travels and suspicion of the 
foreign influences, he had 

2071
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:28,200
absorbed Court records from this
period. 

2072
01:53:28,200 --> 01:53:31,200
Show him frequently being 
overruled in his legal opinions,

2073
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:34,800
especially when he referenced 
practices from distant Islamic 

2074
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:37,400
territories. 
IBN tutors last recorded 

2075
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:40,200
Journey. 
Came in 1359 when he traveled to

2076
01:53:40,200 --> 01:53:43,700
tafla in South Eastern Morocco. 
A remote Oasis region 

2077
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:45,800
experienced in religious revival
movements. 

2078
01:53:45,800 --> 01:53:48,700
His written observations from 
this period reveal a man. 

2079
01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:51,400
Attempting to reconcile his 
Global experiences with local 

2080
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,100
realities. 
Seeking to apply lessons from 

2081
01:53:54,100 --> 01:53:56,500
distant Islamic societies to his
home region. 

2082
01:53:57,400 --> 01:54:01,100
This final Journey produced, no 
spectacular discoveries but 

2083
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:03,800
represented his mature 
integration of Decades of 

2084
01:54:03,808 --> 01:54:08,600
cross-cultural experience. 
When a tutor died around 1368, 

2085
01:54:08,600 --> 01:54:12,400
the exact date remains on 
certain, he had come full circle

2086
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:14,600
from a young man embarking on a 
standard. 

2087
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:17,000
Pilgrimage to a seasoned 
cultural intermediary, 

2088
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,100
attempting to connect disparate 
parts of the Islamic world. 

2089
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:23,600
He had experienced first-hand, 
contemporary accounts of his 

2090
01:54:23,600 --> 01:54:26,800
funeral mention, only, a modest 
attendance suggesting that, 

2091
01:54:26,800 --> 01:54:30,500
despite his extraordinary, 
travels, his immediate impact on

2092
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:34,300
Moroccan Society, remained 
Limited The enduring Paradox of 

2093
01:54:34,300 --> 01:54:37,600
IBN battuta is that his most 
significant Legacy came not 

2094
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:40,100
through his intended, religious 
and legal contributions. 

2095
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:43,300
But through the travelogue, he 
initially considered secondary 

2096
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:46,300
while his attempts at cultural 
reform faded quickly. 

2097
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:49,600
After his death, his Geographic,
and ethnographic observations 

2098
01:54:49,600 --> 01:54:51,500
preserved. 
In the realer provided 

2099
01:54:51,500 --> 01:54:54,500
invaluable documentation, of 
societies, across Africa, and 

2100
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,200
Asia during a pivotal historical
period. 

2101
01:54:57,900 --> 01:55:01,000
In the centuries, following his 
death IBN battuta's account, 

2102
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:03,600
circulated, primarily amongst 
scholars in North Africa. 

2103
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:06,800
Never achieving The Wider 
recognition in the medieval 

2104
01:55:06,800 --> 01:55:10,200
period that it deserved only in 
the mid-19th century. 

2105
01:55:10,200 --> 01:55:15,900
When French Colonial officials 
discovered The first thing you 

2106
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:18,900
notice about waking up in Old 
Kyoto's, the quality of light. 

2107
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:22,300
Your lying on to Tammy, mats in 
a room where the morning sun 

2108
01:55:22,300 --> 01:55:26,100
filter through Shoji screens. 
Those ingenious paper windows, 

2109
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:29,600
that transform harsh daylight 
into something, soft and golden 

2110
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:32,100
like honey being poured through 
cheesecloth. 

2111
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:35,600
The light doesn't burst into 
your room demanding attention. 

2112
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:40,800
Instead it seeps in gradually 
encouraging, you to wake up 

2113
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:43,300
slowly. 
And naturally the way humans did

2114
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:46,600
for thousands of years before 
alarm clocks came along to jolt 

2115
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:49,300
and to Consciousness. 
Your bed isn't really a bed at 

2116
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:51,100
all. 
But a collection of thick cotton

2117
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:54,400
mattresses called futon that you
spread out each night and fold 

2118
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,100
away each morning. 
It surprisingly comfortable. 

2119
01:55:57,100 --> 01:56:00,300
Once you get used to it though, 
you might find yourself missing 

2120
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:01,900
your box spring for the first 
few nights. 

2121
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:05,600
The Japanese have this wonderful
philosophy that you're living. 

2122
01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:08,700
Space should be flexible, 
transforming from bedroom to 

2123
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:11,100
City room to dining room as 
needed throughout the day. 

2124
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,800
It's like living in a very Zen 
Swiss army knife where every 

2125
01:56:14,800 --> 01:56:17,700
surface serves multiple purposes
and nothing is wasted. 

2126
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:19,900
The tatami mats beneath your 
futon. 

2127
01:56:19,900 --> 01:56:23,700
Feel cool and slightly springy 
under your feet woven from Rush.

2128
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:26,500
Grass, that still carries the 
faintest of the countryside 

2129
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:30,200
where it grew These maps are 
works of art in their own right.

2130
01:56:30,200 --> 01:56:33,700
Each one precisely measured and 
fitted to create perfect 

2131
01:56:33,700 --> 01:56:38,100
geometric patterns on the floor.
They're also natural air 

2132
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:41,500
purifiers absorbing humidity in 
summer and releasing it in 

2133
01:56:41,500 --> 01:56:44,900
winter, helping to regulate the 
temperature and air quality in 

2134
01:56:44,900 --> 01:56:47,500
your room without any mechanical
systems at all. 

2135
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:50,500
As you fold your bedding and 
store it in the built-in closets

2136
01:56:50,500 --> 01:56:53,600
and other Marvel of efficient 
design, you can hear your 

2137
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,800
neighbors beginning their day. 
The sound of wooden shutters 

2138
01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,700
sliding open Echoes down the 
street like a gentle percussion 

2139
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:02,900
section warming up followed by 
the soft splash of water. 

2140
01:57:02,900 --> 01:57:06,000
As people wash, their faces, in 
wooden basins, there's no 

2141
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:08,900
turning on a faucet here. 
Water has to be drawn from 

2142
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:12,500
Wells, or carried, from nearby 
streams in wooden buckets that 

2143
01:57:12,500 --> 01:57:14,600
have been worn Smooth by 
countless hands. 

2144
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,700
Over the years, the morning air 
carries the center of charcoal 

2145
01:57:17,700 --> 01:57:19,900
fires, being letting clay 
braziers throughout the 

2146
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:21,900
neighborhood. 
You'll need to light your own 

2147
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:26,000
soon because there's no Central 
Heating in Old Kyoto, just small

2148
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:29,500
Hibachi heaters that provide 
concentrated warmth exactly 

2149
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:32,500
where you need it. 
In Winter people become 

2150
01:57:32,500 --> 01:57:35,600
connoisseurs of charcoal, 
learning to distinguish between 

2151
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,600
different types and how to 
arrange them for maximum heat 

2152
01:57:38,600 --> 01:57:42,000
with minimum smoke. 
Its cozy in the way that camping

2153
01:57:42,000 --> 01:57:44,600
can be cozy except this is your 
everyday life. 

2154
01:57:44,600 --> 01:57:47,400
And you've gotten quite good at 
the delicate art of fire 

2155
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:50,600
management, the ritual of 
lighting, your Hibachi becomes a

2156
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:53,800
meditation in itself. 
First you arrange the charcoal 

2157
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:56,900
pieces like a small 
architectural project creating 

2158
01:57:56,900 --> 01:57:59,000
channels for airflow and heat 
distribution. 

2159
01:57:59,700 --> 01:58:02,900
Then comes the careful 
application of flame watching as

2160
01:58:02,900 --> 01:58:05,700
the charcoal catches and begins 
to Glow with that distinctive, 

2161
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:08,200
red, orange color. 
That means warmth and comfort. 

2162
01:58:09,100 --> 01:58:12,700
The whole process requires 
patience and attention qualities

2163
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:15,500
that Modern Life doesn't often 
demand, but which were essential

2164
01:58:15,500 --> 01:58:18,400
skills in Old Kyoto. 
Your clothing for the day is 

2165
01:58:18,400 --> 01:58:21,200
laid out in neat, piles layers 
upon layers. 

2166
01:58:21,200 --> 01:58:23,800
That would make an onion jealous
in Old. 

2167
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:25,800
Kyoto. 
Fashion was all about, layering 

2168
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:29,700
partly for warmth and partly to 
show off your taste and wealth 

2169
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:31,700
through. 
The subtle interplay of colors, 

2170
01:58:31,700 --> 01:58:33,500
peaking out at the sleeves and 
hem. 

2171
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:36,900
If you're a woman, you might 
wear up to 12 layers of Silk 

2172
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,200
Roads. 
Each one carefully chosen to 

2173
01:58:39,200 --> 01:58:42,200
complement the others in 
combinations that have poetic 

2174
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:46,100
names like evening, cherry 
blossoms, Autumn mountain, or 

2175
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:48,700
first snow on Pine the art of 
layering. 

2176
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:50,600
These robes is incredibly 
sophisticated. 

2177
01:58:50,600 --> 01:58:53,800
Requiring, not just an 
understanding of color theory 

2178
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:57,000
but also knowledge of seasonal 
appropriate Miss and social 

2179
01:58:57,000 --> 01:58:59,200
context. 
You wouldn't wear spring 

2180
01:58:59,200 --> 01:59:02,300
combinations in Autumn any more 
than you'd wear summer colors in

2181
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:05,900
Winter and the way the layers 
are arranged which colors show 

2182
01:59:05,900 --> 01:59:08,700
at the wrists, how much of each 
layer is visible at the Hem, 

2183
01:59:08,700 --> 01:59:12,400
communicates subtle messages 
about your education, your 

2184
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,200
family background, and your 
understanding of aesthetic 

2185
01:59:15,200 --> 01:59:17,900
principles that were as complex 
as any modern dress code. 

2186
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:21,600
If you're a man, you're outfit 
is simpler, but no less 

2187
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:24,500
thoughtful. 
You'll wear a suit a simple 

2188
01:59:24,508 --> 01:59:25,800
robe. 
That's the ancestor of the 

2189
01:59:25,808 --> 01:59:29,400
modern kimono under a hakama 
wide-leg trousers. 

2190
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,700
That look, remarkably like a 
very sophisticated skirt and 

2191
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:34,300
perhaps a hairy jacket over the 
top. 

2192
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:37,600
The hole Ensemble is held 
together with various chords and

2193
01:59:37,608 --> 01:59:40,900
sashes and getting dressed feels
a bit like wrapping yourself in 

2194
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:44,500
a very elegant origami project 
that somehow manages to be both 

2195
01:59:44,500 --> 01:59:46,100
formal and comfortable at the 
same time. 

2196
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:49,600
But here's the thing about all 
these layers, they're not just 

2197
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:51,900
for show or tradition's sake 
old. 

2198
01:59:51,900 --> 01:59:55,200
Kyoto can be brutally cold in 
winter with temperatures that 

2199
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,600
drop below freezing and 
sweltering humid in summer and 

2200
01:59:58,600 --> 02:00:01,300
the heat seems to press down on 
the city like a wet blanket. 

2201
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:05,000
These loose layered, garments 
are actually brilliant to 

2202
02:00:05,000 --> 02:00:07,400
helping you regulate your body 
temperature throughout the day, 

2203
02:00:07,400 --> 02:00:11,800
you can add or remove layers as 
needed open or closed, various 

2204
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:15,300
gaps to let air flow through and
the natural fibers breathing 

2205
02:00:15,300 --> 02:00:17,400
away that makes even the summer 
heat bearable. 

2206
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:21,800
Well, mostly bearable, the 
Fabrics themselves are marvels 

2207
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:25,100
of traditional technology. 
The silk is so fine. 

2208
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:28,400
It feels like liquid between 
your fingers died with colors. 

2209
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:32,300
That seem to glow from within 
The cotton is woven so tightly, 

2210
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:35,700
it's almost windproof yet. 
It still allows moisture to pass

2211
02:00:35,700 --> 02:00:38,100
through. 
And the hemp used for everyday 

2212
02:00:38,100 --> 02:00:41,500
clothing is surprisingly soft 
and durable getting better with 

2213
02:00:41,500 --> 02:00:44,500
each washing until it develops a
texture that's almost sensual 

2214
02:00:44,500 --> 02:00:46,500
against your skin once you're 
dressed. 

2215
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:50,100
It's time for breakfast which in
Old Kyoto was a much simpler 

2216
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:51,300
Affair than you. 
Might expect. 

2217
02:00:51,300 --> 02:00:54,500
But no less. 
Satisfying Rise, of course, 

2218
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:58,300
forms the foundation of every 
meal, but not the fluffy white 

2219
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:00,400
rice. 
You might be thinking of, this 

2220
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:03,500
is a hearty slightly sticky 
variety that fills you up and 

2221
02:01:03,500 --> 02:01:05,800
gives you energy for the 
physical demands of the day 

2222
02:01:05,800 --> 02:01:08,100
ahead. 
The rice is cooked in wooden 

2223
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:11,600
Steamers, over charcoal fires 
and the process fills your house

2224
02:01:11,600 --> 02:01:14,700
with a warm nutty Aroma. 
That's better than any breakfast

2225
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:16,000
advertisement you've ever 
smelled. 

2226
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:19,300
Alongside the rice, you might 
have some pickled vegetables 

2227
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:23,200
cucumbers or radishes that have 
been sitting in Sultan rice bran

2228
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,500
for days or even weeks until 
they've developed that perfect. 

2229
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:30,000
Sour crunch that wakes up your 
taste buds better than any cup 

2230
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:32,300
of coffee. 
These pickles aren't just 

2231
02:01:32,300 --> 02:01:35,200
condiments, there are essential 
sources of probiotics and 

2232
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:37,600
vitamins, especially during the 
winter months. 

2233
02:01:37,600 --> 02:01:39,000
When fresh vegetables are 
scared. 

2234
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,900
Each family has their own pickle
recipes passed down through 

2235
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,900
generations and guarded as 
carefully as any trade secret. 

2236
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,100
There might be some miso soup 
made from fermented soybean 

2237
02:01:49,100 --> 02:01:50,700
paste. 
That tasted nothing like what 

2238
02:01:50,700 --> 02:01:53,100
you'd expect from its rather 
unpromising description. 

2239
02:01:53,100 --> 02:01:57,900
It's deeply Savory and warming 
bits of seaweed or tofu floating

2240
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:00,000
in the broth like tiny islands 
of flavor. 

2241
02:02:00,900 --> 02:02:03,800
The Miso itself is aged in 
wooden barrels for months or 

2242
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:07,300
even years developing complex 
flavors that range from sweet 

2243
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:11,500
and Mild to Rich and almost 
cheese-like, the good miso soup 

2244
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:14,600
is like a warm hug in a bowl. 
Providing, both comfort and 

2245
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:16,200
nourishment. 
As you prepare for the day 

2246
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:19,100
ahead, and if you're lucky, 
there might be some grilled 

2247
02:02:19,100 --> 02:02:21,500
fish. 
Probably caught from Lake biwa 

2248
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:24,600
about an hour's walk to the east
or from the rivers that wind 

2249
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:26,000
through the surrounding 
mountains. 

2250
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:29,200
The fish is grilled over 
charcoal until the skin is 

2251
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,100
crispy and the flesh flakes 
apart with your chopsticks. 

2252
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:35,800
Releasing delicate flavors that 
speak of clean water and careful

2253
02:02:35,800 --> 02:02:37,800
preparation. 
The interesting thing about 

2254
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:40,700
meals in Old Kyoto is that 
they're eating on the floor 

2255
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:43,800
around a low table called a 
szabadi with everyone using 

2256
02:02:43,800 --> 02:02:45,700
Chopsticks. 
That feel surprisingly natural 

2257
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,900
in your hands after a few days 
of practice, There's something 

2258
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:50,500
meditative about eating this 
way. 

2259
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:53,300
Something that makes you slow 
down and actually taste your 

2260
02:02:53,308 --> 02:02:56,800
food instead of mindlessly 
consuming it while distracted by

2261
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,100
other activities. 
The low table creates an 

2262
02:03:00,100 --> 02:03:02,800
intimate atmosphere where 
conversations flow naturally and

2263
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:04,800
everyone feels equally included 
in the meal. 

2264
02:03:04,800 --> 02:03:09,100
The Chopsticks themselves are 
works of art carved from bamboo 

2265
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:13,100
or fine, wood perfectly balanced
in your hand and surprisingly 

2266
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:15,000
versatile. 
Once you learn how to use them 

2267
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:19,400
properly, They can pick up a 
single grain of rice or grasp. 

2268
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:22,000
A slippery piece of fish with 
equal ease and using them 

2269
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:25,400
becomes almost automatic after a
while like any well-designed 

2270
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:28,200
tool that eventually feels like 
an extension of your own body. 

2271
02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:32,000
After breakfast, you step 
outside into the Maze of Kyoto 

2272
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:34,500
streets, and this is where the 
real adventure begins. 

2273
02:03:35,400 --> 02:03:38,500
The city is laid out in a grid 
pattern, borrowed from the 

2274
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:42,200
Chinese capital of changan but 
unlike modern cities with their 

2275
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:45,400
wide boulevards and traffic 
lights, these streets are narrow

2276
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:48,100
and intimate. 
The main thoroughfares are wide 

2277
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:50,600
enough for ox-drawn carts and 
the occasional procession of 

2278
02:03:50,600 --> 02:03:52,700
nobles. 
But many of the residential 

2279
02:03:52,700 --> 02:03:55,100
streets are barely wide enough 
for two people to pass 

2280
02:03:55,100 --> 02:03:57,700
comfortably. 
Creating a sense of coziness 

2281
02:03:57,700 --> 02:03:59,900
that both welcoming and slightly
mysterious. 

2282
02:03:59,900 --> 02:04:03,400
The house is line up along the 
streets like books on a shelf. 

2283
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:06,800
Each one sharing walls with its 
neighbors but maintaining its 

2284
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:10,200
own distinct character through 
subtle differences in roofline, 

2285
02:04:10,200 --> 02:04:13,900
entrance design or the 
arrangement of small Guardians. 

2286
02:04:14,800 --> 02:04:18,300
Privacy isn't achieved through 
distance as it might be in more 

2287
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:21,100
spread out places. 
But through clever architecture 

2288
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:24,600
and an intricate social code 
that allows people to live cheek

2289
02:04:24,600 --> 02:04:26,900
by jowl without driving each 
other crazy. 

2290
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:30,400
You'll notice that most houses 
present a fairly modest face to 

2291
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:32,900
the street. 
Wooden facade's with small 

2292
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:35,900
windows and simple doorways that
give little hint of what lies 

2293
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:38,900
within. 
This isn't because the residents

2294
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:42,700
are unfriendly, but because in 
Japanese Aesthetics, true beauty

2295
02:04:42,700 --> 02:04:45,800
is often hidden revealed only to
those who are invited in. 

2296
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:49,100
Its like the city is full of 
people who understand the 

2297
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:51,700
difference between being 
mysterious and being standoffish

2298
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,800
between privacy and secrecy the 
wooden walls of these houses 

2299
02:04:55,800 --> 02:04:58,600
have weathered to a soft gray. 
That seems to Glow in certain 

2300
02:04:58,600 --> 02:05:02,200
lights and the natural aging 
process has given them a patina 

2301
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:04,600
that, no amount of artificial 
treatment could replicate. 

2302
02:05:05,900 --> 02:05:08,000
The wood itself comes from 
ancient forests. 

2303
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:11,500
In the surrounding mountains, 
Cedar Cyprus and pine That Grew 

2304
02:05:11,500 --> 02:05:14,500
slowly in the mountain are 
developing the tight grain and 

2305
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:17,500
natural oils that make them 
resistant to weather an insects.

2306
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,600
The sounds of the city begin to 
build as the day, progresses 

2307
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:23,500
creating a symphony that's 
completely different. 

2308
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:26,500
From any Modern urban 
environment, you'll hear the 

2309
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:30,300
rhythmic thoughts of someone 
splitting bamboo for baskets or 

2310
02:05:30,300 --> 02:05:34,600
screens, the scrap of wooden 
sandals on Stone paths on Smooth

2311
02:05:34,600 --> 02:05:38,300
by centuries of foot traffic and
the melodic calls of merchants 

2312
02:05:38,300 --> 02:05:40,800
advertising their Wares, as they
make their rounds through the 

2313
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:43,200
neighborhoods. 
Fresh fish from Lake biwa, 

2314
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:46,600
called one Merchant, his voice, 
rising and falling in a musical 

2315
02:05:46,600 --> 02:05:49,900
pattern that carries clearly 
through the morning are Tofu 

2316
02:05:49,900 --> 02:05:53,400
still warm from the Press calls.
Another pushing a wooden cart 

2317
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:56,100
loaded with blocks of fresh 
soybean, curd wrapped in clean, 

2318
02:05:56,108 --> 02:05:58,700
white cloth. 
These Merchants don't have 

2319
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:02,500
storefronts as you might expect.
Instead, they carry their goods 

2320
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:04,700
through the streets on their 
backs or in carts. 

2321
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:08,000
Bringing the market directly to 
people's doorsteps in a system, 

2322
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:09,500
that's both efficient and 
personal. 

2323
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,100
The merchant calls are almost 
like folk songs. 

2324
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:15,600
Each one with its own Rhythm and
Melody that identifies not just 

2325
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:19,000
what's being sold, but who's 
selling it, Regular customers, 

2326
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:22,100
learn to recognize their 
favorite vendors by sound alone.

2327
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,200
The way you might recognize a 
friend's laugh in a crowded 

2328
02:06:25,200 --> 02:06:27,800
room. 
There's something wonderfully 

2329
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:29,500
personal about this mobile 
Marketplace. 

2330
02:06:29,500 --> 02:06:33,200
A Commerce is conducted 
face-to-face and reputation 

2331
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:36,600
matters more than advertising 
some Merchants specialize in 

2332
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:40,300
just one or two items becoming 
true experts in their narrow 

2333
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,900
Fields, the vegetable seller 
knows which I can radishes are 

2334
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:46,400
best for pickling, which are 
better for grating fresh over 

2335
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:50,000
rice, the fish Merchant can tell
you not just where each fish was

2336
02:06:50,000 --> 02:06:53,400
caught, but what the weather was
like that day and how it might 

2337
02:06:53,400 --> 02:06:56,400
affect the flavor. 
This kind of specialized 

2338
02:06:56,400 --> 02:06:59,800
knowledge creates relationships 
between buyers and sellers that 

2339
02:06:59,800 --> 02:07:01,800
go far beyond simple 
transactions. 

2340
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,400
As you make your way through the
streets, you might decide to 

2341
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:06,700
visit one of Kyoto's, many 
temples or shrines. 

2342
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:09,800
This isn't necessarily because 
you're feeling particularly 

2343
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:12,700
religious. 
But because these sacred spaces 

2344
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:16,300
servers community, centers 
meeting places and peaceful 

2345
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:20,200
Retreats from the bustle of 
daily life, The temples are 

2346
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:22,400
scattered throughout the city 
like jewels on velvet. 

2347
02:07:22,400 --> 02:07:26,300
Each one occupying a small Oasis
of carefully, tended Gardens and

2348
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:29,800
ancient trees that provide cool 
shade in summer and shelter from

2349
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:32,100
wind, in Winter, approaching a 
temple. 

2350
02:07:32,100 --> 02:07:34,700
You'll notice how the very Act 
of entering requires you to slow

2351
02:07:34,700 --> 02:07:37,200
down and become more mindful of 
your surroundings. 

2352
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:41,500
There's often a stone path that 
winds slightly forcing you to 

2353
02:07:41,500 --> 02:07:43,900
meander, rather than Rush. 
Straight to your destination, 

2354
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:47,400
the path might lead you past a 
small waterfall or a Grove of 

2355
02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:50,400
bamboo, creating a sense of 
Journey and Discovery even in 

2356
02:07:50,400 --> 02:07:53,400
the heart of the city. 
You'll pass on a Torii gate or 

2357
02:07:53,400 --> 02:07:55,900
through a temple entrance, that 
frames your view of what lies 

2358
02:07:55,900 --> 02:07:59,400
ahead like a living painting. 
The architecture designed to 

2359
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:02,200
create specific visual 
experiences As you move through 

2360
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:06,100
the space, The transition from 
the bustling Street to the quiet

2361
02:08:06,100 --> 02:08:08,600
Temple. 
Grounds happens, gradually like 

2362
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:12,500
sinking slowly into a warm bath,
allowing your mind to adjust to 

2363
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,100
the different pace, and 
atmosphere of the Sacred Space. 

2364
02:08:15,100 --> 02:08:18,000
The temple buildings themselves 
are marvels of wooden 

2365
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:21,300
architecture held together with 
a single nail through an 

2366
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:24,400
intricate system of interlocking
joints, that allows the 

2367
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:27,200
structures to flex during 
earthquakes rather than breaking

2368
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:29,700
apart. 
This building technique 

2369
02:08:29,700 --> 02:08:33,000
developed over centuries of 
trial and error in a seismically

2370
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:35,800
active region, creates 
structures that can last for 

2371
02:08:35,800 --> 02:08:37,900
hundreds of years. 
While remaining beautiful and 

2372
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:40,600
functional, the wood has 
weathered to a soft gray. 

2373
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:43,900
That seems to Glow in certain 
lights and the curved roof 

2374
02:08:43,900 --> 02:08:46,400
lines, create graceful 
Silhouettes against the sky, 

2375
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:49,600
that changed dramatically, 
depending on the time of day and

2376
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,000
season. 
Everything is designed to work 

2377
02:08:52,000 --> 02:08:55,500
with nature, rather than against
it from the way rainwater is 

2378
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,400
channeled through decorative 
chains and of being hidden in 

2379
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,800
gutters to the way buildings are
positioned to catch cooling 

2380
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:05,300
breezes in summer and shelter 
from cold winds in Winter. 

2381
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:08,700
The roofs themselves are 
architectural, poetry covered 

2382
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:11,300
with Clay tiles. 
That were fired in kills, heated

2383
02:09:11,300 --> 02:09:14,600
with Pinewood giving them subtle
color, variations that create 

2384
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:18,000
beautiful patterns when seen 
from above The tiles are 

2385
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:20,900
arranged in overlapping rows 
that shed Reign efficiently, 

2386
02:09:20,900 --> 02:09:24,100
while creating interesting plays
of light and Shadow that changed

2387
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:27,500
throughout the day. 
In winter when snow accumulates 

2388
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:31,100
on these roofs, they look like 
something from a fairy tale with

2389
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:34,900
white caps that emphasize every 
curve and angle inside the 

2390
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:37,100
temple grounds. 
You might encounter monks going 

2391
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:40,000
about their daily routines, with
a particular kind of purposeful 

2392
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,700
Karm as if they have all the 
time in the world and yet never 

2393
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:46,900
waste a moment. 
The robes Russell softly as they

2394
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:50,300
walk and their wooden sandals. 
Make gentle, clicking sounds on 

2395
02:09:50,300 --> 02:09:52,500
the stone paths. 
That seemed to Echo in harmony 

2396
02:09:52,500 --> 02:09:54,600
with the natural sounds of the 
garden. 

2397
02:09:54,600 --> 02:09:57,000
The trickle of water over 
Stones. 

2398
02:09:57,000 --> 02:10:00,600
The Whisper Of Wind Through 
leaves, the distant chime of 

2399
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:03,100
temple bells. 
Some monks might be tending 

2400
02:10:03,100 --> 02:10:06,100
Gardens with the kind of focused
attention that makes even 

2401
02:10:06,100 --> 02:10:08,000
weeding seem like a form of 
meditation. 

2402
02:10:08,000 --> 02:10:11,500
Others might be copying sutras 
with brushes and ink. 

2403
02:10:12,200 --> 02:10:14,000
Their movements flowing, and 
rhythmic. 

2404
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:16,700
As they create characters that 
are both spiritual practice and 

2405
02:10:16,700 --> 02:10:19,100
visual art. 
And still, others might be 

2406
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:20,900
sitting in meditation with a 
Stillness. 

2407
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,800
That makes them seem like part 
of the temple architecture 

2408
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:27,700
itself as permanent and peaceful
as the wooden pillars and stone 

2409
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:30,400
lanterns around them. 
The garden Within These Temple. 

2410
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,400
Complexes are works of art in 
their own, right, but they're 

2411
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:35,500
not the kind of art you hang on 
a wall and forget about. 

2412
02:10:36,300 --> 02:10:39,000
These are living compositions 
that change with the seasons 

2413
02:10:39,000 --> 02:10:42,600
with the weather. 
Even with the time of day, a 

2414
02:10:42,600 --> 02:10:44,700
garden, might feature a 
perfectly placed stone. 

2415
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:47,800
That catches the Morning Light 
in Winter and provides a shady 

2416
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:49,500
resting spot for a bird in 
summer. 

2417
02:10:50,200 --> 02:10:52,200
For a Grove of bamboo 
positioned. 

2418
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:55,000
So that the sound of Wind 
Through the leaves masks, the 

2419
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,200
noise from the street creating a
pocket of Tranquility in the 

2420
02:10:58,208 --> 02:11:00,700
Heart of the City. 
These Gardens follow principles 

2421
02:11:00,700 --> 02:11:02,900
that seem almost magical in 
their Simplicity and 

2422
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:06,100
Effectiveness. 
Empty spaces are as important as

2423
02:11:06,100 --> 02:11:10,100
filled ones creating areas for 
the eye and mine to rest. 

2424
02:11:10,800 --> 02:11:13,400
Asymmetrical Arrangements, feel 
more natural and interesting 

2425
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:16,900
than perfectly balanced designs,
and everything is scaled to 

2426
02:11:16,908 --> 02:11:19,800
human proportions. 
So that even the smallest Garden

2427
02:11:19,800 --> 02:11:22,800
feels spacious and complete, 
rather than cramped or 

2428
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:25,000
incomplete. 
You might spend some time 

2429
02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:27,600
sitting on a wooden bench or 
stone seat in these Gardens 

2430
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:31,000
watching koi fish lazy their way
around a pond or following the 

2431
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:33,400
path of a single leaf as it 
falls from a maple tree. 

2432
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:37,700
Time moves differently in these 
spaces expanding and 

2433
02:11:37,700 --> 02:11:39,300
Contracting. 
In ways that seem to have 

2434
02:11:39,308 --> 02:11:40,900
nothing to do with clocks or 
schedules. 

2435
02:11:41,900 --> 02:11:45,800
Minutes can feel like ours but 
somehow you never feel bored or 

2436
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:48,400
Restless. 
It's as if the garden teaches 

2437
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:51,900
you how to simply be present. 
Something that's increasingly 

2438
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:55,000
difficult in our modern world of
constant notifications and 

2439
02:11:55,000 --> 02:11:57,400
endless. 
To-do lists, the water features 

2440
02:11:57,400 --> 02:12:00,600
in these Gardens are 
particularly mesmerizing a small

2441
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:03,800
stream might wind through the 
space sometimes disappearing. 

2442
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:06,400
Underground only to emerge again
in a different location. 

2443
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:09,600
Creating the illusion of a much 
larger water system than 

2444
02:12:09,600 --> 02:12:12,200
actually exists. 
The sound of water. 

2445
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:15,000
Moving over carefully, placed 
Stones creates a natural sound 

2446
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:17,400
track. 
That musks Urban noise, while 

2447
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:20,700
providing the kind of white 
noise that helps the Mind, relax

2448
02:12:20,700 --> 02:12:23,900
and focus when you eventually 
leave the temple and return to 

2449
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:26,800
the streets, the contrast helps 
you notice details. 

2450
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:30,500
You might have missed before the
waist sunlight filters through 

2451
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:34,300
the wooden slats of a shop front
creating patterns, that shift 

2452
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:37,900
and dance as the day progresses.
The careful arrangement of 

2453
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:41,400
stones around a tree planted. 
In the street, each one placed 

2454
02:12:41,400 --> 02:12:44,500
not just to protect the roots 
but to create a small moment of 

2455
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:46,500
Beauty. 
For anyone who happens to notice

2456
02:12:46,500 --> 02:12:51,800
the shop fronts themselves are 
studies in understated of bright

2457
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:56,000
signs and flashy displays, most 
shops, are identified by simple.

2458
02:12:56,000 --> 02:12:59,600
Wooden signs with elegant 
calligraphy or buy the goods, 

2459
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:00,900
displayed in their front 
windows. 

2460
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,000
A sake Brewery might be marked 
by a ball of Cedar branches 

2461
02:13:05,000 --> 02:13:07,800
hanging from the eaves. 
While a textile shop might 

2462
02:13:07,800 --> 02:13:11,400
display bolts of silk, in subtle
gradation of color, that catch 

2463
02:13:11,400 --> 02:13:13,800
the Light, like captured 
rainbows by now. 

2464
02:13:13,800 --> 02:13:17,100
It's probably time to think 
about lunch and this is where 

2465
02:13:17,100 --> 02:13:19,400
you'll discover one of the great
pleasures of life. 

2466
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:23,700
In Old Kyoto, the neighborhood 
sober shop, These small 

2467
02:13:23,700 --> 02:13:26,000
restaurants are tucked into 
buildings that might once have 

2468
02:13:26,000 --> 02:13:29,300
been someone's home with low 
ceilings blackened by Decades of

2469
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:32,900
cooking, smoked wooden, floors 
worn, Smooth by countless feet. 

2470
02:13:32,900 --> 02:13:36,000
And the kind of atmosphere that 
makes you want to settle in and 

2471
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:38,300
stay a while. 
The soba noodles are made fresh 

2472
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:41,400
daily, by the shop owner, who 
starts work before, Dawn to have

2473
02:13:41,408 --> 02:13:45,000
everything, ready for the lunch 
rush, The process begins with 

2474
02:13:45,000 --> 02:13:48,400
grinding buckwheat flour in a 
Stonemill creating a course 

2475
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:49,800
meal. 
That's then mixed with just 

2476
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:53,300
enough water to hold together. 
The dough is rolled out thin and

2477
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,000
cut by hand with a knife that 
has been sharpened to raise a 

2478
02:13:56,008 --> 02:13:59,100
Precision, creating new noodles 
that have the perfect thickness 

2479
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:02,100
and texture to hold onto the 
broth without the coming mushy. 

2480
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:05,100
The prophet itself, is a 
masterpiece of subtlety made 

2481
02:14:05,100 --> 02:14:07,700
from combo sea weed that has 
been dried until it's almost 

2482
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:10,200
black and Bonito flakes that 
have been shaved. 

2483
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:13,000
So thin they look like wood 
shavings from a master 

2484
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:15,900
Carpenters plane. 
When hot water hits these 

2485
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:18,800
flakes, they dance and curl in 
the pot like tiny sea creatures 

2486
02:14:18,800 --> 02:14:22,500
before settling into the depth 
to release their Smoky Oceanic 

2487
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,300
flavor. 
The artist in knowing exactly 

2488
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:26,900
how long to steep these 
ingredients. 

2489
02:14:26,900 --> 02:14:31,500
Two little and the broth, lacks 
depth too much and it becomes 

2490
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:33,700
bitter. 
The shop might also serve 

2491
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:37,200
tempura made from vegetables or 
prawns that are dipped in the 

2492
02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:40,700
lightest possible batter and 
fried in oil, that's been heated

2493
02:14:40,700 --> 02:14:42,200
to exactly the right 
temperature. 

2494
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:47,400
The result is crispy and light 
almost ethereal with the natural

2495
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:50,400
flavors of the ingredients, 
enhanced rather than masked by 

2496
02:14:50,408 --> 02:14:53,700
the cooking process. 
The oil used for frying is often

2497
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:56,100
sesame oil which adds its own 
subtle. 

2498
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:58,100
Nutty flavor to the finished 
dish. 

2499
02:14:58,100 --> 02:15:01,600
You sit at a low table, probably
sharing the space with a few 

2500
02:15:01,608 --> 02:15:04,500
other customers, maybe a 
merchant taking a break from his

2501
02:15:04,500 --> 02:15:06,800
rounds. 
His wooden cart parked outside 

2502
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:09,500
loaded with bolts of fabric or a
Craftsman. 

2503
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:11,400
Grabbing a quick meal between 
projects. 

2504
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:14,700
His hands still bearing traces 
of the materials he works with. 

2505
02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:18,800
The conversations are quiet and 
comfortable the kind, you might 

2506
02:15:18,800 --> 02:15:21,400
overhear in any Neighborhood 
Restaurant anywhere in the world

2507
02:15:21,400 --> 02:15:24,500
full of local gossip. 
Gentle complaints about the 

2508
02:15:24,500 --> 02:15:26,800
weather and discussions of 
family news. 

2509
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,500
The sober arrives in a simple 
ceramic Bowl. 

2510
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:32,300
Handmade by a local Potter, 
whose family has been making 

2511
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:35,800
dishes for Generations. 
The new deals and nestled in 

2512
02:15:35,800 --> 02:15:38,800
clear fragrant broth with, 
perhaps a few slices of green 

2513
02:15:38,800 --> 02:15:40,900
onion. 
Floating on top, like tiny lily,

2514
02:15:40,900 --> 02:15:45,000
pads, or a piece of kamma, Boko 
processed fish cake cutting into

2515
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:47,800
decorative shape, that add both 
flavor and visual interest to 

2516
02:15:47,800 --> 02:15:49,600
the dish. 
You lift the noodles with 

2517
02:15:49,600 --> 02:15:52,600
chopsticks and slurp them 
enthusiastically, and yes, 

2518
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:54,800
slurping is not just acceptable 
here. 

2519
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:57,700
It's encouraged and practically 
required. 

2520
02:15:58,500 --> 02:16:01,800
The sound helps cool the noodles
as they enter your mouth and 

2521
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:04,900
actually enhances the flavor by 
drawing air across your taste 

2522
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:05,400
buds. 
As you eat. 

2523
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:08,400
It's like having a built-in 
cooling system and flavor 

2524
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:09,600
amplifier. 
All in one. 

2525
02:16:09,600 --> 02:16:12,700
And once you get over any 
initial self-consciousness, it 

2526
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:14,800
becomes a natural part of 
enjoying the meal. 

2527
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,000
The broth that remains after you
finish, the noodles is often 

2528
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:20,400
mixed with the hot water that 
was used to cook the sober 

2529
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:22,800
called. 
Sabbah you creating a lighter 

2530
02:16:22,800 --> 02:16:26,100
more delicate suit that helps 
you digest the meal and provides

2531
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:28,000
additional nutrients from the 
buckwheat. 

2532
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:30,900
It's the kind of practical 
wisdom that makes perfect sense.

2533
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:34,400
Once you understand it turning, 
what might seem like waste into 

2534
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:36,500
an additional course? 
That's both healthy and 

2535
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:39,299
satisfying after lunch. 
You might take a stroll through 

2536
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:42,500
one of Kyoto's markets and this 
is where you really begin to 

2537
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:44,700
understand how different 
commerce was in Old Japan. 

2538
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:47,600
These aren't the sprawling 
supermarkets. 

2539
02:16:47,600 --> 02:16:50,900
You might be used to with their 
fluorescent lights and endless 

2540
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,400
aisles of packaged Goods 
instead, their intimate 

2541
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:56,200
collections of small, stalls and
shops. 

2542
02:16:56,200 --> 02:16:59,500
Each one specializing in just a 
few items but doing them 

2543
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:02,100
exceptionally. 
Well, the fishmonger knows every

2544
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:05,299
fish in his display case, like 
old friend's able to tell you, 

2545
02:17:05,308 --> 02:17:08,400
not only where each one was 
caught and when, but how best to

2546
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:09,799
prepare it for your family's 
dinner? 

2547
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:13,299
He might recommend grilling the 
small River Fish Hole over 

2548
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:16,500
charcoal or suggest that the 
larger Seabass would be perfect 

2549
02:17:16,500 --> 02:17:19,299
for making a clear soup with 
just a few drops of soy sauce 

2550
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:22,299
and some fresh herbs. 
The vegetable seller can tell 

2551
02:17:22,308 --> 02:17:25,200
you which daikon radishes are 
best for pickling and which are 

2552
02:17:25,200 --> 02:17:28,600
better for grating fresh over 
rice, which Persimmons a sweet 

2553
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:31,799
enough to eat out of hand and 
which need to be dried first to 

2554
02:17:31,799 --> 02:17:34,799
concentrate their flavors. 
Her knowledge comes from years, 

2555
02:17:34,799 --> 02:17:37,900
of handling these products, but 
also from close relationships 

2556
02:17:37,900 --> 02:17:40,799
with the farmers who grow them 
often in small plots, just 

2557
02:17:40,799 --> 02:17:43,500
outside the city. 
The market is a feast for all 

2558
02:17:43,500 --> 02:17:46,000
your senses but in a gentle way 
that doesn't overwhelm. 

2559
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:49,500
The colors are incredible. 
Deep Purple eggplants that 

2560
02:17:49,500 --> 02:17:51,299
seemed to glow from within 
bright. 

2561
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:54,799
Orange Persimmons hanging like 
lanterns from wooden Stan's and 

2562
02:17:54,799 --> 02:17:58,100
greens in more shades than knew 
existed from the pale silver. 

2563
02:17:58,100 --> 02:18:01,299
Green of young bamboo shoots to 
the deep forest green of mature 

2564
02:18:01,299 --> 02:18:03,299
vegetables that have absorbed 
some sunshine. 

2565
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:06,799
The Sounds blend together into a
gentle Symphony of Commerce 

2566
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,400
vendors. 
Calling their Wares in musical 

2567
02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:12,000
voices. 
Customers asking questions about

2568
02:18:12,000 --> 02:18:15,700
preparation methods or seasonal 
availability, wooden crates 

2569
02:18:15,700 --> 02:18:17,900
being moved and stacked with 
Halo thuds. 

2570
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:19,500
That Echo off the covered 
walkways. 

2571
02:18:19,500 --> 02:18:23,400
And Underneath It All, the 
constant soft shuffling of feet 

2572
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:26,900
in wooden sandals or cloth soled
shoes, creating a rhythm. 

2573
02:18:26,900 --> 02:18:29,299
That seems to match the 
heartbeat of the city itself. 

2574
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,299
Smells or something else. 
Entirely a complex layering of 

2575
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:36,100
Aromas that would be impossible 
to replicate artificially. 

2576
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:39,600
Fresh fish mingles with 
fermented soybeans. 

2577
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:42,799
Flowering herbs blend with wood 
smoke from cooking fires. 

2578
02:18:42,799 --> 02:18:46,299
And Underneath It, All is the 
Clean Center of well, swept 

2579
02:18:46,299 --> 02:18:49,700
wooden floors and bamboo baskets
that have been scrubbed until 

2580
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:52,299
they're almost white. 
You might stop to watch a 

2581
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:54,400
Craftsman at work. 
Perhaps someone making 

2582
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:57,400
traditional brushes Binding 
Together, animal hairs, with 

2583
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,100
silk thread in combinations that
have been perfected over 

2584
02:19:00,100 --> 02:19:04,000
centuries of experimentation. 
His hands move with the kind of 

2585
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:06,900
automatic Precision that only 
comes from years of repetition, 

2586
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:10,299
but his eyes stay focused and 
alert checking each brush for 

2587
02:19:10,299 --> 02:19:13,500
balance and spring. 
There's something deeply 

2588
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:16,100
satisfying about watching 
someone who is mastered their 

2589
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:18,299
craft. 
You can create something both 

2590
02:19:18,299 --> 02:19:21,000
beautiful and functional with 
nothing but simple, tools and 

2591
02:19:21,008 --> 02:19:24,400
practice skill or you might 
encounter a Potter working at a 

2592
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:26,600
wheel. 
His hands covered in clay as he 

2593
02:19:26,600 --> 02:19:28,600
shapes a bowl or vase with 
movements. 

2594
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:32,900
That seem almost like dancing. 
The clay responds to his touch 

2595
02:19:32,900 --> 02:19:35,500
growing taller or wider as he 
guides it. 

2596
02:19:35,508 --> 02:19:38,700
And you can see how the final 
form emerges, not from a 

2597
02:19:38,700 --> 02:19:41,100
predetermined plan, but from a 
conversation between the 

2598
02:19:41,100 --> 02:19:45,600
Craftsmen and his material, each
PC creates is unique bearing, 

2599
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:48,500
the subtle marks of his hands 
and the particular qualities of 

2600
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:51,600
the clay, he's working with the 
textile workers are equally 

2601
02:19:51,600 --> 02:19:54,500
fascinating to watch whether 
they're spinning thread on, 

2602
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:58,200
wooden Wheels, weaving fabric on
looms, that click and clattering

2603
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:02,100
rhythmic patterns or dying cloth
in Vats of indigo that turn the 

2604
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:05,700
water almost black The colors, 
they achieve a subtle and 

2605
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:09,300
complex created using natural 
materials, like plants minerals,

2606
02:20:09,300 --> 02:20:12,100
and even insects, and the 
results have a depth and 

2607
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:15,400
richness, that synthetic dies, 
can't match as the afternoon 

2608
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:17,200
wears on the light begins to 
change. 

2609
02:20:17,200 --> 02:20:20,400
Taking on that golden quality 
that photographers love and 

2610
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:22,000
Painters. 
Try their whole lives to capture

2611
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:26,000
This is when Kyoto reveals some 
of its most magical moments. 

2612
02:20:26,000 --> 02:20:29,300
As the low angled, son 
transforms, ordinary scene in to

2613
02:20:29,300 --> 02:20:31,700
something that looks like a wood
block print come to life. 

2614
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:36,100
Shadows grow longer and more 
dramatic turning narrow alleys 

2615
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,200
into mysterious corridors 
making. 

2616
02:20:38,200 --> 02:20:41,600
Even the simplest buildings look
like subjects for poetry, the 

2617
02:20:41,600 --> 02:20:44,900
paper Windows of houses begin to
glow from within as people like 

2618
02:20:44,900 --> 02:20:48,200
their oil lamps and candles 
creating warm, rectangles of 

2619
02:20:48,200 --> 02:20:50,300
light that seemed to float in 
the Gathering dusk. 

2620
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:54,200
These windows don't provide the 
harsh illumination of electric 

2621
02:20:54,200 --> 02:20:58,100
lights, but rather a soft honey 
colored glow that makes every 

2622
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:00,300
building look welcoming and 
mysterious at the same time. 

2623
02:21:00,300 --> 02:21:03,700
This is also when many of the 
Cities Craftsmen and Artisans 

2624
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,400
emerge from their workshops, 
either heading home for the day 

2625
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:09,300
or making deliveries of finished
goods to their customers. 

2626
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:12,800
You might encounter a Potter 
carrying a wooden box of freshly

2627
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:16,400
fired t-bows, each one wrapped 
in silk and nestled in rice 

2628
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:19,800
husks for protection. 
Or a textile worker heading home

2629
02:21:19,800 --> 02:21:21,600
with arms. 
Full of silk that catches the 

2630
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,400
afternoon light, like captured 
rainbows the fabric. 

2631
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:27,600
So fine, it seems to float 
rather than hang from her arms. 

2632
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,800
These aren't people producing 
goods for some distant Market or

2633
02:21:30,800 --> 02:21:33,900
Anonymous consumers, they're 
creating things that will be 

2634
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:36,600
used by their neighbors. 
Their friends people. 

2635
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:40,200
They see every day at the market
or the temple or in the narrow 

2636
02:21:40,200 --> 02:21:43,000
streets of their neighborhood. 
There's something profoundly 

2637
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:45,700
satisfying about living in a 
place where so many of the 

2638
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:49,400
things you use daily are made by
people, you know, or at least 

2639
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:51,900
people, you could know if you 
wanted to your rice. 

2640
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:54,300
Bowls were shaped by someone who
lives three streets over. 

2641
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:57,600
A Potter whose family has been 
working with clay for six 

2642
02:21:57,600 --> 02:22:00,500
Generations. 
Your wooden sandals were carved 

2643
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,000
by a Craftsman who buys his 
vegetables from the same. 

2644
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:05,400
Vendor you do and who knows your
preferences? 

2645
02:22:05,400 --> 02:22:09,200
Well enough to adjust the fit 
without being asked the Silka, 

2646
02:22:09,200 --> 02:22:11,700
be that holds your robes in 
place was woven by a woman who 

2647
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:15,600
sits in the sun outside her shop
in the afternoons, working on 

2648
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:17,600
pieces that will take months to 
complete. 

2649
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:21,000
There's also something deeply 
reassuring about the continuity 

2650
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:24,000
of these Traditions, the way 
Knowledge and Skills are passed 

2651
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:27,700
down from parent to child, from 
Master, to Apprentice in an 

2652
02:22:27,700 --> 02:22:30,000
unbroken chain that stretches 
back centuries. 

2653
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:33,700
The wooden comb you use each 
morning was carved using the 

2654
02:22:33,700 --> 02:22:36,200
same technique that were 
perfected, hundreds of years ago

2655
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:40,000
by Craftsman, whose names are 
forgotten, but whose Innovations

2656
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:42,800
live on in every tool that's 
made today as evening 

2657
02:22:42,800 --> 02:22:46,000
approaches, you begin to think 
about dinner, which an old Kyoto

2658
02:22:46,000 --> 02:22:48,600
is often a more elaborate Affair
than breakfast or lunch. 

2659
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:52,400
This is when families gather to 
share the dais news and enjoy 

2660
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:56,200
more complex dishes that require
longer preparation and more 

2661
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:59,600
careful attention to detail. 
The rice is still the foundation

2662
02:22:59,600 --> 02:23:02,900
of the meal, but now it might be
accompanied by simmered 

2663
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:05,100
vegetables. 
In delicate, broths, grilled 

2664
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:08,100
fish seasoned with just enough 
salt to enhance their natural 

2665
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:10,700
flavors delicate. 
Egg custards that are more like 

2666
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:14,100
Savory puddings and an array of 
small dishes that turn the meal 

2667
02:23:14,100 --> 02:23:17,200
into a kind of edible landscape.
The preparation of dinner is 

2668
02:23:17,200 --> 02:23:20,700
often a community activity with 
family members working together 

2669
02:23:20,700 --> 02:23:23,300
in the kitchen. 
Each taking responsibility for 

2670
02:23:23,300 --> 02:23:26,000
different dishes, according to 
their skills and preferences. 

2671
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:29,300
There's something meditative 
about the rhythmic, chopping of 

2672
02:23:29,308 --> 02:23:33,100
vegetables, the gentle bubbling 
of simmering broths and the 

2673
02:23:33,100 --> 02:23:36,100
careful arrangement of food in 
serving dishes that are chosen 

2674
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:38,000
as much for their beauty as 
their functionality. 

2675
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:41,500
No one is rushing to get dinner 
on the table by a certain time. 

2676
02:23:41,500 --> 02:23:45,300
Instead the meal develops 
organically with dishes 

2677
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:48,100
appearing when they're ready and
people Gathering as they finish 

2678
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:51,000
their days work. 
Children might help by washing 

2679
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:54,200
vegetables or setting out the 
dishes, learning The rhythms of 

2680
02:23:54,200 --> 02:23:56,500
meal preparation, that they'll 
carry with them into their own 

2681
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,200
adult lives. 
The kitchen itself is a model of

2682
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:01,900
efficiency with everything 
designed to make the most of 

2683
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:03,400
limited space and simple 
equipment. 

2684
02:24:04,300 --> 02:24:07,600
So, kept razor sharp and a 
treated with the respect due to 

2685
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:10,300
Precision Tools. 
Cutting boards are made from 

2686
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:13,600
single piece of wood and are 
scrubbed clean after each use 

2687
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:16,000
pots. 
And pans are made from clay or 

2688
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:20,100
iron materials that heat evenly 
and retain warmth long after 

2689
02:24:20,100 --> 02:24:23,200
they're removed from the fire. 
The clay pots used for cooking 

2690
02:24:23,200 --> 02:24:26,600
rice are particularly ingenious.
They create steam pressure that 

2691
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:30,200
cooks the grains perfectly while
the clay itself adds subtle 

2692
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:32,900
mineral flavors that enhance the
taste of the finished dish. 

2693
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:37,100
These pots often develop a 
patina over years of use, that 

2694
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:39,800
makes them more effective and 
gives each family's rice. 

2695
02:24:39,800 --> 02:24:43,000
A slightly different character. 
When you finally sit down to eat

2696
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:45,000
the low table is covered with 
small dishes. 

2697
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,000
Each one can containing just a 
few bites of different foods 

2698
02:24:48,800 --> 02:24:51,400
There might be tiny hole, fish, 
grilled until their skin is 

2699
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,000
crispy and their fresh sweet and
Flaky. 

2700
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:57,500
Vegetables, simmered in Dashie 
until their tender but still 

2701
02:24:57,500 --> 02:25:00,900
retain their shape and bright 
color pickles that provide sharp

2702
02:25:00,900 --> 02:25:03,500
acidic notes to balance the 
gentler flavors of the other 

2703
02:25:03,500 --> 02:25:07,200
dishes and always somewhere on 
the table, a small dish of 

2704
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:10,600
grated Dacon radish mixed with a
DOT of fiery Wasabi that will 

2705
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,500
clear your sinuses and wake up 
every taste bud in your mouth. 

2706
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,700
The meal proceeds slowly with 
conversation flowing between 

2707
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:20,100
bite and Poor's for appreciation
of particularly, well, prepared.

2708
02:25:20,100 --> 02:25:23,900
Dishes people take turns serving
each other and there's a complex

2709
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:26,800
etiquette around who pours whose
tear and when to offer the 

2710
02:25:26,800 --> 02:25:28,700
choice is morsels to others at 
the table. 

2711
02:25:29,500 --> 02:25:32,500
It's not stuffy etiquette though
it's the kind of gracious 

2712
02:25:32,500 --> 02:25:35,100
behavior that makes everyone 
feel cared for and included. 

2713
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:38,600
The social lubrication, that 
allows groups of people to share

2714
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:42,200
food, harmoniously tears served 
throughout the meal, not the 

2715
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:45,400
strong black tea, you might be 
expecting, but delicate green 

2716
02:25:45,400 --> 02:25:47,800
tea that cleanses the palate and
AIDS digestion. 

2717
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:52,100
The Tea Ceremony while not 
always formal follows certain 

2718
02:25:52,100 --> 02:25:55,200
principles of mindfulness and 
respect that turn even casual 

2719
02:25:55,200 --> 02:25:57,200
tea, drinking into a meditative 
practice. 

2720
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:00,100
The teapot is warmed before. 
The leaves are added. 

2721
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,300
The water is heated to exactly 
the right temperature for the 

2722
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:06,800
type of tea being served. 
And the first pour is discarded 

2723
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:09,200
to awaken the leaves before the 
actual tea is prepared. 

2724
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:12,900
After dinner, as the last 
flights from the sky, the city 

2725
02:26:12,900 --> 02:26:16,800
begins to transform once again. 
Paper lanterns are lit and hung 

2726
02:26:16,800 --> 02:26:20,000
outside shops and houses 
creating pools of warm light 

2727
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:23,200
along the dark streets. 
The lanterns don't provide much 

2728
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:24,700
illumination by modern 
standards. 

2729
02:26:24,700 --> 02:26:27,800
He certainly couldn't read by 
their light, but then they're 

2730
02:26:27,800 --> 02:26:31,500
not really meant to their more 
like beacons, marking human 

2731
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,200
presence and activity. 
In the darkness, creating a 

2732
02:26:34,200 --> 02:26:36,600
sense of community and safety 
without banishing. 

2733
02:26:36,600 --> 02:26:40,500
The night entirely, the lanterns
themselves are works of art made

2734
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,800
from bamboo frames covered with 
handmade paper that's often 

2735
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:46,100
decorated, with painted designs 
or calligraphy. 

2736
02:26:47,100 --> 02:26:49,900
The light from the candles or 
oil lamps inside creates 

2737
02:26:49,900 --> 02:26:53,200
beautiful patterns on the paper.
And the gentle flicker of the 

2738
02:26:53,200 --> 02:26:55,600
Flames, makes the whole 
neighborhood seem alive and 

2739
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,500
breathing in the darkness. 
This is when you might take an 

2740
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:01,100
evening stroll, something that's
both practical and pleasant in 

2741
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:04,500
Old Kyoto, the narrow streets 
that seemed intimate during the 

2742
02:27:04,500 --> 02:27:07,600
day become mysterious and almost
magical in the lantern Light 

2743
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:11,800
Shadows deepen and shift as you 
walk past them, you can hear the

2744
02:27:11,800 --> 02:27:14,000
sounds of family. 
Life filtering out through the 

2745
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,700
paper Windows, the clink of 
dishes being washed children's 

2746
02:27:17,700 --> 02:27:21,200
voices, raised in play or 
protest and the soft murmur of 

2747
02:27:21,200 --> 02:27:24,700
adult conversation punctuated. 
By occasional laughter, the 

2748
02:27:24,700 --> 02:27:26,900
night air carries different 
sense than the day. 

2749
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:29,700
The lingering Aromas of Diner 
preparation. 

2750
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,700
Clean smell of water, being used
for washing, and the faint 

2751
02:27:33,700 --> 02:27:36,800
incense smoke that drifts from 
household shrines, where 

2752
02:27:36,800 --> 02:27:38,400
families make their evening 
offerings. 

2753
02:27:39,700 --> 02:27:42,200
There's also the earthy smell of
the city settling down for the 

2754
02:27:42,208 --> 02:27:46,600
night, a mixture of wood Stone 
and the indefinable center of 

2755
02:27:46,608 --> 02:27:49,600
human habitation that somehow 
comforting rather than 

2756
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:52,600
unpleasant, you might pass a tea
house where the sound of a 

2757
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:54,200
Sheamus and drift out into the 
night. 

2758
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:57,300
It's three strings, creating 
Melodies that seemed to capture 

2759
02:27:57,300 --> 02:27:59,500
something essential about 
Japanese Aesthetics. 

2760
02:28:00,200 --> 02:28:04,200
Spare elegant and somehow both 
Melancholy and hopeful at the 

2761
02:28:04,208 --> 02:28:06,800
same time. 
The music doesn't dominate the 

2762
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:08,300
night. 
Sounds but weaves through them. 

2763
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,200
Adding another layer to the 
evening's gentle Symphony of 

2764
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:13,100
human activity and natural 
sounds. 

2765
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:17,000
The shamisen music is often 
accompanied by singing voices 

2766
02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:19,900
that rise and fall in patterns, 
that mirror the inflections of 

2767
02:28:19,900 --> 02:28:23,500
spoken Japanese creating a form 
of musical storytelling. 

2768
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:26,100
That doesn't require 
understanding the words to 

2769
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:29,300
appreciate the emotions. 
Being conveyed, the songs might 

2770
02:28:29,300 --> 02:28:33,000
tell of separated lovers 
changing seasons or The Simple 

2771
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:35,700
Pleasures of daily life. 
The themes that a universal, 

2772
02:28:35,700 --> 02:28:39,100
even when the musical Traditions
that carry them are specifically

2773
02:28:39,100 --> 02:28:41,400
Japanese. 
Well, you might encounter a 

2774
02:28:41,400 --> 02:28:43,800
group of people returning from a
festival at one of the local 

2775
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:47,300
shrines still dressed in their 
Festival clothes and carrying 

2776
02:28:47,300 --> 02:28:51,500
small souvenirs or treats, 
perhaps paper fans, decorated 

2777
02:28:51,500 --> 02:28:54,600
with the shrines, emblem or 
small Clay figurines that are 

2778
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:56,600
supposed to bring good luck in 
the coming year. 

2779
02:28:57,400 --> 02:28:59,800
Their voices carry the 
particular happiness that comes 

2780
02:28:59,800 --> 02:29:02,900
from shared celebration and they
move through the streets with 

2781
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:06,100
the loose, relaxed. 
Gait of people who have spent 

2782
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,100
the day among friends and 
neighbors Festival days in Old 

2783
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:12,200
Kyoto, a community events that 
break the normal rhythms of 

2784
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:15,300
daily life bringing people 
together for shared rituals, 

2785
02:29:15,300 --> 02:29:18,200
that connect them to their 
history, their neighbors, and 

2786
02:29:18,200 --> 02:29:21,400
the changing seasons. 
Even if you don't participate 

2787
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:24,500
directly in the religious 
aspects of these festivals, they

2788
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:27,400
provide a sense of belonging to 
something larger than your 

2789
02:29:27,400 --> 02:29:30,200
individual life. 
A reminder that you're part of a

2790
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:31,600
community that has been 
celebrating. 

2791
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:33,400
The same events for hundreds of 
years. 

2792
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:35,900
The festival foods are special 
too. 

2793
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,700
Treats that are only made on 
certain occasions using recipes 

2794
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:42,300
that require skills and 
ingredients that aren't part of 

2795
02:29:42,308 --> 02:29:46,000
everyday cooking. 
There might be Mochi rice cakes,

2796
02:29:46,000 --> 02:29:49,400
pounded by hand in wooden 
mortars, their texture. 

2797
02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:52,800
Completely different from 
anything made by machine or 

2798
02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:56,600
special sweets made from Beans 
and sugar molded into shapes. 

2799
02:29:56,600 --> 02:29:59,400
That represent, seasonal themes,
like cherry blossoms and spring 

2800
02:29:59,400 --> 02:30:02,400
or maple leaves in Autumn. 
As you make your way home 

2801
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:05,400
through the quiet streets. 
You begin to, notice how 

2802
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:08,100
different light feels in a place
without electric lights. 

2803
02:30:08,100 --> 02:30:11,400
The darkness is deeper and more 
complete than anything you 

2804
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:14,300
experience in the modern world. 
But it's not frightening or 

2805
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:16,700
uncomfortable. 
Instead, it feels natural and 

2806
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:19,700
restful like, a soft blanket 
settling over the city. 

2807
02:30:19,700 --> 02:30:23,000
After a day of activity and 
productivity, the stars when 

2808
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:26,100
they are visible between the 
roof lines seem brighter and 

2809
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:28,700
closer than they do in our 
modern world of light pollution,

2810
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:31,700
you can actually see the Milky 
Way stretching a cross. 

2811
02:30:31,700 --> 02:30:35,100
The sky, like a river of light 
and the moon, when it's visible 

2812
02:30:35,100 --> 02:30:38,500
provides enough light to 
navigate by casting everything 

2813
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:41,200
in silver and black that makes 
even familiar streets, seem 

2814
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:43,500
mysterious and beautiful back in
your house. 

2815
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:46,200
You like Small oil lamp. 
That provides just enough light 

2816
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:49,200
to see by without destroying the
peaceful atmosphere of evening. 

2817
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,100
Flame flicker slightly in 
whatever Breeze, manages to find

2818
02:30:53,100 --> 02:30:56,000
its way through the buildings, 
gaps and Joints, creating 

2819
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:59,000
dancing Shadows, on the wooden 
walls that seemed almost alive 

2820
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:02,800
in their constant motion. 
The lamp itself is a simple clay

2821
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:06,100
vessel filled with vegetable oil
and fitted with a cotton wick. 

2822
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:09,900
But in its Simplicity lies, a 
kind of perfection, it does 

2823
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:12,700
exactly what it needs to do with
that waste or complication. 

2824
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,700
You begin the process of 
preparing for Sleep, which 

2825
02:31:15,700 --> 02:31:18,400
involves spreading out your food
on again and arranging your 

2826
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,500
clothes for the next day. 
But this isn't the rushed 

2827
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:25,200
routine of modern bedtime where 
you are already thinking about 

2828
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:27,900
tomorrow's obligations while 
going through the motion of 

2829
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:30,900
getting ready for bed. 
Instead, it's a deliberate 

2830
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:34,100
winding down a conscious 
transition, from the active 

2831
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:37,500
energy of day to the 
restorative, quiet of night, the

2832
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:39,800
ritual of laying out, your food,
on becomes a meditation in 

2833
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:42,400
itself. 
You smooth, the tatami mats, 

2834
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:45,000
checking for any irregularities.
That might make sleeping 

2835
02:31:45,000 --> 02:31:48,600
uncomfortable, your mattresses 
in exactly the right 

2836
02:31:48,600 --> 02:31:51,600
configuration for your body and 
the season more layers in Winter

2837
02:31:51,600 --> 02:31:53,900
for warmth fewer in summer for 
cooling. 

2838
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:57,500
You position your wooden pillow 
filled with buckwheat hulls that

2839
02:31:57,500 --> 02:32:00,500
can form to the shape of your 
head while providing Firm 

2840
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:03,100
support for your neck. 
Your clothes for tomorrow are 

2841
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:05,800
folded and arranged according to
a system that makes perfect 

2842
02:32:05,800 --> 02:32:08,100
sense. 
Once you understand it, the 

2843
02:32:08,100 --> 02:32:10,800
innermost layers go on the 
bottom, the outer layers on top 

2844
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:13,800
so you can dress efficiently in 
the morning without having to 

2845
02:32:13,800 --> 02:32:16,800
sort through everything. 
The colors are, chosen, not just

2846
02:32:16,800 --> 02:32:19,600
for their aesthetic appeal, but 
for their appropriateness to the

2847
02:32:19,600 --> 02:32:22,600
season, the whether you expect 
and the activities you have 

2848
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:24,708
planned. 
But before you settle in for the

2849
02:32:24,716 --> 02:32:27,800
night, you might spend a few 
minutes sitting quietly in your 

2850
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:29,600
room. 
Perhaps, looking out through 

2851
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,200
your paper windows, at the 
gentle glow of your neighbor's 

2852
02:32:32,200 --> 02:32:34,300
lamps. 
Creating warm rectangles of 

2853
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:37,200
light in the darkness. 
There's something profoundly 

2854
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:40,900
peaceful about this time of day 
and old Kyoto, when the busyness

2855
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,600
of daily life gives way to 
rhythms and the mind naturally 

2856
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:47,900
begins to slow down and reflect 
on the dais experience's. 

2857
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:51,300
You can hear the settling sounds
of wooden houses cooling off 

2858
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,400
after the days warmth. 
Creeks and sighs that speak of 

2859
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:57,600
natural materials responding to 
changes in temperature and 

2860
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:00,100
humidity. 
There's the distance splash of 

2861
02:33:00,108 --> 02:33:03,600
someone washing dishes in a 
wooden Basin the sound carrying 

2862
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,700
clearly through the still night 
air and occasionally, the soft 

2863
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:09,700
rustle of fabric as people move 
about their evening routines 

2864
02:33:09,700 --> 02:33:12,900
preparing for sleep in dozens of
households throughout your 

2865
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:15,300
neighborhood. 
This is when you really begin to

2866
02:33:15,300 --> 02:33:18,800
understand what life was like in
Old Kyoto, not just the external

2867
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:22,100
details of clothing and food and
architecture, but the internal 

2868
02:33:22,100 --> 02:33:25,000
Rhythm that governed people's 
days and gave structure to their

2869
02:33:25,000 --> 02:33:28,800
lives without electric lights. 
Extending the day artificially 

2870
02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:31,300
people's activities had natural 
boundaries. 

2871
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:33,100
That Modern Life has largely 
erased. 

2872
02:33:33,100 --> 02:33:37,600
Work began with sunrise and 
wound down with sunset, energy 

2873
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:40,400
levels, followed these natural 
cycles, rising and falling. 

2874
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:43,000
With the light in ways that 
probably made people feel more 

2875
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:46,200
connected to the natural world 
and more attuned to their own 

2876
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,100
biological rhythms. 
The absence of artificial 

2877
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:52,000
lighting also meant that sleep 
came more naturally and was 

2878
02:33:52,000 --> 02:33:54,500
probably deeper and more 
restorative than what many 

2879
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,000
people experience today. 
Without the stimulation of 

2880
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:01,200
bright lights and electronic 
screens, the body's production 

2881
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:04,700
of melatonin followed its 
natural patterns preparing the 

2882
02:34:04,700 --> 02:34:08,100
mind and body for rest, as 
Darkness fell without television

2883
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:10,900
or radio or Internet. 
Entertainment was more 

2884
02:34:10,900 --> 02:34:14,100
participatory and social than 
the passive consumption that 

2885
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:17,300
characterizes much of modern 
Leisure Time, people told 

2886
02:34:17,300 --> 02:34:20,900
stories, played games made music
and talk to each other. 

2887
02:34:20,900 --> 02:34:23,700
In ways that required active 
engagement and creativity, 

2888
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:27,400
children learn traditional songs
and stories from their parents 

2889
02:34:27,400 --> 02:34:31,000
and grandparents creating links 
between Generations, that helped

2890
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:32,900
preserve cultural knowledge and 
values. 

2891
02:34:32,900 --> 02:34:36,000
The games people played were 
often simple but surprisingly 

2892
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,900
sophisticated, requiring skill 
strategy, and social awareness. 

2893
02:34:40,800 --> 02:34:42,600
Go. 
The ancient board game that 

2894
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:45,200
still popular, today was a 
favorite among adults. 

2895
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:48,400
It's complex strategies, 
providing hours of mental 

2896
02:34:48,400 --> 02:34:51,100
challenge. 
Children played with tops 

2897
02:34:51,100 --> 02:34:53,900
stilts, and various ball games 
that developed coordination and 

2898
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:56,900
social skills while providing 
physical exercise and fun. 

2899
02:34:56,900 --> 02:34:59,300
Music was an integral part of 
daily life. 

2900
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:02,700
Not something that happened only
at special events or in 

2901
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:04,800
dedicated. 
Venues people sang. 

2902
02:35:04,800 --> 02:35:07,800
While they worked played 
instruments in their homes and 

2903
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:11,600
gathered informally to share 
songs and stories, the shamisen 

2904
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:14,500
Koto and various flutes and 
drums were common household 

2905
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:17,700
instruments and learning to play
them was considered an important

2906
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:21,400
part of a well-rounded Education
Without Autumn Abels or other 

2907
02:35:21,400 --> 02:35:24,700
mechanized Transportation. 
The physical scale of life was 

2908
02:35:24,700 --> 02:35:27,200
more human and intimate than 
what we experienced today. 

2909
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:30,800
People walked everywhere, which 
meant they knew their 

2910
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:33,300
neighborhoods. 
Intimately every shot, every 

2911
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:36,900
house, every tree along their 
regular routes, they ran into 

2912
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:40,100
the same people regularly 
creating a web of casual 

2913
02:35:40,100 --> 02:35:41,700
relationships and daily 
interactions. 

2914
02:35:41,700 --> 02:35:44,600
That gave texture and meaning to
ordinary activities. 

2915
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:47,700
This walking bass lifestyle, 
also meant that people were 

2916
02:35:47,700 --> 02:35:50,000
generally better physical 
condition than many modern 

2917
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:54,600
urbanites daily activities like 
fetching water chopping wood and

2918
02:35:54,600 --> 02:35:57,600
walking to markets provided 
natural exercise that kept 

2919
02:35:57,600 --> 02:36:01,000
bodies strong and healthy. 
The physical demands of daily 

2920
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:03,700
life, were integrated into 
normal routines rather than 

2921
02:36:03,700 --> 02:36:05,800
requiring separate time and 
facilities. 

2922
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:08,100
For exercise. 
The pace of information and 

2923
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:10,800
communication was also 
fundamentally different from our

2924
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:15,000
modern experience, News traveled
slowly allowing time for 

2925
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:17,700
reflection and consideration 
before forming opinions or 

2926
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,700
making decisions. 
Rumors and gossip spread through

2927
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:22,900
personal networks rather than 
mass media. 

2928
02:36:22,900 --> 02:36:26,200
Which meant that information 
often came with context and 

2929
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:28,400
interpretation from people, you 
knew. 

2930
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:31,700
And trusted this slower pace of 
information flow had both 

2931
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:35,300
advantages and disadvantages. 
People were less likely to be 

2932
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:38,600
overwhelmed by distant crises. 
They could do nothing about but 

2933
02:36:38,600 --> 02:36:41,300
they were also less aware of 
events and opportunities beyond 

2934
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,800
their immediate community. 
The trade-off was between depth 

2935
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:47,700
and breadth. 
Between knowing your local World

2936
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:50,600
intimately, and being connected 
to, a Global Network of 

2937
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:53,700
information and relationships. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

2938
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:56,400
without the constant pressure, 
to optimize and improve and 

2939
02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:59,900
Achieve that characterizes much 
of Modern Life people could find

2940
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:03,900
satisfaction and dignity and 
simple competence and consistent

2941
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:05,500
contribution to their 
communities. 

2942
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:08,700
The sober maker who could 
produce consistently? 

2943
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:11,800
Excellent noodles. 
Carpenter, who could join wood 

2944
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:14,200
without nails? 
The Gardener who could coax 

2945
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:17,900
Beauty from a tiny plot of land.
These people had a kind of 

2946
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:21,400
purpose and fulfillment that 
came from mastering their chosen

2947
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:22,800
crafts and serving their 
neighbors. 

2948
02:37:22,800 --> 02:37:26,600
Daily needs the social structure
of old Kyoto while not without 

2949
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:30,100
its problems and limitations 
provided a kind of security and 

2950
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:32,700
belonging that many. 
Modern people struggle to find 

2951
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:35,900
everyone had a place in the 
community higher Archie. 

2952
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:38,400
Everyone had roles and 
responsibilities that were 

2953
02:37:38,400 --> 02:37:41,400
recognized and valued and 
everyone was connected to 

2954
02:37:41,400 --> 02:37:44,100
networks of mutual obligation 
and support that helped them 

2955
02:37:44,100 --> 02:37:47,000
through difficult times. 
As you finally settle into your 

2956
02:37:47,000 --> 02:37:50,300
futon for the night, pulling the
cotton covers up to your chin. 

2957
02:37:50,300 --> 02:37:53,200
You might reflect on how 
different this life feels from 

2958
02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:55,500
our modern existence. 
It's slower. 

2959
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:58,800
So certainly and in many ways, 
more physically demanding and 

2960
02:37:58,800 --> 02:38:02,100
less convenient. 
But it's also more connected to 

2961
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:05,600
neighbors to Seasons to the 
simple rhythms of sleeping and 

2962
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,100
waking working and resting 
eating and sharing food with 

2963
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:11,300
others. 
The bedding itself tells a story

2964
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:14,400
about this different way of 
life, the cotton has been grown,

2965
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:18,100
processed and woven by hand, 
probably by people who lived 

2966
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:21,600
within a day's walk of where 
your sleeping The dyes used to 

2967
02:38:21,608 --> 02:38:24,400
color the fabric came from 
plants that grew in local 

2968
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:27,600
Gardens or were gathered from 
Wild places in the surrounding 

2969
02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:30,500
mountains. 
Even the threads used to sew the

2970
02:38:30,500 --> 02:38:32,400
bedding. 
Together were spun from fibers 

2971
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,800
that were produced locally using
traditional methods that had 

2972
02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:39,100
been refined over centuries. 
Your wooden pillow, while it 

2973
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:41,900
might seem uncomfortable to 
someone used to Modern foam and 

2974
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:45,100
springs is actually perfectly 
designed for the climate and 

2975
02:38:45,100 --> 02:38:49,200
sleeping style of old Japan. 
The buckwheat hulls inside 

2976
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,600
provide Firm support that keeps 
your neck aligned while allowing

2977
02:38:52,600 --> 02:38:55,600
air to circulate preventing the 
build-up of heat and moisture 

2978
02:38:55,600 --> 02:38:57,800
that could make sleep 
uncomfortable in the humid 

2979
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:00,300
Summers. 
The hulls also conform to the 

2980
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:03,000
shape of your head and neck, 
creating a custom fit. 

2981
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:05,200
That is more supportive than it 
initially appears. 

2982
02:39:05,200 --> 02:39:08,600
The sounds of the night in Old 
Kyoto are gentle and reassuring.

2983
02:39:08,600 --> 02:39:11,900
Creating a soundscape that 
promotes rather than Disturbed. 

2984
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:15,000
Sleep, no traffic noise. 
No, air conditioners. 

2985
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:17,300
No, Electronic buzzing in the 
background. 

2986
02:39:18,400 --> 02:39:21,100
Just the soft sounds of a 
community settling in for the 

2987
02:39:21,100 --> 02:39:24,100
night, the roster of bed 
clothes, The Creeks of wooden 

2988
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:27,000
floors and occasionally. 
The distant sound of someone's 

2989
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:30,200
wooden sandals on Stone as they 
make their way home from some 

2990
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:32,500
late errand. 
You might hear a temple Bell in 

2991
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,100
the distance, marking one of the
traditional divisions of the 

2992
02:39:35,108 --> 02:39:38,100
night with his bronze voice 
rolling across the city's tiled,

2993
02:39:38,100 --> 02:39:40,300
roofs before, settling into 
silence. 

2994
02:39:41,200 --> 02:39:44,500
These bells serve not just as 
timepieces but as reminders of 

2995
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:47,800
the spiritual dimension of daily
life, marking the passage of 

2996
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:50,300
hours with sounds that have been
heard in this place for 

2997
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:52,500
centuries. 
Or you might hear the call of a 

2998
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:55,400
night bird, perhaps an owl 
hunting in one of the temple, 

2999
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,900
Groves or a Nighthawk diving 
through the air of the rooftops.

3000
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:02,800
These sounds connect you to the 
natural world that still exists 

3001
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:06,400
within and around the city. 
Reminding you that human 

3002
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:10,100
habitation is just one part of a
larger ecological community. 

3003
02:40:10,100 --> 02:40:14,500
That includes plants and animals
streams and mountings changing 

3004
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:17,900
weather and cycling Seasons. 
The air in your room is fresh 

3005
02:40:17,900 --> 02:40:20,800
and clean flowing freely through
the gaps in the wooden 

3006
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,300
construction that Modern 
Builders would consider flaws 

3007
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,400
but which actually help regulate
temperature and humidity 

3008
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:29,400
naturally. 
In summer, these gaps, allow 

3009
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:32,500
cooling breezes to flow through 
the house while in Winter. 

3010
02:40:32,500 --> 02:40:35,300
They prevent the build-up of 
stale humid, air, that could 

3011
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:38,400
lead to mold or other problems. 
Your cotton futon is 

3012
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:40,900
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you get used to it, molding

3013
02:40:40,900 --> 02:40:43,400
to your body in a way that feels
supportive without being too 

3014
02:40:43,400 --> 02:40:46,300
soft. 
The tatami mats beneath provide 

3015
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:48,600
just the right amount of 
cushioning and their faint 

3016
02:40:48,600 --> 02:40:52,100
grassy scent is oddly, soothing 
like sleeping in a meadow. 

3017
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:54,300
That's been perfectly prepared 
for human comfort. 

3018
02:40:55,100 --> 02:40:57,800
The natural materials, breathe 
and adjust your body 

3019
02:40:57,800 --> 02:41:00,500
temperature, keeping you 
comfortable throughout the night

3020
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:02,600
without the need for mechanical 
climate control. 

3021
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:05,800
As you drift towards sleep. 
Your mind, might Wander Over the

3022
02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:07,600
days. 
Small pleasures and encounters. 

3023
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:10,900
Each one taking on a particular 
Sweetness in the peaceful 

3024
02:41:10,900 --> 02:41:14,400
darkness of your room, Perfect 
temperature of your morning. 

3025
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:17,700
Tea served in a ceramic cup. 
That was warm to the touch and 

3026
02:41:17,700 --> 02:41:21,500
perfectly shaped for your hands.
The way sunlight fell across a 

3027
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:24,900
temple Garden, creating patterns
of light and Shadow, that seemed

3028
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:27,000
to shift and dance with each 
passing Cloud. 

3029
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:30,000
The smile of the tofu seller. 
When you complimented his 

3030
02:41:30,000 --> 02:41:33,200
product, a moment of human 
connection that brighten both 

3031
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:36,800
your days and created the kind 
of small social bond, that makes

3032
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:40,900
communities feel friendly and 
welcoming The satisfaction of a 

3033
02:41:40,900 --> 02:41:44,300
simple but perfectly prepared 
meal shared with others, where 

3034
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:47,800
every ingredient was fresh and 
carefully chosen every dish was 

3035
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:50,300
prepared with attention to both 
flavor and appearance. 

3036
02:41:50,300 --> 02:41:53,200
These aren't the dramatic highs 
and lows of modern 

3037
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:56,400
entertainment, the artificial 
excitement of movies and 

3038
02:41:56,400 --> 02:42:00,100
television and video games. 
Instead, they have a different 

3039
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,500
kind of richness the Deep 
satisfaction that comes from a 

3040
02:42:03,500 --> 02:42:05,900
life. 
Lived at a human Pace in harmony

3041
02:42:05,900 --> 02:42:08,700
with natural rhythms and in 
connection with a community of 

3042
02:42:08,700 --> 02:42:12,300
people who know and care about 
each other, in Old Kyoto, you 

3043
02:42:12,300 --> 02:42:15,000
were never Anonymous. 
Never just another face in the 

3044
02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:17,000
crowd or another customer in a 
long line. 

3045
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:19,900
You were someone's neighbor, 
someone's customer. 

3046
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:24,000
Someone's fellowship at the 
local shrine Your daily choices,

3047
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:27,800
what to buy, how to dress, how 
to treat others mattered? 

3048
02:42:27,800 --> 02:42:30,500
Not just to you, but to the web 
of relationships that made up 

3049
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:34,100
your community, it was a kind of
accountability that Modern Life 

3050
02:42:34,100 --> 02:42:37,300
has largely lost, but also a 
kind of support and meaning that

3051
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,500
many of us are still searching 
for the Craftsman who made your 

3052
02:42:40,500 --> 02:42:43,400
household goods, knew their work
would be used by real people. 

3053
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:47,800
Not sold to Anonymous consumers 
in distant markets. the farmers 

3054
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:50,300
who grew your food, lived close 
enough that you might know their

3055
02:42:50,300 --> 02:42:54,900
names, their families, their 
challenges and successes, The 

3056
02:42:54,900 --> 02:42:56,700
merchants who brought goods to 
your neighborhood, had 

3057
02:42:56,700 --> 02:42:59,900
reputations to maintain and 
relationships to preserve, which

3058
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:02,200
meant that quality and honesty 
were essential to their 

3059
02:43:02,200 --> 02:43:05,200
long-term success. 
This interconnectedness, created

3060
02:43:05,200 --> 02:43:08,600
a kind of economic system that 
was both more personal and more 

3061
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:12,000
sustainable than what we know 
today. goods were built to last 

3062
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:14,800
because the people who made them
had to stand behind their 

3063
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:18,600
quality, waste was minimized 
because resources were precious 

3064
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:22,400
and had to be used efficiently. 
And economic relationships were 

3065
02:43:22,400 --> 02:43:25,400
embedded in Social 
relationships, which meant that 

3066
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:28,400
commerce was conducted with 
attention to fairness and 

3067
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:30,800
Community. 
Welfare, not just in individual 

3068
02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:32,900
profit. 
The last thing you might notice 

3069
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,400
before sleep takes, you 
completely as how quiet your 

3070
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:38,600
mind has become in this peaceful
environment, Without the 

3071
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:41,400
constant input of news and 
entertainment and advertising, 

3072
02:43:41,400 --> 02:43:45,200
without the pressure of endless 
choices and opportunities, your 

3073
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:48,000
thoughts have space to settle 
and clarify like sediment 

3074
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,800
settling to the bottom of a 
Still Pond problems. 

3075
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:53,800
That seemed over in our modern 
context of information overload 

3076
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:57,900
and constant stimulation become 
manageable when viewed from the 

3077
02:43:57,900 --> 02:44:02,000
perspective of a life, lived one
day at a time, one task at a 

3078
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:06,400
time, one season at a time. 
The human mind, it turns out is 

3079
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,100
much better at dealing with 
immediate concrete challenges 

3080
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:13,100
than with abstract worries about
distant possibilities or complex

3081
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:15,700
Global issues that are Beyond 
individual control. 

3082
02:44:15,700 --> 02:44:19,300
And so you fall asleep in Old 
Kyoto, surrounded by The Gentle 

3083
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:22,400
sounds of a community at rest. 
Breathing are centered with 

3084
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:25,400
wood, smoke and Temple. 
Incense, your body relaxed on 

3085
02:44:25,408 --> 02:44:27,500
simple bedding. 
That has served countless 

3086
02:44:27,500 --> 02:44:31,400
Generations before you The 
darkness is complete and restful

3087
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:35,000
broken, only by the occasional 
flicker of a neighbor's lamp or 

3088
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,400
the distant, glow of a temple 
Lantern marking a Sacred Space. 

3089
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:41,400
In the sleeping city, tomorrow 
will bring its own rhythms and 

3090
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:44,400
Pleasures the morning. 
Tea sermon that starts each day 

3091
02:44:44,400 --> 02:44:47,900
with mindfulness and gratitude. 
A friendly Merchants making 

3092
02:44:47,900 --> 02:44:50,000
their rounds through 
neighborhoods where everyone 

3093
02:44:50,000 --> 02:44:50,900
knows. 
Everyone else. 

3094
02:44:50,900 --> 02:44:54,600
The beautiful temples with their
peaceful Guardians providing 

3095
02:44:54,600 --> 02:44:58,300
Refuge from the world's demands,
the satisfying work that 

3096
02:44:58,300 --> 02:45:01,600
connects you directly to your 
community's needs and the shared

3097
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:05,700
meals that turn eating from Mere
consumption into social ritual 

3098
02:45:05,700 --> 02:45:09,000
and cultural expression. 
It will bring the evening walk 

3099
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:12,300
home through Lantern lit streets
where every house glows with 

3100
02:45:12,308 --> 02:45:16,700
warm light and human activity. 
Where the sounds of family, life

3101
02:45:16,700 --> 02:45:18,800
created, gentle Symphony of 
community. 

3102
02:45:19,500 --> 02:45:22,500
Where the darkness is welcoming 
rather than threatening because 

3103
02:45:22,500 --> 02:45:25,200
it's populated with neighbors 
and Friends rather than 

3104
02:45:25,200 --> 02:45:27,900
strangers and threats. 
It's a life that might seem 

3105
02:45:27,900 --> 02:45:31,300
simple by our standards, limited
by lack of technology and modern

3106
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:34,600
conveniences, constrained by 
social expectations and 

3107
02:45:34,608 --> 02:45:37,900
traditional roles. 
But in that Simplicity lies, a 

3108
02:45:37,900 --> 02:45:41,200
richness that are complicated 
modern world sometimes struggles

3109
02:45:41,200 --> 02:45:44,600
to provide The richness of 
knowing your place in a 

3110
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:49,200
community of mastering skills 
that serve real human needs of 

3111
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:52,900
living in harmony with natural 
cycles and finding joy and 

3112
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:56,300
meaning in the small daily 
encounters that make up a truly 

3113
02:45:56,300 --> 02:45:59,600
human existence. 
And perhaps, as you settle into 

3114
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,800
sleep, in this imagined past, 
you carry some of that wisdom 

3115
02:46:02,800 --> 02:46:05,300
with you back to whatever time 
and place you call home. 

3116
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:09,000
The understanding that happiness
often comes not from having more

3117
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:12,400
choices or more stimulation, but
from paying closer attention to 

3118
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:15,800
the choice, you have from 
finding Beauty and simple things

3119
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:18,800
and from creating meaningful 
connections with the people and 

3120
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:20,300
places that surround you every 
day. 

3121
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:28,200
Imagine what the world was like 
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy

3122
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:30,800
becoming the Holy, Roman 
Emperor, and most people thought

3123
02:46:30,800 --> 02:46:32,300
the Earth was the center of 
everything. 

3124
02:46:32,300 --> 02:46:35,000
It was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology. 

3125
02:46:35,000 --> 02:46:38,900
You had was a Watermill, the 
news traveled as fast as a horse

3126
02:46:38,900 --> 02:46:41,800
and you learned about the 
universe from a mix of ancient, 

3127
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:44,100
Greek, philosophy, Christian 
Theology. 

3128
02:46:44,100 --> 02:46:47,100
And what your grandfather swore,
he saw in the sky that one 

3129
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:49,600
night, you lived in a world 
where the heavens were as 

3130
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:53,100
reliable as Clockwork or at 
least as reliable as a sundial, 

3131
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:56,700
which was the most accurate. 
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.

3132
02:46:56,700 --> 02:46:59,200
The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

3133
02:46:59,200 --> 02:47:01,500
patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

3134
02:47:01,500 --> 02:47:05,000
recorded history in a time when 
so much of life was uncertain, 

3135
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:08,700
this Celestial reliability was 
more than just useful, it was 

3136
02:47:08,700 --> 02:47:12,000
very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

3137
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:15,000
that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

3138
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:18,100
they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

3139
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:21,000
would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

3140
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:25,200
and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

3141
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:28,300
libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

3142
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,600
planets and other strange things
that happened in the sky for 

3143
02:47:31,600 --> 02:47:34,100
hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

3144
02:47:34,100 --> 02:47:36,600
every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

3145
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:38,100
skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

3146
02:47:38,100 --> 02:47:41,400
between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

3147
02:47:41,400 --> 02:47:43,700
things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

3148
02:47:43,700 --> 02:47:47,200
universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

3149
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:49,800
and around it. 
Were Crystal Spears that held 

3150
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:52,600
the moon planets and stars in 
their never-ending dance. 

3151
02:47:52,600 --> 02:47:56,200
The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

3152
02:47:56,200 --> 02:47:59,000
was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

3153
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:01,600
that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

3154
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:05,600
reason for being there. 
People in 7774 live their lives 

3155
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:08,500
in ways that most people today 
have forgotten, you woke up with

3156
02:48:08,508 --> 02:48:11,600
the sun because candles were 
expensive and Fight was hard to 

3157
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:14,100
find, the sun's path across the 
sky. 

3158
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:15,900
Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

3159
02:48:15,900 --> 02:48:18,200
was Farmers. 
Knew that certain crops should 

3160
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:22,100
be planted when certain stars 
came up at dawn and monks split 

3161
02:48:22,100 --> 02:48:24,800
their prayers into different 
parts based on the canonical 

3162
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:27,900
hours that followed the sun's 
movement, most people stayed in 

3163
02:48:27,908 --> 02:48:30,300
the same place their whole 
lives, only moving a few miles 

3164
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,400
away, the next Valley, the 
closest market town, and maybe 

3165
02:48:33,400 --> 02:48:35,600
the regional Cathedral with the 
only things that could reach 

3166
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:37,700
your world. 
If you were lucky enough to go 

3167
02:48:37,700 --> 02:48:40,900
on a pilgrimage, you could see 
them, it would have seemed a 

3168
02:48:40,900 --> 02:48:42,000
strange to you, that things 
happening. 

3169
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:45,500
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

3170
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,300
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

3171
02:48:48,308 --> 02:48:51,000
other side of the world. 
But even in this small world, 

3172
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,300
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

3173
02:48:54,300 --> 02:48:56,100
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

3174
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:58,700
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

3175
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,900
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

3176
02:49:01,900 --> 02:49:05,000
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

3177
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:08,200
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

3178
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:11,700
and meteor showers were events 
that Whole Villages would stay 

3179
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:13,800
up to watch. 
Everything was affected by 

3180
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:16,500
religion, and people often saw 
celestial events through 

3181
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:19,500
religious lenses, strange things
happening in the sky. 

3182
02:49:19,500 --> 02:49:23,100
Could be signs of political 
change warnings from God about 

3183
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:25,900
how to act morally or signs of 
the end of the world. 

3184
02:49:25,900 --> 02:49:29,700
The line between astronomy and 
astrology was not clear and both

3185
02:49:29,700 --> 02:49:31,400
were seen as valid ways to 
understand. 

3186
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:36,100
God's will in 774 most Scholars 
were monks and Priests who could

3187
02:49:36,100 --> 02:49:39,200
read The Works of ancient 
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 

3188
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:42,600
and Pliny the Elder these texts.
Helped people understand how the

3189
02:49:42,608 --> 02:49:45,500
world worked, but medieval 
Scholars were just passive, 

3190
02:49:45,500 --> 02:49:48,200
recipients of ancient knowledge.
They also made their own 

3191
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:51,000
observations and sometimes came 
to different conclusions than 

3192
02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:53,500
classical authorities. 
People were curious and 

3193
02:49:53,500 --> 02:49:56,600
observant at the time, but only 
up to a point natural 

3194
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:58,900
philosophers endeavored to 
comprehend God's creation 

3195
02:49:58,900 --> 02:50:02,100
through meticulous examination. 
Holding the belief that the 

3196
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:04,000
natural world disclosed Divine 
truth. 

3197
02:50:04,000 --> 02:50:06,700
It was important to pay 
attention to strange events. 

3198
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:08,900
Not only because they were 
scientifically interesting. 

3199
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:12,500
But also, because they could 
Spiritual meaning, trade 

3200
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:14,200
networks linked. 
Even the most isolated 

3201
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:17,900
communities to larger cultural 
exchanges a strange story seen 

3202
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:20,300
in one Monastery, could travel 
hundreds of miles along, 

3203
02:50:20,300 --> 02:50:24,200
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 
paths and diplomatic channels to

3204
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:28,300
reach chroniclers information 
moved slowly but steadily making

3205
02:50:28,300 --> 02:50:30,900
a medieval version of an 
intellectual Network that could 

3206
02:50:30,900 --> 02:50:34,200
keep, and share important 
observations in this carefully, 

3207
02:50:34,200 --> 02:50:38,400
planned world of 774 where the 
stars, followed familiar 

3208
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:40,600
patterns, and strange things 
happened. 

3209
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:43,800
So, rarely that they were 
memorable, something amazing was

3210
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:46,200
about to happen. 
The universe was getting ready 

3211
02:50:46,200 --> 02:50:49,300
to send Earth a cosmic message, 
that would be recorded in tree 

3212
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,400
rings, ice cores and historical 
records. 

3213
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:55,600
It would take humans over 1,000 
years to make the scientific 

3214
02:50:55,600 --> 02:50:57,300
tools needed to figure out what 
it meant. 

3215
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:01,300
But the people of 774 didn't 
know they were about to see 

3216
02:51:01,300 --> 02:51:03,700
proof of one of the most 
powerful events in the history 

3217
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:05,800
of the universe. 
They went about their daily 

3218
02:51:05,800 --> 02:51:08,500
lives, taking care of their 
fields, praying and looking at 

3219
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:10,700
the stars they knew they had no 
idea. 

3220
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:13,600
The invisible radiation was 
about to fall from space and 

3221
02:51:13,600 --> 02:51:15,700
amounts, that wouldn't be seen 
again for another Thousand 

3222
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:18,200
Years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

3223
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:19,900
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

3224
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:24,000
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

3225
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:25,900
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

3226
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:27,900
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

3227
02:51:27,900 --> 02:51:31,400
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

3228
02:51:31,400 --> 02:51:33,600
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

3229
02:51:33,600 --> 02:51:37,000
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

3230
02:51:37,000 --> 02:51:39,100
is happening higher above. 
The Earth's atmosphere that 

3231
02:51:39,100 --> 02:51:41,800
people won't fully understand 
until the 21st century. 

3232
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:44,900
A huge burst of high energy 
particles is hitting Earth's 

3233
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:47,700
upper atmosphere with a force 
that has never been seen before 

3234
02:51:47,700 --> 02:51:50,800
these cosmic rays, which 
wouldn't be called that for 

3235
02:51:50,800 --> 02:51:53,400
another Thousand Years. 
The falling from space like an 

3236
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:56,800
invisible waterfall of radiation
carrying energy is that a much 

3237
02:51:56,800 --> 02:51:59,400
bigger than anything human 
technology can make even today. 

3238
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:02,700
One of the biggest mysteries of 
medieval astronomy is where this

3239
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:05,800
Cosmic bombardment came from. 
This is partly because the 

3240
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:07,900
people who are affected couldn't
see it directly. 

3241
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,400
This event didn't make any 
visible light. 

3242
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:14,500
Change the night, sky in any big
ways or show any clear, signs, 

3243
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:17,200
that something strange was 
happening, unlike a comet or 

3244
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:19,500
supernova. 
It was like, being in the middle

3245
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:21,900
of the most amazing fireworks 
show in the history of the 

3246
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:25,700
universe while wearing a 
blindfold what was going on even

3247
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:28,900
though it couldn't be seen, was 
truly amazing protons. 

3248
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:31,500
And other high-energy particles 
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 

3249
02:52:31,500 --> 02:52:34,700
at almost the speed of light, 
this caused secondary particles 

3250
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:36,300
to rain, down toward the 
surface. 

3251
02:52:36,300 --> 02:52:40,100
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal Cosmic gray 

3252
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:42,300
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

3253
02:52:42,300 --> 02:52:45,300
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

3254
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:48,600
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

3255
02:52:48,600 --> 02:52:52,000
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14, the radioactive 

3256
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:54,800
isotope that archeologists used 
to date old things. 

3257
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:59,000
This process usually happens at 
a steady predictable rate like a

3258
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:01,700
cosmic clock that has been 
ticking steadily for thousands 

3259
02:53:01,700 --> 02:53:07,200
of years but in 774 that clock, 
suddenly sped up, making carbon 

3260
02:53:07,200 --> 02:53:10,400
14 at levels, that would leave a
mark on every living thing on 

3261
02:53:10,400 --> 02:53:12,600
Earth forever. 
Trees did a great job of 

3262
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:15,300
recording this event, even 
though they didn't know they 

3263
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:18,300
were acting as Cosmic 
historians, they took in extra 

3264
02:53:18,300 --> 02:53:24,300
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 
and 775, which scientists would 

3265
02:53:24,300 --> 02:53:27,100
later recognized as one of the 
most dramatic spikes in the 

3266
02:53:27,108 --> 02:53:30,900
radiocarbon record every tree 
ring from that time, held proof 

3267
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:33,700
of this storm, that couldn't be 
seen because cosmic rays were 

3268
02:53:33,700 --> 02:53:37,200
also making other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

3269
02:53:37,200 --> 02:53:39,500
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

3270
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:42,600
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

3271
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:45,400
world like pieces of a puzzle 
that wouldn't be put together 

3272
02:53:45,400 --> 02:53:48,900
for more than a thousand years. 
The universe was putting 

3273
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:51,900
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

3274
02:53:51,900 --> 02:53:56,700
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

3275
02:53:56,700 --> 02:54:00,100
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

3276
02:54:00,100 --> 02:54:03,700
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

3277
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:07,200
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

3278
02:54:07,200 --> 02:54:10,200
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

3279
02:54:10,200 --> 02:54:12,800
neighborhood. 
Ending out a short but very 

3280
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:14,800
strong. 
Burst of high energy particles, 

3281
02:54:14,800 --> 02:54:17,500
you can start to understand the 
energies involved, if you 

3282
02:54:17,508 --> 02:54:20,800
picture two Atomic nuclei the 
size of Manhattan, crashing into

3283
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:23,300
each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

3284
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:26,600
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

3285
02:54:26,600 --> 02:54:29,200
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

3286
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,200
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

3287
02:54:32,200 --> 02:54:35,900
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses. 

3288
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:37,800
That sometimes explode with 
energy. 

3289
02:54:37,800 --> 02:54:40,600
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

3290
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:44,200
If one of these huge Stars, 
hiccup in the right way, Earth 

3291
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:46,900
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

3292
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:48,700
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

3293
02:54:48,700 --> 02:54:51,400
possibilities is that Earth's or
a gamma ray burst? 

3294
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:55,100
Which is one of the strongest 
explosions known to physics when

3295
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:59,000
huge Stars collapse into black 
holes or when strange Stellar, 

3296
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:01,400
remnants collide with each 
other, in a way that destroys 

3297
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,200
everything. 
These events can outshine whole 

3298
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,800
Galaxies for a short time. 
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth

3299
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:11,200
directly could have caused the 
cosmic race bike that was seen 

3300
02:55:11,200 --> 02:55:15,500
in 774 the timing of this event 
is what makes it so interesting 

3301
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:21,700
from 774 to 776 medieval records
from all over the world. 

3302
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:25,200
Talked about strange things that
happened like strange lights in 

3303
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:28,400
the sky, strange weather 
patterns and other things that 

3304
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:30,100
chroniclers thought were worth 
noting. 

3305
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,400
These observations may have 
natural explanations that have 

3306
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,200
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 
but the connection is 

3307
02:55:36,200 --> 02:55:38,600
interesting enough to make. 
You think about what people, who

3308
02:55:38,600 --> 02:55:41,900
looked at the sky, in the Middle
Ages, might have seen that, they

3309
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:46,200
couldn't explain the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 was short by 

3310
02:55:46,200 --> 02:55:49,500
astronomical standards, it 
probably lasted months instead 

3311
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:51,900
of years. 
However it was strong enough to 

3312
02:55:51,900 --> 02:55:54,300
leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

3313
02:55:54,300 --> 02:55:57,100
It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

3314
02:55:57,100 --> 02:56:00,100
people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

3315
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:03,000
they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

3316
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:05,600
of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

3317
02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:08,400
technology or observation method
that was available at the time 

3318
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:11,200
cosmic, ray of events. 
Don't leave any visible signs. 

3319
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,600
That would alert people and like
a Klipsch is comets or 

3320
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,900
supernovae. 
The people of 774 were going 

3321
02:56:17,908 --> 02:56:21,000
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history,

3322
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:23,600
but they had no way of knowing 
it was happening. 

3323
02:56:23,600 --> 02:56:28,000
But in a way, they were all part
of a cosmic experiment working 

3324
02:56:28,000 --> 02:56:31,200
together without even knowing it
to make a time capsule, that 

3325
02:56:31,200 --> 02:56:33,600
would help scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

3326
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:37,500
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

3327
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:40,000
of ice that formed. 
And every living thing that 

3328
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:43,100
developed during those important
years was quietly, leaving 

3329
02:56:43,100 --> 02:56:47,200
behind evidence, that would be 
very useful to researchers 13th.

3330
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:49,900
Centuries later even though 
medieval people could not see 

3331
02:56:49,900 --> 02:56:54,700
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

3332
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:56,300
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

3333
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,300
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

3334
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:01,900
things that happen. 
During this time, we can't say, 

3335
02:57:01,900 --> 02:57:04,400
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
calls all of them. 

3336
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,300
But the timing is interesting 
enough to make you wonder what 

3337
02:57:07,300 --> 02:57:10,300
people in the Middle Ages were 
really seeing imagine being 

3338
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:14,000
among in a script. 
Torium in 775, keeping the 

3339
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:16,400
chronicle that tells the story 
of your Monastery is most 

3340
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,500
important events. 
You dip your quill in oak, gall 

3341
02:57:19,500 --> 02:57:22,500
ink and write down that the 
winter has been unusually harsh 

3342
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,600
and that strange colors have 
appeared in the northern sky a 

3343
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:28,600
few times, you don't know that 
more Cosmic radiation could 

3344
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:31,900
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere in small ways or that

3345
02:57:31,908 --> 02:57:34,800
high energy particles could 
cause stranger aurors to appear 

3346
02:57:34,800 --> 02:57:36,900
at. 
Lower latitudes than usual, the 

3347
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,800
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

3348
02:57:39,800 --> 02:57:42,900
from the Middle Ages, says that 
a red crucifix appeared in the 

3349
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:46,300
sky after Sunset around this 
time, many evil chroniclers were

3350
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:48,900
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

3351
02:57:48,900 --> 02:57:50,700
between normal and strange 
events. 

3352
02:57:50,700 --> 02:57:53,600
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

3353
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:55,500
events. 
They were probably seeing 

3354
02:57:55,500 --> 02:58:01,000
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

3355
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:05,300
Chinese astronomical records 
from the Tang Dynasty which kept

3356
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:07,600
some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

3357
02:58:07,608 --> 02:58:11,100
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese. 

3358
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:14,300
Astronomers were especially good
at keeping track of comets, Nova

3359
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:17,600
and other short-lived events 
their records, talk about guest 

3360
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:20,300
stars and strange atmospheric 
events that don't match up with 

3361
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:23,000
any known astronomical events 
that can be seen from Earth. 

3362
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:25,800
The annals of Ulster say that 
there were strange lights and 

3363
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:28,400
weather patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

3364
02:58:28,400 --> 02:58:30,800
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

3365
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:33,400
detailed records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

3366
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:36,200
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

3367
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:38,800
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

3368
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,600
independent Chronicle Traditions
or record strange things 

3369
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,000
happening at the same time, 
suggests that something strange 

3370
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:47,800
was really going on. 
But this is where the story gets

3371
02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:49,900
really interesting. 
From a human point of view 

3372
02:58:49,900 --> 02:58:52,000
people. 
In the Middle Ages who saw these

3373
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:54,700
things had to make sense of them
using what they already knew 

3374
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:57,300
this meant that they mostly 
understood strange things 

3375
02:58:57,300 --> 02:58:59,100
through, religious and 
philosophical lenses. 

3376
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:02,500
In a scientific ones, a strange 
light in the northern sky. 

3377
02:59:02,500 --> 02:59:05,500
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

3378
02:59:05,500 --> 02:59:07,700
unhappy with how people are 
acting all that. 

3379
02:59:07,700 --> 02:59:10,600
The end of the world is near 
people probably thought of the 

3380
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:12,600
Red Cross. 
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 

3381
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:15,600
a Christian Vision. 
Maybe showing God's judgment or 

3382
02:59:15,600 --> 02:59:18,000
Mercy. 
These interpretations weren't 

3383
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:20,900
simple or stupid. 
They were smart tries to make 

3384
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:23,700
sense of strange events with the
best tools available at the 

3385
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:25,600
time. 
It also looks like the weather 

3386
02:59:25,600 --> 02:59:30,200
in the Middle. 
Ages was strange from 774 to 776

3387
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:34,200
with different records talking 
about harsh Winters, strange, 

3388
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,000
storms, and other weather events
that were out of the ordinary 

3389
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:39,400
cosmic rays. 
Don't directly control the 

3390
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:42,300
weather, but they can change the
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

3391
02:59:42,300 --> 02:59:45,300
ways that might change how 
clouds form and how much rain 

3392
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,700
falls medieval. 
People would have thought it was

3393
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:50,700
magic that invisible particles 
from space, could change the 

3394
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:53,800
weather on Earth. 
However modern research shows 

3395
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:55,600
that these connections are 
possible in theory. 

3396
02:59:55,600 --> 02:59:58,000
Some agricultural records from 
this time. 

3397
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:01,500
When they still exist, talk 
about strange, crop yields or 

3398
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:06,000
growing conditions farmers. 
In 774 were very aware of small 

3399
03:00:06,000 --> 03:00:08,400
changes in the environment that 
could have an effect on their 

3400
03:00:08,400 --> 03:00:10,300
crops. 
They would have noticed If 

3401
03:00:10,300 --> 03:00:12,100
plants were acting. 
Differently than they should 

3402
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,800
have, theoretically increased 
Cosmic radiation could impact 

3403
03:00:15,800 --> 03:00:18,600
plant growth and development. 
In ways that seasoned Farmers 

3404
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:21,200
might notice, even if they 
couldn't articulate their 

3405
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:24,500
observations monks, may have 
noticed, small changes in how 

3406
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:27,300
plants grew or flowered in 
Monastery Gardens which were, 

3407
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:30,500
well kept places medieval 
monasteries kept very detailed 

3408
03:00:30,500 --> 03:00:33,700
records of farming and some of 
these records suggest that the 

3409
03:00:33,700 --> 03:00:36,700
weather was strange during the 
mid-70s. 

3410
03:00:36,700 --> 03:00:39,400
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

3411
03:00:39,400 --> 03:00:43,000
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming, 

3412
03:00:43,000 --> 03:00:46,900
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray of itself

3413
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:50,100
couldn't be seen, it probably 
had a bigger effect on the minds

3414
03:00:50,100 --> 03:00:52,900
of people living in medieval 
times, even though, no one could

3415
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:55,900
say, for sure what was going on.
Strange lights in the sky 

3416
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:58,100
strange, weather patterns and 
strange. 

3417
03:00:58,100 --> 03:01:01,100
Natural events would have made 
people feel like something big 

3418
03:01:01,100 --> 03:01:03,400
was happening. 
People in the Middle Ages lived 

3419
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:05,400
much closer to the Natural 
rhythms of the world. 

3420
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:08,900
And we do now, this made them 
more aware of small changes in 

3421
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:11,000
the environment that people who 
live in cities today. 

3422
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:14,500
Might not notice at all a farmer
who slept outside every night 

3423
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:17,300
would notice if the Aurora 
appeared at latitudes that were 

3424
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:19,800
lower than usual. 
Similarly, a monk who prayed 

3425
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,800
regular times would notice if 
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 

3426
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:25,800
look different than usual. 
When strange things happened in 

3427
03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:28,700
medieval communities. 
People usually turn to religion,

3428
03:01:28,700 --> 03:01:32,400
more asked learned people for 
advice and paid close attention 

3429
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:34,200
to other signs. 
That might help them understand 

3430
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:37,600
what was going on communities, 
might set up special prayers 

3431
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,100
processions or other religious 
activities to respond to Divine 

3432
03:01:41,100 --> 03:01:43,100
messages that are hidden in 
natural events. 

3433
03:01:43,100 --> 03:01:46,100
It is, specially sad that people
in the Middle Ages saw the 

3434
03:01:46,108 --> 03:01:48,900
aftermath of one of the most 
powerful astrophysical events in

3435
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:51,100
history. 
But they had no way to 

3436
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:53,900
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

3437
03:01:53,900 --> 03:01:57,000
They were like, people who were 
trying to understand a symphony,

3438
03:01:57,000 --> 03:01:59,800
but could only hear a few notes 
here and there or who were 

3439
03:01:59,800 --> 03:02:02,300
trying to enjoy a painting, but 
could only see random brush 

3440
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:05,300
strokes, but they're careful 
observations and detailed 

3441
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:08,600
records, which are still kept in
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

3442
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:12,600
annals on several continents. 
Give modern scientists important

3443
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:15,900
information about both the 
cosmic ray event and its 

3444
03:02:15,900 --> 03:02:19,200
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

3445
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:22,100
candlelight in stone scriptorium
made records. 

3446
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:24,900
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists 13th. 

3447
03:02:24,900 --> 03:02:30,600
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experienced 

3448
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:33,300
mystery in, its purest form 
things that were clearly 

3449
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:35,700
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

3450
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:38,400
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

3451
03:02:38,400 --> 03:02:42,100
careful observation keeping 
details records and thinking 

3452
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:44,700
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

3453
03:02:44,700 --> 03:02:46,600
traditions. 
That had helped people 

3454
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:49,600
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as 

3455
03:02:50,200 --> 03:02:52,500
Negative trying to figure out a 
mystery that happened more than 

3456
03:02:52,500 --> 03:02:55,400
1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

3457
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:58,400
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, libraries and the 

3458
03:02:58,400 --> 03:03:00,800
hidden records written in tree 
rings and Ice cores. 

3459
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:05,300
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

3460
03:03:05,300 --> 03:03:08,300
ray event, they had to put 
together, medieval Chronicles 

3461
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,400
and the most advanced 
astrophysics to figure it out. 

3462
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:14,700
In the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree-ring

3463
03:03:14,700 --> 03:03:18,100
data saw something amazing that 
led to the big Discovery, the 

3464
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:23,500
amount of carbon 14 in Wood 
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

3465
03:03:23,500 --> 03:03:27,100
a lot which hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years who 

3466
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:29,700
was like nature had suddenly 
switched Penns to write the same

3467
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:33,200
story making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

3468
03:03:33,200 --> 03:03:35,700
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

3469
03:03:35,700 --> 03:03:39,000
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

3470
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:41,500
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

3471
03:03:41,500 --> 03:03:44,500
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

3472
03:03:44,500 --> 03:03:48,200
Greenland had higher levels of 
brilliant 10 and other isotopes 

3473
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,400
that are made when cosmic rays 
hit other Particles Coral, 

3474
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:54,700
growth rings from tropical ocean
showed signs of the same event 

3475
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:57,100
in their chemical makeup. 
It was like seeing the same 

3476
03:03:57,100 --> 03:04:00,300
fingerprint at crime scene on 
different continents, medieval 

3477
03:04:00,300 --> 03:04:03,100
chroniclers who wrote by 
candlelight with quill Pen's, 

3478
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:06,600
unknowingly recorded pieces of 
this, Cosmic puzzle, in their 

3479
03:04:06,600 --> 03:04:08,500
careful notes, about strange 
events. 

3480
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:11,800
It was no longer just a strange 
medieval Superstition that the 

3481
03:04:11,800 --> 03:04:14,900
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 
a red crucifix in the sky. 

3482
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:18,300
It could be useful, scientific 
information about how Cosmic 

3483
03:04:18,300 --> 03:04:21,800
radiation affects the atmosphere
Chinese astronomical records, 

3484
03:04:21,800 --> 03:04:24,600
were especially useful because 
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.

3485
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:27,600
Kept very detailed records of 
celestial events. 

3486
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:32,100
Their records of guest stars, 
strange lights and Atmospheric 

3487
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:38,500
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped
us understand how experienced 

3488
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:41,800
skywatches might have seen such 
an event with the tools they had

3489
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:44,700
at the time to connect medieval 
Chronicles to Modern 

3490
03:04:44,700 --> 03:04:47,000
astrophysics. 
You had to think about things in

3491
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,000
a way that was, like, going back
in time researchers needed to 

3492
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:51,900
comprehend. 
Not only the observations made 

3493
03:04:51,900 --> 03:04:55,000
by medieval individuals, but 
also how these observations 

3494
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:57,900
would have been interpreted and 
documented within their cultural

3495
03:04:57,900 --> 03:05:01,400
and scientific contexts medieval
chroniclers would have used the 

3496
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:05,000
language of Omens wanders, and 
divine signs to write about 

3497
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:07,700
something that we could describe
in terms of particle physics and

3498
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,000
Atmospheric chemistry. 
The result of this 

3499
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:12,800
cross-disciplinary detective 
work was a picture of an event 

3500
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:15,300
that was both dramatic and 
invisible know. 

3501
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:17,100
Evil technology could have 
detected. 

3502
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:20,500
The cosmic ray bombardment 
itself, but careful, observers 

3503
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:23,400
might have been able to see its 
secondary effects, such as 

3504
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:27,300
strange, auroras atmospheric 
phenomena, and maybe even small 

3505
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:30,700
changes in weather patterns. 
The timing of events recorded in

3506
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,500
medieval Chronicles, roughly 
matches, the time when cosmic 

3507
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:36,100
ray levels were high, this 
suggests that some of the 

3508
03:05:36,100 --> 03:05:38,600
strange things that medieval 
writers wrote, about may have 

3509
03:05:38,600 --> 03:05:40,800
been caused by the invisible 
radiation storm. 

3510
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:43,800
It's like finding out that 
puzzle pieces, that seemed 

3511
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:46,300
unrelated actually fit together 
to make a whole picture. 

3512
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:48,800
When you look at them from the 
right angle, Islamic 

3513
03:05:48,800 --> 03:05:50,400
astronomical records from 
Baghdad. 

3514
03:05:50,400 --> 03:05:53,400
And Cordoba also talk about 
strange things that happen. 

3515
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:56,200
During this time. 
Medieval Islamic astronomers 

3516
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:58,700
were some of the best at 
observing celestial events in 

3517
03:05:58,700 --> 03:06:02,100
the world, their records often 
add to and clarify what European

3518
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,100
and Chinese sources of set. 
The worldwide nature of these 

3519
03:06:05,100 --> 03:06:06,600
records. 
Suggest that what was happening.

3520
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,000
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

3521
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:12,300
Modern researchers have a hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

3522
03:06:12,300 --> 03:06:15,300
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

3523
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:18,200
of Strange events that medieval 
Chronicles wrote about all the 

3524
03:06:18,208 --> 03:06:20,500
time. 
People in the Middle Ages lived 

3525
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:23,000
in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather. 

3526
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:25,900
And many other events were 
always happening and being seen 

3527
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:28,900
as important to figure out, 
which anomalies might be linked 

3528
03:06:28,900 --> 03:06:31,300
to the cosmic ray event, you 
need to carefully. 

3529
03:06:31,300 --> 03:06:34,700
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

3530
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:36,400
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

3531
03:06:36,400 --> 03:06:39,300
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

3532
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:41,100
how consistent. 
They are across different 

3533
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:43,800
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

3534
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,300
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

3535
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,300
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

3536
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:52,300
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

3537
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:54,500
strange. 
And not just what people in 

3538
03:06:54,500 --> 03:06:57,200
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

3539
03:06:57,200 --> 03:07:00,800
His Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

3540
03:07:00,800 --> 03:07:03,200
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

3541
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:06,000
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

3542
03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:08,900
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

3543
03:07:08,908 --> 03:07:11,500
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

3544
03:07:11,500 --> 03:07:14,700
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

3545
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:18,300
climatologists, A study tree 
rings, ice cores and other 

3546
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:21,000
natural records that keep 
chemical traces of events from 

3547
03:07:21,000 --> 03:07:24,600
long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

3548
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:27,800
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

3549
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,600
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

3550
03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:33,400
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

3551
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:37,100
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

3552
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:39,400
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

3553
03:07:39,400 --> 03:07:42,400
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

3554
03:07:42,400 --> 03:07:44,700
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

3555
03:07:44,700 --> 03:07:47,900
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

3556
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:53,100
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

3557
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:56,500
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

3558
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:59,100
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

3559
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:02,700
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

3560
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:04,400
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

3561
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:07,400
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

3562
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:10,900
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

3563
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:12,800
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

3564
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:16,900
However, medieval people who. 
Saw the event gave scientists 

3565
03:08:16,900 --> 03:08:19,500
the context, they needed to 
understand how it might have 

3566
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:21,000
looked to people who lived 
through it. 

3567
03:08:21,000 --> 03:08:24,500
The combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

3568
03:08:24,500 --> 03:08:27,900
research has uncovered a story 
that neither method could have 

3569
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:31,100
found on its own. 
The people who saw the 774 

3570
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:33,600
cosmic ray event had no idea. 
They were witnessing 

3571
03:08:33,600 --> 03:08:36,900
astronomical history, but 
they're careful record-keeping 

3572
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:39,400
and detailed observations made a
time capsule. 

3573
03:08:39,400 --> 03:08:42,300
That would be very useful to 
researchers more than 1,000 

3574
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:44,100
years later. 
It's a reminder that 

3575
03:08:44,100 --> 03:08:47,100
observations that seem unrelated
can sometimes show their true 

3576
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:49,100
importance. 
Only when looked at, from the 

3577
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:50,900
point of view of later, 
scientific knowledge. 

3578
03:08:50,900 --> 03:08:54,500
Imagine waking up on a normal 
morning in 775. 

3579
03:08:54,500 --> 03:08:57,900
When the year before had brought
news of strange events from all 

3580
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:01,100
over the world, you get up with 
the sun because that's when life

3581
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:03,600
starts in a time. 
Before electric light's, when 

3582
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:06,400
you step outside your home, 
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 

3583
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:09,700
a monastery sell or a merchant 
house, you might look up at the 

3584
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:12,500
sky and realize that something 
strange has been happening up 

3585
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:14,700
there. 
The cosmic ray event that peaked

3586
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,200
in 7. 74 was making small 
changes in your environment that

3587
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:20,800
you couldn't see. 
But the strange things that 

3588
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:23,400
Chronicles, and travelers wrote 
about were adding a sense of 

3589
03:09:23,400 --> 03:09:26,500
wonder and uncertainty to 
everyday life people in the 

3590
03:09:26,508 --> 03:09:28,500
Middle, Ages were used to living
with mystery. 

3591
03:09:28,500 --> 03:09:31,300
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world would be

3592
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,300
on human understanding. 
But the fact that there were so 

3593
03:09:34,308 --> 03:09:36,900
many strange reports during this
time, made them feel like, big 

3594
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:38,900
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

3595
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:40,600
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

3596
03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:43,600
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

3597
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:46,200
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

3598
03:09:46,200 --> 03:09:49,600
always start with prayers. 
But prayers from the Middle Ages

3599
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:52,300
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

3600
03:09:52,300 --> 03:09:55,100
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights. 

3601
03:09:55,100 --> 03:09:57,500
And unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

3602
03:09:57,500 --> 03:10:00,400
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

3603
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:02,900
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

3604
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:05,500
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

3605
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:10,100
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens, most people in 775 were 

3606
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:12,100
farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

3607
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:14,800
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time. 

3608
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:17,400
To be successful. 
In farming, in the Middle Ages, 

3609
03:10:17,400 --> 03:10:20,200
you had to be able to read 
subtle signs in the environment.

3610
03:10:20,200 --> 03:10:23,300
Like, when to plant based on the
temperature and moisture of the 

3611
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,100
soil, how to tell when the 
weather would change based on 

3612
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:29,100
the clouds and wind patterns, 
and how to tell when it was time

3613
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,500
to harvest people who survival 
depended on, being able to read 

3614
03:10:32,500 --> 03:10:35,100
Nature's signals, would notice 
any strange changes in the 

3615
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:37,900
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

3616
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:39,300
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

3617
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:41,900
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

3618
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:44,600
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

3619
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:47,700
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

3620
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,200
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

3621
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:52,900
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

3622
03:10:52,900 --> 03:10:56,100
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

3623
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:58,200
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

3624
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:01,000
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

3625
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:04,400
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces where small 

3626
03:11:04,400 --> 03:11:07,600
changes might be easier to see 
monks, who took care of herb, 

3627
03:11:07,600 --> 03:11:10,900
garden and medicinal plants were
trained to be very observant and

3628
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:14,100
pay close attention to help 
plants grew and how healthy they

3629
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:17,400
were because they So much about 
how plants normally behave. 

3630
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:19,700
They might have been able to 
spot things that less 

3631
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:22,200
experienced to observers. 
Would have missed the 

3632
03:11:22,200 --> 03:11:23,900
psychological climate of daily 
life. 

3633
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:26,700
During this era, was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

3634
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,400
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

3635
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:33,200
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

3636
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:36,500
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

3637
03:11:36,500 --> 03:11:39,600
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

3638
03:11:39,600 --> 03:11:42,600
from Faraway places would slowly
make their way into local 

3639
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:46,200
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

3640
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:49,200
was changing in some way people.
In the Middle Ages, knew that 

3641
03:11:49,208 --> 03:11:52,200
big events often made themselves
known through natural signs and 

3642
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:54,300
Omens. 
Medieval people strongly 

3643
03:11:54,300 --> 03:11:57,000
believe, that strange events 
could happen before big changes 

3644
03:11:57,000 --> 03:12:00,500
and politics Society or religion
people who lived at the time 

3645
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:02,300
would have thought that 
something important was going 

3646
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:05,200
on, when several sources 
reported strange events 

3647
03:12:05,200 --> 03:12:08,700
happening at the same time, even
if they didn't know exactly what

3648
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:12,000
it was, people might have talked
about strange weather strange, 

3649
03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:14,700
lights, and other strange, 
things that Travelers and 

3650
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:16,700
Chronicles. 
Seen more often during this 

3651
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,300
time, because medieval 
communities were small 

3652
03:12:19,300 --> 03:12:22,600
interesting news spread quickly.
The collection of strange 

3653
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:25,100
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

3654
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:28,800
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

3655
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:31,600
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

3656
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:34,300
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

3657
03:12:34,300 --> 03:12:37,300
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 

3658
03:12:37,300 --> 03:12:39,900
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

3659
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:42,600
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

3660
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:45,500
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

3661
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,400
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

3662
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:49,900
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

3663
03:12:49,900 --> 03:12:52,700
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

3664
03:12:52,700 --> 03:12:55,300
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

3665
03:12:55,300 --> 03:12:58,700
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

3666
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:00,300
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

3667
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:04,000
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

3668
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:06,300
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

3669
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,800
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

3670
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:11,900
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

3671
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:16,100
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 7007. 5 religious 

3672
03:13:16,100 --> 03:13:18,900
observances may have encompassed
specific prayers or rituals 

3673
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:20,600
intended to appropriately 
address. 

3674
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:23,600
The enigmatic signs that 
appeared with notable frequency,

3675
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:26,700
medieval Christianity, offered 
Frameworks for interpreting 

3676
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:30,300
natural phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

3677
03:13:30,300 --> 03:13:33,700
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

3678
03:13:33,700 --> 03:13:36,500
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

3679
03:13:36,500 --> 03:13:39,000
life, in the Middle. 
Ages were still governed by the 

3680
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:41,000
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

3681
03:13:41,008 --> 03:13:43,500
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

3682
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:45,300
were in the air. 
How many strange lights were in 

3683
03:13:45,308 --> 03:13:48,000
the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

3684
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:51,900
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

3685
03:13:51,900 --> 03:13:55,500
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

3686
03:13:55,500 --> 03:13:58,500
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

3687
03:13:58,500 --> 03:14:01,400
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

3688
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:03,900
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

3689
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:06,600
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

3690
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:09,300
important in spreading news, 
about strange events to 

3691
03:14:09,300 --> 03:14:12,500
different areas, a merchant, who
traveled between cities a lot 

3692
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:14,700
could act as an unofficial 
Clearing House for stories. 

3693
03:14:14,700 --> 03:14:17,800
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

3694
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:20,200
what happened in their own area,
with what happened in other 

3695
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:23,300
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

3696
03:14:23,300 --> 03:14:26,000
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

3697
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:28,700
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

3698
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,500
People in the Middle Ages knew 
that they were part of ongoing 

3699
03:14:31,500 --> 03:14:34,800
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

3700
03:14:34,800 --> 03:14:37,200
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

3701
03:14:37,200 --> 03:14:40,400
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

3702
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:42,800
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

3703
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:46,100
What makes this a specialty sad?
Is that the people of 7? 

3704
03:14:46,700 --> 03:14:48,100
5. 
We're going through a very 

3705
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,600
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

3706
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:54,700
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

3707
03:14:54,700 --> 03:14:57,500
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

3708
03:14:57,508 --> 03:15:00,300
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

3709
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:02,900
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

3710
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:06,400
That would be very useful to 
scientists 1000 years later, but

3711
03:15:06,400 --> 03:15:09,200
they didn't know it at the time.
The story of how modern 

3712
03:15:09,200 --> 03:15:10,900
scientists figured out what 
happened. 

3713
03:15:10,900 --> 03:15:15,200
During the 774 cosmic, ray event
is like a detective novel for 

3714
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:18,400
smart people with Clues hidden 
in Japanese cedar trees. 

3715
03:15:18,400 --> 03:15:22,300
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 
margins of medieval manuscripts.

3716
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:25,500
It's a story that shows how the 
most advanced science of the 

3717
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:29,300
21st century can sometimes rely 
on the careful notes of monks 

3718
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:32,000
from the 8th Century who were 
just trying to write down what 

3719
03:15:32,000 --> 03:15:33,500
they saw in the world around 
them. 

3720
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:36,500
As is often the case with 
scientific breakthroughs, the 

3721
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:39,400
discovery started when someone 
noticed that the data didn't 

3722
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:42,800
look quite right, researchers 
studying radiocarbon levels in 

3723
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:46,600
tree, rings in the early 2000s 
were creating detailed timelines

3724
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,900
of past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

3725
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:54,000
never been seen before. 
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 

3726
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:59,300
that happen all over the world 
in trees between 774 and 775. 

3727
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:02,400
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

3728
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,000
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

3729
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:07,400
Because cosmic rays change 
nitrogen in the air. 

3730
03:16:07,400 --> 03:16:11,600
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

3731
03:16:11,600 --> 03:16:13,100
of years. 
This process has been running 

3732
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:17,000
like a clock in space, making a 
baseline that archaeologists and

3733
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:21,300
climate researchers used to date
old things but in 774 that 

3734
03:16:21,300 --> 03:16:25,500
steady clock in space suddenly 
sped up the spike was huge about

3735
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:28,800
20 times higher than normal 
levels of cosmic rays and it 

3736
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:32,600
happened all over the place at 
the same time during their 700 

3737
03:16:32,600 --> 03:16:37,400
and 774 to 775 growth. 
Rings trees in Japan, Germany, 

3738
03:16:37,400 --> 03:16:39,400
North America and other parts of
the world. 

3739
03:16:39,400 --> 03:16:43,200
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

3740
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:46,300
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

3741
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:49,800
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

3742
03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:53,600
At first scientists didn't know 
Of course, such a big and sudden

3743
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:56,100
event around the world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

3744
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:59,400
1960s had caused fake 
radiocarbon spikes but the 

3745
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:02,000
natural historical record didn't
have anything like what they 

3746
03:17:02,008 --> 03:17:06,400
were seeing in 774 in theory 
solar flares could cause more 

3747
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:11,000
cosmic rays but the 774 event 
was so big that it was bigger 

3748
03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:14,400
than any known solar storm. 
The big step forward happened 

3749
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,000
when scientists started looking 
for other natural records that 

3750
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:20,100
keep cosmic ray signatures that 
could back up their findings 

3751
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:23,600
Antarctic Ice cores which 
trapped gases and particles from

3752
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:26,200
the atmosphere in layers that 
look like pages in a Frozen 

3753
03:17:26,200 --> 03:17:30,000
book, showed higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other Isotopes 

3754
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:32,800
made by cosmic ray interactions 
during the same time, period, 

3755
03:17:32,800 --> 03:17:35,300
Coral growth rings from tropical
Ocean's. 

3756
03:17:35,300 --> 03:17:37,300
Had other chemical signs of the 
same event. 

3757
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:39,700
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

3758
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:42,900
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

3759
03:17:42,900 --> 03:17:46,900
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice, cores and 

3760
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:49,400
coral. 
Reefs all pointed to the same 

3761
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:55,600
amazing event that happened in 
7. 4 to 775 but figuring out 

3762
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:59,000
what happened was just the first
step in understanding it, what 

3763
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:01,600
might have caused such a strong 
burst of cosmic radiation. 

3764
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:04,100
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

3765
03:18:04,100 --> 03:18:07,100
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

3766
03:18:07,100 --> 03:18:10,400
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

3767
03:18:10,400 --> 03:18:15,900
lot between 774 and 775, there 
might be indirect proof of what 

3768
03:18:15,900 --> 03:18:17,900
happened in, historical records 
from that time. 

3769
03:18:17,900 --> 03:18:21,000
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages
were skilled at noticing. 

3770
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:22,700
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

3771
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:25,400
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

3772
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:28,400
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

3773
03:18:28,400 --> 03:18:31,800
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

3774
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:33,500
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

3775
03:18:33,500 --> 03:18:36,800
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

3776
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:39,700
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

3777
03:18:39,700 --> 03:18:42,800
understood and recorded in the 
8th Century ways of knowing and 

3778
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:45,800
believing a phenomenon that 
contemporary scientists would 

3779
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:47,900
characterize through the lens of
particle physics. 

3780
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:51,800
Maybe depicted in medieval 
Chronicles as an omen miracle. 

3781
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:55,000
Divine sign, the 
interdisciplinary investigation 

3782
03:18:55,000 --> 03:18:58,200
yielded evidence that medieval 
observers discerned unusual 

3783
03:18:58,200 --> 03:19:02,800
phenomena. 
During the years 774 to 776 the 

3784
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:06,200
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 
of a red crucifix in the sky, 

3785
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:10,300
Chinese records of guest stars 
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 

3786
03:19:10,300 --> 03:19:12,900
other chronological accounts of 
strange lights and weather 

3787
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:16,300
patterns from this time suddenly
became more important as 

3788
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:19,800
possible proof of cosmic ray 
effects, the scientific teamwork

3789
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:22,500
needed to solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

3790
03:19:22,500 --> 03:19:25,400
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

3791
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:28,200
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

3792
03:19:28,200 --> 03:19:31,800
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

3793
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:34,300
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

3794
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:37,600
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

3795
03:19:37,600 --> 03:19:39,800
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

3796
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:43,100
Geochemist created ways to get 
cosmic race, signatures from 

3797
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:45,900
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

3798
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:48,700
and made the others clearer. 
The tree ring data gave very 

3799
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:51,700
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

3800
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:53,600
analysis. 
Of ice calls confirmed that the 

3801
03:19:53,600 --> 03:19:57,100
event affected the whole world, 
medieval Chronicles provided 

3802
03:19:57,100 --> 03:19:59,900
perspectives on the potential 
perceptions of the events. 

3803
03:19:59,900 --> 03:20:02,600
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

3804
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:05,800
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

3805
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:07,900
cosmic. 
Ray burst the most likely 

3806
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:11,000
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

3807
03:20:11,000 --> 03:20:14,000
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

3808
03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:17,500
in the universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

3809
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:21,000
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

3810
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:23,600
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

3811
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:27,200
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

3812
03:20:27,200 --> 03:20:31,600
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

3813
03:20:31,600 --> 03:20:35,800
This discovery is a specially 
important because it is one of 

3814
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:38,600
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

3815
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:41,800
recorded gamma. 
Ray bursts are so powerful that 

3816
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:43,600
they can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

3817
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:47,800
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

3818
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:52,100
race spike, it would be a very 
rare astronomical event the 

3819
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:53,300
Talking about things that 
happen. 

3820
03:20:53,300 --> 03:20:55,800
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

3821
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,000
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

3822
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:03,400
in one strange event. 
The 774 Cosmic race bike, is a 

3823
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:05,600
good way to figure out how these
kinds of events affect the 

3824
03:21:05,600 --> 03:21:07,200
atmosphere and biosphere of 
earth. 

3825
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:09,700
Scientists can better, 
understand similar. 

3826
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,600
But less dramatic cosmic ray 
changes throughout geological 

3827
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:16,100
history by looking at the 
isotopic signatures left behind 

3828
03:21:16,100 --> 03:21:19,200
by this well known event. 
Modern technology has made it 

3829
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:22,200
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

3830
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:26,300
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

3831
03:21:26,300 --> 03:21:28,900
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

3832
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:31,400
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

3833
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:34,000
combination of high tech 
analysis and careful historical 

3834
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:36,100
research. 
Found a story that neither 

3835
03:21:36,100 --> 03:21:38,800
method could have found on his 
own those who lived through. 

3836
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:42,600
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

3837
03:21:42,600 --> 03:21:45,600
careful observation would one 
day help scientists learn more 

3838
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:49,700
about neutron stars gamma ray 
bursts and cosmic ray physics 

3839
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,300
but their details records. 
Which Still kept in Monastery, 

3840
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,500
libraries and Royal archives 
were very important for solving.

3841
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:58,800
One of the biggest astrophysical
mysteries in history. 

3842
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:02,100
As you get more comfortable in 
your reading spot, maybe while 

3843
03:22:02,100 --> 03:22:04,900
you finish your evening tea, 
let's think about how a cosmic 

3844
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:07,500
event. 
That lasted only a few months in

3845
03:22:07,500 --> 03:22:11,900
774 has changed how we think 
about the universe for more than

3846
03:22:11,900 --> 03:22:15,000
1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

3847
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:18,000
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

3848
03:22:18,000 --> 03:22:21,000
marks can wait. 100s of years 
for someone to learn how to read

3849
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:23,000
them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

3850
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:27,800
ray of 774, the most dramatic 
radio carbon spike in recorded 

3851
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:30,300
history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

3852
03:22:30,300 --> 03:22:32,500
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

3853
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:35,900
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

3854
03:22:35,900 --> 03:22:39,000
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

3855
03:22:39,000 --> 03:22:42,700
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seemed stable can be

3856
03:22:42,708 --> 03:22:46,400
drastically Changed by rare. 
But powerful events happening 

3857
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:50,100
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

3858
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:52,000
this Cosmic bombardment to still
around. 

3859
03:22:52,100 --> 03:22:56,400
Today preserved in old wooden 
buildings, archaeological sites,

3860
03:22:56,400 --> 03:23:00,000
and forests around the world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

3861
03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:04,900
between 774 and 775 has a 
chemical signature of that 

3862
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:09,000
amazing year in its cells, like 
a molecular autograph written by

3863
03:23:09,000 --> 03:23:12,200
the universe itself. 
This invisible time stamp links 

3864
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,700
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

3865
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,000
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

3866
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:21,100
astrophysical events in human 
history. 

3867
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:24,200
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

3868
03:23:24,200 --> 03:23:26,900
Modern radiocarbon dating before
this discovery. 

3869
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,100
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 

3870
03:23:30,100 --> 03:23:33,400
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

3871
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:36,400
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

3872
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:40,600
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

3873
03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:43,800
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

3874
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:47,500
that take into account sudden, 
cosmic ray of events, the 700 

3875
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:50,200
774 event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

3876
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:51,900
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique. 

3877
03:23:52,000 --> 03:23:54,600
Cosmic signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

3878
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:57,300
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

3879
03:23:57,300 --> 03:24:00,400
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

3880
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:02,200
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

3881
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,600
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

3882
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:07,900
accuracy. 
The effects on our understanding

3883
03:24:07,900 --> 03:24:12,800
of medieval history of being, 
just as big, the 774 cosmic ray 

3884
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:16,000
event serves as a stable 
chronological reference, aiding 

3885
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:18,600
historians and correlating 
events, across diverse cultural 

3886
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:22,100
traditions, and geographical 
areas, when Chinese Chronicles, 

3887
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:24,400
European monasteries and Middle 
Eastern sources. 

3888
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,600
All right, about strange things 
happening at the same time, it 

3889
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:30,300
makes sense that these events 
could be connected to the same 

3890
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:33,700
Cosmic event climate science as 
also gained insights from 

3891
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:36,400
comprehending, the influence of 
cosmic rays on Earth's 

3892
03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:40,600
atmospheric chemistry, the 774 
event was too short to change 

3893
03:24:40,600 --> 03:24:43,600
the climate in the long term, 
but it did show that Cosmic 

3894
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:46,800
radiation can affect atmospheric
processes in ways that climate 

3895
03:24:46,800 --> 03:24:49,900
models need to take into account
contemporary researchers 

3896
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:51,900
examining historical climate 
VAR. 

3897
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:56,200
Are increasingly focusing on 
cosmic ray fluctuations, as a 

3898
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:58,000
potential influence, on 
atmospheric chemistry. 

3899
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:01,400
Alterations researchers are now 
actively looking for similar 

3900
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:04,700
events in the geological record,
scientists are now looking for 

3901
03:25:04,700 --> 03:25:07,400
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

3902
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:10,100
Ice, cores and other natural 
records. 

3903
03:25:10,100 --> 03:25:13,000
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

3904
03:25:13,000 --> 03:25:15,700
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

3905
03:25:15,700 --> 03:25:18,700
helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

3906
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:23,000
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

3907
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:25,300
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

3908
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:28,400
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

3909
03:25:28,400 --> 03:25:30,800
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

3910
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:32,200
technology that can survive 
them. 

3911
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:36,600
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

3912
03:25:36,600 --> 03:25:39,500
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

3913
03:25:39,500 --> 03:25:42,100
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

3914
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:45,100
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

3915
03:25:45,100 --> 03:25:49,600
to understand the 700 774 event 
has led to new models for how 

3916
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:51,000
these two Fields can work 
together. 

3917
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:55,400
Astra CIS now often ask medieval
historians for help and 

3918
03:25:55,400 --> 03:25:57,700
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

3919
03:25:57,700 --> 03:25:59,900
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

3920
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:02,200
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

3921
03:26:02,200 --> 03:26:04,000
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

3922
03:26:04,000 --> 03:26:06,700
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

3923
03:26:06,700 --> 03:26:10,000
This has made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

3924
03:26:10,000 --> 03:26:14,400
clear, the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

3925
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,700
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

3926
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:20,500
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

3927
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,800
that people in the past could 
not get to while also showing 

3928
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:25,600
how important it is to 
carefully. 

3929
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:28,600
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

3930
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:32,000
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

3931
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:33,700
best technology in the best 
research. 

3932
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:37,700
The 70074 event has also changed
the way we think about how 

3933
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:41,000
people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

3934
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:45,400
about strange, weather events in
7704 to 7776. 

3935
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,500
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

3936
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:50,400
imagined. 
And the information they 

3937
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:53,800
gathered would be useful a And 
years later, they're careful 

3938
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:56,000
observations. 
Remind us that even records, 

3939
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,600
that seem unimportant might have
information that future 

3940
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:00,400
Generations will find very 
useful. 

3941
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:04,600
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

3942
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:08,300
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing and sometimes

3943
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:13,000
violent Cosmic environment. 
The 774 event had a direct 

3944
03:27:13,000 --> 03:27:16,100
effect on our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

3945
03:27:16,100 --> 03:27:18,900
that are far away, we can still 
see the effects today. 

3946
03:27:18,900 --> 03:27:22,000
It makes the universe seem more 
real and important to Everyday 

3947
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:24,500
Life. 
The Discovery has also made us 

3948
03:27:24,500 --> 03:27:27,800
think about how these cosmic ray
events might have changed human 

3949
03:27:27,800 --> 03:27:30,000
history in ways, we don't yet 
know about. 

3950
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:33,400
If strong Cosmic radiation can 
change the chemistry of the 

3951
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,400
atmosphere and possibly change 
the weather climate or even 

3952
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:40,500
biological processes, then rare.
But powerful, Cosmic events may 

3953
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:43,100
have had an impact on historical
events that we don't know about 

3954
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:47,200
understanding of events. 
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 

3955
03:27:47,200 --> 03:27:50,600
has helped shape, modern talks 
about existential risks and 

3956
03:27:50,600 --> 03:27:53,800
planetary defense. 
Cosmic ray bursts don't directly

3957
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:56,200
threaten Earth as much as 
asteroid impacts or super 

3958
03:27:56,200 --> 03:28:00,000
volcanic eruptions do but they 
do show that Earth is in a 

3959
03:28:00,008 --> 03:28:03,900
cosmic environment where rare 
powerful events can have Global 

3960
03:28:03,900 --> 03:28:05,900
effects. 
When making plans for the 

3961
03:28:05,900 --> 03:28:09,200
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

3962
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:11,500
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet. 

3963
03:28:11,500 --> 03:28:15,500
The 774 event has become a 
touchstone for talks about how 

3964
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:18,700
scientific discovery and 
historical understanding are 

3965
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:20,900
related. 
It shows how the most advanced 

3966
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:23,800
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

3967
03:28:23,800 --> 03:28:25,200
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

3968
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:28,500
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

3969
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:32,700
scientific data better. 
The cosmic ray of event of 774 

3970
03:28:32,700 --> 03:28:35,100
is a reminder that the universe 
is full of things. 

3971
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:38,300
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

3972
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:41,400
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core. 

3973
03:28:41,400 --> 03:28:44,000
And every well-preserved 
medieval Chronicle that we 

3974
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:47,200
haven't yet, figured out how to 
find or understand the storm 

3975
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:51,600
that hit Earth in 774 was 
invisible and waited more than 

3976
03:28:51,900 --> 03:28:54,600
12 centuries for people to learn
how to figure out what had 

3977
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,500
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

3978
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:01,000
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

3979
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,100
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

3980
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:07,000
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

3981
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:10,100
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

3982
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:12,400
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

3983
03:29:12,400 --> 03:29:13,800
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

3984
03:29:13,800 --> 03:29:17,400
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

3985
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:20,300
bombardment of high energy, 
particles has turned into a link

3986
03:29:20,300 --> 03:29:24,300
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

3987
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,900
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

3988
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:30,100
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

3989
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:33,800
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

3990
03:29:33,800 --> 03:29:37,000
languages that we are still 
learning how to read, as we come

3991
03:29:37,000 --> 03:29:39,300
to the end of our journey 
through this Cosmic mystery. 

3992
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:43,600
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

3993
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:45,600
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

3994
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:49,200
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

3995
03:29:49,200 --> 03:29:51,000
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

3996
03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:53,700
But People who were there. 
Couldn't see it at all. 

3997
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:55,900
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

3998
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:58,900
cosmic systems, whose workings 
were only starting to understand

3999
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:04,300
in 774 radiation came down from 
space and connected Earth to 

4000
03:30:04,300 --> 03:30:06,800
events happening at distances 
and scales that are hard. 

4001
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:09,200
To imagine the high energy 
particles that hit our 

4002
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:12,500
atmosphere came from colliding, 
neutron stars, exploding 

4003
03:30:12,500 --> 03:30:15,800
magnetars or gamma-ray bursts 
from dying Stars. 

4004
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:18,800
They had to travel across 
Interstellar space, to get to us

4005
03:30:18,800 --> 03:30:21,100
the trees. 
That recorded this event in 

4006
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,400
their growth rings were in a 
very real Way recording the 

4007
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:26,600
death throws of stars, that had 
lived and died. 

4008
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:29,000
Millions of years before humans 
were around. 

4009
03:30:29,000 --> 03:30:32,500
This Cosmic link goes against 
the medieval view that the Earth

4010
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:35,900
was at the center of a small 
understandable Universe, the 

4011
03:30:35,900 --> 03:30:38,600
people of 774 lived in a 
universe. 

4012
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:41,800
That seemed to be an order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

4013
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:45,500
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

4014
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:47,800
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

4015
03:30:47,800 --> 03:30:51,100
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages could 

4016
03:30:51,100 --> 03:30:54,100
even imagine It was full of 
things that could affect Earth 

4017
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:56,700
over distances. 
So great that light itself took 

4018
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:59,500
years to cross them, the 
medieval view of how everything 

4019
03:30:59,500 --> 03:31:02,100
in the universe is connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

4020
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:05,200
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

4021
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:07,500
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

4022
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:10,600
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

4023
03:31:10,608 --> 03:31:13,800
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions, was 

4024
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:18,000
very smart. 
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 

4025
03:31:18,000 --> 03:31:21,300
that explosions of stars that 
happen, light years away can 

4026
03:31:21,300 --> 03:31:23,000
have effect on things that 
happen on Earth. 

4027
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:27,000
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

4028
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:30,400
limited our sensors are and how 
important it is to make tools 

4029
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:32,600
that help us see more clearly 
people in the Middle. 

4030
03:31:32,600 --> 03:31:34,400
Ages were very good at watching 
the sky. 

4031
03:31:34,400 --> 03:31:37,700
They could accurately predict 
eclipses follow the movements of

4032
03:31:37,708 --> 03:31:41,600
planets and spots, strange 
celestial events but in the 8th 

4033
03:31:41,600 --> 03:31:44,600
Century, there was no way to see
cosmic ray bombardment at all 

4034
03:31:44,608 --> 03:31:48,000
because of this technological 
limitation people who were 

4035
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,000
witnessing one of the most 
dramatic astrophysical events in

4036
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:53,400
recorded. 
History had no direct way to 

4037
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:55,900
find out what was going on. 
It was like trying to understand

4038
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:59,200
a symphony while only hearing a 
few notes here and there or 

4039
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:02,300
trying to enjoy a huge landscape
while only seeing small details 

4040
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:05,300
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

4041
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:07,500
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

4042
03:32:07,500 --> 03:32:10,200
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

4043
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:12,800
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

4044
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:16,000
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

4045
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:18,800
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

4046
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:20,800
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

4047
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:23,500
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

4048
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:25,600
Nation of humans. 
Could get this growth in. 

4049
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:27,600
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

4050
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:30,400
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

4051
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:32,500
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

4052
03:32:32,500 --> 03:32:36,100
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

4053
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:39,100
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

4054
03:32:39,100 --> 03:32:41,900
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

4055
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:46,100
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

4056
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:48,500
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

4057
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:50,400
different time scales to 
understand them. 

4058
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:54,300
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

4059
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,000
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

4060
03:32:57,000 --> 03:32:59,100
old. 
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages

4061
03:32:59,100 --> 03:33:01,700
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event 

4062
03:33:01,700 --> 03:33:04,300
modern science. 
On the other hand, only found 

4063
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:06,600
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

4064
03:33:06,600 --> 03:33:09,900
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

4065
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,800
the 774 of event. 
People from different academic 

4066
03:33:13,800 --> 03:33:16,400
fields and historical periods 
had to work together. 

4067
03:33:16,400 --> 03:33:19,600
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

4068
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:21,300
knowingly, taking part in 
research. 

4069
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:23,500
That wouldn't be finished until 
the 21st. 

4070
03:33:23,500 --> 03:33:26,100
Century, their patient 
observations, which have been 

4071
03:33:26,108 --> 03:33:28,400
kept in Monastery. 
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 

4072
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:32,000
gave scientists the information.
They needed to solve a cosmic 

4073
03:33:32,000 --> 03:33:33,700
mystery, they could never have 
imagined. 

4074
03:33:33,700 --> 03:33:36,800
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

4075
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:39,900
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

4076
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:43,400
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

4077
03:33:43,400 --> 03:33:45,700
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

4078
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:49,400
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

4079
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:53,400
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

4080
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:56,200
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

4081
03:33:56,200 --> 03:34:00,500
well after our departure, the 
7774 event, or shows that rare, 

4082
03:34:00,500 --> 03:34:03,400
but powerful events can have 
effects that lasts long after 

4083
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:05,900
their over the bombardment of 
cosmic rays. 

4084
03:34:05,900 --> 03:34:09,200
May have lasted for months, but 
it left behind permanent marks 

4085
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:11,400
that have changed our 
understanding of radiocarbon 

4086
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,900
dating archaeological. 
Chronologies and how Earth and 

4087
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:18,800
space intact for more than a 
1,000 years, short of events can

4088
03:34:18,800 --> 03:34:22,700
have effects that lasts for 
hundreds of years, the 774 

4089
03:34:22,700 --> 03:34:25,700
Cosmic Event makes us think 
about our place in systems that 

4090
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:27,800
work on scales that are bigger 
than what we can see. 

4091
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:31,000
And feel we live in Galactic 
neighborhoods Where Stars can 

4092
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:34,000
explode and change the chemistry
of the atmosphere on planets 

4093
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:36,800
that are light years away. 
Every day we live our lives. 

4094
03:34:36,800 --> 03:34:39,700
Against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

4095
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:42,400
laws, we are still learning 
about the human response to 

4096
03:34:42,408 --> 03:34:46,200
Cosmic Mystery, exemplified by 
the meticulous, observation 

4097
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:50,000
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

4098
03:34:50,000 --> 03:34:53,000
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies a 

4099
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:56,300
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

4100
03:34:56,300 --> 03:34:58,900
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

4101
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:01,400
conscious entities are 
systematically observing 

4102
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:05,500
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

4103
03:35:05,508 --> 03:35:07,600
comprehend their significance 
and consequences. 

4104
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:12,400
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

4105
03:35:12,400 --> 03:35:14,300
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

4106
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:17,500
They were curious, and careful 
and made detailed records. 

4107
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:20,600
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations, their 

4108
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:23,700
reaction to the unknown, neither
panicking, or ignoring, Strange 

4109
03:35:23,700 --> 03:35:27,300
events but instead carefully 
observing and recording shows 

4110
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:29,300
the best of human scientific 
instincts. 

4111
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:33,600
Researchers today, who are 
looking into the 774 event a 

4112
03:35:33,600 --> 03:35:36,200
following in the footsteps of 
medieval chroniclers, I 

4113
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:38,600
carefully observing and 
thoughtfully interpreting, what 

4114
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,800
they see they used tools that 
medieval chroniclers could never

4115
03:35:41,800 --> 03:35:44,800
have imagined but they still use
the same basic methods of 

4116
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:47,800
systematic data, collection, and
collaborative, analysis. 

4117
03:35:47,800 --> 03:35:51,300
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

4118
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,400
links us through the ages to 
individuals who marveled at the 

4119
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:57,700
universe's operations, as you 
get ready to end this story and 

4120
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:00,308
maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

4121
03:36:00,316 --> 03:36:03,700
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

4122
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:06,200
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

4123
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:08,500
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

4124
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:13,000
In 774 the universe that made 
that old mystery is still 

4125
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,800
telling its story and tree, 
rings, ice cores and things that

4126
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:19,100
people see that future 
Generations will be able to 

4127
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:23,800
figure out the cosmic ray of 
event of 774 is a Into that 

4128
03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:26,100
there are many things in the 
universe that we haven't yet, 

4129
03:36:26,100 --> 03:36:28,500
learned to see or understand 
every night. 

4130
03:36:28,500 --> 03:36:31,000
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth that

4131
03:36:31,000 --> 03:36:33,600
we can't see yet. 
The invisible storm that hit 

4132
03:36:33,600 --> 03:36:36,700
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 
just one example of the cosmic, 

4133
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:38,500
dramas that are always happening
around us. 

4134
03:36:38,500 --> 03:36:41,500
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

4135
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:43,000
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

4136
03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:47,200
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

4137
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:49,700
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

4138
03:36:49,700 --> 03:36:52,700
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

4139
03:36:52,700 --> 03:36:56,100
13th, century in the future. 
This is a reminder that every 

4140
03:36:56,100 --> 03:36:59,200
careful observation, every 
preserved record and every 

4141
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:02,600
moment of one about the cosmos 
white one day help us solve 

4142
03:37:02,600 --> 03:37:04,700
Mysteries. 
We have not even thought to ask 

4143
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:08,400
about yet as you fall asleep in 
the warmth of your modern 

4144
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:11,400
blanket in a world by electric 
lights that would have seemed 

4145
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:15,700
magical to people in 70074. 
Take a moment to think about the

4146
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:18,900
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years ago

4147
03:37:18,900 --> 03:37:22,900
in invisible, Cosmic storm, hit 
Earth it left its mark on every 

4148
03:37:23,200 --> 03:37:26,900
Either grew every piece of ice 
that formed and every living 

4149
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:29,200
thing that was alive. 
During those important months 

4150
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:32,800
people, in the Middle Ages, who 
live through this event, Farmers

4151
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:35,800
tending their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

4152
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:39,000
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

4153
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:42,500
had no way to see the high 
energy particles falling from 

4154
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:45,600
space, but they reacted to the 
strange things they could see 

4155
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:48,800
with the same careful, 
observation and thorough 

4156
03:37:48,800 --> 03:37:51,700
record-keeping that is typical 
of the best scientific Instinct 

4157
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:55,000
in humans their details records,
which were kept in monasteries 

4158
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:56,600
and Royal archives all over the 
world. 

4159
03:37:56,600 --> 03:37:59,900
Eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

4160
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:03,100
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

4161
03:38:03,100 --> 03:38:06,200
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

4162
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:08,300
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

4163
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,300
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

4164
03:38:12,300 --> 03:38:15,500
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical, understanding 

4165
03:38:15,500 --> 03:38:18,400
of Stella phenomenon. 
On a grows, the cosmic ray of 

4166
03:38:18,408 --> 03:38:21,500
event of 774 keeps giving us new
information. 

4167
03:38:21,500 --> 03:38:25,000
There is no doubt that Future 
Generations will find more proof

4168
03:38:25,000 --> 03:38:28,000
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

4169
03:38:28,000 --> 03:38:30,700
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

4170
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:34,000
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

4171
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:37,000
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

4172
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:39,700
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

4173
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:43,100
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

4174
03:38:43,100 --> 03:38:45,300
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

4175
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:47,900
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

4176
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:50,800
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

4177
03:38:50,800 --> 03:38:53,700
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

4178
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:56,000
know how to look for the natural
world. 

4179
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:58,900
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events and chemical

4180
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:02,200
languages that we still learning
to read as you get ready for bed

4181
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:05,000
tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

4182
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:08,100
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

4183
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:10,300
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

4184
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:14,100
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

4185
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:16,800
stars in our Cosmic neighborhood
are living and dying in ways 

4186
03:39:16,800 --> 03:39:19,500
that could one day send more 
powerful, bursts of high energy 

4187
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:23,100
particles toward Earth, future 
observers maybe even your own 

4188
03:39:23,400 --> 03:39:26,400
Sentence might look back at this
time and wonder what Cosmic 

4189
03:39:26,400 --> 03:39:29,400
events we went through without 
knowing they could find signs of

4190
03:39:29,400 --> 03:39:32,700
Stellar events and materials. 
From our time signs that are 

4191
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:35,100
current, technology isn't 
Advanced enough to find or 

4192
03:39:35,100 --> 03:39:38,700
understand the universe might be
sending us messages in our 

4193
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:40,800
modern world that we won't be 
able to understand until we come

4194
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:45,100
up with new tools and ways of 
thinking people, in 774 were 

4195
03:39:45,100 --> 03:39:47,000
part of cosmic history, without 
even knowing it. 

4196
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:49,500
They made records. 
That would be very useful to 

4197
03:39:49,500 --> 03:39:52,800
researchers later. 
We might also be unknowingly, 

4198
03:39:52,800 --> 03:39:55,300
taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

4199
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:57,600
until long after. 
We're gone, our careful 

4200
03:39:57,600 --> 03:39:59,100
observations and thorough 
record. 

4201
03:39:59,100 --> 03:40:01,100
Keeping May one day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

4202
03:40:01,100 --> 03:40:04,200
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

4203
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:08,400
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

4204
03:40:08,400 --> 03:40:11,200
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

4205
03:40:11,200 --> 03:40:15,300
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

4206
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:17,500
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

4207
03:40:17,508 --> 03:40:20,200
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

4208
03:40:20,208 --> 03:40:22,500
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

4209
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:27,000
to observe Of record and slowly 
understand, these Cosmic events,

4210
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:30,500
as you fall asleep, you're part 
of a story that has been going 

4211
03:40:30,500 --> 03:40:33,600
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

4212
03:40:33,600 --> 03:40:37,300
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

4213
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:40,300
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

4214
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:44,200
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

4215
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:47,700
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

4216
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:50,000
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

4217
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:55,100
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

4218
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:58,000
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

4219
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:01,900
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

4220
03:41:01,900 --> 03:41:05,100
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic signatures

4221
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:08,100
today are both parts of the same
big human project. 

4222
03:41:08,900 --> 03:41:11,500
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

4223
03:41:11,500 --> 03:41:14,700
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

4224
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:18,400
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

4225
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:20,100
that future generations of 
curious. 

4226
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:24,400
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these people will

4227
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:25,800
share our wonder about how the 
world. 

4228
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:30,900
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

4229
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:33,300
us that the most important 
events and Cosmic history might 

4230
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:37,000
happen, right next to us without
us, even knowing it leaving 

4231
03:41:37,000 --> 03:41:40,700
clues for future, observers to 
find and figure out every night.

4232
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,700
The universe gets new cosmic, 
radiation new, Stellar events, 

4233
03:41:44,700 --> 03:41:48,100
and new chances to write its own
history of the natural records 

4234
03:41:48,100 --> 03:41:50,800
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

4235
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:53,500
chroniclers and modern 
scientists, cosmic rays and 

4236
03:41:53,508 --> 03:41:56,700
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

4237
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:59,800
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

4238
03:41:59,800 --> 03:42:02,500
universe and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

4239
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,100
observers across centuries of 
cosmic mystery and discovery 

4240
03:42:08,800 --> 03:42:11,700
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair with a warm 

4241
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,500
cup of tea because we're about 
to embark on one of the most 

4242
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:17,500
extraordinary. 
Detective stories nature as ever

4243
03:42:17,500 --> 03:42:20,100
served up. 
This isn't your typical who done

4244
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:22,500
it. 
It's a who was it that took over

4245
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:26,000
5,000 years to solve it All 
Began on a perfectly ordinary, 

4246
03:42:26,000 --> 03:42:29,900
September Day in 1991. 
When two German hikers, decided 

4247
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:33,200
to take what they thought would 
be a pleasant stroll, through 

4248
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:35,300
the UT style Alps between 
Austria and Italy. 

4249
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:39,100
Helmet and Erica Simon were the 
kind of people who probably 

4250
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:41,900
packed extra sandwiches and 
checked the weather forecast 

4251
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:46,000
three times before leaving home.
They certainly weren't expecting

4252
03:42:46,000 --> 03:42:47,900
to stumble upon what would 
become one of the most 

4253
03:42:47,900 --> 03:42:50,600
significant archaeological 
discoveries of the 20th century.

4254
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:53,600
You know how sometimes you're 
cleaning out, your attic and 

4255
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:55,800
find something unexpected behind
an old box. 

4256
03:42:55,800 --> 03:42:59,500
Well, imagine that, but in stead
of finding your college 

4257
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:03,900
yearbook, you discover a 
perfectly preserved, 5,300 year 

4258
03:43:03,900 --> 03:43:06,800
old human being. 
That's essentially what happened

4259
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:09,400
when the Simon's noticed 
something odd poking out of the 

4260
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,300
melting ice. 
At first glance, they figured 

4261
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:15,500
they'd found some poor modern 
hiker, who had gotten lost in a 

4262
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,300
blizzard. 
The Alps after all of their 

4263
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:19,800
share of adventurers over the 
years. 

4264
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:22,900
But the specimen wasn't just any
Frozen traveler. 

4265
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:25,500
This was utsey though, he 
wouldn't get his catching 

4266
03:43:25,500 --> 03:43:29,200
nickname until much later. 
The Simons were looking at the 

4267
03:43:29,200 --> 03:43:31,700
oldest naturally. 
Mummified, human ever discovered

4268
03:43:31,700 --> 03:43:34,800
in Europe, A man who'd been 
flash frozen in time. 

4269
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:37,400
Like the world's most, 
incredible historical, snapshot,

4270
03:43:38,300 --> 03:43:41,000
The discovery sent ripples 
through the scientific Community

4271
03:43:41,000 --> 03:43:43,200
faster than gossip at a Small 
Town Coffee Shop. 

4272
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:46,500
Here was a window into the 
copper age a time. 

4273
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:49,100
When humans were just figuring 
out that banging rocks together 

4274
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:50,800
could produce more than just 
noise. 

4275
03:43:50,800 --> 03:43:54,400
Otzi lived during a period when 
your biggest life decisions 

4276
03:43:54,400 --> 03:43:57,400
involved whether to hunt, 
mammoths, or gather berries, and

4277
03:43:57,400 --> 03:44:00,100
the most advanced technology was
a sharp stick. 

4278
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:03,500
What made this finds a 
remarkable, wasn't just his age 

4279
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:07,800
though. 5,300 years is certainly
nothing to sneeze at, but is 

4280
03:44:07,800 --> 03:44:09,300
incredible state of 
preservation. 

4281
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:13,700
The High Altitude constant? 
Freezing temperatures and dry 

4282
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:16,500
Mountain, are had turned him 
into Nature's Own time capsule. 

4283
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:19,900
While most people from his era, 
had long, since returned to dust

4284
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:23,300
at Sea looked like he could wake
up at any moment and ask for 

4285
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:24,900
directions to the nearest 
Starbucks. 

4286
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:27,700
The initial recovery was 
something like a carefully, 

4287
03:44:27,700 --> 03:44:30,600
choreographed dance between 
excitement, and Extreme Caution.

4288
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:34,800
Scientist descended on the site,
like bibliophiles at a rare book

4289
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:37,100
sale. 
Each one more thrilled than the 

4290
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:40,800
last. they knew they were 
handling something precious, not

4291
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:44,400
just scientifically but humanly 
The subject wasn't just a 

4292
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:46,600
specimen. 
This was someone's ancestor. 

4293
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:51,200
A person who had lived loved and
ultimately met his end on a 

4294
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:55,000
Lonely, Mountain Pass. as you 
drift off to night, and the 

4295
03:44:55,000 --> 03:44:58,100
moment, when researchers first 
laid eyes on Oxys belonging 

4296
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,900
scattered around the ice, His 
copper acts gleamed dully in the

4297
03:45:01,908 --> 03:45:05,100
Alpine sun, while his leather 
quiver held arrows that had been

4298
03:45:05,108 --> 03:45:07,500
ready for action since before 
the pyramids were built. 

4299
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:11,800
It was like discovering a Bronze
Age, Swiss army knife complete 

4300
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:13,800
with everything. 
A well-prepared traveler might 

4301
03:45:13,808 --> 03:45:16,100
need for a journey through the 
ancient world. 

4302
03:45:16,100 --> 03:45:19,900
The mountains had kept at his 
secret for over 5 million 

4303
03:45:19,900 --> 03:45:22,500
waiting patiently. 
For the right moment to reveal 

4304
03:45:22,500 --> 03:45:26,400
their treasure and On That 
September Day in 1991, they 

4305
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,200
finally decided it was time to 
let their ancient Guardian. 

4306
03:45:29,200 --> 03:45:31,900
Tell his story. 
Now that you're comfortable and 

4307
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:34,000
ready to learn more about our 
ice bound friend. 

4308
03:45:34,000 --> 03:45:37,500
Let's dive into what scientist 
discovered when they began their

4309
03:45:37,500 --> 03:45:40,900
careful examination of utsi 
think of it as reading the 

4310
03:45:40,900 --> 03:45:44,700
world's oldest autobiography 
written not in words but in skin

4311
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:48,600
bones and belongings. 
First things first, let's see 

4312
03:45:48,608 --> 03:45:51,500
wasn't exactly what you'd call 
in posing standing. 

4313
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:54,700
At about five feet, three inches
tall, and weighing roughly 110 

4314
03:45:54,700 --> 03:45:56,700
pounds. 
He was built more like a 

4315
03:45:56,700 --> 03:45:58,300
marathon, runner of the 
linebacker. 

4316
03:45:59,100 --> 03:46:01,000
But don't let his modest of fool
you. 

4317
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:04,400
This was clearly a man who knew 
his way around the mountains. 

4318
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:09,100
His legs were muscles from years
of climbing, steep terrain, and 

4319
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,100
his lungs had adapted to the 
thin air of high altitudes. 

4320
03:46:12,100 --> 03:46:15,000
Whose was essentially the 
ancient world's equivalent of 

4321
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,400
those annoyingly fit people who 
post photos from their weekend 

4322
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:22,100
hikes the scientists examining 
him were like detectives with 

4323
03:46:22,100 --> 03:46:26,100
the ultimate Cold Case, 
literally every inch of Utz is 

4324
03:46:26,100 --> 03:46:29,000
body told a story and these 
researchers were determined to 

4325
03:46:29,000 --> 03:46:31,200
read every chapter they 
discovered. 

4326
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:33,100
He had brown eyes, and brown 
hair though. 

4327
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:35,300
The hair was more of a memory. 
By the time he was found. 

4328
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:38,300
He also sported. 
What Might Have Been Europe's 

4329
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,700
first man bun because apparently
some fashion choices are truly 

4330
03:46:41,700 --> 03:46:43,800
timeless. 
But here's where things get 

4331
03:46:43,800 --> 03:46:46,300
really interesting and slightly 
uncomfortable. 

4332
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:49,200
If you happen to be squeamish 
about ancient medical procedures

4333
03:46:50,000 --> 03:46:51,600
Let's see was covered in 
tattoos. 

4334
03:46:51,600 --> 03:46:54,100
Not the kind. 
You might get after a few too 

4335
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:57,800
many drinks in college but 
deliberate purposeful These 

4336
03:46:57,800 --> 03:46:59,400
markings served a very different
function. 

4337
03:46:59,400 --> 03:47:03,000
These were artistic expressions 
or symbols of rebellion. 

4338
03:47:03,000 --> 03:47:06,500
They were therapeutic. 
Tattoos Place, precisely over 

4339
03:47:06,500 --> 03:47:09,300
areas where UC suffered from 
arthritis and other ailments. 

4340
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:14,400
Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 
people were already practicing a

4341
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:16,700
form of acupuncture that 
involved permanent body 

4342
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:20,200
modification. 
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic

4343
03:47:20,200 --> 03:47:24,200
tattoos created by making small 
Cuts in his skin and robbing 

4344
03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:27,500
charcoal into the wounds. 
It's like ancient pain 

4345
03:47:27,500 --> 03:47:31,000
management with a permanent 
reminder of every ache and pain 

4346
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,900
you've ever had. modern medicine
cannot match the commitment 

4347
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:38,600
level found in Copper age 
Healthcare The contents of Otzi 

4348
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:41,000
stomach read. 
Like, a prehistoric meal plan 

4349
03:47:41,000 --> 03:47:42,700
that would make modern 
nutritionists. 

4350
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:45,800
Weep With Envy. 
His last meal included, Ibex 

4351
03:47:45,800 --> 03:47:49,100
meat, Red Deer grains and 
various plants. 

4352
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:53,000
Basically, he was eating organic
free range locally sourced food 

4353
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:56,400
long before it became trendy. 
No processed foods. 

4354
03:47:56,400 --> 03:48:00,000
No, artificial preservatives, 
just pure Mountain to table 

4355
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:03,100
dining. 
Considering the circumstances of

4356
03:48:03,100 --> 03:48:05,300
his death. 
One could argue that his final 

4357
03:48:05,300 --> 03:48:08,200
meal, resembled a supper more 
than a carefully planned. 

4358
03:48:08,200 --> 03:48:11,400
Nutritional Choice. 
Scientists also discovered that 

4359
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:14,300
Etsy wasn't just a random 
Wanderer who got caught in bad 

4360
03:48:14,300 --> 03:48:16,400
weather. 
The man had serious gear. 

4361
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:19,700
His equipment list reads, like 
the inventory of a well-prepared

4362
03:48:19,700 --> 03:48:23,500
outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe 
with the Johan handle a flint 

4363
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:25,300
knife. 
A bow made of you would 

4364
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:28,900
equivalent of arrows and a fire 
starting kit complete with 

4365
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,200
Tinder fungus. 
He even had a first aid kit of 

4366
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:34,800
sorts, including what appears to
be prehistoric. 

4367
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,700
Aspirin made from Birch, fungus.
Perhaps most remarkably otsu was

4368
03:48:38,708 --> 03:48:41,300
wearing what can only be 
described as the ancient world's

4369
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:43,300
most sophisticated Outdoor 
Clothing system? 

4370
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:48,000
His outfit included, a leather 
loin cloth leather leggings a 

4371
03:48:48,000 --> 03:48:51,500
coat made of woven grass, a 
Bearskin cap, and waterproof 

4372
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:53,400
shoes stuffed with grass for 
insulation. 

4373
03:48:53,400 --> 03:48:57,700
It was essentially a 5,300 year 
old version of high-tech 

4374
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:00,600
mountaineering gear, designed by
someone who understood that 

4375
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:03,200
staying warm and dry was the 
difference between life and 

4376
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:06,700
death in the mountains. 
As you settle deeper into your 

4377
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:09,300
evening routine consider this 
otsu's. 

4378
03:49:09,300 --> 03:49:12,600
Belongings represent some of 
Humanity's earliest examples of 

4379
03:49:12,600 --> 03:49:15,100
specialized tools and clothing 
designed for extreme 

4380
03:49:15,100 --> 03:49:17,800
environments. 
He wasn't just surviving in the 

4381
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:21,200
mountains, he was thriving, 
there equipped with everything. 

4382
03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:23,700
He needed to navigate one of the
world's most challenging 

4383
03:49:23,700 --> 03:49:26,100
terrains. 
Pull that blanket a little 

4384
03:49:26,108 --> 03:49:29,000
closer because we're about to 
discuss the darker side of 

4385
03:49:29,000 --> 03:49:32,700
otzi's story. 
What started as a remarkable 

4386
03:49:32,700 --> 03:49:36,000
tale of preservation became 
something much more Sinister 

4387
03:49:36,000 --> 03:49:39,800
when scientists began to examine
exactly how our mountain man met

4388
03:49:39,800 --> 03:49:41,500
his end. 
For years. 

4389
03:49:41,500 --> 03:49:44,200
Following his Discovery 
researchers believed, he had 

4390
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:47,500
come to exposure due to a sudden
storm, it seemed like a 

4391
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:51,000
reasonable explanation, the 
mountains are unpredictable, and

4392
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:53,800
even experienced Travelers can 
find themselves in deadly 

4393
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:56,000
situations, when the weather 
turns nasty. 

4394
03:49:57,100 --> 03:50:00,700
But as technology advanced and 
scientists could examine not see

4395
03:50:00,700 --> 03:50:03,100
more thoroughly, they discovered
something that changed 

4396
03:50:03,100 --> 03:50:05,800
everything. 
The narrow head lodged beneath 

4397
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:08,900
his left shoulder blade, This 
wasn't death by misadventure, 

4398
03:50:08,900 --> 03:50:12,100
this was murder. 
Someone had shot at Sea in the 

4399
03:50:12,108 --> 03:50:14,300
back with an arrow and that 
Shooter had done. 

4400
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:17,900
So with deadly Precision, the 
arrowhead severed a major artery

4401
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,100
causing utsi to bleed to death 
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 

4402
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,900
Suddenly the find wasn't just an
archaeological Discovery. 

4403
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:28,600
It was a 5,300 year old homicide
case. 

4404
03:50:29,600 --> 03:50:32,400
The plot thickened when 
scientists examined of his hands

4405
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:35,100
and found Fresh Cuts on his 
palms and fingers. 

4406
03:50:35,900 --> 03:50:38,700
These were old scars from years 
of mountain living, they were 

4407
03:50:38,708 --> 03:50:41,200
recent wounds suggesting that 
UDS. 

4408
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:43,800
He had been in a fight shortly 
before his death, someone had 

4409
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:46,200
attacked him. 
He had fought back and 

4410
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:48,700
ultimately he had lost. 
The evidence painted. 

4411
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:51,000
A picture of a man who had been 
running for his life through the

4412
03:50:51,000 --> 03:50:54,000
mountains, only to be cornered 
and killed by his pursuer. 

4413
03:50:54,700 --> 03:50:56,800
But who would want to kill at 
Sea and why? 

4414
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:00,700
This point, the narrative 
becomes as intricate as a Mist 

4415
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:04,400
covered Mountain Trail. 
Scientists discovered that sees 

4416
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:06,700
copper acts was remarkably 
Advanced for its time. 

4417
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:10,000
The kind of tool that would have
been extremely valuable in the 

4418
03:51:10,000 --> 03:51:12,600
corporation. 
Some researchers theorize that 

4419
03:51:12,608 --> 03:51:15,700
Etsy might have been a Trader 
carrying precious Goods across 

4420
03:51:15,700 --> 03:51:18,200
the mountain passes, that 
connected different communities,

4421
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:21,400
perhaps he was robbed and killed
for his valuable possessions. 

4422
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:24,700
Others suggested Dotsy might 
have been fleeing from tribal 

4423
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:27,000
conflict. 
The copper age wasn't exactly 

4424
03:51:27,000 --> 03:51:29,900
known for its peaceful dispute, 
resolution methods and 

4425
03:51:29,900 --> 03:51:32,800
territorial battles were as 
common as modern traffic jams. 

4426
03:51:33,500 --> 03:51:36,600
Maybe Otzi belong to a group 
that had lost a war and he was 

4427
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:39,200
trying to escape to safety when 
his enemies caught up with him. 

4428
03:51:39,200 --> 03:51:42,000
There's even a theory that don't
see, might have been some kind 

4429
03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:45,300
of Shaman, or spiritual leader, 
targeted, because of his special

4430
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:49,100
status in society. 
Those therapeutic tattoos and 

4431
03:51:49,100 --> 03:51:50,600
his knowledge of medicinal 
plants. 

4432
03:51:50,600 --> 03:51:52,400
Suggest someone who understood 
Healing Arts. 

4433
03:51:52,400 --> 03:51:55,800
Making him a person of 
significant importance in his 

4434
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:58,600
community. 
Political conflicts, often 

4435
03:51:58,600 --> 03:52:01,700
caught spiritual leaders in the 
crossfire in ancient societies. 

4436
03:52:02,400 --> 03:52:04,500
The most intriguing aspect of 
his murder. 

4437
03:52:04,500 --> 03:52:07,500
Is what happened after? 
He died, whoever killed him made

4438
03:52:07,500 --> 03:52:10,100
no attempt to retrieve the 
valuable, copper, axe or any of 

4439
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:13,100
his other possessions. 
Suggest either that the killer 

4440
03:52:13,100 --> 03:52:16,200
was interrupted or that the 
murder was not motivated by 

4441
03:52:16,200 --> 03:52:20,400
robbery, maybe it was personal, 
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 

4442
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:23,900
was just being in the wrong 
place at the wrong time, 5,300 

4443
03:52:23,900 --> 03:52:26,600
years ago. 
What's particularly haunting is 

4444
03:52:26,600 --> 03:52:29,500
how quickly Otzi was covered by 
snow and ice after his death. 

4445
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:33,000
The Mountain conditions, 
essentially freeze dried him 

4446
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:36,000
within hours or days of his 
shooting preserving him 

4447
03:52:36,000 --> 03:52:39,500
perfectly for over 5 Millennia. 
His killer probably never 

4448
03:52:39,500 --> 03:52:42,900
imagined that their victim Would
One Day become famous studied by

4449
03:52:42,900 --> 03:52:45,800
scientists around the world and 
featured in museums and 

4450
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:49,100
documentaries. 
The ancient crime scene also 

4451
03:52:49,100 --> 03:52:51,600
revealed something else. 
Intriguing Etsy had been 

4452
03:52:51,608 --> 03:52:53,300
positioned carefully after his 
death. 

4453
03:52:53,300 --> 03:52:56,700
His body was found lying on its 
stomach with his left arm, 

4454
03:52:56,700 --> 03:52:59,500
extended almost as if someone 
had arrived in that way. 

4455
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:02,900
Whether the arranging was done 
by his killer or by natural 

4456
03:53:02,900 --> 03:53:06,400
processes, as he fell remains a 
mystery that adds another layer 

4457
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:10,000
to an already complex story. 
As you contemplate, this ancient

4458
03:53:10,000 --> 03:53:12,000
mystery from the comfort of your
modern world. 

4459
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:14,900
Remember that human nature 
hasn't changed much over the 

4460
03:53:14,900 --> 03:53:17,600
Millennia. 
The same emotions that drive 

4461
03:53:17,600 --> 03:53:20,200
conflict, today, greed jealousy,
fear. 

4462
03:53:20,200 --> 03:53:24,200
And revenge were just as 
powerful 5,300 years ago. 

4463
03:53:25,500 --> 03:53:28,700
Etsy story reminds us that even 
in the most remote and beautiful

4464
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:32,000
places on Earth. 
Human drama has always found a 

4465
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:34,900
way to unfold. 
Let's take a break from the 

4466
03:53:34,900 --> 03:53:37,500
mystery and travel back in time 
to understand what life was 

4467
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:42,700
actually like during Imagine 
waking up tomorrow morning but 

4468
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:45,500
instead of reaching for your 
phone to verify the weather you 

4469
03:53:45,500 --> 03:53:49,100
step outside and read the sky, 
like an open book because your 

4470
03:53:49,100 --> 03:53:51,600
life literally depends on 
getting the forecast, right? 

4471
03:53:52,700 --> 03:53:55,300
Let's see lived during what 
archaeologists call the copper 

4472
03:53:55,300 --> 03:53:57,500
age, a time. 
When humans were just beginning 

4473
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:00,700
to figure out that certain 
rocks, when heated just write 

4474
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:04,600
could produce shiny malleable 
metal, it was like the early 

4475
03:54:04,600 --> 03:54:08,700
days of any new technology, 
exciting experimental and 

4476
03:54:08,700 --> 03:54:11,800
occasionally explosive. 
While most people were still 

4477
03:54:11,808 --> 03:54:15,700
using stone tools, the copper 
axe found with yutzy represented

4478
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:18,600
Cutting Edge technology. 
He was essentially carrying 

4479
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:21,700
around the iPhone of his era if 
iPhones were made of copper and 

4480
03:54:21,700 --> 03:54:24,600
use primarily for chopping wood 
and defending yourself from 

4481
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:26,600
both, wild animals and 
unfriendly Neighbors. 

4482
03:54:27,900 --> 03:54:30,600
The world.see inhabited was 
simultaneously more dangerous 

4483
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,400
and more beautiful than anything
we can easily imagine today. 

4484
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:39,100
There were no roads, no Maps, no
GPS systems just animal Trails 

4485
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:42,500
Word of Mouth Direction's, and 
an intimate knowledge of natural

4486
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:44,700
landmarks passed down through 
generations. 

4487
03:54:45,500 --> 03:54:47,200
Getting lost wasn't just 
inconvenient. 

4488
03:54:47,200 --> 03:54:51,300
It could be fatal. 
Yet people like Otzi regularly 

4489
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:53,300
travelled hundreds of miles 
through some of the most 

4490
03:54:53,300 --> 03:54:56,200
challenging terrain on Earth, 
Guided by nothing more than 

4491
03:54:56,200 --> 03:54:59,400
experience Instinct, and 
probably a healthy dose of 

4492
03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:01,600
courage. 
His community would have been 

4493
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:05,100
small, perhaps no, more than a 
few dozen people living together

4494
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:08,400
in a settlement that might 
relocate seasonally, depending 

4495
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:10,200
on food, availability and 
weather conditions. 

4496
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:14,200
Everyone knew everyone else and 
privacy was probably about as 

4497
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:17,000
rare as a hot shower, your 
neighbor's weren't just the 

4498
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:18,800
people. 
Next door, they were your 

4499
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:21,900
survival Network, Your 
Entertainment System, your 

4500
03:55:21,900 --> 03:55:25,200
medical team, and your security 
force all rolled into one 

4501
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:28,500
occasionally irritating, but 
absolutely essential package. 

4502
03:55:29,300 --> 03:55:33,100
Food was whatever you could hunt
gather grow or trade for and 

4503
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:36,000
meal, planning required skills, 
that would make Modern Survival 

4504
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:39,600
show, contestants weep. 
See, his people are 

4505
03:55:39,600 --> 03:55:43,500
domesticated, some animals 
sheep, goats and cattle, but 

4506
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:45,700
hunting still provided much of 
their protein. 

4507
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:49,700
They cultivated grains such as 
Einhorn wheat and barley and 

4508
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:53,700
they killed wild fruits nuts and
medicinal plants with the depth 

4509
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:55,800
of knowledge. 
That would embarrass modernists.

4510
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:59,500
Every plant had a purpose every 
season, brought different 

4511
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:02,500
opportunities and nothing edible
was ever wasted. 

4512
03:56:03,300 --> 03:56:05,500
Clothing was entirely handmade 
from materials. 

4513
03:56:05,500 --> 03:56:08,900
You either raised hunted or 
gathered yourself, To 

4514
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:11,600
sophisticated outfit 
represented, countless hours of 

4515
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,900
work by skilled Crafts. 
People Who understood exactly 

4516
03:56:14,900 --> 03:56:17,600
what was needed to survive in 
harsh, Mountain conditions. 

4517
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:20,600
His grass cloak alone would have
required. 

4518
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:23,300
Specialized knowledge of which 
grasses provide the best 

4519
03:56:23,300 --> 03:56:26,900
insulation and waterproofing. 
Plus the weaving skills to turn 

4520
03:56:26,908 --> 03:56:29,000
raw materials into functional 
garments. 

4521
03:56:29,700 --> 03:56:32,100
It was like wearing a 
custom-made technical climbing 

4522
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:35,900
suit, except it took months to 
create and couldn't be replaced 

4523
03:56:35,900 --> 03:56:37,600
with a quick trip to the outdoor
gear store. 

4524
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:40,700
Medicine was a combination of 
practical, knowledge, 

4525
03:56:40,700 --> 03:56:44,200
plant-based remedies, and what 
we might charitably call 

4526
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:47,700
experimental procedures. 
Those therapeutic tattoos 

4527
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:50,500
covering up these Bodywork just 
ancient acupuncture. 

4528
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:54,200
They represented a sophisticated
understanding of pain management

4529
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:57,400
and the willingness to try 
permanent body modification as 

4530
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,200
treatment. 
When your back ached from years 

4531
03:57:00,200 --> 03:57:03,300
of carrying heavy loads over 
Mountain terrain, you didn't pop

4532
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:05,700
an ibuprofen. 
You had someone cut patterns 

4533
03:57:05,700 --> 03:57:08,000
into your skin and Rob charcoal 
into the wounds. 

4534
03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:12,300
Hoping it would provide relief. 
The spiritual world was as real 

4535
03:57:12,300 --> 03:57:13,700
and immediate as the physical 
one. 

4536
03:57:14,500 --> 03:57:17,300
Storeys rituals and 
relationships with Supernatural 

4537
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:20,300
forces helped us. 
Understand natural phenomena 

4538
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:24,100
that we explained with science 
mountains rivers weather 

4539
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:27,200
patterns and animal behaviors 
all held meaning beyond their 

4540
03:57:27,200 --> 03:57:30,300
practical implications. 
Otzi's journey through the 

4541
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:32,300
mountains, wasn't just a 
physical Expedition. 

4542
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:35,900
It was a spiritual Passage 
through a landscape alive with 

4543
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:38,600
powers and presences that 
demanded respect and careful 

4544
03:57:38,600 --> 03:57:41,300
navigation. 
Perhaps most remarkably people 

4545
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:44,500
like Otzi possessed a kind of 
environmental literacy that's 

4546
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:46,100
almost extinct in our modern 
world. 

4547
03:57:46,100 --> 03:57:50,200
They could read animal tracks 
like stories, predict weather 

4548
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:53,800
changes from subtle shifts in 
wind direction, identify edible,

4549
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:57,100
and medicinal plants by touch 
and complete darkness and 

4550
03:57:57,100 --> 03:58:00,300
navigate vast distances. 
Using only natural landmarks 

4551
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,300
Their minds were libraries of 
practical knowledge accumulated 

4552
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:07,300
over lifetimes of careful 
observation and passed down 

4553
03:58:07,300 --> 03:58:09,100
through generations of oral 
tradition. 

4554
03:58:10,200 --> 03:58:13,000
As you rest in your comfortable,
climate controlled environment 

4555
03:58:13,000 --> 03:58:16,000
tonight, consider what, it must 
have been like to live. 

4556
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:19,100
So, intimately connected to the 
natural world, that your 

4557
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:21,900
survival depended on 
understanding, its every mood 

4558
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:24,600
and movement. 
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 

4559
03:58:24,608 --> 03:58:26,200
more and explore how modern 
science. 

4560
03:58:26,200 --> 03:58:29,200
Transformed at Sea, from a 
curious, Discovery into a 

4561
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:32,100
treasure Trove of information 
about ancient life. 

4562
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:36,200
It's like having a conversation 
with someone from 5,300 years 

4563
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:41,200
ago, accepted of Words Their 
speaking through DNA Isotopes, 

4564
03:58:41,200 --> 03:58:43,500
and microscopic traces of 
pollen. 

4565
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,100
When scientists began studying 
at Sea, they had to invent 

4566
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:50,300
entirely new ways of extracting 
information from ancient remains

4567
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,600
without destroying them. 
Imagine trying to read a book 

4568
03:58:53,608 --> 03:58:56,300
that so fragile, it might 
crumble if you look at it too 

4569
03:58:56,300 --> 03:58:57,800
hard. 
But you know, it contains 

4570
03:58:57,800 --> 03:58:59,500
secrets that could rewrite 
history. 

4571
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,600
Every test had to be planned 
meticulously every sample, 

4572
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:07,100
precious and irreplaceable. 
The first breakthrough came from

4573
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:10,700
studying the contents of its 
digestive system, essentially 

4574
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:13,500
giving him a posthumous medical 
exam that would make even the 

4575
03:59:13,500 --> 03:59:16,700
most thorough doctor jealous. 
Scientists could identify 

4576
03:59:16,700 --> 03:59:20,200
exactly what he had eaten. 
And when creating a timeline of 

4577
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,400
his final hours that read like a
prehistoric travel itinerary. 

4578
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:26,900
His last meal of Ibex meat and 
unleavened bread. 

4579
03:59:26,900 --> 03:59:29,700
Told them he had stopped to eat 
in The Valleys before climbing 

4580
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:32,600
to the pass where he died even 
more remarkably. 

4581
03:59:32,600 --> 03:59:35,600
They found hop hornbeam pollen 
in his stomach which only 

4582
03:59:35,600 --> 03:59:38,800
flowers in Spring helping to 
pinpoint not just where he had 

4583
03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:40,600
been. 
But when he had been there, 

4584
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:44,800
isotope analysis opened up 
another dimension of detective 

4585
03:59:44,800 --> 03:59:47,200
work that would make Sherlock 
Holmes Green With Envy. 

4586
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:50,600
By studying the ratios of 
different chemical elements in 

4587
03:59:50,600 --> 03:59:54,600
Nazis teeth bones and hair. 
Scientists could map out his 

4588
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:57,700
movements over the years and 
months before his death like a 

4589
03:59:57,700 --> 04:00:01,400
GPS tracking system that worked 
across millennia They 

4590
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,900
discovered, he had spent his 
childhood in one Valley lived as

4591
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:08,000
an adult in another and a 
traveled extensively throughout 

4592
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:10,600
the region. 
His body was essentially a 

4593
04:00:10,600 --> 04:00:13,100
chemical passport. 
Stamped, with the signature of 

4594
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,000
every place, he'd lived, and 
every source of water. 

4595
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:19,900
He had drunk DNA analysis 
revealed even more personal 

4596
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:21,700
details about our ancient 
Mountain Man. 

4597
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:26,000
Scientists determined that Otzi 
had brown eyes and type O blood 

4598
04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:28,500
and that he was probably lactose
intolerant. 

4599
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:31,400
Meaning, he couldn't drink milk 
with some uncomfortable 

4600
04:00:31,400 --> 04:00:34,200
consequences. 
They also discovered he carried 

4601
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:37,400
genetic markers associated with 
increased risk of heart disease,

4602
04:00:37,400 --> 04:00:40,200
which might explain why his 
arteries showed signs of 

4603
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:42,600
atherosclerosis despite his 
active lifestyle. 

4604
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:47,600
Even 5,300 years ago, genetics 
was playing its role in human 

4605
04:00:47,600 --> 04:00:49,800
health. 
Perhaps most fascinatingly 

4606
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:53,300
researchers were able to extract
and study bacteria from Etsy 

4607
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:55,800
stomach. 
Discovering that he carried a 

4608
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:58,900
strain of helicopter Lori. 
The most closely related to 

4609
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:02,200
Asian population. 
This tiny detail provided 

4610
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:04,900
evidence for ancient migration 
patterns and trade connections 

4611
04:01:04,900 --> 04:01:08,200
that linked Europe to Asia, 
thousands of years before the 

4612
04:01:08,200 --> 04:01:12,000
Silk Road became famous. 
At his gut bacteria were telling

4613
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:15,400
a story about human movement and
cultural exchange that spanned 

4614
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:18,300
continents. 
The analysis of otsu's clothing 

4615
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:21,300
and equipment to revealed 
sophisticated technologies that 

4616
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:23,700
challenge assumptions about 
corporate capabilities. 

4617
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:27,500
His leather was processed, using
complex tanning methods. 

4618
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:31,500
His textiles showed Advanced 
weaving techniques and his tools

4619
04:01:31,500 --> 04:01:34,500
demonstrated metalworking skills
that were more sophisticated 

4620
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:36,700
than previously thought possible
for the time period. 

4621
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:40,700
Each item represented not just 
individual craftsmanship, but 

4622
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:43,300
complex Supply chains and 
specialized knowledge networks 

4623
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:45,900
that connected communities 
across vast distances. 

4624
04:01:46,900 --> 04:01:50,900
CT scans and 3D imaging allowed 
scientists to examine otsu's, 

4625
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:53,300
internal structure without 
causing any damage to his 

4626
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:56,000
remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

4627
04:01:56,000 --> 04:01:59,600
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

4628
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:01,400
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

4629
04:02:01,400 --> 04:02:04,200
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

4630
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:07,300
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

4631
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:11,800
before the invention of writing.
Forensic analysis of his murder 

4632
04:02:11,800 --> 04:02:14,400
became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

4633
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,000
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

4634
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:20,100
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction from which the 

4635
04:02:20,100 --> 04:02:23,100
arrow came and even estimated, 
how long, he survived after 

4636
04:02:23,100 --> 04:02:26,000
being wounded. 
They found traces of blood from 

4637
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:28,100
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

4638
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:31,800
Suggesting that at Sea had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

4639
04:02:31,800 --> 04:02:34,800
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

4640
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,500
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

4641
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:41,600
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

4642
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:44,900
and killed. 
Most remarkably advances in 

4643
04:02:44,900 --> 04:02:47,700
ancient DNA research, have 
allowed scientists to identify 

4644
04:02:47,700 --> 04:02:51,200
living relatives of artsy. 
Through genetic analysis of 

4645
04:02:51,200 --> 04:02:54,200
modern populations in the Alps. 
They found people who shared 

4646
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:58,600
genetic markers with our 5,300 
year old Iceman. it's as if it's

4647
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:01,700
a cross 5 Millennia to tap 
someone on the shoulder and say,

4648
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:06,700
hey, we're family, As you settle
into sleep tonight, consider how

4649
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:09,100
this intersection of 
cutting-edge Science and ancient

4650
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:12,300
mystery has allowed us to know, 
Etsy more intimately than we 

4651
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:14,300
know most people from just a few
centuries ago. 

4652
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:18,600
Modern technology has made him 
more real, more human and more 

4653
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,400
relatable than any historical 
figure who left behind only 

4654
04:03:21,400 --> 04:03:24,000
written records. 
As we near the end of our 

4655
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:26,800
journey with Otzi. 
Let's explore how this ancient 

4656
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:30,100
mountain man has become one of 
the most famous people who never

4657
04:03:30,100 --> 04:03:31,800
lived to see his celebrity 
status. 

4658
04:03:32,700 --> 04:03:35,500
From his refrigerated home in an
Italian Museum to his 

4659
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:38,900
appearances in documentaries 
books and even video games. 

4660
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:42,500
Etsy has achieved a kind of 
immortality that would probably 

4661
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:46,700
bewilder him, if he could 
understand it, The South tyrol 

4662
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,500
Museum of archaeology in Bolzano
Italy, has become, UT's 

4663
04:03:50,500 --> 04:03:53,500
permanent address. 
Far Cry from the nomadic 

4664
04:03:53,500 --> 04:03:57,300
lifestyle, he wants new. 
He rests in a specially designed

4665
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:01,000
cold chamber that maintains the 
exact temperature, and humidity 

4666
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:04,500
conditions needed to preserve 
his remains essentially living 

4667
04:04:04,500 --> 04:04:07,200
in a high-tech version of the 
glacial conditions that saved 

4668
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:11,100
him for over 5 millennia. 
Visitors from around the world 

4669
04:04:11,100 --> 04:04:13,800
line up to peer through a small 
window at this ancient 

4670
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:16,500
celebrity. 
Making Otzi, probably the most 

4671
04:04:16,500 --> 04:04:19,300
viewed person who died before 
the invention of agriculture. 

4672
04:04:20,400 --> 04:04:23,400
Butts is influence extends far 
beyond Museum walls. 

4673
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,700
He has revolutionized our 
understanding of corporate life 

4674
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:30,700
proving that our ancestors were 
far more sophisticated mobile 

4675
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:33,600
and technologically, advanced 
than previously imagined. 

4676
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:37,200
Before oatsie, many 
archaeologists assumed that 

4677
04:04:37,200 --> 04:04:41,000
people from his era lived in 
small isolated communities with 

4678
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:43,800
limited technology and little 
long-distance travel. 

4679
04:04:44,800 --> 04:04:47,300
At Sea shattered, those 
assumptions with his Advanced 

4680
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:51,500
Equipment evidence of extensive 
travel and sophisticated Medical

4681
04:04:51,500 --> 04:04:55,100
Treatments his impact on medical
research has been particularly 

4682
04:04:55,100 --> 04:04:58,300
profound. 
Those therapeutic tattoos of 

4683
04:04:58,300 --> 04:05:01,200
inspired modern studies of the 
relationship between acupuncture

4684
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:03,400
points and areas of chronic 
pain. 

4685
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:07,500
Some researchers believe Otis 
tattoos corresponder remarkably.

4686
04:05:07,500 --> 04:05:10,900
Well with traditional Chinese 
acupuncture Maps suggesting that

4687
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:13,800
ancient healing Traditions might
have been more widespread and 

4688
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:15,500
sophisticated than previously 
thought. 

4689
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:19,700
It's as if you would see was 
carrying around a 5,300 year old

4690
04:05:19,708 --> 04:05:21,700
medical textbook written on his 
skin. 

4691
04:05:22,400 --> 04:05:25,000
The forensic techniques 
developed to study at Sea have 

4692
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,200
advanced archaeological methods 
worldwide. 

4693
04:05:27,200 --> 04:05:30,700
The careful non-destructive 
analysis, methods pioneered with

4694
04:05:30,700 --> 04:05:34,000
his remains and now standard 
practice for examining other 

4695
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:37,300
ancient discoveries. 
Every mummy, every preserved 

4696
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:40,100
remain and every ancient 
artifact that gets discovered 

4697
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:42,200
today benefits from the 
scientific techniques. 

4698
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:46,400
Refined through Decades of Oats 
research, he pioneered an entire

4699
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:49,200
field of study and his 
contributions to archaeological 

4700
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:51,600
methodology. 
Continued to yield benefits with

4701
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:55,100
each new discovery. 
Environmental scientists of used

4702
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:58,300
story, to understand ancient 
climate patterns and Glacier 

4703
04:05:58,300 --> 04:06:01,200
Behavior. 
His Discovery site has become a 

4704
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:04,800
natural laboratory for studying,
how climate change affect Alpine

4705
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:07,200
environments. 
The fact that not see emerge 

4706
04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:10,200
from the ice in 1991. 
After being hidden for over five

4707
04:06:10,200 --> 04:06:13,200
Millennia tells us something 
significant about warming 

4708
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:15,100
temperatures and changing 
Glacier patterns. 

4709
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:19,300
Strangely sees emergence from 
the ice serves, as a dramatic 

4710
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:22,600
illustration of environmental 
change making him a spokesman 

4711
04:06:22,600 --> 04:06:26,400
for climate awareness. 
The legal implications Discovery

4712
04:06:26,400 --> 04:06:29,700
created International precedence
for handling archaeological 

4713
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:31,200
finds that cross National 
borders. 

4714
04:06:32,200 --> 04:06:34,000
Found on the border between 
Austria and Italy. 

4715
04:06:34,000 --> 04:06:37,000
Otsu's ownership became a 
diplomatic issue that required 

4716
04:06:37,000 --> 04:06:40,700
careful negotiation. the 
resolution that he belongs to 

4717
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:43,000
Italy, but with special 
Provisions for international 

4718
04:06:43,000 --> 04:06:46,000
research collaboration, Has 
become a model for managing 

4719
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:47,500
similar. 
Discoveries around the world. 

4720
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:51,800
Etsy has also become a cultural 
icon, inspiring everything from 

4721
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:54,300
novels and documentaries, to 
children's books, and video 

4722
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:58,900
games, National Geographic 
specials, BBC documentaries and 

4723
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,200
numerous educational programs 
have featured him. 

4724
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:04,000
There's something about his 
story that captures the 

4725
04:07:04,008 --> 04:07:07,600
imagination, perhaps, because he
represents both our connection 

4726
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:11,000
to the ancient world and our 
fascination with Mysteries, that

4727
04:07:11,000 --> 04:07:14,900
can be sold through science. 
The ethical questions 

4728
04:07:14,900 --> 04:07:18,000
surrounding at Seas display and 
study have sparked important 

4729
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:19,800
discussions. 
About the treatment of human 

4730
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:21,500
remains in archaeological 
research. 

4731
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,000
How do we balance scientific 
inquiry with respect for the 

4732
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:27,600
Dead? 
What rights do ancient people 

4733
04:07:27,600 --> 04:07:30,800
have in our modern world? 
These questions don't have easy 

4734
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:33,800
answers, but otsu's case has 
helped to establish guidelines 

4735
04:07:33,800 --> 04:07:36,300
that now influence how 
archaeologists approach, similar

4736
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:39,100
discoveries worldwide. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

4737
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:42,700
Etsy has made the ancient world 
feel accessible and human in 

4738
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:46,500
ways that Pottery shards and 
stone tools never could Through 

4739
04:07:46,500 --> 04:07:50,400
him, we can imagine what it felt
like to live 5,300 years ago. 

4740
04:07:50,400 --> 04:07:54,200
The daily challenges the 
sophisticated knowledge required

4741
04:07:54,200 --> 04:07:57,500
for survival, the dangers of 
travel and the ever-present 

4742
04:07:57,500 --> 04:08:01,200
reality that life could end 
suddenly and violently, he's not

4743
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,000
just a specimen. 
He's a person whose story 

4744
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:07,500
resonates across the Millennia 
educational programs around the 

4745
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:09,300
world. 
Use oxy story to teach 

4746
04:08:09,300 --> 04:08:12,200
everything, from ancient 
history, to Modern forensic 

4747
04:08:12,200 --> 04:08:14,400
science. 
Students, who might perceive 

4748
04:08:14,400 --> 04:08:17,900
archeology dry and Dusty 
suddenly becoming engaged when 

4749
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:21,000
they learn about the man who 
emerged from the ice with a full

4750
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,200
complement of gear and a mystery
that scientists are still 

4751
04:08:24,200 --> 04:08:26,600
solving. 
He's become the ultimate 

4752
04:08:26,600 --> 04:08:30,000
teaching tool for demonstrating 
how much we can learn from 

4753
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:33,500
careful, scientific analysis. 
As you prepare for Sleep 

4754
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:36,400
consider. 
How utsi has Bridge the vast gap

4755
04:08:36,400 --> 04:08:40,000
between the ancient and modern 
worlds, making the distant past 

4756
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:43,400
feeling immediate and personal 
in ways that few are killed 

4757
04:08:43,400 --> 04:08:47,200
logical discoveries ever achieve
as our evening Journey with us. 

4758
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:50,200
He draws to a close. 
Let's settle in for some final 

4759
04:08:50,200 --> 04:08:52,900
Reflections on what his 
remarkable story means for us 

4760
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:55,200
today. 
And how this ancient Mountain 

4761
04:08:55,200 --> 04:08:58,500
Man continues to whisper secrets
about human nature across the 

4762
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:02,200
vast expanse of time. 
There's something profoundly 

4763
04:09:02,200 --> 04:09:05,500
moving about otzi's story, that 
goes beyond the scientific 

4764
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:07,300
discoveries and forensic 
Mysteries. 

4765
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:10,400
This man lived and died in a 
world. 

4766
04:09:10,400 --> 04:09:13,100
So different from ours, that it 
might as well have been another 

4767
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:15,300
planet yet. 
His remains show that the 

4768
04:09:15,300 --> 04:09:17,200
fundamental experience of being 
human. 

4769
04:09:17,200 --> 04:09:18,800
Haven't changed as much as we 
think. 

4770
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:23,100
He felt pain and sought relief 
through those therapeutic 

4771
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:27,300
tattoos, he prepared carefully 
for Dangerous Journeys, carrying

4772
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:31,000
everything, he might need to 
survive, he faced violence and 

4773
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:34,400
fought back. 
He died from Home Alone on a 

4774
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:36,400
mountain pass. 
But his story would have 

4775
04:09:36,408 --> 04:09:39,400
eventually reach millions of 
people who had come to know him 

4776
04:09:39,400 --> 04:09:41,600
more intimately than they know 
most of their contemporaries. 

4777
04:09:42,600 --> 04:09:45,700
The mountains that preserved at 
sea for over 5 millionaires, as 

4778
04:09:45,708 --> 04:09:48,200
a poignant metaphor for the 
relationship between human 

4779
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:52,100
ambition and natural forces. 
He was traveling through some of

4780
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:54,900
the most spectacular and 
dangerous terrain on Earth armed

4781
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:57,500
with nothing more than 
Corporation technology and 

4782
04:09:57,500 --> 04:10:00,500
accumulated wisdom about 
survival and extreme conditions.

4783
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:04,700
The same mountains that killed 
him also saved his story for 

4784
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:08,600
posterity turning him into an 
accidental time traveler, who 

4785
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:11,500
could teach us about both 
ancient life and our own Human 

4786
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:14,300
Nature. 
Modern visitors to the art style

4787
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:17,500
Alps, often follow hiking routes
that pass near where Otzi was 

4788
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:21,400
discovered They Carried GPS 
devices where high-tech clothing

4789
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:23,800
and have emergency Rescue 
Services available. 

4790
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:26,900
If things go wrong yet they're 
essentially doing the same thing

4791
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:31,200
otsu was doing 5,300 years ago 
challenging themselves against 

4792
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,900
the mountains seeking adventure 
and perhaps seeking some deeper 

4793
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:38,100
connection with the natural 
world, the technology changes, 

4794
04:10:38,100 --> 04:10:41,500
but the human impulse to explore
and test ourselves remains 

4795
04:10:41,500 --> 04:10:46,400
constant Scientists continue to 
study a new discoveries emerge 

4796
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:48,200
regularly, as technology 
advances. 

4797
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:52,400
Each new discovery in riches, 
his story and contributes to the

4798
04:10:52,400 --> 04:10:56,300
understanding of ancient life. 
Recent researchers revealed more

4799
04:10:56,300 --> 04:10:59,300
about his diet, his travels, his
health, and even his family 

4800
04:10:59,300 --> 04:11:02,300
relationships. 
It's as if we're slowly getting 

4801
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:06,100
to know him better year by year 
building, a relationship with 

4802
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:09,300
someone who died 53, centuries 
ago, but whose story grows more 

4803
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:10,700
complete with each passing 
season. 

4804
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:14,200
The mystery of otsu's. 
Murder may never be completely 

4805
04:11:14,200 --> 04:11:16,300
solved and perhaps that's 
fitting. 

4806
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:19,200
Some questions are more powerful
than their answers. 

4807
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:23,100
The uncertainty surrounding his 
death, allows us to project our 

4808
04:11:23,100 --> 04:11:25,400
understanding of human nature 
onto his story. 

4809
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:30,900
He a victim of random violence. 
A casualty of Ancient Warfare or

4810
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:33,700
the target of a personal 
Vendetta each possibility, 

4811
04:11:33,700 --> 04:11:36,500
reveals something different 
about how we understand conflict

4812
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:39,700
survival and the challenges of 
life in harsh environments. 

4813
04:11:40,400 --> 04:11:43,700
What remains constant is otzi's,
Humanity through all the 

4814
04:11:43,700 --> 04:11:46,200
scientific analysis and forensic
investigation. 

4815
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:49,900
What emerges most clearly is the
portrait of a real person who 

4816
04:11:49,900 --> 04:11:52,700
faced real challenges with 
intelligence preparation and 

4817
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:55,500
courage. 
His meticulous attention to 

4818
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:57,600
equipment and clothing 
demonstrates. 

4819
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,700
A person who understands the 
importance of details when 

4820
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:04,400
survival hinges on preparation, 
His willingness to travel 

4821
04:12:04,400 --> 04:12:07,100
through dangerous terrains, 
suggests either necessity or 

4822
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,200
Adventure seeking, that would be
familiar to anyone who's ever 

4823
04:12:10,200 --> 04:12:13,900
taken a calculated risk. 
His evidence of past injuries 

4824
04:12:13,900 --> 04:12:17,000
and ongoing health problems, 
reveal someone who persevered 

4825
04:12:17,000 --> 04:12:18,900
through pain and physical 
challenges. 

4826
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:22,900
The therapeutic tattoos covering
his body tell, perhaps the most 

4827
04:12:22,900 --> 04:12:25,800
human story of all. 
The Eternal Quest to obtain 

4828
04:12:25,800 --> 04:12:27,700
relief from chronic pain and 
discomfort. 

4829
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,600
In our modern world of advanced 
farmers suitables and medical 

4830
04:12:31,600 --> 04:12:34,300
procedures. 
We sometimes forget that humans 

4831
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,000
have always sought ways to be 
suffering and improve quality of

4832
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:39,800
life. 
Cuts these tattoos represent a 

4833
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:43,000
kind of ancient hope the belief 
that marking and treating the 

4834
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:45,800
body could provide relief from 
the aches and pains of a 

4835
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:48,700
physically demanding life. 
As you drift off to sleep 

4836
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:51,800
tonight, imagine not see on his 
final journey through the 

4837
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,200
mountains. 
Carrying his carefully crafted 

4838
04:12:54,200 --> 04:12:58,600
tools and wearing his precisely 
designed clothing unaware that 

4839
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:01,400
he was about to become one of 
the most famous people in human 

4840
04:13:01,400 --> 04:13:04,200
history. 
Picture him pausing to rest in 

4841
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:07,500
the high Alpine Meadows, perhaps
sharing a meal with fellow 

4842
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:11,500
Travelers, maybe gazing at the 
same stars that shine down on us

4843
04:13:11,500 --> 04:13:15,100
today, even with the most 
advanced technology, we can't 

4844
04:13:15,100 --> 04:13:18,400
fully understand the Mysteries 
and complexities of every human 

4845
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:20,700
life. 
As his story reminds us. 

4846
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:25,700
We know more about UT's daily 
life, his health, his diet and 

4847
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:28,400
his movements than we know about
most people who live just a few 

4848
04:13:28,408 --> 04:13:31,400
hundred years ago. 
Yet the essential mystery of who

4849
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:38,000
he was. his thoughts, his dreams
his fears, his hopes remains as 

4850
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,500
unknowable as ever. 
In the end. 

4851
04:13:40,500 --> 04:13:43,500
What's his greatest gift to us? 
Might not be the scientific 

4852
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:45,200
knowledge. 
He's provided or the 

4853
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:47,500
archaeological methods is study 
as advanced. 

4854
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,900
It might simply be the reminders
that human stories matter. 

4855
04:13:50,900 --> 04:13:54,000
The individual lives have 
meaning that can Echo across 

4856
04:13:54,000 --> 04:13:57,100
Millennia, and that sometimes 
the most profound discoveries 

4857
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,000
come from the most unexpected 
places. 

4858
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:02,400
Chance encounter with melting 
ice revealed. 

4859
04:14:02,400 --> 04:14:05,200
A man whose story would 
Captivate the world proving that

4860
04:14:05,200 --> 04:14:08,100
history isn't just about Kings 
and battles and monuments. 

4861
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:11,700
It's about real people facing 
real challenges with whatever 

4862
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:14,300
tools and wisdom they could 
gather Sleep. 

4863
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:17,900
Well knowing that somewhere in 
the Italian Alps would see rests

4864
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:20,800
in his climate, controlled 
chamber still guarding secrets. 

4865
04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:23,800
We haven't yet learned to ask 
about still teaching us what it 

4866
04:14:23,808 --> 04:14:26,500
means to be human in a world. 
That is both dangerous and 

4867
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:29,900
beautiful, still wandering the 
mountains in our imagination, as

4868
04:14:29,900 --> 04:14:35,900
surely as he once, wandered them
in life, Oda Nobunaga arrived in

4869
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:40,300
1534 in the unmetal province of 
owari, amid a period in Japan. 

4870
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:43,200
Now remembered for Endless 
conflicts and rapidly shifting 

4871
04:14:43,200 --> 04:14:47,000
feudal. 
Allegiances his father herida 

4872
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:50,400
was a minor warlord grappling 
with clan in fighting local 

4873
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:53,600
skirmishes and the Perpetual 
risk of large armies from 

4874
04:14:53,600 --> 04:14:56,400
neighboring province's. 
There was no guarantee that the 

4875
04:14:56,400 --> 04:14:59,800
infant of Bruno would transform 
the realm families, fourth 

4876
04:14:59,800 --> 04:15:03,300
Alliance is crumbled. 
A new leaders emerged overnight.

4877
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,800
Yet from the Vantage of time, 
it's clear he planted seeds, 

4878
04:15:07,800 --> 04:15:11,100
that would remake Japan. 
Early records to describe a 

4879
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:15,400
young, no Bernardo as unruly he 
spurned formalities wearing 

4880
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:19,100
outlandish clothes, arriving 
late to Solemn ceremony, and 

4881
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:22,500
generally annoying Clan Elders. 
They label him, full Hardy, or 

4882
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:24,300
even an embarrassment to the 
odor name. 

4883
04:15:25,500 --> 04:15:28,200
But behind that facade of 
flamboyance looked to creative 

4884
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:31,400
mind hungry for novelty. 
He tinkered with foreign 

4885
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:35,600
trinkets asked probing questions
about strategy and displayed a 

4886
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:37,200
knack for analyzing rival 
movements. 

4887
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:41,300
Teachers who tried to tame him, 
rarely succeeded yet, they 

4888
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,000
noticed flashes of Brilliance 
like the time. 

4889
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:46,900
He walked the perimeter of his 
father's Castle pointing out 

4890
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:50,200
weaknesses in gait design that 
grown Samurai overlooked. 

4891
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:53,300
His father's death in 1551 
thrust. 

4892
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:57,700
This untested youth into sudden,
prominence instantly, the odor, 

4893
04:15:57,700 --> 04:16:00,300
Clan fractured uncle's, 
half-brothers and distant 

4894
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:01,900
cousins jostled for the top 
seat. 

4895
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:05,800
Conventional wisdom suggested 
that the audacious fool of owari

4896
04:16:05,800 --> 04:16:08,900
had little chance. 
But in the swirl of that crisis,

4897
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:13,100
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he
broke a hundred short-term 

4898
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:16,700
packed with key, retainers 
promised them new lands in 

4899
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:19,400
swiftly, dismantled the claims 
of older relatives, who 

4900
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:22,700
underestimated him. 
Some, he exiled and some, he 

4901
04:16:22,700 --> 04:16:25,000
subdued militarily, within two 
years. 

4902
04:16:25,000 --> 04:16:29,200
He asserted control over most of
a woori Observe as realized he 

4903
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:32,200
was no clown. 
He simply despised the old 

4904
04:16:32,200 --> 04:16:34,200
ceremonial style and did things 
his own way. 

4905
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:38,000
Rumor has it that around this 
time, a traveling Merchant 

4906
04:16:38,000 --> 04:16:41,300
introduced him to our cubasis, 
matchlock guns from the West. 

4907
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:45,000
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 
as crude and unworthy 

4908
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:47,900
overshadowed by the Elegance of 
swords and Spears. 

4909
04:16:48,600 --> 04:16:51,600
Nobunaga though recognize their 
potential. 

4910
04:16:52,600 --> 04:16:55,900
He quietly stockpiled them 
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 

4911
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,300
or adapt them. 
He tested them in private 

4912
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:01,600
drills, training foot soldiers 
to Fire and disciplined volleys.

4913
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:05,300
The practice was a departure 
from the sengoku norm which 

4914
04:17:05,300 --> 04:17:09,200
romanticized heroic duels. 
He aimed to harness the Synergy 

4915
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:12,000
of the ranks prioritizing 
technology over individual. 

4916
04:17:13,500 --> 04:17:15,400
Such a notion, didn't spread 
widely yet. 

4917
04:17:16,100 --> 04:17:18,500
But the seeds were planted for a
new kind of warfare. 

4918
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:22,400
The first major test of his 
cunning came in 1560. 

4919
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:25,900
When in regards yoshimoto, one 
of the errors, most formidable 

4920
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:29,600
Warlords led a giant army 
through a warri in route to the 

4921
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:32,100
Capitol. 
The conventional approach would 

4922
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:34,900
have been for smaller clowns to 
hide in fortified castles or 

4923
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:39,700
tempt, half-hearted skirmishes. 
But Nobunaga went bold, famously

4924
04:17:39,700 --> 04:17:43,300
prayed at a local, Shrine, 
offered sake to his men, and 

4925
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:45,600
then launched a surprise attack 
at azama. 

4926
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:51,500
The result was astonishing 
yoshimoto, vast Force lulled 

4927
04:17:51,500 --> 04:17:54,500
into overconfidence collapsed 
under nobunaga's. 

4928
04:17:54,500 --> 04:17:58,000
Ambush yoshimoto himself was 
killed in the confusion, this 

4929
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:01,800
Victory stunned, the Japanese 
archipelago a lesser Clan from 

4930
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:05,100
owari under a Brash. 
Young Lord, had toppled one of 

4931
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:06,700
the biggest threats in a single 
day. 

4932
04:18:07,600 --> 04:18:11,500
After okehazama, smaller, local,
Warlords, rushed to align with 

4933
04:18:11,500 --> 04:18:15,700
the odor Clan or at least sign. 
Neutrality, packed nobunaga's, 

4934
04:18:15,700 --> 04:18:18,200
Prestige sword. 
Yet he did not rest. 

4935
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:21,500
He began forging deeper 
connections with merchants in 

4936
04:18:21,500 --> 04:18:24,800
nearby free cities, establishing
an economic backbone. 

4937
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:28,600
He sought a lion's with key 
figures in minor and only 

4938
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,900
province's using marriages and 
mutual defense pacts. 

4939
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:36,000
At the same time, he displayed 
unpredictability punishing 

4940
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:39,900
uncooperative, Lords harshly, 
sacking their castles and 

4941
04:18:39,900 --> 04:18:42,600
installing loyal. 
Retainer families in the void. 

4942
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:47,300
These expansions he showed an 
unusual attitude towards status 

4943
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,400
traditional samurai lineage 
mattered less to him than 

4944
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:53,200
competence. 
If a farmer's son, displayed 

4945
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:56,900
skill, Nobunaga might Elevate 
him to command, squads or handle

4946
04:18:56,900 --> 04:19:00,500
taxes, the situation unsettled 
old Aristocrats who viewed 

4947
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:04,000
inheritance as the Bedrock of 
power Nobunaga cared little for 

4948
04:19:04,000 --> 04:19:07,300
their complaints arguing that 
Victory and stability were more 

4949
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:09,100
important than outmoded 
hierarchies. 

4950
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,200
This approach gained him Fierce 
loyalty from those who 

4951
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:15,700
recognized that Talent was 
rewarded but it also sewed 

4952
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:19,300
resentment among the Old Guard 
who saw him as an iconoclast. 

4953
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:24,600
By the late 1560s Oda Nobunaga 
had outgrown the label full. 

4954
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:28,100
He was forging a reputation as a
radical risk-taker. 

4955
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:32,600
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

4956
04:19:32,600 --> 04:19:35,700
warfare in Council, he might 
have appeared dressed simply 

4957
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:40,400
focusing on substance and stead 
of pomp Observers were called 

4958
04:19:40,400 --> 04:19:45,500
that in private, he studied Maps
meticulously pondering, how to 

4959
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:47,700
break the web of petty Wars that
kept Japan. 

4960
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:50,300
Fractured. 
No one yet, imagined the scale 

4961
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,200
of his ambition that he'd 
attempt to unify the entire 

4962
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:55,500
land. 
But the signs were there in 

4963
04:19:55,500 --> 04:20:00,100
every bold decision, every new 
alliance and every shattered old

4964
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:03,400
tradition, he was on the brink 
of a far more sweeping campaign.

4965
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,900
Has his influence grew in owari,
Oda Nobunaga, distracted. 

4966
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:09,900
His attention. 
Towards the neighboring Mino. 

4967
04:20:10,600 --> 04:20:13,900
This domain was under the Saito 
Clan known, for cunning 

4968
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:15,700
leadership and strong hustle 
defenses. 

4969
04:20:16,500 --> 04:20:19,100
Especially the imposing in 
abiara Castle, perched, on a 

4970
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:21,600
steep hill, local, Warlords, 
murmured. 

4971
04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:25,100
That Mino was a fortress late in
region, not easily subjugated 

4972
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:28,800
but Nobunaga believed that if he
could seize Mino, he would 

4973
04:20:28,808 --> 04:20:31,200
secure a critical foothold on 
the route to Kyoto 

4974
04:20:31,200 --> 04:20:34,600
diplomatically. 
He first tried forging a 

4975
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:37,300
connection here for his foster 
daughter to marry. 

4976
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:40,500
The Sato are the Hope was to pay
for smooth apart. 

4977
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:45,200
Yet the Sato patriarch Saito 
dosan died in a familial 

4978
04:20:45,200 --> 04:20:47,300
conflict leaving the clan 
leadership. 

4979
04:20:47,300 --> 04:20:50,300
In flux, the new Saito head 
refused to yield. 

4980
04:20:50,300 --> 04:20:54,200
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from 

4981
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:56,400
maiano who hated the new Saito 
leadership. 

4982
04:20:56,400 --> 04:20:59,700
He gleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

4983
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:02,700
supply routes. 
He also hammered away at saito's

4984
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:05,700
border fortifications with 
Relentless minor assaults where 

4985
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:10,400
in the town around this period. 
Toyotomi hideyoshi an unassuming

4986
04:21:10,400 --> 04:21:13,600
foot soldier with a knack for 
persuasion captured nobunaga's 

4987
04:21:13,600 --> 04:21:16,000
attention. 
Hideyoshi brokered, local 

4988
04:21:16,000 --> 04:21:19,300
alliances and bribed psycho 
underlings to sabotage, defenses

4989
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:23,500
from within the infiltration was
so effective that by 1567 

4990
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:27,700
saito's lines crumbled under a 
well-coordinated strike in 

4991
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:31,700
abiama, Castle fell and Nobunaga
promptly renamed the Fortress 

4992
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:33,900
gifu symbolizing, a fresh 
chapter. 

4993
04:21:34,800 --> 04:21:37,800
Gifu Castle, the new base 
overshadowing. 

4994
04:21:37,800 --> 04:21:41,200
A worries older seat. 
Local Legend says he pinned a 

4995
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:44,300
banner reading tenka, FUBU 
roughly, meaning all the realm 

4996
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:47,500
under one sword, and audacious 
motto that showcased his 

4997
04:21:47,500 --> 04:21:50,900
aspiration to unify Japan having
secured Mino. 

4998
04:21:50,900 --> 04:21:54,400
He cast his Gaze on Kyoto. 
The imperial capital had lost 

4999
04:21:54,408 --> 04:21:58,100
much of its luster battered by 
Decades of feuding Warlords. 

5000
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:03,200
The Ashoka shogunate nominally 
ruling Japan was overshadowed by

5001
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:06,400
local powers. 
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki

5002
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:10,000
approached Nobunaga pleading for
rescue from rival Warlords. 

5003
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:16,500
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 

5004
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:19,700
city's confusion allowed him to 
install yoshiya Shogun. 

5005
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:22,900
Though, it was an arrangement 
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 

5006
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:26,200
Open market intended, to 
influence, National politics, 

5007
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,700
covertly utilizing your key, as 
a symbolic leader. 

5008
04:22:30,600 --> 04:22:33,100
Kyoto's populist reacted, with 
mixed emotions. 

5009
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:35,500
Some welcomed an end to chaos 
others. 

5010
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,700
Feared, a new Tyrant. 
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 

5011
04:22:38,700 --> 04:22:41,900
by rebuilding toads and temples 
wrecked by earlier conflicts. 

5012
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:46,500
He minted coinage, financed 
local markets, and even politely

5013
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,400
introduced fresh laws to curb 
violence in the capitals 

5014
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:52,100
districts. 
Yet, these gestures of 

5015
04:22:52,100 --> 04:22:55,500
benevolence coexisted with his 
iron fisted approach to dissent,

5016
04:22:55,500 --> 04:22:58,200
for instance, lingering warlord 
forces. 

5017
04:22:58,200 --> 04:23:01,400
Who refused to submit found 
themselves crushed among them, 

5018
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,000
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 
the city subdued, its rebellious

5019
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:08,600
Corners over a matter of months?
Nevertheless friction arose with

5020
04:23:08,600 --> 04:23:11,700
the Shogun ashikaga. 
Yoshiaki who bristled at being 

5021
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,600
overshadowed yoshiaki quietly. 
Tried building alliances among 

5022
04:23:15,600 --> 04:23:18,800
traditional clowns. 
Fueling an anti-odor Coalition 

5023
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:21,900
that included powerful Barons 
like a Sakura and desire. 

5024
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:25,500
The standoff that followed 
tested nobunaga's skill at multi

5025
04:23:25,500 --> 04:23:28,400
front campaigns. 
Ironically his brother in law as

5026
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:33,700
I nagamasa husbando, sister 
oichi, led the iCloud The 

5027
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:36,300
personal heartbreak of Waging 
War against his kin weighed 

5028
04:23:36,300 --> 04:23:38,600
heavily. 
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 

5029
04:23:38,600 --> 04:23:43,400
He arranged for alliances with 
Tokugawa, who secured the East 

5030
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:47,400
allowing, the Oda main Force to 
handle the azai asakura threat. 

5031
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:52,600
The battles near anegawa in 1570
proved intense with OTA and 

5032
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:54,700
Tokugawa, armies. 
Eventually prevailing after 

5033
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:56,800
vicious. 
Hand-to-hand fighting this 

5034
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:00,100
Victory though, overshadowed in 
popular, lore by larger events 

5035
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,100
signaled that Family Ties would 
not deter Nobunaga from his 

5036
04:24:03,100 --> 04:24:06,800
greater mission. 
Around this juncture, Nobunaga 

5037
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:09,300
displayed his approach to 
religious factions, more starkly

5038
04:24:09,300 --> 04:24:14,000
the warrior monks of Mount hea 
near Kyoto allied with the azai 

5039
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:17,600
asakura Coalition Nobunaga 
demanded their submission, they 

5040
04:24:17,600 --> 04:24:22,400
refused in 1571, he Unleashed a 
brutal assault, the entire 

5041
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:26,000
complex at Enrique G was put to 
Flame and thousands of monks 

5042
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:29,400
novices and civilians perished 
it was an act. 

5043
04:24:29,408 --> 04:24:32,400
So Grim at even shot some of no 
Bernard's staunch allies. 

5044
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:36,500
But he justified it claiming 
that the militant monks had 

5045
04:24:36,500 --> 04:24:39,200
threatened, the capitals order 
for two long for him. 

5046
04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:42,700
No sacred label, could Shield an
armed group from the Unstoppable

5047
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:46,000
cause of unification. 
If an institution medaled 

5048
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,600
military, it had to be crushed 
no matter. 

5049
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:51,300
Its spiritual veneer. 
Though these actions 

5050
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,000
Consolidated his grip, they 
fueled a reputation for 

5051
04:24:54,000 --> 04:24:57,400
ruthlessness people whispered 
that he had become a Demon Lord.

5052
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:00,500
Yet. 
Ironically he also cultivated 

5053
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:04,000
appreciation for the Arts. 
He introduced modern style of 

5054
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:07,200
Castle Locker invited 
Portuguese, artists to 

5055
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:10,100
demonstrate new building 
technique and toyed with the 

5056
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:12,000
newly introduced trend of tea 
ceremony. 

5057
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:16,000
This contradictory mix. 
Stream brutality on the 

5058
04:25:16,008 --> 04:25:18,100
battlefield paired with the 
refined cultural. 

5059
04:25:18,100 --> 04:25:21,300
Pursuits. 
Confused many, but it formed the

5060
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:24,600
heart of Brunner's method. 
Forging a new Japan by blending 

5061
04:25:24,600 --> 04:25:27,500
modern Innovation with 
unstoppable Force. 

5062
04:25:28,200 --> 04:25:31,700
By 1573 the puppet Shogun 
yoshiaki. 

5063
04:25:31,700 --> 04:25:34,900
Now thoroughly at odds, with 
nobe Naga was exiled. 

5064
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:37,500
The Ashoka sugar neat, 
officially collapsed. 

5065
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:41,100
From that point forward. 
The question wasn't, whether the

5066
04:25:41,100 --> 04:25:43,900
old order was gone, it was 
whether know Bernard could fill 

5067
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:45,800
the vacuum before other Warlords
struck. 

5068
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:49,600
The next moves he made would 
Define the entire future of the 

5069
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:52,900
archipelago. 
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 

5070
04:25:52,900 --> 04:25:56,500
dynamic in central, Japan, the 
centuries old ashikaga 

5071
04:25:56,500 --> 04:25:59,700
shogunate, stood dissolved the 
leaving a power vacuum that 

5072
04:25:59,700 --> 04:26:03,100
odinaka sought to fill. 
Well though he did not assume 

5073
04:26:03,100 --> 04:26:05,900
the Shogun title. 
Some suspect, he viewed as two 

5074
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:09,300
entangled with our cake baggage.
He effectively governed from 

5075
04:26:09,300 --> 04:26:13,200
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 
Nobunaga's supporting its 

5076
04:26:13,200 --> 04:26:16,500
notably Hashima hidden Yoshi 
later toyotomi. 

5077
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:20,300
Hideyoshi and Tokugawa ayesu 
took on crucial role in 

5078
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:23,400
expanding the odor domain and 
stabilizing conquered 

5079
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:27,200
territories, nonetheless pockets
of fierce resistance remained 

5080
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:29,800
including the might of the 
Takeda clan in eastern 

5081
04:26:29,800 --> 04:26:32,700
provinces. 
One would not expect that a man 

5082
04:26:32,700 --> 04:26:36,600
ascending, so rapidly would find
time for culture yet nobunaga's,

5083
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:39,800
passion for spectacle, grew 
reports, mentioned Grand, 

5084
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:43,700
Banquets, and Kyoto with exotic 
dishes, Portuguese, wine and 

5085
04:26:43,700 --> 04:26:45,900
comedic theater performed at 
Night by Torchlight. 

5086
04:26:45,900 --> 04:26:50,500
He sponsored the no drama though
in a personal style that adapted

5087
04:26:50,500 --> 04:26:54,600
scripts to Lord new Heroes. 
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 

5088
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:58,700
know they believed was the 
Hallmark of an older refined 

5089
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:03,800
tradition. but to know, Bernardo
Tradition was a tool, not a 

5090
04:27:03,800 --> 04:27:06,900
chain. 
He saw in artistic displays an 

5091
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,200
opportunity to unify the 
fractious Elites by enticing 

5092
04:27:10,200 --> 04:27:12,400
them with entertainment and 
proving that his rule 

5093
04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:14,200
overshadowed, any prior 
pageantry. 

5094
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:17,700
Still wore overshadowed these 
amusements. 

5095
04:27:17,700 --> 04:27:21,100
The formidable to catering and 
died in 1573. 

5096
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:25,000
Leaving Takeda katsuyori in 
charge, though, less 

5097
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:30,000
accomplished than his father. 
Katsuie was no pushover in 1575.

5098
04:27:30,000 --> 04:27:33,800
He led a formidable, Cavalry 
Force into macawa clashing with 

5099
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:36,600
Noble's Allied, armies the 
event. 

5100
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:40,900
Set the stage for the pivotal 
battle of nagashino Typically a 

5101
04:27:40,900 --> 04:27:44,000
Cavalry swarm overcame infantry 
but nobunaga's novel approach 

5102
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:47,500
extensive Palisades rotating 
lines of aquabus years 

5103
04:27:47,500 --> 04:27:49,900
shattered. 
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 

5104
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:53,400
charges the musket, volleys 
decimated the Takeda ranks. 

5105
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:56,000
Eyewitnesses described how for 
the first time. 

5106
04:27:56,000 --> 04:27:59,900
Mast Firearms, overcame famed, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain,

5107
04:27:59,900 --> 04:28:02,900
this watershed moment 
reaffirmed, Abu naga's 

5108
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:06,100
reputation as a modernizing 
general who embraced Firearms, 

5109
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:10,400
wholeheartedly following 
nagashino the Takeda, Clan's 

5110
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:14,100
Prestige, plummeted in enabling 
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 

5111
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:18,100
Eastern domains Meanwhile in the
capital, he grew more direct and

5112
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:20,200
quelling. 
Any recalls Trent Aristocrats or

5113
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:22,400
religious sects. 
He was rumored to have 

5114
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:25,100
humiliated, certain courtiers, 
who showed insufficient 

5115
04:28:25,100 --> 04:28:29,100
obedience. indeed, a swirl of 
new rumors painted him as 

5116
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:33,200
borderline sacrilegious, 
ignoring the established Kami 

5117
04:28:33,200 --> 04:28:36,300
Worship in shrines or publicly 
mocking, certain Shrine rituals 

5118
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:40,100
as superstitious this spurred 
the rumor of him being the demon

5119
04:28:40,100 --> 04:28:43,500
warlord culminating in some 
devout Warriors, forming tiny 

5120
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,100
conspiracies to rid the land of 
this Empire's figure. 

5121
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:48,500
One. 
Overlooked Dimension was his 

5122
04:28:48,500 --> 04:28:51,900
approach to Camaros. 
Beyond the free markets and 

5123
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:55,000
Castle towns, Nobunaga 
established weigh stations. 

5124
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,200
And lodging posts along, major 
highways he suppressed local 

5125
04:28:58,200 --> 04:28:59,900
toll collectors. 
Who bled Travelers? 

5126
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,700
This policy triggered an 
economic upswing. 

5127
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:07,600
Caravans from the Seto Inland 
Sea carried salt, textiles and 

5128
04:29:07,600 --> 04:29:09,700
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 
to pay. 

5129
04:29:10,800 --> 04:29:13,600
The odor domain thus built a 
stable fiscal backbone. 

5130
04:29:13,600 --> 04:29:17,200
Fueling further expansions and 
enabling him to Grant rewards to

5131
04:29:17,200 --> 04:29:19,500
Loyal vassals without 
bankrupting the treasury. 

5132
04:29:20,300 --> 04:29:23,200
Such a commercial Savvy. 
Warlord was a novelty in a 

5133
04:29:23,200 --> 04:29:25,900
period when martial Glory 
overshadowed The Humble of 

5134
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:30,100
business of Econo comics, 
Nobunaga also interacted with a 

5135
04:29:30,100 --> 04:29:32,100
figure rarely acknowledged in 
mainstream accounts. 

5136
04:29:32,100 --> 04:29:37,400
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai a tall man

5137
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:41,600
from Portuguese or Italian 
mission's arrived in Japan under

5138
04:29:41,600 --> 04:29:45,100
uncertain circumstances 
impressed by his physique and 

5139
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:48,000
exotic background. 
No, Bernard took an interest, 

5140
04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:52,300
eventually welcoming him into 
service letters from Jesuit 

5141
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:55,400
sources hint that nobody found 
yusuke's, presence refreshing. 

5142
04:29:55,400 --> 04:29:59,500
The symbol of how broad the 
world truly was some accounts 

5143
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:00,300
mention that. 
Yes. 

5144
04:30:00,300 --> 04:30:02,400
Okay, was entrusted with certain
guard duties. 

5145
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:05,500
While the authenticity of that 
Arrangement has faced debate. 

5146
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:09,100
It underscores how nobunaga's 
curiosity extended, even to 

5147
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:13,400
foreigners of unusual origin. 
Bridging cultural gaps at a time

5148
04:30:13,408 --> 04:30:16,900
when xenophobia was rampant by 
the end of the 1570s 

5149
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:19,500
Unstoppable. 
Momentum seemed to Define 

5150
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:23,000
obnoxious progress. 
The Hallmark Fortress of azuchi 

5151
04:30:23,000 --> 04:30:26,600
built near Lake Beaver, 
exemplified his vision part 

5152
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:30,000
stronghold part palatial 
residence with decorative murals

5153
04:30:30,000 --> 04:30:31,700
and advanced architectural 
engineering. 

5154
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,600
Visitors wrote that climbing 
each floor, revealed new painted

5155
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:37,300
Illusions and hidden defensive 
features. 

5156
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:41,100
An embodiment of both aesthetic 
Flair and martial cunning 

5157
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:44,900
invited traveling, missionaries,
Artisans, and even some rival 

5158
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:48,400
Lords to see as Majesty 
proclaiming that his building 

5159
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:52,500
was the model of the future in 
truth, the structure was also a 

5160
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:54,900
statement. 
Odor rules soared above the old,

5161
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:57,800
Petty, provincialism. 
A new day, demanded, new 

5162
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:00,400
monuments. 
Yet, Ambitions, stirs. 

5163
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,900
Resentments. 
Many older Clans forced into 

5164
04:31:03,900 --> 04:31:06,900
submission, quite at least 
sought to chance to break free. 

5165
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:10,200
The extent of nobunaga's. 
Reforms threatened, the old 

5166
04:31:10,200 --> 04:31:13,100
feudal, compacts. 
Even within his retinue. 

5167
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:16,900
Some felt overshadowed by 
hideyoshi ascendancy or 

5168
04:31:16,900 --> 04:31:19,700
frustrated by nobunny as 
ruthless single-mindedness 

5169
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,900
betrayal the rarely signaled. 
Openly bubbled beneath the 

5170
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:26,400
surface. 
The old adage that a fortress 

5171
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:29,300
can withstand for in assault but
not always internal treachery 

5172
04:31:29,300 --> 04:31:33,000
would soon prove hauntingly at 
though the warlord pressed. 

5173
04:31:33,000 --> 04:31:37,600
Onward planning fresh campaigns 
events at the cusp of the 1580s.

5174
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:40,700
Would reveal the Fatal cost of 
ignoring that silent discontent.

5175
04:31:41,500 --> 04:31:46,400
In Spring 1580, Odeon appeared, 
Invincible, the formidable, 

5176
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:48,500
ikko, ikki strongholds were 
mostly crushed. 

5177
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,400
The Takeda. 
Clan was in shambles and the 

5178
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:53,900
capital recognized him as the de
facto power. 

5179
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:57,400
Yet a cluster of uneasy 
alliances still dotted the map, 

5180
04:31:57,400 --> 04:32:00,200
including some Warlords, who 
pretended loyalty while 

5181
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:03,000
resenting odor. 
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 

5182
04:32:03,000 --> 04:32:06,200
rarely timid seemed almost 
relaxed that year, hosting 

5183
04:32:06,200 --> 04:32:10,200
lavish celebrations at azuchi, 
and paying only mild heed to 

5184
04:32:10,208 --> 04:32:12,100
rumors of minor revolts and 
distant. 

5185
04:32:12,100 --> 04:32:15,800
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 
of Conquest had lulled him into 

5186
04:32:15,800 --> 04:32:18,500
believing only a formidable, 
outside could challenge him. 

5187
04:32:19,500 --> 04:32:21,900
Among his retainers Aki 
mitsuhide. 

5188
04:32:21,900 --> 04:32:25,000
Quietly navigated. 
The New Order mitza Hyde had 

5189
04:32:25,008 --> 04:32:28,100
served Nobunaga lawyerly yet. 
Their relationship was never 

5190
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:31,300
warm nobunaga's. 
Leadership style often involved 

5191
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:33,600
public dressing Downs of 
subordinates who fail or 

5192
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,500
displeased him. 
Some claimed mitsu hide who 

5193
04:32:36,500 --> 04:32:39,800
endured multiple humiliations 
once when an odor supply line 

5194
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:43,000
Fiasco cost mitzi's mother her 
life at the hands of Brigham's 

5195
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:45,300
Nobunaga. 
Supposedly dismissed it 

5196
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:49,500
callously, another time a minor 
mishap at a feast LED Nobunaga 

5197
04:32:49,500 --> 04:32:53,600
to fling a teacup in Anger. 
Scolding omitsu height whether 

5198
04:32:53,600 --> 04:32:56,400
these spats fested into hatred 
remains uncertain. 

5199
04:32:56,400 --> 04:33:00,400
But it's clear mitsuhide felt 
overshadowed in the swirl of 

5200
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:04,200
odors triumphant expansion many 
believed, mitsuhide was two 

5201
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:06,599
measured or timid to lash out 
they were mistaken. 

5202
04:33:07,599 --> 04:33:10,599
Parallel to these tensions, 
Nobunaga decided to press 

5203
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:13,900
further west sending hideyoshi 
to sudo, the Mori Clan. 

5204
04:33:14,599 --> 04:33:18,099
That campaign demanded 
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 

5205
04:33:18,099 --> 04:33:21,700
to dispatch extra troops. 
He halted in Kyoto at honor ji 

5206
04:33:21,700 --> 04:33:24,300
Temple intending. 
A brief rest on route to greet, 

5207
04:33:24,300 --> 04:33:27,300
hideyoshi forces. 
The temple though, not heavily 

5208
04:33:27,300 --> 04:33:30,700
fortified was considered safe 
enough given the capital's calm.

5209
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:35,000
Nobunaga was traveling lightly 
with only a small guard, most of

5210
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:37,700
his main Army had been deployed 
to support different operations.

5211
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:41,300
Some close advisors questions 
this vulnerability but no 

5212
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:44,500
Bernard brushed aside their 
concerns certain no serious 

5213
04:33:44,500 --> 04:33:47,000
threat. 
Lurked Then came that fateful 

5214
04:33:47,000 --> 04:33:51,599
dawn of June 21st, 1582 a catchy
mitsu hired. 

5215
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:54,700
Commanding, a Detachment under 
the pretext of reinforcing, 

5216
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:58,200
hideyoshi turned his Force 
abruptly toward Hano G. 

5217
04:33:58,900 --> 04:34:01,200
Storming in, they caught the 
odegaards on. 

5218
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,599
Where is the temples interior 
lit with flames as mitsu. 

5219
04:34:04,599 --> 04:34:08,500
Hide's men, torched wooden Halls
Nobunaga fought back with sword 

5220
04:34:08,500 --> 04:34:10,400
in hand. 
But the odds were overwhelming 

5221
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:14,500
realizing Escape was impossible.
He retreated deeper into the 

5222
04:34:14,500 --> 04:34:17,099
complex. 
Sources differ on the details 

5223
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:20,400
but they Converge on the notion 
that he took his life either by 

5224
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,700
seppuku or ensuring no capture 
rather than fall into mitts a 

5225
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:27,400
hedis hands. 
The Blazing Temple sealed. 

5226
04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:31,599
The scene forging an indelible 
final image Japan's mightiest 

5227
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:35,400
unifier consumed by betrayal and
fire undone not by an external 

5228
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:39,300
rival, but by a subordinate, he 
underestimated Mitsuhide 

5229
04:34:39,300 --> 04:34:42,200
proclaiming the realm is ours. 
Tried to consolidate. 

5230
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:46,200
But public shock overshadowed 
any acceptance of his coup. 

5231
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:49,800
He had a Yoshi on hearing the 
news swiftly made peace with the

5232
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:53,000
Maury to rush back in a short 
campaign culminating in the 

5233
04:34:53,000 --> 04:34:56,200
Battle of yamazaki. 
Hiroshi Avenged, Nobunaga 

5234
04:34:56,200 --> 04:34:58,800
defeating mitsu hide. 
Less than two weeks after 

5235
04:34:58,800 --> 04:35:03,300
homogeneity day, attempting to 
flee was slain by Bandits or 

5236
04:35:03,300 --> 04:35:05,800
vengeful peasants. 
And ironic end that left. 

5237
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:09,400
No stable regime in his wake. 
The Echoes of that betrayal 

5238
04:35:09,400 --> 04:35:13,900
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide
days treachery became a byword 

5239
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:16,099
for disloyalty and sudden 
reversal of Fortune. 

5240
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:20,800
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the
odor clown, but the impetus for 

5241
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:23,599
unification, persisted hideyoshi
emerged. 

5242
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:27,099
As the next major figure, the 
eventually subjugating, much of 

5243
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:32,000
Japan and styling himself, as 
the unifier Tokugawa more 

5244
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:36,900
patient, would Outlast them all,
and set up the shogunate, In 

5245
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:40,200
each subsequent stage, the ghost
of nobunaga's ambition, hovered.

5246
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,200
Hideyoshi and yay, ASU both 
acknowledged that their 

5247
04:35:43,200 --> 04:35:46,300
expansions leaned on the 
foundation, Nobunaga laid the 

5248
04:35:46,300 --> 04:35:49,400
harnessing of firearms, the 
impetus for centralized domain 

5249
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:53,000
and the notion that old feudal 
autonomy should yield to a 

5250
04:35:53,000 --> 04:35:55,200
singular Authority. 
In many ways. 

5251
04:35:56,099 --> 04:35:59,500
The abrupt end at honor g-shaped
nobunaga's Legacy as a fiery 

5252
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:02,099
Comet unpredictable 
transformative. 

5253
04:36:02,099 --> 04:36:06,800
But short-lived A little over, 
what might have been had he 

5254
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:08,900
survived? 
Would he have forged a stable 

5255
04:36:08,900 --> 04:36:11,800
monarchy or introduced a new 
bureaucratic structure? 

5256
04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:15,500
Might as tolerance of foreign 
presence, have expanded, Japan's

5257
04:36:15,500 --> 04:36:18,599
Global Connections early Or 
could he have become a dreaded 

5258
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:22,599
or to craft stifling dissent so 
thoroughly as to hamper future 

5259
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,400
evolution. 
The abruptness of his death 

5260
04:36:25,400 --> 04:36:29,300
leaves, a swirl of speculation. 
The site of Honor G itself 

5261
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:32,700
stands in Kyoto, the much 
rebuilt, after the conflagration

5262
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:37,200
tourists passed by a modest 
Memorial Often overshadowed, by 

5263
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:41,500
more famous temples yet, for 
students of Japan sengoku era 

5264
04:36:41,500 --> 04:36:45,200
that place resonates as a 
symbolic Crossroads, the 

5265
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:48,800
Unstoppable warlord ended by his
retainer Pivoting. 

5266
04:36:48,800 --> 04:36:50,800
The entire Arc of national 
unification. 

5267
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:54,000
The charge remains from that day
are long gone. 

5268
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:58,500
But glimpses remain in curated 
relics Diaries and a handful of 

5269
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:01,099
Swords believed to have belonged
to nobunaga's retinue. 

5270
04:37:01,700 --> 04:37:04,700
Each artifact, underscores the 
transience of power. 

5271
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:09,099
One moment, a near omnipotent, 
figure rewriting, the lands 

5272
04:37:09,099 --> 04:37:12,400
Destiny. 
The next victim of fate, and 

5273
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:15,800
betrayal. 
Thus the final chapter of 

5274
04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:18,500
nobunaga's life. 
Stands not as a diminishment but

5275
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:23,099
as a crescendo in Falling hemmed
the impetus that others carried 

5276
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:27,500
forth. 
Hideyoshi yah Suh and the entire

5277
04:37:27,500 --> 04:37:30,500
notion of an eventually unified 
Japan under a single rule. 

5278
04:37:30,500 --> 04:37:33,800
Trace back to nobunaga's, 
Unstoppable wave. 

5279
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:38,000
He forced the country to see the
old code, where our kayak 

5280
04:37:38,000 --> 04:37:40,700
chivalry overshadowed 
modernization was no longer 

5281
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:45,099
viable in that sense, though, he
vanished in Flames the brand of 

5282
04:37:45,099 --> 04:37:47,099
Revolution, he championed burned
onward. 

5283
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,500
Fueling, the next generation's 
quest to reorder the Nation 

5284
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:54,599
Under a single banner. 
Post honor G the manner in which

5285
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:58,500
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 
offers a profound insight into 

5286
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:00,500
how Japan processes. 
His historical figures. 

5287
04:38:01,400 --> 04:38:04,700
In the immediate aftermath many 
Warlords excised him from 

5288
04:38:04,700 --> 04:38:08,200
official genealogies. 
He had after all the dismantled 

5289
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:11,800
centuries of tradition, however,
within a decade references, 

5290
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:15,099
re-emerged describing him as the
initial impetus that any 

5291
04:38:15,099 --> 04:38:17,200
Warlords seeking unification 
must emulate. 

5292
04:38:18,200 --> 04:38:20,900
Some local chroniclers wrote, 
tributes praising, the demons 

5293
04:38:20,900 --> 04:38:25,000
Clarity a phrase that captured, 
the Paradox, demon, and cruelty 

5294
04:38:25,000 --> 04:38:29,300
Clarity, and vision. 
Tokugawa yasu, after 

5295
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:33,400
establishing the Tokugawa, 
shogunate in 1603, quietly 

5296
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,800
ensured That official, records 
didn't overshadow, the Tokugawa 

5297
04:38:36,800 --> 04:38:40,000
sentient narrative with too much
odor, idolization. 

5298
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,500
Yet IAS super personally revered
nobunaga's decisive approach. 

5299
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:47,900
Private Diaries mentioned, how 
the new Shogun study studied old

5300
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:50,900
Battlefield notes from. 
Okay has Arma and nagashino 

5301
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:53,400
gleaning insights with the 
potential crises. 

5302
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:56,900
Ironically the official 
narrative downplayed Otis 

5303
04:38:56,900 --> 04:39:01,000
significant to bolster Tokugawa 
legitimacy but in private, the 

5304
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:04,000
recollection of odors daring 
strategies continued to provide 

5305
04:39:04,000 --> 04:39:08,599
valuable insights Meanwhile, 
rural Legends cropped up casting

5306
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,200
nebula is a Restless spirit. 
Farmers told Tales of hearing 

5307
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:15,700
Phantom hoofbeats on the stormy 
nights said to be his ghost 

5308
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,300
reenacting night. 
Raids in some folk songs 

5309
04:39:18,300 --> 04:39:22,300
nobunaga's Thunder, refer to 
unexpected storms damaging 

5310
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:26,700
unharvested Fields, an ominous 
sign of Unstoppable Force such 

5311
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:29,200
Tales embedded him into the 
realm of folk Superstition 

5312
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:32,800
people across provinces 
especially in regions once 

5313
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:36,700
scorched by his campaigns, found
Echoes of both or and Dread in 

5314
04:39:36,700 --> 04:39:41,000
the stories by the Edo period. 
Woodblock prints portrayed him 

5315
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:44,500
with stylized armor scowling or 
triumphant in mid-battle. 

5316
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:48,200
Few dramatizations and Kabuki 
theater, though. 

5317
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:51,800
Typically focusing on hideyoshi.
Occasionally included Cameo 

5318
04:39:51,800 --> 04:39:55,100
references to Nobby nagas as an 
unyielding presence over 

5319
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:57,500
shadowing. 
The stage the sensors of the 

5320
04:39:57,500 --> 04:39:59,800
takagawa regime. 
Usually avoided depicting him, 

5321
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:03,100
two favorably, fearful of 
stirring, rebellious, sentiments

5322
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:05,900
that might Champion a Nobunaga 
style revolt. 

5323
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:09,800
Despite these constraints 
underground manuscripts 

5324
04:40:09,800 --> 04:40:11,500
circulated. 
That teased out, his modern 

5325
04:40:11,500 --> 04:40:14,900
aspects, like his willingness to
incorporate foreigners or push 

5326
04:40:14,900 --> 04:40:17,900
Advanced weapons. 
Samurai, who read them in 

5327
04:40:17,908 --> 04:40:21,000
private might feel emboldened by
the notion of discarding stale 

5328
04:40:21,000 --> 04:40:25,500
tradition, in favor of 
pragmatic, modernity, The Meiji 

5329
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:29,000
Restoration in the late, 19th 
century revived interest, as 

5330
04:40:29,000 --> 04:40:31,900
Japan opened to the world. 
Some intellectuals lauded 

5331
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:34,600
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 
on trade and Technology. 

5332
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,200
Claiming he was the first modern
Japanese. 

5333
04:40:38,300 --> 04:40:41,300
Western Scholars who visited 
found in Nobunaga figure 

5334
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:43,300
reminiscent of Europe's, 
absolute monarchs. 

5335
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:46,100
A man who overcame medieval 
fragmentation. 

5336
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:50,200
They wrote comparative essays 
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 

5337
04:40:50,200 --> 04:40:53,000
or Napoleon in Samurai for the 
form. 

5338
04:40:53,000 --> 04:40:56,100
Although, these analogies were 
simplistic, they further 

5339
04:40:56,100 --> 04:40:59,900
cemented, his Global mistake, 
Museum started collecting items 

5340
04:40:59,900 --> 04:41:03,900
rumored to be from his domain 
archibus and partial suits of 

5341
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:07,400
lacquered armor, each artifact. 
Conveyed a fragment of his 

5342
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:10,500
Endeavors to propel Japan 
forward centuries in a single 

5343
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:14,500
generation in the 20th century 
as War, raged globally. 

5344
04:41:14,500 --> 04:41:18,100
Some Japanese, militarists 
admirers on stoppable 

5345
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:21,700
aggression, they saw him as a 
model for unyielding expansion. 

5346
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:26,400
Post-war that sentiment called 
replaced by more nuanced 

5347
04:41:26,400 --> 04:41:29,500
academic approach. 
The emphasis shifted toward 

5348
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:33,200
analyzing his socio-economic 
policies, like standardizing 

5349
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,900
measure systems or encouraging 
open trade in Castle towns. 

5350
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:40,200
Contemporary historians 
highlight how those policies 

5351
04:41:40,200 --> 04:41:43,400
laid seeds for an eventual, 
stable economy under the 

5352
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,100
Tokugawa. 
Even if that regime ironically 

5353
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:49,600
closed off certain foreign 
influences, Another wave of 

5354
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:53,000
scholarship focuses on the 
cultural interplay, the Synergy 

5355
04:41:53,000 --> 04:41:55,500
of Christian missionaries and 
the partial acceptance of their 

5356
04:41:55,500 --> 04:41:57,700
ideas that might have blossomed 
further. 

5357
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:01,700
Had no Bernardo endured In 
popular culture of the late 20th

5358
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:03,000
and early 21st. 
Centuries. 

5359
04:42:03,000 --> 04:42:06,600
A deluge of creative retellings,
reimagined him. 

5360
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:11,200
Video games, featuring sengoku 
battles depict him as a fearsome

5361
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:14,600
Overlord with unstoppable, power
ups and specialized gun, squads 

5362
04:42:14,600 --> 04:42:19,300
Manga and Anime often play with 
the Demon King label, recasting 

5363
04:42:19,300 --> 04:42:21,700
him in time, slip scenarios, or 
comedic subplots. 

5364
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:25,200
Dramas vary from an honorable 
anti-hero forging. 

5365
04:42:25,200 --> 04:42:29,300
Unity to a borderline sadistic 
tyrant. this breadth of 

5366
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:33,200
interpretations, testifies to 
his complexity, even in a 

5367
04:42:33,200 --> 04:42:37,600
comedic Cameo, the essence of 
Unstoppable, change remains He's

5368
04:42:37,600 --> 04:42:40,300
recognized as the impetus behind
Japan's, transition from 

5369
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:44,500
fractious, medieval to the cusp 
of early modern hence the modern

5370
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:47,400
lens sifts through centuries of 
contradiction. 

5371
04:42:48,400 --> 04:42:52,400
He monstrous and cruelty or 
heroic in forging a stable path.

5372
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:56,400
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out
of genuine openness or purely 

5373
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:58,800
for Advantage? 
Did he Harbours a future 

5374
04:42:58,808 --> 04:43:02,600
blueprint for a stable monarchy?
Or was he improvising day by 

5375
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:04,700
day? 
Exploiting each short-term 

5376
04:43:04,700 --> 04:43:06,800
opportunity. 
The record suggests. 

5377
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:08,300
All these angles might hold 
truth. 

5378
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:12,600
He was multifaceted a man 
Unshackled by tradition, ready 

5379
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:15,900
to harness any advantage, 
Unstoppable, until undone by 

5380
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:17,900
betrayal. 
In that sense. 

5381
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:21,600
Oda nobunaga's name remains a 
prism, turn it one way. 

5382
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:23,500
You see? 
A progressive champion of 

5383
04:43:23,508 --> 04:43:26,800
modernization tilted? 
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 

5384
04:43:26,808 --> 04:43:29,600
old shrines and foes Japan's 
memory. 

5385
04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:32,500
And the world's Fascination 
revolve around these shifting 

5386
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:35,100
lights. 
Among lesson, known facets of 

5387
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:37,300
nobunaga's. 
Story is his personal retinue of

5388
04:43:37,300 --> 04:43:40,300
varied, advisors, some from 
backgrounds, not typically, 

5389
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:43,900
admitted to Samurai Council. 
He believed that rank was earned

5390
04:43:43,900 --> 04:43:47,800
by Merit an unusual stance. 
For the time for instance he 

5391
04:43:47,800 --> 04:43:50,200
wants appointed a skilled 
blacksmith to direct certain 

5392
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:53,400
Siege engine Creations, that was
heresy, in the eyes of 

5393
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:56,300
traditional samurai, a 
blacksmith leading Warrior's 

5394
04:43:57,100 --> 04:44:00,100
Know Bernard brushed off the 
critics pointing to results. 

5395
04:44:00,100 --> 04:44:03,000
The blacksmith. 
Technical cunning helped Forge, 

5396
04:44:03,000 --> 04:44:05,700
Innovative catapults that 
battered a walled Fortress into 

5397
04:44:05,700 --> 04:44:08,500
submission. 
This anecdote though, 

5398
04:44:08,500 --> 04:44:11,800
overshadowed in mainstream 
accounts, exemplifies his break 

5399
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:15,500
from hierarchical norms. 
Another overlooked detail lies 

5400
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:18,700
in the realm of intelligence 
gathering Nobunaga, according to

5401
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:22,700
scattered Diaries established, a
nascent Espionage Network in 

5402
04:44:22,700 --> 04:44:26,000
Kyoto and Merchants towns. 
He recognized that raw might 

5403
04:44:26,000 --> 04:44:28,100
alone. 
Wouldn't keep him ahead through 

5404
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:30,200
discrete watches, some disguised
as traveling. 

5405
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:33,800
Entertainers, some as pilgrims 
cleaned updates on Rival, Lords,

5406
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:38,000
alliances, or fractures Buddhist
sects, plotting and Secret. this

5407
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,100
network of information helped 
prevent revolts and enabled him 

5408
04:44:41,100 --> 04:44:45,100
to intercept Clan collusion 
Well, Espionage existed in Prior

5409
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:47,400
eras, no, Bernardus 
systematized. 

5410
04:44:47,400 --> 04:44:50,500
It more thoroughly reflecting, a
willingness to adopt whatever, 

5411
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,400
gave him an edge. 
One, puzzling Dimension was his 

5412
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:57,300
attitude to the Imperial Court. 
Typically Warlords are the 

5413
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:00,000
revered, the Emperor as a 
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 

5414
04:45:00,900 --> 04:45:03,200
Nobunaga courted. 
The courts favor in a measured 

5415
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:06,300
way, offering them economic 
assistance, you furbishing 

5416
04:45:06,300 --> 04:45:09,500
certain neglected Palace halls 
and ensuring the emperor's 

5417
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:11,700
dignity. 
This was not out of pure 

5418
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:14,100
devotion. 
It was a strategic move by 

5419
04:45:14,100 --> 04:45:16,800
championing, the emperor's 
Prestige, he legitimized his 

5420
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:21,300
expansion at some sermon ease, 
he arrived in flamboyant attire.

5421
04:45:21,300 --> 04:45:25,500
Overshadowing lesser Lords, then
humbly bowed before the emperor 

5422
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:28,800
an old mixture of vanity and a 
basement that left Watchers on 

5423
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:33,000
certain how to interpret him. 
the emperor, the powerless, in 

5424
04:45:33,000 --> 04:45:37,100
martial terms, recognize that 
nobody's guardianship provided a

5425
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:41,000
stable environment for the court
survival, thus a polite if 

5426
04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:46,400
uneasy Synergy arose, Nobunaga's
personal life, beyond the 

5427
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:48,700
political realm remains 
partially veiled. 

5428
04:45:49,300 --> 04:45:51,800
He married multiple times 
forging alliances with 

5429
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:55,100
significant families. 
Notably little is said about 

5430
04:45:55,100 --> 04:45:58,400
deep personal attachments. 
Some historians wonder if he 

5431
04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:01,900
maintained an emotional remove 
seeing marriage as a strategic 

5432
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:05,900
game, a personal diary snippet, 
suggests a fleeting mention of a

5433
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:10,400
loved consort but her name 
remains uncertain lost in burned

5434
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:12,700
records or overshadowed by 
former marriages. 

5435
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:17,000
The Narrative is incomplete 
overshadowed by Warfare logs and

5436
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:19,600
alliances it. 
Underscores how the official 

5437
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:23,000
story seldom captures intimate 
sentiments specially for a man? 

5438
04:46:23,008 --> 04:46:26,500
So public in ambition. 
One rumored anecdote, from 

5439
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:29,600
Castle staff claims that 
Nobunaga had a private reading 

5440
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:33,100
habit, poetry anthology from the
hay, and period and Chinese 

5441
04:46:33,100 --> 04:46:35,800
military treaters. 
He found parallels between 

5442
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:39,100
ancient poems praising ephemeral
blossoms and the transients of 

5443
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:42,700
alliances He told a close 
retainer that the ephemeral 

5444
04:46:42,700 --> 04:46:44,300
nature of cherry blossoms 
matched. 

5445
04:46:44,300 --> 04:46:47,300
The ephemeral nature of men's 
loyalty some guests, this 

5446
04:46:47,300 --> 04:46:50,000
reflection spurred him to adopt 
Savage, Savage efficiency in the

5447
04:46:50,008 --> 04:46:53,500
stamping out, potential threats,
believing that if a blossom 

5448
04:46:53,500 --> 04:46:56,000
would fall, anyway, best it do 
so on his terms. 

5449
04:46:56,800 --> 04:46:58,800
Whether or not that anecdote is 
fully accurate. 

5450
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:03,000
It captures the sense that a 
philosophical thread ran under 

5451
04:47:03,000 --> 04:47:06,300
his pragmatic exterior. 
As for the everyday peasant or 

5452
04:47:06,300 --> 04:47:09,400
merchants in his expanding 
territory, the experience was 

5453
04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:11,600
double-edged. 
They might face forced 

5454
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:13,800
relocations or heavy Corvette 
labor to build new 

5455
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:16,500
fortifications. 
But once integrated, they also 

5456
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:19,700
benefited from relative security
and New Roads that spurred 

5457
04:47:19,700 --> 04:47:22,000
Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

5458
04:47:22,000 --> 04:47:24,000
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

5459
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:26,800
at decreased local Warfare. 
And disquiet about the 

5460
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:28,800
unwavering demands of the odor 
Administration. 

5461
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:32,800
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

5462
04:47:32,800 --> 04:47:35,700
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

5463
04:47:35,700 --> 04:47:39,200
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

5464
04:47:39,200 --> 04:47:42,200
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

5465
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:45,600
between a car invent and the 
dread that a single misstep. 

5466
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:49,000
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown as he neared the Final

5467
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:53,900
Chapter, some retailing, he grew
more flamboyant, he staged banks

5468
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:57,200
with Kabuki or comedic plays 
wearing elaborate kimonos, 

5469
04:47:57,200 --> 04:48:01,400
others emphasize and increase in
paranoia pushing him to punish 

5470
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:04,900
even minor a fronts possibly 
both narrower who was contain 

5471
04:48:04,900 --> 04:48:07,100
truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

5472
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:09,700
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch. 

5473
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:12,900
Yet felt the Press of Potential 
betrayals from every corner. 

5474
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:15,100
Could produce a contradictory 
stance. 

5475
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:18,200
Lavish celebration. 
One day Savage clamped down the 

5476
04:48:18,200 --> 04:48:22,400
next ultimately that tension 
stopped at homogeneity leaving 

5477
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:26,400
him consumed by betrayal. 
In the end, these lesser known 

5478
04:48:26,400 --> 04:48:30,500
details, his Espionage, 
unorthodox appointments subtle 

5479
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:33,300
alliances with the Imperial 
Court and personal reading 

5480
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:37,900
habits, magnify how complex Oda 
Nobunaga was not purely The 

5481
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:41,700
Demon King not purely, the 
modernizing champion, he 

5482
04:48:41,700 --> 04:48:45,100
Traverse spaces Beyond 
simplistic labels, his story 

5483
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:48,800
though, overshadowed by dramatic
battles resonates in the subtle 

5484
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:52,100
underpinnings of how he managed 
Realms resources and 

5485
04:48:52,100 --> 04:48:55,400
relationships. 
It hints that while overshadowed

5486
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:59,100
by an era of swirling conflict. 
His efforts carved out A New 

5487
04:48:59,100 --> 04:49:02,400
Path from medieval fragmentation
to emergent Central Authority. 

5488
04:49:02,400 --> 04:49:07,500
Paving the way for hidden Yoshi 
when the eventual of a stable 

5489
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:11,700
will be at closed Japan under 
the takagawa, Standing at the 

5490
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:16,200
Confluence of myth and fact Oda 
Nobunaga remains a singular 

5491
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:18,100
figure in Japan's, historical 
consciousness. 

5492
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:23,300
Centuries of passed since that 
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 

5493
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:27,700
shadow of Honor gingers 
observers even in modern times 

5494
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:31,000
see him attention between 
brutality Enlightenment 

5495
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:33,300
tradition and radical 
innovation. 

5496
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:37,800
His presence Looms in Talk of 
the sengoku era, overshadowing 

5497
04:49:37,800 --> 04:49:40,800
many of his contemporaries 
because he alone dared to step 

5498
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:41,800
outside. 
The old rules. 

5499
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:46,000
So dramatically One wonders. 
How if not for mitts coup 

5500
04:49:46,000 --> 04:49:47,200
Japan's path? 
Might differ. 

5501
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:50,600
Maybe Nobunaga would have 
extended even friendlier ties 

5502
04:49:50,600 --> 04:49:54,100
with the West fostering deeper 
trade or adopting new Sciences. 

5503
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:57,200
Some speculate he might have 
orchestrated a national 

5504
04:49:57,200 --> 04:49:59,100
bureaucracy. 
Well before Tokugawa 

5505
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:01,800
consolidation. 
Speeding modernization by 

5506
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:05,400
centuries. others argue, the 
pace of Western contact was 

5507
04:50:05,400 --> 04:50:09,100
still too slow and that his 
stance on Christianity was too 

5508
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:12,600
ambiguous to create a real 
opening or perhaps this severity

5509
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:16,000
would have ignited, a larger 
civil Revolt, cutting his story 

5510
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:20,400
short anyway, Such conjectures 
swirl Because the actual drama 

5511
04:50:20,400 --> 04:50:23,300
ended abruptly leaving a vacuum 
for hideo. 

5512
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:28,300
She and the aasu to fill In 
modern Japan historians group 

5513
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:31,600
him among the three great 
unifiers will be at the earliest

5514
04:50:31,600 --> 04:50:36,600
and the most audacious hideyoshi
refined yasu in Trent but 

5515
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:40,900
Nobunaga was the Unstoppable. 
Spark various local festivals in

5516
04:50:40,900 --> 04:50:43,800
gifu or Nagoya, celebrate him as
an iconic. 

5517
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:46,400
Local Hero. 
Perhaps ignoring the cruelty 

5518
04:50:46,400 --> 04:50:51,300
that the walls of temples The 
Duality remains parades costumed

5519
04:50:51,300 --> 04:50:54,700
in flamboyant odor regalia, 
hosting cheerful crowds 

5520
04:50:54,700 --> 04:50:58,400
ironically commemorating a man 
who showed little Mercy to foes.

5521
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:01,800
Yeah, that contradiction is not 
lost on participants, who 

5522
04:51:01,800 --> 04:51:03,400
acknowledge? 
That forging a New Orleans 

5523
04:51:03,400 --> 04:51:06,000
gently. 
Schools in Japan. 

5524
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:09,200
Mentioned him in textbooks 
albeit briefly formidable Lord, 

5525
04:51:09,200 --> 04:51:11,900
who championed guns, overcame 
the emigalo. 

5526
04:51:15,800 --> 04:51:18,600
This truncated version rarely 
delves into his approach to 

5527
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:20,400
governance or the 
transformations in Commerce. 

5528
04:51:20,400 --> 04:51:23,700
He championed meanwhile academic
circles delve deeper 

5529
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:27,100
re-evaluating newly found 
Diaries or cross-referencing 

5530
04:51:27,100 --> 04:51:29,000
Portuguese, Mission letters 
each? 

5531
04:51:29,000 --> 04:51:32,500
Re-examination can shift. 
The Nuance was he truly a patron

5532
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:35,100
of broad-minded exchange or just
pragmatic about receiving 

5533
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,900
Advanced Weaponry did his free 
market instincts come from moral

5534
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:42,300
convictions or from a desire to 
centralize wealth under his 

5535
04:51:42,300 --> 04:51:44,800
control The records are 
incomplete. 

5536
04:51:44,800 --> 04:51:49,700
Assuring debates continue. 
Outside Japan, popular culture 

5537
04:51:49,700 --> 04:51:53,000
globalized his name. 
Strategy games depict him as a 

5538
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:56,400
charismatic conqueror with 
Cutting Edge, muskets anime 

5539
04:51:56,400 --> 04:51:59,800
series swirl into fantasy 
battles, occasionally they 

5540
04:51:59,800 --> 04:52:01,400
highlight the Heartbreak of 
betrayal. 

5541
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:05,900
Other times, the Unstoppable 
conquests In global narratives 

5542
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:10,600
about heroic entire stands, 
comfortably, among Genghis, Khan

5543
04:52:10,600 --> 04:52:14,400
Napoleon and other icons of 
Unstoppable expansion. 

5544
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:18,800
The Mythic Dimension grows with 
each retailing overshadowing 

5545
04:52:18,800 --> 04:52:21,600
smaller truths, like how he 
dealt daily with Petty Clan 

5546
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:23,600
disputes or Municipal tax 
controverses? 

5547
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:26,900
Yet, those small truths made the
difference in his success. 

5548
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:31,000
Steder handle detail from 
forging muskets to forging packs

5549
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:32,600
with blacksmiths and foreign 
Traders. 

5550
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:36,100
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is
that leadership in a time of 

5551
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,000
flux is rarely. 
Pure nobunaga's story. 

5552
04:52:39,008 --> 04:52:41,600
Underscores how seizing the 
moment demands leaps of 

5553
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,900
imagination, a willingness, to 
adopt, unfamiliar tools and 

5554
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,100
Readiness, for pushback from 
entrenched interests, but such 

5555
04:52:48,100 --> 04:52:49,600
leaps. 
Can also breed enemies from 

5556
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:54,000
unexpected places. 
He overcame vast hurdles only to

5557
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:56,500
be undone by the retainer whose 
loyalty he took for granted. 

5558
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:01,200
The caution is timeless, 
Unstoppable, impetus might yield

5559
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:04,400
breathtaking victories, but 
ignoring the intricacies of 

5560
04:53:04,408 --> 04:53:07,300
trust, can prove fatal for all 
the rang core. 

5561
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:10,900
The story of Odin Nobunaga is 
also one of bridging a medieval 

5562
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:14,500
fractiousness to a future marked
by Central governments, the 

5563
04:53:14,500 --> 04:53:17,000
Unstoppable impetus. 
He began was not fully realized 

5564
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:21,400
in his life time, but the 
impetus did not die at hamaji it

5565
04:53:21,400 --> 04:53:25,200
through his successors, Cole, 
culminating in a unified though 

5566
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:30,600
autocratic Tokugawa regime, So 
in a sense he was the father of 

5567
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:33,700
modern Japan in everything but 
his official name that's the 

5568
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:36,200
irony, the one who set the stage
for stability. 

5569
04:53:36,200 --> 04:53:39,100
Never personally enjoyed it. 
His life ended in a 

5570
04:53:39,108 --> 04:53:42,700
conflagration leaving fans of 
heroic epic to mourn that the 

5571
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:45,400
Unstoppable path ended. 
Just short of the final victory.

5572
04:53:46,300 --> 04:53:50,700
Perhaps that ending Paradox, 
amplifies, his Legend in a land 

5573
04:53:50,708 --> 04:53:53,200
that often underscores the 
ephemeral beauty of cherry 

5574
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:54,900
blossoms. 
Fleeting in their Prime 

5575
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:58,800
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 
Apex of his might resonates as 

5576
04:53:58,800 --> 04:54:00,500
an epic. 
Tragic, flourish. 

5577
04:54:01,200 --> 04:54:04,100
Even as a new Japan, eventually 
dawned under different hands. 

5578
04:54:04,100 --> 04:54:07,800
The memory of the one who dared 
to break every mold to scorn 

5579
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:11,000
archaic codes, and to forcibly 
shape, the realm remains an 

5580
04:54:11,000 --> 04:54:14,800
endless source of contemplation 
debate and creative inspiration.

5581
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:19,800
Odor a name that centuries later
remains intertwined with the 

5582
04:54:19,808 --> 04:54:23,300
Unstoppable drive to unify Land 
once splintered by War 

5583
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:27,600
overshadowed, only by the final 
violent, twist of fate, that 

5584
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:31,100
gave rise to a legend beyond the
measure of success or failure. 

5585
04:54:34,400 --> 04:54:39,000
Imagine what the world was like,
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy

5586
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:41,600
becoming the Holy, Roman 
Emperor, and most people thought

5587
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:43,100
the Earth was the center of 
everything. 

5588
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:46,400
There was a time when the most 
amazing piece of technology, you

5589
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:50,300
had was a Watermill, the news 
traveled as fast as a horse and 

5590
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:52,900
you learned about the universe 
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 

5591
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:56,900
philosophy, Christian Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

5592
04:54:56,900 --> 04:54:59,400
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

5593
04:54:59,400 --> 04:55:02,400
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

5594
04:55:02,400 --> 04:55:05,400
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

5595
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:08,300
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

5596
04:55:08,300 --> 04:55:11,200
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

5597
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,300
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

5598
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:17,800
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

5599
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,300
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

5600
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,000
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

5601
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:27,400
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

5602
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,300
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

5603
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:33,700
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

5604
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:37,300
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

5605
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,900
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

5606
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:43,000
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

5607
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:45,800
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

5608
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:47,800
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

5609
04:55:47,800 --> 04:55:50,800
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

5610
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:53,000
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

5611
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:56,500
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

5612
04:55:56,500 --> 04:55:58,900
was in the middle of everything 
and around. 

5613
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:02,200
It were Crystal spheres that 
held the moon planets and stars 

5614
04:56:02,200 --> 04:56:05,200
in their, never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

5615
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,900
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

5616
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:11,100
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

5617
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:13,300
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

5618
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:17,700
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways, that most people today,

5619
04:56:17,700 --> 04:56:21,100
forgotten yoke up with the sun 
because candles were expensive 

5620
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:24,800
and Fight was hard to find, the 
sun's path across the sky. 

5621
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:26,600
Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

5622
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,000
was Farmers. 
Knew that certain crops should 

5623
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:33,000
be planted when certain stars 
came up at dawn and monks split 

5624
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:34,500
their prayers into different 
parts. 

5625
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:37,100
Based on the canonical hours 
that followed the sun's 

5626
04:56:37,100 --> 04:56:39,800
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

5627
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:42,700
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

5628
04:56:42,700 --> 04:56:45,400
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

5629
04:56:45,408 --> 04:56:48,100
only things that could reach 
your world if you were lucky 

5630
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:50,900
enough to go on a pilgrimage, 
you Could see them, it would 

5631
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:52,800
have seemed a strange to you, 
that things happening. 

5632
04:56:52,800 --> 04:56:56,300
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

5633
04:56:56,300 --> 04:56:59,100
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

5634
04:56:59,100 --> 04:57:01,800
other side of the world. 
But even in this small world, 

5635
04:57:01,800 --> 04:57:05,000
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

5636
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:06,900
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

5637
04:57:06,900 --> 04:57:09,500
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

5638
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:12,700
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

5639
04:57:12,700 --> 04:57:15,900
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

5640
04:57:15,900 --> 04:57:19,000
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

5641
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:22,600
and meteor showers were events 
that hold Villages would stay up

5642
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:24,900
to watch. 
Everything was affected by a 

5643
04:57:24,900 --> 04:57:27,100
religion people. 
Often saw celestial events 

5644
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:29,900
through religious lenses, 
strange things happening in the 

5645
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:31,600
sky. 
Could be signs of political 

5646
04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:36,000
change, warning from God about 
how to act morally, or signs of 

5647
04:57:36,000 --> 04:57:38,500
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

5648
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,800
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

5649
04:57:41,800 --> 04:57:45,500
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

5650
04:57:45,500 --> 04:57:47,800
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

5651
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:51,800
Scholars like Ptolemy erised 
Tool and Pliny the Elder these 

5652
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:54,600
texts helped people understand 
how the world worked but 

5653
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,300
medieval Scholars weren't just 
passive, recipients of ancient 

5654
04:57:57,300 --> 04:58:00,400
knowledge, they also made their 
own observations and sometimes 

5655
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:02,800
came to different conclusions 
than classical authorities. 

5656
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:06,000
People were curious and 
observant at the time but only 

5657
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:08,700
up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

5658
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:11,100
comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

5659
04:58:11,100 --> 04:58:14,400
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

5660
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:16,100
truth. 
It was important to pay 

5661
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:18,500
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

5662
04:58:18,500 --> 04:58:21,500
scientifically interesting, but 
also, because they could have 

5663
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:23,900
spiritual, meaning, trade 
networks, linked. 

5664
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:26,400
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

5665
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:29,900
exchanges, a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

5666
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:32,800
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

5667
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:36,700
paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

5668
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:40,300
moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

5669
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:42,400
intellectual Network that could 
keep and share. 

5670
04:58:42,400 --> 04:58:47,200
Important observation in this 
carefully, planned world of 774 

5671
04:58:47,200 --> 04:58:49,700
where the stars followed 
familiar patterns. 

5672
04:58:49,900 --> 04:58:52,500
Strange things happened. 
So rarely that they were 

5673
04:58:52,500 --> 04:58:55,200
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

5674
04:58:55,200 --> 04:58:58,600
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

5675
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:02,600
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

5676
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:05,200
records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

5677
04:59:05,200 --> 04:59:07,800
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

5678
04:59:07,800 --> 04:59:11,000
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

5679
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:13,000
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

5680
04:59:13,008 --> 04:59:15,200
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

5681
04:59:15,200 --> 04:59:17,800
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

5682
04:59:17,800 --> 04:59:21,200
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars they knew they had no 

5683
04:59:21,200 --> 04:59:24,100
idea that invisible radiation 
was about to fall from space in 

5684
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:25,800
amounts. 
That wouldn't be seen again for 

5685
04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:28,800
another Thousand Years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

5686
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:32,700
your midi evil Cottage on a 
normal night in 774, maybe 

5687
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:34,800
sometime between late winter and
early summer. 

5688
04:59:34,800 --> 04:59:36,600
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

5689
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:38,700
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

5690
04:59:38,700 --> 04:59:42,100
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

5691
04:59:42,108 --> 04:59:44,400
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

5692
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,700
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

5693
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:49,600
is happening higher above the 
Earth's atmosphere. 

5694
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:52,200
That people won't fully 
understand until the 21st 

5695
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:54,500
century. 
A huge burst of high-energy 

5696
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:57,300
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

5697
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:00,600
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

5698
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:02,400
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

5699
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:05,200
A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

5700
05:00:05,200 --> 05:00:08,000
radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

5701
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:09,900
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

5702
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:12,000
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

5703
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:15,100
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

5704
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:18,000
This is partly because the 
people who are affected couldn't

5705
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:20,500
see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

5706
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:22,800
visible light change the night 
sky. 

5707
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:25,800
In any big ways or show any 
clear signs, that something 

5708
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:28,800
strange was happening unlike a 
comet or supernova. 

5709
05:00:28,800 --> 05:00:31,700
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing firework 

5710
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:34,500
show in the history of the 
universe, or wearing a blindfold

5711
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:38,300
what was going on even though it
could be seen, was truly 

5712
05:00:38,300 --> 05:00:41,100
amazing, protons. 
And other high energy particles 

5713
05:00:41,100 --> 05:00:43,500
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
at almost the speed of light, 

5714
05:00:43,500 --> 05:00:46,900
this course, secondary particles
to rain down toward the surface.

5715
05:00:46,900 --> 05:00:50,900
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than Normal Cosmic gray 

5716
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:53,000
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

5717
05:00:53,000 --> 05:00:56,100
spring rain turned into a heavy 
downpour that lasted for months.

5718
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,300
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

5719
05:00:59,300 --> 05:01:02,900
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon-14 the radioactive 

5720
05:01:02,900 --> 05:01:05,600
isotope that archaeologists used
to date old things. 

5721
05:01:05,600 --> 05:01:09,800
This process usually happens at 
a steady predictable rate like a

5722
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:12,500
cosmic clock that has been 
ticking steadily for thousands 

5723
05:01:12,500 --> 05:01:18,100
of years but in 774 that clock, 
suddenly sped up, making carbon 

5724
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,100
14 at levels, that would leave a
mark on every living thing on 

5725
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:24,300
Earth forever trees did a great 
job of recording this event. 

5726
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:26,900
Even though they didn't know 
they were acting as Cosmic 

5727
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:31,700
historians, they took him extra 
carbon. 14 as they grew in 7774 

5728
05:01:31,700 --> 05:01:36,500
and 7775, which scientists would
later recognized as one of the 

5729
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:40,000
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

5730
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:42,600
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

5731
05:01:42,600 --> 05:01:44,900
seen. 
The cosmic rays were all making 

5732
05:01:44,900 --> 05:01:48,000
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

5733
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:51,500
ice, cores and clawing 36. 
In rocks, these records of the 

5734
05:01:51,508 --> 05:01:55,200
same event were spread out all 
over the world like pieces of a 

5735
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:56,200
puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

5736
05:01:56,200 --> 05:01:59,600
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

5737
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,800
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

5738
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:07,600
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

5739
05:02:07,600 --> 05:02:10,900
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

5740
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:14,500
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

5741
05:02:14,500 --> 05:02:18,000
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

5742
05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:20,300
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other. 

5743
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:23,600
In our Cosmic neighborhood, 
sending out a short, but very 

5744
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:26,600
strong, burst of high energy 
particles, you can start to 

5745
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:28,100
understand the energies 
involved. 

5746
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:30,800
If you picked your two Atomic 
nuclei, the size of Manhattan, 

5747
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:33,700
crashing into each other at 
speeds of thousands of miles per

5748
05:02:33,700 --> 05:02:36,000
second. 
Another possibility is that a 

5749
05:02:36,000 --> 05:02:39,200
magnet are which is neutron star
with a magnetic field trillions 

5750
05:02:39,200 --> 05:02:42,200
of time stronger than Earth's 
had a huge flare that sent 

5751
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:45,800
radiation across Interstellar, 
space magnetas are like crazy. 

5752
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,600
Cosmic light houses, that 
sometimes explode with energy, 

5753
05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:51,400
that can be seen From thousands 
of light years away. 

5754
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:55,000
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

5755
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:57,700
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

5756
05:02:57,700 --> 05:02:59,500
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

5757
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:03,200
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

5758
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:06,800
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

5759
05:03:06,800 --> 05:03:10,100
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

5760
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:12,500
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

5761
05:03:12,500 --> 05:03:16,400
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

5762
05:03:16,400 --> 05:03:20,500
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

5763
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:25,000
cosmic race bike that was seen 
in 774 the timing of this event 

5764
05:03:25,000 --> 05:03:31,500
is what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

5765
05:03:31,500 --> 05:03:34,000
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

5766
05:03:34,000 --> 05:03:37,400
happened like strange light in 
the sky, strange weather 

5767
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:40,600
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

5768
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:42,700
noting. 
These observations may have 

5769
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:45,700
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

5770
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:48,300
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make you 

5771
05:03:48,300 --> 05:03:49,600
think about what people who 
look. 

5772
05:03:50,000 --> 05:03:53,000
Sky in the Middle Ages might 
have seen that they couldn't 

5773
05:03:53,000 --> 05:03:57,000
explain the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 was short by 

5774
05:03:57,000 --> 05:04:00,300
astronomical standards, it 
probably lasted months instead 

5775
05:04:00,300 --> 05:04:02,700
of years. 
However it was strong enough to 

5776
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:05,100
leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

5777
05:04:05,100 --> 05:04:07,900
It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

5778
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:10,900
people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

5779
05:04:10,900 --> 05:04:13,700
they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

5780
05:04:13,700 --> 05:04:16,400
of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

5781
05:04:16,400 --> 05:04:19,200
technology or observation method
that was available at the time. 

5782
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:22,200
Cosmic ray events don't leave 
any visible signs, that would 

5783
05:04:22,200 --> 05:04:26,000
alert people and like a clip's 
comets or supernovae. 

5784
05:04:26,000 --> 05:04:30,000
The people of 774 were going 
through one of the most amazing 

5785
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:33,800
astrophysical events in history,
but they had no way of knowing 

5786
05:04:33,800 --> 05:04:36,600
it was happening. 
But in a way, they were all part

5787
05:04:36,600 --> 05:04:40,300
of a cosmic experiment working 
together without even knowing it

5788
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:42,300
to make a time capsule, that 
would help. 

5789
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:45,000
Sign scientists learn more about
both medieval history and 

5790
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,300
astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

5791
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:50,900
of ice that formed. 
Every living thing that 

5792
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:54,200
developed during those important
years was quietly leaving behind

5793
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:57,800
evidence that would be very 
useful to researchers 13, 

5794
05:04:57,800 --> 05:05:00,800
centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

5795
05:05:00,800 --> 05:05:05,500
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

5796
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:07,200
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

5797
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:10,200
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

5798
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:12,900
things that happened. 
During this time, we can't say, 

5799
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:15,200
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
caused all of them. 

5800
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:18,000
But the timing is interesting 
enough to make you wonder what 

5801
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:21,000
people in the Middle Ages were 
really seeing imagine being 

5802
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:25,700
among in a scripture in 775, 
keeping the chronicle that tells

5803
05:05:25,700 --> 05:05:29,100
the story of your monasteries 
most important events you dip 

5804
05:05:29,100 --> 05:05:32,300
your coil in Oakley and write 
down that the winter has been 

5805
05:05:32,308 --> 05:05:35,400
unusually harsh and that strange
colors of appeared in the 

5806
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:38,600
northern sky a few times, you 
don't know that more Cosmic 

5807
05:05:38,600 --> 05:05:41,100
radiation could change the 
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

5808
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:43,800
small ways. 
All the high energy particles 

5809
05:05:43,800 --> 05:05:45,900
could cause stranger auroras to 
appear at lower. 

5810
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:49,100
Latitudes than usual, the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 

5811
05:05:49,100 --> 05:05:52,500
one of the most Liable sources 
from the Middle Ages says that a

5812
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:55,500
red crucifix appeared in the sky
after Sunset around this time. 

5813
05:05:55,500 --> 05:05:59,100
Medieval chroniclers were 
skilled at watching the sky and 

5814
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:01,100
could tell the difference 
between normal and strange 

5815
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:03,000
events. 
So when they took the time to 

5816
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:04,900
write down strange, celestial 
events. 

5817
05:06:04,900 --> 05:06:07,400
They were probably seeing 
something that was really 

5818
05:06:07,400 --> 05:06:14,100
strange between 774 and 776. 
Chinese astronomical records 

5819
05:06:14,100 --> 05:06:17,100
from the Tang Dynasty, which 
kept some of the most advanced 

5820
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:20,700
Celestial observations in the 
world noted, a number of strange

5821
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,900
events Chinese astronomers were 
specially good at keeping track 

5822
05:06:23,900 --> 05:06:27,200
of comets, Nova and other 
short-lived events their 

5823
05:06:27,200 --> 05:06:30,000
records, talk about guest stars 
and strange atmospheric events 

5824
05:06:30,000 --> 05:06:32,700
that don't match up with any 
known astronomical events that 

5825
05:06:32,700 --> 05:06:35,400
can be seen from Earth. 
The annals of Ulster say that 

5826
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:37,700
there were strange lights and 
weather patterns in Ireland. 

5827
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:40,400
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

5828
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:43,000
people could learn and keep 
details records of events on 

5829
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:45,900
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

5830
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:48,100
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

5831
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:51,200
The fact that different 
Independent Chronicle Traditions

5832
05:06:51,200 --> 05:06:53,500
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

5833
05:06:53,500 --> 05:06:56,800
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

5834
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:59,300
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

5835
05:06:59,300 --> 05:07:01,300
From a human point of view 
people. 

5836
05:07:01,300 --> 05:07:04,300
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

5837
05:07:04,300 --> 05:07:07,100
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

5838
05:07:07,100 --> 05:07:08,900
understood strange things 
through, religious and 

5839
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:12,200
philosophical lenses. 
In a scientific ones, a strange 

5840
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:14,400
light in the northern sky. 
Could mean that the government 

5841
05:07:14,400 --> 05:07:17,500
is about to change that God is 
unhappy with how people are 

5842
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,900
acting or that the end of the 
world is near people probably 

5843
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:23,500
thought of the Red Cross in the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as a 

5844
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:26,700
Christian Vision, they may be 
showing God's judgment or Mercy.

5845
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:29,600
These interpretations were 
simple or stupid. 

5846
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:33,200
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events with the

5847
05:07:33,200 --> 05:07:34,700
best tools available at the 
time. 

5848
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:36,900
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

5849
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:43,000
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

5850
05:07:43,000 --> 05:07:46,900
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

5851
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:49,100
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

5852
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:51,700
Don't directly control the 
weather, but they can change the

5853
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:54,100
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

5854
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:57,500
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

5855
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:00,100
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

5856
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:02,100
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

5857
05:08:02,100 --> 05:08:05,500
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

5858
05:08:05,500 --> 05:08:08,200
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

5859
05:08:08,200 --> 05:08:10,600
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

5860
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:14,100
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

5861
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:18,200
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

5862
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:19,600
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

5863
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:22,200
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

5864
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,400
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

5865
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:27,600
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

5866
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:30,900
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice Even if they 

5867
05:08:30,900 --> 05:08:33,900
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

5868
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:36,800
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

5869
05:08:36,800 --> 05:08:40,000
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

5870
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:42,300
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

5871
05:08:42,300 --> 05:08:44,900
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

5872
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:47,500
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

5873
05:08:47,500 --> 05:08:50,200
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

5874
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,800
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming, 

5875
05:08:53,800 --> 05:08:57,500
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray event 

5876
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:00,500
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a big effect on the

5877
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,500
minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though no 

5878
05:09:03,500 --> 05:09:05,000
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

5879
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:08,400
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

5880
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:10,400
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

5881
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:12,400
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

5882
05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:15,400
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

5883
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,100
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

5884
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:20,900
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

5885
05:09:20,900 --> 05:09:24,400
live in cities today might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

5886
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:27,000
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

5887
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:28,600
latitude's that were lower than 
usual. 

5888
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:32,300
Similarly among Who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

5889
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:34,700
the colors of dawn or dusk, look
different than usual. 

5890
05:09:35,400 --> 05:09:37,600
And strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

5891
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:41,300
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

5892
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:43,900
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

5893
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:47,100
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

5894
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,200
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

5895
05:09:50,200 --> 05:09:53,100
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

5896
05:09:53,108 --> 05:09:55,700
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

5897
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:58,000
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

5898
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:01,900
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

5899
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:04,700
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

5900
05:10:04,700 --> 05:10:07,700
They were like people who are 
trying to understand a symphony,

5901
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:10,400
but could only hear a few notes 
here and there or who were 

5902
05:10:10,400 --> 05:10:12,700
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

5903
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:16,500
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and details records

5904
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:19,300
which are still kept in 
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

5905
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:23,400
annals on several continents. 
Give modern scientists important

5906
05:10:23,400 --> 05:10:26,700
information about both the 
cosmic ray of event and its 

5907
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,900
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

5908
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:32,900
candlelight in stone scriptorium
made records. 

5909
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:34,700
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists. 

5910
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:40,400
The centuries later, people 
living between 774 and 776 

5911
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:43,800
experienced mystery in, its 
purest form things that were 

5912
05:10:43,808 --> 05:10:46,500
clearly important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

5913
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:49,200
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

5914
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:53,000
careful observation keeping 
detailed records and thinking 

5915
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:55,500
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

5916
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:57,400
traditions. 
That had helped people 

5917
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,500
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

5918
05:11:00,508 --> 05:11:03,200
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

5919
05:11:03,200 --> 05:11:06,200
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

5920
05:11:06,200 --> 05:11:09,200
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, libraries and the 

5921
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:11,600
hidden records written in tree 
rings and Ice cores. 

5922
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:16,000
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

5923
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:18,000
ray of event. 
They had to put together, 

5924
05:11:18,000 --> 05:11:21,900
medieval Chronicles and the most
advanced Astro physics to figure

5925
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,300
it out in the early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree ring

5926
05:11:25,300 --> 05:11:28,100
data saw something amazing that 
led to the big Discovery. 

5927
05:11:28,100 --> 05:11:34,300
The amount of carbon 14 in Wood 
samples from 774 to 775 went up 

5928
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:37,200
a lot which Hasn't happened in 
the last few thousand years. 

5929
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:40,500
It was like nature had suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

5930
05:11:40,500 --> 05:11:44,000
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

5931
05:11:44,000 --> 05:11:46,600
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

5932
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,800
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

5933
05:11:49,800 --> 05:11:52,300
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

5934
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,300
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

5935
05:11:55,300 --> 05:11:59,100
Greenland had higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 

5936
05:11:59,100 --> 05:12:00,900
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

5937
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:04,300
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical oceans showed 

5938
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:06,400
signs of the same event in their
chemical makeup. 

5939
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:09,300
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scene on 

5940
05:12:09,300 --> 05:12:12,400
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

5941
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,400
candlelight with quill. 
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 

5942
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:18,400
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 
their careful notes, about 

5943
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:21,200
strange events. 
It was no longer just a strange 

5944
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:24,100
medieval Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 

5945
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,700
a red crucifix in the sky. 
It could be useful scientific 

5946
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:30,000
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the 

5947
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,400
atmosphere, Chinese astronomical
records were specially useful 

5948
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:35,700
because astronomers in the Tang.
SST. 

5949
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:38,400
Kept very detailed records of 
celestial events. 

5950
05:12:38,400 --> 05:12:42,900
Their records of guest stars, 
strange lights and Atmospheric 

5951
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:49,400
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped
us understand how experienced 

5952
05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:52,600
skywatches might have seen such 
an event with the tools they had

5953
05:12:52,600 --> 05:12:55,400
at the time to connect medieval 
Chronicles to Modern 

5954
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:57,600
astrophysics. 
You had to think about things in

5955
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:00,800
a way that was, like, going back
in time researchers needed to 

5956
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:02,700
comprehend. 
Not only the observations made 

5957
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:05,900
by medieval individuals, but 
also how these observations 

5958
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,700
would have been interpreted and 
documented within their cultural

5959
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:12,200
and scientific contexts medieval
chroniclers would have used the 

5960
05:13:12,200 --> 05:13:15,700
language of Omens wonders and 
divine signs to write about 

5961
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:18,500
something that we could describe
in terms of particle physics and

5962
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:20,700
Atmospheric chemistry. 
The result of this 

5963
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:23,600
cross-disciplinary detective 
work was a picture of an event 

5964
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:25,400
that was both dramatic and 
invisible. 

5965
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:27,800
Nobody evil technology could 
have detected. 

5966
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:29,600
The cosmic ray bombardment 
itself. 

5967
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:32,000
Careful. 
Observers might have been able 

5968
05:13:32,000 --> 05:13:35,200
to see its secondary effects 
such as stranger, aurors 

5969
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:38,900
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe
even small changes in weather 

5970
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:41,500
patterns. 
The timing of events recorded in

5971
05:13:41,500 --> 05:13:43,200
medieval Chronicles, roughly 
matches. 

5972
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,500
The time when cosmic ray levels 
were high, this suggests that 

5973
05:13:46,500 --> 05:13:48,900
some of the strange things that 
medieval writers wrote, about 

5974
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:51,600
may have been caused by the 
invisible radiation storm. 

5975
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:54,600
It's like finding out that 
puzzle pieces, that seemed 

5976
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:57,100
unrelated actually fit together 
to make a whole picture. 

5977
05:13:57,100 --> 05:13:59,600
When you look at them from the 
right angle, Islamic 

5978
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:01,200
astronomical records from 
Baghdad. 

5979
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:04,200
And Cordoba also talk about 
strange things that happen. 

5980
05:14:04,200 --> 05:14:07,000
During this time. 
Medieval Islamic astronomers 

5981
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:09,500
were some of the best at 
observing celestial events in 

5982
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:12,400
the world, their records often 
add to and clarify what 

5983
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:15,600
European, and Chinese sources 
have said, the worldwide nature 

5984
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:17,400
of these records. 
Suggest that what was happening.

5985
05:14:17,400 --> 05:14:19,800
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

5986
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:23,100
Modern researchers have a hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

5987
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:26,100
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

5988
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:29,000
of strange events that medieval 
Chronicles wrote about all the 

5989
05:14:29,008 --> 05:14:32,300
time people in the Middle Ages 
lived in a world where comets, 

5990
05:14:32,300 --> 05:14:35,400
eclipses, strange weather. 
And many other events were 

5991
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,000
always happening. 
And being seen as important to 

5992
05:14:38,000 --> 05:14:40,200
figure out, which anomalies 
might be linked to the cosmic 

5993
05:14:40,200 --> 05:14:42,000
ray event, you need to 
carefully. 

5994
05:14:42,000 --> 05:14:45,400
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

5995
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:47,200
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

5996
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:50,100
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

5997
05:14:50,100 --> 05:14:51,900
how consistent. 
They are across different 

5998
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:54,800
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

5999
05:14:54,800 --> 05:14:57,100
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

6000
05:14:57,100 --> 05:15:00,000
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

6001
05:15:00,000 --> 05:15:03,100
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

6002
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:05,300
strange. 
And not just what people in 

6003
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:08,000
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

6004
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:11,500
His Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

6005
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:14,100
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

6006
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:16,800
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

6007
05:15:16,800 --> 05:15:19,900
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

6008
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:22,300
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

6009
05:15:22,300 --> 05:15:25,500
sources and the historical 
context, geochemists and 

6010
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:29,100
climatologists study studied 
tree, rings, ice cores and other

6011
05:15:29,100 --> 05:15:31,800
natural records that keep. 
Chemical traces of events from 

6012
05:15:31,800 --> 05:15:35,400
long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

6013
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:38,600
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

6014
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:41,400
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

6015
05:15:41,400 --> 05:15:44,200
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

6016
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:47,900
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

6017
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:50,200
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

6018
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,100
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

6019
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:55,500
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

6020
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:58,700
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events and 

6021
05:15:58,700 --> 05:16:04,300
774 to 776 part of a scientific 
collaboration that they could 

6022
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:07,200
never have imagined their 
meticulous observations 

6023
05:16:07,200 --> 05:16:10,000
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

6024
05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:13,400
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

6025
05:16:13,400 --> 05:16:15,200
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

6026
05:16:15,200 --> 05:16:18,200
Astro physical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

6027
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:21,700
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

6028
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:23,600
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

6029
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:27,800
However, medieval people who saw
the event gave scientists the 

6030
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:30,100
context, they needed to 
understand how it might. 

6031
05:16:30,400 --> 05:16:33,100
Have looked to people who lived 
through it, the combination of 

6032
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:36,300
high tech analysis and careful. 
Historical research has 

6033
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:39,100
uncovered a story that neither 
method could have found on its 

6034
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:43,700
own, the people who saw the 774 
cosmic ray of event had no idea.

6035
05:16:43,700 --> 05:16:46,800
They were witnessing 
astronomical history, But 

6036
05:16:46,800 --> 05:16:49,700
they're careful record-keeping 
and detail observations made a 

6037
05:16:49,700 --> 05:16:51,600
time capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

6038
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:53,700
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

6039
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:56,500
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

6040
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:58,500
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

6041
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:00,900
Only when looked at from the 
point of view of later, 

6042
05:17:00,900 --> 05:17:03,600
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

6043
05:17:03,608 --> 05:17:06,900
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

6044
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:10,400
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

6045
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,400
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time before electric

6046
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:15,600
lights. 
When you step outside your home,

6047
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:18,900
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 
a monastery sell or a Merchant's

6048
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:21,900
house, you might look up at the 
sky and realize that something 

6049
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:23,400
strange has been happening up 
there. 

6050
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:27,600
The cosmic ray event, that 
peaked in 7774 was making small 

6051
05:17:27,600 --> 05:17:29,700
changes in your environment that
you couldn't see. 

6052
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:32,900
But the strange things that 
Chronicles and travelers wrote 

6053
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:35,700
about were adding a sense of 
wonder and uncertainty to 

6054
05:17:35,700 --> 05:17:38,600
everyday life people in the 
Middle, Ages were used to living

6055
05:17:38,600 --> 05:17:40,800
with mystery. 
They knew that a lot of things 

6056
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:43,900
about the natural world were 
Beyond human understanding, but 

6057
05:17:43,900 --> 05:17:46,300
the fact that there was so many 
strange reports during this 

6058
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:48,200
time, made them feel like, big 
changes. 

6059
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:49,900
Might be happening in the cosmic
order. 

6060
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:52,700
No matter if you were a devout 
monk following the canonical 

6061
05:17:52,700 --> 05:17:55,300
hours or a farmer giving, thanks
for another day of life. 

6062
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:58,600
Your morning routine would 
always start with prayers. 

6063
05:17:58,600 --> 05:18:01,800
But prayers from the Middle Ages
often asked for protection from 

6064
05:18:01,800 --> 05:18:04,100
all kinds of natural and 
Supernatural threats. 

6065
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:07,200
The reports of strange lights. 
And unusual weather might have 

6066
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:09,300
made these requests seem more 
important than usual. 

6067
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,200
You lived in a time when the 
line between natural and 

6068
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:14,400
Supernatural explanations was 
not very clear. 

6069
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:17,800
Strange, things could be seen as
either Divine messages or bad 

6070
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:21,300
Omens, most people in 775 were 
farmers. 

6071
05:18:21,300 --> 05:18:24,400
So they had to pay close 
attention to Natural signs and 

6072
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:27,400
seasonal patterns all the time 
to be successful in farming. 

6073
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:30,400
In the Middle Ages, you had to 
be able to read subtle signs. 

6074
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:33,400
In the environment, like when to
plant based on the temperature 

6075
05:18:33,400 --> 05:18:36,000
and moisture of the soil, how to
tell when the weather would 

6076
05:18:36,000 --> 05:18:39,300
change based on the clouds and 
wind patterns, and how to tell 

6077
05:18:39,300 --> 05:18:42,500
when it was time to harvest 
people who survival depended on,

6078
05:18:42,500 --> 05:18:44,900
being able to read Nature's 
signals, would notice any 

6079
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:47,500
strange changes in the 
environment right away, the 

6080
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:49,800
higher levels of cosmic 
radiation that were falling on 

6081
05:18:49,808 --> 05:18:51,600
Earth. 
At this time, could have had an 

6082
05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:53,700
effect on plant growth that 
experienced Farmers. 

6083
05:18:53,700 --> 05:18:56,700
Might have noticed medieval 
farmers were very sensitive to 

6084
05:18:56,700 --> 05:18:59,800
changes in how crops grew and 
developed even though the 

6085
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:02,400
effects would be small. 
Compared to more obvious factors

6086
05:19:02,400 --> 05:19:05,300
like weather and soil quality. 
If a farmer worked the same 

6087
05:19:05,308 --> 05:19:07,200
fields for years, they would 
notice. 

6088
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:09,900
If the plants were acting even a
little bit differently than they

6089
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:13,600
were used to Monastery Gardens, 
in particular were carefully, 

6090
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,700
controlled spaces were small 
changes, might be easier to see 

6091
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:20,200
monks, who took care of herb, 
garden and medicinal plants were

6092
05:19:20,200 --> 05:19:23,400
trained to be very observant and
pay close attention to how 

6093
05:19:23,400 --> 05:19:25,100
plants grew and how healthy they
were. 

6094
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,700
Because they know so much about 
how plants normally behave, they

6095
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,100
might have been able to spot 
things that Less experienced. 

6096
05:19:31,100 --> 05:19:34,300
Observers would have missed the 
psychological climate of daily 

6097
05:19:34,300 --> 05:19:35,900
life. 
During this era was likely 

6098
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:39,000
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

6099
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:42,800
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

6100
05:19:42,800 --> 05:19:45,400
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

6101
05:19:45,400 --> 05:19:48,300
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

6102
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:52,300
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

6103
05:19:52,300 --> 05:19:55,500
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

6104
05:19:55,500 --> 05:19:58,800
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

6105
05:19:58,800 --> 05:20:01,300
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

6106
05:20:01,300 --> 05:20:03,600
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

6107
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:06,300
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

6108
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:09,400
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

6109
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:12,000
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

6110
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:14,800
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

6111
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:17,900
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

6112
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:21,300
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

6113
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:24,400
about strange weather strange, 
lights, and other strange, 

6114
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,000
things that Travelers and 
Chronicles had seen more often 

6115
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:30,000
during this time because 
medieval communities were small.

6116
05:20:30,600 --> 05:20:33,200
Resting news spread quickly. 
The collection of strange 

6117
05:20:33,200 --> 05:20:35,900
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

6118
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:39,600
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

6119
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,400
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

6120
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:45,100
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

6121
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:48,100
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 

6122
05:20:48,100 --> 05:20:50,800
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

6123
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:53,400
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

6124
05:20:53,400 --> 05:20:56,400
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

6125
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:59,200
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

6126
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:00,700
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

6127
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,500
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

6128
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,100
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

6129
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:09,500
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

6130
05:21:09,500 --> 05:21:11,100
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

6131
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:14,800
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

6132
05:21:14,800 --> 05:21:17,100
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

6133
05:21:17,108 --> 05:21:20,500
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

6134
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:22,800
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

6135
05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:26,900
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

6136
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,400
observance is made of 
encompassed specific prayers or 

6137
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:31,600
rituals intended to 
Appropriately address the 

6138
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:35,300
enigmatic signs that appeared 
with notable frequency, medieval

6139
05:21:35,300 --> 05:21:37,900
Christianity, offered Frameworks
for interpreting natural 

6140
05:21:37,900 --> 05:21:41,100
phenomena as Divine 
Communications and communities 

6141
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:44,400
may have organized supplementary
religious activities to ensure 

6142
05:21:44,400 --> 05:21:47,200
appropriate, responses to 
perceived Celestial messages 

6143
05:21:47,200 --> 05:21:49,700
life, in the Middle. 
Ages were still governed by the 

6144
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:51,800
seasons even though strange 
things were happening in the 

6145
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:54,300
background. 
No matter how many cosmic rays 

6146
05:21:54,300 --> 05:21:56,100
were in the air. 
How many strange lights were in 

6147
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:58,800
the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

6148
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:02,700
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

6149
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:06,300
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

6150
05:22:06,300 --> 05:22:09,300
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

6151
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:12,100
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

6152
05:22:12,100 --> 05:22:14,700
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

6153
05:22:14,700 --> 05:22:17,500
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

6154
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:19,900
important in spreading news, 
about stranger events to 

6155
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:22,500
different areas. 
A merchant, who traveled between

6156
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,100
cities a lot could act as an 
unofficial Clearing House for 

6157
05:22:25,100 --> 05:22:26,500
stories. 
About strange things that 

6158
05:22:26,500 --> 05:22:29,800
happened letting people compare 
what happened in their own area,

6159
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:33,100
with what happened in other 
places, the cumulative effect of

6160
05:22:33,100 --> 05:22:35,200
living through a time. 
When strange things happened 

6161
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,100
more often than usual was 
probably a stronger feeling of 

6162
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:41,200
living in important times. 
People in the Middle Ages knew 

6163
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,900
that they were part of ongoing 
historical stories like the 

6164
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:46,900
history of Their Kingdoms, the 
history of the Bible and the 

6165
05:22:46,908 --> 05:22:49,700
story of Christendom. 
They thought that strange 

6166
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,500
natural events might mean that 
important parts of these bigger 

6167
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:55,500
stories were being written. 
What makes this a specialty sad?

6168
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:58,000
Is that the people of 7? 
5. 

6169
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:00,400
We're going through a very 
important event in the universe 

6170
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,300
even though they had no idea 
what it really was. 

6171
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:06,900
One of the strongest cosmic ray 
bombardments ever recorded was 

6172
05:23:06,900 --> 05:23:09,500
happening, but people at the 
time, couldn't see it. 

6173
05:23:09,500 --> 05:23:12,300
It left permanent marks and 
tree, rings and Ice cores. 

6174
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:14,900
They were making records. 
That would be very useful to 

6175
05:23:14,900 --> 05:23:18,300
scientists 1,000 years later but
they didn't know it at the time.

6176
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,300
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

6177
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:24,200
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

6178
05:23:24,200 --> 05:23:27,800
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

6179
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:31,300
in Japanese cedar trees. 
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 

6180
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:34,900
margins of medieval manuscripts.
It's a story that shows how the 

6181
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:38,800
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

6182
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:41,800
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

6183
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:44,000
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

6184
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:45,700
them. 
As is often the case with 

6185
05:23:45,700 --> 05:23:48,900
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

6186
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:52,000
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

6187
05:23:52,000 --> 05:23:55,200
studying radiocarbon levels in 
tree, rings in the early 2000s 

6188
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:59,100
were creating detailed timelines
of past weather conditions when 

6189
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:01,700
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

6190
05:24:02,600 --> 05:24:06,200
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 
that happen all over the world 

6191
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:11,900
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

6192
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:13,900
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

6193
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:17,200
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays change 

6194
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,600
nitrogen in the air. 
Into carbon-14 at rates that are

6195
05:24:20,600 --> 05:24:22,700
fairly predictable for thousands
of years. 

6196
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:26,000
This process has been running 
like a clock in space making a 

6197
05:24:26,000 --> 05:24:29,300
baseline that archeologists and 
climate researchers used to date

6198
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:32,900
old things. 
But in 774 that steady clock in 

6199
05:24:32,900 --> 05:24:37,200
space suddenly sped up the spike
was huge about 20 times higher 

6200
05:24:37,200 --> 05:24:40,400
than normal levels of cosmic 
rays and it happened all over 

6201
05:24:40,400 --> 05:24:45,600
the place at the same time 
during their 700 and 774 to 775 

6202
05:24:45,600 --> 05:24:48,200
growth. 
Rings trees in Japan, Germany, 

6203
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:50,100
North America and other parts of
the world. 

6204
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:54,000
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

6205
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:57,100
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

6206
05:24:57,100 --> 05:25:00,600
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

6207
05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:04,300
At first scientists didn't know 
Of course, such a big and sudden

6208
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:06,900
event around the world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

6209
05:25:06,900 --> 05:25:10,400
1960s had caused fake. 
Radio carbon spikes but the 

6210
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:12,200
natural historical record didn't
have anything. 

6211
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:16,700
Like what they were seeing in 
774 in theory solar flares could

6212
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:21,500
cause more cosmic rays but the 
774 event was so big that was 

6213
05:25:21,500 --> 05:25:23,400
bigger than any known solar 
storm. 

6214
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:26,500
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

6215
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:29,700
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

6216
05:25:29,700 --> 05:25:32,900
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

6217
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:35,600
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

6218
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:38,800
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

6219
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:42,500
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by Cosmic grey interactions

6220
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,600
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

6221
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:48,100
ocean had other chemical signs 
of the same event. 

6222
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:50,400
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

6223
05:25:50,400 --> 05:25:53,700
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

6224
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:57,600
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice, cores and 

6225
05:25:57,600 --> 05:26:00,200
coral. 
Reefs all pointed to the same 

6226
05:26:00,200 --> 05:26:06,200
amazing event that happened in 
700 and 774 to 775, but figuring

6227
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:09,100
out what happened was just the 
first step in understanding it, 

6228
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:11,900
what might have caused such a 
strong burst of cosmic 

6229
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:13,900
radiation. 
This is where medieval 

6230
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:16,700
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

6231
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:19,500
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

6232
05:26:19,500 --> 05:26:25,500
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 7775 There 

6233
05:26:25,500 --> 05:26:28,000
might be indirect proof of what 
happened in, historical records 

6234
05:26:28,000 --> 05:26:30,300
from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

6235
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:33,400
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

6236
05:26:33,408 --> 05:26:35,000
air. 
And they may have seen things 

6237
05:26:35,000 --> 05:26:37,400
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

6238
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:40,700
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

6239
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,600
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

6240
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:46,300
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

6241
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,400
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

6242
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,000
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

6243
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:55,300
8th, centuries ways of knowing 
and believing a phenomenon that 

6244
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:57,900
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

6245
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:00,500
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

6246
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:03,400
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

6247
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:06,900
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

6248
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:09,500
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

6249
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:15,100
During the years 774 to 7776 the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

6250
05:27:15,100 --> 05:27:19,200
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

6251
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:22,600
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

6252
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,900
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this time suddenly

6253
05:27:25,900 --> 05:27:28,800
became more important as 
possible proof of cosmic ray 

6254
05:27:28,800 --> 05:27:32,000
effects, the scientific teamwork
needed to solve this mystery. 

6255
05:27:32,000 --> 05:27:34,100
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

6256
05:27:34,100 --> 05:27:37,700
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

6257
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:41,200
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

6258
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:43,800
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

6259
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:47,100
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

6260
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:49,800
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

6261
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:52,600
and timelines. 
Geochemist created ways to get 

6262
05:27:52,600 --> 05:27:54,800
cosmic rays signatures from 
natural archives. 

6263
05:27:54,800 --> 05:27:57,900
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

6264
05:27:57,900 --> 05:28:00,900
The tree-ring data gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

6265
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:04,100
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

6266
05:28:04,100 --> 05:28:07,400
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

6267
05:28:07,400 --> 05:28:10,000
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

6268
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:11,700
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

6269
05:28:11,700 --> 05:28:14,800
observers, theoretical 
astrophysics, proposed potential

6270
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:16,900
Origins for such a profound 
cosmic. 

6271
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:20,100
Ray burst The most likely 
explanation is that Earth was 

6272
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:23,300
hit by radiation from either a 
gamma ray burst which is one of 

6273
05:28:23,308 --> 05:28:26,800
the strongest explosions known 
in the universe or a huge 

6274
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,000
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 
which is a neutron star with 

6275
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:33,300
very strong magnetic fields. 
Either of these events, could 

6276
05:28:33,300 --> 05:28:36,300
have caused the high energy, 
particle bombardment that made 

6277
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:41,100
the isotopic signatures found in
natural archives from 774 to 

6278
05:28:41,100 --> 05:28:44,800
775. 
This discovery is especially 

6279
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:48,100
important because it is one of 
the most powerful astrophysical 

6280
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,000
events that has ever been 
recorded gamma-ray. 

6281
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:53,900
Bursts are so powerful that they
can briefly outshine whole 

6282
05:28:53,900 --> 05:28:56,100
galaxies. 
If one happened close enough to 

6283
05:28:56,100 --> 05:29:00,600
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 
race spike, it would be a very 

6284
05:29:00,600 --> 05:29:03,700
rare astronomical event, the 
talking about things that 

6285
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:05,500
happen. 
Maybe once every few thousand 

6286
05:29:05,500 --> 05:29:08,400
years in our part of the 
universe, the effects go beyond 

6287
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:10,700
just figuring out what happened 
in one strange event. 

6288
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:15,000
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is
a good way to figure out how 

6289
05:29:15,000 --> 05:29:17,600
these kinds of events affect the
atmosphere and biosphere of 

6290
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:19,800
Earth. 
Scientists can better understand

6291
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:22,800
similar but less dramatic cosmic
ray changes throughout 

6292
05:29:22,800 --> 05:29:26,400
geological history by looking at
the isotopic signatures left 

6293
05:29:26,400 --> 05:29:30,000
behind by this well-known event.
Modern technology has made it 

6294
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:33,000
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

6295
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:37,200
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval chroniclers 

6296
05:29:37,200 --> 05:29:39,700
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

6297
05:29:39,700 --> 05:29:42,200
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

6298
05:29:42,200 --> 05:29:44,900
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

6299
05:29:44,900 --> 05:29:46,900
research. 
Found a story that neither 

6300
05:29:46,900 --> 05:29:49,600
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

6301
05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:53,400
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

6302
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:56,300
careful, observations would one 
day help scientists learn more 

6303
05:29:56,300 --> 05:30:00,500
about neutron stars gamma-ray, 
bursts and cosmic ray physics. 

6304
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,500
But they are details, records, 
which are still kept in 

6305
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:05,900
Monastery. 
Library and Royal archives were 

6306
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,600
very important for solving. 
One of the biggest astrophysical

6307
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:11,100
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

6308
05:30:11,100 --> 05:30:14,000
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

6309
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:17,700
let's think about how a cosmic 
event that lasted only a few 

6310
05:30:17,700 --> 05:30:22,600
months in. 774 has changed how 
we think about the universe for 

6311
05:30:22,600 --> 05:30:25,900
more than 1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

6312
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:28,900
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

6313
05:30:28,900 --> 05:30:31,400
marks can wait, hundreds of 
years for someone to learn how 

6314
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:33,800
to read them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

6315
05:30:33,800 --> 05:30:38,300
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

6316
05:30:38,300 --> 05:30:41,100
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

6317
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:43,400
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

6318
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,700
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

6319
05:30:46,700 --> 05:30:49,900
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

6320
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,500
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seems stable can be 

6321
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:57,200
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

6322
05:30:57,200 --> 05:31:01,000
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

6323
05:31:01,000 --> 05:31:04,400
this Cosmic bombardment are 
still around today preserved in 

6324
05:31:04,400 --> 05:31:08,300
old wooden buildings 
archaeological site and forests 

6325
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:10,600
around the world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

6326
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:15,700
between 774 and 775 has a 
chemical signature of that 

6327
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:19,800
amazing year in itself like 
Molecular autograph written by 

6328
05:31:19,808 --> 05:31:23,000
the universe itself. 
This invisible timestamp links, 

6329
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:26,500
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

6330
05:31:26,500 --> 05:31:29,800
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

6331
05:31:29,800 --> 05:31:31,900
astrophysical events in human 
history. 

6332
05:31:31,900 --> 05:31:35,000
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

6333
05:31:35,000 --> 05:31:38,500
Modern radio carbon dating. 
Before this discovery scientists

6334
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:41,400
thought that levels of carbon 14
in the atmosphere had stayed 

6335
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,600
pretty stable over time with 
only small changes caused by 

6336
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,300
solar activity and other things 
that could be predicted the 

6337
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:51,400
sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

6338
05:31:51,400 --> 05:31:54,600
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

6339
05:31:54,600 --> 05:31:58,300
that take into account sudden, 
cosmic ray of events, the 700 

6340
05:31:58,300 --> 05:32:01,000
774 event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

6341
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:03,200
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

6342
05:32:03,200 --> 05:32:05,300
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

6343
05:32:05,300 --> 05:32:08,000
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

6344
05:32:08,000 --> 05:32:11,200
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

6345
05:32:11,200 --> 05:32:13,000
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

6346
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:16,400
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

6347
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,500
accuracy the effects on. 
Understanding of medieval 

6348
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:24,100
history of being just as big, 
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 

6349
05:32:24,100 --> 05:32:27,700
as a stable chronological 
reference, aiding historians and

6350
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:30,100
correlating events, across 
diverse cultural traditions, and

6351
05:32:30,100 --> 05:32:34,300
geographical areas, when Chinese
Chronicles, European monasteries

6352
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:36,700
and Middle Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

6353
05:32:36,700 --> 05:32:39,800
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

6354
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:41,900
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

6355
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:45,200
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

6356
05:32:45,200 --> 05:32:48,100
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

6357
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:52,300
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

6358
05:32:52,300 --> 05:32:55,500
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

6359
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:58,500
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

6360
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:01,300
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

6361
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:03,100
historical. 
Climate variations are 

6362
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:07,100
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

6363
05:33:07,100 --> 05:33:09,400
influence, on atmospheric. 
Chemistry of alterations 

6364
05:33:09,400 --> 05:33:12,700
researchers are now actively 
looking for similar events in 

6365
05:33:12,700 --> 05:33:15,500
the geological record, 
scientists are now looking for 

6366
05:33:15,500 --> 05:33:18,100
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

6367
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:20,900
Ice cores and other natural 
records. 

6368
05:33:20,900 --> 05:33:23,800
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

6369
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:26,500
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

6370
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:29,500
helps us understand how often 
these things happen, what they 

6371
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:33,800
might do, the 774 event has 
changed how we study space 

6372
05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:36,000
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

6373
05:33:36,000 --> 05:33:39,300
satellites and electronic 
systems and knowing how extreme 

6374
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:41,600
events have happened in the past
can help engineers make 

6375
05:33:41,600 --> 05:33:43,100
technology that can survive 
them. 

6376
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:47,600
The 774 spike is a good example 
of the kinds of cosmic ray 

6377
05:33:47,600 --> 05:33:50,300
intensities that Earth's 
technology might need to be able

6378
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:52,800
to handle during rare. 
But powerful astrophysical 

6379
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,900
events, the need for scientists 
and historians to work together 

6380
05:33:55,900 --> 05:34:00,500
to understand the 774 event has 
led to new models for how these 

6381
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:03,100
two Fields can work together 
astrophysicists. 

6382
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,200
Now offer ask medieval 
historians for help in 

6383
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:08,400
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

6384
05:34:08,400 --> 05:34:10,700
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

6385
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:12,900
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

6386
05:34:12,900 --> 05:34:14,700
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

6387
05:34:14,700 --> 05:34:17,400
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

6388
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:20,800
This Made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

6389
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:25,300
clear the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

6390
05:34:25,300 --> 05:34:28,500
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

6391
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:31,200
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

6392
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,400
that people in the past, 
couldn't get to while also 

6393
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:36,300
showing how important it is to 
carefully. 

6394
05:34:36,300 --> 05:34:39,500
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

6395
05:34:39,500 --> 05:34:42,800
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

6396
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:44,600
best technology and the best 
research. 

6397
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:48,300
The 700 774 event has also 
changed the way we think about 

6398
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,800
how people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

6399
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:56,200
about strange, weather events in
7704 to 7776. 

6400
05:34:56,200 --> 05:34:59,300
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

6401
05:34:59,300 --> 05:35:01,200
imagined. 
And the information they 

6402
05:35:01,200 --> 05:35:04,100
gathered would be useful. 
A Thousand Years Later their 

6403
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:06,900
careful of observations. 
Remind us that even records that

6404
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:09,300
seem unimportant might have 
information that future 

6405
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:11,100
Generations will find very 
useful. 

6406
05:35:11,100 --> 05:35:15,300
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

6407
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:18,000
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing. 

6408
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:20,800
And sometimes violent Cosmic 
environment. 

6409
05:35:20,800 --> 05:35:24,800
The 774 event had a direct 
effect on our planet. 

6410
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:28,700
Unlike black holes or galaxies 
that are far away, we can still 

6411
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,500
see the effects today. 
It makes the universe seem more 

6412
05:35:31,500 --> 05:35:33,100
real and important to Everyday 
Life. 

6413
05:35:33,100 --> 05:35:36,900
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

6414
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:40,300
events might have changed human 
history in ways, we don't yet 

6415
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:43,000
know about. 
If strong Cosmic radiation can 

6416
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:45,500
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere and possibly change 

6417
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:49,700
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

6418
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:52,700
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

6419
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:55,400
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

6420
05:35:55,400 --> 05:35:59,900
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

6421
05:35:59,900 --> 05:36:02,200
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

6422
05:36:02,200 --> 05:36:05,500
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

6423
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:09,200
as asteroid impacts or super 
volcanic eruptions do but they 

6424
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:12,800
do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

6425
05:36:12,800 --> 05:36:16,600
powerful events can have Global 
effects when making plans for 

6426
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:18,200
the long-term survival of 
humanity. 

6427
05:36:18,600 --> 05:36:21,600
We need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

6428
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,800
effect on our planet. 
The 774 event has become a 

6429
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:27,900
touchstone for talks about how 
scientific discovery and 

6430
05:36:27,900 --> 05:36:29,800
historical understanding are 
related. 

6431
05:36:29,800 --> 05:36:33,200
It shows how the most advanced 
modern technology can sometimes 

6432
05:36:33,200 --> 05:36:35,700
show, that ancient observers 
were more accurate than people 

6433
05:36:35,700 --> 05:36:38,000
thought. 
And how careful historical 

6434
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,600
research can help us understand 
scientific data better. 

6435
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:45,200
The cosmic ray event of 774 is a
reminder that the universe is 

6436
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:47,300
full of things. 
We don't fully understand yet. 

6437
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:50,300
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

6438
05:36:50,300 --> 05:36:53,600
Ring every layer of ice core. 
And every well-preserved 

6439
05:36:53,600 --> 05:36:55,900
medieval Chronicle that we 
haven't yet, figured out how to 

6440
05:36:55,900 --> 05:37:00,600
find or understand the storm 
that hit Earth in 774 was 

6441
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:03,900
invisible and waited, more than 
12, centuries for people to 

6442
05:37:03,900 --> 05:37:05,500
learn how to figure out what had
happened. 

6443
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:09,800
The legacy of the 774 of event 
keeps changing as new ways of 

6444
05:37:09,808 --> 05:37:13,100
doing research and new ways of 
thinking about things come up, 

6445
05:37:13,100 --> 05:37:16,400
scientists in the future will 
surely find more proof and come 

6446
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:19,700
up with new ways to explain what
happened that As people learn 

6447
05:37:19,700 --> 05:37:23,200
more and Technology gets better.
The cosmic race bike that people

6448
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:24,600
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

6449
05:37:24,600 --> 05:37:28,200
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

6450
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:31,100
bombardment of high-energy, 
particles has turned into a link

6451
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:35,100
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

6452
05:37:35,100 --> 05:37:38,700
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

6453
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:40,900
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

6454
05:37:40,908 --> 05:37:44,600
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

6455
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,700
languages that we are still 
learning how to read, as we come

6456
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:50,100
to the end of our journey 
through this Cosmic mystery. 

6457
05:37:50,100 --> 05:37:54,300
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

6458
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:56,400
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

6459
05:37:56,400 --> 05:37:59,900
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

6460
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:01,700
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

6461
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:04,400
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

6462
05:38:04,408 --> 05:38:06,600
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

6463
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:09,700
cosmic systems, whose working we
are only starting to understand 

6464
05:38:09,700 --> 05:38:15,000
in 774 radiation came down from 
space and connected Earth to 

6465
05:38:15,000 --> 05:38:17,900
events happening at distance and
scales that are hard to imagine 

6466
05:38:17,900 --> 05:38:20,900
the Energy particles that hit 
our atmosphere came from 

6467
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:25,300
colliding, neutron stars, 
exploding magnetars or gamma ray

6468
05:38:25,300 --> 05:38:28,000
bursts from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

6469
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:30,600
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

6470
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,500
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

6471
05:38:33,508 --> 05:38:36,900
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

6472
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:39,400
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

6473
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:41,700
were around. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

6474
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,600
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

6475
05:38:44,600 --> 05:38:49,000
understandable Universe, the 
people of 774 lived in a 

6476
05:38:49,008 --> 05:38:50,600
universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

6477
05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:54,600
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

6478
05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:56,700
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

6479
05:38:56,700 --> 05:39:00,700
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

6480
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:03,300
people in the Middle Ages. 
Could even imagine it it was 

6481
05:39:03,308 --> 05:39:05,800
full of things that could affect
Earth over distances. 

6482
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:09,200
So great that light itself took 
years to cross, the medieval 

6483
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:11,500
view of how everything in the 
universe is connected. 

6484
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:14,500
Wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought that 

6485
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,400
events in the sky could affect 
things on earth, even though 

6486
05:39:17,400 --> 05:39:19,400
their ideas about how this 
Worked were wrong. 

6487
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:23,100
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

6488
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:25,300
affect local conditions, was 
very smart. 

6489
05:39:25,300 --> 05:39:30,200
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 
that explosions of stars, that 

6490
05:39:30,200 --> 05:39:33,100
happen, light years away can 
have affects on things that 

6491
05:39:33,100 --> 05:39:36,500
happen on Earth. 
The fact that the 774 event was 

6492
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:39,700
invisible, also shows how 
limited our sensors are and how 

6493
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,200
important it is to make tools 
that help us see more clearly 

6494
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:44,600
people in the Middle. 
Ages were very good at watching 

6495
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:46,600
the sky. 
They could accurately predict 

6496
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:50,300
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots, strange 

6497
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,800
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

6498
05:39:53,800 --> 05:39:56,900
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological, 

6499
05:39:56,900 --> 05:39:59,700
limitation people who are 
witnessing one of the most 

6500
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:02,200
dramatic astrophysical events in
recorded. 

6501
05:40:02,200 --> 05:40:05,200
History had no direct way to 
find out what was going on. 

6502
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:08,300
It was like trying to understand
a symphony while only hearing a 

6503
05:40:08,300 --> 05:40:11,200
few notes here and there or 
trying to enjoy a huge 

6504
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:13,100
landscape. 
While only seeing small details 

6505
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:16,100
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

6506
05:40:16,100 --> 05:40:18,300
that can find Cosmic, Grace, 
signatures in natural. 

6507
05:40:18,300 --> 05:40:20,900
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

6508
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:23,600
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

6509
05:40:23,600 --> 05:40:26,800
at tree rings, ice core 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

6510
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:29,600
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

6511
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:31,600
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

6512
05:40:31,600 --> 05:40:34,300
This lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

6513
05:40:34,300 --> 05:40:36,400
Nation of humans. 
Could get this growth in. 

6514
05:40:36,400 --> 05:40:38,400
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

6515
05:40:38,400 --> 05:40:41,200
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

6516
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:43,300
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

6517
05:40:43,300 --> 05:40:46,900
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

6518
05:40:46,900 --> 05:40:49,900
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

6519
05:40:49,900 --> 05:40:52,700
of astronomical events, just 
waiting for people to make the 

6520
05:40:52,700 --> 05:40:56,900
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

6521
05:40:56,900 --> 05:40:59,300
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

6522
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,100
different time scales to 
understand them because cosmic 

6523
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:04,700
ray event itself, may have 
lasted for months, but its 

6524
05:41:04,700 --> 05:41:07,700
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

6525
05:41:07,700 --> 05:41:10,300
old Chronicles. 
From the Middle Ages wrote down 

6526
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:13,300
what they saw within years or 
Decades of the event modern 

6527
05:41:13,300 --> 05:41:15,100
scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

6528
05:41:15,100 --> 05:41:17,400
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

6529
05:41:17,400 --> 05:41:20,700
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

6530
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:25,300
the 7704 event people from 
different academic fields and 

6531
05:41:25,300 --> 05:41:27,200
historical periods had to work 
together. 

6532
05:41:27,200 --> 05:41:30,400
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

6533
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:32,700
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

6534
05:41:32,700 --> 05:41:35,700
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

6535
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:38,300
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

6536
05:41:38,300 --> 05:41:41,900
over 1000 Years gave scientists 
the information they needed to 

6537
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:44,400
solve a cosmic mystery, they 
could never have imagined. 

6538
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:47,600
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

6539
05:41:47,600 --> 05:41:50,700
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

6540
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:54,600
researchers of years from now. 
Our extensive records of whether

6541
05:41:54,600 --> 05:41:58,400
climate and cosmic ray changes. 
Could one day help scientists 

6542
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:02,100
figure out astronomical events 
that we can't see or understand 

6543
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:05,800
right now we might be unwitting 
subjects, in scientific studies 

6544
05:42:05,800 --> 05:42:08,700
that will not conclude until 
well after our departure, the 

6545
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:12,700
774 event will shows that rare. 
But powerful events can have 

6546
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:16,000
effects that lasts long after 
their over the bombardment of 

6547
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:18,500
cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

6548
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:20,900
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

6549
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:23,800
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological 

6550
05:42:23,800 --> 05:42:27,100
chronologies and how Earth and 
space interact for more than 

6551
05:42:27,100 --> 05:42:30,100
1,000 years. 
Short events can have affects 

6552
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:34,600
that lasts for hundreds of 
years, the 774 cosmic ray Event 

6553
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:37,400
makes us think about our place 
in systems that work on scales 

6554
05:42:37,400 --> 05:42:38,600
that are bigger than what we can
see. 

6555
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:41,800
And feel we live in Galactic 
neighborhoods Where Stars can 

6556
05:42:41,800 --> 05:42:44,800
explode and change the chemistry
of the atmosphere on planets 

6557
05:42:44,800 --> 05:42:47,700
that are light years away. 
Every day we live our lives. 

6558
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,500
Against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

6559
05:42:50,500 --> 05:42:53,700
laws were still learning about 
the human response to Cosmic 

6560
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:56,900
Mystery, exemplified by the 
meticulous, observation 

6561
05:42:56,900 --> 05:43:00,700
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

6562
05:43:00,700 --> 05:43:03,800
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies a 

6563
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:07,100
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

6564
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:09,600
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

6565
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,300
conscious entities are 
systematically observing 

6566
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:16,300
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

6567
05:43:16,308 --> 05:43:18,400
comprehend their significant and
consequences. 

6568
05:43:18,400 --> 05:43:23,200
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

6569
05:43:23,200 --> 05:43:25,100
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

6570
05:43:25,100 --> 05:43:28,300
They were curious and careful 
and made detail records. 

6571
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:31,300
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations, their 

6572
05:43:31,300 --> 05:43:34,500
reaction to the unknown, neither
panicking, or ignoring Strange 

6573
05:43:34,500 --> 05:43:38,100
events, but in Stead carefully 
observing and recording shows 

6574
05:43:38,100 --> 05:43:40,000
the best of human scientific 
instincts. 

6575
05:43:40,000 --> 05:43:42,000
Researchers. 
Today, who are looking into the 

6576
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:45,900
774 event a following in the 
footsteps of medieval 

6577
05:43:45,900 --> 05:43:48,700
chroniclers by carefully 
observing and thoughtfully 

6578
05:43:48,700 --> 05:43:51,000
interpreting. 
What they see they used tools 

6579
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:53,900
that medieval chroniclers could 
never have imagined but they 

6580
05:43:53,900 --> 05:43:56,900
still use the same basic methods
of systematic data, collection, 

6581
05:43:56,900 --> 05:44:00,700
and collaborative, analysis. 
The enduring human curiosity 

6582
05:44:00,700 --> 05:44:03,400
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 
links us through the ages to 

6583
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:07,300
individuals who marveled at the 
universe's operations, as you 

6584
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:09,300
get ready to end this story and 
maybe go to sleep. 

6585
05:44:09,300 --> 05:44:12,600
Think about how you're a part of
this ongoing human project to 

6586
05:44:12,600 --> 05:44:15,700
understand Cosmic events, the 
Stars you might see through your

6587
05:44:15,700 --> 05:44:18,300
window or in the same part of 
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 

6588
05:44:18,300 --> 05:44:21,100
radiation to Earth. 
In 700 774. 

6589
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:24,400
The universe that made that old 
mystery is still telling its 

6590
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:28,400
story in tree, rings, ice cores 
and things that people see that 

6591
05:44:28,400 --> 05:44:31,600
future Generations will be able 
to figure out the cosmic ray of 

6592
05:44:31,608 --> 05:44:35,400
event of 774 is a Into that 
there are many things in the 

6593
05:44:35,408 --> 05:44:38,200
universe that we haven't yet, 
learned to see or understand 

6594
05:44:38,200 --> 05:44:40,700
every night. 
Sky has signs of things that 

6595
05:44:40,700 --> 05:44:42,600
might be happening on Earth that
we can't see yet. 

6596
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:45,900
The invisible storm that hit 
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 

6597
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:48,800
just one example of the cosmic, 
dramas that are always happening

6598
05:44:48,800 --> 05:44:50,900
around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

6599
05:44:50,900 --> 05:44:52,600
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

6600
05:44:52,600 --> 05:44:55,900
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

6601
05:44:55,900 --> 05:44:59,200
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

6602
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:01,900
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

6603
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:05,000
making for astrophysicists 13th.
Centuries in the future. 

6604
05:45:05,000 --> 05:45:08,500
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

6605
05:45:08,500 --> 05:45:11,100
preserved record and every 
moment of wonder about the 

6606
05:45:11,100 --> 05:45:13,900
cosmos white one day help us 
solve Mysteries. 

6607
05:45:13,900 --> 05:45:18,200
We have even thought to ask 
about yet as you fall asleep in 

6608
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:20,600
the warmth of your modern 
blanket, in a world lit by 

6609
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:24,300
electric lights, that would have
seemed magical to people in 774.

6610
05:45:24,300 --> 05:45:27,500
Take a moment to think about the
Amazing Story. 

6611
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:31,400
We've shared over 1200 years ago
in invisible, Cosmic storm hit 

6612
05:45:31,400 --> 05:45:36,000
Earth it left its mark on every 
That Grew every piece of ice 

6613
05:45:36,000 --> 05:45:38,700
that formed and every living 
thing that was alive. 

6614
05:45:38,700 --> 05:45:41,700
During those important months 
people, in the Middle Ages, who 

6615
05:45:41,700 --> 05:45:44,700
live through this event, Farmers
tending their fields. 

6616
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:48,300
Monks copying manuscripts by 
candlelight and Scholars 

6617
05:45:48,300 --> 05:45:52,000
tracking the movement of planets
had no way to see the high 

6618
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,200
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

6619
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:57,600
strange things they could see 
with the same careful 

6620
05:45:57,600 --> 05:45:59,800
observation, and thorough 
record. 

6621
05:45:59,800 --> 05:46:02,500
Keeping that is typical of the 
best scientific Instinct in 

6622
05:46:02,500 --> 05:46:04,700
humans. 
Their detailed records, which 

6623
05:46:04,700 --> 05:46:07,200
were kept in monasteries and 
Royal archives all over the 

6624
05:46:07,200 --> 05:46:10,700
world, eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

6625
05:46:10,700 --> 05:46:13,900
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

6626
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:17,100
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

6627
05:46:17,100 --> 05:46:19,000
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

6628
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:23,100
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

6629
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:26,500
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

6630
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:31,400
Stellar phenomena gross. 
The cosmic ray of 774 keeps 

6631
05:46:31,400 --> 05:46:34,500
giving us new information. 
There is no doubt that Of future

6632
05:46:34,500 --> 05:46:37,600
Generations will find more proof
and come up with new ways to 

6633
05:46:37,600 --> 05:46:40,300
understand what happened that 
amazing year, the invisible 

6634
05:46:40,300 --> 05:46:43,100
storm that people in the Middle 
Ages felt but didn't understand 

6635
05:46:43,100 --> 05:46:46,100
will keep teaching us about how 
the universe works for many 

6636
05:46:46,100 --> 05:46:49,300
years or even centuries to come.
But maybe the most important 

6637
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,100
thing we can learn from this 
Cosmic mystery is that the 

6638
05:46:52,100 --> 05:46:55,000
universe is always making new 
things that we haven't yet. 

6639
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:56,500
Figured out how to see or 
understand. 

6640
05:46:56,500 --> 05:46:59,700
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

6641
05:46:59,700 --> 05:47:02,900
Ring every layer of ice core and
every careful historical. 

6642
05:47:02,900 --> 05:47:06,500
Observation that we don't yet 
know how to look for the natural

6643
05:47:06,500 --> 05:47:08,200
world. 
Keeps detailed records of 

6644
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:11,100
astronomical events and chemical
languages that we still learning

6645
05:47:11,100 --> 05:47:13,300
to read as you get ready for bed
tonight. 

6646
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:16,900
Cosmic rays are softly falling 
on Earth from far away. 

6647
05:47:16,900 --> 05:47:20,200
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

6648
05:47:20,200 --> 05:47:23,100
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

6649
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,800
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic 

6650
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:28,600
neighborhood, a living and dying
in ways that could one day send 

6651
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:31,400
more powerful, bursts of high 
energy particles toward Earth, 

6652
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:35,200
future observers maybe even your
own Independence, might look 

6653
05:47:35,200 --> 05:47:37,800
back at this time and wonder 
what Cosmic events we went 

6654
05:47:37,800 --> 05:47:40,700
through without knowing they 
could find signs of Stellar 

6655
05:47:40,700 --> 05:47:43,400
events and materials. 
From our time signs that are 

6656
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:45,900
current, technology isn't 
Advanced enough to find or 

6657
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:49,400
understand the universe might be
sending us messages in our 

6658
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:51,600
modern world that we won't be 
able to understand until we come

6659
05:47:51,600 --> 05:47:55,900
up with new tools and ways of 
thinking people, in 774 were 

6660
05:47:55,900 --> 05:47:57,800
part of cosmic history without 
even knowing it. 

6661
05:47:57,800 --> 05:48:00,300
They made records. 
That would be very useful to 

6662
05:48:00,300 --> 05:48:03,500
researchers. 1,000 years later, 
we might also be unknowingly. 

6663
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:06,100
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

6664
05:48:06,100 --> 05:48:08,300
until long after. 
We're gone, our careful 

6665
05:48:08,300 --> 05:48:10,700
observations and thorough 
record, keeping May one day. 

6666
05:48:10,708 --> 05:48:13,000
Help us figure out Cosmic 
Mysteries, that we can't even 

6667
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:15,400
begin. 
To imagine the invisible Cosmic 

6668
05:48:15,400 --> 05:48:19,800
storm of 774 connects, medieval 
1 to Modern, understanding 

6669
05:48:19,800 --> 05:48:24,400
ancient observations to Modern 
astrophysics and human curiosity

6670
05:48:24,400 --> 05:48:26,800
to the huge processes that shape
our universe. 

6671
05:48:26,800 --> 05:48:29,700
It reminds us that we live in 
systems that are much bigger 

6672
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:31,300
than what we can see and feel 
right now. 

6673
05:48:32,200 --> 05:48:36,100
But we have the unique ability 
to observe record and slowly 

6674
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:40,100
understand these Cosmic events 
as you fall asleep, you're part 

6675
05:48:40,108 --> 05:48:42,900
of a story that has been going 
on for a long time, from 

6676
05:48:42,900 --> 05:48:46,400
medieval chroniclers to Modern 
scientists from observations 

6677
05:48:46,400 --> 05:48:49,200
made long ago to discoveries 
that will happen in the future. 

6678
05:48:49,200 --> 05:48:54,000
The same universe that sent 
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774

6679
05:48:54,000 --> 05:48:57,000
surround you tonight. 
It is full of things that future

6680
05:48:57,000 --> 05:48:59,200
Generations will study and 
understand in ways. 

6681
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:04,300
We can't even imagine right now.
The mystery of 774 shows us that

6682
05:49:04,300 --> 05:49:07,500
with time, careful 
record-keeping, and working 

6683
05:49:07,500 --> 05:49:10,800
together to figure things out. 
We can find out things that seem

6684
05:49:10,800 --> 05:49:14,100
impossible to know, Fighting by 
candlelight in the Middle Ages 

6685
05:49:14,100 --> 05:49:16,000
and studying isotopic signatures
to. 

6686
05:49:16,000 --> 05:49:18,900
Today are both parts of the same
big human project. 

6687
05:49:19,700 --> 05:49:22,300
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

6688
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:25,500
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

6689
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:29,200
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

6690
05:49:29,200 --> 05:49:30,900
that future generations of 
curious. 

6691
05:49:30,900 --> 05:49:35,200
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these people will

6692
05:49:35,200 --> 05:49:36,600
share our wonder about how the 
world. 

6693
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:41,600
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

6694
05:49:41,600 --> 05:49:44,100
us that the most important 
events and Cosmic history might 

6695
05:49:44,100 --> 05:49:47,800
happen, right next to us without
us, even knowing it leaving 

6696
05:49:47,800 --> 05:49:51,500
clues for future, observers to 
find and figure out every night.

6697
05:49:51,500 --> 05:49:55,500
The universe gets new cosmic, 
radiation, new, Stellar events 

6698
05:49:55,500 --> 05:49:58,900
and new chances to write its own
history in the natural records 

6699
05:49:58,900 --> 05:50:01,600
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

6700
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:04,300
chroniclers and modern 
scientists cosmic rays and 

6701
05:50:04,308 --> 05:50:07,500
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

6702
05:50:07,500 --> 05:50:10,600
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

6703
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:13,300
universal and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

6704
05:50:13,300 --> 05:50:15,900
observers across centuries of 
cosmic mystery and discovery