The Quiet History of Rodeo and Cowboying | History For Sleep

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You don't really need to know 
anything about Rodeo to feel the

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rhythm of it. 
Slow mornings long rides and 

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work that didn't always announce
itself. 

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So I'm glad you're here to sit 
with it for a little while. 

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We're easing into the quiet 
history of rodeo and cowboying. 

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Not just the performance is but 
the everyday routines, small 

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skills and steady habits, the 
shaped away of Life out on open 

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land. 
If this calm slightly boring 

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reflection helps you unwind, 
feel free to show love and tell 

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me where you're listening from 
and what time it is for you if 

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you have one, be sure to turn on
a fan for some noise, dim the 

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lights and lie down. 
Now let's get started. 

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Long before Rodeo became a 
spectator sport with bleachers 

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and commentators, it was simply 
the work that needed doing on 

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Horseback across open 
grasslands. 

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You're about to step into a 
world where skill with a rope 

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meant the difference between 
eating and going hungry and 

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where understanding your horse 
was as essential as 

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understanding the weather, The 
sky is barely gray when you wake

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in your bed, roll on the hard 
ground. the stars are still 

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visible but fading, as Dawn, 
approaches from the East, You've

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slept in your clothes because 
the morning hours cold enough to

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see your breath. 
Your boots stood. 

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Upright beside your head all 
night to keep scorpions from 

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taking shelter inside them. 
You shake out each boot, anyway,

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before pulling it on an older, 
Vaquero taught you. 

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This habit after he once found a
small, snake coiled in his left 

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boot He never skipped the 
shaking ritual after that 

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morning. 
Neither, do you the campfire 

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from last night? 
Is now just White Ash and a few 

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glowing Embers. 
You add kindling and blow gently

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until small Flames appear. 
The fire grows as you feed it 

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larger. 
Sticks, coffee comes next 

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because everything else can wait
until it's ready. 

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Your rope hangs, coiled on your 
saddle nearby. 

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The hemp 5 is a stiff from due, 
and will need warming before 

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they become pliable enough for 
work. 

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You hold the coil near the fire 
and rotate it slowly. 

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The Rope was made by hand in a 
village south of here, where 

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they still follow the old 
methods, you visited that 

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Village once and watched the 
Craftsman work, their hands 

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moved with practice deficiency 
that made complex tasks appear. 

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Simple, The Magee fiber which 
grows on plants that resemble 

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enormous succulents is what the 
village Artisans begin with. 

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They strip the leaves and soak 
the fibers in water for weeks 

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until the green outer coating 
rocks away. 

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The remaining fibers. 
Get beaten with wooden mallets 

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to separate and soften them. 
They twist the fibers into 

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strands, using a simple spinning
device that has changed little 

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in hundreds of years. 
Three strands are twisted 

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together in the opposite 
direction to create a rope that 

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will not unravel under tension. 
This counter, twist is crucial 

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because it creates stability 
through opposing forces, the 

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Rope will stretch slightly under
load, but will not come apart. 

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The process takes days for a 
single rope and requires 

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attention to consistent 
thickness throughout its length.

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You invested a week's wages in 
this particular rope as 

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inexpensive ropes, tend to break
at the most inconvenient times. 

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A broken rope means a lost cow 
and a lost cow means lost money.

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The mathematics are simple 
enough that even the most frugal

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Cowboys invest in quality rope, 
your horse stands hobbled near a

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patch of decent grass. 
Hobbling prevents the horse from

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wandering too far during the 
night, but still allows grazing 

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you learn to hobble horses 
properly after losing a mount 

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that managed to hop half a mile 
while you slept. 

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You found the horse of Venturi 
but wasted an entire morning in 

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the search. 
The horse lift its head as you 

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approach, you speak softly and 
let the animal smell your hands 

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before touching its neck. 
Some cowboys believe horses, 

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cannot understand words but you 
know better. 

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The tone of your voice 
communicates intention more 

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clearly than any verbal commands
could manage. 

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You remove the hobbles and run 
your hands down each leg. 

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Checking for heat or swelling. 
A lame horse is worse than no 

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horse in this country where 
distances are measured in days 

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rather than Miles, you inspect 
each hoof and pick out a small, 

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Stone Lodge near the Frog. 
The horse probably stepped on it

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yesterday afternoon, but showed 
no signs of discomfort The 

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saddle weighs more than you 
would like to carry any 

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distance. 
The leather is dark from years 

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of sweat and oil and whether 
your uncle used this saddle 

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before you and his uncle used it
before him the tree underneath 

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the leather is mesquite wood 
shape and steamed and fitted 

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together with Rawhide, a 
well-made saddle last longer 

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than most marriages, you settle 
the saddle blanket on the horses

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back and smooth out any wrinkles
that might cause sores. 

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The saddle goes on next and you 
check the position carefully 

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before cinching the girth. 
Some horses, inflate their 

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bellies, when being saddled, and
then let out the air. 

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Once you mount this horse 
outgrew. 

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That trick years ago, the bridal
slip over the horse's ears, and 

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the bits slides into the mouth. 
Without resistance, this horse, 

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accepts the bit willingly, 
unlike some animals, that clamp 

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their teeth and refused to 
cooperate. 

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A horse that fights. 
The bit every morning makes for 

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a long day before the real work 
even begins. 

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Other Riders are stirring around
their own fires scattered across

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the camp. 
No one speaks much at this hour.

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The silence feels appropriate 
for the time of day, when the 

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world is still deciding whether 
to wake up or return to sleep. 

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The cattle are already awakened 
Grazing In The Pale Light. 

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You can hear them pulling grass 
and chewing with a steady Rhythm

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cattle, spend, most of their 
waking hours eating because 

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their digestive systems are 
inefficient and require constant

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input. 
A cow needs to eat. 

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Roughly, 3% of its body weight 
daily, just to maintain 

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condition. 
Your job to day is the same as 

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yesterday and the day before, 
keep the cattle together and 

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move in the correct direction. 
Prevent them from wandering into

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Rough Country where they might 
injure themselves. 

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Watch for signs of illness or 
injury count heads, periodically

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to ensure none have strayed The 
work sounds simple. 

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When reduced to basic tasks, the
execution requires constant 

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attention and physical endurance
and knowledge. 

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Accumulated over years of 
experience, you need to read the

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herds mood and anticipate 
problems before they develop 

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into crises. 
Cow that separates from the herd

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usually has a reason. 
Maybe it is sick or injured or 

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giving birth. 
Maybe they're just stubborn and 

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want to graze in a particular 
spot. 

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You need to determine which 
situation applies and respond 

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accordingly. 
Pushing a sick cow will make it 

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sicker ignoring a stubborn cow, 
will encourage others to follow.

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Its example, leading to a 
situation where More Cows may 

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become uncooperative and 
difficult to manage. 

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You sip your coffee and watch 
the herd as the sun breaks the 

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Horizon. 
The light comes slowly at first 

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and then rapidly once the sun 
clears, the edge of the world. 

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Colors emerge from the gray, 
landscape. 

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The grass is brown with patches 
of green, where water collects 

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the cattle are mostly red and 
white though, a fewer solid 

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black. 
Your horses coat is the color of

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old pennies with a darker mane 
and tail. 

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The coloring is called Bay. 
And is common enough that no one

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remarks on it. 
Some cowboys prefer flashy 

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horses with unusual markings but
you value steadiness over 

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appearance. 
This horse will work all day 

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without complaint and never 
spook at Shadows or flapping 

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cloth. 
The morning routine continues 

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with the same actions performed 
in the same sequence every day. 

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You eat a cold biscuit left from
last night's dinner. 

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You refill your canteen from the
water barrel Check your rope one

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more time, and coil it properly 
on the saddle, the skill with a 

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rope to finds a cowboy more than
any other single ability. 

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Even if you are an average Rider
and a mediocre cook, you can 

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still make a living. 
If your rope consistently hits 

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its Target but a cowboy who 
cannot rope is like a carpenter 

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who cannot drive a nail. 
He learned to rope by throwing 

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Loops at fence posts and 
Mesquite stumps and patient 

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Burrows that stood still while 
you practiced your early 

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attempts were often embarrassing
failures as the loopy, the 

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collapsed before leaving your 
hand or sailed past the Target 

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in completely incorrect 
directions. 

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Muscle memory develops slowly 
through endless repetition the 

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motion of throwing a rope, 
involves your entire body rather

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than just your arm, your legs 
provide, the foundation your 

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hips, generate rotation your 
shoulder and arm directly 

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energy, your wrist provides the 
final snap that opens the loop. 

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All these elements must work 
together with precise timing or 

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the Rope will not fly true. 
Your first successful catch came

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after three months of daily 
practice. 

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A calf stood in a pen and you 
managed to drop a loop around 

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its neck on the 14th attempt. 
Feeling of the Rope pulling 

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tight to the weight of the car 
on the other end. 

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Felt like the most significant 
achievement of your young life 

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at that moment. 
Now, you can rope a moving 

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Target at 30 feet without 
conscious. 

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Thought your hands know what to 
do before your mind finishes 

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processing, what your eyes are 
seeing this automatic response. 

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Only comes after throwing 
thousands of Loops in every 

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possible condition. 
The Vaqueros in Mexico developed

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these roping techniques over 
centuries of working with cattle

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and horses in rough country, 
they needed methods that worked 

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quickly and efficiently because 
their livelihood depended on 

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speed and accuracy. 
Of a Cairo who could not rope 

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was unemployed, the word. 
Vaccaro comes from vodka which 

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means cow in Spanish. 
The English word, Buckaroo is a 

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Corruption of the Cairo that 
appeared when American Cowboys 

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tried to pronounce the Spanish 
term language of evolves, 

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through such practical. 
Misunderstandings more often 

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than through deliberate 
decisions as seen in the 

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transformation of Vaccaro to 
Buckaroo, which illustrates how 

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cultural exchanges can lead to 
new linguistic developments. 

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The Vaqueros created equipment 
and technique that Americans 

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later adopted and claimed as 
their own invention. 

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The western saddle with its high
horn for dallying. 

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A rope came from Vicario 
designs. 

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The wide brimmed hat, that sheds
rain and blocks son was standard

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equipment. 
In northern Mexico, long before 

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it appeared in Texas. 
Even the word lasso comes from 

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the Spanish Lazer, which means 
Loop or snare. 

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Most Cowboy terminology has 
Spanish Roots because the 

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Americans learned the trade from
Mexican. 

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Horsemen who had perfected it 
over Generations. 

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You mount your horse and ride 
toward the herd, the leather 

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Creeks, pleasantly under your 
weight, the horse moves with 

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effortless confidence beneath 
you, this partnership between 

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human and horses, the foundation
of all range work a horse that 

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trusts its Rider will go places 
and do things that seem 

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unreasonable to an outside 
Observer it will chase a cow 

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through Cactus and rocks. 
It will hold steady while you 

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open angry bull. 
It will work until exhausted 

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without complaint. 
This trust must be earned 

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through consistent. 
Fair treatment. 

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You never Strike your horse in 
anger, or jerk the reins 

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unnecessarily. 
You never ask the animal to do 

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anything beyond its physical 
capability, you provide food and

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water, and rest, whenever 
possible in return. 

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The horse offers you, it 
strength and speed and willing 

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cooperation, Some cowboys view 
their horses as disposable tools

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using them until they wear out 
and then replacing them. these 

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men usually end up walking 
because their horses quit on 

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them at the worst possible 
moments a mistreated horse will 

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eventually refused to work or 
will injure its ride through 

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deliberate misbehavior The herd 
begins moving as the sun climbs 

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higher. 
Cattle are creatures of habit 

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and expect to walk During 
certain hours of the day. 

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They follow the same Trails. 
They used yesterday and will use

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again, tomorrow trying to change
their established patterns 

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requires more effort than simply
accommodating their preferences.

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You position yourself on the 
flank of the herd where you can 

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see most of the animals and 
respond to problems as they 

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develop. 
Other Riders take similar 

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positions on the opposite flank.
And at the rear, the point Rider

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leads from the front though, 
leading cattle is more about 

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suggestion than command. 
The land roles in gentle waves, 

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with occasional steeper Hills 
that require careful navigation.

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Gullies cut across the terrain, 
where rainwater carve channels 

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during violent storms. 
These gullies can twist an ankle

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or break a leg of a cow or horse
steps wrong. 

231
00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:52,900
You guide the heard around the 
worst obstacles, while allowing 

232
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:55,500
them to choose their own path 
through easier country. 

233
00:11:56,300 --> 00:11:59,100
Cattle will generally pick the 
safest route if given the 

234
00:11:59,100 --> 00:12:02,100
opportunity, they have an 
instinct for avoiding danger 

235
00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:03,900
that serves them. 
Well, when humans do not 

236
00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,900
interfere too much, The morning 
passes in comfortable routine. 

237
00:12:07,900 --> 00:12:11,900
The herd move moves. 
You ride the sun arcs across the

238
00:12:11,900 --> 00:12:14,200
sky. 
Nothing dramatic happens. 

239
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:17,100
Because dramatic events are 
usually bad news in this line of

240
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:20,100
work. 
Learning to rope well enough to 

241
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,000
earn wages, took you two years 
of concentrated, effort learning

242
00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:26,600
to ride well enough to stay 
mounted during the roping. 

243
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:30,200
Took another year beyond that 
the skills seem related, but 

244
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:32,700
required different types of 
practice and muscle development.

245
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,500
Your first riding lessons, came 
from a patient mayor that had 

246
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:39,500
taught other beginners before 
you the mayor, tolerated, your 

247
00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:42,500
clumsy mounting attempts, and 
uncertain balance without taking

248
00:12:42,500 --> 00:12:46,500
advantage of your inexperience. 
Some horses will Buckle bolt 

249
00:12:46,500 --> 00:12:49,500
when they sense a weak Rider, 
but this mayor simply stood and 

250
00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:51,000
waited for you to figure things 
out. 

251
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:55,100
Her patients was a gift that you
did not fully appreciate at the 

252
00:12:55,108 --> 00:12:57,600
time. 
The basic Act of mounting a 

253
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,700
horse required coordination. 
You did not initially possess, 

254
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:03,200
you had to gather the reins in 
your left hand. 

255
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,200
While gripping, the saddlehorn, 
you place, your left foot in the

256
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:08,500
Stirrup and then hopped on your 
right foot while swinging your 

257
00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,100
right leg over the horses back. 
The process seemed simple when 

258
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:14,400
demonstrated but proved awkward 
in execution. 

259
00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:17,400
You sometimes caught your boot 
on the saddle, or lost your 

260
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:18,800
balance halfway, through the 
motion. 

261
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:23,000
Balance on a horse, differs from
balance on the ground, your 

262
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,800
center of gravity, shifts, 
higher and moves constantly as 

263
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:27,800
the horse walks or trots or 
cantors. 

264
00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:30,600
You must learn to move with the 
motion rather than fighting 

265
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:33,600
against it. 
Fighting the motion exhausts you

266
00:13:33,608 --> 00:13:36,600
and annoys the horse, your 
instructor rarely explained 

267
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,100
things with words he 
demonstrated a technique and 

268
00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:42,400
then told you to practice until 
you could replicate it. 

269
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:45,600
When you made mistakes, he would
shake his head and demonstrate 

270
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,200
again. 
This method seems inefficient 

271
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,200
but actually works better than 
lengthy verbal explanations. 

272
00:13:52,300 --> 00:13:54,800
The body, learns physical skills
through repetition more 

273
00:13:54,800 --> 00:13:57,000
effectively than through 
intellectual understanding. 

274
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,500
You can understand the mechanics
of riding in theory while still 

275
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:03,300
falling off regularly in 
practice your muscles. 

276
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:06,000
Need time to memorize the 
correct responses to various 

277
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:08,300
situations. 
You spent hours riding in 

278
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:11,400
circles at different Gates until
your legs stopped gripping. 

279
00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:14,400
Too tightly and your hands 
stopped pulling on the reins. 

280
00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:18,500
The horse needs freedom to move 
its head for balance a rider who

281
00:14:18,508 --> 00:14:21,200
holds the reins Too Short 
restricts this movement and 

282
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:24,300
makes the horses job harder. 
trotting was particularly 

283
00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:27,500
difficult to, at first because 
the bouncing motion throughout 

284
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:30,700
of Rhythm, you learn to post, 
which means rising from the 

285
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:34,400
saddle on every other beat, This
Smooths out the ride and reduces

286
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,600
the pounding on your spine, 
English Riders, post routinely. 

287
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:41,400
But Western Riders often skip 
this refinement and just endure 

288
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,100
the bounceing. 
Cantering feel smooth and 

289
00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:47,800
trotting despite the fastest 
speed, the three beat gait has a

290
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:50,100
rocking quality. 
That is easier to follow you 

291
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:52,500
learn to sit deep in the saddle 
and relax, your lower back 

292
00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:55,900
tension, travels down through 
your body into the horse, which 

293
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,700
then becomes tents and response.
Galloping requires trust between

294
00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:03,000
Horse and Rider. 
The speed feels Reckless Until 

295
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,400
you realize the horse knows 
where its feet are going. 

296
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,200
Your job is to stay balanced and
let the horse run without 

297
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:12,400
interfering some Riders cannot 
resist pulling on the reins 

298
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,900
which confuses the horse and 
disrupts its stride you fell off

299
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:18,300
many times. 
During those early years the 

300
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:21,300
ground was always harder than 
you remembered you learned to 

301
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:24,500
roll away from the horses hooves
and to check for injuries before

302
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:27,200
standing up. 
Pride gets bruised, more often 

303
00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:29,400
than bones, but both hurt in 
their own ways. 

304
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:32,700
The worst full came when a 
rabbit jumped up under your 

305
00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:35,800
horses, nose, and the horse 
shied sideways violently. 

306
00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:39,300
You went left, while the horse 
went right, you landed on your 

307
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:41,200
shoulder and could not lift your
arm for a week. 

308
00:15:41,208 --> 00:15:44,100
The shoulder still ache 
sometimes when cold weather 

309
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,600
moves in after. 
You could stay mounted during 

310
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:49,000
normal riding. 
Your instructor began teaching 

311
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,100
you to rope from horseback. 
This added a new layer of 

312
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:55,100
complexity because now you had 
to control the horse while also 

313
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:58,400
managing the rope and tracking a
moving Target, your horse needed

314
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:00,700
training too. 
A good rope horse understands 

315
00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,400
its job and performs without 
constant direction from the 

316
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:05,700
rider. 
When you throw the loop, the 

317
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:07,400
horse should stop or brace 
automatically. 

318
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,700
When you catch something, the 
horse should keep tension on the

319
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:12,900
Rope. 
These behaviors require patient 

320
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,900
training some horses have 
natural aptitude for rope work 

321
00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:18,400
and learn quickly. 
Others, never quite understand. 

322
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,000
What is expected and remain 
mediocre Partners. 

323
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,700
Your current horse falls 
somewhere in the middle. 

324
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:26,400
It does the job competently 
without being exceptional? 

325
00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:29,300
The mechanics of roping from 
horseback, differ from roping on

326
00:16:29,300 --> 00:16:32,800
the ground, your motion creates 
additional variables that affect

327
00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:35,300
how the Rope flies. 
The horses movement adds 

328
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,700
momentum that you must account 
for in your throw, wind becomes 

329
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,600
a more significant factor when 
you're moving through it, you 

330
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:44,700
practice by roping, wooden 
steers, mounted on wheels that 

331
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:48,300
other Cowboys pulled across open
ground, the moving Target, you 

332
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:50,800
to lead your throw and to adjust
for speed and direction. 

333
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:53,100
Static targets, like fence 
posts. 

334
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:56,400
Only teach so much. 
Your instructor emphasized, the 

335
00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:00,000
important of the follow through 
after releasing the Rope, your 

336
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,700
arm should continue its motion. 
Even after the loop, leaves your

337
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:06,000
hand Stopping abruptly changes 
the rope's flight path. 

338
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,300
And reduces accuracy the 
principal resembles throwing a 

339
00:17:09,300 --> 00:17:12,200
ball or shooting an arrow, the 
size of your Loop matters. 

340
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,200
Depending on what you're trying 
to catch a large loop. 

341
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:19,700
Works better for slow or targets
but becomes unwieldy and wind a 

342
00:17:19,700 --> 00:17:21,599
smaller Loop cuts through are 
more efficiently. 

343
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:25,700
But requires more precise aim 
you learn to adjust loop size 

344
00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:29,000
instinctively based on 
conditions, The Rope must be 

345
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,000
coiled correctly. 
In your non-throwing hand. 

346
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000
So, it Feeds out smoothly during
your throw. 

347
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:37,100
Tangles or Kinks will ruin the 
throw and possibly injure your 

348
00:17:37,108 --> 00:17:39,200
fingers. 
When the Rope jerks tight you 

349
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,200
developed. 
Calluses on specific fingers 

350
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,200
from rope Burns. 
Before learning to manage the 

351
00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:46,500
coils properly building a loop 
involves several distinct 

352
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:48,400
motions that must flow together 
seamlessly. 

353
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:50,700
You create the initial Loop and 
hold it. 

354
00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:54,100
Open with your thumb, you swing 
the loop in a vertical Circle to

355
00:17:54,100 --> 00:17:56,900
build momentum. 
You calculate the release Point 

356
00:17:56,900 --> 00:18:00,500
based on target position and 
speed you let the loop fly while

357
00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:04,800
maintaining your follow through.
Different roping Styles exist 

358
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:07,800
for different purposes. 
The overhand throw works well 

359
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:09,300
for most situations and 
provides. 

360
00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:12,000
Good accuracy. 
The underhand throw can slip 

361
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,900
around obstacles but offers less
control. 

362
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:17,900
The Houlihan throw creates a 
loop that opens horizontally and

363
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:22,600
can catch targets other methods 
would miss You learned The Holy 

364
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,000
Hand late in your training, 
after mastering the basic 

365
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,500
overhand technique? 
The motion feels 

366
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:30,400
counterintuitive at first 
because you flip your wrist. 

367
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,900
In an unusual way, the loop 
appears to materialize in front 

368
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:36,200
of the target rather than 
dropping down from above. 

369
00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:40,000
Roping both front feet of A 
running horse or cow requires 

370
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,000
exceptional timing. 
The loop must reach ground level

371
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:44,800
exactly. 
When both front legs are 

372
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,400
extended forward in mid-stride. 
Missed the timing by a fraction 

373
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:50,800
of a second and you catch 
nothing or snag. 

374
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:52,700
Only one leg, which creates a 
different problem. 

375
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:56,700
You caught your first running 
horse by both front feet on a 

376
00:18:56,700 --> 00:19:00,200
Dusty afternoon when the wind 
was calm and your throw happened

377
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,000
to be perfect. 
The horse went down hard in a 

378
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:05,400
controlled tumble, that looked 
more violent than it actually 

379
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:08,300
was horses. 
Are surprisingly resilient when 

380
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:09,500
they understand what is 
happening. 

381
00:19:09,500 --> 00:19:13,000
Roping back feet is considered 
more difficult than roping front

382
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:14,800
feet because the target window 
is smaller. 

383
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,400
The back legs do not extend as 
far forward during the stride. 

384
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:21,400
You must place your Loop 
precisely in the narrow space 

385
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:23,000
where the Hooves will be a 
moment later. 

386
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:27,200
The development of these skills 
happened, gradually over seasons

387
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:31,300
and years each small Improvement
on previous improvements until 

388
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:33,800
complex actions became automatic
responses. 

389
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:36,600
Your hands. 
Now know what to do before your 

390
00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:39,900
conscious mind. 
Registers the need the Vaqueros 

391
00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:42,400
who invented these techniques 
were solving practical problems 

392
00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:45,300
related to managing Livestock in
challenging terrain. 

393
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:48,400
They needed to catch individual 
animals from herds without 

394
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:49,700
injuring their mother 
themselves. 

395
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,900
The solutions they developed, so
effective that nobody has 

396
00:19:53,900 --> 00:19:56,300
improved on the substantially in
several centuries. 

397
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,900
Some Modern Cowboys use 
synthetic ropes instead of 

398
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,800
traditional Hempel Rawhide, the 
synthetic materials are stronger

399
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,800
and more consistent, but they 
lack the feel and behavior of 

400
00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:09,300
natural fiber. 
You can get away with sloppy 

401
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:12,300
technique when using synthetic 
rope because it is more 

402
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:15,200
forgiving of mistakes. 
You prefer traditional 

403
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:18,100
materials, despite their higher 
maintenance requirements. 

404
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,800
The rope in your hands connects 
you to generations of Horsemen 

405
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:23,900
who use similar tools for 
similar purposes. 

406
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,700
This continuity matters even 
though you cannot fully explain 

407
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:32,200
why Your saddle represents 
another link to tradition the 

408
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:33,800
design. 
Evolved through practical 

409
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,000
experience rather than 
theoretical engineering, every 

410
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,600
element serves a specific 
purpose developed through trial 

411
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,900
and error over Generations. 
The horn provides an anchor 

412
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:45,100
point for securing your rope 
after making a catch. 

413
00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:48,300
You can take wraps around the 
horn called Daly's that let you 

414
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:50,900
control a struggling animal 
without the full force pulling 

415
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:54,100
directly on your body, the 
alternative of tying your rope 

416
00:20:54,100 --> 00:20:56,900
hard and fast to the saddle 
works, but create dangerous 

417
00:20:56,900 --> 00:20:58,600
situations. 
If something goes wrong. 

418
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,200
The high cantal at the back of 
the saddle prevents you from 

419
00:21:02,200 --> 00:21:04,900
sliding off backward. 
When the horse stops suddenly 

420
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:08,300
the front swells, keep your legs
from sliding forward. 

421
00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:11,000
The stir UPS. 
Hang at angles that allow your 

422
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,900
feet to slip free. 
If you fall, rather than 

423
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:17,200
trapping you and dragging you 
every piece of equipment, 

424
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,700
evolved to solve specific 
problems that arose during real 

425
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:23,400
work. 
The Spurs you wear a blunt and 

426
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:25,800
used mainly for communication 
rather than punishment? 

427
00:21:26,700 --> 00:21:30,000
The chaps that protect your legs
are made from thick leather that

428
00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:33,500
turns thorns and rope Burns. 
The gloves on your hands, 

429
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:35,900
preserve skin that would 
otherwise be worn Away by 

430
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:39,600
friction and weather. 
Modern Rodeo competitors, use 

431
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,200
variations of this traditional 
equipment adapted for arena 

432
00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:46,000
conditions. 
Their ropes are often stiffer 

433
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,900
for quicker, Loop formation, 
their Saddles may have modified 

434
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:52,500
rigging for specific events but 
the fundamental designs remain, 

435
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:56,000
recognizable across centuries. 
You adjust your hat and wipe 

436
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:58,600
sweat from your forehead. 
With your sleeve, the day is 

437
00:21:58,608 --> 00:22:01,000
warming and the Catalyst. 
Slowing their pace is, they 

438
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:04,000
become less interested in 
walking and more interested in 

439
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,600
finding shade. 
This afternoon will bring the 

440
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,000
heat in the slower. 
Rhythm that heating poses on all

441
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,300
living things. 
The daily routine of moving 

442
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:15,200
cattle across open range, 
follows, patterns established by

443
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,800
necessity and reinforced by 
tradition. 

444
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:22,200
You wait before Dawn, you tend 
to your horse, you eat, whatever

445
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:25,600
food is available, you spend the
daylight hours, keeping cattle, 

446
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:28,600
moving in, the intended 
Direction, you make Camp before 

447
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,100
dark. 
You sleep, and then repeat the 

448
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:33,900
cycle. 
The same of these days, create a

449
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:38,100
meditative quality, your mind, 
empties of complex, thoughts and

450
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:39,800
settles into the immediate 
present. 

451
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:43,600
You notice small details, that 
would Escape attention during a 

452
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,800
more of eventful existence, the 
way a particular cow always 

453
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,000
walks with its head, slightly 
tilted to the left. 

454
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,500
The rhythmic squeak, your saddle
makes when you shift your weight

455
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,800
in a certain direction. 
Pattern of clouds forming in the

456
00:22:55,808 --> 00:22:58,200
afternoon, sky that predicts 
rain within hours. 

457
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,300
Time loses its usual structure 
during these extended periods on

458
00:23:02,300 --> 00:23:06,100
the trail days blur together 
into an undifferentiated flow 

459
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:08,500
marked only by the gradual 
change in landscape. 

460
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:10,900
You lose track of what day of 
the week. 

461
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:12,700
It is. 
Because of the week, have no 

462
00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:15,400
meaning in this context. 
Monday and Thursday are 

463
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,600
identical, only the distinction,
between morning and evening. 

464
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:22,000
Maintains relevance your 
possessions fit in a small bag. 

465
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,600
Tied behind your saddle extra 
clothes. 

466
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,400
A spare rope, a whetstone for 
your life. 

467
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:31,100
A few personal items that have 
no practical value, but provide 

468
00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,400
Comfort, the limitation of 
carrying capacity forces you to 

469
00:23:34,408 --> 00:23:37,300
distinguish between necessary 
and unnecessary belongings. 

470
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,400
water is the primary concern 
that shapes every decision about

471
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,900
where to travel and when to 
rest, Cattle, need water daily 

472
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:47,200
and will not travel far from 
their last drink without 

473
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,600
becoming difficult to manage. 
You plan routes that connect 

474
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,000
reliable water sources, spaced 
roughly a dazed travel apart. 

475
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:58,400
The quality of water varies from
source to Source some Springs. 

476
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:00,600
Produce clear cold water that 
tastes sweet. 

477
00:24:00,600 --> 00:24:03,400
Other Sweetwater holds off a 
warm muddy water that 

478
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:05,400
nonetheless keeps you and the 
cattle alive? 

479
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:08,800
you have learned not to be 
particular about water quality 

480
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,700
when the alternative is going 
without Finding water in dry 

481
00:24:12,700 --> 00:24:15,100
country requires knowledge 
accumulated, over years of 

482
00:24:15,108 --> 00:24:17,900
observation. 
Certain plants grow only where 

483
00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:20,200
underground water is accessible 
to their roots? 

484
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:23,600
Birds fly toward water in the 
evening game. 

485
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:25,400
Trails Converge on water 
sources. 

486
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,400
You read the landscape like a 
book written in a language. 

487
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:31,500
Few people bother to learn Rain 
transforms. 

488
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:35,700
The land in dramatic ways. 
Gullies become torrents dry lake

489
00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:38,700
beds, filled with shallow water,
grass brings up almost 

490
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:41,600
overnight. 
Little become more energetic and

491
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,000
harder to control. 
When rain freshens the forage, 

492
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,400
they want to scatter and graze 
rather than walking organized 

493
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:49,800
groups. 
You prefer dry weather for 

494
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:52,500
moving cattle, even though it 
creates other challenges. 

495
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,500
Predictability has a value when 
you're responsible for Animals, 

496
00:24:56,500 --> 00:24:58,700
across difficult Terrain. 
Rain. 

497
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,600
Introduces too many variables 
and turns routine work in to 

498
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:04,800
constant problem solving. 
The worst weather for cattle 

499
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,200
work, combines cold 
temperatures, with wind and 

500
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,500
rain. 
Cattle turn their backs to the 

501
00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:10,900
storm and refused to move 
forward. 

502
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:13,700
You can push them but they will 
turn around again. 

503
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:16,500
As soon as you stop applying 
pressure sometimes you must 

504
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,100
simply wait for the weather to 
pass before. 

505
00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:21,500
Resuming travel You have waited 
out storms huddled under your 

506
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:24,100
Slicker with rain running off 
your hat brim and soaking 

507
00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:26,100
through every layer of clothing 
eventually. 

508
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,400
Cold penetrates until you stop 
shivering and start feeling 

509
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,000
dangerously sleepy staying awake
and moving becomes a matter of 

510
00:25:34,008 --> 00:25:36,900
survival. 
Lightning presents a different 

511
00:25:36,900 --> 00:25:40,000
danger cattle, Panic during 
lightning storms and will 

512
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:43,800
stamped in Mindless Terror. 
Your job is to try to contain 

513
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,400
the Stampede and prevent the 
heard from scattering across 

514
00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:49,700
miles of country. 
This job ranks among the most 

515
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:52,400
dangerous activities in a 
profession that contains 

516
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:54,300
numerous ways to get injured or 
killed. 

517
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,700
You have ridden through 
stampede's twice in your career,

518
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:00,300
both times. 
The experience felt like a 

519
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:03,500
nightmare where you could not 
control events and could only 

520
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:05,700
react to chaos on folding around
you. 

521
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:09,900
The sound of hundreds of cattle 
running in the darkness drowns 

522
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:12,200
out. 
All other sounds the crown 

523
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:13,900
shakes with the Thunder of 
hooves. 

524
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:16,700
You cannot see where you're 
going, but stopping would be 

525
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,500
fatal. 
The First Stampede ended when 

526
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:22,400
the cattle reached a natural 
barrier of dense, brush and 

527
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,500
stopped from exhaustion. 
You spent the next three days 

528
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,900
Gathering scattered cattle and 
finding the ones that had run so

529
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:30,300
far. 
They ended up on neighboring 

530
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:33,400
ranches. 
The second Stampede was shorter 

531
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:36,900
and less destructive, but felt 
equally terrifying while it was 

532
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:39,200
happening. 
Most days passed without 

533
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,900
dramatic incidents. 
The work is hard but not 

534
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,000
particularly dangerous. 
When approached with appropriate

535
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,200
caution, cattle are large and 
strong but not naturally 

536
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,200
aggressive toward humans. 
They will generally try to avoid

537
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,500
conflict if given the 
opportunity The exception to 

538
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:55,500
this rule is a cow with a new 
calf. 

539
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:58,700
Maternal Instinct makes cows 
aggressive in defense of their 

540
00:26:58,700 --> 00:27:01,100
offspring. 
The cow that would normally move

541
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:03,400
away from you will charge. 
If you believe you threaten her 

542
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,600
calf, you have learned to give 
new mothers extra space and to 

543
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,600
approach them carefully. 
Bulls required different 

544
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,200
handling than cows, a mature 
bull can weigh more than a horse

545
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,000
and possesses strengths of 
sufficient to kill a person with

546
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,600
out particular effort. 
Most Bulls are relatively calm 

547
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:21,500
and less challenged or competing
with other Bulls. 

548
00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,100
Treating them with respect and 
avoiding situations that trigger

549
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,300
aggressive responses, prevents 
most problems. 

550
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,300
Your rope is your primary tool 
for managing individual animals 

551
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:34,700
that need special attention. 
The sick cow must be separated 

552
00:27:34,700 --> 00:27:38,200
from the herd and examined, a 
calf that has become separated 

553
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:40,300
from its mother needs to be 
reunited with her. 

554
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,500
Steer that keeps trying to 
wander away, needs to be brought

555
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,300
back repeatedly until it accepts
its place in the herd. 

556
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,700
Roping, an animal in the Open 
Country, differs from roping in 

557
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,400
a pen or Arena. 
The ground is rougher and 

558
00:27:53,408 --> 00:27:55,800
includes holes and rocks that 
can trip your horse. 

559
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,400
The animal has more room to run 
and can build up substantial 

560
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,400
speed before you catch it. 
You must pay attention to your 

561
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,700
surroundings while also focusing
on your target. 

562
00:28:05,700 --> 00:28:08,800
After you catch an animal with 
your rope, your horse must hold 

563
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:10,300
it. 
While you Dismount and approach 

564
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:14,100
on foot some horses, excel at 
this task, and will keep perfect

565
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:16,400
tension on the Rope, no matter 
what the court animal. 

566
00:28:16,400 --> 00:28:20,100
Does other horses become nervous
and either pull too hard or 

567
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:23,000
allow too much slack. 
Approaching a rope animal 

568
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,700
requires care because they are 
frightened and may try to kick 

569
00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:28,300
or strike with their horns. 
You move steadily. 

570
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:31,100
And speaking calm tones, while 
working your way, along the Rope

571
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,900
toward the animals head, once 
you can grab the head, you have 

572
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:38,000
control over the animals 
movement, throwing cattle means 

573
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,800
forcing them to the ground. 
So you can perform whatever task

574
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,800
requires a stationary animal. 
Skilled person can throw a 

575
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,300
full-grown cow by hand, using 
leverage and technique less 

576
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:49,900
skilled. 
People need help from additional

577
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,100
workers or must resort to other 
methods. 

578
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:55,500
The technique for throwing 
involves twisting the animals, 

579
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,400
head to the side, while 
simultaneously pulling one front

580
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,000
leg forward. 
This disrupts, the animals 

581
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,200
balance and causes it to fall in
a controlled manner. 

582
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,800
You must move quickly. 
Once the animal is down because 

583
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:08,300
they will struggle to stand 
again. 

584
00:29:08,300 --> 00:29:12,200
Immediately, Branding cattle 
creates a permanent Mark of 

585
00:29:12,208 --> 00:29:15,100
ownership. 
The process involves heating a 

586
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:18,200
metal brand until it glows, red.
And then pressing it against the

587
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:19,800
animals. 
Hide for several seconds. 

588
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,300
The burned hair and skin. 
Leave a scar that remains 

589
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:25,700
visible for the animals entire 
life. 

590
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,000
You have branded thousands of 
cattle over the years. 

591
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:34,300
Smell of burning hair and flesh.
No longer bothers you though. 

592
00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:36,000
You remember finding it 
nauseating. 

593
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,900
During your first branding 
session, the cattle Bellow and 

594
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:41,900
struggle, but the pain is brief 
and they show, no lasting 

595
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:43,500
distress, beyond the visible 
scar. 

596
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:47,600
Some people object to branding 
as cruel but no one has devised 

597
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:50,100
a better method for marking 
ownership on animals that live 

598
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,300
in open range conditions. 
Ear tags can be torn out. 

599
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:57,200
Paint washes off. 
Brands are permanent and visible

600
00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,500
from a distance. 
Castrating bull cars is another 

601
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:02,100
routine. 
Task that seems brutal to 

602
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,300
outside his, but serves 
important purposes. 

603
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:08,400
Bulls that are not intended for 
breeding become more manageable 

604
00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:10,700
after castration. 
They gain weight more 

605
00:30:10,700 --> 00:30:13,200
efficiently, they produce better
quality beef. 

606
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,100
Procedure is quick and the 
calves were covered within days.

607
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:20,700
These harsh aspects of cattle 
work are balanced by quieter 

608
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:24,600
moments of simple satisfaction. 
Watching a healthy herd graze 

609
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:27,600
peacefully seeing new cars gain,
strength and coordination 

610
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:31,200
successfully, delivering the 
cattle to their destination 

611
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:34,300
without losses or injuries. 
These victories are small, but 

612
00:30:34,300 --> 00:30:37,400
meaningful in the context of the
work, your relationship with the

613
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,600
land becomes intimate through 
daily exposure to its moods and 

614
00:30:40,608 --> 00:30:44,100
features you recognize 
individual Hills and rock 

615
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,400
formations, you know, which 
draws hold water longest after 

616
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:49,500
rain. 
You remember places, where good 

617
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:51,700
Grass Grows or where? 
Thorny plants make travel 

618
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:54,600
difficult. 
This accumulated knowledge has 

619
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,600
practical value, but it also 
creates a sense of belonging. 

620
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:00,500
The land is not just seen you 
passed through. 

621
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:03,600
It is your workplace and your 
teacher and your companion 

622
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,300
during long solitary hours. 
You would miss it, if you took a

623
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:10,300
job that kept, you indoors. 
The other ride is in your crew. 

624
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:12,400
Become your temporary family, 
during the months, you spend 

625
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,400
moving cattle together. 
You may not particularly like 

626
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:17,900
all of them as individuals but 
you depend on them and they 

627
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:21,300
depend on you, this Mutual 
dependence creates bonds that 

628
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,700
transcend personal preferences, 
some Crews work together for 

629
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:27,900
years and develop efficient, 
communication and coordinated 

630
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:30,000
action. 
Other Crews consists of 

631
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,000
strangers thrown together for a 
single job. 

632
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,600
Your current crew Falls between 
these extremes. 

633
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:37,600
You know, some of the men from 
previous jobs and are still 

634
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:39,000
learning the capabilities of 
others. 

635
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:42,800
The cook managers the supply 
wagon and prepares meals for the

636
00:31:42,808 --> 00:31:45,800
crew a good cook makes the 
difference between tolerable 

637
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,400
conditions and miserable ones. 
Food quality matters, less than 

638
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:53,000
consistency in quantity. 
You need calories to sustain the

639
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:56,600
physical demands of the work. 
Your typical meal consists of 

640
00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:01,000
beans and beef and biscuits with
coffee to wash it down the menu 

641
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,600
varies little from day to day. 
Occasional treats like dried 

642
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:06,600
fruit or molasses provide, 
welcome variety. 

643
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,200
But a rare you eat because your 
body requires fuel rather than 

644
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:11,700
because the food brings 
enjoyment. 

645
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:14,400
Sleeping on the ground becomes 
normal. 

646
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,100
After the first week, despite 
the discomfort, your body adapts

647
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:20,900
to the hard surface and learns 
to find comfortable positions. 

648
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:24,500
You sleep deeply from exhaustion
and wake rested. 

649
00:32:24,500 --> 00:32:26,300
Despite the Primitive 
conditions. 

650
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,800
The Stars overhead become 
familiar companions during these

651
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,200
months on the Range, you learn 
to recognize constellations and 

652
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,400
to use them for navigation. 
The Moon's. 

653
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:38,700
Phase is Mark the passage of 
time the sky reveals patterns 

654
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:41,100
that connect you to Travelers 
and heard as throughout history 

655
00:32:41,100 --> 00:32:43,200
who looked up and saw the same 
lights. 

656
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:46,900
The Chisholm Trail stretched 
from Texas to Kansas and 

657
00:32:46,900 --> 00:32:48,500
carried. 
Millions of cattle Northwood. 

658
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,200
During the decades, after the 
Civil War, you have walked 

659
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,000
portion of this Trail and heard 
stories about its peak years. 

660
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,300
From older Cowboys who made 
those long drives in their 

661
00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,000
youth. 
The trail followed a route that 

662
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,500
connected water sources and 
avoided the worst Terrain. 

663
00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,800
Previous Travelers established 
this route through practical 

664
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,200
experience, they learned which 
river Crossings were safest and 

665
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,400
which areas contained hostile 
populations. 

666
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,800
Later Travelers benefited from 
this accumulated knowledge. 

667
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,500
A typical drive on the Chisholm 
Trail took three to four months 

668
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:20,200
to move cattle from Southern 
Texas to the railheads in 

669
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,500
Kansas. 
The distance, covered roughly 

670
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:26,700
800 miles through country that 
varied from Flat coastal plains,

671
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:30,200
to Rolling Hills to wide open. 
Prairies you imagine yourself on

672
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:34,200
one of these classic cattle 
drives, the herd contains 2,000,

673
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,800
head and requires a crew of a 
dozen Riders, plus the cook and 

674
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:41,700
Wrangler. you owe nothing except
your horse and your gear, your 

675
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:44,300
wages will be paid at the end of
the drive, if you complete the 

676
00:33:44,308 --> 00:33:47,800
journey successfully, The early 
days of the drive are the most 

677
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:50,100
difficult. 
The cattle are unfamiliar with 

678
00:33:50,100 --> 00:33:52,100
traveling and resist leaving 
their home range. 

679
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:55,800
They try to turn back 
constantly, they attempt to 

680
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,800
break away and return to 
familiar territory. keeping them

681
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,300
moving forward, requires 
constant pressure from all the 

682
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:05,100
Riders, After a week or two, the
cattle accept their situation 

683
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:08,500
and settle into a routine. 
They string out in a line that 

684
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,199
may extend for a mile. 
The stronger cattle naturally 

685
00:34:11,199 --> 00:34:13,100
moved toward the front while the
weaker animals. 

686
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:16,199
Fall toward the rear this 
sorting happens without human 

687
00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:18,199
intervention. 
The point Riders lead. 

688
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:19,699
The heard from the front 
positions. 

689
00:34:19,699 --> 00:34:22,500
These are usually the most 
experienced Cowboys because the 

690
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:26,600
point position sets the pace and
chooses the path, the cattle, 

691
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,100
follow the point riders with 
herd Instinct rather than 

692
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:32,400
through forced compliance. 
The swing Riders work along the 

693
00:34:32,408 --> 00:34:34,199
side of the heard about a third 
of the way. 

694
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:37,500
Back from the front, they keep 
the cattle from wandering too 

695
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:40,800
far left or right, they fill 
gaps that might encourage cattle

696
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,900
to break away their position, 
allows them to see most of the 

697
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:45,699
heard and responded developing 
problems. 

698
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:49,100
The flank Riders cover the sides
further back in the hood. 

699
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:52,600
They perform similar functions 
to swing Riders, but deal with 

700
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,199
different cattle that tend to be
slower and less Cooperative. 

701
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:57,500
The drag Riders bring up the 
rear. 

702
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:00,800
This is the least desirable 
position because you eat dust 

703
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:04,400
from 2000 cattle all day long. 
The dust coach your clothes and 

704
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:06,100
skin, and gets into your nose 
and mouth. 

705
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:09,500
You breathe it constantly and 
tasted in your food, New 

706
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,100
Orleans, skilled Cowboys. 
Usually, get assigned to drag 

707
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:14,600
until they prove themselves 
worthy of better positions. 

708
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,700
You have written drag and 
remember the peculiar misery, it

709
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:22,900
creates your bandana covers your
nose and mouth but the fine dust

710
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:26,900
penetrates cloth easily. 
Your eyes water and burn. 

711
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:31,000
Sneezing provides brief relief. 
But then the dust accumulation 

712
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,100
begins again, immediately, the 
Wrangler manages, the extra 

713
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:37,200
horses that travel, alongside 
the herd each Rider needs 

714
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,100
multiple horses, because no, 
single animal can work every day

715
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:43,200
for months, the horses. 
Rotate with fresh mounts, 

716
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,700
provided every few days, the 
Wranglers job requires skill in 

717
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:49,000
handling horses and preventing 
them from straying. 

718
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,100
River Crossings present the most
dangerous and difficult 

719
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,500
challenges on a cattle drive. 
Cattle are reluctant to enter 

720
00:35:55,500 --> 00:35:59,100
water and may refuse to cross 
despite hours of persuasion. 

721
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:03,800
Some rivers flow too deep or too
fast for safe, crossing the 

722
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:06,300
wrong choice of Crossing 
location, can result in drowned 

723
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:09,500
cattle or injured Riders. 
You approach each River with 

724
00:36:09,500 --> 00:36:12,400
careful assessment, the waters 
speed and depth. 

725
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,100
Firmness of the banks, the 
presents of quicksand or 

726
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:19,300
underwater obstacles, these 
factors determine whether 

727
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,400
Crossing is possible and where 
to attempt it. 

728
00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:25,100
The Point ride is enter the 
water first to demonstrate the 

729
00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:28,100
crossing his safe. 
The cattle, follow reluctantly 

730
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:30,500
at First. 
Once the first few animals 

731
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:34,700
commit to crossing the rest, 
usually follow The herd Instinct

732
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:37,500
that sometimes creates problems 
becomes helpful during River. 

733
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:40,800
Crossings The middle of the 
crossing is when disaster most 

734
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:44,600
often strikes cattle, begins 
swimming in deep water and some 

735
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:46,600
may Panic they climb on top of 
each other. 

736
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:49,400
Trying to stay above the 
surface, weaker animals, get 

737
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:52,900
pushed under water and drown. 
The mass of bodies can create a 

738
00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:56,600
jam that stops the crossing 
entirely, You have witnessed 

739
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,500
crossings that went smoothly and
others that turned chaotic. 

740
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:03,000
The difference often depends on 
factors beyond human control. 

741
00:37:03,900 --> 00:37:06,100
A sudden noise might spook the 
lead cattle. 

742
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,100
A particularly Swift Current 
might push animals off course. 

743
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:12,200
The cattle's mood on that 
particular day might make them 

744
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:15,500
more or less Cooperative. 
After a successful Crossing you 

745
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:17,700
count heads to ensure no animals
were lost. 

746
00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,900
You check the Riders to confirm,
everyone made it to cross 

747
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:22,900
safely. 
Battle that got swept, 

748
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:26,700
Downstream must be located and 
retrieved the process takes 

749
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:28,600
hours even when nothing goes 
wrong. 

750
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:32,100
The native population, whose 
lands the trails crossed to 

751
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,900
complicated relationships with 
the cattle drives some tribes 

752
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,300
demanded payment for crossing 
their territory, others simply 

753
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,500
took cattle, they needed for 
food, Occasional violence 

754
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:45,100
occurred but many drives pass 
through without conflict. 

755
00:37:45,100 --> 00:37:48,700
You understand, both 
perspectives, the tribes were 

756
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:52,100
watching, vast, herds consume 
grass and water that belong to 

757
00:37:52,100 --> 00:37:54,800
Buffalo, and the people who 
depended on them, the trail 

758
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,200
bosses were trying to move 
cattle to Market and could not 

759
00:37:57,200 --> 00:37:59,600
easily change routes that might 
take them through even more 

760
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:03,300
dangerous country, the railroads
ended the era of long cattle, 

761
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:07,300
drives by pushing tracks, deeper
into Texas, Cattle could be 

762
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,300
loaded near their home ranges 
and shipped North in days rather

763
00:38:10,300 --> 00:38:13,300
than months. 
The economics of railroads made 

764
00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:15,500
drives obsolete, except in 
special circumstances. 

765
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,600
You feel some regret that you 
never experience those Peak 

766
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:22,400
years of the trail drive. 
The story is make them sound 

767
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,900
both harder and More Adventurous
than modern cattle work but 

768
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:28,800
perhaps every generation 
believes the previous generation

769
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:30,800
had the real experience while 
they arrived. 

770
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,400
Too late, the physical demands 
of a three-month cattle drive 

771
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:37,000
exceeded what most modern people
would consider reasonable. 

772
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:41,600
You spend 12 to 16 hours in the 
saddle daily, you sleep on the 

773
00:38:41,608 --> 00:38:44,900
ground in all whether you eat, 
monotonous, food, prepared, 

774
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,300
under primitive conditions, you 
endure injuries and illnesses 

775
00:38:48,300 --> 00:38:51,200
with without access to Medical 
Care, the financial rewards, 

776
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,700
barely Justified, the hardships 
your wages for three months, 

777
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:58,500
might equal to Skilled Tradesman
earned in a month. but you took 

778
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:01,200
the job because Alternatives 
were limited and because the 

779
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,100
work appealed to something in 
your nature that valued 

780
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:09,500
Independence and Outdoor Living 
The social dynamics of a trail 

781
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:12,800
crew, could make the difference 
between a tolerable drive and a 

782
00:39:12,808 --> 00:39:16,800
miserable one. 
Compatible personalities and 

783
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,400
shared work, ethic created, 
smooth operations, conflict and 

784
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:21,700
resentment, made everything 
harder. 

785
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:25,200
The Trail Boss set the tone 
through his management style and

786
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:26,700
his fairness in dealing with the
crew. 

787
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:29,800
Some trail bosses were tyrants 
who ruled through intimidation, 

788
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:33,400
others were natural leaders who 
inspired loyalty through example

789
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,400
and consistent treatment, you 
preferred working for the latter

790
00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:38,100
type. 
Even when the work itself was 

791
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,400
equally hard. 
The relationships formed during 

792
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:43,300
these drives. 
Sometimes lasted beyond the 

793
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:46,000
immediate job. 
Men who worked well together 

794
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:48,100
would seek each other out for 
future employment. 

795
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:52,000
Reputations developed based on 
reliability and skill. 

796
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:55,800
Your name became associated with
quality work or with problems. 

797
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:57,400
Depending on how you conducted 
yourself. 

798
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:01,200
The evolution of cattle handling
techniques, reflects changing 

799
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,000
circumstances and available 
technology. 

800
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,700
The Vaqueros developed their 
methods for working in open 

801
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:08,200
country with minimal 
infrastructure. 

802
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:12,400
American Cowboys, adapted these 
techniques for different terrain

803
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:14,000
and different economic 
pressures. 

804
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:17,000
That basic skills remained 
constant across these 

805
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:19,600
transitions. 
You still needed to ride well 

806
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:22,400
and rope accurately and read 
cattle Behavior, but the 

807
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:25,100
applications of these skills 
shifted as the industry changed 

808
00:40:25,100 --> 00:40:28,200
around them, the invention of 
barbed wire transformed Western 

809
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:31,100
ranching by making it economical
to enclose large areas. 

810
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:34,200
Suddenly cattle could be 
contained within defined 

811
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,500
boundaries, this reduced the 
need for constant monitoring and

812
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:40,400
allowed more efficient land use.
But it also reduced the 

813
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:44,100
Independence that open range 
work had offered You have mixed 

814
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:47,300
feelings about barbed, wire it 
makes some aspects of cattle 

815
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:49,900
work easier by limiting how far 
animals can wander. 

816
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,000
It also creates new problems 
when cattle get tangled in the 

817
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:56,800
wire and injure themselves, and 
it represents The Taming of wild

818
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,200
country in to something, more 
controlled and domesticated. 

819
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,200
Fences changed the nature of 
cowboy work from ranging across,

820
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,100
Open Country to maintaining 
infrastructure and managing 

821
00:41:07,100 --> 00:41:10,000
contained herds. 
The Romantic image of the lone 

822
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:13,600
Rider on the Open Range, became 
less relevant, as rant's divided

823
00:41:13,600 --> 00:41:17,200
land into pastures and Penn's, 
branding techniques, became more

824
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:20,700
systematic as ranches grew 
larger, a needed to process more

825
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:24,400
cattle efficiently Branding 
Crews developed coordinated 

826
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:26,400
actions. 
Where each person had a specific

827
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,800
role, the efficiency allowed 
hundreds of cars to be branded 

828
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,900
in a day rather than dozens. 
You participate in these modern 

829
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:37,200
branding operations, when 
seasonal work is available, the 

830
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:39,300
work resembles, an assembly 
line, more than the 

831
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:41,200
individualized craft of early 
years. 

832
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:45,500
Cars move through a shoot and 
get roped thrown branded 

833
00:41:45,500 --> 00:41:48,200
vaccinated and released in 
continuous succession. 

834
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,300
The social aspects of branding 
time, provide compensation for 

835
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:53,800
the repetitive nature of the 
work. 

836
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:57,700
Neighbors, gather to help each 
other with large jobs, food and 

837
00:41:57,700 --> 00:42:00,400
drink flow freely. 
The work becomes a community 

838
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:02,700
event rather than purely 
commercial activity. 

839
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:05,900
These gatherings preserve some 
of the social connections that 

840
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:09,300
were common when population was 
smaller and more interdependent 

841
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:12,500
The development of better 
Veterinary, knowledge, improved 

842
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:16,100
cattle, health and reduced 
losses from disease, you learn 

843
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,700
to recognize symptoms of common 
ailments and to administer basic

844
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:22,500
treatments. 
Some problems, still require 

845
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:25,300
Professional Veterinary Care but
many can be handled in the field

846
00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:29,300
with simple intervention. 
Deworming cattle regularly, 

847
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:31,900
improves their weight gain and 
overall health. 

848
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:36,000
Vaccinations prevent diseases, 
that once devastated, entire 

849
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:39,600
herds, these practices have 
become standard on well-managed 

850
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:42,300
ranches though, some old timers 
resist new methods out of 

851
00:42:42,308 --> 00:42:45,400
Suspicion habit. 
The introduction of trucks 

852
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,100
changed. 
How cattle move from Ranch to 

853
00:42:47,108 --> 00:42:50,700
Market, loading cattle into 
trucks requires different skills

854
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:54,100
than moving them over land on 
foot, the shoots and pens. 

855
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:57,400
And loading ramps are designed 
to funnel efficiently into 

856
00:42:57,400 --> 00:42:59,700
confined spaces. 
They would naturally resist 

857
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:02,600
entering. 
You adapted to these changes by 

858
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,300
learning new techniques, while 
maintaining your foundation in 

859
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:08,900
traditional horsemanship the 
ability to rope and ride remains

860
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:10,600
valuable. 
Even when much of the work 

861
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:12,900
happens in pens rather than on 
open range. 

862
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:16,600
Some ranches maintain working 
horse programs, While others 

863
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:19,500
have switched entirely to 
trucks, and ATVs for cattle 

864
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:21,900
work. 
Each approach has advantages 

865
00:43:21,900 --> 00:43:24,900
depending on terrain and Ranch 
size and management philosophy. 

866
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,200
You prefer horses because they 
provide satisfaction that 

867
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,700
machines cannot match. 
The relationship between Horse 

868
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:34,500
and Rider contains elements of 
partnership that make the work 

869
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:37,300
feel less mechanical. 
A good horse will anticipate 

870
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:39,600
your needs and respond with 
minimal Direction. 

871
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:43,000
This collaboration creates 
moments of Grace, that 

872
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:45,900
transcend, the purely functional
nature of the tasks. 

873
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,200
Modern Rodeo emerged from the 
skills that working Cowboys 

874
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:53,400
developed out of necessity. 
The ranch work provided 

875
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,800
entertainment, when Cowboys 
competed informally to see who 

876
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:59,200
could rope fastest or ride most 
difficult horses. 

877
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:03,300
These casual contests eventually
evolved into organized events 

878
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:06,900
with rules and prizes. 
The first formal rodeos appeared

879
00:44:06,900 --> 00:44:10,800
in the late 1800s as wild west 
shows and Frontier celebrations,

880
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:13,800
Buffalo Bills touring. 
Show featured Trick, riding and 

881
00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:15,700
roping. 
That introduced Eastern 

882
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:19,400
audiences to Cowboy skills. 
Small towns began, hosting 

883
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,700
annual rodeos that combined 
competition with Community 

884
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:26,200
celebration. 
Early Rodeo had few measures and

885
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:29,100
injuries were common. 
Cowboys competed in their 

886
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:31,100
working clothes, using their 
everyday equipment. 

887
00:44:31,100 --> 00:44:34,700
The events tested skills that 
had Direct application to Ranch 

888
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:37,100
work. 
Bronc riding, demonstrated 

889
00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:40,400
ability to handle unbroken 
horse's car for opening showed 

890
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:42,100
speed and accuracy and catching 
livestock. 

891
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:46,000
You attended your first rodeo as
a spectator and watched with 

892
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:48,000
Fascination as Riders performed 
Feats. 

893
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:51,500
You are still struggling to 
master the best competitors May 

894
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:53,900
difficult tasks. 
Look effortless, their ropes 

895
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,700
flew with Precision, the horses 
responded instantaneously, 

896
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:01,200
Cattle seem to cooperate through
some invisible communication. 

897
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:04,600
You competed in small local 
rodeos after several years of 

898
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:08,100
working on ranches your results 
were mediocre because Rodeo 

899
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,700
requires specialized skills 
beyond what Daley Ranch work 

900
00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:13,600
provides. 
Arena conditions, differ from 

901
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:16,000
Open Country. 
The time pressure creates 

902
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,400
stress, that interferes with 
smooth execution. 

903
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,900
The Riders who excel at Rodeo, 
typically grew up competing and 

904
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:25,700
have developed techniques, 
specifically, suited to Arena 

905
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:28,500
performance. 
They practice the same motions, 

906
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:32,000
thousands of times until they 
can execute them flawlessly 

907
00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:34,900
Under Pressure. 
This specialization has created 

908
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:37,500
a gap between working Cowboys 
and Rodeo Cowboys. 

909
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:41,000
Some working Cowboys look down 
on Rodeo as artificial and 

910
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:42,700
disconnected from real cattle 
work. 

911
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:46,000
They point out that rant 
conditions rarely require the 

912
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:48,400
speed and Showmanship that Rodeo
emphasizes. 

913
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,200
Rodeo Cowboys counter that their
skills translate directly to 

914
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:56,200
Ranch work and that competition 
simply adds time pressure to 

915
00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:01,900
existing abilities You see value
in both perspectives Rodeo 

916
00:46:01,900 --> 00:46:04,900
preserves traditional Cowboy 
skills and keeps them visible to

917
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:07,300
Modern audiences. 
It provides Financial 

918
00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:09,500
opportunities for skilled Riders
and Ropers. 

919
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:13,500
But it also creates unrealistic 
expectations about what cowboy 

920
00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:17,700
work actually involves daily. 
The equipment used in Rodeo has 

921
00:46:17,708 --> 00:46:20,600
evolved to meet the specific 
demands of competitive events. 

922
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:24,300
Ropes are stiffer for quicker, 
Loop building Saddles have 

923
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:27,900
modifications that help Riders 
during bucking events protective

924
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:31,600
gear like vests and helmets. 
Reduces injury rates traditional

925
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,700
Cowboys sometimes criticized 
these Innovations as departures 

926
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:37,700
from authentic practice. 
Rodeo competitors. 

927
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:40,000
View them as practical 
adaptations to the specific 

928
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:41,400
requirements of their 
profession. 

929
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:44,900
The debate reflects larger 
tensions between preservation of

930
00:46:44,900 --> 00:46:47,200
tradition and evolution toward 
efficiency. 

931
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:50,900
Bull riding became one of 
Rodeo's most popular events 

932
00:46:50,900 --> 00:46:54,100
despite having almost no 
connection to actual route work.

933
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:59,100
If you working Cowboys ever need
to ride Bulls, the event exists 

934
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:02,100
purely as a test of courage and 
balance and tolerance for pain. 

935
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,300
You tried bull riding once at a 
small amateur event, The 

936
00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,500
Experience lasted approximately 
three seconds before the ball 

937
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:10,700
through you with casual 
contempt. 

938
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:13,900
You landed hard enough, that 
everything hurt for days, 

939
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:17,100
afterward, you gain, deep 
respect for Riders, who compete 

940
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:21,000
regularly in bull riding events.
barrel racing emerged as an 

941
00:47:21,000 --> 00:47:24,500
event primarily for women Riders
and has become one of Rodeo's, 

942
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:28,200
most technically demanding 
competitions The rider must 

943
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:30,900
navigate a Cloverleaf pattern 
around three barrels at maximum 

944
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:34,500
speed without knocking any over.
The combination of speed and 

945
00:47:34,500 --> 00:47:36,700
precision makes it spectacular 
to watch. 

946
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:41,000
Team Roping requires two Riders 
working together to catch a 

947
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:44,000
steer one Rider ropes, the head 
while the other ropes, the back 

948
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:46,300
legs. 
The coordination and timing 

949
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:48,500
required make it one of the more
challenging events. 

950
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,200
Successful teams often practiced
together for years developing 

951
00:47:52,200 --> 00:47:57,300
the precise communication, their
partnership requires. saddle 

952
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:00,300
bronc riding test a Riders 
ability to stay mounted on a 

953
00:48:00,300 --> 00:48:04,400
bucking horse while maintaining 
specific form judges score, both

954
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,800
the horses bucking, and the 
Riders technique The rider must 

955
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:10,400
hold a rain with one hand while 
keeping the other hand free 

956
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,300
spurring in rhythm. 
With the horses, bucking adds 

957
00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:15,500
points. 
Their background riding may be 

958
00:48:15,508 --> 00:48:19,000
Rodeo's most physically 
punishing event The rider holds 

959
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,300
a rigging attached to the 
horse's back with nothing else 

960
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:24,100
for support the violent bucking 
slams. 

961
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,400
The rider's body repeatedly. 
Eight seconds feels like an 

962
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:31,000
eternity under these conditions.
Steer wrestling involves jumping

963
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,900
from a running horse onto a 
running stair and then using 

964
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:36,200
strengths and leverage to throw 
the steer to the ground. 

965
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,000
The event test pure athleticism 
combined with precise. 

966
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:43,900
Timing injuries are common when 
the timing is slightly off these

967
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:46,800
modern rodeo events, Grew From 
practical skills into 

968
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:50,200
specialized competitions, that 
required dedication and training

969
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:52,300
beyond what working ranch life 
provides. 

970
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:55,500
The best Rodeo competitors are 
athletes who happen to use 

971
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:59,000
traditional Cowboy, tools and 
techniques rather than Cowboys 

972
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,200
who occasionally compete. 
You respect their abilities. 

973
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:04,800
While recognizing that your own 
interests lie, more in the 

974
00:49:04,808 --> 00:49:08,300
practical application of these 
skills on working ranches the 

975
00:49:08,300 --> 00:49:11,400
satisfaction, you derive from 
successful, cattle work differs 

976
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:13,600
from the satisfaction of 
competitive achievement. 

977
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:18,400
The transformation of functional
skills into sport reflex broader

978
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:21,000
cultural changes in how people 
relate to the Western landscape 

979
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,600
and the ranching tradition. 
Rodeo allows Urban audiences to 

980
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,800
experience a sanitized version 
of cowboy culture without the 

981
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:30,800
hardship and tedium that 
characterized actual Ranch work.

982
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:34,400
the Arenas where rodeos occur 
their little resemblance to the 

983
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:37,900
Open Country where these skills 
developed the dirt is groomed 

984
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,700
and watered, the fences are 
straight and sturdy. 

985
00:49:40,700 --> 00:49:43,800
The livestock gets specially 
selected and managed to create 

986
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,300
dramatic performances, these 
controlled conditions produce 

987
00:49:47,300 --> 00:49:50,400
consistent entertainment, but 
sacrifice authenticity. 

988
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,200
You appreciate Rodeo's role in 
keeping traditional skills, 

989
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,600
visible and relevant in a 
culture that has mostly moved 

990
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:01,300
Beyond agrarian life. 
Without Rodeo roping and riding 

991
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:03,500
might become purely historical 
Curiosities. 

992
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:06,800
The competitive structure 
maintains communities of 

993
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,200
practice that preserve knowledge
across Generations. 

994
00:50:10,100 --> 00:50:12,400
The economics of rodeo created, 
professional class of 

995
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:15,100
competitors who earn their 
living through prize, money, and

996
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:17,900
sponsorships. 
The top competitors in each 

997
00:50:17,900 --> 00:50:21,300
event can make substantial in 
comes the vast majority of 

998
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:23,700
rodeo, participants barely cover
their expenses. 

999
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:28,100
The economic structure resembles
other individual sports, were a 

1000
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:29,700
few Stars capture most of the 
rewards. 

1001
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:33,900
The rodeo circuit follows a 
seasonal pattern with major 

1002
00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:36,500
events in summer, and fall 
competitors. 

1003
00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:40,700
Travel constantly from one of 
the next accumulating points and

1004
00:50:40,700 --> 00:50:44,000
prize money, this lifestyle 
appeals to people who Value 

1005
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,200
Independence and competition. 
But it provides little stability

1006
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:51,300
or security. some competitors 
transition from Rodeo to other 

1007
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:54,400
careers as their bodies break 
down from accumulated, injuries,

1008
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:57,700
others, become Stock 
Contractors, who provide animals

1009
00:50:57,700 --> 00:51:02,400
for rodeo events, or workers 
judges and officials The rodeo 

1010
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:05,900
Community provides opportunities
Beyond riding and roping though.

1011
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,000
They tend to be limited. 
The animals used in Rodeo 

1012
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:10,800
receive attention from Animal 
Welfare. 

1013
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:13,700
Advocates, who question whether 
forcing livestock to Buck or 

1014
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:16,700
wrestle is ethical. 
Rodeo organizations have 

1015
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:19,300
implemented rules designed to 
protect Animal, Welfare, 

1016
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:22,400
including Veterinary, oversight,
and restrictions on equipment. 

1017
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:24,800
That might cause unnecessary 
stress or pain. 

1018
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:27,400
You have opinions on both sides 
of this debate. 

1019
00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:31,500
The animals are livestock rather
than pets and most receive 

1020
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:33,700
better care than cattle destined
for Slaughter. 

1021
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:37,300
But some of events do seem to 
create stress without serving 

1022
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:40,400
purposes Beyond entertainment. 
The question of where to draw, 

1023
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:43,700
ethical lines remains 
complicated, the bucking horses 

1024
00:51:43,700 --> 00:51:46,700
and Bulls used in Rodeo are 
often specifically bred for 

1025
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:49,700
their tendency to Buck. 
These animals are athletic 

1026
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:52,600
specimens that perform Behavior.
They would naturally engage in, 

1027
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:54,000
when humans attempt to ride 
them. 

1028
00:51:54,000 --> 00:51:56,400
The debate centers on whether 
encouraging. 

1029
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:59,500
This behavior for entertainment 
is fundamentally different from 

1030
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:01,500
using animals for agricultural 
work. 

1031
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:06,500
The physical dangers of rodeo 
are undeniable writers, get 

1032
00:52:06,508 --> 00:52:08,600
thrown and stepped on and kicked
regularly. 

1033
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:12,200
Serious injuries, including 
broken bones, and concussions 

1034
00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:15,200
are common. 
Few Riders die every year from 

1035
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:18,400
Rodeo related trauma. 
The participants except these 

1036
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:20,700
risks in exchange for the 
opportunity to compete. 

1037
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:23,700
You understand the appeal of 
testing yourself against 

1038
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:27,000
dangerous challenges, the 
adrenaline, and focus required 

1039
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:29,900
during brief intense, 
competition creates feelings 

1040
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:33,400
that normal life rarely provides
that you prefer the sustained 

1041
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,100
challenge of long-term, Rich. 
Work to the concentrated drama 

1042
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:41,200
of rodeo events, The cultural 
significance of rodeo extends 

1043
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,400
beyond the actual competitions. 
The clothing and music and 

1044
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,900
social atmosphere created 
distinctive subculture people 

1045
00:52:47,900 --> 00:52:50,500
who might never actually ride a 
horse or rope a calf, still 

1046
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:52,800
identify with cowboy imagery and
values. 

1047
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:56,200
Rodeo provides a focal point for
this cultural identity. 

1048
00:52:57,100 --> 00:52:59,800
If fashion associated with Rodeo
has become increasingly 

1049
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:03,300
elaborate and expensive. 
Well, snap shirts and fancy 

1050
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:06,300
boots and all Nate belt buckles 
signal participation in the 

1051
00:53:06,308 --> 00:53:08,400
culture. 
Even when warned by people, 

1052
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:10,500
whose connection to actual 
ranching is minimal. 

1053
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:14,500
You find this trend mildly 
amusing but mostly harmless. 

1054
00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:19,600
The Music performed at Rodeo's 
tends toward country and western

1055
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:22,300
styles that celebrate themes of 
Independence. 

1056
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:27,000
Hard work and Rural values. 
Some of this music accurately 

1057
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,800
reflects Cowboy experience while
some romanticizes it beyond 

1058
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:33,100
recognition. 
You appreciate the honor songs 

1059
00:53:33,100 --> 00:53:37,100
and ignore the shallow ones. 
The announcers who provide 

1060
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:39,800
commentary during rodeo events 
play an important role in 

1061
00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:42,900
educating audiences about what 
they are watching, good 

1062
00:53:42,900 --> 00:53:45,600
announcers, explain the 
technical aspects of each event 

1063
00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:47,900
while maintaining energy and 
entertainment value. 

1064
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:52,000
Poor announces rely on cliches 
and fail to help audiences 

1065
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:55,100
understand the skills. 
Being demonstrated, the rodeo 

1066
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:58,000
clowns who protect Ryders during
bull riding events, combined 

1067
00:53:58,000 --> 00:54:01,400
comedy with genuine courage. 
These individuals position 

1068
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:04,400
themselves between dangerous, 
bulls and vulnerable Riders who 

1069
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:07,600
have just been thrown. 
They used timing and Agility to 

1070
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:09,500
distract the Bulls and prevent 
injuries. 

1071
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:12,400
Their work is dangerous, despite
the humorous presentation 

1072
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:16,400
Pageantry of rodeo includes 
Opening Ceremonies with flags 

1073
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:20,100
and patriotic displays. 
These elements connect the sport

1074
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:22,700
to broader American cultural 
narrative about Frontier 

1075
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:26,200
Heritage and self-reliance the 
symbolism, sometimes over 

1076
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:29,200
simplifies complex history. 
But serves its purpose of 

1077
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:32,800
creating emotional connection 
The youth Rodeo programs that 

1078
00:54:32,808 --> 00:54:36,000
introduce children to 
competitive events servers 

1079
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:37,900
Talent pipelines, for 
professional Rodeo. 

1080
00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:41,200
They also teach skills and 
values that parents believe are 

1081
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:43,900
important regardless of whether 
children pursue Rodeo careers. 

1082
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,000
The programs emphasize hard, 
work, Animal Care and respectful

1083
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:50,600
competition. 
You have watched Young Riders 

1084
00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:53,500
progress from beginner events to
more challenging competitions. 

1085
00:54:54,300 --> 00:54:56,800
Some show natural talent, that 
suggests potential for 

1086
00:54:56,800 --> 00:54:59,800
professional careers. 
Others participate for the 

1087
00:54:59,808 --> 00:55:02,200
experience and social 
connections without reaching 

1088
00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:05,100
Elite levels. 
Both outcomes have value in 

1089
00:55:05,108 --> 00:55:07,200
developing capable, confident 
individuals. 

1090
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:11,100
The geographic distribution of 
rodeo culture concentrates in 

1091
00:55:11,100 --> 00:55:14,400
Western and South-Western states
where ranching Traditions, 

1092
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:17,600
remain strongest, but rodeo 
events occur Nationwide, 

1093
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,700
including in areas with minimal 
connection to historical cattle 

1094
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:23,500
culture. 
This sprayed reflects Rodeo's 

1095
00:55:23,500 --> 00:55:25,700
Evolution from Regional 
tradition to commercial 

1096
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:28,300
entertainment. 
The professional Rodeo 

1097
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:31,600
organizations that govern major 
competitions, maintain rules and

1098
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,600
safety standards while 
marketing, the sport to sponsors

1099
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:38,000
and television audiences. 
These organizations balance 

1100
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:40,300
competing interests between 
preserving traditional 

1101
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:44,600
maximizing, entertainment value,
and in animal and human welfare.

1102
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:48,200
The sponsorships that support. 
Professional Rodeo, come from 

1103
00:55:48,208 --> 00:55:50,800
companies, selling products 
related to Western lifestyle. 

1104
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:55,000
Boot manufacturers feed 
companies truck manufacturers 

1105
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:58,300
and Western Wear retailers, see 
Rodeo audiences as Prime 

1106
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:01,400
consumers for their products. 
This commercial structure, 

1107
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,900
sustains Rodeo as entertainment 
while changing its character in 

1108
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:08,100
subtle ways. 
The television coverage of major

1109
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:10,500
Rodeo of events, brings the 
sport to audiences who might 

1110
00:56:10,500 --> 00:56:14,100
never attend in person, the 
camera work, and editing Creator

1111
00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:17,600
version of rodeo that emphasizes
drama and spectacular moments. 

1112
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,600
While downplaying, the routine 
aspects and slower periods, This

1113
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:23,800
version of rodeo shapes public 
perception. 

1114
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:25,400
More than actual attendance 
does. 

1115
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:28,800
You sit on your horse and watch 
the sunset paint, the Western 

1116
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:30,900
sky in shades of orange and 
purple. 

1117
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:33,300
The cattle are bedded down for 
the night in. 

1118
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:36,500
Your work is finished until 
tomorrow's Dawn, this moment of 

1119
00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:40,000
quiet satisfaction makes the 
day's effort worth while the 

1120
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:42,700
skills, you practice, daily 
connect, you to a tradition that

1121
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,600
stretches back through 
generations of Horsemen who 

1122
00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:49,600
worked livestock across Open 
Country, the specific techniques

1123
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:52,400
may have evolved but the 
fundamental relationship between

1124
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,800
human and horse and cattle 
remains recognizable across 

1125
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,700
centuries. 
You wonder sometimes about the 

1126
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:01,600
future of this work and whether 
it will continue in 

1127
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:05,200
recognizable, form, technology 
changes, how cattle are managed 

1128
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:08,000
and markets Drive efficiency, 
that may eliminate traditional 

1129
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:10,900
methods. 
But as long as cattle exists and

1130
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:13,900
grass grows and some people 
prefer working Outdoors on 

1131
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:16,400
Horseback these skills will 
likely persist. 

1132
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:20,000
The younger generation shows 
less, interesting, Cowboy work 

1133
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,800
than previous generations, did? 
The pay is low relative to what 

1134
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:26,100
can be earned in less physically
demanding jobs? 

1135
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,800
The lifestyle lacks the comfort 
and security that modern culture

1136
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:32,100
values. 
Yet some young people still 

1137
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:34,800
choose this path drawn by 
factors that resists easy 

1138
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:37,800
explanation. 
You recognize in the same 

1139
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:41,200
impulses that led you to this 
work, the appeal of outdoor 

1140
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,700
life, the satisfaction of 
physical competence, the 

1141
00:57:44,700 --> 00:57:48,700
connection to animals and land, 
these motivations matter even in

1142
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:51,500
a world that increasingly 
dismisses them as outdated or 

1143
00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:54,200
impractical. 
The ranchers that still employ 

1144
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:57,500
traditional Cowboy methods do so
partly from practical necessity 

1145
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:01,000
and partly from commitment to 
preserving Heritage, some 

1146
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:03,700
terrain remains in accessible to
vehicles and requires horse 

1147
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:07,300
mounted workers, some owners 
value, the cultural continuity 

1148
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:10,700
that traditional methods 
represent, you feel grateful to 

1149
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:12,600
have found work. 
That suits your temperament and 

1150
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,100
abilities. 
Not everyone, discovers a 

1151
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:17,600
profession that feels like a 
natural expression of who they 

1152
00:58:17,600 --> 00:58:19,800
are. 
The physical challenges and 

1153
00:58:19,800 --> 00:58:23,300
modest Financial rewards seem 
acceptable prices for daily 

1154
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:25,300
engagement with work that 
matters to you. 

1155
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:28,800
The modern Rodeo circuit 
preserves aspects of cowboy 

1156
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:31,400
culture, while adapting them for
contemporary audiences. 

1157
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:35,100
This transformation serves 
purposes Beyond mere 

1158
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:37,600
entertainment. 
It keeps traditional skills 

1159
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:41,000
visible and valued. 
It provides economic incentive 

1160
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:43,400
for people to maintain 
competence in activities that 

1161
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:44,900
might otherwise Fade Into 
history. 

1162
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:49,200
You have complicated feelings 
about rodeos relationship to 

1163
00:58:49,200 --> 00:58:52,600
working Cowboy culture. 
The sport both honors and 

1164
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:56,000
distorts the Traditions it 
claims to represent the best 

1165
00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:58,400
Rodeo competitors, possessed 
genuine skill. 

1166
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:01,600
Worthy of respect the 
commercialization and spectacle 

1167
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,300
sometimes obscure the Practical 
origins of the events. 

1168
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:07,900
The debate about authenticity 
seems less important than the 

1169
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:10,100
fact that young people can 
continue learning to rope and 

1170
00:59:10,100 --> 00:59:13,600
ride whether they apply these 
skills on ranches or in arenas 

1171
00:59:13,600 --> 00:59:15,200
matters. 
Less than the preservation of 

1172
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:18,400
knowledge and technique. 
Both parties have legitimacy 

1173
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:21,700
your own identity incorporates 
both working cowboy and 

1174
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:23,700
occasional Rodeo competitor 
though. 

1175
00:59:23,700 --> 00:59:27,000
You excel at neither you take 
satisfaction from steady 

1176
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:29,300
competence rather than 
exceptional performance. 

1177
00:59:29,300 --> 00:59:32,200
This approach suits. 
You better than striving for 

1178
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:35,300
recognition or achievement 
beyond your natural abilities. 

1179
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:38,900
the community of people who 
share your interests remain 

1180
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:42,700
small but widely distributed, 
you encounter them at brandings 

1181
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:45,800
and rodeos and occasionally on 
the ranches where you find work,

1182
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:49,200
these connections provide social
belonging without requiring, the

1183
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:53,000
constant interaction that might 
feel suffocating The solitary 

1184
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:55,800
aspects of cowboy work appeal to
you as much as the social 

1185
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:59,100
connections hours spent alone 
with your thoughts and your 

1186
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,100
horse and the landscape offer a 
kind of meditation. 

1187
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:05,800
The repetitive nature of the 
work allows your mind to wander 

1188
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,700
while your body executes 
familiar patterns. you think 

1189
01:00:09,700 --> 01:00:12,700
about The Vaqueros who developed
these techniques, centuries ago 

1190
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:16,200
in Mexico, They could not have 
imagined that their practical 

1191
01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:19,000
solutions to livestock 
management would evolve into 

1192
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:22,800
professional sport, and cultural
symbol yet here you sit using 

1193
01:00:22,800 --> 01:00:25,900
their methods and honoring their
legacy through continued. 

1194
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,400
Practice the rope in your hands 
was made using techniques. 

1195
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:31,900
They would recognize your saddle
follows. 

1196
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:34,500
Design principles. 
They established Skills. 

1197
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:36,800
You employed Daily grew from 
their Innovations. 

1198
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:40,300
This continuity across time and 
culture seems remarkable when 

1199
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:43,300
you pause to consider it. 
The horse Beneath You descends 

1200
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:47,100
from Spanish horses brought to 
the Americas of years ago, these

1201
01:00:47,100 --> 01:00:49,900
horses escaped or were released 
and formed wild herds that 

1202
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:53,300
adapted to the landscape Cowboys
captured and trained them 

1203
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:56,500
creating Bloodlines that still 
produce capable working horses? 

1204
01:00:57,400 --> 01:00:59,800
your particular horse has 
ancestors from multiple 

1205
01:00:59,800 --> 01:01:03,500
continents and centuries of 
selective breeding yet it 

1206
01:01:03,500 --> 01:01:06,600
performs tasks that differ 
little from what its distant 

1207
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:10,400
relatives did Generations ago. 
This stability of function 

1208
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:13,800
across time reflects the 
fundamental nature of the work. 

1209
01:01:14,600 --> 01:01:18,300
The cattle industry that employs
you operate on global markets 

1210
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,100
influenced by economics and 
politics you barely understand. 

1211
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:25,400
Yet your daily work remains 
unchanged by these abstractions,

1212
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:27,600
you ride and rope, and move 
cattle. 

1213
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,800
According to principles that 
ignore Market forces, this 

1214
01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:33,000
disconnect between your 
immediate experience and the 

1215
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:36,300
larger systems, you participate 
in create a sense of existing 

1216
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,800
outside normal time. 
Your days follow rhythms set by 

1217
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,700
Sun and season, and animal 
behavior, rather than clocks and

1218
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:45,400
calendars. 
The industrial world seems 

1219
01:01:45,400 --> 01:01:48,700
distant and mostly irrelevant. 
You finish checking the herd and

1220
01:01:48,708 --> 01:01:51,700
ride back toward Camp. 
The stars are emerging as 

1221
01:01:51,700 --> 01:01:54,400
Darkness deepens. 
You can identify the 

1222
01:01:54,400 --> 01:01:56,600
constellation's that Cowboys 
have used for navigation 

1223
01:01:56,600 --> 01:01:59,500
throughout the history of the 
professional, the Big Dipper 

1224
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,800
points toward the North Star 
Orion rises in the East. 

1225
01:02:02,800 --> 01:02:05,900
Your horse knows the way back to
camp and needs no direction from

1226
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:08,100
you. 
He relaxed in the saddle and let

1227
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:11,500
the animal set its own pace. 
The trust between you developed 

1228
01:02:11,500 --> 01:02:14,300
over months of working together.
The horse knows, you will 

1229
01:02:14,300 --> 01:02:17,200
provide food and water. 
And rest, you know, the horse 

1230
01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:19,900
will carry you safely. 
The campfire comes into view and

1231
01:02:19,908 --> 01:02:21,100
you smell coffee. 
Brewing. 

1232
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:23,200
Someone else has started the 
evening meal. 

1233
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:26,000
You will eat, and then sleep. 
And wake tomorrow to repeat this

1234
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,700
cycle again. 
The same as provides Comfort 

1235
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:31,900
rather than boredom. 
The life you have chosen lacks 

1236
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:33,500
Glamour and rarely provides 
excitement. 

1237
01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:37,300
It offers instead the 
satisfaction of competence and 

1238
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:40,700
the Peace of knowing your place 
in the world, you move cattle 

1239
01:02:40,700 --> 01:02:44,200
across grass, you care for your 
horse, you practice skills, that

1240
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:47,500
connect you to a long tradition,
these simple truths feel 

1241
01:02:47,500 --> 01:02:50,800
sufficient, you need no Grand 
purpose or dramatic 

1242
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:53,600
achievements. 
The work itself, justifies the 

1243
01:02:53,600 --> 01:02:57,300
effort, the quiet accumulation 
of days spent doing what you 

1244
01:02:57,300 --> 01:03:00,600
know, how to do create a life 
you can accept The Stars 

1245
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:02,800
overhead have witnessed. 
Countless Cowboys throughout 

1246
01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:07,300
history, looking up after long 
days of similar work, You join 

1247
01:03:07,300 --> 01:03:10,700
this invisible Community across 
time your individual existence 

1248
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:13,900
matters little in the larger 
sweep of history but the work 

1249
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:16,800
continues and the Traditions 
persist and you play your small 

1250
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:19,700
part tomorrow. 
You will wake Before Dawn and 

1251
01:03:19,700 --> 01:03:22,400
start again. 
The cattle will need moving and 

1252
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:24,900
your horse will need tending, 
and your rope will need 

1253
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:28,500
attention. 
These tasks await regardless of 

1254
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:32,200
how you feel or what you might 
prefer, the work makes no 

1255
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,500
allowances for individual 
circumstances, this lack of 

1256
01:03:35,508 --> 01:03:38,600
personal consideration might 
seem harsh but you find it. 

1257
01:03:38,600 --> 01:03:42,600
Liberating the work demands what
it demands you either meet those

1258
01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:44,400
demands or you find different 
work. 

1259
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:47,700
The clarity, removes the 
ambiguity that characterizes 

1260
01:03:47,700 --> 01:03:50,700
much of Modern Life, you 
unsettle your horse and brush 

1261
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:53,500
away the sweat marks. 
You check the animals legs and 

1262
01:03:53,508 --> 01:03:56,300
Hooves and back, you provide 
grain and freshwater. 

1263
01:03:56,300 --> 01:04:00,000
The horse, nuzzles your shoulder
in appreciation, these moments 

1264
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:02,000
of connection with your horse 
sustain. 

1265
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:04,900
You through difficult days, you 
hang your rope to dry and 

1266
01:04:04,900 --> 01:04:06,900
inspect it for where the fibers 
show. 

1267
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:09,000
Some praying that will require 
attention soon. 

1268
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:12,100
You make a mental note to spend 
time to tomorrow working the 

1269
01:04:12,100 --> 01:04:14,000
damaged section back into better
condition. 

1270
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:17,600
Proper maintenance extends, the 
life of equipment that costs 

1271
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:19,500
more than you can easily afford 
to replace. 

1272
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,500
Your bed roll Waits, where you 
left it this morning, you shake 

1273
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:25,000
it out and spread it near the 
fire. 

1274
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:29,000
The ground feels familiar 
beneath you as you settle in the

1275
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:31,900
sound of the camp and the herd 
and the night creatures crater 

1276
01:04:31,900 --> 01:04:34,900
soundscape. 
You find comforting. sleep comes

1277
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:38,400
easily after the day's physical 
exertion, your dreams will 

1278
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,900
likely involve cattle and horses
and the endless landscape you 

1279
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:45,500
Traverse daily These dreams feel
more real than the rare dreams 

1280
01:04:45,500 --> 01:04:48,200
of other places and other lives.
You might have lived the 

1281
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:50,300
Traditions, you practice will 
Outlast you. 

1282
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:53,400
If enough people value them to 
continue learning the skills 

1283
01:04:53,400 --> 01:04:55,800
will evolve as they always have 
in response to changing 

1284
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:58,800
conditions, but the core 
relationship between human and 

1285
01:04:58,800 --> 01:05:00,800
horse and cattle will remain 
recognizable. 

1286
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:02,900
As long as someone chooses to 
maintain it. 

1287
01:05:04,100 --> 01:05:07,300
You close your eyes and let 
exhaustion carry you into sleep 

1288
01:05:07,300 --> 01:05:09,500
tomorrow. 
Awaits, with its familiar 

1289
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:12,800
rhythms and challenges, the work
continues as it has for 

1290
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:16,400
generations and your content to 
be part of this ongoing story 

1291
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:26,200
that has no clear ending. 
Welcoming to a little history 

1292
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:28,600
journey through more than a 
thousand years of English. 

1293
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:32,400
History told not through battles
and bloodshed, but through the 

1294
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:36,900
quiet evolution of power itself 
tonight, we'll follow the crown 

1295
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:40,100
from shadowy Saxon Halls to 
Modern ceremonial. 

1296
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,800
Splendor watching how Authority 
transformed from something 

1297
01:05:43,800 --> 01:05:46,800
seized by force into something 
inherited. 

1298
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:50,900
Then shared and finally 
reimagined settle in. 

1299
01:05:50,900 --> 01:05:53,100
As we trace, the long winding 
path of England's. 

1300
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:57,200
Monarchy A story less about 
individual rulers than about how

1301
01:05:57,200 --> 01:05:59,500
a nation slowly learned to 
govern itself. 

1302
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:03,300
Now, imagine if you would like 
your standing in a drafty Hall 

1303
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:05,900
somewhere in 10th Century, 
England and the word King, 

1304
01:06:05,900 --> 01:06:09,500
doesn't mean what you think. 
It means not yet, the man 

1305
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,300
sitting in the car of chair at 
the far, end isn't wearing a 

1306
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:14,300
crown. 
Those are rare expensive. 

1307
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:16,000
Things saved for special 
occasions. 

1308
01:06:16,000 --> 01:06:20,300
He's wearing wool, probably died
and expensive purple or deep 

1309
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:22,700
blue. 
And he surrounded by armed men 

1310
01:06:22,700 --> 01:06:25,300
who look, more like business 
partners than subjects. 

1311
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:28,700
Because that's essentially what 
they are the early English 

1312
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:30,900
kings. 
Those sacks and rulers whose 

1313
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:34,200
names run together in a blur of 
ethels and Edgars weren't 

1314
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:36,200
absolute monarchs in any 
meaningful sense. 

1315
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:39,500
They were more like, Chief 
Executives of a very unstable 

1316
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:43,000
company with the board of 
directors carried swords and own

1317
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:46,000
their own, private armies. 
When these Kings travel through 

1318
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,300
their realm which they did 
constantly, they were touring 

1319
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:51,400
for pleasure. 
They were collecting what was 

1320
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:54,000
owed to them. 
Settling dispute and most 

1321
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:58,600
importantly, reminding everyone 
that they existed picture, one 

1322
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:00,400
of these Royal Journeys in 
detail. 

1323
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:04,200
King and his household maybe 50 
people. 

1324
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:09,400
Maybe 200 arrive at a nobleman's
estate as the sun sets their 

1325
01:07:09,400 --> 01:07:12,000
horses, muddy from traveling 
unpaved roads. 

1326
01:07:12,000 --> 01:07:15,900
The nobleman has been preparing 
for weeks slaughtering 

1327
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:19,200
livestock, Brewing ale, and 
baking bread in outdoor ovens 

1328
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:21,500
that filled his yard with smoke 
and the smell of yeast. 

1329
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:24,900
He's not being hospitable, out 
of pure generosity. 

1330
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:29,200
This is a tax paid in, roasted 
meat and featherbeds, and 

1331
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:31,700
barrels of drink that took 
months to accumulate. 

1332
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:35,300
King will eat. 
Hold caught in the nobleman's 

1333
01:07:35,300 --> 01:07:38,300
main hall, resolve whatever 
local squabbles need Royal 

1334
01:07:38,300 --> 01:07:41,900
attention and move on. 
Within a few days if he stayed 

1335
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,500
in one place, too long, he'd eat
his host into poverty. 

1336
01:07:44,500 --> 01:07:47,000
Consuming stores meant to last 
the winter. 

1337
01:07:48,500 --> 01:07:50,700
These early monarchs ruled 
through a combination of 

1338
01:07:50,700 --> 01:07:54,500
personal Charisma, strategic 
marriages, and the ability to 

1339
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:58,400
reward loyalty with land. 
When a king died succession 

1340
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:02,400
wasn't automatic in any formal 
sense, the dead King's son might

1341
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:05,600
inherit, but only if he could 
convince enough powerful men 

1342
01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:09,500
that he deserved to sometimes 
the crown went to a brother, an 

1343
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:12,300
uncle, or a nephew. 
Whoever seemed most likely to 

1344
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:14,700
keep the Kingdom from 
fragmenting into chaos. 

1345
01:08:14,700 --> 01:08:17,899
And whoever could gather the 
most support from the Nobles who

1346
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,200
actually controlled military 
force, the kingdom itself was 

1347
01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:26,000
barely a coherent thing. 
England in 900 or 10000 anno 

1348
01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:28,700
domini was more like a 
collection of neighborhoods that

1349
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,399
happened to share a language and
some cultural habits different 

1350
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:35,300
regions had different laws, 
different customs and different 

1351
01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:37,600
ideas about what constituted 
Justice. 

1352
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:42,300
In northumbria, blood feuds were
settled one way in Kent. 

1353
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:47,700
Another way entirely in Wessex. 
Yet another the king's job 

1354
01:08:47,700 --> 01:08:51,100
wasn't to impose uniformity, he 
lacked the resources and 

1355
01:08:51,100 --> 01:08:54,399
Authority for that. 
But to be respected enough, that

1356
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:58,100
people accepted his judgments 
when conflicts arose between 

1357
01:08:58,100 --> 01:08:59,899
these different Regional 
Traditions. 

1358
01:08:59,899 --> 01:09:03,100
Consider the problem of law 
enforcement in this era. 

1359
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:07,399
There were no police, no 
permanent courts, and no system 

1360
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:10,399
for catching criminals Beyond 
Community effort and Collective 

1361
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:13,100
memory. 
If someone stole your cow, you 

1362
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:15,399
gather your relatives. 
And when looking for justice 

1363
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:19,100
yourself, tracking the thief to 
his village and demanding 

1364
01:09:19,100 --> 01:09:23,500
restitution, the king's role was
to provide a framework, a set of

1365
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:27,500
customs and expectations, these 
personal disputes from 

1366
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:30,800
escalating into private Wars. 
That could destabilize entire 

1367
01:09:30,800 --> 01:09:33,800
regions. 
His authority was real, but it 

1368
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:37,500
was so fragile dependent on 
everyone agreeing to play by 

1369
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:41,000
roughly the same rules. 
The irony is that these weak 

1370
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:44,200
traveling Kings created 
something surprisingly durable 

1371
01:09:44,200 --> 01:09:48,100
by moving constantly by 
inserting themselves into local 

1372
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:51,200
Affairs and by maintaining 
personal relationships with 

1373
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:54,700
dozens of important families 
across the kingdom, they wove 

1374
01:09:54,700 --> 01:09:58,100
together a network that would 
eventually become a nation, they

1375
01:09:58,100 --> 01:10:01,700
were like gardeners tending, a 
sprawling, Vineyard training, 

1376
01:10:01,700 --> 01:10:03,700
The Vines to grow in, roughly 
the same. 

1377
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:05,900
Direction without quite 
controlling where each 

1378
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:10,300
individual Branch would go. 
Physical reality of Saxon. 

1379
01:10:10,300 --> 01:10:12,300
Kingship was humble by later 
standards. 

1380
01:10:12,300 --> 01:10:16,100
The Royal Halls were Timber 
structures impressive in their 

1381
01:10:16,100 --> 01:10:19,800
day but ultimately temporary, 
the largest might be 100 feet 

1382
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:22,400
long. 
With carved posts supporting a 

1383
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:26,400
high roof tapestries on the 
walls to block drafts and a 

1384
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:28,600
central half. 
That filled the space with smoke

1385
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:32,000
that eventually found its way 
out through gaps in the thatch. 

1386
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,500
These weren't palaces they were 
well-built Barnes where 

1387
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:38,800
important business happened. 
The king sat on a raise 

1388
01:10:38,800 --> 01:10:41,700
platform. 
At 1 end his closest advisors 

1389
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:44,200
nearby, while lesson, Nobles and
warriors. 

1390
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:47,800
Filled the benches along the 
walls Justice in these Halls was

1391
01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:51,000
personal and immediate. 
A man with a grievance would 

1392
01:10:51,000 --> 01:10:54,400
approach the king directly 
stated his case and wait for 

1393
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:56,700
judgement. 
The king might consult with his 

1394
01:10:56,700 --> 01:11:00,300
advisors might ask questions and
might demand that the accuser 

1395
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:02,900
and accused both swear Oaths on 
holy relics. 

1396
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:08,100
The process was public visible 
to everyone present which served

1397
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:11,700
as a kind of quality control. 
If the king's judgment seemed 

1398
01:11:11,700 --> 01:11:15,900
arbitrary or unfair word would 
spread and his authority would 

1399
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:19,500
diminish Reputation was 
everything when you couldn't 

1400
01:11:19,500 --> 01:11:22,500
enforce decisions with a 
standing army, everything 

1401
01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:25,100
changed. 
When the Normans arrived in 1066

1402
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,600
though, perhaps not, in the way 
you've been taught William. 

1403
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:31,200
The Conqueror didn't transform 
England overnight through 

1404
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:33,700
military. 
Brilliant alone, what he did was

1405
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:36,500
introduce a technology that 
would reshape the landscape. 

1406
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:40,400
And more importantly, the 
psychology of power, the castle,

1407
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:44,300
You're standing outside. 
The newly-built stonekeep at the

1408
01:11:44,308 --> 01:11:48,100
Tower of London. 
It's around 1,090 and this 

1409
01:11:48,100 --> 01:11:50,200
Fortress is the most imposing 
structure. 

1410
01:11:50,200 --> 01:11:54,100
Most London as of ever seen. 
The white Limestone walls rise, 

1411
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:57,800
90 ft into the are thick enough 
that you could drive a car 

1412
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:00,000
through them. 
If they were Hollow, which then 

1413
01:12:00,000 --> 01:12:04,000
they're not these walls, are 
solid, Stone quarried in Normani

1414
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:06,300
and shipped across the channel 
at enormous expense. 

1415
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:10,100
Then hold from the riverbank and
assembled by Craftsman. 

1416
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:13,200
Who'd spent their lives learning
how to stack rocks with. 

1417
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:15,900
They wouldn't fall down. 
These walls say something very 

1418
01:12:15,900 --> 01:12:18,300
clear. 
The people inside cannot be 

1419
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:21,900
removed by force before the 
Normans English. 

1420
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:25,500
Nobles lived in wooden Halls 
impressive, but ultimately 

1421
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:29,500
burnable a determined enemy with
enough men and enough torches 

1422
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:32,300
could destroy any seat of power 
given enough time and 

1423
01:12:32,300 --> 01:12:36,600
determination. 
But castles these massive Stone 

1424
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:40,200
Declarations of, permanence 
change the equation entirely. 

1425
01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:44,200
Now a relatively small Force 
could hold out against a much 

1426
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:48,100
larger Army almost indefinitely 
as long as supplies lasted. 

1427
01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:51,400
Power became something you could
lock inside walls. 

1428
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:55,100
Something that could endure 
Siege after Siege William. 

1429
01:12:55,100 --> 01:12:57,300
And his Norman followers built, 
castles everywhere. 

1430
01:12:57,300 --> 01:13:00,700
Creating a physical network of 
control points across the 

1431
01:13:00,700 --> 01:13:03,200
country within 20 years of the 
conquest. 

1432
01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:06,600
Major Castle stood in every 
significant town and at 

1433
01:13:06,600 --> 01:13:09,000
strategic points throughout the 
countryside. 

1434
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:13,100
These were not just military 
installations it was statements 

1435
01:13:13,100 --> 01:13:14,900
about the nature of authority 
itself. 

1436
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:19,200
The king might still travel but 
now he had permanent bases 

1437
01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:21,500
places. 
He could leave trusted men to 

1438
01:13:21,500 --> 01:13:25,300
hold in his absence England's. 
Governance began to settle down 

1439
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:29,100
to Route itself in specific 
locations rather than existing 

1440
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:31,100
solely in the person of the 
traveling King. 

1441
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:34,900
The relationship between King 
and Noble's shifted accordingly.

1442
01:13:34,900 --> 01:13:38,400
Norman Nobles held their lands 
directly from the king in 

1443
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:41,600
exchange for military service. 
Formal Arrangement called 

1444
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:44,900
feudalism, though. 
The reality was messier than the

1445
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:48,300
theory, a Barren with a strong 
castle and loyal, Knights could 

1446
01:13:48,308 --> 01:13:51,100
afford to be somewhat 
independent and could negotiate 

1447
01:13:51,100 --> 01:13:54,400
from a position of strength 
Kings learned to balance the 

1448
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:57,400
need for powerful Defenders, 
against the danger of overly 

1449
01:13:57,400 --> 01:13:59,600
powerful subjects. 
Who might decide they'd make 

1450
01:13:59,608 --> 01:14:02,800
better Kings themselves? 
You can see this tension play 

1451
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:06,700
out in the Anarchy of the 1100s,
when Stephen and Matilda both 

1452
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:10,300
the crown and England. 
Ascended into 19 years of Civil 

1453
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:12,300
War. 
What made this conflict. 

1454
01:14:12,300 --> 01:14:14,400
So, devastating wasn't just the 
fighting. 

1455
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:18,300
It was the individual Barons 
could choose side switch sides 

1456
01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:22,300
or simply declare their own mini
kingdoms and their castles made 

1457
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,300
them nearly Untouchable. 
Of Baron, who'd a strong 

1458
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,400
Fortress could withstand Royal 
displeasure could ignore 

1459
01:14:28,400 --> 01:14:31,200
commands, and could effectively 
govern his region as an 

1460
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:34,500
independent principality. 
The war only ended when both 

1461
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:38,300
sides were exhausted and willing
to compromise on succession with

1462
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:40,200
Stephen. 
Keeping the crown for his life. 

1463
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:42,000
Time. 
But agreeing that Matilda's son 

1464
01:14:42,008 --> 01:14:46,300
Henry would succeed him. 
The Castle's themselves evolved 

1465
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:48,900
over time. 
Early Norman fortresses were 

1466
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:52,400
practical and brutal. 
Stone boxes designed to 

1467
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:56,200
intimidate and endure. 
They had minimal Windows thick 

1468
01:14:56,200 --> 01:15:00,900
walls and simple layouts focused
entirely on defense by the 

1469
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:02,700
1200s. 
They become more sophisticated 

1470
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:07,600
with concentric walls, flanking 
towers that allowed Defenders to

1471
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:11,100
shoot along the walls. 
Elaborate gates with multiple 

1472
01:15:11,100 --> 01:15:14,400
layers of defense and murder 
holes through which boiling, 

1473
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:17,200
water, or oil, could be poured 
on attackers. 

1474
01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:20,900
They were still about power. 
But now they were all so about 

1475
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:24,800
displaying that power about 
creating visual symbols of Royal

1476
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:27,200
Authority, that could be read 
from miles away. 

1477
01:15:28,700 --> 01:15:32,400
Inside these castles a new kind 
of government was developing 

1478
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:34,600
King's couldn't be everywhere at
once. 

1479
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:38,300
So they created bureaucracies 
permanent staffs of Clarks and 

1480
01:15:38,300 --> 01:15:42,500
administrators who could collect
taxes maintain records and issue

1481
01:15:42,500 --> 01:15:46,200
commands in the king's name, the
executor England's tax 

1482
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,100
collection system. 
Got its name from the checkered,

1483
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,200
cloth used to count money like a
medieval spreadsheet. 

1484
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:56,200
Coins were stacked on the 
squares, making it easy to 

1485
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:58,700
calculate totals and detect 
discrepancies. 

1486
01:15:58,700 --> 01:16:02,400
These administrators were 
particularly Democratic, but 

1487
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:05,600
they were relatively consistent,
which was something new and 

1488
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:09,000
valuable in medieval governance 
The development of written 

1489
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:12,900
records changed everything 
instead of relying on memory and

1490
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:15,300
oral tradition. 
The government began documenting

1491
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:19,000
land ownership, tax obligations,
legal decisions and Royal 

1492
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:21,800
commands. 
The domesday book compiled in 

1493
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:24,300
1086 was an extraordinary 
achievement. 

1494
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:29,100
A complete survey of England's 
land and resources created. 

1495
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:32,200
So William would know exactly 
what he'd conquered and what 

1496
01:16:32,200 --> 01:16:34,800
taxes? 
He could extract from it later. 

1497
01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:38,300
Kings on this Foundation, 
creating archives that grew 

1498
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,600
larger each year, accumulating 
knowledge and precedent. 

1499
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:46,500
The castle aged taught England's
rulers, an important lesson, you

1500
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:50,300
could project power without 
being physically present a 

1501
01:16:50,300 --> 01:16:53,500
castle with the Royal coat of 
arms staffed by Royal officials 

1502
01:16:53,500 --> 01:16:57,200
represented the king. 
Even when he was 200 miles away,

1503
01:16:57,200 --> 01:17:01,700
this abstract of authority, the 
idea that King ship was bigger 

1504
01:17:01,700 --> 01:17:04,300
than the individual. 
King would turn out to be 

1505
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:08,700
crucial to the institution's 
long-term Survival by the later.

1506
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:11,700
1100s something unexpected was 
happening. 

1507
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,900
Law was becoming more important 
than the sword or at least 

1508
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:17,600
competitive with it. 
Not because anyone believed in 

1509
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:21,100
democracy or human rights, those
Concepts were centuries away. 

1510
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:24,900
But because Kings discovered 
that consistent legal systems, 

1511
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:27,900
made them stronger and more 
capable of controlling Their 

1512
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:30,200
Kingdoms. 
Effectively, you're in 

1513
01:17:30,208 --> 01:17:33,800
Westminster Hall in 1190, 
watching as Royal judges here. 

1514
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:37,600
Cases, these aren't local 
disputes about stolen chickens 

1515
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:39,900
anymore though. 
Those still get settled at lower

1516
01:17:39,900 --> 01:17:42,600
levels, these are questions 
about land ownership, 

1517
01:17:42,600 --> 01:17:47,400
inheritance rights commercial 
contracts and conflicts between 

1518
01:17:47,400 --> 01:17:51,600
powerful Nobles, who need 
neutral arbitration, The judges 

1519
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:55,200
are using precedent previous 
Royal decisions to guide their 

1520
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:58,700
rulings their creating, what 
will eventually be called common

1521
01:17:58,700 --> 01:18:01,400
law? 
A system of justice that applies

1522
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:04,300
across the entire Kingdom, 
regardless of local, custom 

1523
01:18:04,300 --> 01:18:06,700
Henry. 
The second deserves much of the 

1524
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:09,700
credit or blamed depending on 
how you feel about organized 

1525
01:18:09,700 --> 01:18:12,300
government. 
He was obsessed with law, not 

1526
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:15,500
because he was particularly just
or fair-minded, but because 

1527
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:18,000
legal Authority was more 
efficient than military 

1528
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:20,500
conquest. 
He couldn't be everywhere at 

1529
01:18:20,500 --> 01:18:22,500
once. 
And could not personally resolve

1530
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:26,000
every dispute, but he could 
create a system that resolve 

1531
01:18:26,000 --> 01:18:29,200
disputes in his name, he 
expanded Royal courts 

1532
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:33,500
standardized procedures and 
introduced the jury system not 

1533
01:18:33,500 --> 01:18:36,900
as a democratic institution, but
as a practical way to determine 

1534
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:40,600
facts, 12, local men were more 
likely to know who actually 

1535
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:43,500
owned that disputed field and 
some traveling judge who just 

1536
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,800
arrived from London. 
The Genius of common law was 

1537
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:50,200
that it accumulated each 
decision added to the body of 

1538
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,100
legal knowledge. 
Creating a growing framework of 

1539
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:57,300
expectations and precedence 
Nobles might have castles and 

1540
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,800
armies, but if the law said they
owed the king, certain rights or

1541
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:05,300
revenues increasingly, they had 
to comply legal obligation, 

1542
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:09,200
became as binding as iron chains
and unlike chains you couldn't 

1543
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:12,200
break it with a sword without 
consequences that extended 

1544
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:16,100
beyond the immediate conflict. 
This legal Evolution, created 

1545
01:19:16,100 --> 01:19:20,100
unexpected consequences. 
Once you establish that disputes

1546
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,400
should be settled by precedent 
and procedure rather than Force.

1547
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:27,200
You've created a space where the
king himself can be challenged, 

1548
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:31,700
not overthrown that still 
required armies but constrained 

1549
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:35,900
held to account and forced to 
justify his actions according to

1550
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,700
established standards the Barons
who forced King John to sign. 

1551
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:43,200
Magna Carta in 1215. 
Weren't revolutionaries trying 

1552
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:46,200
to overthrow the monarchy. 
They were conservatives who 

1553
01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:48,700
believed the King was breaking 
established customs. 

1554
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:51,400
And wanted those Customs written
down and enforced. 

1555
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:55,100
Magna Carta itself was mostly 
concerned with feudal 

1556
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:57,300
technicalities that seem 
obscured today. 

1557
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:00,700
How much money the king could 
demand when a Barren died? 

1558
01:20:00,700 --> 01:20:04,000
Whether he could marry off airas
to his friends without family 

1559
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:07,400
consent. 
What rights applied to forests 

1560
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,700
and who could hunt in them, but 
buried in the Practical details 

1561
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:14,800
was a revolutionary idea. 
The King was subject to law, not

1562
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:19,800
above it, not exempt from it 
subject to it just like his 

1563
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:22,900
Nobles and subjects John, of 
course, immediately tried to 

1564
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:26,700
ignore Magna Carta, an England 
ascended into yet another civil 

1565
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:32,300
war, but the documents survived 
copied and recuperated in later 

1566
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:34,900
disputes. 
Gradually transforming from a 

1567
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:39,000
specific, peace treaty into a 
general statement of principles 

1568
01:20:39,000 --> 01:20:42,500
by the 1300s English. 
Lawyers could point to Magna 

1569
01:20:42,500 --> 01:20:45,300
Carta and say with confidence 
that certain things were simply 

1570
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:49,100
not allowed, even for Kings. 
The document became a 

1571
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:52,700
touchstone, a reference point, 
and a limit on Royal power that 

1572
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:56,700
couldn't be entirely ignored. 
The legal system also changed, 

1573
01:20:56,700 --> 01:21:00,600
How England was governed dated 
day in Practical, terms Royal 

1574
01:21:00,600 --> 01:21:04,100
Justice's, traveled circuits, 
hearing cases, and every County 

1575
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:08,400
on a regular schedule sheriffs. 
Originally just local strongmen 

1576
01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:11,600
loyal to the king. 
Became official administrators 

1577
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:15,400
responsible for executing court 
orders, collecting taxes and 

1578
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:18,600
maintaining order the whole 
apparatus of government became 

1579
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,000
more predictable, more 
bureaucratic and more 

1580
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:23,600
impersonal. 
You might never see the king, 

1581
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,700
but you definitely encounter his
legal system at some point in 

1582
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:30,400
your life, this legal framework 
didn't make England peaceful or 

1583
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:34,500
just by modern standards trial, 
by combat was still a legitimate

1584
01:21:34,500 --> 01:21:37,300
way to settle certain disputes 
until the 1300s. 

1585
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:40,600
Based on the belief that God 
would ensure the righteous party

1586
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:43,800
won the fight. 
Torture was used to extract 

1587
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:45,500
confessions from accused 
criminals. 

1588
01:21:45,500 --> 01:21:49,700
Poor people had far, fewer legal
protections than the wealthy and

1589
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:52,600
often couldn't afford to bring 
cases to Royal courts. 

1590
01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:55,200
But the system established 
something crucial. 

1591
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:58,800
The expectation that power 
should operate through rules 

1592
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:02,100
rather than pure Force, the 
development of legal education 

1593
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:07,700
formalized, these changes by the
1200s aspiring lawyers, studied 

1594
01:22:07,700 --> 01:22:10,300
at the end of court. 
In London learning procedures, 

1595
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:14,000
studying precedence and forming 
professional networks. 

1596
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:16,600
These lawyers became a new kind 
of elite. 

1597
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:20,700
Not Warriors or clergy, but 
specialists in navigating, the 

1598
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:22,500
increasingly complex legal 
system. 

1599
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:27,000
They advised Nobles represented 
clients in court, drafted, 

1600
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:30,500
documents and generally served 
as intermediaries between royal 

1601
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:34,400
Authority and local reality. 
Nobody set out to invent 

1602
01:22:34,400 --> 01:22:36,300
Parliament, it emerged 
gradually. 

1603
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:40,100
He almost accidentally from the 
Practical problem of how to 

1604
01:22:40,100 --> 01:22:43,400
govern a complex Kingdom without
modern communication technology.

1605
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:47,600
Story of parliament isn't a 
story of democracy that comes 

1606
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:51,400
much later, but of Kings 
discovering that Consulting with

1607
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,600
their subjects, made certain 
tasks, much easier and more 

1608
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:57,300
effective. 
You'll sit in Westminster and 

1609
01:22:57,300 --> 01:23:01,200
1295 attending what would later 
be called the model Parliament? 

1610
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:03,600
You're not here because you're 
important. 

1611
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:07,100
You're here because you 
represent a Borough, a town that

1612
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:11,500
the king needs money from around
your Lords, Bishops and knights 

1613
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:15,800
from every County, maybe 300 men
total gathered in a large hole 

1614
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:18,700
that Echoes with conversation 
and the shuffling of feet. 

1615
01:23:19,700 --> 01:23:21,600
The king hasn't gathered you to 
ask your opinion. 

1616
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:24,300
Exactly. 
He's gathered you to explain why

1617
01:23:24,300 --> 01:23:27,100
he needs another tax and to get 
your agreement to collect it 

1618
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,800
from your communities. 
This is the birth of 

1619
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:31,700
representative government 
though. 

1620
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:36,000
Nobody uses those words. 
King needs money for Wars in 

1621
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:38,400
France and Scotland. 
He can't just take it. 

1622
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:41,600
The legal system that makes his 
authority legitimate. 

1623
01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:45,900
Also constrained, his ability to
seize property arbitrarily so he

1624
01:23:45,900 --> 01:23:49,600
summons representatives from 
across the kingdom explains, his

1625
01:23:49,600 --> 01:23:53,000
needs through his ministers and 
asks them to convince their 

1626
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:55,600
communities to pay up in 
exchange. 

1627
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,800
These Representatives get to 
agreements is suggest 

1628
01:23:58,800 --> 01:24:01,300
improvements and occasionally 
negotiate. 

1629
01:24:01,300 --> 01:24:05,200
The terms of Taxation. 
The Genius of this system is 

1630
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:08,400
that it distributes 
responsibility when taxes are 

1631
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:10,500
raised. 
They're not imposed by Royal 

1632
01:24:10,500 --> 01:24:13,700
Decree alone. 
The Kingdom's representatives of

1633
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:17,100
a to them, or at least appeared 
to agree in a public forum. 

1634
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,800
This makes collection easier and
Rebellion less. 

1635
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:24,200
Likely it also creates a forum 
where different regions and 

1636
01:24:24,200 --> 01:24:27,000
interest groups can communicate 
with each other and with the 

1637
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:30,400
Royal government. 
Building networks that transcend

1638
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:34,100
purely local interests, 
parliament, in the 1300s looks 

1639
01:24:34,100 --> 01:24:35,900
nothing like a modern 
legislature. 

1640
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:40,300
Sessions are infrequent and 
brief sometimes lasting only a 

1641
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:43,100
few days. 
The king calls Parliament, when 

1642
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:46,500
he needs something not on any 
regular schedule, the 

1643
01:24:46,500 --> 01:24:49,500
representatives have no 
permanent meeting place no 

1644
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,400
staff. 
And no real institutional memory

1645
01:24:52,400 --> 01:24:55,800
beyond what individual members 
carry with them but slowly 

1646
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:59,500
almost imperceptibly Parliament 
becomes a fixture of English, 

1647
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:01,800
government something King, 
summon. 

1648
01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:05,400
As a matter, of course, rather 
than as an emergency measure the

1649
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:07,700
crucial moment comes during the 
100 Years War. 

1650
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:11,600
When English kings need enormous
sums to fight in France. 

1651
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:14,400
Parliament discovers, it has 
leveraged. 

1652
01:25:14,400 --> 01:25:18,200
What money for the war then 
address these petitions first 

1653
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:22,300
fix this problem with Forest 
Law, dismissed this unpopular, 

1654
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:25,400
Minister investigate, these 
Financial irregularities. 

1655
01:25:25,400 --> 01:25:30,600
The negotiations are always 
polite, always framed as helpful

1656
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:33,700
advice to the king. 
But the underlying message is 

1657
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:39,400
clear consultation is becoming 
expected, not optional by the 

1658
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,300
1400s Parliament, had split into
two houses. 

1659
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:46,500
The Lord's representing the 
great Nobles and Bishops and the

1660
01:25:46,508 --> 01:25:49,900
commons representing everybody 
else who mattered politically, 

1661
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:52,700
which was still a tiny fraction 
of the population. 

1662
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:57,100
This division reflects the 
reality of English society, a 

1663
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,900
small Elite with enormous, power
and wealth and a larger group of

1664
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:04,300
moderately, prosperous men who 
collectively have their own kind

1665
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:08,000
of influence through control of 
local governance and economic 

1666
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,100
resources. 
What's fascinating is how this 

1667
01:26:11,100 --> 01:26:15,200
system preserved itself through 
periods of strong, kingship Even

1668
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:18,000
powerful monarchs found it 
easier to work with Parliament 

1669
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,000
than against it. 
Henry, the 5th. 

1670
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:24,000
Victorious at Adrian court and 
the most successful warrior king

1671
01:26:24,000 --> 01:26:27,500
England ever produced still 
summoned Parliament regularly. 

1672
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:31,100
Not because he was weak. 
He commanded the most formidable

1673
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:34,400
military force in Western 
Europe, but because Parliament 

1674
01:26:34,400 --> 01:26:37,100
was useful. 
It provided intelligence about 

1675
01:26:37,100 --> 01:26:40,500
conditions across the kingdom. 
Legitimized, Royal policies, 

1676
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:44,200
helped maintain order when the 
King was abroad and generally 

1677
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:47,500
made governance smoother, the 
wars of the Roses in the late 

1678
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:52,300
1400s tested parliament's 
durability for 30 years, two 

1679
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,400
branches of the royal family 
fought for the crown and England

1680
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:58,700
saw five different Kings as the 
throne changed hands through 

1681
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:02,000
battle betrayal and murder 
through. 

1682
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:05,800
All this chaos Parliament 
continued to meet to Grant taxes

1683
01:27:05,800 --> 01:27:09,400
and to pass laws. 
It had become part of the 

1684
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:10,700
furniture of the English 
government. 

1685
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:13,900
Something that persisted 
regardless of who sat on the 

1686
01:27:13,908 --> 01:27:17,200
throne, or how they got, their 
parliament's power grew through 

1687
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:20,400
precedent and practice rather 
than dramatic confrontation. 

1688
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,400
Each time a King asks, from 
money Parliament gained a little

1689
01:27:24,408 --> 01:27:27,600
more leverage, each time 
represented, his voice 

1690
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:30,400
grievances established the 
expectation. 

1691
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:34,300
That grievances should be heard 
Each time a session ended with 

1692
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:37,800
some compromise between royal 
needs and subjects concerns. 

1693
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:43,400
The habit of consultation became
more ingrained by 1500 know 

1694
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:44,800
English. 
King would dream of raising 

1695
01:27:44,800 --> 01:27:48,200
significant taxes without 
parliament's consent, not 

1696
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:51,300
because of Any written rule, but
because the practice was so 

1697
01:27:51,300 --> 01:27:53,500
established. 
That violating, it seemed 

1698
01:27:53,500 --> 01:27:56,200
dangerous Henry. 
The seventh sees the throne in 

1699
01:27:56,200 --> 01:28:00,400
1485 after winning a battle, 
which was not an unusual way to 

1700
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:02,300
become king in 15th century 
England. 

1701
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:06,200
What was unusual was how he and 
his descendants transformed that

1702
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:08,800
thrown into something 
approaching modern state power. 

1703
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:13,300
The Tudors didn't invent Royal 
Authority, but they perfected it

1704
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:16,600
creating an administrative 
machine that could reach into 

1705
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,100
every corner of the Kingdom with
unprecedented Effectiveness. 

1706
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:24,100
Your watching Henry, the 8th's 
government at work in the 1530s 

1707
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:26,700
and it's impressive in a 
terrifying. 

1708
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,000
Sort of way, the King has 
Minister Who oversee, every 

1709
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:33,800
aspect of National Life 
collecting tax Enforcing 

1710
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:38,100
religious Conformity managing 
Foreign Relations, administering

1711
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:42,100
Justice controlling what gets 
published and even regulating 

1712
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,500
trade and prices Thomas 
Cromwell. 

1713
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:46,700
The king's chief. 
Minister has created a 

1714
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:48,800
bureaucracy that generates 
mountains of paperwork. 

1715
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:53,500
Every transaction every 
appointment and every legal 

1716
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:58,700
decision gets recorded filed, 
cross-referenced and stored in 

1717
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:01,400
growing archives. 
The government knows things 

1718
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:03,900
about the kingdom that previous 
governments could never have 

1719
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,300
known. 
This administrator revolution 

1720
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:10,000
had practical Roots, The Tudors 
were always short of money. 

1721
01:29:10,000 --> 01:29:14,000
War was expensive. 
Maintaining a Royal Court was 

1722
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:16,800
expensive and projecting. 
Power internationally was 

1723
01:29:16,800 --> 01:29:19,600
expensive. 
And efficient tax collection, 

1724
01:29:19,600 --> 01:29:23,000
required detailed knowledge of 
who owned what and how much they

1725
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:26,200
could pay religious upheaval. 
Henry. 

1726
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:29,700
The 8th's break, with Rome 
Edward the sixth protestantism, 

1727
01:29:29,700 --> 01:29:34,400
Marys Catholicism and 
Elizabeth's compromise required 

1728
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,600
monitoring people's beliefs and 
behaviors in ways earlier 

1729
01:29:37,600 --> 01:29:40,900
governments never attempted 
foreign threats from Spain and 

1730
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:43,600
France, demanded better, 
military organization, and 

1731
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:46,600
intelligence gathering. 
The Machinery of Tudor 

1732
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:49,000
government reached deeper into 
daily life than anything 

1733
01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:52,000
previous rulers had managed. 
You couldn't print a book 

1734
01:29:52,008 --> 01:29:55,100
without approval, from Royal 
sense, as who checked for heresy

1735
01:29:55,100 --> 01:29:57,800
or sedition. 
He couldn't legally marry 

1736
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:01,400
without following specific 
procedures that the church now, 

1737
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:05,100
controlled by the crown, had 
established your local church, 

1738
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:07,900
which for a thousand years had 
been part of an international 

1739
01:30:07,900 --> 01:30:11,300
Catholic organization was now a 
branch of the English government

1740
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:15,100
with the monikers. 
Its Supreme head, Parish priests

1741
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:17,900
read Royal proclamations from 
their pulpits reported 

1742
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:21,100
suspicious Behavior to 
authorities and served as the 

1743
01:30:21,100 --> 01:30:23,300
government's eyes and ears in 
every community. 

1744
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:26,900
Yet even the powerful Tudors 
couldn't rule alone. 

1745
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,600
Henry the 8th used Parliament 
extensively particularly when he

1746
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:33,900
needed legal cover for radical 
changes like breaking with Rome 

1747
01:30:33,900 --> 01:30:36,900
or dissolving monasteries and 
seizing their wealth. 

1748
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:40,500
He understood that controversial
policies, worked better and 

1749
01:30:40,500 --> 01:30:44,000
Parliament, had endorsed them. 
Giving the changes legitimacy 

1750
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:47,700
Beyond near Royal command. 
Elizabeth the first summoned, 

1751
01:30:47,700 --> 01:30:52,400
Parliament, 13 times during her 
405 year, reign always managing 

1752
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,400
to extract the money she needed 
while keeping her independence 

1753
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:58,400
and avoiding commitments, that 
would limit her freedom of 

1754
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:00,800
action. 
The two is understood that Royal

1755
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:03,000
Authority. 
Worked better when it operated 

1756
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:05,900
through established institutions
rather than against them. 

1757
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:10,500
The expanded the privy Council, 
a small group of advisors who 

1758
01:31:10,500 --> 01:31:12,600
met regularly to coordinate 
government policy. 

1759
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:16,200
They strengthened the court of 
Star Chamber, which dealt with 

1760
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:19,200
powerful offenders who might 
intimidate local courts. 

1761
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:23,800
They reformed the administration
of justice, making Royal courts 

1762
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:25,700
more accessible and more 
consistent. 

1763
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:29,700
All of these changes increased 
royal power, but they did so by 

1764
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:33,800
building institutions that would
Outlast individual monarchs What

1765
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:35,500
made the Tudor government work 
was? 

1766
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:38,400
The illusion of accessibility 
combined with the reality of 

1767
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:41,200
control. 
Elizabeth, cultivated an image 

1768
01:31:41,208 --> 01:31:44,600
of herself as accessible to a 
subject going on, Royal 

1769
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:46,900
progresses through the 
countryside each summer, 

1770
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:50,600
appearing at public events and 
even occasionally, speaking to 

1771
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:54,600
crowds, common people could 
submit petitions to her, could 

1772
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,700
catch her attention during 
public appearances, and could 

1773
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:00,500
feel that they had some 
connection to Royal Authority. 

1774
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,800
But actual power was 
concentrated in a small group of

1775
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:07,400
ministers and councilors who 
manage everything behind the 

1776
01:32:07,400 --> 01:32:11,900
scenes, the queen made final 
decisions, but those decisions 

1777
01:32:11,900 --> 01:32:14,200
were based on information, 
filtered, and shaped by her 

1778
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:16,800
administrator who controlled 
what she saw. 

1779
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:21,100
And heard the Tudor period saw 
the final transformation of the 

1780
01:32:21,100 --> 01:32:25,000
nobility from independent power 
centers in to court attendance. 

1781
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:27,700
A medieval Baron with his own 
castle. 

1782
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:29,600
And private Army was a Potential
Threat. 

1783
01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:33,800
Someone who could Rebel if 
sufficiently provoked, a Tudor 

1784
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:36,000
courtier dependent on Royal 
favor for wealth. 

1785
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:40,200
And position was a servant, 
however, exalted his title, The 

1786
01:32:40,200 --> 01:32:43,300
Great Nobel still had titles and
lands and still commanded 

1787
01:32:43,300 --> 01:32:45,900
respect. 
But they spent their time 

1788
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,400
competing for the monarchs 
attention at court rather than 

1789
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:51,500
raising armies in their home 
counties. 

1790
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:56,300
This centralization had Limits. 
The Tudors never created 

1791
01:32:56,300 --> 01:33:00,100
anything like a police force, 
local government, still depended

1792
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:02,900
on unpaid Justice of the Peace 
local. 

1793
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:05,800
Gentlemen, who enforced laws and
settled disputes in their 

1794
01:33:05,800 --> 01:33:08,800
communities. 
As a civic duty, the crown could

1795
01:33:08,800 --> 01:33:12,300
issue orders from London, but it
depended on local cooperation to

1796
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:14,700
carry them out. 
When Elizabeth's Government 

1797
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,900
tried to impose on popular 
policies, they often simply 

1798
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:21,100
didn't get enforced. 
Nobody rebelled, they just 

1799
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,100
quietly ignored instructions and
waited for the crown to lose 

1800
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:26,200
interest or move on to other 
concerns. 

1801
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:30,000
The religious settlement, under 
Elizabeth demonstrated, both the

1802
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:32,100
power and limits of Tudor 
Authority. 

1803
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:35,600
She wanted a moderate Protestant
church that most people could 

1804
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:38,300
accept. 
She got laws establishing this 

1805
01:33:38,300 --> 01:33:41,000
church but she couldn't Force 
genuine belief. 

1806
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:46,200
Afflicts practiced, their faith,
secretly radical Protestants 

1807
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:49,200
pushed for further. 
Reforms Elizabeth's government 

1808
01:33:49,200 --> 01:33:52,000
prosecuted, the most obvious 
offenders but it couldn't 

1809
01:33:52,008 --> 01:33:53,600
police, everyone's private 
beliefs. 

1810
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:57,000
The settlement worked because 
most people went along with it 

1811
01:33:57,000 --> 01:34:01,400
publicly regardless of what they
believed, privately the Stuart 

1812
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:03,500
Kings who followed Elizabeth 
made a critical mistake. 

1813
01:34:03,500 --> 01:34:06,600
They believed their own 
propaganda about Divine, Right? 

1814
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,200
Monarchy. 
James, the first and his son 

1815
01:34:09,200 --> 01:34:11,900
Charles the first thought Kings 
answered. 

1816
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:15,200
Only to God, not to Parliament, 
or law or custom. 

1817
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:18,000
Unfortunately for them. 
They lived in England where 

1818
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,900
Parliament and law and custom 
had been accumulating power for 

1819
01:34:21,900 --> 01:34:25,300
four centuries and weren't about
to surrender that power without 

1820
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:27,300
a fight. 
You're watching the House of 

1821
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:31,500
Commons in 1642 and the 
atmosphere is electric with 

1822
01:34:31,500 --> 01:34:34,400
tension. 
Parliament has been battling 

1823
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:37,800
Charles, the first for years, 
over money religion and power. 

1824
01:34:37,800 --> 01:34:41,800
The king keeps trying to rule 
without Parliament imposing 

1825
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:45,300
taxes by Royal Decree, 
imprisoning critics without 

1826
01:34:45,300 --> 01:34:49,200
trial and enforcing religious 
uniformity through courts. 

1827
01:34:49,200 --> 01:34:52,600
That bypass common law 
Parliament keeps insisting on 

1828
01:34:52,608 --> 01:34:56,500
its traditional rights and 
privileges control over taxation

1829
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:59,200
protection. 
From arbitrary arrest, and 

1830
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:02,600
religious reform. 
Neither side will compromise. 

1831
01:35:02,600 --> 01:35:06,200
And the kingdom is sliding, 
inexorably towards Civil War. 

1832
01:35:06,200 --> 01:35:09,900
What follows is genuinely 
revolutionary, though, the 

1833
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:12,400
Revolutionary themselves, don't 
see it that way, initially. 

1834
01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:16,500
Parliament, raises an Army 
against the king, claiming their

1835
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:18,900
defending English Liberties 
against tyranny. 

1836
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:24,000
They fight a civil war that 
lasts from 1642 to 1646 with 

1837
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:27,000
battles at Edgehill master and 
may be that killed. 

1838
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:30,500
Thousands Parliament wins 
captures the king tries to 

1839
01:35:30,508 --> 01:35:34,000
negotiate fails and then faces a
terrible question. 

1840
01:35:34,000 --> 01:35:37,200
What do you do with a king who 
won't accept limits on his 

1841
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,900
power? 
The answer reached after 

1842
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:45,200
agonizing debate is to put him 
on trial in 1649, Charles, the 

1843
01:35:45,200 --> 01:35:48,600
first stands before a specially 
created court, and here's 

1844
01:35:48,600 --> 01:35:51,100
himself, accused of treason 
against his own kingdom. 

1845
01:35:51,100 --> 01:35:55,100
He refuses to recognize the 
courts Authority refuses to 

1846
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:58,000
plead. 
And insist that kings are 

1847
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:02,200
accountable only to God, The 
court finds him guilty anyway 

1848
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:04,700
and sentences him to death on a 
cold. 

1849
01:36:04,700 --> 01:36:07,100
January morning, Charles steps 
through a window of the 

1850
01:36:07,108 --> 01:36:11,200
banqueting house in Whitehall 
onto a scaffold says a few words

1851
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:15,100
to the crowd and places his head
on the Block for the first time 

1852
01:36:15,100 --> 01:36:18,000
in English History. 
The people or at least the armed

1853
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,500
representatives of some of the 
people have formally rejected, 

1854
01:36:21,500 --> 01:36:24,600
the principle that kings are 
above law, the Republic that 

1855
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:28,000
follows led by Oliver Cromwell 
is short-lived and unpopular 

1856
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:30,900
turns out that military 
dictatorship is even less 

1857
01:36:30,900 --> 01:36:34,400
appealing than monarchy. 
When the dictator closest 

1858
01:36:34,400 --> 01:36:38,600
theaters bands, Christmas 
celebrations, prohibits dancing,

1859
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:42,300
and most forms of entertainment.
And generally tries to enforce 

1860
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:45,000
Puritan morality on an unwilling
population. 

1861
01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:47,400
Cromwell rules, effectively 
enough. 

1862
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:51,700
He conquers Island and Scotland 
wins a war with the Dutch and 

1863
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,300
makes England feared abroad. 
But he can't create legitimate 

1864
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:57,300
institutions to replace the 
ones. 

1865
01:36:57,300 --> 01:37:02,600
He destroyed when Cromwell dies 
in 1658, his son, briefly takes 

1866
01:37:02,600 --> 01:37:07,000
over fails to command military 
loyalty and within two years in 

1867
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:10,500
England, has invited Charles the
Second Son of the executed King 

1868
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:13,200
to return from Exile and take 
the throne. 

1869
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:16,900
But the crown that Charles the 
second receives is fundamentally

1870
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:18,700
different from the one his 
father lost. 

1871
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:23,100
Everyone understands now that 
monarchs rule with parliament's 

1872
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:27,300
consent not by Divine Right 
alone Charles's careful not to 

1873
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,500
push too hard accepting 
parliament's authority over 

1874
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:33,400
taxation, avoiding 
controversial, religious 

1875
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:36,400
policies and generally trying to
keep everyone happy. 

1876
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:41,000
The balance of power has shifted
permanently even if nobody wants

1877
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:45,100
to admit it to explicitly. 
Kings can still make decisions, 

1878
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:49,200
appointment ministers and 
conduct foreign policy, but they

1879
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:53,000
need parliament's cooperation 
for money and legitimacy James. 

1880
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:57,100
The second who succeeded his 
brother in 1685, either didn't 

1881
01:37:57,100 --> 01:38:00,700
understand this or didn't care. 
He was Catholic in a Protestant 

1882
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,700
Kingdom authoritarian in a 
country that had learned to 

1883
01:38:03,700 --> 01:38:07,300
resist authoritarianism and 
absolutely convinced of his 

1884
01:38:07,300 --> 01:38:10,300
divine right to rule, however, 
he pleased, he appointed 

1885
01:38:10,300 --> 01:38:13,500
Catholics to military commands 
and university positions 

1886
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:17,800
suspended laws against Catholic 
Worship and generally behaved as

1887
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:21,900
if Parliament didn't exist. 
Within three years, the 

1888
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:25,700
political class had had enough. 
Invited is Protestant daughter, 

1889
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:28,300
Mary and her Dutch husband, 
William to invading England, 

1890
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:32,400
save protestantism, and restore 
constitutional government. 

1891
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:36,500
This Glorious Revolution has it 
came to be called was actually 

1892
01:38:36,500 --> 01:38:39,900
more significant than the Civil 
War despite being less violent. 

1893
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:44,900
Nobody was executed, there was 
minimal fighting James simply 

1894
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:47,500
fled to France when he realized 
he had no support. 

1895
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:51,200
Allegedly throwing the Great 
Seal of England into the Thames.

1896
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:54,700
As he escaped Parliament, then 
invited William, and Mary to 

1897
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:57,400
become joint monarchs. 
But only after they agreed to 

1898
01:38:57,408 --> 01:39:01,200
specific conditions laid out in 
writing the Bill of Rights in 

1899
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:04,900
1689 formerly established that 
Parliament controlled taxation, 

1900
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:08,700
that election should be free and
that monarchs couldn't suspend 

1901
01:39:08,700 --> 01:39:11,400
laws or maintain standing armies
and peace time without 

1902
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:14,400
parliamentary consent. 
The message was unmistakable. 

1903
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:18,800
The crown served at parliament's
pleasure king's and queen's, 

1904
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:22,800
could still be influential could
still shape policy and could 

1905
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:26,500
still command respect and 
loyalty, but ultimate Authority 

1906
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:28,900
rested with the political Nation
represented. 

1907
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,700
In Parliament, the monks role 
was increasingly ceremonial and 

1908
01:39:32,700 --> 01:39:35,800
symbolic though it would take 
another Century for this to 

1909
01:39:35,800 --> 01:39:38,600
become fully. 
Clear to everyone involved by 

1910
01:39:38,600 --> 01:39:42,300
the 1700s England. 
Now, officially Great Britain. 

1911
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:46,300
After the union with Scotland in
1707 had developed something 

1912
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:49,900
unique in Europe. 
A constitutional monarchy where 

1913
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:53,700
Parliament held real power but 
the crown remained Central to 

1914
01:39:53,700 --> 01:39:57,200
political legitimacy. 
It was a strange hybrid that 

1915
01:39:57,200 --> 01:40:00,600
worked better in practice than 
in theory and it would serve as 

1916
01:40:00,600 --> 01:40:03,000
a model for other nations, 
trying to balance traditional 

1917
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:06,900
Authority, with representative 
government, your observing the 

1918
01:40:06,900 --> 01:40:10,700
government of Robert Walpole in 
the 1730s and you'd be forgiven 

1919
01:40:10,700 --> 01:40:14,100
for being confused about who's 
actually in charge technically 

1920
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:16,500
King George. 
The first is the monarch, the 

1921
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:19,700
source of all legitimate 
Authority and the person in 

1922
01:40:19,700 --> 01:40:23,100
whose name laws are passed and 
Wars, are fought, but George 

1923
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:26,400
barely speaks English. 
Having grown up in Germany, and 

1924
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:29,300
he's not particularly interested
in British politics Beyond 

1925
01:40:29,300 --> 01:40:33,100
ensuring, he receives his income
and isn't bothered with details,

1926
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,900
real power rests with Walpole, 
who serves as first Lord of the 

1927
01:40:36,908 --> 01:40:40,400
treasury and manages the House 
of Commons through a combination

1928
01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:44,400
of patronage persuasion and 
careful Coalition building. 

1929
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:47,400
This is the birth of the Prime 
Minister though. 

1930
01:40:47,400 --> 01:40:50,700
That title Isn't official yet 
and Walpole would deny he holds 

1931
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:54,200
any such position. 
What he's done is demonstrate 

1932
01:40:54,200 --> 01:40:56,100
that it's possible to run the 
government. 

1933
01:40:56,100 --> 01:41:00,700
While the Monarch does something
else entirely George the first 

1934
01:41:00,700 --> 01:41:04,200
attend cabinet meetings, early 
in his Reign, then stops 

1935
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:05,700
bothering. 
When it becomes clear, the 

1936
01:41:05,700 --> 01:41:09,100
discussions are conducted in 
English and deal with matters. 

1937
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:11,900
He doesn't understand or care 
about his son. 

1938
01:41:11,908 --> 01:41:14,500
George the second is more 
engaged, but still largely 

1939
01:41:14,500 --> 01:41:18,000
leaves policy to his ministers. 
Intervening occasionally on 

1940
01:41:18,000 --> 01:41:21,100
matters, he cares about, but 
accepting that day-to-day 

1941
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:24,400
governance is beyond his 
interests or expertise the 

1942
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:27,400
arrangement works because it 
satisfies, everyone's needs. 

1943
01:41:28,200 --> 01:41:32,600
The monarchy provides continuity
symbolism and legitimacy without

1944
01:41:32,600 --> 01:41:35,100
having to make difficult 
day-to-day decisions. 

1945
01:41:35,100 --> 01:41:38,300
That might prove unpopular, 
Parliament gets to control 

1946
01:41:38,300 --> 01:41:41,100
policy and Taxation. 
Ministers, can govern 

1947
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:44,400
effectively without worrying 
about Royal interference or 

1948
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,100
having to explain every detail 
to someone who might not 

1949
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:51,000
understand the context and the 
public, or at least the small 

1950
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:54,500
fraction of the public who can 
vote has Representatives who 

1951
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:57,300
theoretically speak for them and
protect their interests. 

1952
01:41:57,300 --> 01:42:01,800
George, the third who came to 
the throne in 1760 tried to 

1953
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:05,100
reassert, Royal influence 
appointing, ministers based on 

1954
01:42:05,108 --> 01:42:08,200
personal preference, rather than
parliamentary support. 

1955
01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:12,200
This created constitutional 
crisis, and political chaos, 

1956
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,300
with governments falling every 
few months as the King and 

1957
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:19,000
Parliament, battled for control 
it contributed to the loss of 

1958
01:42:19,000 --> 01:42:22,000
the American colonies who 
rebelled partly because they 

1959
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:24,000
objected to what they saw as 
tyrannical. 

1960
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:28,000
Royal power unchecked by 
representative government, the 

1961
01:42:28,000 --> 01:42:30,600
American Revolution taught 
Britain an important lesson 

1962
01:42:31,400 --> 01:42:33,600
trying to govern without consent
of the governed. 

1963
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:38,100
Even in the limited 18th century
sense of governed didn't work 

1964
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:42,400
and could lead to catastrophic 
losses by the early 1800s, the 

1965
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:45,500
pattern was set. 
Monarchs could have opinions 

1966
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:48,800
could try to influence policy 
and could select ministers. 

1967
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:51,700
They liked, but they couldn't 
govern against parliament's 

1968
01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:55,300
wishes for any extended period. 
When William, the fourth tried 

1969
01:42:55,300 --> 01:42:59,500
to dismiss a popular government,
in 1834 appointing Ministers of 

1970
01:42:59,508 --> 01:43:02,500
his own choosing, the new 
government, simply lost the next

1971
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:06,100
election badly, the king had to 
accept back the ministers, he 

1972
01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:09,600
dismissed, and from that point 
forward, no Monarch seriously 

1973
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,800
attempted to govern against 
parliamentary, majorities the 

1974
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:17,100
Reform Act of 1832 expanded, the
franchise and redistributed 

1975
01:43:17,100 --> 01:43:20,300
parliamentary seats, making the 
House of Commons more 

1976
01:43:20,300 --> 01:43:24,200
representative of urban 
industrial, Britain, rather than

1977
01:43:24,200 --> 01:43:27,900
rural Estates control by 
Aristocrats this further, 

1978
01:43:27,900 --> 01:43:31,000
reduced, Royal influence because
Parliament, now, represented 

1979
01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:33,800
broader interest that the crown 
couldn't control through 

1980
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:37,200
traditional patronage democracy 
was still limited. 

1981
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:41,300
Only about one in five, adult 
men could vote and women were 

1982
01:43:41,300 --> 01:43:45,500
entirely excluded but the 
Direction of change was clear. 

1983
01:43:46,600 --> 01:43:50,100
Power was flowing steadily 
toward elected representatives 

1984
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,600
and away from hereditary 
authorities. 

1985
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:57,200
Victoria who became Queen in 
1837 at age. 18 had strong 

1986
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,400
opinions about politics and 
wasn't shy, about expressing 

1987
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,400
them to her ministers. 
She loved some prime ministers, 

1988
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:06,800
particularly the Charming 
conservative Benjamin Disraeli, 

1989
01:44:06,800 --> 01:44:10,700
and thoroughly, disliked others,
especially the liberal William 

1990
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:14,000
Gladstone, but she understood 
the Constitutional reality. 

1991
01:44:14,000 --> 01:44:18,000
She could advise encourage and 
warn but she couldn't actually 

1992
01:44:18,000 --> 01:44:20,800
make policy when her beloved 
husband. 

1993
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:25,600
Albert died in 1861, she 
withdrew from public life, for 

1994
01:44:25,600 --> 01:44:28,900
years dressed in black mourning 
clothes for the rest of her 

1995
01:44:28,900 --> 01:44:32,400
life, and the government can 
continue to function perfectly 

1996
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:34,900
well, without her active 
participation. 

1997
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:39,100
This proof something important, 
the monarchy was no longer 

1998
01:44:39,100 --> 01:44:42,300
essential to day-to-day 
governance, the development of 

1999
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:45,200
political parties, formalized, 
the separation of crown and 

2000
01:44:45,200 --> 01:44:48,300
government. 
But the mid-1800s two organized 

2001
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:52,500
party is Whigs and tories later,
liberals and conservatives 

2002
01:44:52,500 --> 01:44:56,200
competed for control of 
parliament, the Queen's role in 

2003
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:58,600
selecting a prime minister 
became purely ceremonial. 

2004
01:44:58,600 --> 01:45:02,500
She appointed whoever commanded 
majority support in the Commons.

2005
01:45:02,500 --> 01:45:06,300
If an election produced a clear 
winner, she had no choice. 

2006
01:45:06,300 --> 01:45:10,800
If the result was ambiguous, she
might exercise judgment, but 

2007
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:13,900
always within narrow bounds, 
defined by parliamentary 

2008
01:45:13,900 --> 01:45:17,200
arithmetic. 
The British Empire complicated. 

2009
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:21,200
This constitutional Evolution 
Victoria was proclaimed, Empress

2010
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:25,000
of India in 1876 ruling over 
millions of subjects, who had no

2011
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:29,500
vote, no representation, and no 
say in how they were governed, 

2012
01:45:29,500 --> 01:45:32,500
the monarchy served different 
functions in different parts of 

2013
01:45:32,500 --> 01:45:37,100
the Empire, constitutional and 
limited in Britain Imperial and 

2014
01:45:37,100 --> 01:45:40,200
authoritarian in India. 
This contradiction would 

2015
01:45:40,200 --> 01:45:43,400
eventually contribute to the 
Empire's dissolution but in the 

2016
01:45:43,408 --> 01:45:47,100
short term it gave the monarchy 
renewed importance as a symbol 

2017
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:50,400
of Imperial Unity by the late 
1800s. 

2018
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:53,500
The British Monarchy had 
completed its transformation 

2019
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:57,100
from a source of political power
to assemble of national 

2020
01:45:57,100 --> 01:46:00,100
continuity. 
This might sound like a demotion

2021
01:46:00,100 --> 01:46:03,600
but it turned out to be crucial 
for the institutions of survival

2022
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:06,700
Monarch, who no longer made 
controversial political 

2023
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:08,800
decision's, couldn't be blamed 
for policy. 

2024
01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:12,700
Failures couldn't alienate half 
the population and couldn't 

2025
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:15,300
become targets for revolution 
the way Kings elsewhere. 

2026
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:18,800
In Europe were you're watching 
Victoria's Diamond, Jubilee in 

2027
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:23,800
1897 celebrating 60 years. 
On the throne, the entire 

2028
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:25,500
British Empire has sent 
Representatives. 

2029
01:46:25,500 --> 01:46:30,000
The parade includes soldiers 
from India in turbines Canadian 

2030
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:34,200
mounties Australian Cavalry, an 
African Colonial troops. 

2031
01:46:34,200 --> 01:46:37,900
All parts of a global Empire 
that Victoria theoretically 

2032
01:46:37,900 --> 01:46:41,700
rules but never actually governs
in any practical sense. 

2033
01:46:41,700 --> 01:46:45,400
She's an elderly woman in a 
black widow's weeds frail enough

2034
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:47,200
that she can't climb the steps 
of Saint. 

2035
01:46:47,200 --> 01:46:50,400
Paul's Cathedral, and has to 
receive a blessing while City in

2036
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:52,900
her carriage. 
Yet she's become something like 

2037
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:57,200
the grandmother of the nation 
respected and beloved precisely,

2038
01:46:57,200 --> 01:46:59,800
because she doesn't interfere 
with how the country is actually

2039
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,500
run. 
This symbolic role proved 

2040
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,300
surprisingly powerful. 
The Monarch could embody 

2041
01:47:05,300 --> 01:47:08,600
National Unity of political 
parties, could provide 

2042
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:12,000
continuity through changing 
governments and could represent 

2043
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:15,000
Britain to the world in ways 
that elected officials couldn't,

2044
01:47:15,000 --> 01:47:19,700
when Edward the seventh 
succeeded Victoria in 1901, he 

2045
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:23,400
became Britain's diplomatic face
in Europe using family 

2046
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,100
connections. 
He was related to half the 

2047
01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:29,500
crowned heads of Europe to 
smooth international relations 

2048
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:34,200
and conduct informal diplomacy. 
He had no power to make treaties

2049
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:37,100
or declare war but his 
conversations with foreign 

2050
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:39,900
monarchs helped these tensions 
and build relationships. 

2051
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,000
The first world war tested, the 
monarchy's symbolic importance, 

2052
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,600
George the Fifth Edward's son 
couldn't prevent the war 

2053
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:50,600
couldn't direct military 
strategy and couldn't make 

2054
01:47:50,600 --> 01:47:53,200
peace. 
Those decisions belong to 

2055
01:47:53,200 --> 01:47:56,700
elected officials and Military 
commanders, but he could visit 

2056
01:47:56,700 --> 01:47:59,800
troops at the front. 
Torn Munitions factories appear 

2057
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:03,600
at public events to boost morale
and provide a focal point for 

2058
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:06,800
National solidarity. 
He changed the Royal Family's 

2059
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,300
German surname. 
Sex kuber gotha to the English 

2060
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:13,600
sounding Windsor symbolically 
aligning, the monarchy with 

2061
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:17,100
British nationalism against 
German enemies when Revolution 

2062
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:20,800
Swept Away, the German Austrian 
and Russian monarchies during an

2063
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,200
after the war Britain survived 
partly because it had already 

2064
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:27,900
accepted constitutional limits. 
The Zara of Russia was an 

2065
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:31,300
absolute monarch Who Bore direct
responsibility for military 

2066
01:48:31,300 --> 01:48:35,600
defeats and political failures. 
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany had 

2067
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:39,300
real power over military 
appointments and strategy when 

2068
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:41,300
things went badly their Thrones 
went with them. 

2069
01:48:42,300 --> 01:48:44,400
George the 5th. 
Who had no such power. 

2070
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:46,800
Couldn't be blamed for the wars.
Hardships. 

2071
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:51,100
The monarchy became a source of 
stability during chaos rather 

2072
01:48:51,100 --> 01:48:53,200
than a target for revolutionary 
anger. 

2073
01:48:53,200 --> 01:48:57,800
The inter-war years, brought new
challenges, George the 5th had 

2074
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:00,600
to manage the political crisis 
when his government divided over

2075
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:04,900
economic policy in 1931, his 
role was purely procedural, 

2076
01:49:04,900 --> 01:49:08,300
ensuring that a government could
be formed in the Constitutional 

2077
01:49:08,300 --> 01:49:11,700
processes continued. 
But even this limited function 

2078
01:49:11,700 --> 01:49:15,300
was essential without the crown 
as a neutral Arbiter. 

2079
01:49:15,300 --> 01:49:18,400
Britain might have faced a 
constitutional collapse like 

2080
01:49:18,408 --> 01:49:20,500
those affecting other European 
nations. 

2081
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:24,100
The abdication crisis of 1936 
revealed. 

2082
01:49:24,100 --> 01:49:26,400
How thoroughly the monarchy had 
become a constitutional 

2083
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:30,800
Institution Edward the 8th 
wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, 

2084
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:34,700
an American divorcee. 
The government objected not 

2085
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:37,300
because they had any particular 
authority over the king's 

2086
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:40,300
personal life, but because the 
Scandal would damage, the 

2087
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:44,100
monarchy symbolic role at a time
when European democracy was 

2088
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:47,600
under threat from fascism. 
Edward could afford, could have 

2089
01:49:47,608 --> 01:49:50,500
tried to assert Royal 
Independence and could have 

2090
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:54,800
appealed to public opinion, but 
he understood the reality, a 

2091
01:49:54,800 --> 01:49:57,500
modern constitutional mono, 
couldn't rule against his 

2092
01:49:57,500 --> 01:50:01,000
government's advice, he 
abdicated, after less than a 

2093
01:50:01,000 --> 01:50:02,600
year. 
And his brother George, the 

2094
01:50:02,600 --> 01:50:07,200
sixth became king George the 
sixth shy and suffering. 

2095
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:08,800
From a stammer that made public 
speaking. 

2096
01:50:08,800 --> 01:50:12,900
Torture seemed like an unlikely 
symbol of British resistance to 

2097
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:16,600
Nazi Germany, during the second 
world war, he and his wife, 

2098
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:20,800
Elizabeth refused to leave 
London during the blitz visited,

2099
01:50:20,800 --> 01:50:24,000
bombed neighborhood, still 
smoking from night raids and 

2100
01:50:24,000 --> 01:50:26,100
generally embodied. 
The idea that Britain would 

2101
01:50:26,100 --> 01:50:28,000
endure, whatever Hitler threw at
it. 

2102
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:31,900
They had no military Authority. 
No power to make strategic 

2103
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:34,700
decisions and no control over 
resources. 

2104
01:50:35,900 --> 01:50:38,700
But their presence mattered in 
ways that purely practical 

2105
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:42,200
leadership couldn't achieve when
Buckingham Palace was bombed. 

2106
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:45,400
The queen famously said she was 
glad because now she could look 

2107
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,400
the East End in the face. 
Her home had suffered like 

2108
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:51,100
theirs. 
The war cemented, the monarchy's

2109
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,300
modern role, the royal family 
became a symbol of national 

2110
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:58,200
resistance and unity appearing 
on propaganda posters in 

2111
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:02,400
newsreels and at public events. 
But they exercised. 

2112
01:51:02,400 --> 01:51:05,500
No actual power. 
Churchill made the Strategic 

2113
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:08,700
decisions. 
Parliament voted the money and 

2114
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:10,300
Military. 
Commanders directed, the 

2115
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:13,500
fighting, The Crown's 
contribution was entirely 

2116
01:51:13,500 --> 01:51:18,000
symbolic but symbols matter, 
especially during existential 

2117
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:20,500
struggles. 
Elizabeth the second became 

2118
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:25,600
Queen in 1952 and reigned for 70
years presiding over the 

2119
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:28,200
complete transformation of 
Britain and its relationship 

2120
01:51:28,200 --> 01:51:31,200
with the world. 
Her Reign demonstrated both the 

2121
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:35,400
durability, and the limitations 
of constitutional monarchy in an

2122
01:51:35,400 --> 01:51:39,500
age of democracy, mass media, 
and rapidly changing social 

2123
01:51:39,500 --> 01:51:41,900
values. 
You're observing the Queen's 

2124
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:45,000
role in government and its both 
more and less than you might 

2125
01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:47,200
expect. 
She meets with the Prime 

2126
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:50,600
Minister every week when their 
both in London, a private 

2127
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:53,400
meeting with out staff, where 
the Prime Minister briefs are on

2128
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,400
government business and she 
offers whatever advise her 

2129
01:51:56,400 --> 01:52:00,000
Decades of experience suggested.
She receives government papers 

2130
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:03,800
in Redboxes, reads them 
carefully and his kept informed 

2131
01:52:03,800 --> 01:52:06,900
of all major decisions before 
there are announced publicly. 

2132
01:52:08,000 --> 01:52:10,700
She can offer advice based on 
having worked with 14. 

2133
01:52:10,700 --> 01:52:15,200
Prime, ministers from Churchill 
to trust but she makes no policy

2134
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:20,500
commands, no armies, and 
controls no budgets When she 

2135
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:23,500
delivers, the Queen's speech at 
the opening of parliament, she's

2136
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:26,800
reading words written by the 
government outlining plans. 

2137
01:52:26,800 --> 01:52:28,600
She may or may not personally 
support. 

2138
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:32,400
This complete separation of 
symbolic Authority from actual 

2139
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:34,900
power. 
Turned out to be the monarchy 

2140
01:52:34,900 --> 01:52:37,400
salvation. 
When governments made unpopular 

2141
01:52:37,400 --> 01:52:41,200
decisions, entering Wars, 
cutting services, raising taxes,

2142
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:43,600
implementing controversial, 
social policies. 

2143
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:47,800
The crown couldn't be blamed 
when political parties, battled 

2144
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:50,800
each other with increasing 
viciousness the Monarch remained

2145
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:53,600
Above The Fray, a neutral 
presence that belonged to 

2146
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:57,200
everyone the queen met with 
prime ministers from across the 

2147
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:00,200
political Spectrum from the 
conservative, Churchill to the 

2148
01:53:00,208 --> 01:53:03,300
labor, Wilson to the 
conservative Thatcher, to the 

2149
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:06,200
labor, Blair to the 
conservative, johnsson, and 

2150
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:09,600
maintained cordial working 
relationships, with all of them,

2151
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:11,800
regardless of her personal 
views, which she kept 

2152
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:14,900
scrupulously private. 
The monarchies rolled became 

2153
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:19,300
largely ceremonial and cultural.
State occasions, coronations 

2154
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:23,100
jubilees Royal weddings and 
state funerals provided 

2155
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:26,600
spectacle and tradition that 
connected, modern Britain to its

2156
01:53:26,600 --> 01:53:29,800
past the ceremony hasn't changed
much in centuries. 

2157
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:34,500
The same crown jewels were used 
the same oath sworn and the same

2158
01:53:34,500 --> 01:53:38,200
rituals before formed this 
continuity, gave many people a 

2159
01:53:38,200 --> 01:53:40,400
sense of stability in a rapidly 
changing world. 

2160
01:53:41,500 --> 01:53:43,900
Feeling that something endured 
while everything else. 

2161
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:47,700
Transformed the royal family 
became For Better or Worse 

2162
01:53:47,700 --> 01:53:51,000
celebrities, whose personalized 
generated endless public 

2163
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:54,600
interest in media coverage. 
This wasn't what medieval kings 

2164
01:53:54,600 --> 01:53:58,200
would recognize as power, but it
was a form of cultural influence

2165
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:02,700
that proved remarkably resilient
Royal weddings Drew millions of 

2166
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:06,200
viewers Royal scandals. 
Filled tabloid headlines for 

2167
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:08,900
months. 
The births of Royal babies were 

2168
01:54:08,900 --> 01:54:12,000
announced with traditional Canon
salutes and modern social media 

2169
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:14,300
posts. 
The monarchy had become 

2170
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:16,600
entertainment and traditional 
simultaneously. 

2171
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:20,300
The relationship between crown 
and democracy resolved itself 

2172
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:23,500
into a stable Arrangement, that 
satisfied, most people, most of 

2173
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:25,900
the time. 
Parliament, elected, by 

2174
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:28,900
Universal adult suffrage, from 
1928, onward. 

2175
01:54:28,900 --> 01:54:33,000
Held absolute legal Authority. 
The Prime Minister during 

2176
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:34,900
cabinet made all actual 
decisions. 

2177
01:54:34,900 --> 01:54:39,200
About policy spending War and 
Peace. but the Monarch provided 

2178
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:42,900
continuity that elected 
officials couldn't Symbolizing 

2179
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:45,700
the nation itself, rather than 
any particular party or 

2180
01:54:45,700 --> 01:54:49,100
government when elections 
produce new governments, the 

2181
01:54:49,100 --> 01:54:53,000
transition was smooth because 
the crown remained constant, the

2182
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,700
incoming prime minister went to 
the Palace kissed hands in an 

2183
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:58,800
ancient ceremony and became head
of government. 

2184
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:02,700
While the Monarch remained head 
of state Elizabeth's long Reign 

2185
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:05,400
saw the British Empire dissolve 
into a commonwealth of 

2186
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:08,700
independent nations, she 
remained queen of some of these 

2187
01:55:08,700 --> 01:55:11,800
nations, Canada, Australia, and 
New Zealand among others. 

2188
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:15,500
But only because they chose to 
keep her, not because Britain 

2189
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,100
could force them. 
Other former colonies became 

2190
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:21,100
republics and left the 
Commonwealth entirely or stated 

2191
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:22,200
in it. 
While dropping them on the 

2192
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:25,200
monarchy, the Queen's role in 
Commonwealth Nations was even 

2193
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,700
more symbolic than in Britain. 
The ceremonial link to 

2194
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,800
historical connections that some
people value and others 

2195
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:35,200
considered a colonial Remnant. 
The question of the monarchies 

2196
01:55:35,200 --> 01:55:39,000
future arose. 
Periodically after scandals or 

2197
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:42,800
during periods of social change 
opinion polls showed support for

2198
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:45,100
the institution remained 
relatively strong but 

2199
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:48,500
increasingly conditional on the 
monarchy behaving appropriately 

2200
01:55:48,500 --> 01:55:51,500
avoiding Scandal and not costing
too much. 

2201
01:55:51,500 --> 01:55:55,000
The monarchy survived partly 
through careful management of 

2202
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:57,900
its Public Image. 
Partly through the Queen's 

2203
01:55:57,900 --> 01:56:02,400
personal popularity over Decades
of dutiful service and partly. 

2204
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:04,900
Because replacing, it seemed 
more trouble than keeping. 

2205
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:10,300
It, Elizabeth death in 2022 at 
age, 96 and the accession of 

2206
01:56:10,300 --> 01:56:13,200
Charles, the Third demonstrated,
the monarchy's durability. 

2207
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,700
The transition was automatic 
requiring no election or 

2208
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:20,700
confirmation. 
Charles became king the instant 

2209
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:24,700
his mother died by operation of 
Law and constitutional custom 

2210
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:28,800
the Machinery of government. 
Didn't pause the symbolism 

2211
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:33,000
shifted to a new person but the 
institution persisted its 

2212
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:35,500
practices and limitations 
unchanged. 

2213
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,500
Here's what the long story of 
England's monarchy actually 

2214
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:43,700
reveals Authority is a story 
people agreed to believe The 

2215
01:56:43,700 --> 01:56:47,600
crown has no inherent power. 
It only has the power that law 

2216
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:50,000
and custom and Collective 
Agreement. 

2217
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:53,800
Give it what, changed over 1,000
years, wasn't the crown itself. 

2218
01:56:53,800 --> 01:56:58,400
But the story England told about
the crown and crucially, who got

2219
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:02,000
to tell that story, you're 
standing in Westminster Abbey, 

2220
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:04,800
where monarchs have been crowned
since William the Conqueror. 

2221
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:08,500
And you can see the layers of 
accumulated history, physically 

2222
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:12,400
present in the space, the chair 
used for coronation was built in

2223
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:16,200
1300, commissioned by Edward the
first to hold the stone of 

2224
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:18,700
scone. 
He'd stole in from Scotland, and

2225
01:57:18,700 --> 01:57:22,600
it still serves its purpose. 
More than 700 years later, the 

2226
01:57:22,600 --> 01:57:27,000
regalia, crowned SEPTA and orb 
combine medieval craftsmanship 

2227
01:57:27,000 --> 01:57:30,700
with modern symbolism. 
Some pieces date back centuries 

2228
01:57:30,700 --> 01:57:34,600
While others are relatively 
recent additions, the ceremony 

2229
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:39,000
itself mixes ancient ritual with
contemporary meaning creating a 

2230
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:42,000
sense that this moment connects 
to something larger than the 

2231
01:57:42,000 --> 01:57:45,800
present, this is what the 
monarchy became a repository of 

2232
01:57:45,800 --> 01:57:47,700
accumulated stories about 
nationhood. 

2233
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:52,000
Continuity and shared identity, 
the stories aren't necessarily 

2234
01:57:52,000 --> 01:57:55,300
accurate much of what we think 
of his ancient traditional was 

2235
01:57:55,300 --> 01:57:58,600
actually invented in the 
Victorian era when the monarchy 

2236
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:01,400
needed to reinvent itself for an
industrial age. 

2237
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:05,200
But that powerful because people
agree to treat them as 

2238
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:07,900
meaningful. 
The crown connects modern 

2239
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:12,600
Britain to Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
The Norman Conquest, devil law 

2240
01:58:12,600 --> 01:58:17,100
Tudor centralization, Stuart 
conflict, the Victorian Empire 

2241
01:58:17,100 --> 01:58:21,000
and 20th Century democracy, 
whether that connection is real 

2242
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:23,800
or imagined matters less than 
the fact that people believe it 

2243
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:27,100
and find Value in it. 
The genius of the British 

2244
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:30,200
constitutional monarchy is that 
it preserved the form of 

2245
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:32,700
kingship while draining it of 
arbitrary power. 

2246
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:36,300
This satisfied, conservative 
instincts for tradition and 

2247
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:39,400
continuity while allowing 
Progressive development of 

2248
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:43,000
democratic institutions. 
Instead of a revolution that 

2249
01:58:43,000 --> 01:58:46,500
Swept Away the old order, 
completely Britain experienced 

2250
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:49,700
an evolution that adapted old 
forms to new purposes. 

2251
01:58:50,600 --> 01:58:53,500
The result was stability that 
let other institutions to 

2252
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:55,300
develop without constant 
disruption. 

2253
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:58,500
Other countries tried different 
paths with varying success, 

2254
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:04,400
France executed its king in 1793
and became a republic then an 

2255
01:59:04,400 --> 01:59:07,700
Empire on the Napoleon. 
Then a constitutional monarchy 

2256
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:12,000
after his defeat then a 
republican in 1848 then an 

2257
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:14,800
Empire again. 
Under Napoleon the third, then 

2258
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:19,300
another Republic after 1870. 
Transition involved upheaval 

2259
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:23,800
violence and constitutional 
crisis, Germany unified under a 

2260
01:59:23,800 --> 01:59:27,300
powerful emperor in 1871 tried 
parliamentary democracy. 

2261
01:59:27,300 --> 01:59:30,300
After the first world war, 
suffered totalitarian 

2262
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:33,400
dictatorship under Hitler. 
Then split and eventually 

2263
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:37,300
reunified after the Cold War, 
Russia's czar's clung to 

2264
01:59:37,300 --> 01:59:41,600
absolute power until Revolution 
swept them away in 1917, leading

2265
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:44,300
to Communist dictatorship and 
everything that followed 

2266
01:59:44,300 --> 01:59:47,800
Britain's monarchy survived by 
surrendering power gradually 

2267
01:59:47,800 --> 01:59:52,100
reluctantly. 
But ultimately completely Each 

2268
01:59:52,100 --> 01:59:56,100
surrender made the institution 
safer, medieval kings, who 

2269
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:58,700
commanded armies. 
Could be overthrown by Rivals. 

2270
01:59:58,700 --> 02:00:01,700
Tudor monarchs who enforced 
religious Conformity. 

2271
02:00:01,700 --> 02:00:05,700
Created enemies, Stuart Kings, 
who claimed Divine Right? 

2272
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:08,700
Triggered Civil War, but 
constitutional Monarch, who, 

2273
02:00:08,708 --> 02:00:11,400
reigned without ruling? 
Who symbolized, without 

2274
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:13,500
commanding. 
Who embodied tradition? 

2275
02:00:13,500 --> 02:00:16,700
Without enforcing it. 
These monarchs were hard to 

2276
02:00:16,700 --> 02:00:19,700
oppose because they threatened, 
nobody's Freedom or welfare. 

2277
02:00:19,700 --> 02:00:24,800
The story isn't finished. 
Charles the Third became king in

2278
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:26,700
an era. 
When monarchy's sea, Marquez to 

2279
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:30,700
many people When the very idea 
of inherited privileged 

2280
02:00:30,700 --> 02:00:34,300
conflicts with democratic values
and when the Royal Family's 

2281
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:36,800
wealth and Status appear, 
increasingly difficult to 

2282
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:41,500
justify in a society that claims
to Value Merit and equality, the

2283
02:00:41,500 --> 02:00:44,300
monarchy's future depends on 
whether the stories it tells 

2284
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,500
about national identity, 
historical continuity, 

2285
02:00:47,500 --> 02:00:50,800
ceremonial dignity and 
charitable service. 

2286
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,200
Continued to resonate with 
enough, people to maintain the 

2287
02:00:54,200 --> 02:00:57,500
Collective Agreement that keeps 
the institution alive. 

2288
02:00:57,500 --> 02:01:01,300
What we can say is that 
England's monarchy succeeded by 

2289
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:05,200
becoming unnecessary when kings 
were essential when they LED 

2290
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:09,700
armies administered Justice made
laws and collected taxes. 

2291
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:13,900
Their power was so dangerous, 
arbitrary and often tyrannical 

2292
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:18,100
individual rulers, could be 
brilliant or incompetent just or

2293
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:22,400
cruel and wise, or foolish. 
And the Kingdom's fate depended 

2294
02:01:22,400 --> 02:01:26,000
on which you got like accepting 
constitutional limits and by 

2295
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:29,800
becoming symbolic rather than 
actual rulers, the crown 

2296
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:33,400
paradoxical became more stable 
and durable it, no longer 

2297
02:01:33,408 --> 02:01:35,600
threatens, anyone's Freedom, or 
welfare. 

2298
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:39,200
So there's less reason to 
abolish it, it provides symbolic

2299
02:01:39,200 --> 02:01:42,700
functions that some people value
without exercising power, that 

2300
02:01:42,700 --> 02:01:46,000
might provoke resistance. 
The long story of England told 

2301
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:49,500
through its monarchs is really a
story of how Society is 

2302
02:01:49,500 --> 02:01:53,800
organized power, how they Create
legitimacy and how they balance 

2303
02:01:53,800 --> 02:01:57,200
continuity with. 
Change the crown began as 

2304
02:01:57,200 --> 02:02:00,700
something seized by force from 
rival claimants became something

2305
02:02:00,700 --> 02:02:04,600
inherited by custom within royal
families and something limited 

2306
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,600
by law and precedent, then 
something shared with 

2307
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:11,500
parliamentary institutions and 
finally, something purely 

2308
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:15,200
symbolic that represents without
ruling each transformation 

2309
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:18,400
preserved, the institutional 
while fundamentally changing 

2310
02:02:18,400 --> 02:02:21,800
what it meant and how it 
functioned The relationship 

2311
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:25,100
between physical spaces and 
Royal Authority changed 

2312
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:29,500
dramatically over the 1000 year 
journey, early Saxon Kings ruled

2313
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:32,900
from wherever they happen to be.
There are Authority existing in 

2314
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:35,100
their person rather than in any 
building. 

2315
02:02:35,900 --> 02:02:39,200
Norman and medieval King's 
Castle's that projected power 

2316
02:02:39,200 --> 02:02:43,000
through stonewalls and military 
force Tudor, monarchs created 

2317
02:02:43,000 --> 02:02:47,000
bureaucracies that governed from
offices in Westminster. modern, 

2318
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:50,900
monarchs inhabit palaces that a 
museums and symbolic spaces, 

2319
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:54,400
rather than centers of actual 
power, the buildings remain 

2320
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:57,800
carefully preserved but their 
function has shifted from 

2321
02:02:57,800 --> 02:03:02,100
practical to ceremonial the 
story of documents parallels. 

2322
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:07,100
This Evolution early law existed
in memory and custom transmitted

2323
02:03:07,100 --> 02:03:10,600
orally and enforced. 
Personally, the development of 

2324
02:03:10,600 --> 02:03:14,000
written law from Magna Carta to 
the Bill of Rights to countless 

2325
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:17,500
acts of Parliament. 
Created Authority that existed 

2326
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:21,300
on parchment and paper 
independent of any individual, 

2327
02:03:21,300 --> 02:03:24,300
the monarchs role gradually 
became defined by these 

2328
02:03:24,300 --> 02:03:27,700
documents, rather than by 
personal power today, the 

2329
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:31,100
monarchs powers are almost 
entirely formal defined by 

2330
02:03:31,108 --> 02:03:34,600
constitutional conventions, that
aren't even written down but 

2331
02:03:34,600 --> 02:03:38,300
exists, a shared understandings 
about how things should work as 

2332
02:03:38,300 --> 02:03:42,100
you drift towards sleep. 
Consider this Every stable 

2333
02:03:42,100 --> 02:03:45,400
system of government is built on
Collective stories about who was

2334
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:50,100
Authority and why those stories 
change slowly adapting to new 

2335
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:53,800
circumstances while maintaining 
enough continuity that people 

2336
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:55,800
can recognize the cells in the 
tradition. 

2337
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:59,700
England's, monarchy survived a 
thousand years not because kings

2338
02:03:59,700 --> 02:04:02,700
were powerful, but because the 
kingdom learned to constrain 

2339
02:04:02,700 --> 02:04:06,200
power, while preserving the 
ceremonies and symbols that make

2340
02:04:06,200 --> 02:04:09,800
Authority, feel legitimate, the 
crown endures as a reminder, 

2341
02:04:09,808 --> 02:04:12,700
that sometimes the most durable 
institutions, are those that 

2342
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:17,600
learn to yield rather than break
to adapt rather than resist and 

2343
02:04:17,600 --> 02:04:21,600
to symbolize rather than command
what began as the personal 

2344
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:23,700
authority of Warlords. 
Who could gather armed 

2345
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,900
followers, became the 
Constitutional authority of a 

2346
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:31,500
state that governs through laws 
custom and Democratic consent. 

2347
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:35,200
The crown remained constant 
through this transformation but 

2348
02:04:35,200 --> 02:04:39,900
everything it meant changed that
Paradox continuity, through 

2349
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,900
change might Be the most English
thing of all and perhaps the 

2350
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:47,800
real secret of the monarchy 
survival, the accumulated story 

2351
02:04:47,800 --> 02:04:49,900
matters, more than any 
individual chapter. 

2352
02:04:50,600 --> 02:04:54,100
No single king or queen created,
the modern constitutional 

2353
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:58,800
monarchy it emerged from 
centuries of conflict compromise

2354
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:02,600
and gradual Evolution the 
institution learned from each 

2355
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:06,600
crisis adapted to each Challenge
and survived by becoming 

2356
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,600
something different while 
remaining recognizably the same 

2357
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:14,100
that long slow transformation 
from power to symbol from 

2358
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,000
command to ceremony from ruling 
to reigning. 

2359
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:21,000
That's the story of England's 
crown and in many ways the story

2360
02:05:21,000 --> 02:05:31,100
of England itself. 
Imagine living in a world where 

2361
02:05:31,100 --> 02:05:33,300
nobody really agreed on how to 
figure out what was true. 

2362
02:05:33,300 --> 02:05:37,100
Not just disagreeing about the 
facts that happens all the time,

2363
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,400
but fundamentally disagreeing 
about the process itself. 

2364
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:43,600
Should you trust your senses or 
are they lying to you? 

2365
02:05:43,600 --> 02:05:46,800
Should you rely on logic and 
Mathematics or should you look 

2366
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:49,800
at the actual world around you? 
Can you even trust that the 

2367
02:05:49,800 --> 02:05:53,200
world around you is real? 
This was Greece in the 5th 

2368
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:56,400
Century BC and it was having 
something like an intellectual 

2369
02:05:56,400 --> 02:05:59,000
identity crisis. 
For most of human history. 

2370
02:05:59,000 --> 02:06:01,600
People had explained the world 
through stories about gods and 

2371
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:04,200
heroes. 
Thunder wasn't a meteorological 

2372
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:06,500
phenomenon. 
It was Zeus, having a bad day 

2373
02:06:06,500 --> 02:06:09,300
disease, wasn't about germs and 
immune systems. 

2374
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:12,000
It was divine punishment or 
maybe a curse from that neighbor

2375
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:13,500
who gave you the evil eye last 
Tuesday. 

2376
02:06:14,500 --> 02:06:17,600
But then something remarkable 
happened a group of people in 

2377
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:20,000
the Greek world started asking a
revolutionary question. 

2378
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:23,500
What if we could understand the 
world without resorting to 

2379
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:26,800
Supernatural explanations? 
What if there were natural 

2380
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,000
causes for natural effects? 
What If instead of just 

2381
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:32,800
accepting that things happen 
because the gods will it, we 

2382
02:06:32,800 --> 02:06:34,600
could actually figure out how 
the world works. 

2383
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:38,300
These early thinkers, we call 
them the pre-socratics because 

2384
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,800
they came before Socrates which 
is a bit like calling everyone 

2385
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,900
who lived before Shakespeare, 
appreciate experience came up 

2386
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:47,500
with wildly different theories, 
daily thought. 

2387
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:51,000
Everything was made of water. 
Her a clitoris believed. 

2388
02:06:51,000 --> 02:06:54,000
Everything was constantly 
changing like a river. 

2389
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:57,600
You can never step in twice 
hermani argued the opposite. 

2390
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,100
That change was an illusion and 
reality was actually perfectly 

2391
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,400
still and unchanging. 
You can imagine how confusing 

2392
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:06,700
this must have been for regular 
people trying to live their 

2393
02:07:06,700 --> 02:07:08,600
lives. 
One philosopher tells you 

2394
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:11,500
everything is water. 
Another says, everything is fire

2395
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:14,800
and a third insist that motion 
is impossible and you're not 

2396
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:18,300
really walking to the market. 
You just think you are, it was 

2397
02:07:18,300 --> 02:07:20,600
like having too many fortune 
cookies with contradictory 

2398
02:07:20,600 --> 02:07:22,600
advice. 
Except these philosophers were 

2399
02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:24,800
dead serious, and would debate 
these points for hours. 

2400
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:28,500
Then came Socrates wandering 
around Athens. 

2401
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:30,900
Like that Uncle, who asks 
uncomfortable questions at 

2402
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:33,500
family. 
Dinners, Socrates didn't claim 

2403
02:07:33,500 --> 02:07:35,800
to know anything. 
In fact, his whole thing was 

2404
02:07:35,800 --> 02:07:38,700
admitting he knew nothing which 
somehow made him wiser than 

2405
02:07:38,700 --> 02:07:41,800
everyone else, his method was to
ask questions until people 

2406
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:43,900
realized, they didn't actually 
understand the things. 

2407
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:46,800
They thought they understood 
this made him simultaneously the

2408
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,300
most important philosopher in 
Athens and probably the most 

2409
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:54,000
annoying person at parties. 
Socrates had a brilliant student

2410
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:56,200
named Plato. 
Who took his teachers question 

2411
02:07:56,200 --> 02:08:00,000
asking method and built an 
entire philosophical system 

2412
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,300
around it. 
Plato believed that the world we

2413
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:04,200
see around us is just Shadows on
a cave. 

2414
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:07,900
Wall imperfect copies of perfect
forms that exist in some higher 

2415
02:08:07,900 --> 02:08:09,700
realm that chair you're setting 
on. 

2416
02:08:09,700 --> 02:08:13,300
It's just a flawed imitation of 
the perfect form of chair Nest 

2417
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:15,000
that exists in the realm of 
fours. 

2418
02:08:15,000 --> 02:08:19,100
Plato's philosophy was 
beautiful, elegant and deeply 

2419
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:21,800
mathematical it appealed to 
people who like their truth, 

2420
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:25,000
pure abstract and divorced from 
the messy complication of 

2421
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:27,900
everyday reality. 
The physical world in Plato's 

2422
02:08:27,900 --> 02:08:31,100
view was just a distraction from
true knowledge, which could only

2423
02:08:31,100 --> 02:08:34,800
be found through pure reason and
contemplation, This was the 

2424
02:08:34,800 --> 02:08:37,500
intellectual world into, which 
Aristotle would be born. 

2425
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:41,100
A world where philosophers 
disagreed about everything, 

2426
02:08:41,100 --> 02:08:44,600
where the relationship between 
thought and reality was unclear.

2427
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:46,800
And when nobody had quite 
figured out how to 

2428
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:50,300
systematically study the natural
world, it was like the internet 

2429
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,000
before search engines, are a 
library where all the books were

2430
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:55,500
filed randomly. 
And nobody could agree on what 

2431
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,500
counts as a book. 
The Greeks had made tremendous 

2432
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:03,000
progress in mathematics, logic 
and abstract, thinking what they

2433
02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:06,000
needed was someone who could 
take all these brilliant ideas 

2434
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:08,700
and connect them to the actual 
observable World. 

2435
02:09:08,700 --> 02:09:11,700
They needed someone who could 
bridge the gap between pure 

2436
02:09:11,700 --> 02:09:14,600
philosophy and empirical 
observation between what we can 

2437
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:18,800
think and what we can see They 
were about to get exactly that 

2438
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:21,000
person, though. 
He would arrive from an 

2439
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:25,200
unexpected place, not from 
Athens itself but from the wild 

2440
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:30,900
Northern Frontier of the Greek 
world in 3084 BC e in a small 

2441
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:33,900
town called stagira on the 
Macedonian Peninsula. 

2442
02:09:33,900 --> 02:09:37,300
A child was born to a family 
that straddled Two Worlds. 

2443
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:42,100
His name was Aristotle Aristotle
is in Greek which means 

2444
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,100
something like the best purpose 
or excellent. 

2445
02:09:45,100 --> 02:09:49,300
End a name that turned out to be
remarkably prophetic even if his

2446
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:51,000
parents couldn't have known it 
at the time. 

2447
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:55,600
Aristotle's father nicomachus 
was the court physician to the 

2448
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:58,600
Macedonian King. 
This was no small thing. 

2449
02:09:59,300 --> 02:10:02,100
Imagine being the personal 
doctor to royalty in an era. 

2450
02:10:02,100 --> 02:10:05,900
When medicine was part science 
part, guesswork and part hoping 

2451
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,000
really hard that your treatments
worked before the patient died. 

2452
02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:11,100
Nicomachus. 
Apparently did well at it. 

2453
02:10:11,108 --> 02:10:14,000
Which suggests he had a 
combination of observational 

2454
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:17,900
skills, empirical knowledge and 
the bedside manner necessary to 

2455
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:21,500
keep nervous, monarchs calm. 
Growing up in a physician's 

2456
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:24,900
household, meant young Aristotle
was exposed to a very different 

2457
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:28,000
way of thinking than most Greek 
philosophers of his time while 

2458
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:30,400
Plato and his students, in 
Athens were debating abstract 

2459
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,400
forms and mathematical 
Perfection Aristotle was 

2460
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:37,200
probably watching his father, 
decked fish, examined symptoms, 

2461
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:40,200
and make careful notes about 
which treatments worked, and 

2462
02:10:40,200 --> 02:10:44,300
which ones didn't? 
This early exposure to empirical

2463
02:10:44,300 --> 02:10:47,300
observational to the idea that 
you learn by looking touching 

2464
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:50,600
measuring and recording would 
shape everything Aristotle. 

2465
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,500
Would later, do medicine in 
ancient Greece, wasn't about 

2466
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:55,400
applying perfect theoretical 
principles. 

2467
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:59,400
It was about noticing patterns 
testing treatments and learning 

2468
02:10:59,400 --> 02:11:02,300
from experience. 
It was messy practical and 

2469
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:06,400
grounded in the physical world. 
Tragically both of Aristotle's 

2470
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,400
parents died when he was young, 
probably around 10 years old. 

2471
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:13,600
This must have been devastating 
for the boy, but also set in 

2472
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:15,900
motion events that would change 
the course of intellectual 

2473
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:18,200
history. 
His Guardian, a man named 

2474
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,500
proximus took responsibility for
the orphaned child and 

2475
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:25,000
continued, his education. 
Young Aristotle grew up in 

2476
02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:28,500
Macedonia which was considered 
the Backwoods of the Greek 

2477
02:11:28,500 --> 02:11:30,600
World. 
Athenians looked down on 

2478
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:32,500
macedonians the way 
sophisticated. 

2479
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,100
Urbanites have always looked 
down on Rural populations. 

2480
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:38,600
They saw them as rough 
unsophisticated and not quite 

2481
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:40,900
civilized. 
The Macedonian accent was 

2482
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:42,900
apparently a source of mockery 
in Athens. 

2483
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:45,900
Like speaking with a strong 
Regional accent in a place that 

2484
02:11:45,900 --> 02:11:47,600
Prides itself on its 
sophistication. 

2485
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:50,800
But being from the provinces 
gave Aristotle. 

2486
02:11:50,800 --> 02:11:53,700
Something. 
Valuable a certain independence 

2487
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:55,800
from Athenian intellectual 
fashion. 

2488
02:11:55,800 --> 02:11:58,700
He wasn't raised in the Echo 
chamber of elite Athenian 

2489
02:11:58,700 --> 02:12:02,400
thought he'd seen how people 
lived in different places under 

2490
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:05,100
different systems. 
He'd been exposed to the 

2491
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:08,500
Practical empirical approach of 
medicine, rather than just the 

2492
02:12:08,500 --> 02:12:10,300
abstract reasoning of 
philosophy. 

2493
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,800
When Aristotle was 17 and age, 
when most of us were trying to 

2494
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:17,900
figure out who we were, and what
we wanted to do with our lives, 

2495
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:20,600
his Guardian made a decision, 
that would alter the course of 

2496
02:12:20,608 --> 02:12:23,300
philosophy forever. 
He sent the young man to Athens 

2497
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:27,000
to study at Plato's Academy, the
most prestigious philosophical 

2498
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:30,600
School in the Greek world. 
Imagine being a teenager from a 

2499
02:12:30,600 --> 02:12:33,300
small provincial Town arriving 
in Athens. 

2500
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:36,100
The intellectual and cultural 
capital of Greece. 

2501
02:12:36,100 --> 02:12:39,300
It would be like, moving from a 
rural town to the most exciting 

2502
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:41,700
City. 
You can think of except instead 

2503
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:44,800
of worrying about where the good
coffee shops, are you suddenly 

2504
02:12:44,800 --> 02:12:47,900
surrounded by the greatest minds
of the ancient world, debating 

2505
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:52,400
questions about the nature of 
reality Athens in the 360's BCE 

2506
02:12:52,400 --> 02:12:54,500
was extraordinary. 
It was recovering from the 

2507
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:56,900
devastating Peloponnesian War 
but still retained. 

2508
02:12:56,900 --> 02:12:59,500
Its status as the center of 
Greek intellectual life. 

2509
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:03,300
The Agora the marketplace wasn't
just where people bought 

2510
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:06,300
vegetables and sandals. 
It was where philosophers held 

2511
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:10,400
forth, where politicians debated
and were ideas collided and 

2512
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:15,000
combined in fascinating ways. 
Plato's Academy sat just outside

2513
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:18,600
the city walls in a growth, 
sacred to the hero Academia, 

2514
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,000
which is where we get the word 
Academy. 

2515
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:24,700
It wasn't a school in the way we
think of schools today with 

2516
02:13:24,700 --> 02:13:27,100
classrooms and curricula and 
final exams. 

2517
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:30,100
It was more like an advanced 
Research Institute crossed with 

2518
02:13:30,108 --> 02:13:33,300
a philosophical Monastery, where
brilliant people gathered to 

2519
02:13:33,300 --> 02:13:36,000
think debate and pursue 
knowledge for his own sake. 

2520
02:13:37,000 --> 02:13:40,300
Young Aristotle, arriving from 
Macedonia with his provincial 

2521
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:43,700
accent and his physician 
fathers, emphasis on observation

2522
02:13:43,700 --> 02:13:46,600
must have seemed a bit odd to 
the other students, but he had 

2523
02:13:46,600 --> 02:13:48,700
something. 
They lacked a mine that could 

2524
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:51,200
absorb and synthesize 
information, like a sponge 

2525
02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:53,300
absorbing water within a short 
time. 

2526
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:55,900
It became clear that this young 
man from The Province was 

2527
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:59,500
something special. 
You know how in University, some

2528
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,400
students just Coast through 
doing the minimum required to 

2529
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:05,700
get by While others become 
completely absorbed in their 

2530
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:07,700
studies. 
To the point where they forget 

2531
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:10,700
to eat or sleep Aristotle. 
Was definitely the second type 

2532
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:13,700
except more, so he didn't just 
study at Plato's Academy. 

2533
02:14:13,700 --> 02:14:16,700
He became its most brilliant and
ultimately most 

2534
02:14:16,700 --> 02:14:21,000
independent-minded student. 
Plato apparently called him, the

2535
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:24,400
mind of the school, which is 
High Praise from someone who 

2536
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:27,700
didn't hand out compliments 
lightly, but Plato called him 

2537
02:14:27,700 --> 02:14:31,900
the foal or the reader nicknames
that suggests Aristotle was 

2538
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:35,700
always reading, always learning,
always consuming knowledge, with

2539
02:14:35,700 --> 02:14:37,200
an appetite that probably 
worried. 

2540
02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:40,900
The academy is Librarians about 
the survival of their Scrolls 

2541
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:44,900
Aristotle, spent 20 years at the
Academy from age, 17 to 37. 

2542
02:14:44,900 --> 02:14:47,900
That's longer than many people 
spend in their entire 

2543
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:51,400
educational career today. 
Ancient philosophical, education

2544
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:54,900
wasn't like modern University 
where you take classes, write 

2545
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:57,200
papers and graduate after four 
years. 

2546
02:14:57,200 --> 02:14:59,900
It was more like a lifelong 
apprenticeship in thinking 

2547
02:14:59,900 --> 02:15:03,300
itself. 
During these years Aristotle of 

2548
02:15:03,300 --> 02:15:07,600
everything Plato had to teach, 
he learned about the forms of 

2549
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:11,200
the immortality of the soul, and
about mathematics as the key to 

2550
02:15:11,200 --> 02:15:14,300
understanding reality. 
He learned Socrates method of 

2551
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,800
questioning Plato's theory of 
knowledge, and the elaborate 

2552
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:20,500
philosophical system that Plato 
had built over his lifetime. 

2553
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:24,900
Something interesting was 
happening as Aristotle learned. 

2554
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,200
He was also beginning to 
disagree not in small ways. 

2555
02:15:28,200 --> 02:15:31,800
But fundamentally while Plato 
looked at a tree and saw an 

2556
02:15:31,800 --> 02:15:33,700
imperfect copy of the form of 
Trina's. 

2557
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:36,800
Existing in some perfect realm 
Aristotle, looked at a tree and 

2558
02:15:36,808 --> 02:15:40,500
thought this tree right here is 
real and worth studying for 

2559
02:15:40,500 --> 02:15:43,000
itself. 
This might not sound like a year

2560
02:15:43,000 --> 02:15:46,100
revolutionary Insight, but it 
was Plato's philosophy. 

2561
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:48,600
Essentially said that, the 
physical world was less real 

2562
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:52,500
less important and less worthy 
of study than the abstract realm

2563
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:55,100
of forms Aristotle. 
Was starting to think the 

2564
02:15:55,100 --> 02:15:57,900
opposite that you couldn't 
understand anything without 

2565
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,000
careful study of actual physical
things. 

2566
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,700
Imagine being a student whose 
growing convictions directly, 

2567
02:16:03,700 --> 02:16:06,500
contradict your revered. 
Teachers fundamental beliefs. 

2568
02:16:06,500 --> 02:16:08,800
It must have created 
considerable tension. 

2569
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:12,700
Plato had built his entire 
philosophical system on the idea

2570
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:16,100
that true knowledge comes from 
reason alone that the census 

2571
02:16:16,100 --> 02:16:19,700
deceivers and that the physical 
world is just Shadows on a cave 

2572
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:21,800
wall. 
And here was his best student 

2573
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:25,400
increasingly convinced that 
observation and empirical study 

2574
02:16:25,400 --> 02:16:29,400
were essential to understanding 
anything Aristotle began writing

2575
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:31,800
during this period though. 
Most of his early works are 

2576
02:16:31,800 --> 02:16:33,900
lost. 
What we do know is that he was 

2577
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:37,100
developing his own philosophical
positions often in direct 

2578
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:38,799
contradiction to Plato's 
teachings. 

2579
02:16:38,799 --> 02:16:41,600
There's a famous saying, 
attributed to Aristotle. 

2580
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:45,100
Plato is dear to me, but dearest
still is truth. 

2581
02:16:46,000 --> 02:16:49,000
Whether he actually said this or
not, it captures his attitude 

2582
02:16:49,000 --> 02:16:53,500
loyalty to his teacher, yes but 
greater loyalty to following 

2583
02:16:53,500 --> 02:16:56,900
arguments wherever they led the 
academy during these years was 

2584
02:16:56,900 --> 02:16:58,500
like an intellectual pressure 
cooker. 

2585
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:02,299
Students and teachers were 
debate for hours, testing ideas,

2586
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:05,900
against each other, looking for 
weaknesses in our arguments, and

2587
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:08,500
trying to build philosophical 
systems that could withstand 

2588
02:17:08,500 --> 02:17:11,000
scrutiny. 
It was mentally exhausting and 

2589
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:13,799
exhilarating an equal measure. 
Aristotle. 

2590
02:17:13,799 --> 02:17:17,200
Distinguished himself, not just 
by his intelligence, but by the 

2591
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:20,400
breadth of his interests while 
other students might focus 

2592
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:23,500
narrowly on one area of 
philosophy Aristotle, seemed 

2593
02:17:23,500 --> 02:17:26,900
interested in everything ethics.
Sure politics. 

2594
02:17:26,900 --> 02:17:29,500
Absolutely. 
The natural world. 

2595
02:17:29,500 --> 02:17:33,100
Fascinating poetry and drama. 
Why not? 

2596
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:35,400
He was developing into what we 
might call. 

2597
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:38,299
A polymath someone who is 
curiosity encompassed, the 

2598
02:17:38,299 --> 02:17:41,900
entirety of human knowledge. 
But there were Social Challenges

2599
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:45,299
too, Aristotle's, provincial 
background and his Macedonian 

2600
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:47,700
connections made him. 
Something of an outsider in 

2601
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:51,299
Athenian Society Athens. 
And Macedonia had complicated 

2602
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:54,000
relations. 
Sometimes allies sometimes 

2603
02:17:54,000 --> 02:17:56,299
Rivals. 
Always regarding each other with

2604
02:17:56,299 --> 02:17:57,900
a mixed of respect and 
suspicion. 

2605
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:01,200
Being Macedonian in Athens was 
like being permanently foreign, 

2606
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:05,500
never quite fitting in. 
No matter how long you stayed In

2607
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:09,900
347 BCE, after two decades at 
the Academy Plato died. 

2608
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:13,200
He was over 80 years old and had
shaped Western philosophy more 

2609
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:16,299
profoundly than perhaps any 
single person before, or since 

2610
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:19,900
his death left, a vacancy at the
head of the academy and many 

2611
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:24,299
people, probably, including 
Aristotle himself expected that 

2612
02:18:24,299 --> 02:18:26,700
the brilliant student would 
succeed his master. 

2613
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:30,400
But that's not what happened. 
The Academy's leadership chose 

2614
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:32,500
Plato's nephew specifics 
instead. 

2615
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:36,600
We can't know exactly why maybe 
Aristotle's disagreements with 

2616
02:18:36,608 --> 02:18:39,600
platonic Doctrine were already 
too well known maybe his 

2617
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:42,600
Macedonian background worked 
against him or maybe there were 

2618
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:45,700
personal factors will never 
understand what ever, the reason

2619
02:18:45,700 --> 02:18:48,600
Aristotle found himself passed 
over for the position. 

2620
02:18:48,600 --> 02:18:53,900
He'd spent 20 years preparing 
for So Aristotle, did what any 

2621
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:56,600
reasonable person would do, when
faced with professional 

2622
02:18:56,600 --> 02:19:00,900
disappointment, he left Athens 
entirely and began and entirely 

2623
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:03,700
new chapter of his life. 
He was 37 years old, 

2624
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:07,100
intellectually, mature, and 
ready to chart his own course. 

2625
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:09,400
What? 
He didn't know was that his best

2626
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,200
work still lay ahead of him. 
Leaving Athens after 20 years, 

2627
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:16,700
must have felt like leaving home
even if that home had never 

2628
02:19:16,700 --> 02:19:20,700
quite accepted you as family 
Aristotle, travel to ASOS A 

2629
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:23,500
small City on the coast of 
what's now turkey, where a 

2630
02:19:23,500 --> 02:19:25,700
former fellow student named 
hermia's ruled, as a local 

2631
02:19:25,700 --> 02:19:29,900
Tyrant, though, tyrant, in 
Greek, didn't necessarily mean, 

2632
02:19:29,900 --> 02:19:32,200
bad ruler. 
Just sold ruler. 

2633
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:35,500
Which shows you how differently 
ancient Greeks thought about 

2634
02:19:35,500 --> 02:19:38,700
political terminology? 
Asos, gave Aristotle something. 

2635
02:19:38,700 --> 02:19:41,700
He'd never really had before 
freedom, to pursue his own 

2636
02:19:41,700 --> 02:19:44,299
philosophical Vision without 
being in Plato Shadow. 

2637
02:19:44,299 --> 02:19:47,400
He established a small 
philosophical School, gathered 

2638
02:19:47,400 --> 02:19:50,400
students and began to seriously 
work out his own ideas. 

2639
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,400
It was like being a musician, 
who'd apprenticed with a master 

2640
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:56,600
of a 20 years and was finally 
ready to compose their own 

2641
02:19:56,600 --> 02:19:59,500
music. 
But Asos also gave Aristotle 

2642
02:19:59,500 --> 02:20:03,400
something unexpected. 
Love he, married Pythias, who 

2643
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:06,800
was either hermia's daughter, or
niece sources, disagree, and 

2644
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:09,600
ancient family trees on a 
touristy difficult to untangle. 

2645
02:20:09,600 --> 02:20:12,600
What we do know is that 
Aristotle seems to have 

2646
02:20:12,600 --> 02:20:15,800
genuinely loved her which is 
worth noting in a time when 

2647
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:18,800
philosophical marriages, were 
often more about a alliances 

2648
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:22,300
than affection. 
The couple had a daughter named 

2649
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:25,400
pythius Aristotle, would later, 
write about marriage and family 

2650
02:20:25,400 --> 02:20:28,300
life with the kind of nuanced 
understanding that suggest his 

2651
02:20:28,300 --> 02:20:31,500
own experience, informed his 
philosophy, he understood that 

2652
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,500
human flourishing wasn't just 
about abstract contemplation. 

2653
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:38,800
It was also about relationships 
love and the texture of daily 

2654
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:41,800
life. 
During his time in Asos and 

2655
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:45,200
later on the nearby Island of 
Lesbos Aristotle, began the 

2656
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:48,600
biological research that would 
occupy him for much of his life.

2657
02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:52,800
The Aegean Coast was perfect for
this tide pools full of sea 

2658
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:56,100
creatures forests with diverse 
plant life and Marine 

2659
02:20:56,100 --> 02:20:57,900
environments that changed with 
the seasons. 

2660
02:20:57,900 --> 02:21:01,700
It was a living laboratory and 
Aristotle approached it with the

2661
02:21:01,700 --> 02:21:04,500
systematic curiosity he'd 
inherited from his physician 

2662
02:21:04,500 --> 02:21:07,600
father. 
He would wade into tide pools 

2663
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,800
examining starfish, and sea, 
urchins with the focus of a 

2664
02:21:10,800 --> 02:21:14,600
modern marine biologist he 
dissected squid, studied, 

2665
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:17,900
dolphins and observed, how 
different fish species spawned. 

2666
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:22,400
He collected plants noted their 
characteristics and tried to 

2667
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:24,800
understand the patterns that 
connected different forms of 

2668
02:21:24,808 --> 02:21:27,500
life. 
It was Hands-On empirical work, 

2669
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:30,500
that would have made Plato, 
deeply uncomfortable, all these 

2670
02:21:30,500 --> 02:21:33,600
focus on the physical world. 
This belief that truth could be 

2671
02:21:33,600 --> 02:21:36,200
found by getting your feet wet 
and your hands dirty. 

2672
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:41,700
Aristotle was developing a 
method that combined observation

2673
02:21:41,700 --> 02:21:44,500
with logical analysis. 
You would look at many examples 

2674
02:21:44,500 --> 02:21:46,900
of something. 
Say, different types of fish 

2675
02:21:46,900 --> 02:21:51,000
notice their similarities and 
differences and then try to work

2676
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:53,000
out the principles. 
That explain these patterns. 

2677
02:21:53,000 --> 02:21:55,000
It was the beginning of what we 
now. 

2678
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:58,000
Call the scientific method, 
though, Aristotle would have 

2679
02:21:58,000 --> 02:21:59,600
just called it investigating 
nature. 

2680
02:22:00,600 --> 02:22:04,100
His biological observations, 
were remarkably accurate, he 

2681
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:06,600
correctly described the 
development of chick embryos 

2682
02:22:06,600 --> 02:22:10,400
inside eggs noted, that whales 
and dolphins are mammals rather 

2683
02:22:10,400 --> 02:22:13,500
than fish and documented 
hundreds of species with 

2684
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:15,200
Precision. 
That wouldn't be matched until 

2685
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:17,600
centuries. 
Later some of his observations 

2686
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:20,300
were so detailed that modern 
biologists who've gone back to 

2687
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:22,000
check have found them 
essentially correct. 

2688
02:22:22,900 --> 02:22:27,900
But then in 343 BCE Aristotle, 
received an invitation that 

2689
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:29,000
would change his life. 
Again. 

2690
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:32,300
Philip the second of Macedonia, 
remember that Kingdom in the 

2691
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:34,500
north that sophisticated 
Athenians looked down on. 

2692
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,300
Had a teenage son who needed to 
tutor, the son's name was 

2693
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,700
Alexander and Philip was willing
to pay handsomely for the best 

2694
02:22:41,700 --> 02:22:44,200
education money could buy for 
Aristotle. 

2695
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,300
This was both an opportunity and
a homecoming. 

2696
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:49,200
He would be returning to 
Macedonia, the land of his 

2697
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:52,100
childhood, but now, as a 
distinguished philosopher, 

2698
02:22:52,100 --> 02:22:55,500
rather than an orphaned boy, 
more importantly, he would have 

2699
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,300
the chance to shape the mind of 
a young prince who might someday

2700
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:01,700
rule Macedonia. 
Neither Philip nor Aristotle 

2701
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:04,000
could have imagined that this 
teenage student would become 

2702
02:23:04,000 --> 02:23:08,000
Alexander the Great conqueror of
the Persian Empire and creator 

2703
02:23:08,000 --> 02:23:10,000
of an Empire stretching from 
Greece to India. 

2704
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:14,100
But for three years in a quiet 
Grove in Macedonia, one of 

2705
02:23:14,100 --> 02:23:16,900
History's Greatest Minds taught 
one of History's greatest 

2706
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:20,900
conquerors. 
Picture this your Aristotle. 

2707
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:24,500
A 40 year old philosopher, who 
spent your entire adult life, 

2708
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:27,400
studying everything from ethics 
to zoology. 

2709
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:30,000
And now you've been hired to 
teach a headstrong. 

2710
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:33,200
Ambitious, 13 year old Prince, 
who's already been training with

2711
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:36,700
weapons and horses, whose grown 
up hearing stories of military 

2712
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:40,300
glory and who shows about as 
much interest in philosophical 

2713
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:43,400
contemplation is most teenagers 
show in eating vegetables. 

2714
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:49,600
The tutoring took place at Miser
a village in Macedonia where 

2715
02:23:49,600 --> 02:23:51,800
Philip had established. 
Something like a private school 

2716
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:54,400
for Alexander and a few select 
companions. 

2717
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:57,300
It was quieter than the Royal 
Court which was probably 

2718
02:23:57,300 --> 02:24:00,400
essential for any serious 
studying and it had the kind of 

2719
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:03,600
natural surroundings that 
Aristotle loved for observing 

2720
02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:07,300
and collecting specimens. 
What did Aristotle teach a 

2721
02:24:07,300 --> 02:24:10,300
future World Conqueror? 
We know, he introduced Alexander

2722
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:13,200
to home as Iliad which became 
the prince's favorite book. 

2723
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:17,500
Alexander reportedly slept with 
a copy under his pillow along 

2724
02:24:17,500 --> 02:24:20,200
with a dagger, which tells you 
something about his priorities. 

2725
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:22,700
The Iliad wasn't just 
entertainment. 

2726
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:26,400
It was a manual on honor glory, 
and what it meant to be a hero 

2727
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:29,500
in the Greek tradition, But 
Aristotle taught more than 

2728
02:24:29,508 --> 02:24:31,900
literature. 
He introduced Alexander to 

2729
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:35,700
philosophy science medicine and 
the Greek ideal of Education as 

2730
02:24:35,700 --> 02:24:38,000
forming. 
The complete person body, mind 

2731
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:39,700
and character all developed in 
harmony. 

2732
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:42,300
He encouraged the young, 
Prince's curiosity about the 

2733
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:45,600
natural world, his interest in 
different cultures and his 

2734
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:48,000
appreciation for knowledge of 
all kinds. 

2735
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:51,400
There's a wonderful image of 
Aristotle and his teenage 

2736
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,900
students Alexander and his 
companions. 

2737
02:24:54,900 --> 02:24:58,000
Walking through the countryside,
discussing philosophy, while 

2738
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,900
observing plants and animals, it
combines everything Aristotle, 

2739
02:25:01,900 --> 02:25:06,800
loved intellectual conversation,
empirical observation and the 

2740
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:09,500
belief that education happens 
best when you're actively 

2741
02:25:09,500 --> 02:25:12,200
engaged with the world rather 
than locked in a classroom. 

2742
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,300
Did Aristotle's teaching, 
actually, influence the man? 

2743
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:19,000
Alexander became. 
It's hard to say for certain 

2744
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:22,000
Alexander the Conqueror, who 
swept across. 

2745
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,700
Asia wasn't exactly practicing. 
The moderate contemplative life 

2746
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:29,200
that Aristotle advocated in his 
ethics, he was more interested 

2747
02:25:29,200 --> 02:25:32,300
in military Glory than 
philosophical wisdom, more 

2748
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:35,000
concerned with conquest and with
the careful observation of 

2749
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:37,400
nature. 
But there are hints of 

2750
02:25:37,408 --> 02:25:40,900
Aristotle's influence Alexander,
founded cities throughout his 

2751
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:42,800
Empire, and filled them with 
Greek culture. 

2752
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:46,900
Libraries theaters and schools. 
He collected Botanical and 

2753
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:49,800
Zoological specimens during his 
campaigns and sent them back to 

2754
02:25:49,800 --> 02:25:52,900
Aristotle, supporting his, 
former teachers, scientific 

2755
02:25:52,900 --> 02:25:55,200
research. 
He showed curiosity about the 

2756
02:25:55,200 --> 02:25:58,400
people, he conquered trying to 
understand their customs and 

2757
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:01,200
incorporate them into his Empire
rather than simply destroying 

2758
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:03,200
them. 
Their relationship was 

2759
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:06,300
complicated like many 
relationships between teachers 

2760
02:26:06,300 --> 02:26:10,100
and students who've gone in 
different directions later when 

2761
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:13,400
Alexander executed Aristotle's. 
Nephew callisthenes for alleged 

2762
02:26:13,400 --> 02:26:16,700
treason, it created a rift 
between them Aristotle. 

2763
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:19,900
Had shown Alexander how to 
think, but he couldn't control 

2764
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:22,000
what the young man thought 
about, or what he chose to do 

2765
02:26:22,000 --> 02:26:24,600
with his power. 
After three years, when 

2766
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:28,600
Alexander was 16, Philip decided
his son was ready for more 

2767
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:31,800
practical education, namely 
learning to be a warrior and 

2768
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:33,800
leader. 
Aristotle's job was done. 

2769
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:37,900
The tutor and a student would 
go, their separate ways one to 

2770
02:26:37,900 --> 02:26:40,600
conquer the Known World. 
The other to found a school and 

2771
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:42,300
revolutionized human 
understanding. 

2772
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:48,200
In 335 BCE at age 49 Aristotle 
returned to Athens. 

2773
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:51,700
Alexander was now King Philip 
had been assassinated and 

2774
02:26:51,700 --> 02:26:54,000
beginning. 
His conquest of Persia Athens 

2775
02:26:54,000 --> 02:26:57,500
was nervous about macedonia's 
growing power, but Aristotle's 

2776
02:26:57,500 --> 02:26:59,200
connection to the Macedonian 
Court. 

2777
02:26:59,200 --> 02:27:02,300
Actually gave him resources and 
protection that few other 

2778
02:27:02,300 --> 02:27:06,200
philosophers enjoyed It was time
for Aristotle to do what he'd 

2779
02:27:06,200 --> 02:27:08,800
been preparing for his entire 
adult life. 

2780
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:12,300
Establishes owned School 
developed, his own philosophical

2781
02:27:12,300 --> 02:27:15,100
system and teach students 
according to his own Vision, 

2782
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:18,200
rather than Plato's the 
intellectual Adventure was about

2783
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:20,100
to enter its most productive 
phase. 

2784
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:25,700
When Aristotle returned to 
Athens in 335 BCE, he couldn't 

2785
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:29,300
return to Plato's Academy, it 
had its own leadership and its 

2786
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:32,700
own platonic tradition that 
Aristotle had largely rejected. 

2787
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:35,900
So he did what any philosopher 
with ambition and resources 

2788
02:27:35,900 --> 02:27:38,100
would do. 
He founded his own School. 

2789
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:42,100
The lyceum named after the 
nearby Temple of Apollo lycius 

2790
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:45,700
became Aristotle's intellectual 
home for the next 12 years 

2791
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:48,300
located in a Grove just outside 
Athens. 

2792
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:51,400
It was similar to the academy in
being a place where philosophers

2793
02:27:51,400 --> 02:27:53,500
gathered to study debate and 
pursue knowledge. 

2794
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:57,500
But in crucial ways it was 
completely different for one 

2795
02:27:57,500 --> 02:27:59,600
thing. 
The lyceum was far more 

2796
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:02,300
empirically focused. 
Where the academy emphasized 

2797
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,600
mathematics and abstract 
reasoning, the lyceum collected 

2798
02:28:05,600 --> 02:28:09,800
specimen's dissected animals, 
gathered data and built. 

2799
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:12,700
What was essentially the ancient
world's first research Library 

2800
02:28:12,700 --> 02:28:15,200
Aristotle. 
Wanted his students to study the

2801
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:17,400
actual world not just 
contemplate. 

2802
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:20,900
Perfect forms the school, got 
the nickname peripatetic. 

2803
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:23,300
Which comes from the Greek word 
for walking around. 

2804
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:26,600
This wasn't because they were 
Wanderers, or couldn't sit 

2805
02:28:26,600 --> 02:28:29,500
still. 
It was because Aristotle liked 

2806
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:31,700
to teach while strolling through
the covered walkways of the 

2807
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:34,200
lyceum. 
There's something about walking 

2808
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:37,500
that helps thinking as if the 
physical movement somehow 

2809
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:39,500
facilitates intellectual 
movement as well. 

2810
02:28:41,200 --> 02:28:44,300
Imagine morning, lectures, where
Aristotle and his Advanced 

2811
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:47,200
students would walk slowly 
through the colonnade discussing

2812
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:50,600
complex philosophical questions 
while the less Advanced students

2813
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:53,600
listened and tried to keep up. 
Both physically and 

2814
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,600
intellectually in the 
afternoon's Aristotle would give

2815
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:58,600
public lectures on more 
accessible topics. 

2816
02:28:58,600 --> 02:29:01,800
Drawing crowds of interested 
Athenians, who wanted to hear 

2817
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:04,300
what This brilliant Macedonian 
philosopher had to say. 

2818
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:07,700
The lyceum became a center for 
what we might call. 

2819
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:10,500
Systematic research Aristotle, 
organized. 

2820
02:29:10,500 --> 02:29:13,200
His students to collect and 
organize information on an 

2821
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:16,500
unprecedented scale. 
They gathered Constitution's 

2822
02:29:16,500 --> 02:29:20,800
from 158 different, Greek city 
states, analyzing how different 

2823
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:23,700
political systems worked. 
They collected by a logical 

2824
02:29:23,708 --> 02:29:27,700
specimens built up, a library of
books and Scrolls and created 

2825
02:29:27,700 --> 02:29:31,100
charts and diagrams to organize 
information, this was 

2826
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:34,500
revolutionary before Aristotle. 
Philosophy was largely about 

2827
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,900
individual thinkers developing 
their own systems Aristotle, 

2828
02:29:37,900 --> 02:29:40,400
turned philosophy into something
more like a research Enterprise 

2829
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:43,800
with multiple people, working 
together to gather data, test 

2830
02:29:43,800 --> 02:29:46,200
hypotheses and build cumulative 
knowledge. 

2831
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:49,700
The library at the lyceum was 
apparently extraordinary for its

2832
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:53,200
time, Aristotle collected, not 
just philosophical works, but 

2833
02:29:53,200 --> 02:29:58,200
texts on every subject, history 
medicine, drama politics and 

2834
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,000
Natural Science. 
He understood that to think, 

2835
02:30:01,000 --> 02:30:04,600
clearly about any topic you 
needed to know what others had 

2836
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:07,400
thought before you, it was an 
early version of the research 

2837
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:10,300
Library concept that would 
become essential to universities

2838
02:30:10,300 --> 02:30:13,300
centuries later. 
During his morning sessions 

2839
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:16,000
Aristotle would address. 
The more technical aspects of 

2840
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:18,100
his philosophy. 
These weren't casual 

2841
02:30:18,100 --> 02:30:21,100
conversations, they were 
rigorous systematic explorations

2842
02:30:21,100 --> 02:30:23,800
of difficult questions. 
How do we gain knowledge? 

2843
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:27,500
What is the nature of reality? 
What makes an action? 

2844
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:30,300
Ethical, how should Society be 
organized? 

2845
02:30:31,400 --> 02:30:34,000
Aristotle, approached these 
questions differently than Plato

2846
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:36,000
had. 
Instead of starting with 

2847
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:39,300
abstract principles and deducing
conclusions, he would often 

2848
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,400
start with observations and work
his way toward printables. 

2849
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:45,100
He believed that philosophy 
should be grounded in how the 

2850
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:48,500
world actually works, not in how
we might wish it to work in some

2851
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:52,200
perfect realm of forms. 
His teaching method involved, 

2852
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:55,700
what we might call collaborative
inquiry, he would raise a 

2853
02:30:55,700 --> 02:30:58,700
question, examine, what previous
thinkers had said about it, 

2854
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:02,100
like, identify the difficulties 
with their answers and then 

2855
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:05,600
worked toward his own solution, 
always testing his ideas against

2856
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:10,100
observations and Common Sense. 
The atmosphere at the lyceum 

2857
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:13,200
must have been intense, but also
collaborative students weren't 

2858
02:31:13,200 --> 02:31:15,300
just passively absorbing 
Aristotle's wisdom. 

2859
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:19,100
They were actively engaged in 
research debate and the 

2860
02:31:19,108 --> 02:31:22,900
collective pursuit of knowledge.
Some were dissecting animals and

2861
02:31:22,900 --> 02:31:26,000
examining their organs. 
Others were studying plant life,

2862
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,000
or collecting information about 
different governments. 

2863
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,200
Still others were working 
through logical problems or 

2864
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:34,800
ethical questions Aristotle 
himself was incredibly 

2865
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:37,000
productive. 
During these years, he wrote on 

2866
02:31:37,000 --> 02:31:41,100
an astonishing range of topics. 
Physics metaphysics, ethics 

2867
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:44,000
politics, Poetics, rhetoric 
biology and psychology. 

2868
02:31:45,500 --> 02:31:48,200
His Works weren't written in the
polished literary style of 

2869
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:51,200
Plato's dialogues, they read 
more like lecture notes or 

2870
02:31:51,200 --> 02:31:54,100
research papers dense with our 
argument and packed with 

2871
02:31:54,100 --> 02:31:56,900
observations. 
This wasnt because Aristotle 

2872
02:31:56,900 --> 02:31:59,400
could not write well. 
His lost dialogues were 

2873
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:00,900
apparently beautifully. 
Written. 

2874
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:03,200
It's because what survived were 
his working. 

2875
02:32:03,200 --> 02:32:06,800
Texts the materials he used for 
teaching and research rather 

2876
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:09,800
than for public consumption. 
It's like the difference between

2877
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:13,100
a professor's polished textbook.
And their lecture notes, the 

2878
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:16,200
notes are rougher but often 
contain more of the real thing 

2879
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:19,700
thinking The lyceum attracted 
students from throughout the 

2880
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:22,900
Greek world and Beyond some came
because of Aristotle's 

2881
02:32:22,900 --> 02:32:26,200
connection to Alexander who is 
now, Conquering, the Persian 

2882
02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:28,600
Empire and making Macedonia. 
The dominant power in the 

2883
02:32:28,608 --> 02:32:31,800
Mediterranean World. 
Others came because the lyceum 

2884
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:34,900
represented, something new in 
education, not just learning to 

2885
02:32:34,900 --> 02:32:37,200
think. 
But learning to observe analyze 

2886
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:39,200
and understand the natural and 
human world. 

2887
02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:44,300
For 12 years Aristotle, led the 
lyceum in this systematic 

2888
02:32:44,300 --> 02:32:47,600
investigation of reality. 
It was the most productive 

2889
02:32:47,600 --> 02:32:51,200
period of his intellectual life.
When he synthesized everything 

2890
02:32:51,200 --> 02:32:54,200
he'd learned into comprehensive 
philosophical and scientific 

2891
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,500
systems, that would influence 
human thought for the next two 

2892
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:01,000
millennia. 
But this productive period was 

2893
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:03,700
about to end in a way that must 
have felt painfully familiar to 

2894
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:06,600
Aristotle. 
Once again, political events 

2895
02:33:06,600 --> 02:33:10,100
would force him to leave Athens 
once again demonstrating that 

2896
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:12,900
philosophers. 
However why is cannot escape the

2897
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:18,300
tumultuous currents of History. 
Before we discuss how 

2898
02:33:18,300 --> 02:33:21,700
Aristotle's time in Athens ended
let's explore what made his 

2899
02:33:21,700 --> 02:33:24,400
approach to knowledge. 
So revolutionary because this is

2900
02:33:24,400 --> 02:33:26,400
really the heart of our souls 
Legacy. 

2901
02:33:26,400 --> 02:33:30,000
Not any single Discovery, but a 
whole new way of thinking about 

2902
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:33,700
how we understand the world. 
Settle back into your cushions 

2903
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:37,500
as we dive into philosophy but I
promise to keep it relaxed and 

2904
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:40,400
avoid the kind of dense jargon 
that makes most people's eyes. 

2905
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:44,100
Glaze over Aristotle's ideas at 
their core are actually quite 

2906
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:46,100
practical and grounded in common
sense. 

2907
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:49,400
Remember how Plato believed that
true knowledge came from 

2908
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:53,800
contemplating perfect Eternal 
forms that exist in some realm 

2909
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:55,900
beyond the physical world 
Aristotle. 

2910
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,600
Looked at this Theory and 
essentially said that's 

2911
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:02,000
beautiful but it doesn't help us
understand the actual world we 

2912
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:04,600
live in. 
If you want to understand horses

2913
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:07,800
you don't contemplate the 
perfect form of hoarseness, you 

2914
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:11,400
go observe actual horses. 
This might seem obvious to us 

2915
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:14,400
now, but it was Radical, then 
Aristotle was saying that the 

2916
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:16,600
physical world isn't just in 
perfect copies of something 

2917
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,300
better. 
It's real and worth studying for

2918
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:21,700
its own sake. 
That tree outside your window 

2919
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:24,200
isn't a poor imitation of some 
perfect tree form. 

2920
02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:27,500
It's an actual tree with its own
nature and you can learn about 

2921
02:34:27,500 --> 02:34:31,200
trees by examining it. 
Aristotle developed what we call

2922
02:34:31,200 --> 02:34:33,000
an empirical approach to 
knowledge. 

2923
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:36,600
Empirical just means based on 
observation and experience. 

2924
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:40,200
He believed that knowledge 
begins with our sense is what we

2925
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:44,500
see. 
Hear touch taste and smell these

2926
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:48,100
Sensations give us a raw data 
about the world which are mines 

2927
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:52,300
then process into understanding.
But Aristotle wasn't naive about

2928
02:34:52,300 --> 02:34:54,500
this. 
He knew that sensors can be 

2929
02:34:54,508 --> 02:34:57,200
deceived, and that appearances 
can be misleading. 

2930
02:34:57,200 --> 02:35:01,200
His solution was to combine 
observation, with reason to look

2931
02:35:01,208 --> 02:35:04,500
carefully at many examples, 
notice patterns and use logic to

2932
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:07,000
work out the principles, 
underlying, what we observe. 

2933
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:11,500
His biological work shows this 
method perfectly he didn't just 

2934
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:13,500
look at one dolphin and declare 
he understood. 

2935
02:35:13,500 --> 02:35:16,800
All dolphins, he examined many 
dolphins, dissected them 

2936
02:35:16,808 --> 02:35:20,700
observed, their behavior talk to
fishermen about what they'd seen

2937
02:35:20,700 --> 02:35:23,300
and gradually built up a 
comprehensive understanding. 

2938
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:27,100
It was painstaking, systemic 
work, that required, patience 

2939
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:29,700
and attention to detail. 
Aristotle. 

2940
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:33,000
Organized knowledge in ways that
still influence how we think he 

2941
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:35,900
created the first system for 
classifying living things 

2942
02:35:35,900 --> 02:35:38,500
grouping organisms by their 
shared characteristics. 

2943
02:35:38,500 --> 02:35:42,700
His categories were not always 
perfect by modern standards but 

2944
02:35:42,700 --> 02:35:45,700
the underlying method observe 
similarities and differences 

2945
02:35:45,700 --> 02:35:49,100
group things accordingly. 
Look for the principles that 

2946
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:52,800
explain the patterns is still 
how biological classification 

2947
02:35:52,800 --> 02:35:56,100
works today. 
He applied the same systematic 

2948
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,200
approach to other areas in 
ethics. 

2949
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,100
He observed how people actually 
live and what seems to make them

2950
02:36:01,100 --> 02:36:03,100
happy. 
Then worked out principles for 

2951
02:36:03,100 --> 02:36:06,100
good living based on these 
observations in politics. 

2952
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,500
He study 158 different 
governments. 

2953
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,800
Noting what worked? 
And what didn't Building a 

2954
02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:14,800
political science grounded in 
actual experience, rather than 

2955
02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:19,200
abstract ideals. 
Aristotle's concept of causation

2956
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:22,600
was particularly influential. 
He argued that a truly 

2957
02:36:22,608 --> 02:36:25,100
understand something. 
You need to understand four 

2958
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:27,800
different types of causes take a
bronze statue. 

2959
02:36:27,800 --> 02:36:30,700
As an example, the material 
causes the bronze itself. 

2960
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:35,100
What it's made of the formal 
cause is the shape, the design 

2961
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:37,600
of the statue. 
The efficient causes the 

2962
02:36:37,600 --> 02:36:41,100
sculptor who made it and the 
final cause is its purpose. 

2963
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:44,400
Why it was made. 
This framework might seem 

2964
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:48,200
complicated at first, but it's 
actually quite intuitive when 

2965
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,100
you ask. 
Why is this statue here you 

2966
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:55,900
might mean, what is it made of, 
or who made it, or what's it 

2967
02:36:55,900 --> 02:36:58,700
for? 
Aristotle recognized these as 

2968
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:01,400
different types of questions 
that all contribute to complete.

2969
02:37:01,400 --> 02:37:05,400
Understanding his emphasis on 
Final causes on purpose. 

2970
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:08,900
And function was specially 
important for biology Aristotle.

2971
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:12,000
Understood that you can't fully 
understand all organism without 

2972
02:37:12,000 --> 02:37:15,300
understanding what it's for. 
The heart makes sense when you 

2973
02:37:15,300 --> 02:37:18,200
understand its for pumping blood
eyes, make sense. 

2974
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:21,000
When you understand their 
foreseeing, everything in nature

2975
02:37:21,000 --> 02:37:24,400
exists for a reason, serving 
some purpose in the organisms 

2976
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:28,500
life, Now Aristotle sometimes 
took this teleological thinking 

2977
02:37:28,500 --> 02:37:30,900
too far. 
He assumed that everything has a

2978
02:37:30,908 --> 02:37:34,000
purpose assigned by nature which
isn't quite how Evolution 

2979
02:37:34,000 --> 02:37:36,800
actually works. 
But his Instinct the function 

2980
02:37:36,800 --> 02:37:39,500
and purpose are essential to 
understanding was fundamentally 

2981
02:37:39,500 --> 02:37:43,200
sound Modern Biology. 
Still asks, what is this for? 

2982
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:45,800
Even if it answers that 
question, in terms of 

2983
02:37:45,800 --> 02:37:50,000
evolutionary Advantage rather 
than inherent purpose, In logic 

2984
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:53,400
Aristotle literally invented 
formal logic as a discipline. 

2985
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:56,200
He developed the syllogism that 
method of reasoning. 

2986
02:37:56,200 --> 02:37:58,500
Where you start with two 
premises and derive a 

2987
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:00,600
conclusion? 
All men are mortal. 

2988
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:05,600
Socrates is a man. 
Therefore Socrates is Mortal, it

2989
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:08,400
sounds simple, but Aristotle. 
Systematically worked out all 

2990
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:11,800
the valid and invalid forms of 
this kind of reasoning creating 

2991
02:38:11,800 --> 02:38:14,500
a tool for checking whether 
arguments actually make sense. 

2992
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:18,000
For over 2000 years, 
Aristotle's. 

2993
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:19,700
Logic was essentially all of 
logic. 

2994
02:38:19,700 --> 02:38:23,000
It wasn't until the 19th century
that mathematicians developed 

2995
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:26,000
forms of logical reasoning that 
went beyond what Aristotle had 

2996
02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:28,000
created. 
That's an extraordinary 

2997
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:31,600
intellectual achievement 
creating a system so robust that

2998
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:33,800
it remains, fundamentally sound 
for millennia. 

2999
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:37,900
Aristotle's ethics emphasize 
something, he called eudaimonia 

3000
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:43,100
usually translated as happiness 
or flourishing but he didn't 

3001
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:45,000
mean momentary, pleasure or 
simple, contentment. 

3002
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:47,400
He meant living. 
Well in the fullest sense, 

3003
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:52,100
developing your capacities 
acting virtuously engaging with 

3004
02:38:52,100 --> 02:38:54,200
your community and using your 
reason. 

3005
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:59,900
Well, The key to you, demonia 
Aristotle, argued is virtue but 

3006
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:03,600
virtue understood as a kind of 
skill or Excellence that you 

3007
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:06,600
develop through, practice, 
courage, isn't something you're 

3008
02:39:06,600 --> 02:39:08,700
born with. 
It's something you cultivate by 

3009
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:10,800
repeatedly facing your fears 
appropriately. 

3010
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:14,400
Generosity is a habit, you 
developed by practicing giving. 

3011
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:19,100
Well, every virtue lies between 
two extremes, courage, between 

3012
02:39:19,100 --> 02:39:23,100
cowardice and recklessness 
generosity between stinginess 

3013
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:26,800
and wastefulness. 
This is practical, ethics 

3014
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:30,800
grounded in how people actually 
become good rather than abstract

3015
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:33,800
theories about moral perfection 
Aristotle. 

3016
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:36,300
Understood that becoming a good 
person is like learning to play 

3017
02:39:36,300 --> 02:39:39,500
an instrument, it requires 
practice, guidance, and the 

3018
02:39:39,508 --> 02:39:41,100
formation of good habits over 
time. 

3019
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:45,800
In all these areas, biology 
logic, ethics politics, 

3020
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:47,700
Aristotle's. 
Method was similar. 

3021
02:39:47,700 --> 02:39:52,100
Start with careful. 
Observation notice patterns work

3022
02:39:52,100 --> 02:39:54,200
out. 
Underlying principles, test 

3023
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:58,100
these printables against further
observations and build systemic 

3024
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:00,500
understanding. 
It was the birth of organized 

3025
02:40:00,500 --> 02:40:02,200
science and systematic 
philosophy. 

3026
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,300
Even though Aristotle wouldn't 
have recognized those as 

3027
02:40:05,300 --> 02:40:08,800
separate disciplines. 
What made Aristotle's approach. 

3028
02:40:08,800 --> 02:40:11,800
So revolutionary was this 
combination of respect for 

3029
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:14,000
empirical observation, with 
confidence. 

3030
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:17,800
In human reason, he believed we 
could understand the world, not 

3031
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,800
through divine revelation, not 
through pure mathematics 

3032
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,500
divorced from reality. 
But through the careful 

3033
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:26,700
systematic application of our 
observational and rational 

3034
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:31,700
faculties this was optimistic 
without being naive, empirical 

3035
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:34,300
without being merely fat 
collecting and systematic 

3036
02:40:34,300 --> 02:40:36,600
without being rigid. 
It was a vision of human 

3037
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:39,100
knowledge as something. 
We build gradually, collectively

3038
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,400
through careful, attention to 
reality and rigorous thinking 

3039
02:40:42,400 --> 02:40:46,200
about what we observe. 
And now with your Taps growing, 

3040
02:40:46,200 --> 02:40:49,600
cold in your eyelids, perhaps 
growing heavy, we need to see 

3041
02:40:49,600 --> 02:40:53,200
how Aristotle story ends because
even the greatest philosophers 

3042
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:56,500
cannot entirely control the 
historical currents that sweep 

3043
02:40:56,500 --> 02:41:01,600
them along. 
In 323 BC News reached Athens 

3044
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:05,100
that would change everything. 
Alexander, the Great had died in

3045
02:41:05,100 --> 02:41:08,500
Babylon at the age of 32. 
The Empire he'd built with 

3046
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:11,500
astonishing speed was already 
fracturing as his generals 

3047
02:41:11,500 --> 02:41:15,500
fought over the pieces and in 
Athens anti Macedonian sentiment

3048
02:41:15,500 --> 02:41:16,700
that had been simmering for 
years. 

3049
02:41:16,700 --> 02:41:20,500
Suddenly boiled over Aristotle 
found himself in an impossible 

3050
02:41:20,500 --> 02:41:23,400
position. 
He was Macedonian by birth had 

3051
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:26,500
been Alexander's tutor and 
maintained close connections to 

3052
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:31,200
the Macedonian Court. 
The 12 years Athens are 

3053
02:41:31,200 --> 02:41:33,600
tolerated his presence because 
macedonia's power, made it 

3054
02:41:33,608 --> 02:41:36,100
necessary. 
But with Alexander dead and 

3055
02:41:36,100 --> 02:41:40,500
Macedonia temporarily weakened 
old resentments surfaced Someone

3056
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:43,800
brought charges of impiety 
against Aristotle, the same 

3057
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:46,400
charge that had been used 
against Socrates a century 

3058
02:41:46,400 --> 02:41:48,400
earlier. 
The specific accusation was 

3059
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:50,800
something about honoring a 
friend in ways reserved for 

3060
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:53,900
Gods, which sounds technical, 
but was really just a pretext, 

3061
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:57,700
the real issue was politics 
Aristotle represented. 

3062
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:01,000
Macedonia and Athens wanted to 
strike back at Macedonia. 

3063
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:05,600
However, it could Aristotle. 
Now, 61 years old and having 

3064
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:09,300
watched Socrates, fate unfold 
from his prison cell, made a 

3065
02:42:09,300 --> 02:42:12,100
different Choice. 
He decided not to stay in face 

3066
02:42:12,100 --> 02:42:15,700
trial, according to tradition, 
he said he wouldn't let Athens 

3067
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:19,600
sin twice against philosophy, a 
reference to Socrates execution.

3068
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:22,900
So he left Athens turning over 
the lyceum to a student 

3069
02:42:22,900 --> 02:42:26,300
theophrastus and retired to 
Kelsey his mother's home town. 

3070
02:42:28,400 --> 02:42:33,100
Think about what this meant. 
For 12 years Aristotle had built

3071
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:35,700
the lyceum into the ancient 
world's Premier Research 

3072
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:38,100
institution. 
He had gathered an incredible 

3073
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:39,900
Library trained. 
Brilliant. 

3074
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:43,600
Students and created systematic,
approaches to nearly every field

3075
02:42:43,600 --> 02:42:46,700
of knowledge and now because of 
politics he couldn't control. 

3076
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:50,300
He had to walk away from it, all
in Chelsea's Aristotle, lived 

3077
02:42:50,300 --> 02:42:53,500
quietly for about a year, we 
don't know much about this final

3078
02:42:53,500 --> 02:42:56,000
period of his life. 
He was likely working on his 

3079
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,400
writings, perhaps, revising, and
organizing, the vast body of 

3080
02:42:59,408 --> 02:43:01,100
work. 
He'd produced over his lifetime,

3081
02:43:01,100 --> 02:43:04,800
he may have been suffering from 
some illness ancient sources. 

3082
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,100
Mentioned stomach problems, 
which give an ancient medicine's

3083
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:10,000
limitations could have mental 
almost anything. 

3084
02:43:11,000 --> 02:43:15,800
In recent 22 BCE just one year. 
After leaving Athens Aristotle 

3085
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:19,700
died at the age of 62. 
It wasn't a dramatic death like 

3086
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:23,200
Socrates execution or a 
mysterious one like Alexander's 

3087
02:43:23,200 --> 02:43:25,700
early demise. 
It was simply the end of a life 

3088
02:43:25,700 --> 02:43:28,900
that had been by any measure 
extraordinarily productive and 

3089
02:43:28,900 --> 02:43:33,000
influential Aristotle left 
behind his daughter, Pythias his

3090
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:36,100
wife of the same name had died 
years earlier and he'd later had

3091
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:38,600
a relationship with a woman 
named her pills with whom. 

3092
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:42,300
He had a son named nicomachus, 
his will which survived shows 

3093
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:44,700
him as a thoughtful. 
Caring person who made 

3094
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:48,700
Provisions for his family, his 
slaves, whom he freed and even 

3095
02:43:48,700 --> 02:43:51,800
his concubines future. 
It's a touching document, that 

3096
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,200
reveals the human side of this 
towering intellect. 

3097
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:58,300
But more importantly he left 
behind an intellectual Legacy. 

3098
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:01,200
That would shape human thought 
for the next 2000 years. 

3099
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:04,800
His works or rather the lecture 
notes and research texts that 

3100
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:08,000
survived were preserved and 
eventually edited by scholars in

3101
02:44:08,000 --> 02:44:10,700
later centuries. 
They became the foundation for 

3102
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:13,400
Education throughout the 
Mediterranean world and 

3103
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:15,100
eventually throughout Medieval 
Europe. 

3104
02:44:16,400 --> 02:44:19,100
Now comes one of the most 
fascinating parts of Aristotle, 

3105
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:21,600
story. 
Not what he did during his life,

3106
02:44:21,600 --> 02:44:25,600
but what happened to his ideas 
after his death, because unlike 

3107
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:27,700
many philosophers whose 
influence Fades with time. 

3108
02:44:27,700 --> 02:44:30,700
Aristotle's impact actually, 
grew over the centuries. 

3109
02:44:30,700 --> 02:44:32,700
Spreading far beyond the Greek 
world. 

3110
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:36,300
He knew After Aristotle's, 
death, his writings were 

3111
02:44:36,300 --> 02:44:40,200
preserved by the lyceum under 
the aphrodisiac, but they 

3112
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:42,500
weren't immediately famous 
throughout the ancient world. 

3113
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:44,900
For several. 
Centuries Aristotle was known, 

3114
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:48,900
more for his published dialogues
works that haven't survived than

3115
02:44:48,900 --> 02:44:50,600
for the dense technical 
treatises. 

3116
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:54,600
We now have then came a strange 
period where Aristotle's Works 

3117
02:44:54,600 --> 02:44:56,400
apparently disappeared from 
circulation. 

3118
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,500
According to tradition, they 
were hidden in a Cell in Asia, 

3119
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:02,600
Minor to protect them from being
seized where they suffered 

3120
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:04,100
damage from moisture and 
insects. 

3121
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:08,500
Whether this story is entirely 
true or partly Legend, we do 

3122
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:11,300
know that Aristotle's Major 
Works were relatively unknown 

3123
02:45:11,300 --> 02:45:16,400
for a couple of centuries. 
In the first century BCE a 

3124
02:45:16,400 --> 02:45:18,900
scholar named andronicus of 
Rhodes, collected and edited 

3125
02:45:18,900 --> 02:45:21,700
Aristotle's, writings organizing
them into the form. 

3126
02:45:21,700 --> 02:45:25,500
We know day, this wasn't just 
filing papers, it was an act of 

3127
02:45:25,508 --> 02:45:28,000
reconstruction and 
interpretation that shaped how 

3128
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:30,700
we read Aristotle. 
The arrangement of his works, 

3129
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,500
the way their grouped, and 
titled comes largely from 

3130
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:36,600
andronicus editorial decisions 
as Rome became the 

3131
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:39,600
mediterranean's, dominant power,
Greek, philosophy spread 

3132
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,600
throughout the Empire 
Aristotle's Works became Central

3133
02:45:42,600 --> 02:45:45,300
to higher education. 
Young Romans who wanted 

3134
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:48,200
philosophical training studied 
Aristotle, along with Plato and 

3135
02:45:48,200 --> 02:45:50,700
the stoics. 
His logic became the standard 

3136
02:45:50,700 --> 02:45:54,000
method for teaching reasoning 
and his ethics of framework for 

3137
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:56,900
thinking about the good life. 
But Aristotle's, most 

3138
02:45:56,900 --> 02:46:00,100
significant Journey was Yet to 
Come As the Roman Empire 

3139
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:03,500
declined and eventually fell in 
the west much of Greek learning 

3140
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,500
was lost in Europe. 
The sophisticated intellectual 

3141
02:46:06,500 --> 02:46:09,300
culture that had produced and 
preserved Aristotle's, Works 

3142
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:10,300
crumbled. 
As City. 

3143
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:14,300
Shrank trade declined and 
literacy became Increasingly 

3144
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:15,700
rare outside. 
Monasteries. 

3145
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:19,600
However, Aristotle's Works. 
Survived in the Eastern Roman 

3146
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:21,800
Empire. 
What we call the Byzantine 

3147
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:23,500
Empire centered on 
Constantinople. 

3148
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:28,200
These antin Scholars continue to
read copy and study Aristotle in

3149
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:30,500
Greek. 
Meanwhile, something 

3150
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,800
extraordinary was happening 
further east Islamic scholars in

3151
02:46:33,800 --> 02:46:36,900
the expanding Arab world 
encountered Aristotle's works 

3152
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:38,600
and recognized their value 
immediately. 

3153
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:42,600
Beginning in the 8th Century CE,
a massive translation movement 

3154
02:46:42,600 --> 02:46:45,200
began in Baghdad and other 
centers of Islamic learning 

3155
02:46:45,200 --> 02:46:47,700
Aristotle's. 
Treatises were translated from 

3156
02:46:47,700 --> 02:46:50,900
Greek into Arabic Often by 
Christian Scholars, working in 

3157
02:46:50,900 --> 02:46:53,600
Muslim courts. 
Islamic philosophers, like 

3158
02:46:53,600 --> 02:46:57,400
al-farabi have a Cena and 
averroes didn't just translate 

3159
02:46:57,400 --> 02:46:59,600
Aristotle. 
They engaged with his ideas 

3160
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:02,900
wrote extensive commentaries and
integrated. 

3161
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:05,300
His philosophy with Islamic 
theology in science. 

3162
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:08,500
Affairs, in particular became 
such an important interpreter of

3163
02:47:08,508 --> 02:47:10,900
Aristotle that medieval 
Europeans, would later call him 

3164
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,600
simply the commentator while 
Aristotle was the philosopher, 

3165
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:18,600
This Islamic engagement with 
Aristotle preserved his works 

3166
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:21,600
and developed his ideas in ways 
that would prove crucial for 

3167
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:24,900
European intellectual history. 
When Europe began to recover 

3168
02:47:24,900 --> 02:47:27,900
economically and culturally in 
the 11th and 12th, centuries, 

3169
02:47:27,900 --> 02:47:31,400
Scholars, rediscovered 
Aristotle, but often through 

3170
02:47:31,400 --> 02:47:34,800
Arabic translations and Islamic 
commentaries rather than 

3171
02:47:34,800 --> 02:47:39,300
directly from Greek sources. 
The reintroduction of Aristotle 

3172
02:47:39,300 --> 02:47:41,500
to Western Europe was like, 
injecting intellectual 

3173
02:47:41,500 --> 02:47:44,000
electricity into a system that 
had been running on minimal 

3174
02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:47,700
power suddenly European 
scholars, had access to systemic

3175
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:52,000
treatments of logic Natural 
Science, ethics and metaphysics 

3176
02:47:52,000 --> 02:47:54,700
that far exceeded anything of 
available in Latin. 

3177
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:57,700
It was like upgrading from a 
basic toolset to a fully 

3178
02:47:57,700 --> 02:48:00,900
equipped Workshop. 
But this created a problem, much

3179
02:48:00,900 --> 02:48:03,600
of Aristotle's, philosophy, 
particularly his ideas, about 

3180
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:06,600
the eternity of the world, and 
the nature of the Soul seemed to

3181
02:48:06,608 --> 02:48:10,300
conflict with Christian theology
Church authorities were unsure 

3182
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:13,000
whether this Pagan Greek 
philosopher from ancient times 

3183
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:14,900
should be taught in Christian 
universities. 

3184
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:20,000
Enter Thomas Aquinas a 13th 
century Dominican Friar who 

3185
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:22,600
accomplished one of the great 
intellectual syntheses in 

3186
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:25,800
Western history. 
Aquinas carefully, worked 

3187
02:48:25,800 --> 02:48:28,500
through Aristotle's philosophy, 
showing how it could be 

3188
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:30,300
reconciled with Christian 
doctrine. 

3189
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,000
He distinguished between what 
reason could discover 

3190
02:48:33,000 --> 02:48:36,400
Aristotle's domain and what 
required, divine revelation, 

3191
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,900
theology is domain creating a 
framework where both could 

3192
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:42,900
co-exist. 
Aquinas is achievement meant 

3193
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:45,600
that Aristotle, became Central, 
to Medieval University 

3194
02:48:45,600 --> 02:48:49,900
educational students, learned a 
telian logic physics and 

3195
02:48:49,900 --> 02:48:52,700
metaphysics, as the foundation 
for their studies, the 

3196
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:55,100
University of Paris Oxford 
Cambridge. 

3197
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,100
All the great medieval 
universities made Aristotle, the

3198
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:01,800
core of their curriculum The 
several centuries Aristotle's 

3199
02:49:01,800 --> 02:49:05,900
Authority was so great that 
Aristotle said so was considered

3200
02:49:05,900 --> 02:49:08,500
a sufficient argument to settle 
most questions. 

3201
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:12,300
This led to some of absurdities 
Scholars would debate how many 

3202
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:15,400
teeth a horse has by analyzing 
what Aristotle wrote rather than

3203
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:19,800
you know just counting a horses 
teeth Aristotle himself who 

3204
02:49:19,800 --> 02:49:22,300
emphasized observation would 
have been appalled. 

3205
02:49:23,000 --> 02:49:26,900
The Scientific Revolution of the
16th and 17th centuries involved

3206
02:49:26,900 --> 02:49:30,000
in many ways, overthrowing 
Aristotelian, physics and 

3207
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:32,300
cosmology, Galileo's 
experiments. 

3208
02:49:32,300 --> 02:49:36,100
Contradicted Aristotle's, claims
about motion Harvey's discovery 

3209
02:49:36,100 --> 02:49:38,900
of blood circulation, 
contradicted Aristotle and 

3210
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:42,100
Physiology Newton's physics, 
replaced Aristotelian, 

3211
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:46,100
explanations of how things move.
But interestingly, even as 

3212
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:48,500
scientists rejected Aristotle, 
specific conclusions. 

3213
02:49:48,500 --> 02:49:52,200
The often kept his method, the 
emphasis on observation, the 

3214
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:55,400
search for causes and the 
systematic organization of 

3215
02:49:55,408 --> 02:49:58,100
knowledge. 
Modern science isn't a telian, 

3216
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,100
but it's arguably descended from
Aristotle's approach to 

3217
02:50:01,100 --> 02:50:04,800
investigating nature? 
Today, you might think Aristotle

3218
02:50:04,800 --> 02:50:08,300
is just a historical curiosity 
relevant only to Scholars, 

3219
02:50:08,300 --> 02:50:11,400
studying ancient philosophy, but
his influence persists in 

3220
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:14,800
surprising ways every time you 
use formal logic, you're using 

3221
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:18,200
tools Aristotle developed when 
you think about, ethics in terms

3222
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:20,600
of character and virtue. 
Rather than just rules. 

3223
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:24,700
You're thinking in Aristotelian 
terms, when scientists classify 

3224
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:28,100
organisms or analyze functions 
their following procedures 

3225
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:32,200
Aristotle, pioneered His 
political science, his analysis 

3226
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:35,800
of poetry, and drama his 
psychology and his understanding

3227
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:39,100
of how we form Concepts. 
All of these continued to 

3228
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:43,400
influence how we think often 
with our realizing it Aristotle 

3229
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:45,400
is like the foundation of a 
building you live in. 

3230
02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:48,500
You don't usually notice it but 
everything rests on it. 

3231
02:50:49,500 --> 02:50:52,800
As your tea grows cold and the 
hour grows late, let's consider 

3232
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:56,200
what Aristotle's, life and work 
mean for us today because this 

3233
02:50:56,200 --> 02:50:59,400
isn't just ancient history. 
It's about how we understand the

3234
02:50:59,400 --> 02:51:02,700
world and our place in it. 
Aristotle gave us something 

3235
02:51:02,700 --> 02:51:06,100
fundamental confidence that the 
world is knowable through 

3236
02:51:06,100 --> 02:51:08,800
careful observation and clear 
thinking before him. 

3237
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:11,500
Many people thought true 
knowledge, required mystical 

3238
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:15,400
Insight or divine revelation 
after him, it became possible to

3239
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:18,800
believe that ordinary human 
beings using their senses. 

3240
02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:21,900
And their reason could genuinely
understand reality. 

3241
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:24,600
This is such a basic assumption 
for us. 

3242
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:27,700
That we barely notice it when 
you wonder how something works 

3243
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:30,700
and decide to look it up or 
experiment to find out your 

3244
02:51:30,700 --> 02:51:34,200
operating on our totally and 
principles, the idea that we can

3245
02:51:34,200 --> 02:51:36,900
figure things out by observing 
carefully and thinking clearly 

3246
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:41,500
that's Aristotle's Legacy. 
His emphasis on studying actual 

3247
02:51:41,500 --> 02:51:44,500
things in the actual World 
rather than abstract Perfections

3248
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:46,800
influence the entire development
of science. 

3249
02:51:46,800 --> 02:51:50,200
Yes, scientists have rejected, 
many of his specific 

3250
02:51:50,200 --> 02:51:53,700
conclusions. 
His physics is astronomy and his

3251
02:51:53,700 --> 02:51:57,100
chemistry were wrong in 
important ways, but his method 

3252
02:51:57,100 --> 02:52:00,700
of systematic observation, 
careful classification, and 

3253
02:52:00,700 --> 02:52:02,300
looking for underlying 
principles. 

3254
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,800
That's still how science Works 
Aristotle's virtue. 

3255
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:08,200
Ethics is seen a remarkable 
Revival in recent decades, 

3256
02:52:08,200 --> 02:52:11,000
modern philosophers 
rediscovered, that his approach 

3257
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:15,100
to ethics focusing on character 
habits, and human flourishing 

3258
02:52:15,100 --> 02:52:18,800
rather than just rules and 
duties, addresses aspects of 

3259
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:22,600
moral life that other ethical 
theories Miss How do we become 

3260
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:24,800
good people? 
What does it mean to live? 

3261
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:27,000
Well these are Astley and 
questions. 

3262
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:29,500
Feel more relevant to many 
people than abstract debates 

3263
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:33,300
about moral principles. 
His political science with its 

3264
02:52:33,300 --> 02:52:36,400
careful analysis of different 
forms of government and what 

3265
02:52:36,400 --> 02:52:40,300
makes them work or fail, still 
informs political Theory. 

3266
02:52:40,300 --> 02:52:43,700
His understanding that politics 
isn't about implementing perfect

3267
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:47,100
systems but about finding a 
rangements that work for actual 

3268
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:49,000
human beings with all their 
flaws. 

3269
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:54,900
That's a lesson every generation
needs to relearn In education, 

3270
02:52:54,900 --> 02:52:58,300
Aristotle's model of learning 
through apprenticeship and 

3271
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:01,800
hands-on experience with a 
master teacher influenced, how 

3272
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:04,300
universities developed and still
shapes. 

3273
02:53:04,300 --> 02:53:07,500
How we think about Advanced 
education, the idea of gathering

3274
02:53:07,500 --> 02:53:09,800
students around a wise teacher 
to pursue knowledge, 

3275
02:53:09,800 --> 02:53:14,200
collectively, that's the lessons
Legacy still alive in graduate 

3276
02:53:14,200 --> 02:53:18,400
seminars and research groups. 
But perhaps Aristotle's, most 

3277
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:21,200
important Legacy is something 
less tangible. 

3278
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:25,500
His demonstration that human 
knowledge is cumulative that we 

3279
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:27,500
can build on what previous 
thinkers discovered. 

3280
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:31,300
And that intellectual progress 
is possible before Aristotle 

3281
02:53:31,300 --> 02:53:34,200
philosophers tended to create 
their own complete systems, from

3282
02:53:34,200 --> 02:53:37,600
scratch Aristotle, show that you
could start with what others had

3283
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:40,900
learned identify their insights 
and errors and build something 

3284
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:43,600
better. 
This is how knowledge actually 

3285
02:53:43,600 --> 02:53:46,900
grows, not through lone Geniuses
inventing, everything 

3286
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,200
themselves, but through 
communities of thinkers building

3287
02:53:50,200 --> 02:53:53,000
on each other's work. 
Every scientific paper that 

3288
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:54,400
begins with the literature 
review. 

3289
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:58,200
Every philosopher who engages 
with previous Traditions every 

3290
02:53:58,200 --> 02:54:01,600
scholar who stands on the 
shoulders of giants, they're all

3291
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:04,300
following the model Aristotle 
established at the lyceum 

3292
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:07,500
Aristotle. 
Also showed us that intellectual

3293
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:09,700
breadth matters. 
In our age of specialization 

3294
02:54:09,700 --> 02:54:14,000
when experts know, more and more
about less and less Aristotle. 

3295
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:17,000
Reminds us that understanding, 
anything fully requires 

3296
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:19,200
understanding its connections to
everything else. 

3297
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:22,500
His interests spanned from 
marine biology to literary 

3298
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:26,400
criticism and from formal logic 
to political science because he 

3299
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:29,200
understood that reality doesn't 
come neatly divided into 

3300
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:33,500
academic departments. 
There's something profoundly 

3301
02:54:33,500 --> 02:54:36,300
human about Aristotle's, 
approached to knowledge. 

3302
02:54:36,300 --> 02:54:39,600
He was an interested in abstract
Perfection divorced from lived 

3303
02:54:39,600 --> 02:54:41,800
experience. 
He wanted to understand the 

3304
02:54:41,800 --> 02:54:43,800
world. 
We actually inhabit Messi 

3305
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:47,100
complicated, full of purposes 
and functions and constant 

3306
02:54:47,100 --> 02:54:49,100
change. 
He believed that ordinary 

3307
02:54:49,100 --> 02:54:52,100
things, plants animals, human 
relationships. 

3308
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:55,800
Political systems, were worthy 
of serious systematic study. 

3309
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:59,900
This might sound obvious now but
it was revolutionary then and 

3310
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:02,800
remains important today. 
How often do we dismiss the 

3311
02:55:02,800 --> 02:55:05,500
everyday as uninteresting 
searching for something more 

3312
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:08,800
exotic or dramatic to hold our 
attention Aristotle. 

3313
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:11,300
Teaches us to look closely at 
what's right in front of us. 

3314
02:55:11,900 --> 02:55:14,900
Because ordinary reality is 
actually extraordinary when you 

3315
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:17,300
examine it carefully. 
His life. 

3316
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:19,800
Also reminds us that 
intellectual work happens in 

3317
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:23,300
communities Aristotle didn't 
develop his ideas in isolation. 

3318
02:55:23,300 --> 02:55:27,400
He learned from Plato taught. 
Alexander collaborated with 

3319
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:30,500
students at the lyceum and 
engaged with other philosophers.

3320
02:55:30,500 --> 02:55:34,000
Knowledge is social built 
through conversation debate 

3321
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:36,100
teaching and collaborative 
investigation. 

3322
02:55:36,100 --> 02:55:40,100
And yet Aristotle story also 
carries a cautionary, note his 

3323
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:43,800
systematic approach sometimes 
became too rigid, his confidence

3324
02:55:43,800 --> 02:55:46,000
in human reasons. 
Sometimes led to speculation 

3325
02:55:46,000 --> 02:55:49,100
beyond what observation could 
support and his influence 

3326
02:55:49,100 --> 02:55:52,300
eventually became so great. 
That it stifled, rather than 

3327
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:56,300
stimulated inquiry Aristotle. 
Said, so became an excuse to 

3328
02:55:56,300 --> 02:55:58,800
stop thinking rather than a 
starting point for further 

3329
02:55:58,800 --> 02:56:02,300
investigation. 
This tension between respect for

3330
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:06,100
tradition and openness to new 
discovery is something every 

3331
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:07,500
field of knowledge must 
navigate. 

3332
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,300
We need to learn from the past 
without being imprisoned. 

3333
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:13,300
By it to respect, previous 
thinkers, without treating their

3334
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:16,300
words as sacred scripture 
Aristotle himself would have 

3335
02:56:16,300 --> 02:56:19,200
understood this. 
He honored Plato while departing

3336
02:56:19,200 --> 02:56:22,300
from platonic, philosophy and 
learned from his predecessors, 

3337
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:25,600
while correcting their errors. 
As we near the end of our 

3338
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:29,200
journey with Aristotle, imagine 
him in those final months in 

3339
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:31,600
Chelsea's, looking back on his 
62 years. 

3340
02:56:31,600 --> 02:56:34,400
What did he think about when he 
reflected on his life? 

3341
02:56:35,200 --> 02:56:39,000
we can't know for certain We can
imagine, perhaps he thought 

3342
02:56:39,000 --> 02:56:40,800
about his childhood in 
Macedonia. 

3343
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:43,900
Watching his father, practice 
medicine with careful, attention

3344
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:46,900
to symptoms and treatments those
early lessons in. 

3345
02:56:46,900 --> 02:56:50,100
Observation stayed with him 
throughout his life shaping, his

3346
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:52,700
entire approach to knowledge. 
Apps. 

3347
02:56:52,700 --> 02:56:53,900
He remembered arriving in 
Athens. 

3348
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:57,200
As a Young Man feeling 
provincial and out of place, but

3349
02:56:57,200 --> 02:57:00,400
discovering at Plato's Academy 
and intellectual home, that 

3350
02:57:00,408 --> 02:57:03,800
would shape him for 20 years, 
even as he eventually departed 

3351
02:57:03,800 --> 02:57:06,500
from Plato's teachings. 
He never forgot what he learned 

3352
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:08,700
there. 
The importance of rigorous 

3353
02:57:08,700 --> 02:57:10,800
argument. 
The value of questioning 

3354
02:57:10,800 --> 02:57:13,900
assumptions and the pursuit of 
Truth, wherever it leads. 

3355
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:18,400
He might have smiled. 
Remembering his time, teaching. 

3356
02:57:18,400 --> 02:57:20,700
Young, Alexander, that 
energetic. 

3357
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:24,100
Ambitious, teenager, who would 
grow up to conquer the world did

3358
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:27,800
Aristotle feel Pride at his 
students achievements or dismay 

3359
02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:30,700
at how different Alexander's 
path was from the contemplative 

3360
02:57:30,700 --> 02:57:34,400
life Aristotle. 
Advocated probably both like any

3361
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:36,100
teacher watching. 
A brilliant student make 

3362
02:57:36,100 --> 02:57:37,300
choices. 
They wouldn't have made 

3363
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:39,900
themselves. 
Surely, he thought about his 

3364
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:43,600
years at the lyceum, those 
productive, satisfying years. 

3365
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,700
When he'd finally been able to 
pursue his own vision of what 

3366
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:50,100
philosophy and science should be
the morning walks with Advanced 

3367
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:52,600
students, discussing complex 
questions, while strolling 

3368
02:57:52,600 --> 02:57:56,400
through shaded Colonnades, After
noon, public lectures, share 

3369
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:58,500
knowledge, with anyone 
interested in enough to listen 

3370
02:57:58,500 --> 02:58:01,100
the collaborative research. 
Projects have students 

3371
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:03,800
collecting data on everything 
from fish to governments. 

3372
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:08,100
He might have felt regret about 
leaving Athens forced out by 

3373
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:11,400
political circumstances Beyond 
his control to build something 

3374
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:13,800
significant and then have to 
abandon, it must have been 

3375
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:16,800
painful, but perhaps he found 
some comfort in knowing he'd 

3376
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:20,000
trained capable students, like 
their frosted who could carry on

3377
02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:23,600
his work. 
If Aristotle had known how his 

3378
02:58:23,600 --> 02:58:28,000
ideas would travel through time,
translated into Arabic preserved

3379
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:31,000
by Islamic scholars, 
reintroduced to Europe, becoming

3380
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:34,000
the foundation of medieval 
universities, influencing 

3381
02:58:34,000 --> 02:58:37,100
thinkers for 2000 years. 
What would he have? 

3382
02:58:37,100 --> 02:58:40,400
Thought, probably a mixture of 
satisfaction and bemusement, 

3383
02:58:40,400 --> 02:58:43,700
especially at the ways. 
His ideas would be misunderstood

3384
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:47,500
ossified into dogma and 
eventually partially overturned.

3385
02:58:48,700 --> 02:58:51,100
But he would likely have been 
pleased that his fundamental 

3386
02:58:51,100 --> 02:58:53,900
approach. 
Careful observation. 

3387
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:56,900
Systematic thinking and the 
belief that the world is 

3388
02:58:56,900 --> 02:59:00,500
knowable continued to influence,
how humans pursue understanding 

3389
02:59:00,500 --> 02:59:04,900
that was his real contribution, 
not any specific Doctrine, but a

3390
02:59:04,900 --> 02:59:07,200
whole way of approaching 
knowledge Aristotle. 

3391
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:09,100
Understood that knowledge is 
always provisional. 

3392
02:59:09,100 --> 02:59:12,700
Always subject to refinement. 
As we learn more, his Works 

3393
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:15,800
constantly engaged with previous
thinkers building on their 

3394
02:59:15,800 --> 02:59:18,900
insights and correcting their 
errors, he would have expected 

3395
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:22,500
probably hoped that future. 
Thinkers would do the same with 

3396
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:25,900
his work. 
In his final days, perhaps 

3397
02:59:25,900 --> 02:59:28,600
Aristotle found peace in having 
lived a life devoted to 

3398
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:32,000
understanding he'd started with 
nothing but curiosity and 

3399
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,300
intelligence and he'd use these 
to investigate nearly every 

3400
02:59:35,300 --> 02:59:38,000
aspect of reality accessible to 
human inquiry. 

3401
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:42,300
He'd been a student, a teacher, 
a researcher, a founder of 

3402
02:59:42,300 --> 02:59:45,300
Institutions and a systematized 
of knowledge. 

3403
02:59:46,100 --> 02:59:50,900
He'd loved his wife pythius, his
companion, her pills and his 

3404
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:53,400
children. 
He'd formed friendships with 

3405
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:56,700
students and colleagues he'd 
experienced political success. 

3406
02:59:56,700 --> 03:00:00,300
And political Exile, he'd known 
the satisfaction of intellectual

3407
03:00:00,300 --> 03:00:04,000
breakthrough and the frustration
of unanswered questions in 

3408
03:00:04,000 --> 03:00:06,900
short, he lived a fully human 
life, while also living a life 

3409
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:09,600
of the Mind. 
The ancient Greeks had a concept

3410
03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:13,500
that Aristotle wrote about 
extensively eudaimonia human 

3411
03:00:13,500 --> 03:00:16,500
flourishing Living. 
Well, by his own account, this 

3412
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:19,500
came from developing your 
capacities, acting virtuously, 

3413
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:23,100
engaging meaningfully with 
others and using your reason, 

3414
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:27,200
well, by these measures 
Aristotle had indeed ammonia 

3415
03:00:27,200 --> 03:00:30,600
even if his life ended in Exile 
rather than Triumph. 

3416
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:36,200
When he died in 322 BCE 
parisotto, probably had no idea 

3417
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:40,400
that he was, in a sense. 
Immortal, his body would Decay 

3418
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:43,500
like all physical things. 
He understood by biology too, 

3419
03:00:43,500 --> 03:00:47,600
well to imagine otherwise. 
But his ideas, his methods and 

3420
03:00:47,600 --> 03:00:49,100
his approach to understanding 
the world. 

3421
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:52,300
These would Outlast Empires and 
influence civilizations. 

3422
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:56,600
He'd never heard of That's a 
legacy worth reflecting on as 

3423
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:00,000
you drift towards sleep, a 
single person through careful 

3424
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:03,600
thought and systematic inquiry 
can influence how millions of 

3425
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:05,300
future people understand 
reality. 

3426
03:01:05,300 --> 03:01:09,200
The questions Aristotle asked 
the methods he developed and the

3427
03:01:09,208 --> 03:01:12,500
knowledge, he systematized, 
these became tools that 

3428
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:16,200
countless others would use to 
build their own understanding As

3429
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:18,600
you settle into that space 
between waking and sleeping, 

3430
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:21,900
where thoughts become less 
linear and more dreamlike 

3431
03:01:21,900 --> 03:01:25,500
consider this Aristotle's, 
greatest achievement wasn't any 

3432
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:27,900
single Discovery. 
But showing that the world is 

3433
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:31,500
comprehensible before him. 
Many people thought that true 

3434
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,300
understanding required mystical 
Revelation, or abstract 

3435
03:01:34,300 --> 03:01:36,600
mathematics divorced from 
physical reality. 

3436
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:39,900
After him, it became possible to
believe that Ordinary People 

3437
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:42,900
could understand the World by 
looking carefully, thinking 

3438
03:01:42,900 --> 03:01:46,500
clearly and building knowledge 
systematically Every time you 

3439
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:49,700
try to understand something by 
observing it carefully your 

3440
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:53,300
following Aristotle's path. 
Every time you classify things 

3441
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:55,800
by their similarities and 
differences, you're using 

3442
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:58,800
Aristotle's method. 
Every time you ask what is this 

3443
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:02,700
for or how does this work? 
You're asking a rusty and 

3444
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:04,800
question questions. 
You might never have studied 

3445
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,800
Aristotle in school. 
You might not be able to name a 

3446
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:10,600
single one of his books. 
But his influences in the very 

3447
03:02:10,600 --> 03:02:14,200
air you breathe intellectually 
in how you think about causes 

3448
03:02:14,200 --> 03:02:17,700
and how you understand living 
things in, how you reason about 

3449
03:02:17,700 --> 03:02:20,900
ethics and in your assumption 
that the world makes sense and 

3450
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:24,200
can be understood. 
This is what it means to be a 

3451
03:02:24,208 --> 03:02:26,900
foundational thinker. 
Not that everything you say is 

3452
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:29,000
correct. 
Aristotle was wrong about many 

3453
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:32,200
things, but that you change how 
people think about thinking 

3454
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:36,200
itself, you create tools, that 
others can use methods, that 

3455
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:39,300
others can follow and Frameworks
that others can build upon. 

3456
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:42,400
Aristotle showed us that 
knowledge is not something 

3457
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,400
revealed from above, but 
something built from below 

3458
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:49,100
starting with simple 
observations and building toward

3459
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,500
comprehensive, understanding he 
demonstrated that you don't need

3460
03:02:52,500 --> 03:02:54,900
mystical insights or 
mathematical Perfection to 

3461
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:57,700
understand reality. 
You need careful, attention, 

3462
03:02:57,700 --> 03:03:01,500
clear thinking and the patience 
to work through problems. 

3463
03:03:01,500 --> 03:03:04,700
Systematically. 
This optimistic view of human 

3464
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:08,000
knowledge that we can figure 
things out that the world is 

3465
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:11,000
knowable that reason and 
observation together can lead us

3466
03:03:11,008 --> 03:03:13,900
toward truth remains. 
One of civilizations. 

3467
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:17,900
Most important to assumptions 
when we doubt it, science stops 

3468
03:03:17,900 --> 03:03:21,400
inquiry ends and we Retreat into
Authority and tradition. 

3469
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,400
Aristotle also reminds us that 
intellectual work is deeply 

3470
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:27,900
human. 
It happens in communities of 

3471
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:30,600
teachers and students, it 
requires conversation and 

3472
03:03:30,608 --> 03:03:32,700
debate. 
It builds on what others have 

3473
03:03:32,700 --> 03:03:35,100
learned. 
It connects to the Practical 

3474
03:03:35,100 --> 03:03:37,700
concerns of Living. 
Well, knowledge isn't just 

3475
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:41,000
abstract information. 
It's part of how we flourish as 

3476
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:44,400
human beings, a sleep approaches
and this story ends. 

3477
03:03:44,400 --> 03:03:48,000
Remember that the quiet 
philosopher from star jira, who 

3478
03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:50,900
spent his life, observing 
thinking and teaching change the

3479
03:03:50,908 --> 03:03:52,900
world. 
More profoundly than many 

3480
03:03:52,900 --> 03:03:55,600
conquerors. 
His student Alexander's Emperor 

3481
03:03:55,600 --> 03:03:57,200
fell apart within years of his 
death. 

3482
03:03:57,200 --> 03:04:01,100
But Aristotle's, intellectual 
Empire, his methods, his 

3483
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:04,500
insights his approached to 
understanding has lasted more 

3484
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:07,200
than two Millennia and shows no 
signs of disappearing. 

3485
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:11,000
Tomorrow when you wake and 
observe the world around you 

3486
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:15,500
noticing patterns asking 
questions trying to understand 

3487
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:19,000
how things work, you'll be 
thinking in ways that Aristotle 

3488
03:04:19,000 --> 03:04:21,700
helped, make possible the 
Morning Light streaming through 

3489
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:24,700
your window illuminates. 
A world that Aristotle taught us

3490
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:28,000
could be studied and understood.
Rather than merely feared or 

3491
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:29,800
worshiped. 
That's his gift to us, 

3492
03:04:29,800 --> 03:04:32,300
confidence. 
That the world makes sense 

3493
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:36,100
methods for making sense of it, 
and the belief that 

3494
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:39,500
understanding is worth pursuing 
for its own sake, not for power 

3495
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:43,200
or wealth, or fame, but simply 
for the joy of knowing the 

3496
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,500
satisfaction of understanding 
and the human fulfillment that 

3497
03:04:46,500 --> 03:04:51,000
comes from using our minds. 
Well, Sleep now with gratitude 

3498
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,500
for this ancient Greek physician
son who devoted his life to 

3499
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:56,600
helping Humanity. 
Wake up to the intelligibility 

3500
03:04:56,600 --> 03:04:58,900
of the world. 
May your dreams be full of 

3501
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,100
wonder at the patterns that 
connect all things. 

3502
03:05:01,100 --> 03:05:04,900
The purpose is that animate 
living creatures and the joy of 

3503
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:08,400
understanding that makes us most
fully human and when you wake 

3504
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:13,700
may you see the world with fresh
eyes not as a chaos of random 

3505
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:18,500
events but as Aristotle taught 
us to see it as a cosmos, an 

3506
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:20,900
ordered hole that our minds are 
capable of comprehending. 

3507
03:05:20,900 --> 03:05:25,700
One careful observation and 
clear thought at a time. sweet 

3508
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:29,900
dreams and may Aristotle Spirit 
of systemic Wonder follow you 

3509
03:05:29,900 --> 03:05:40,200
into sleep and Beyond Now, shut 
your eyes and visualize yourself

3510
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,400
floating slowly through 
centuries of History until you 

3511
03:05:43,400 --> 03:05:45,200
gently land in, what is now 
Iraq. 

3512
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:51,100
Circa, 2100 BCE, the smell is 
what hits you first, not the 

3513
03:05:51,100 --> 03:05:56,000
site, baking bread river water. 
And yes, a lot of livestock. 

3514
03:05:56,900 --> 03:05:59,400
Welcome to the first real 
neighborhood in Civilization 

3515
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:02,300
where people made the decision 
to settle down and stop 

3516
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:04,600
aimlessly wandering around like 
lost tourists. 

3517
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,100
The Tigris and new Freight is a 
two rivers that would make any 

3518
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:10,000
real estate agent cry with 
delight. 

3519
03:06:10,900 --> 03:06:12,700
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

3520
03:06:12,700 --> 03:06:15,700
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

3521
03:06:15,700 --> 03:06:18,400
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

3522
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:21,800
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

3523
03:06:21,800 --> 03:06:25,000
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

3524
03:06:25,000 --> 03:06:26,800
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

3525
03:06:26,800 --> 03:06:29,400
to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

3526
03:06:29,400 --> 03:06:31,100
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

3527
03:06:31,100 --> 03:06:33,000
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

3528
03:06:33,000 --> 03:06:36,900
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

3529
03:06:36,900 --> 03:06:39,600
encouragement. 
You can probably grow tomatoes 

3530
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:43,100
every year, when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

3531
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:45,000
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

3532
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:48,300
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

3533
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:51,400
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

3534
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:53,700
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

3535
03:06:53,700 --> 03:06:56,600
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

3536
03:06:56,600 --> 03:06:58,400
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

3537
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:02,900
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

3538
03:07:02,900 --> 03:07:07,700
visualize organic growth. 
Akin to a coral reef composed of

3539
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:12,000
human ambition and mud bricks. 
Narrow streets, wind between 

3540
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,600
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

3541
03:07:15,600 --> 03:07:17,300
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

3542
03:07:17,300 --> 03:07:20,200
Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

3543
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,500
Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

3544
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,500
engines and the absence of any 
traffic that resembles Russia. 

3545
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:30,700
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

3546
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:34,300
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

3547
03:07:34,300 --> 03:07:36,000
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

3548
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:39,100
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

3549
03:07:39,100 --> 03:07:41,700
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

3550
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:45,400
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

3551
03:07:46,300 --> 03:07:49,300
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

3552
03:07:49,300 --> 03:07:52,300
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

3553
03:07:52,300 --> 03:07:55,000
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

3554
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:58,200
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

3555
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:01,400
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

3556
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:04,800
eats When your neighbors goat 
keeps eating your Bali. 

3557
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:06,400
How do you keep things from 
going? 

3558
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:09,700
Completely out of control, as 
you will see, the answer 

3559
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:13,300
combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

3560
03:08:13,300 --> 03:08:15,800
can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

3561
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:20,000
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

3562
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:21,500
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

3563
03:08:21,500 --> 03:08:24,300
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

3564
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:27,100
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

3565
03:08:27,100 --> 03:08:30,100
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

3566
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:33,300
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

3567
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,900
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed housed and 

3568
03:08:36,908 --> 03:08:39,800
comparatively content, even 
though it shouldn't work. 

3569
03:08:39,800 --> 03:08:43,000
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

3570
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,000
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

3571
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:49,900
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

3572
03:08:49,900 --> 03:08:53,800
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

3573
03:08:53,800 --> 03:08:57,900
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what, instead of just 

3574
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:00,900
accepting this water when you 
feel like giving it to us, we're

3575
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:02,700
going to convince you to share 
it on our schedule. 

3576
03:09:02,700 --> 03:09:06,000
The Mesopotamian said glancing 
at their rushing Rivers. 

3577
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,200
The end effect is a network of 
watery highways that would make 

3578
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:11,300
the roads of ancient Rome 
appear, straight forward. 

3579
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,300
Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

3580
03:09:15,300 --> 03:09:18,600
From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

3581
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:22,200
channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

3582
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:25,100
water but it goes to your barley
patch rather than your kitchen 

3583
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:28,400
sink in addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing. 

3584
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:32,100
If this system fails, the city 
as a whole loses lunch, in 

3585
03:09:32,100 --> 03:09:35,000
addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

3586
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:38,500
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which has never been done before

3587
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:41,600
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

3588
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:44,600
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbors crops are 

3589
03:09:44,600 --> 03:09:46,600
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

3590
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:49,300
Upstream to construct a damn 
without taking Downstream 

3591
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:52,300
residents into account. 
People must look beyond their 

3592
03:09:52,300 --> 03:09:54,700
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

3593
03:09:54,700 --> 03:09:56,300
For the first time in human 
history. 

3594
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:58,600
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

3595
03:09:58,600 --> 03:10:02,100
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

3596
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:06,400
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B insists

3597
03:10:06,400 --> 03:10:09,800
is irrigation ditch was there 
first and farmer, a accuses 

3598
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:11,200
farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

3599
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:14,000
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

3600
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,300
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

3601
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:19,800
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

3602
03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:22,700
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

3603
03:10:22,700 --> 03:10:25,900
clipboards they combine elements
of weather, forecasting, 

3604
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:29,600
engineering diplomacy and 
refereeing they must comprehend.

3605
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:33,100
Not only the flow of water but 
also human thought crop growth 

3606
03:10:33,100 --> 03:10:36,600
and how to stop Neighbors from 
igniting generation long feuds. 

3607
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:40,400
The good news is that it does 
work, your witnessing thousands 

3608
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:43,000
of people successfully, 
arranging their daily schedules 

3609
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,800
around common resources. 
Every year, the Harvest arrives,

3610
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:50,200
the fields, turn green at the 
appropriate times and the 

3611
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:53,200
irrigation ditches run. 
According to plan, when the 

3612
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,100
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

3613
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,500
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

3614
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:02,500
strangle their neighbors. 
It's like watching a huge 

3615
03:11:02,500 --> 03:11:04,600
Antiquated version of a 
neighborhood potluck. 

3616
03:11:04,600 --> 03:11:07,900
Except instead of bringing 
casserole's, this system's 

3617
03:11:07,900 --> 03:11:10,400
success has a significant impact
on human society. 

3618
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:13,300
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

3619
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:15,700
consistently produce more food 
than they were required for 

3620
03:11:15,700 --> 03:11:18,300
survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

3621
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:20,400
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

3622
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:24,500
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

3623
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:27,100
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

3624
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:30,500
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

3625
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:34,300
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

3626
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:36,400
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

3627
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:39,200
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

3628
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,500
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

3629
03:11:42,500 --> 03:11:45,000
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

3630
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:48,800
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

3631
03:11:48,800 --> 03:11:50,500
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

3632
03:11:50,500 --> 03:11:53,600
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

3633
03:11:53,600 --> 03:11:56,600
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

3634
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:59,300
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you continue 

3635
03:11:59,300 --> 03:12:01,500
your leisurely, exploration of 
this ancient world. 

3636
03:12:02,600 --> 03:12:04,600
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

3637
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,800
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

3638
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:11,200
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

3639
03:12:11,200 --> 03:12:14,200
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

3640
03:12:14,200 --> 03:12:17,000
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

3641
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,400
bronze, a more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

3642
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:24,100
they've ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

3643
03:12:24,100 --> 03:12:26,700
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

3644
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:30,500
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

3645
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,400
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

3646
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:35,900
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

3647
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:39,200
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

3648
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:42,100
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

3649
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:45,100
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

3650
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,800
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

3651
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,900
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

3652
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:55,200
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

3653
03:12:55,200 --> 03:12:58,300
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

3654
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,700
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

3655
03:13:01,700 --> 03:13:04,300
best metal. 
Is build reputations and people 

3656
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:07,100
begin to request tools made by 
particular Artisans. 

3657
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:11,100
So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

3658
03:13:11,100 --> 03:13:14,000
Yelp, reviews, except of posting
them online. 

3659
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:16,600
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

3660
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:18,300
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

3661
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:22,200
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

3662
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:25,800
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

3663
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:27,300
is being created by these 
individuals. 

3664
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:31,000
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

3665
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:32,800
between people who have 
different needs. 

3666
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:35,700
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

3667
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:39,100
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

3668
03:13:39,100 --> 03:13:42,700
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

3669
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:45,300
grow barley. 
The toolmaker needs copper for 

3670
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:47,800
his next project, not barley, 
but he wants payment. 

3671
03:13:47,800 --> 03:13:52,100
In order to trade up, north, the
copper trading needs wool, not 

3672
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:54,600
barley. 
The shepherd needs barley, but 

3673
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:56,500
he has wool. 
How can this be made to work? 

3674
03:13:56,500 --> 03:13:58,800
Their solution is sophisticated 
in. 

3675
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:01,800
Its intricacy, like water 
through their irrigation 

3676
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:03,900
channels. 
They establish a system of 

3677
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:06,600
credit and debt that enables 
value to move throughout the 

3678
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:09,500
community. 
In exchange, for your promise, 

3679
03:14:09,500 --> 03:14:12,000
to pay him with barley after the
Harvest, which he can, then 

3680
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:14,700
exchange for supplies for his 
next project with the copper 

3681
03:14:14,700 --> 03:14:17,200
Trader. 
Toolmaker agrees to make your 

3682
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:20,400
plow right away. 
It's credit without credit cards

3683
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:23,400
and banking without banks. 
And it all depends on reputation

3684
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:26,800
and Trust writing is a seemingly
straightforward, but 

3685
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:30,100
revolutionary requirement for 
this system, not just any 

3686
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:32,500
writing. 
But every day, useful, writing, 

3687
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:35,400
that can document who is 
responsible for what when 

3688
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:38,700
payment is due and what happens 
when someone fails to fulfill 

3689
03:14:38,700 --> 03:14:41,700
their end of the agreement, Your
witnessing the creation of 

3690
03:14:41,700 --> 03:14:45,100
business records receipts and 
contracts in addition to being 

3691
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,300
works of ancient literature. 
The cuneiform tablets found 

3692
03:14:48,300 --> 03:14:51,000
throughout the cities of the 
earliest business documents ever

3693
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:55,300
created, purchase orders. 
Tax records, loan agreements, 

3694
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,100
employment contracts, and 
inventory lists. 

3695
03:14:58,100 --> 03:15:01,900
All of it is here compressed 
into clay with marks in the 

3696
03:15:01,908 --> 03:15:04,600
shape of wedges that symbolize 
the beginning of bureaucracy, 

3697
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:08,000
indeed, you are also witnessing 
the development of accounting. 

3698
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:11,500
All of these promises 
transactions and credits and 

3699
03:15:11,508 --> 03:15:14,700
debts, moving through the 
community must be monitored by 

3700
03:15:14,700 --> 03:15:18,200
someone even though the early 
accountants worked by Lamplight 

3701
03:15:18,200 --> 03:15:22,000
with clay, tablets and Reed 
styluses rather than in 

3702
03:15:22,000 --> 03:15:25,000
contemporary offices with 
computers, they were addressing 

3703
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:27,000
the same issues that accountants
do today. 

3704
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:31,200
The inventiveness of these 
Solutions is astounding Creating

3705
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,700
economic systems from the ground
up and learning by trial and 

3706
03:15:34,700 --> 03:15:36,400
error. 
How to make complex societies 

3707
03:15:36,400 --> 03:15:39,800
run smoothly, rather than simply
replicating, what worked 

3708
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:42,300
elsewhere, you're going to see 
something that will make you 

3709
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:44,000
appreciate human ambition, even 
more. 

3710
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:46,800
As you can continue your cozy, 
exploration of this ancient 

3711
03:15:46,800 --> 03:15:50,200
world, these Mesopotamians 
aren't satisfied. 

3712
03:15:50,200 --> 03:15:53,400
With merely resolving pragmatic 
issues like trade and irrigation

3713
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:56,700
their, aiming for something 
greater something that appeals 

3714
03:15:56,700 --> 03:15:59,300
to the basic human need to build
monuments to their own 

3715
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:03,300
creativity, your witnessing, the
construction of ziggurats which 

3716
03:16:03,300 --> 03:16:06,000
are enormous stepped pyramids 
that resemble old-fashioned 

3717
03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:08,900
skyscrapers and rise out of the 
level Terrain. 

3718
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:12,700
However, referring to them as 
buildings is an understatement. 

3719
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:16,600
These are assertions 
proclamations and Architectural 

3720
03:16:16,600 --> 03:16:18,300
justifications for human 
potential. 

3721
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:22,500
People say, we can move 
mountains of Earth and we can do

3722
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:25,200
it one basket at a time. 
When you watch one being 

3723
03:16:25,200 --> 03:16:27,900
constructed, the logistics alone
are astounding. 

3724
03:16:27,900 --> 03:16:31,100
Millions of mud bricks. 
Must be made dried and 

3725
03:16:31,100 --> 03:16:34,600
transported to the construction 
site for a large ziggurat, no 

3726
03:16:34,600 --> 03:16:37,200
trucks. 
Cranes or mechanized equipment 

3727
03:16:37,200 --> 03:16:39,600
to present. 
Everything is propelled by 

3728
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:43,000
animal strength, human muscle 
power, a complex network of 

3729
03:16:43,000 --> 03:16:46,800
ramps and levers, and unwavering
willpower, The planning however 

3730
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:51,000
is what really sets it apart to 
prevent the entire project from 

3731
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:53,000
collapsing into a heap of costly
debris. 

3732
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:56,300
Someone must determine how many 
bricks they will need where to 

3733
03:16:56,308 --> 03:16:59,600
obtain the raw materials, how 
many workers are needed, how to 

3734
03:16:59,608 --> 03:17:02,700
feed all of those workers where 
they will sleep and how to 

3735
03:17:02,700 --> 03:17:05,600
coordinate their efforts, your 
witnessing a level of project 

3736
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:08,000
management that won't be seen. 
Again until the building of 

3737
03:17:08,000 --> 03:17:11,800
medieval Cathedrals, with 
hundreds of workers, dozens of 

3738
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:15,500
specialized trades and Supply. 
Chains spanning the entire Known

3739
03:17:15,500 --> 03:17:19,200
World, the ziggurat Builders are
effectively managing the biggest

3740
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:21,900
construction company. 
In the ancient world, contrary 

3741
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:24,200
to what Hollywood may have 
taught you, the workers 

3742
03:17:24,200 --> 03:17:27,400
themselves are not slaves, 
considerate, the most complex 

3743
03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:30,800
community service project in the
world, they are citizens 

3744
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:34,200
carrying out, their civic 
duties, seasonal workers and 

3745
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:37,300
skilled artists. 
People donate their time to 

3746
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,000
building projects that benefit 
everyone during the agricultural

3747
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,700
offseason when the fields don't 
need to be tended. 

3748
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:45,900
This desire to create something 
greater than anyone person. 

3749
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:48,100
Could on their own has a very 
human quality. 

3750
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:51,800
In addition to their utilitarian
functions as temples. 

3751
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:55,200
Administrative hubs and grain 
storage facilities, the 

3752
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:58,900
ziggurats are also symbolic Look
what we can do when we work 

3753
03:17:58,900 --> 03:18:01,100
together. 
Look how high we can reach. 

3754
03:18:01,100 --> 03:18:04,200
They say, surprisingly, complex 
engineering is needed. 

3755
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:07,900
The builders must comprehend. 
The structural Integrity weight 

3756
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:11,500
distribution, and composition of
the soil, they create methods 

3757
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:15,000
for building sturdy foundations.
In muddy, ground avoiding water 

3758
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:18,100
damage and guaranteeing that the
structure will endure for many 

3759
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:20,700
generations. 
These are not archaic 

3760
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:24,000
individuals, fumbling through 
building projects rather they 

3761
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:26,900
are demonstrating. 
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 

3762
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:28,900
resolving intricate engineering 
problems. 

3763
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:31,800
Consider the challenge of 
producing millions of identical 

3764
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:34,900
bricks to guarantee. 
Uniformity throughout large 

3765
03:18:34,900 --> 03:18:38,500
production runs they create 
standardized molds, quality 

3766
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:41,000
assurance, protocols, and drying
methods. 

3767
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:43,500
They determine the ideal brick 
size. 

3768
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:46,300
Is that strike a balance between
handling ease and structural 

3769
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:48,300
strength? 
They develop production 

3770
03:18:48,300 --> 03:18:50,900
techniques for assembly lines. 
That will not be used again 

3771
03:18:50,900 --> 03:18:54,000
until the Industrial Revolution.
Even more impressive than the 

3772
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:55,900
engineering is the coordination.
That is needed. 

3773
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:59,400
Consider overseeing a project in
which some employees are 

3774
03:18:59,400 --> 03:19:01,700
producing bricks. 
Others are moving them and 

3775
03:19:01,700 --> 03:19:03,400
still. 
Others are arranging them in 

3776
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:05,100
progressively. 
Intricate designs as the 

3777
03:19:05,100 --> 03:19:08,600
building Rises, everyone needs 
to be motivated, supervised 

3778
03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:11,800
supplied and in sync, it's 
similar to conducting an 

3779
03:19:11,800 --> 03:19:14,900
orchestra except that hundreds 
of construction workers are used

3780
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:17,900
in place of musicians and 
architecture that will Outlast 

3781
03:19:17,900 --> 03:19:19,700
Empires is used in place of 
music. 

3782
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:22,700
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

3783
03:19:22,700 --> 03:19:25,800
enormous construction projects, 
but is actually far more 

3784
03:19:25,800 --> 03:19:28,600
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

3785
03:19:28,600 --> 03:19:30,500
through this amazing 
civilization. 

3786
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:35,000
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

3787
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:38,500
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

3788
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:40,300
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

3789
03:19:40,300 --> 03:19:43,600
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings 

3790
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:47,000
dotted across the city's young 
adults and children are 

3791
03:19:47,000 --> 03:19:48,800
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

3792
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:51,300
and workshops or Fields the 
lessons. 

3793
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:53,500
They are learning at the first 
schools in history will have a 

3794
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:55,500
lasting impact on human 
civilization. 

3795
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,400
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

3796
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:00,800
children. 
This is formal education, 

3797
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:03,600
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

3798
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,200
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

3799
03:20:06,100 --> 03:20:08,400
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

3800
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:11,600
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

3801
03:20:11,600 --> 03:20:13,600
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

3802
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:16,700
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

3803
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:18,700
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

3804
03:20:18,700 --> 03:20:22,000
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

3805
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:23,400
mathematics being developed 
here. 

3806
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:26,700
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

3807
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:30,500
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

3808
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:33,500
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

3809
03:20:33,508 --> 03:20:36,700
utilized by architects today, 
their finding abstract 

3810
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:39,500
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

3811
03:20:39,500 --> 03:20:41,900
applications, not just counting 
things. 

3812
03:20:41,900 --> 03:20:45,500
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

3813
03:20:45,500 --> 03:20:51,100
based on 60th. 
While you're counting on your 

3814
03:20:51,100 --> 03:20:54,500
fingers and working with powers 
of 10, this sounds really 

3815
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:56,900
strange. 
And you realize that 60 is more 

3816
03:20:56,900 --> 03:21:00,200
divisible by numbers than 10 is.
For many mathematical 

3817
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:02,200
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

3818
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:04,700
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

3819
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:07,200
better wheel was created. 
But thousands of years later 

3820
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:10,300
were still using the subpar one.
There is more to this. 

3821
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:13,600
Mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye, the same 

3822
03:21:13,600 --> 03:21:16,800
individuals who divided circles 
into 360 Degrees. 

3823
03:21:16,800 --> 03:21:19,900
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

3824
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:22,800
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

3825
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:25,800
exact measurement and 
documentation They're making 

3826
03:21:25,808 --> 03:21:28,800
calendars that line agricultural
activities with astronomical 

3827
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:32,200
events, tracking the Motions of 
planets and forecasting. 

3828
03:21:32,200 --> 03:21:35,900
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

3829
03:21:35,900 --> 03:21:38,900
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

3830
03:21:38,900 --> 03:21:41,300
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

3831
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:44,900
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

3832
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:47,800
Star, as opposed to a Morning 
Star, they have developed 

3833
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:51,300
mathematical models to forecast,
astronomical events and 

3834
03:21:51,300 --> 03:21:53,500
identified as a Diet Coke 
constellations. 

3835
03:21:53,500 --> 03:21:56,600
Most impressive though is the 
way, they're tackling these 

3836
03:21:56,600 --> 03:22:00,100
issues, their searching for 
underlying patterns, formulating

3837
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:02,200
hypotheses and testing 
predictions. 

3838
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:04,400
In addition to merely Gathering 
observations. 

3839
03:22:05,200 --> 03:22:08,100
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

3840
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:11,100
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

3841
03:22:11,100 --> 03:22:13,600
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

3842
03:22:13,600 --> 03:22:16,000
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

3843
03:22:16,008 --> 03:22:19,700
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

3844
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:23,000
guide, lines and comprehend, his
historical precedence in the 

3845
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:25,000
classroom. 
They are discovering that 

3846
03:22:25,000 --> 03:22:27,900
knowledge itself can be 
methodically arranged classified

3847
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:30,200
and passed down from one 
generation to the next. 

3848
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,800
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

3849
03:22:33,800 --> 03:22:36,300
today. 
For the first time in history, 

3850
03:22:36,300 --> 03:22:39,600
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

3851
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:43,000
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

3852
03:22:43,000 --> 03:22:45,400
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

3853
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,300
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

3854
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:51,700
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

3855
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:54,600
different from a bad? 
One of the questions they can 

3856
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:59,100
pose, the ramifications are 
astounding, People whose job it 

3857
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:01,300
is to think about abstract 
problems, begin to draw 

3858
03:23:01,300 --> 03:23:03,500
connections between various 
fields of knowledge. 

3859
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,200
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

3860
03:23:07,200 --> 03:23:10,200
geometric principles. 
The astronomer learns that 

3861
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:12,900
natural events can be predicted 
by mathematical models. 

3862
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:16,200
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

3863
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:18,600
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

3864
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:22,100
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

3865
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:24,900
travels and become accustomed to
the mild routines of these 

3866
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,500
amazing Society. 
You're about to learn that 

3867
03:23:27,500 --> 03:23:29,500
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

3868
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,700
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

3869
03:23:32,700 --> 03:23:36,500
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

3870
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:39,300
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

3871
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:42,100
Windows of their house, let in 
the first of the day. 

3872
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:45,600
First thing that strikes, you is
how different their everyday 

3873
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,600
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

3874
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:51,900
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

3875
03:23:51,900 --> 03:23:54,300
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the household's grain 

3876
03:23:54,300 --> 03:23:57,100
supplies. 
Father is going over his to-do 

3877
03:23:57,100 --> 03:24:00,000
list, in his head, including, 
which irrigation channels 

3878
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:03,100
require upkeep, which tools 
require repair and which 

3879
03:24:03,100 --> 03:24:05,800
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

3880
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,300
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

3881
03:24:09,300 --> 03:24:11,000
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

3882
03:24:11,700 --> 03:24:13,700
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

3883
03:24:13,700 --> 03:24:15,500
mathematics to assist with the 
family business. 

3884
03:24:15,500 --> 03:24:18,900
A little shamate refuses to 
practice her knee form writing 

3885
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:22,100
exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

3886
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:24,000
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

3887
03:24:24,000 --> 03:24:27,500
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

3888
03:24:27,500 --> 03:24:29,500
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

3889
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:33,200
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

3890
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,600
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

3891
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:39,100
grain for breakfast. 
The father uses, a filing system

3892
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:42,200
that arranges data in ways that 
any contemporary office worker 

3893
03:24:42,200 --> 03:24:43,900
would recognize when he looks 
through his business. 

3894
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:46,800
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

3895
03:24:46,800 --> 03:24:51,400
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

3896
03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:53,700
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

3897
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:55,800
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

3898
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:58,800
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

3899
03:24:58,800 --> 03:25:01,300
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

3900
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:04,000
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

3901
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,400
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

3902
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:09,700
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

3903
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:12,100
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

3904
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:14,900
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

3905
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:18,500
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

3906
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:21,200
served by the distribution 
system, that provides them with 

3907
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:24,800
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

3908
03:25:24,800 --> 03:25:26,800
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

3909
03:25:26,800 --> 03:25:30,500
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

3910
03:25:30,500 --> 03:25:33,300
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

3911
03:25:33,300 --> 03:25:35,300
fields are the source of the 
food. 

3912
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:38,500
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

3913
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:41,600
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

3914
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:45,500
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

3915
03:25:45,500 --> 03:25:47,500
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

3916
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:51,000
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

3917
03:25:51,000 --> 03:25:53,700
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

3918
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:55,600
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

3919
03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:57,800
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

3920
03:25:57,800 --> 03:26:01,000
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both the place of

3921
03:26:01,000 --> 03:26:04,400
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

3922
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:07,800
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

3923
03:26:07,800 --> 03:26:10,300
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

3924
03:26:10,300 --> 03:26:13,800
She's teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

3925
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:17,000
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

3926
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:19,000
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

3927
03:26:19,000 --> 03:26:21,800
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

3928
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:24,700
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

3929
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:28,100
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

3930
03:26:28,100 --> 03:26:31,300
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

3931
03:26:31,300 --> 03:26:35,200
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

3932
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:37,900
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

3933
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,100
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

3934
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:43,700
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

3935
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:46,700
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

3936
03:26:46,700 --> 03:26:50,100
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

3937
03:26:50,100 --> 03:26:52,200
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

3938
03:26:52,200 --> 03:26:55,000
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

3939
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,500
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

3940
03:26:58,500 --> 03:27:00,000
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

3941
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:04,100
agriculture, Commerce and social
organization, there may be games

3942
03:27:04,100 --> 03:27:07,600
storytelling or music. 
After supper, another 

3943
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:11,300
revolutionary idea is that 
people have Leisure Time Human 

3944
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:13,900
culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

3945
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:16,800
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

3946
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:19,600
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

3947
03:27:19,600 --> 03:27:22,600
In addition, to sleeping off the
days labor, the family is 

3948
03:27:22,600 --> 03:27:25,400
refueling for tomorrow's 
involvement, in Humanity's first

3949
03:27:25,400 --> 03:27:29,300
complex Urban living experiment.
They will awaken to Morrow. 

3950
03:27:29,300 --> 03:27:32,200
And once more play a part in 
preserving, the systems that 

3951
03:27:32,200 --> 03:27:36,200
enable thousands of people to 
coexist in harmony prosperity 

3952
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:39,500
and productivity, one of the 
most remarkable accomplishments 

3953
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:43,100
of Mesopotamian civilization is 
revealed, as you delve deeper 

3954
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:46,700
into this ancient world, they 
managed to manage sizable, 

3955
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:49,300
diverse populations, without 
everything, collapsing, in 

3956
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:52,700
Anarchy and conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

3957
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:56,000
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

3958
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,500
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

3959
03:27:58,500 --> 03:28:00,500
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

3960
03:28:00,500 --> 03:28:03,900
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

3961
03:28:03,900 --> 03:28:06,900
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts, with 

3962
03:28:06,900 --> 03:28:09,900
their neighbors, you have 
competing religious Traditions, 

3963
03:28:09,900 --> 03:28:14,400
diverse ethnic groups, economic 
classes and the inherent human 

3964
03:28:14,400 --> 03:28:16,900
propensity for short-sightedness
and selfishness. 

3965
03:28:17,800 --> 03:28:20,600
How do you design a system that 
accomplishes goals while 

3966
03:28:20,600 --> 03:28:22,500
maintaining a reasonable level 
of satisfaction? 

3967
03:28:22,500 --> 03:28:25,600
For all the complexity of the 
Mesopotamian solution, is 

3968
03:28:25,608 --> 03:28:29,500
elegant at the top is a king who
represents both religion and 

3969
03:28:29,500 --> 03:28:32,100
politics. 
His authority has a weight that 

3970
03:28:32,100 --> 03:28:35,800
purely political power could not
match because he is not only 

3971
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:39,400
making executive decisions, but 
is also channeling, the will of 

3972
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:42,100
the Gods. 
The king is expressing Divine 

3973
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:44,500
will when he issues a law, not 
just his own preferences. 

3974
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:47,600
However, this is not a tyrants 
capricious rule. 

3975
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:51,900
The king's Authority is limited 
by custom religious law and the 

3976
03:28:51,908 --> 03:28:54,600
pragmatic requirement to retain 
the backing of the different 

3977
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:59,200
factions that sustained Society.
Priests Merchants Artisans and 

3978
03:28:59,200 --> 03:29:02,500
farmers, who, truly govern, the 
society will find a way to 

3979
03:29:02,500 --> 03:29:05,000
replace a king who continuously 
makes poor choices. 

3980
03:29:05,000 --> 03:29:07,000
So he won't hold the position 
for long. 

3981
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:09,900
You have an advanced 
administrative structure beneath

3982
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:13,300
the king that would Astound any 
contemporary bureaucrat tax 

3983
03:29:13,300 --> 03:29:16,800
collection, irrigation 
management, trade regulation, 

3984
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:20,500
military organization, and legal
disputes are all handled by 

3985
03:29:20,500 --> 03:29:23,300
officials. 
Every administrative level has 

3986
03:29:23,300 --> 03:29:25,700
cleared duties and 
accountability to both Superior 

3987
03:29:25,700 --> 03:29:28,900
and subordinate authorities. 
Perhaps their most remarkable 

3988
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:31,000
governmental Innovation is the 
legal system. 

3989
03:29:31,000 --> 03:29:34,800
They create these individuals 
draft thorough, legal codes that

3990
03:29:34,800 --> 03:29:39,000
aim to cover every potential 
conflict or offense, nearly 300 

3991
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:41,200
laws. 
Ranging from business disputes 

3992
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:44,300
to marriage contracts to 
property rights are included in 

3993
03:29:44,300 --> 03:29:46,200
the publicly visible Code of 
Hammurabi. 

3994
03:29:46,200 --> 03:29:49,400
However, the sophistication of 
these laws is even more 

3995
03:29:49,400 --> 03:29:51,300
impressive than their 
comprehensive nurse. 

3996
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,500
They distinguish between various
property types and social 

3997
03:29:54,500 --> 03:29:56,900
classes. 
They make a distinction between 

3998
03:29:56,900 --> 03:30:00,600
acts and deliberate crimes. 
Instead of just exacting 

3999
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:03,500
retribution, they offer 
proportionate penalties meant to

4000
03:30:03,500 --> 03:30:04,800
bring the world back into 
balance. 

4001
03:30:05,800 --> 03:30:08,300
To a degree that would be 
Progressive in many societies. 

4002
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,200
Thousands of years later, they 
defend the rights of women 

4003
03:30:11,200 --> 03:30:15,500
children and even slaves. 
Unprecedentedly a professional 

4004
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,900
judicial system is needed to 
enforce these laws records. 

4005
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:21,800
That keep track of court rulings
judges who are knowledgeable 

4006
03:30:21,800 --> 03:30:24,700
about the law and corporate 
procedures that guarantee Fair 

4007
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:27,300
hearing. 
Your witnessing, the emergence 

4008
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:30,600
of jurisprudence the belief that
disagreements can be settled by 

4009
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:34,100
Logic and facts rather than 
solely by the person with the 

4010
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:36,300
most military might or political
clout. 

4011
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:39,100
Most significantly, though, this
legal system is open to the 

4012
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:41,900
public, the laws are visible to 
everyone because they are 

4013
03:30:41,900 --> 03:30:44,800
engraved in stone. 
This indicates that people are 

4014
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:47,700
aware of their rights 
expectations, and the 

4015
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:50,800
repercussions of different 
behaviors law, ceases to be 

4016
03:30:50,808 --> 03:30:52,400
arbitrary and becomes 
predictable. 

4017
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,200
For the first time in human 
history, this government is 

4018
03:30:55,200 --> 03:30:57,300
backed by an equally Advanced 
Tax system. 

4019
03:30:57,300 --> 03:31:01,400
There are set rates collection 
processes and even Provisions 

4020
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:04,800
for tax relief during hard times
as a supposed to just taking 

4021
03:31:04,800 --> 03:31:07,500
whatever the king wants. 
People are aware of their 

4022
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:10,300
obligations when they are due 
and what they get in return 

4023
03:31:10,300 --> 03:31:13,500
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

4024
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:16,300
infrastructure, upkeep and 
judicial Services. 

4025
03:31:16,300 --> 03:31:19,500
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

4026
03:31:19,500 --> 03:31:21,700
law. 
A system that treats people 

4027
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:24,700
fairly in accordance with 
established standards offers 

4028
03:31:24,700 --> 03:31:26,900
procedures for settling 
conflicts amicably. 

4029
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:31,700
Does incentive for collaboration
rather than conflict is probably

4030
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:34,700
more desirable than perfect 
Justice, which is probably 

4031
03:31:34,700 --> 03:31:38,500
unachievable stability, is the 
outcome due to their reasonable 

4032
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:41,300
confidence in the stability of 
the legal and social framework. 

4033
03:31:41,300 --> 03:31:43,700
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

4034
03:31:44,600 --> 03:31:47,000
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

4035
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:50,100
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

4036
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:52,200
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

4037
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:56,200
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

4038
03:31:56,200 --> 03:31:59,900
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects, that 

4039
03:31:59,900 --> 03:32:03,100
take generations to complete are
all made possible by this 

4040
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:06,300
stability, which in turn lays 
the groundwork, for everything 

4041
03:32:06,300 --> 03:32:10,100
else we've been investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

4042
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:13,500
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

4043
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:15,800
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

4044
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:18,100
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

4045
03:32:18,100 --> 03:32:20,500
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

4046
03:32:20,500 --> 03:32:23,800
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

4047
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:27,700
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

4048
03:32:27,700 --> 03:32:29,800
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

4049
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:32,500
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

4050
03:32:32,500 --> 03:32:36,300
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

4051
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:38,700
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

4052
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:43,100
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

4053
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:47,000
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

4054
03:32:47,000 --> 03:32:49,700
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

4055
03:32:49,700 --> 03:32:53,800
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

4056
03:32:53,800 --> 03:32:57,100
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

4057
03:32:57,100 --> 03:33:00,500
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

4058
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:03,400
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

4059
03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:07,300
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

4060
03:33:07,300 --> 03:33:08,900
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

4061
03:33:10,300 --> 03:33:13,000
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

4062
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:16,600
irrigation enki's, rule over 
fresh water, and wisdom makes 

4063
03:33:16,600 --> 03:33:19,600
perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

4064
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:21,400
essential components of The 
Human Experience. 

4065
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:24,500
Ennenna stands for both Love and
War. 

4066
03:33:24,500 --> 03:33:27,600
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

4067
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,200
they serve, as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

4068
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,800
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

4069
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:37,300
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

4070
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:40,700
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

4071
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,000
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

4072
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:46,400
worshiping. 
They are so honing, the social 

4073
03:33:46,400 --> 03:33:49,400
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

4074
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:52,100
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

4075
03:33:52,100 --> 03:33:53,700
temples. 
That are much more than just 

4076
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,400
places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

4077
03:33:56,400 --> 03:34:00,700
service agencies educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

4078
03:34:01,400 --> 03:34:04,400
In addition, to carrying out 
rituals the priest who work in 

4079
03:34:04,408 --> 03:34:08,000
these temples also oversee 
agricultural, Estates run, 

4080
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:12,000
educational institutions, care 
for libraries and offer welfare 

4081
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,300
assistance to members of the 
community who are struggling a 

4082
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,300
society where religious life 
supports rather than contradicts

4083
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:21,100
the value's required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

4084
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:23,600
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

4085
03:34:23,600 --> 03:34:26,800
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

4086
03:34:26,800 --> 03:34:28,900
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

4087
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,800
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

4088
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,000
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

4089
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:39,400
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

4090
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:42,600
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

4091
03:34:42,600 --> 03:34:46,300
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

4092
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:49,800
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

4093
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:53,100
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

4094
03:34:53,100 --> 03:34:56,200
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

4095
03:34:57,000 --> 03:34:59,500
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

4096
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:01,400
The religious mandate to 
support. 

4097
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:04,400
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

4098
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:07,600
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

4099
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:10,700
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

4100
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:13,900
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

4101
03:35:14,900 --> 03:35:17,700
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

4102
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:19,400
taking part in a building 
project. 

4103
03:35:19,400 --> 03:35:22,700
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

4104
03:35:22,700 --> 03:35:25,800
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

4105
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,900
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

4106
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:30,900
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

4107
03:35:30,900 --> 03:35:34,700
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

4108
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:37,700
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

4109
03:35:37,708 --> 03:35:40,600
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

4110
03:35:40,600 --> 03:35:43,900
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

4111
03:35:43,900 --> 03:35:47,100
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

4112
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:50,100
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

4113
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:53,600
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

4114
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,500
However, This spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

4115
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:01,500
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

4116
03:36:01,500 --> 03:36:04,700
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

4117
03:36:04,700 --> 03:36:07,500
water require careful 
observation and logical 

4118
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:09,900
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

4119
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:12,800
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

4120
03:36:12,800 --> 03:36:16,400
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

4121
03:36:16,400 --> 03:36:19,100
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

4122
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:22,100
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

4123
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:25,100
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

4124
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:28,300
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

4125
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:32,000
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

4126
03:36:32,000 --> 03:36:33,700
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

4127
03:36:33,700 --> 03:36:36,100
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

4128
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:39,600
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

4129
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:43,400
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

4130
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,800
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

4131
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:48,500
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

4132
03:36:48,500 --> 03:36:51,300
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

4133
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:54,300
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

4134
03:36:54,300 --> 03:36:57,900
networking effects which other 
processes by, which various 

4135
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:00,800
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

4136
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:04,100
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

4137
03:37:04,100 --> 03:37:07,800
Society is changed by writing, 
in every other way because 

4138
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:10,800
Engineers can document effective
techniques and learn from past 

4139
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:14,300
mistakes, the irrigation system 
becomes much more sophisticated,

4140
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:16,800
once information can be 
permanently recorded. 

4141
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:20,800
Because precedence can be 
documented and consulted legal 

4142
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:24,600
systems become more Equitable 
and consistent because contracts

4143
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:28,100
can specify precise terms and 
conditions trade becomes more 

4144
03:37:28,100 --> 03:37:30,400
complicated. 
Because knowledge can be 

4145
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:34,000
systematically transmitted and 
preserved education becomes more

4146
03:37:34,000 --> 03:37:38,200
effective however writing all so
opens up new possibilities that 

4147
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:41,400
no one had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

4148
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:44,700
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

4149
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:47,900
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

4150
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:50,700
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

4151
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:54,200
every advancement, creates 
opportunities for even more 

4152
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:57,500
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways in the realm of Economics, 

4153
03:37:57,500 --> 03:38:00,600
the networking effect is the 
same once. 

4154
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:03,500
Fu production is stable, some 
people can focus on crafts. 

4155
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:05,900
You can create better tools and 
methods. 

4156
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:08,900
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

4157
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:12,500
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

4158
03:38:12,500 --> 03:38:16,300
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increases the 

4159
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:19,300
likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

4160
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:21,600
social Innovations, have an 
equally strong Network. 

4161
03:38:21,600 --> 03:38:24,700
You can start projects that need
long-term planning and 

4162
03:38:24,708 --> 03:38:26,900
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

4163
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,300
governance system, People gain 
confidence in group action, 

4164
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:34,200
after large-scale, projects are 
completed successfully, people 

4165
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:36,800
are willing to invest in, even 
more ambitious projects, once 

4166
03:38:36,800 --> 03:38:41,200
they have faith in group efforts
in ways that exponentially speed

4167
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:43,800
up progress, success, breeds 
success. 

4168
03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:46,700
The Mesopotamians are 
experiencing the fascinating 

4169
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:48,400
discovery that human 
communities. 

4170
03:38:48,400 --> 03:38:51,300
Can generate value that far, 
surpasses, what individuals 

4171
03:38:51,300 --> 03:38:54,200
could produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

4172
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:57,200
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

4173
03:38:57,200 --> 03:38:59,700
scale. 
Every new member of society 

4174
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:02,400
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

4175
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:05,500
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

4176
03:39:05,500 --> 03:39:07,100
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

4177
03:39:07,100 --> 03:39:10,900
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

4178
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:14,200
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

4179
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:16,600
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

4180
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:19,900
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

4181
03:39:19,900 --> 03:39:22,500
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

4182
03:39:22,500 --> 03:39:24,200
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

4183
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:27,700
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

4184
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:31,700
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

4185
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:34,700
effect may be the most 
significant, People start to 

4186
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:37,300
have bigger dreams after 
realizing that prosperity and 

4187
03:39:37,300 --> 03:39:39,900
security can be achieved through
human effort. 

4188
03:39:40,700 --> 03:39:43,900
They're more inclined, to trust 
strangers, and engage in larger 

4189
03:39:43,900 --> 03:39:45,500
communities. 
Once they realize that 

4190
03:39:45,500 --> 03:39:48,100
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

4191
03:39:48,100 --> 03:39:51,500
individuals to accomplish alone.
They are more inclined to rely 

4192
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:53,600
on others for products and 
services that they could 

4193
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,000
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

4194
03:39:56,000 --> 03:39:59,700
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

4195
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:02,200
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

4196
03:40:02,200 --> 03:40:04,900
interdependent instead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

4197
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,100
time in human history, they're 
coming to the conclusion that 

4198
03:40:08,100 --> 03:40:10,700
working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

4199
03:40:10,708 --> 03:40:14,000
other people, their ringing. 
Everything that humans societies

4200
03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:16,400
can be more than short-term 
convenience alliances. 

4201
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:19,700
You're seeing networking effects
that extend beyond the borders 

4202
03:40:19,700 --> 03:40:21,800
of specific cities or 
geographical areas. 

4203
03:40:22,900 --> 03:40:25,700
Mesopotamian Innovations in 
Florence events throughout the 

4204
03:40:25,700 --> 03:40:29,600
ancient world, by way of trade 
routes, diplomatic contacts and 

4205
03:40:29,600 --> 03:40:33,000
migration patterns Greek 
philosophy is shaped by the 

4206
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:35,100
mathematical ideas created in 
Babylon. 

4207
03:40:35,100 --> 03:40:38,900
Roman law is influenced by the 
legal precepts developed in her.

4208
03:40:39,600 --> 03:40:42,400
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

4209
03:40:42,400 --> 03:40:45,900
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

4210
03:40:45,900 --> 03:40:48,400
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

4211
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:52,300
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interaction that 

4212
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,000
link. 
Far-flung Society is and enable 

4213
03:40:55,000 --> 03:40:58,400
Innovations to proliferate well 
beyond their original locations.

4214
03:40:59,900 --> 03:41:02,500
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

4215
03:41:02,500 --> 03:41:05,600
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

4216
03:41:05,600 --> 03:41:09,800
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

4217
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:11,900
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

4218
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:15,200
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

4219
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:17,900
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end, you return to 

4220
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:21,100
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

4221
03:41:21,100 --> 03:41:24,400
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

4222
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:27,600
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

4223
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,300
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

4224
03:41:30,300 --> 03:41:34,200
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

4225
03:41:34,200 --> 03:41:38,900
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

4226
03:41:38,900 --> 03:41:40,800
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

4227
03:41:40,800 --> 03:41:43,300
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

4228
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:46,900
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions were not 

4229
03:41:46,900 --> 03:41:50,800
coincidental or short-term fixes
thousands of years later, we are

4230
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,300
still using modified versions of
the institutions systems and 

4231
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:56,400
ways of thinking they 
established because they were so

4232
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,100
successful. 
Your building on the foundations

4233
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:02,200
established by these ancient 
Pioneers each time you use 

4234
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:06,200
mathematics reader written 
contract engage in Democratic 

4235
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:09,200
governance or profit from 
specialization and trade, 

4236
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:12,500
perhaps most significantly. 
However, they Illustrated a 

4237
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:16,100
feature of human nature that 
still holds true today When 

4238
03:42:16,100 --> 03:42:18,500
people are confident enough to 
look beyond their immediate 

4239
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,100
survival, when they have 
incentives to work together, 

4240
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:23,300
rather than engage in 
destructive competition. 

4241
03:42:23,300 --> 03:42:25,900
And when they have faith, that 
their efforts will be fairly 

4242
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,300
rewarded, they collaborate to 
create amazing things, the 

4243
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:32,400
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves
as a reminder that the greatest 

4244
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:35,600
human civilization is about 
fostering an environment in 

4245
03:42:35,600 --> 03:42:39,000
which each person can use their 
special gifts to promote the 

4246
03:42:39,000 --> 03:42:42,300
well-being of the group. 
Not about controlling nature or 

4247
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:45,500
outperforming Rivals. 
It involves creating systems 

4248
03:42:45,500 --> 03:42:48,800
that are both robust enough to 
offer security and adaptable 

4249
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:52,300
enough to Foster creativity. 
It involves figuring out how to 

4250
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:55,500
respect both individual success 
and the well-being of the 

4251
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:59,400
community as you fall asleep, 
consider how human advancement 

4252
03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:02,600
is still fueled by the same 
Cooperative impulses, that 

4253
03:43:02,600 --> 03:43:05,000
created ziggurats and cuneiform 
writing. 

4254
03:43:06,100 --> 03:43:09,000
The spirit of ancient 
Mesopotamia endures every time 

4255
03:43:09,000 --> 03:43:11,800
individuals decide to work 
together, rather than fight 

4256
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:15,100
every time someone lends their 
expertise to projects bigger 

4257
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:17,800
than themselves. 
And every time communities make 

4258
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:20,400
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

4259
03:43:20,400 --> 03:43:23,500
Generations, even though the 
cities are now covered in desert

4260
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:26,900
sand and the irrigation channels
are dry, the human ability to 

4261
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:30,500
bring order out of chaos, 
abundance out of scarcity and 

4262
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,400
meaning out of life's, basic 
materials, still flows like 

4263
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:35,800
those ancient Rivers. 
Between the Tigris, new 

4264
03:43:35,800 --> 03:43:38,700
Freights, rest easy knowing that
you're a part of a story that 

4265
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:41,800
started with the first cities 
and goes on with every 

4266
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:45,900
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

4267
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:48,800
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

4268
03:43:48,800 --> 03:43:51,900
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

4269
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:54,200
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

4270
03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:58,300
Rather, they are always just 
getting started and are waiting 

4271
03:43:58,300 --> 03:44:00,800
to be shaped by the next 
generation of people who 

4272
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:03,300
prepared to cooperate in order 
to achieve common goals. 

4273
03:44:03,300 --> 03:44:06,700
The same mathematical patterns 
that the Ancient astronomers 

4274
03:44:06,700 --> 03:44:09,500
found still govern the way. 
The Stars wheel overhead. 

4275
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:14,000
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

4276
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,400
something bigger than personal 
survival, is still a strong as 

4277
03:44:17,400 --> 03:44:21,600
the fires in these old bronze 
workshops and tomorrow, we carry

4278
03:44:21,600 --> 03:44:22,700
on the work. 
They started. 

4279
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:25,700
The never-ending optimistic 
Endeavor of creating 

4280
03:44:25,700 --> 03:44:29,700
civilizations deserving of human
potential in both minor and 

4281
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:32,300
major ways. 
Sweet dreams fellow time 

4282
03:44:32,300 --> 03:44:35,000
traveler take comfort. 
In the fact that you are a part 

4283
03:44:35,008 --> 03:44:38,100
of the greatest success story in
human history, one that is still

4284
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:42,000
being written one day at a time 
by people who recognize that the

4285
03:44:42,000 --> 03:44:45,500
greatest monuments we can erect.
Are those that enable others to 

4286
03:44:45,500 --> 03:44:47,700
rise just a little bit of their 
own potential. 

4287
03:44:47,700 --> 03:44:51,200
Imagine those old voices carry 
on the Wind during The Quiet 

4288
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:53,400
Moments before sleep really sets
in. 

4289
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:56,700
Farmers in Mesopotamia 
discovered that a floodplain 

4290
03:44:56,700 --> 03:44:58,700
could become a paradise if they 
banded together. 

4291
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:02,400
The artists who realized that 
specialized work, could Elevate,

4292
03:45:02,400 --> 03:45:04,400
simple, survival to creative 
success. 

4293
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:09,500
The administrators demonstrated 
that at its best, Rocky is just 

4294
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:11,500
structured to serve the 
interests of the community. 

4295
03:45:11,500 --> 03:45:15,100
Even though there's ziggurat as 
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 

4296
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:18,300
still be heard in every Public 
Library, contemporary hospital 

4297
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:21,900
and infrastructure project that 
enhances the lives of people, 

4298
03:45:21,900 --> 03:45:26,000
the Builders of never met. 
Even though they're cuneiform, 

4299
03:45:26,000 --> 03:45:29,400
tablets are now Museum artifacts
their belief that knowledge 

4300
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,900
should be shared and preserved 
endures in every book website 

4301
03:45:32,900 --> 03:45:36,100
and classroom where new 
information is learned their 

4302
03:45:36,100 --> 03:45:38,700
understanding that abundance 
comes from cooperation, rather 

4303
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:42,100
than competition is evident in 
every successful Business, 

4304
03:45:42,100 --> 03:45:46,500
Partnership community garden and
instance where neighbors choose 

4305
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:48,900
to support one another rather 
than compete. 

4306
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,200
The irrigation channels they dug
of long since filled with sand 

4307
03:45:53,200 --> 03:45:56,500
above all, they introduced us to
the radical notion that people 

4308
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:59,200
can build societies that are 
superior to the sum of their 

4309
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:02,200
parts. 
That chaos conflict and scarcity

4310
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:05,400
are not necessary for human 
existence that we can create 

4311
03:46:05,400 --> 03:46:09,300
worlds where everyone has enough
enough food and enough, security

4312
03:46:09,300 --> 03:46:12,700
enough purpose, enough Beauty to
make life worthwhile. 

4313
03:46:12,700 --> 03:46:16,600
If we are patient creative and 
willing to trust one another, 

4314
03:46:16,600 --> 03:46:19,600
therefore, as you drift off to 
sleep, remember, not only the 

4315
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:22,700
accomplishments of these ancient
people but also the quiet 

4316
03:46:22,700 --> 03:46:26,400
assurance that the same 
inventive collaborative spirit, 

4317
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,800
that created the first cities is
still creating a better world 

4318
03:46:29,800 --> 03:46:32,400
today. 
Every tiny deed of compassion, 

4319
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:35,800
every instance of putting 
empathy ahead of judgment and 

4320
03:46:35,800 --> 03:46:38,800
every contribution to a cause 
greater than yourself keeps the 

4321
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:41,900
good work going. 
Spontaneous, golden age was a 

4322
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:43,200
beginning rather than a 
destination. 

4323
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:46,300
Stories. 
Mostly aspect is that it isn't 

4324
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:50,100
yet over it, persists, in every 
heart, that selects cooperation 

4325
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:54,900
over rivalry, hope over fear and
building over destruction, rest 

4326
03:46:54,900 --> 03:46:56,200
easy. 
Knowing that you are both the 

4327
03:46:56,200 --> 03:46:59,200
inheritor of their wisdom and a 
part of its continuous 

4328
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:01,800
development. 
Maybe you will hear the soft 

4329
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:04,600
splatter of old irrigation 
channels in your dreams, 

4330
03:47:04,600 --> 03:47:06,900
delivering vital water to 
Gardens. 

4331
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:10,000
That will reopen tomorrow, good 
night, civilisation Builder, 

4332
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:13,200
good night. 
Ancient dream are Good night 

4333
03:47:13,200 --> 03:47:15,900
participant in the world's 
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 

4334
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:19,500
The patient optimistic Endeavor 
to build a world that lives up 

4335
03:47:19,500 --> 03:47:22,700
to our highest hopes as a 
reminder, that some things 

4336
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:27,000
beauty truth and the human 
capacity for Wonder really are 

4337
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:29,400
Eternal. 
The stars that led, those early 

4338
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:33,300
astronomers continue to shine 
down on you in the same Timeless

4339
03:47:33,300 --> 03:47:35,300
patterns. 
They found get enough. 

4340
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:39,300
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

4341
03:47:39,308 --> 03:47:42,200
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

4342
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:45,600
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

4343
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:54,700
long ago. 
Imagine what the world was like 

4344
03:47:54,700 --> 03:47:58,900
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

4345
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:01,600
Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

4346
03:48:01,608 --> 03:48:03,500
everything. 
It was a time when the most 

4347
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:07,000
amazing piece of technology. 
You had was a Watermill, the 

4348
03:48:07,000 --> 03:48:09,800
news traveled as fast as a horse
and you learned about the 

4349
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:13,200
universe from a mix of ancient, 
Greek, philosophy, Christian 

4350
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:15,700
Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

4351
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:18,200
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

4352
03:48:18,200 --> 03:48:21,200
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

4353
03:48:21,200 --> 03:48:24,200
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

4354
03:48:24,200 --> 03:48:27,200
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

4355
03:48:27,200 --> 03:48:30,100
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

4356
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,100
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

4357
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:36,700
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

4358
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:39,100
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

4359
03:48:40,400 --> 03:48:42,900
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

4360
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:46,200
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

4361
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:49,200
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

4362
03:48:49,200 --> 03:48:52,500
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

4363
03:48:52,500 --> 03:48:56,100
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

4364
03:48:56,100 --> 03:48:59,800
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

4365
03:48:59,800 --> 03:49:01,800
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

4366
03:49:01,800 --> 03:49:04,700
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

4367
03:49:04,700 --> 03:49:06,700
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

4368
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:09,700
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

4369
03:49:09,700 --> 03:49:11,900
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

4370
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:15,400
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

4371
03:49:15,400 --> 03:49:17,800
was in the middle of everything 
and around. 

4372
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:21,000
It were Crystal spheres that 
held the moon planets and stars 

4373
03:49:21,000 --> 03:49:24,000
in their, never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

4374
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:26,800
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

4375
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:30,000
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

4376
03:49:30,000 --> 03:49:32,100
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

4377
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:36,600
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways that most people today 

4378
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:39,700
forgotten, you woke up with the 
sun because candles were 

4379
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:43,400
expensive and Fight was hard to 
find, the sun's path across the 

4380
03:49:43,400 --> 03:49:44,300
sky. 
Not the clock. 

4381
03:49:44,300 --> 03:49:46,600
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers. 

4382
03:49:46,600 --> 03:49:49,400
Knew that certain crops should 
be planted when certain stars 

4383
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:52,900
came up at dawn and monks split 
their prayers into different 

4384
03:49:52,900 --> 03:49:56,000
parts based on the canonical 
hours that followed the sun's 

4385
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:58,700
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

4386
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,600
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

4387
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:04,300
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

4388
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:05,800
only things that could reach 
your world. 

4389
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:08,900
If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could see 

4390
03:50:08,900 --> 03:50:11,300
them, it would have seemed a 
strange to you, that things 

4391
03:50:11,300 --> 03:50:13,200
happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

4392
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:16,600
could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

4393
03:50:16,600 --> 03:50:18,800
video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

4394
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:22,000
But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

4395
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:25,000
sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

4396
03:50:25,000 --> 03:50:26,300
lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

4397
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:29,700
This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

4398
03:50:29,700 --> 03:50:33,200
they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet not just 

4399
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:36,400
astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

4400
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:40,100
cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

4401
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:41,900
that Whole Villages would stay 
up to watch. 

4402
03:50:41,900 --> 03:50:45,300
Everything was affected by 
religion, and people often saw 

4403
03:50:45,300 --> 03:50:48,300
celestial events through 
religious lenses, strange things

4404
03:50:48,300 --> 03:50:50,400
happening in the sky. 
Could be signs of political 

4405
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:54,900
change warnings from God about 
how to act morally or signs of 

4406
03:50:54,900 --> 03:50:57,400
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

4407
03:50:57,400 --> 03:51:00,600
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

4408
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:04,400
understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

4409
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:06,700
were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

4410
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:11,200
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Pliny the Elder these texts.

4411
03:51:11,200 --> 03:51:13,900
Helped people understand how the
world worked, but medieval 

4412
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:16,400
Scholars were just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge.

4413
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:19,400
They also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

4414
03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:21,700
to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

4415
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:25,200
People were curious and observed
at the time, but only up to a 

4416
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:28,400
point natural philosophers 
endeavored to comprehend God's 

4417
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:29,900
creation through meticulous 
examination. 

4418
03:51:29,900 --> 03:51:33,300
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

4419
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:35,000
truth. 
It was important to pay 

4420
03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:37,400
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

4421
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:40,400
scientifically interesting. 
But also, because they Have 

4422
03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:42,700
spiritual, meaning, trade 
networks linked. 

4423
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:45,300
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

4424
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:48,800
exchanges a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

4425
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:51,800
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

4426
03:51:51,800 --> 03:51:55,600
paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

4427
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:59,200
moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

4428
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:01,900
intellectual Network that could 
keep, and share important 

4429
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:06,800
observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 where the 

4430
03:52:06,800 --> 03:52:09,500
stars, followed familiar 
patterns, and strange things 

4431
03:52:09,500 --> 03:52:11,400
happened. 
So, rarely that they were 

4432
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:14,000
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

4433
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:17,500
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

4434
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:21,400
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

4435
03:52:21,400 --> 03:52:24,000
records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

4436
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:26,600
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

4437
03:52:26,600 --> 03:52:29,800
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

4438
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:31,900
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

4439
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,000
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

4440
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:36,700
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

4441
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:38,600
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars. 

4442
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:42,100
They knew they had no Idea that 
invisible radiation was about to

4443
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:44,700
fall from space and amounts, 
that wouldn't be seen again for 

4444
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:47,800
another Thousand Years. 
Imagine that you're relaxing in 

4445
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:49,500
your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night. 

4446
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:53,700
In 774, maybe sometime between 
late winter and early summer. 

4447
03:52:53,700 --> 03:52:55,500
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

4448
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:57,600
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

4449
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:01,100
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

4450
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:03,300
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

4451
03:53:03,300 --> 03:53:06,600
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

4452
03:53:06,600 --> 03:53:08,800
is happening higher above. 
The Earth's atmosphere that 

4453
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:11,400
people won't fully understand 
until the 21st century. 

4454
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:14,600
A huge burst of high energy 
particles is hitting Earth's 

4455
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:17,400
upper atmosphere with a force 
that has never been seen before 

4456
03:53:17,400 --> 03:53:20,400
these cosmic rays, which 
wouldn't be called that for 

4457
03:53:20,400 --> 03:53:23,100
another Thousand Years. 
A falling from space, like an 

4458
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:26,000
invisible waterfall of 
radiation, carrying energies 

4459
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:27,300
that are much bigger than 
anything. 

4460
03:53:27,300 --> 03:53:29,100
Human technology can make even 
today. 

4461
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:32,400
One of the biggest mysteries of 
medieval astronomy is where this

4462
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:35,400
Cosmic bombardment came from. 
This is partly because the 

4463
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:37,500
people who were affected 
couldn't see it directly. 

4464
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:40,000
This event didn't make any 
visible light. 

4465
03:53:40,600 --> 03:53:44,200
Change the night, sky in any big
ways or show any clear, signs, 

4466
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:46,900
that something strange was 
happening, unlike a comet or 

4467
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:49,100
supernova. 
It was like being in the middle 

4468
03:53:49,100 --> 03:53:51,500
of the most amazing fireworks 
show in the history of the 

4469
03:53:51,508 --> 03:53:55,400
universe while wearing a 
blindfold what was going on even

4470
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:58,600
though it couldn't be seen, was 
truly amazing protons. 

4471
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:01,200
And other high-energy particles 
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 

4472
03:54:01,200 --> 03:54:04,400
at almost the speed of light, 
this caused secondary particles 

4473
03:54:04,400 --> 03:54:05,900
to rain, down toward the 
surface. 

4474
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:09,800
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal cosmic ray 

4475
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:11,900
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

4476
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:15,000
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

4477
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:18,200
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

4478
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:20,400
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14. 

4479
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:24,000
The radioactive isotope, that 
archaeologists used to date old 

4480
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,400
things. 
This process usually happens at 

4481
03:54:26,400 --> 03:54:29,900
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

4482
03:54:29,908 --> 03:54:34,700
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

4483
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:38,800
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

4484
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:40,500
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

4485
03:54:41,000 --> 03:54:44,000
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

4486
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:45,800
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

4487
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:50,700
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

4488
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:55,300
and 775, which scientist would 
later recognized as one of the 

4489
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:58,900
most dramatic spikes, in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

4490
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,500
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

4491
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:03,800
seen. 
The cosmic rays were also making

4492
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:06,900
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

4493
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:09,200
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

4494
03:55:09,200 --> 03:55:12,200
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

4495
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,100
world like pieces of a puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

4496
03:55:15,100 --> 03:55:18,500
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

4497
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:21,600
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

4498
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:26,300
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

4499
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:29,700
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

4500
03:55:29,708 --> 03:55:33,300
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

4501
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:36,900
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City size objects with the 

4502
03:55:36,900 --> 03:55:39,900
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

4503
03:55:39,900 --> 03:55:42,400
neighborhood. 
Sending out a short but very 

4504
03:55:42,400 --> 03:55:44,300
strong burst of high-energy 
particles. 

4505
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:47,000
You can start to understand the 
energies involved. 

4506
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:50,200
If you picture two Atomic nuclei
the size of Manhattan, crashing 

4507
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:52,900
into each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

4508
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,300
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

4509
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:58,800
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

4510
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:01,800
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

4511
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:05,600
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses 

4512
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:07,500
that sometimes explode with 
energy. 

4513
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:10,200
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

4514
03:56:10,200 --> 03:56:13,800
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

4515
03:56:13,800 --> 03:56:16,500
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

4516
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:18,400
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

4517
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:22,100
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

4518
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:25,600
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

4519
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:28,900
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

4520
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:31,400
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

4521
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:35,300
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

4522
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:39,300
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

4523
03:56:39,300 --> 03:56:44,100
cosmic Race by that was seen In 
774, the timing of the event is 

4524
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:50,400
what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

4525
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:52,900
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

4526
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:56,400
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

4527
03:56:56,400 --> 03:56:59,500
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

4528
03:56:59,500 --> 03:57:01,500
noting. 
These observations may have 

4529
03:57:01,500 --> 03:57:04,700
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 

4530
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:07,100
but the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

4531
03:57:07,100 --> 03:57:10,000
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

4532
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:13,700
Ages, might have seen that, they
couldn't explain the cosmic ray 

4533
03:57:13,700 --> 03:57:18,300
of 774 was short by astronomical
standards it, probably lasted 

4534
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:21,600
months since of years. 
However it was strong enough to 

4535
03:57:21,600 --> 03:57:24,000
leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

4536
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:26,700
It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

4537
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:29,700
people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

4538
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:32,600
they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

4539
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,200
of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

4540
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,100
technology or observation method
that was available at the time 

4541
03:57:38,100 --> 03:57:40,800
cosmic, ray of events. 
Don't leave any visible sign. 

4542
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:47,100
That would alert people unlike 
or supernovae the people of 774 

4543
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:49,800
were going through one of the 
most amazing astrophysical 

4544
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:53,000
events in history, but they had 
no way of knowing it was 

4545
03:57:53,000 --> 03:57:55,500
happening. 
But in a way, they were all part

4546
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:59,200
of a cosmic experiment working 
together without even knowing it

4547
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:01,900
to make a time capsule, that 
would help scientists. 

4548
03:58:01,900 --> 03:58:04,700
Learn more about both medieval 
history and astrophysics. 

4549
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:08,900
Every tree that grew every piece
of ice that formed and every 

4550
03:58:08,900 --> 03:58:11,900
living thing that developed 
during those important years was

4551
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,600
quietly, leaving behind 
evidence, that would be very 

4552
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,200
useful to researchers 13th. 
Centuries later even though 

4553
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:20,400
medieval people couldn't see 
cosmic rays. 

4554
03:58:20,400 --> 03:58:25,600
The years 774 to 776 were not 
boring for the people who lived 

4555
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:27,600
through them. 
There are records from Europe 

4556
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:29,700
and Asia that talk about strange
things that happened. 

4557
03:58:29,700 --> 03:58:33,000
During this time, we can't say, 
for sure that Cosmic radiation 

4558
03:58:33,000 --> 03:58:35,600
caused all of them. 
But the timing is interesting 

4559
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:38,100
enough to make you wonder what 
people in the Middle Ages were 

4560
03:58:38,100 --> 03:58:42,600
really seeing imagine being a 
monkey in a Torium in 775, 

4561
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,200
keeping the chronicle. 
That tells the story of your 

4562
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:47,100
Monastery is most important 
events. 

4563
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:50,600
You dip your quill in oak, gall 
ink and write down that the 

4564
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:53,700
winter has been unusually harsh 
and that strange colors have 

4565
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:56,900
appeared in the northern sky a 
few times, you don't know that 

4566
03:58:56,900 --> 03:58:59,300
more Cosmic radiation could 
change the chemistry of the 

4567
03:58:59,300 --> 03:59:02,900
atmosphere in small ways, all 
that high energy particles could

4568
03:59:02,900 --> 03:59:04,800
cause stranger auras to appear 
at lower. 

4569
03:59:04,800 --> 03:59:08,000
Latitudes than usual, the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 

4570
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:09,900
one of the most reliable sources
from the Middle. 

4571
03:59:09,900 --> 03:59:13,400
Ages says the red crucifix 
appeared in the sky after Sunset

4572
03:59:13,400 --> 03:59:16,200
around this time. 
Many evil chroniclers were 

4573
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:18,600
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

4574
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:20,300
between normal and strange 
events. 

4575
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,200
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

4576
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:25,200
events. 
They were probably seeing 

4577
03:59:25,200 --> 03:59:30,600
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

4578
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:34,900
Chinese astronomical records 
from the Tang Dynasty which kept

4579
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:37,300
some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

4580
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:40,700
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese. 

4581
03:59:40,700 --> 03:59:43,300
Is astronomers were specially 
good at keeping track of comets,

4582
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,700
Nova and other short-lived 
events their records, talk about

4583
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,300
guest stars and strange 
atmospheric events that don't 

4584
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:51,800
match up with any known 
astronomical events that can be 

4585
03:59:51,808 --> 03:59:54,300
seen from Earth. 
The annals of Ulster say that 

4586
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:56,700
there were strange lights and 
weather patterns in Ireland. 

4587
03:59:56,700 --> 03:59:59,300
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

4588
03:59:59,300 --> 04:00:01,900
people could learn and keep 
detailed records of events on 

4589
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:04,700
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

4590
04:00:04,708 --> 04:00:07,100
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

4591
04:00:07,100 --> 04:00:10,100
The fact that different 
independent Chronicle Traditions

4592
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:12,400
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

4593
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,700
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

4594
04:00:15,700 --> 04:00:18,200
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

4595
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:20,200
From a human point of view 
people. 

4596
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:23,000
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

4597
04:00:23,000 --> 04:00:25,900
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

4598
04:00:25,900 --> 04:00:27,700
understood strange things 
through religious and 

4599
04:00:27,700 --> 04:00:31,000
philosophical lenses, instead of
a scientific ones, a strange 

4600
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:33,200
light in the northern sky. 
Could mean that the government 

4601
04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:36,400
is about to change that God is 
unhappy with how people are 

4602
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:38,600
acting all that. 
The end of the world is near 

4603
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:41,500
people probably thought of the 
red Cross in the Anglo-Saxon 

4604
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:45,200
Chronicle as a Christian Vision.
Maybe showing God's judgment or 

4605
04:00:45,200 --> 04:00:47,300
Mercy. 
These interpretations were 

4606
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,600
simple or stupid. 
They were smart tries to make 

4607
04:00:50,600 --> 04:00:53,300
sense of strange events with the
best tools available at the 

4608
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:55,300
time. 
It also looks like the weather 

4609
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:59,900
in the Middle. 
Ages was strange from 774 to 776

4610
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,900
with different records talking 
about harsh Winters, strange, 

4611
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:07,500
storms, and other events that 
were out of the ordinary cosmic 

4612
04:01:07,500 --> 04:01:10,600
rays, don't directly control the
weather, but they can change the

4613
04:01:10,600 --> 04:01:13,000
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

4614
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:16,400
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

4615
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:19,000
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

4616
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:21,000
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

4617
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:24,400
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

4618
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:27,100
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

4619
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:29,500
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

4620
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:33,000
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

4621
04:01:33,000 --> 04:01:37,000
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

4622
04:01:37,000 --> 04:01:38,400
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

4623
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:41,200
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

4624
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:44,400
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

4625
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:46,500
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

4626
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:49,800
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice Even if they 

4627
04:01:49,800 --> 04:01:52,700
couldn't articulate their 
observations monks, may have 

4628
04:01:52,708 --> 04:01:55,700
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

4629
04:01:55,700 --> 04:01:58,800
Monastery Gardens which were, 
well kept places medieval 

4630
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:02,100
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming and some of 

4631
04:02:02,108 --> 04:02:04,600
these records suggest that the 
weather was strange during the 

4632
04:02:04,600 --> 04:02:08,100
mid 700s 770s. 
It is impossible to say, for 

4633
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:11,000
sure, if these changes were 
caused by Cosmic radiation or 

4634
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:14,300
just normal changes in farming, 
but the timing is interesting. 

4635
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:18,300
Even if the cosmic ray of itself
couldn't be seen, it probably 

4636
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:20,900
had a bigger effect on the minds
of people living in medieval 

4637
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:23,900
times, even though, no one could
say, for sure what was going on.

4638
04:02:23,900 --> 04:02:27,300
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

4639
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:29,300
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

4640
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:31,200
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

4641
04:02:31,200 --> 04:02:34,200
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

4642
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:37,000
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

4643
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:39,700
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

4644
04:02:39,700 --> 04:02:43,300
live in cities today might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

4645
04:02:43,300 --> 04:02:45,900
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

4646
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:47,400
latitudes that were lower than 
usual. 

4647
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:51,100
Similarly among Prayed at 
regular times, would notice if 

4648
04:02:51,100 --> 04:02:54,200
the colors of dawn or dusk, look
different than usual when 

4649
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:56,500
strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

4650
04:02:56,500 --> 04:03:00,200
People usually turn to religion,
more asked learned people for 

4651
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:02,800
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

4652
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:05,900
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

4653
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:09,000
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

4654
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:12,000
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

4655
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:14,600
natural events. 
It is specially sad that people 

4656
04:03:14,600 --> 04:03:16,900
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

4657
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:20,700
powerful astrophysical events in
history, but they had no way to 

4658
04:03:20,700 --> 04:03:23,600
understand what it really meant 
or how important it was. 

4659
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,600
They were like people who are 
trying to understand a symphony 

4660
04:03:26,600 --> 04:03:29,300
book, could only hear a few 
notes here and there or who were

4661
04:03:29,300 --> 04:03:31,600
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

4662
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:34,900
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and details 

4663
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:38,200
records, which are still kept in
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

4664
04:03:38,200 --> 04:03:41,600
annals on several continents. 
Give modern signs. 

4665
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:45,600
Important information about both
the cosmic ray of event and its 

4666
04:03:45,600 --> 04:03:48,800
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

4667
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:51,800
And light in stone scriptorium 
made records. 

4668
04:03:51,800 --> 04:03:54,600
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists 13th. 

4669
04:03:54,600 --> 04:04:00,200
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experienced 

4670
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,000
mystery in, its purest form 
things that were clearly 

4671
04:04:03,000 --> 04:04:05,400
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

4672
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:08,100
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

4673
04:04:08,100 --> 04:04:11,900
careful observation keeping 
detailed records and thinking 

4674
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:14,400
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

4675
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:16,300
traditions. 
That had helped people 

4676
04:04:16,300 --> 04:04:19,400
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

4677
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,100
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

4678
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,800
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

4679
04:04:24,800 --> 04:04:28,000
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, libraries and the 

4680
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:30,400
hidden records written in tree 
rings and Ice cores. 

4681
04:04:30,400 --> 04:04:34,900
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

4682
04:04:34,900 --> 04:04:37,800
ray event, they had to put 
together, medieval Chronicles 

4683
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:41,800
and the most advanced Astro 
physics to figure it out in the 

4684
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:44,300
early 2000s. 
Researchers looking at tree-ring

4685
04:04:44,300 --> 04:04:47,700
data saw something amazing, that
led to the big Discovery, the 

4686
04:04:47,700 --> 04:04:53,500
amount of carbon 14 in Samples 
from 774 to 775, went up a lot, 

4687
04:04:53,500 --> 04:04:56,000
which hasn't happened in the 
last few thousand years. 

4688
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:59,400
It was like nature of suddenly 
switched pens to write the same 

4689
04:04:59,408 --> 04:05:02,900
story, making a signature. 
So unique that, it could be seen

4690
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:05,500
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

4691
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,700
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

4692
04:05:08,700 --> 04:05:11,200
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

4693
04:05:11,200 --> 04:05:14,200
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

4694
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:17,900
Greenland had higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 

4695
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:19,800
that are made. 
When cosmic rays, hit other 

4696
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:23,600
particles, Coral growth rings 
from tropical ocean showed signs

4697
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:25,300
of the same event in their 
chemical makeup. 

4698
04:05:25,300 --> 04:05:28,200
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scenes on 

4699
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:31,300
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

4700
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:34,700
candlelight with quill Pen's, 
unknowingly recorded pieces of 

4701
04:05:34,708 --> 04:05:37,700
this, Cosmic puzzle in their 
careful notes, about stranger 

4702
04:05:37,700 --> 04:05:40,100
events. 
It was no longer just a strange 

4703
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:43,000
medieval Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 

4704
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:46,600
a red crucifix in the sky, it 
could be useful scientific 

4705
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:50,200
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the Chinese 

4706
04:05:50,200 --> 04:05:52,700
astronomical records were 
especially useful because 

4707
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:56,300
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Kept very detailed records of 

4708
04:05:56,300 --> 04:05:59,300
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars 

4709
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:06,400
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

4710
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:10,100
us understand how experienced 
skywatches might have seen such 

4711
04:06:10,100 --> 04:06:13,400
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

4712
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:14,900
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

4713
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:17,600
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

4714
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:20,200
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

4715
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:23,300
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

4716
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:26,000
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

4717
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:29,900
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

4718
04:06:29,900 --> 04:06:32,800
Chronicles would have used the 
language of Omens wanders, and 

4719
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:35,800
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

4720
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:38,400
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

4721
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:41,100
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

4722
04:06:41,100 --> 04:06:43,800
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

4723
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:46,300
invisible. 
Nobody evil technology could 

4724
04:06:46,300 --> 04:06:48,100
have detected. 
The cosmic ray bombardment 

4725
04:06:48,100 --> 04:06:51,600
itself but careful, Observers 
might have been able to see its 

4726
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:55,100
secondary effects such as 
stranger, aurors atmospheric 

4727
04:06:55,100 --> 04:06:58,100
phenomena, and maybe even small 
changes in weather patterns. 

4728
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,700
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

4729
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:03,700
matches. 
The time when cosmic ray levels 

4730
04:07:03,700 --> 04:07:06,500
were high, this suggests that 
some of the strange things that 

4731
04:07:06,500 --> 04:07:08,900
medieval writers wrote, about 
may have been caused by the 

4732
04:07:08,900 --> 04:07:12,100
invisible radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

4733
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:14,900
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

4734
04:07:14,900 --> 04:07:17,000
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

4735
04:07:17,000 --> 04:07:19,600
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

4736
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:21,900
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

4737
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:24,000
strange things that happen. 
During this time. 

4738
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:27,100
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

4739
04:07:27,100 --> 04:07:30,200
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

4740
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:33,100
add to and clarify what European
and Chinese sources of set. 

4741
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:35,200
The worldwide nature of these 
records. 

4742
04:07:35,200 --> 04:07:38,500
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

4743
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:40,500
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

4744
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:43,700
time figuring out which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

4745
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:46,600
are just the normal background 
of strange events that medieval 

4746
04:07:46,600 --> 04:07:49,400
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time people in the middle. 

4747
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:52,400
Just lived in a world where 
comets, eclipses, strange 

4748
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:54,900
weather, and many other events 
were always happening. 

4749
04:07:54,900 --> 04:07:58,000
And being seen as important to 
figure out, which anomalies 

4750
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:00,400
might be linked to the cosmic 
ray event, you need to 

4751
04:08:00,400 --> 04:08:02,600
carefully. 
Look at the timing global 

4752
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:05,500
distribution and the specific 
nature of the reported 

4753
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:07,300
phenomena. 
One of the most interesting 

4754
04:08:07,300 --> 04:08:09,900
things about medieval records is
how consistent. 

4755
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:11,200
They are across different 
cultures. 

4756
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:15,400
When Irish monks Chinese quarter
astronomers and Islamic scholars

4757
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:17,500
in Spain. 
All right, about strange things 

4758
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:20,900
happening in the sky at the same
time, it means they were seeing 

4759
04:08:20,900 --> 04:08:22,600
something that was really 
strange. 

4760
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:25,700
And not just what people in 
their cultures thought was signs

4761
04:08:25,700 --> 04:08:28,800
of bad luck or good luck. 
This Cosmic mystery shows how 

4762
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:31,200
modern science works best when 
people work together 

4763
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:34,200
astrophysicists offered 
theoretical Frameworks for 

4764
04:08:34,200 --> 04:08:36,900
comprehending, cosmic ray, 
phenomena and their possible 

4765
04:08:36,900 --> 04:08:40,100
impacts historians and 
archaeologists helped by sharing

4766
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:42,400
their knowledge of medieval 
sources and the historical 

4767
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:46,300
context geochemists and 
climatologists study tree rings,

4768
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,600
ice cores and other natural 
records that keep chemical. 

4769
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:54,200
Traces of events from long ago. 
The 774 event is especially 

4770
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:57,500
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

4771
04:08:57,500 --> 04:09:00,200
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

4772
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,100
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

4773
04:09:03,100 --> 04:09:06,700
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic, ray event 

4774
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:09,100
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

4775
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,000
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

4776
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:14,400
cosmic ray signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

4777
04:09:14,400 --> 04:09:17,500
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about strange events in 

4778
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:22,800
774 to 776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

4779
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:26,100
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous observations 

4780
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:28,800
documented in manuscripts, 
dispersed throughout Monastery, 

4781
04:09:28,800 --> 04:09:32,300
libraries and Royal archives. 
Yielded essential evidence for 

4782
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:34,100
comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

4783
04:09:34,100 --> 04:09:37,100
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded, history. 

4784
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:40,600
Scientists can now read the 
cosmic signatures hidden in tree

4785
04:09:40,600 --> 04:09:42,500
rings and Ice cores. 
Thanks to modern technology. 

4786
04:09:42,500 --> 04:09:46,600
However, medieval people who saw
the event gave scientists the 

4787
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:49,100
context, they needed to 
understand how it might have 

4788
04:09:49,100 --> 04:09:52,000
looked Of people who live 
through it, the combination of 

4789
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:55,200
high-tech analysis and careful 
historical research has 

4790
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:58,000
uncovered a story that neither 
method could have found on its 

4791
04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,700
own. 
The people who saw the 774 

4792
04:10:00,700 --> 04:10:03,300
cosmic ray event had no idea. 
They were witnessing 

4793
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:06,600
astronomical history, but 
they're careful record-keeping 

4794
04:10:06,600 --> 04:10:09,100
and detailed observations made a
time capsule. 

4795
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:12,000
That would be very useful to 
researchers more than 1,000 

4796
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:13,800
years later. 
It's a reminder that 

4797
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:16,800
observations that seem unrelated
can sometimes show their true 

4798
04:10:16,800 --> 04:10:18,800
importance. 
Only when looked at from the 

4799
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:20,500
point of view of later, 
scientific knowledge. 

4800
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:24,200
Imagine waking up on a normal 
morning in 775. 

4801
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:27,500
When the year before had brought
news of strange events from all 

4802
04:10:27,500 --> 04:10:30,700
over the world, you get up with 
the sun because that's when life

4803
04:10:30,700 --> 04:10:32,700
starts in a time before electric
lights. 

4804
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:36,100
When you step outside your home,
whether it's a peasant Cottage, 

4805
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:39,400
a monastery sell or a Merchant's
house, you might look up at the 

4806
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:42,100
sky and realize that something 
strange has been happening up 

4807
04:10:42,100 --> 04:10:44,400
there. 
The cosmic ray event that peaked

4808
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:48,000
in 774 was making small changes 
in your environment that you 

4809
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:50,500
couldn't see. 
But the strange things that 

4810
04:10:50,500 --> 04:10:53,000
Chronicles and travelers wrote 
about were adding a sense of 

4811
04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:56,200
wonder and uncertainty to 
everyday life people in the 

4812
04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:58,200
Middle, Ages were used to living
with mystery. 

4813
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:01,100
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world were 

4814
04:11:01,100 --> 04:11:04,000
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there were so many

4815
04:11:04,008 --> 04:11:06,500
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like big 

4816
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:08,500
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

4817
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:10,300
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

4818
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:13,200
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

4819
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:15,900
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

4820
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:19,200
always start with prayers. 
But prayers from the Middle Ages

4821
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:21,900
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

4822
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:24,800
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights. 

4823
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,200
And unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

4824
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:30,000
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

4825
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:32,500
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

4826
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:35,100
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

4827
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:39,800
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens, most people in 775 were 

4828
04:11:39,800 --> 04:11:41,800
farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

4829
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:44,500
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

4830
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:47,800
to be successful in farming. 
In the Middle Ages, you had to 

4831
04:11:47,808 --> 04:11:51,200
be able to read subtle signs. 
In the environment, like when to

4832
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,000
plant based on the temperature 
and moisture of the soil, how to

4833
04:11:54,008 --> 04:11:56,400
tell when the weather would 
change based on the clouds and 

4834
04:11:56,400 --> 04:11:59,200
wind patterns, and how to tell 
when it was time to harvest 

4835
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:02,500
people who survival depended on 
being able to read nature 

4836
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:04,700
signals, would notice any 
strange changes in the 

4837
04:12:04,700 --> 04:12:07,500
environment right away. 
The higher levels of cosmic 

4838
04:12:07,500 --> 04:12:08,900
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

4839
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:11,500
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

4840
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:14,300
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

4841
04:12:14,300 --> 04:12:17,300
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how crops grew and 

4842
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:19,900
developed even though the 
effects would be small. 

4843
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:22,500
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

4844
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:25,800
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

4845
04:12:25,800 --> 04:12:27,800
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

4846
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,600
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

4847
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:34,000
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces were small 

4848
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:37,300
changes, might be easier to see 
monks who took care of herb 

4849
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:39,700
gardens and medicinal plants 
were trained to be very 

4850
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:43,100
observant and pay close 
attention to how plants grew and

4851
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:45,500
how healthy they were. 
Because they knew so much about 

4852
04:12:45,500 --> 04:12:48,300
how plants normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

4853
04:12:48,300 --> 04:12:50,000
spot things that Less 
experienced. 

4854
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:53,200
Observers would have missed the 
psychological climate of daily 

4855
04:12:53,200 --> 04:12:54,800
life. 
During this era was likely 

4856
04:12:54,800 --> 04:12:57,900
affected by the proliferation of
anomalous reports from various 

4857
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:01,700
regions, and sources, medieval 
communication networks, which 

4858
04:13:01,700 --> 04:13:04,300
were based on trade, routes 
pilgrimage routes, and 

4859
04:13:04,300 --> 04:13:07,200
diplomatic contacts moved 
information slowly. 

4860
04:13:07,200 --> 04:13:11,200
But steadily strange stories 
from Faraway places would slowly

4861
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:14,400
make their way into local 
communities, making people feel 

4862
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:17,600
like the normal order of things 
was changing in some way people.

4863
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:20,200
In the Middle Ages, knew that 
big events often made themselves

4864
04:13:20,200 --> 04:13:22,400
known through natural signs and 
Omens. 

4865
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:25,200
Medieval people strongly 
believe, that strange events 

4866
04:13:25,200 --> 04:13:28,300
could happen before big changes 
and politics Society or religion

4867
04:13:28,300 --> 04:13:30,900
people who lived at the time 
would have thought that 

4868
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:33,700
something important was going 
on, when several sources 

4869
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,800
reported strange events 
happening at the same time, even

4870
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,100
if they didn't know exactly what
it was, people might have talked

4871
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:43,600
about strange, weather strange, 
light and other strange, things 

4872
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:46,300
that Travelers and Chronicles 
had seen more often during this 

4873
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:48,800
time because medieval 
communities were small 

4874
04:13:49,100 --> 04:13:52,100
Interesting news spread quickly,
the collection of strange 

4875
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:54,800
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

4876
04:13:54,800 --> 04:13:57,800
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events. 

4877
04:13:57,800 --> 04:14:01,100
People who worked outside would 
have had more chances to see 

4878
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:03,400
strange weather patterns. 
The people who worked inside 

4879
04:14:03,400 --> 04:14:07,000
might not have seen blacksmiths 
carpenters and other craftsmen 

4880
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:09,700
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

4881
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:11,600
notice changes in the colors of 
the sky. 

4882
04:14:11,600 --> 04:14:15,300
Strange Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

4883
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:18,100
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

4884
04:14:18,100 --> 04:14:19,600
hitting the upper atmosphere of 
Earth. 

4885
04:14:19,600 --> 04:14:22,400
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

4886
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:25,000
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

4887
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:28,300
possibility of strange celestial
events people in the Middle Ages

4888
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:29,900
were already good at looking at 
the stars. 

4889
04:14:29,900 --> 04:14:33,700
The night sky was much clearer 
without light pollution, and 

4890
04:14:33,700 --> 04:14:36,000
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

4891
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:39,400
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

4892
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:41,600
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

4893
04:14:41,600 --> 04:14:45,700
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious, 

4894
04:14:45,700 --> 04:14:48,100
observance is made of 
encompassed, specific, prayers 

4895
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,600
or rituals Into appropriately 
address the enigmatic signs that

4896
04:14:51,600 --> 04:14:55,000
appeared with notable frequency,
medieval Christianity, offered 

4897
04:14:55,000 --> 04:14:58,000
Frameworks for interpreting 
natural phenomena as Divine 

4898
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:01,500
Communications and communities 
may have organized supplementary

4899
04:15:01,500 --> 04:15:04,700
religious activities to ensure 
appropriate, responses to 

4900
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,300
perceived Celestial messages 
life, in the Middle. 

4901
04:15:07,300 --> 04:15:10,000
Ages were still governed by the 
seasons even though strange 

4902
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:11,100
things were happening in the 
background. 

4903
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:14,008
No matter how many cosmic rays 
were in the air, or how many 

4904
04:15:14,016 --> 04:15:17,600
strange lights were in the sky 
spring planting summer 

4905
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:21,600
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

4906
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:25,100
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

4907
04:15:25,100 --> 04:15:28,100
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

4908
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:31,000
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

4909
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:33,600
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

4910
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:36,200
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

4911
04:15:36,200 --> 04:15:38,800
important in spreading news, 
about stranger events to 

4912
04:15:38,800 --> 04:15:41,300
different areas. 
A merchant, who traveled between

4913
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,000
cities a lot could act as an 
unofficial Clearing House for 

4914
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:45,400
stories. 
About strange things that 

4915
04:15:45,400 --> 04:15:48,700
happened letting people compare 
what happened in their own area.

4916
04:15:49,000 --> 04:15:52,100
With what happened in other 
places, the cumulative effect of

4917
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:54,200
living through a time. 
When strange things happened 

4918
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,000
more often than usual was 
probably a stronger feeling of 

4919
04:15:57,000 --> 04:16:00,100
living in important times. 
People in the Middle Ages knew 

4920
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:02,800
that they were part of ongoing 
historical stories like the 

4921
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:05,800
history of Their Kingdoms, the 
history of the Bible and the 

4922
04:16:05,808 --> 04:16:08,600
story of Christendom. 
They thought that strange 

4923
04:16:08,600 --> 04:16:11,400
natural events might mean that 
important parts of these bigger 

4924
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:14,300
stories were being written. 
What makes this especially, sad 

4925
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:18,100
is that the people of 775 were 
going through a very important 

4926
04:16:18,100 --> 04:16:21,500
event in the universe even 
though they had no idea what it 

4927
04:16:21,508 --> 04:16:24,300
really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

4928
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,200
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

4929
04:16:27,200 --> 04:16:29,900
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

4930
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:32,500
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

4931
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:35,300
That would be very useful to 
scientists at 1000 years later 

4932
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:37,100
but they didn't know it at the 
time. 

4933
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:40,100
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

4934
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:43,000
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

4935
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:46,600
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

4936
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:48,800
in Japanese cedar trees 
Greenland. 

4937
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:52,100
Ice sheets and the margins of 
medieval manuscripts. 

4938
04:16:52,100 --> 04:16:55,100
It's a story that shows how the 
most advanced science of the 

4939
04:16:55,108 --> 04:16:59,000
21st century can sometimes rely 
on the careful notes of monks 

4940
04:16:59,000 --> 04:17:01,700
from the 8th Century who were 
just trying to write down what 

4941
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:03,100
they saw in the world around 
them. 

4942
04:17:03,100 --> 04:17:06,200
As is often the case with 
scientific breakthroughs, the 

4943
04:17:06,200 --> 04:17:09,000
discovery started when someone 
noticed that the data didn't 

4944
04:17:09,000 --> 04:17:12,500
look quite right, researchers 
studying radiocarbon levels in 

4945
04:17:12,500 --> 04:17:16,200
tree, rings in the early 2000s 
were creating detailed timelines

4946
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:19,700
of past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

4947
04:17:19,700 --> 04:17:23,700
never been seen before. 
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 

4948
04:17:23,700 --> 04:17:28,900
that happen all over the world 
in trees between 774 and 775. 

4949
04:17:28,900 --> 04:17:32,000
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

4950
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:34,600
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

4951
04:17:34,600 --> 04:17:37,000
Because cosmic rays change 
nitrogen in the air. 

4952
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:41,200
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

4953
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:42,700
of years. 
This process has been running 

4954
04:17:42,700 --> 04:17:46,600
like a clock in space making a 
baseline that archeologists and 

4955
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:48,700
climate researchers used to date
old things. 

4956
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:53,800
But in 774 that steady clock in 
space suddenly sped up the spike

4957
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:57,500
was huge about 20 times higher 
than normal levels of cosmic 

4958
04:17:57,500 --> 04:17:59,600
rays and it happened all over 
the place. 

4959
04:17:59,600 --> 04:18:06,100
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

4960
04:18:06,100 --> 04:18:09,000
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

4961
04:18:09,000 --> 04:18:12,900
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

4962
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:16,000
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

4963
04:18:16,000 --> 04:18:19,400
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

4964
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,300
At first scientists didn't know 
What could have caused such a 

4965
04:18:22,308 --> 04:18:23,800
big and sudden event around the 
world. 

4966
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:27,500
Testing nuclear weapons in the 
1960s had caused fake 

4967
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,500
radiocarbon spikes but the 
natural historical record didn't

4968
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:34,700
have anything like what they 
were seeing in 774 in theory 

4969
04:18:34,700 --> 04:18:38,900
solar flares could cause more 
cosmic rays but the 774 event 

4970
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:42,300
was so big that it was bigger 
than any known solar storm. 

4971
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:45,400
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

4972
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:48,700
for other natural records that 
keep cosmic ray signatures that 

4973
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:51,700
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

4974
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:54,500
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

4975
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,700
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

4976
04:18:57,700 --> 04:19:01,100
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by cosmic ray interactions 

4977
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:04,500
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings from tropical

4978
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:06,400
Ocean's. 
Had other chemical signs of the 

4979
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:08,400
same event. 
Scientist was sure. 

4980
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:10,700
They were looking at something 
truly new in the historical 

4981
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,600
record because evidence from 
many different sources. 

4982
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,900
Tree rings, ice, cores and 
coral. 

4983
04:19:16,900 --> 04:19:20,700
Reefs all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

4984
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:26,700
774 to 775, but figuring out 
what happened was just the first

4985
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:29,900
step in understanding it, what 
might have caused such a strong 

4986
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:32,800
burst of cosmic radiation. 
This is where medieval 

4987
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:35,500
Chronicles became an 
unexpectedly important part of 

4988
04:19:35,508 --> 04:19:38,400
the scientific equation, 
scientists figured out that if 

4989
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:44,300
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 
lot between 774 and 7705 There 

4990
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:46,900
might be indirect proof of what 
happened in, historical records 

4991
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:49,100
from that time. 
Chroniclers, from the Middle 

4992
04:19:49,100 --> 04:19:52,100
Ages were skilled at noticing. 
Strange things in the sky in the

4993
04:19:52,108 --> 04:19:53,900
air. 
And they may have seen things 

4994
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:56,300
that could be linked to higher 
levels of cosmic radiation. 

4995
04:19:56,300 --> 04:19:59,600
Researchers had to think like 
both scientists and historians 

4996
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:02,500
in order to link medieval 
observations to Modern 

4997
04:20:02,500 --> 04:20:05,200
astrophysics. 
They had to know not only what 

4998
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:08,300
people in the Middle Ages might 
have seen but also how those 

4999
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:10,900
observations would have been 
understood and recorded in the 

5000
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:14,200
8th, centuries ways of knowing 
and believing a phenomenon that 

5001
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:16,800
contemporary scientists would 
characterize through the lens of

5002
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:19,400
particle physics. 
May be depicted in medieval 

5003
04:20:19,400 --> 04:20:22,400
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or
Divine. 

5004
04:20:22,400 --> 04:20:25,700
Sign the interdisciplinary 
investigation yielded evidence 

5005
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,400
that medieval observers 
discerned unusual phenomena. 

5006
04:20:28,400 --> 04:20:34,000
During the years 774 to 7776 the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 

5007
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:38,000
of a red crucifix in the sky, 
Chinese records of guest stars 

5008
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:41,400
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 
other chronological accounts of 

5009
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:43,700
strange lights and weather 
patterns from this. 

5010
04:20:43,900 --> 04:20:46,800
Time suddenly became more 
important as possible proof of 

5011
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:50,000
cosmic ray effects, the 
scientific teamwork needed to 

5012
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:52,300
solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

5013
04:20:52,300 --> 04:20:55,100
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

5014
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:57,900
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

5015
04:20:57,900 --> 04:21:01,400
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

5016
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:04,000
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

5017
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,300
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

5018
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:09,500
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

5019
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:12,800
Geochemists created ways to get 
cosmic rays signatures from 

5020
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:15,600
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

5021
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:18,400
and made the others clearer. 
The tree-ring data gave very 

5022
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:21,400
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

5023
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:24,200
analysis of ice calls confirmed 
that the event affected the 

5024
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:27,600
whole world, medieval Chronicles
provided perspectives on the 

5025
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:29,300
potential perceptions of the 
events. 

5026
04:21:29,300 --> 04:21:32,200
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

5027
04:21:32,200 --> 04:21:35,300
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

5028
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:37,500
cosmic. 
Ray burst the most likely 

5029
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:40,600
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

5030
04:21:40,600 --> 04:21:43,700
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

5031
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:47,100
in the The universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

5032
04:21:47,100 --> 04:21:50,700
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

5033
04:21:50,700 --> 04:21:53,300
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

5034
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,800
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

5035
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:01,300
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

5036
04:22:01,300 --> 04:22:05,400
This discovery is especially 
important because it is one of 

5037
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:08,300
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

5038
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:11,400
recorded gamma. 
Ray bursts are so powerful that 

5039
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:13,300
they can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

5040
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:17,500
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

5041
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:21,700
race spike, it would be a very 
rare astronomical event, the 

5042
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:22,900
talking about things that 
happen. 

5043
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:25,400
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

5044
04:22:25,400 --> 04:22:28,600
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

5045
04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:32,700
in one stranger event. 
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is

5046
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:35,300
a good way to figure out how 
these kinds of events affect the

5047
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:36,800
atmosphere and biosphere of 
earth. 

5048
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:39,700
Scientists can better, 
understand similar, but less 

5049
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:43,400
dramatic cosmic ray changes 
throughout geological history by

5050
04:22:43,400 --> 04:22:46,200
looking at the The isotopic 
signatures left behind by this 

5051
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:48,800
well-known event. 
Modern technology has made it 

5052
04:22:48,808 --> 04:22:51,900
possible for scientists to read 
chemical, signatures in natural 

5053
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:56,100
archives with amazing accuracy. 
However, medieval Chronicles 

5054
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:58,600
gave us the human context. 
We need to understand how people

5055
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:01,000
living through these events 
might have seen them the 

5056
04:23:01,000 --> 04:23:03,800
combination of high-tech 
analysis and careful historical 

5057
04:23:03,800 --> 04:23:05,800
research. 
Found a story that neither 

5058
04:23:05,800 --> 04:23:08,500
method could have found on his 
own, those who lived through. 

5059
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:12,300
The 774 cosmic ray event could 
never have guessed that their 

5060
04:23:12,300 --> 04:23:15,200
careful, observations would one 
day help scientists learn more 

5061
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:19,400
about neutron stars gamma, ray 
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 

5062
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,800
but their details records, which
are still kept in Monastery. 

5063
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:26,100
Libraries and Royal archives 
were very important for solving.

5064
04:23:26,100 --> 04:23:28,400
One of the biggest astrophysical
mysteries in history. 

5065
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:31,700
As you get more comfortable in 
your reading spot, maybe while 

5066
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:34,500
you finish your evening tea, 
let's think about how a cosmic 

5067
04:23:34,500 --> 04:23:37,100
event. 
That lasted only a few months in

5068
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:41,600
774 has changed how we think 
about the universe for more than

5069
04:23:41,600 --> 04:23:44,600
1,000 years. 
It's Worried about how things we

5070
04:23:44,608 --> 04:23:47,700
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

5071
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:50,300
marks can wait, hundreds of 
years for someone to learn how 

5072
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:52,700
to read them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

5073
04:23:52,700 --> 04:23:57,200
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

5074
04:23:57,200 --> 04:24:00,000
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

5075
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:02,200
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

5076
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,600
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

5077
04:24:05,600 --> 04:24:08,700
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

5078
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:12,400
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seem stable can be 

5079
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:16,100
drastically Changed by rare. 
But powerful events happening 

5080
04:24:16,100 --> 04:24:19,800
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

5081
04:24:19,800 --> 04:24:23,200
this Cosmic bombardment are 
still around today preserved in 

5082
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:27,100
old wooden buildings 
archaeological site and forests 

5083
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:29,500
around the world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

5084
04:24:29,500 --> 04:24:34,500
between 774 and 775 has a 
chemical signature of the 

5085
04:24:34,500 --> 04:24:38,700
amazing year in its cells, like 
a molecular autograph written by

5086
04:24:38,700 --> 04:24:41,800
the universe itself. 
This invisible time stamp links,

5087
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:46,100
medieval Cathedrals an Temples 
and archaeological artifacts 

5088
04:24:46,100 --> 04:24:49,500
from this time period to one of 
the most important astrophysical

5089
04:24:49,500 --> 04:24:53,500
events in human history. 
The 774 event has changed the 

5090
04:24:53,500 --> 04:24:55,900
way we do. 
Modern radiocarbon dating before

5091
04:24:55,900 --> 04:24:58,100
this discovery. 
Scientists thought that levels 

5092
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:01,100
of carbon-14 in the atmosphere 
had stayed pretty stable over 

5093
04:25:01,108 --> 04:25:05,000
time with only small changes 
caused by solar activity and 

5094
04:25:05,000 --> 04:25:07,900
other things that could be 
predicted the sudden rise. 

5095
04:25:07,900 --> 04:25:11,900
In 774 showed that assumption 
was wrong, which led to more 

5096
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:14,800
advanced calibration methods 
that take into account sudden. 

5097
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:18,600
Cosmic ray of events, the 774 
event has helped make 

5098
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:20,200
archaeological dating more 
accurate. 

5099
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:22,400
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 
signature. 

5100
04:25:22,400 --> 04:25:25,700
We can now date artifacts from 
the late 8th Century with more 

5101
04:25:25,700 --> 04:25:28,700
accuracy than ever before. 
It's like having a universal 

5102
04:25:28,700 --> 04:25:31,400
time stamp that shows up in 
organic materials from all over 

5103
04:25:31,400 --> 04:25:34,000
the world, this lets 
archeologists line up their 

5104
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:37,700
timelines with amazing accuracy.
The effects on our understanding

5105
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:42,400
of medieval history of being, 
just as big 774 cosmic ray of 

5106
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:45,600
events serves as a stable, 
Chronological reference aiding 

5107
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:48,300
historians, in correlating 
events, across diverse, cultural

5108
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:51,700
traditions, and geographical 
areas, when Chinese Chronicles, 

5109
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,100
European, monasteries and Middle
Eastern sources. 

5110
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:57,300
All right, about strange things 
happening at the same time, it 

5111
04:25:57,300 --> 04:26:00,000
makes sense that these events 
could be connected to the same 

5112
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:02,800
Cosmic event. 
Climate science has also gained 

5113
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:05,500
insights from comprehending, the
influence of cosmic rays on 

5114
04:26:05,508 --> 04:26:10,200
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 
the 774 event was too short to 

5115
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:12,900
change the climate in the long 
term, but it did show that 

5116
04:26:12,900 --> 04:26:15,900
Cosmic radiation can affect 
atmospheric processes in ways 

5117
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,000
that climate models need to take
into account, contemporary 

5118
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:20,700
researchers examining 
historical. 

5119
04:26:20,700 --> 04:26:23,700
Climate variations are 
increasingly focusing on cosmic 

5120
04:26:23,700 --> 04:26:27,200
ray fluctuations as a potential 
influence, on atmospheric 

5121
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:30,200
chemistry of alteration. 
Researchers are now actively 

5122
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:32,600
looking for similar events in 
the geological record, 

5123
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:36,100
scientists are now looking for 
more Cosmic race bikes that are 

5124
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,100
hidden in tree rings. 
Ice, cores and other natural 

5125
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:41,500
records. 
They want to find more times 

5126
04:26:41,500 --> 04:26:44,900
when Earth was hit by strong 
radiation from Every new piece 

5127
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:47,200
of information. 
Helps us understand how often 

5128
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:51,200
these things happen, what they 
might do, the 774 event has 

5129
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:53,000
changed how we study space 
weather. 

5130
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:56,300
Cosmic rays can damage modern 
satellites and electronic 

5131
04:26:56,300 --> 04:26:59,400
systems and knowing how extreme 
events have happened in the past

5132
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:01,700
can help engineers make 
technology that can survive 

5133
04:27:01,700 --> 04:27:04,900
them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

5134
04:27:04,900 --> 04:27:07,900
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

5135
04:27:07,900 --> 04:27:10,400
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

5136
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,500
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

5137
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:17,800
and historians to work together 
to understand the 774 event has 

5138
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:20,600
led to new models for how these 
two Fields can work together. 

5139
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:25,000
Astrophysicists now, often ask 
medieval historians for help and

5140
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:27,300
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

5141
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:29,500
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

5142
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:31,800
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

5143
04:27:31,800 --> 04:27:33,600
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

5144
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,200
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

5145
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:39,700
This is made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

5146
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:44,000
clear, the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

5147
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:47,400
Science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

5148
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:50,100
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

5149
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:53,200
that people in the past. 
Couldn't get to while also 

5150
04:27:53,200 --> 04:27:55,100
showing how important it is to 
carefully. 

5151
04:27:55,100 --> 04:27:58,300
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

5152
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:01,700
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

5153
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:03,400
best technology and the best 
research. 

5154
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:07,200
The 700 774 event has also 
changed the way we think about 

5155
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:10,700
how people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

5156
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:15,100
about strange, weather events 
and 774 to 776. 

5157
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,200
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

5158
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:20,000
imagined. 
And the information they 

5159
04:28:20,000 --> 04:28:23,000
gathered would be useful. 
A Thousand Years Later their 

5160
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:25,800
careful observations. 
Remind us that even records that

5161
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:28,200
semen important might have 
information that future 

5162
04:28:28,200 --> 04:28:30,000
Generations, will find very 
useful. 

5163
04:28:30,000 --> 04:28:34,200
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

5164
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:37,900
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing and sometimes

5165
04:28:37,900 --> 04:28:43,100
violent Cosmic environment, the 
774 event had a direct effect on

5166
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:45,800
our planet. 
Unlike black holes or galaxies 

5167
04:28:45,800 --> 04:28:48,600
that are far away, we can still 
see the effects today. 

5168
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:51,600
It makes the universe seem more 
real and important to Everyday 

5169
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:54,200
Life. 
The Discovery has also made us 

5170
04:28:54,200 --> 04:28:57,500
think about how these cosmic ray
events might have changed human 

5171
04:28:57,500 --> 04:28:59,700
history in ways, we don't yet 
know about. 

5172
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:03,000
If strong Cosmic radiation can 
change the chemistry of the 

5173
04:29:03,000 --> 04:29:06,000
atmosphere and possibly change 
the weather climate or even 

5174
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:10,200
biological processes, then rare.
But powerful, Cosmic events may 

5175
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:12,900
have had an impact on historical
events that we don't know about 

5176
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:16,900
understanding of events. 
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 

5177
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:20,200
has helped shape, modern talks 
about existential risks and 

5178
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:22,900
planetary defense. 
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 

5179
04:29:22,900 --> 04:29:25,900
directly threaten Earth as much 
as asteroid impacts or super. 

5180
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:29,500
Volcanic eruptions do. 
But they do show that Earth is 

5181
04:29:29,500 --> 04:29:33,000
in a cosmic environment where 
rare but powerful events can 

5182
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:35,600
have Global effects. 
When making plans for the 

5183
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:38,900
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

5184
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:41,200
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet. 

5185
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:45,200
The 774 event has become a 
touchstone for talks about how 

5186
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:48,500
scientific discovery and 
historical understanding are 

5187
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:50,600
related. 
It shows how the most advanced 

5188
04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:53,400
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

5189
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:54,900
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

5190
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:58,100
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

5191
04:29:58,100 --> 04:30:02,600
scientific data better. 
The cosmic grey event of 774 is 

5192
04:30:02,600 --> 04:30:04,700
a reminder that the universe is 
full of things. 

5193
04:30:04,700 --> 04:30:08,000
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

5194
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:11,000
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core. 

5195
04:30:11,000 --> 04:30:13,600
And every well-preserved 
medieval Chronicle that we 

5196
04:30:13,608 --> 04:30:16,800
haven't yet, figured out how to 
find or understand the storm 

5197
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:21,200
that hit Earth in 774 was 
invisible and waited, more than 

5198
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:24,100
12, centuries for people to 
learn how to figure out what had

5199
04:30:24,100 --> 04:30:27,100
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 event 

5200
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:30,800
keeps Changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

5201
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:33,700
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

5202
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:36,700
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

5203
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:39,800
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

5204
04:30:39,800 --> 04:30:42,100
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

5205
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:43,500
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

5206
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:47,100
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

5207
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:50,000
bombardment of high-energy, 
particles has turned into a link

5208
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:54,000
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

5209
04:30:54,000 --> 04:30:57,600
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

5210
04:30:57,600 --> 04:30:59,800
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

5211
04:30:59,808 --> 04:31:03,400
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

5212
04:31:03,400 --> 04:31:06,900
languages that we still learning
how to read, as we come to the 

5213
04:31:06,900 --> 04:31:09,000
end of our journey through this 
Cosmic mystery. 

5214
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:13,200
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 7774 event teaches us 

5215
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:15,200
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

5216
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:18,800
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

5217
04:31:18,800 --> 04:31:20,600
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

5218
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:23,400
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

5219
04:31:23,400 --> 04:31:25,400
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

5220
04:31:25,408 --> 04:31:30,500
cosmic systems, whose working we
are only To understand in 774 

5221
04:31:30,500 --> 04:31:34,300
radiation came down from space 
and connected Earth to events 

5222
04:31:34,300 --> 04:31:36,800
happening at distances and 
scales that are hard to imagine 

5223
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:39,800
the high-energy particles that 
hit our atmosphere came from 

5224
04:31:39,800 --> 04:31:44,200
colliding, neutron stars, 
exploding magnetars or gamma ray

5225
04:31:44,200 --> 04:31:46,900
bursts from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

5226
04:31:46,900 --> 04:31:49,400
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

5227
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,100
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

5228
04:31:52,108 --> 04:31:55,700
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

5229
04:31:55,700 --> 04:31:58,200
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

5230
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:00,600
were around. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

5231
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:03,400
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

5232
04:32:03,400 --> 04:32:07,900
understandable Universe, the 
people of 774 lived in a 

5233
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:09,400
universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

5234
04:32:09,408 --> 04:32:13,400
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

5235
04:32:13,400 --> 04:32:15,500
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

5236
04:32:15,500 --> 04:32:19,500
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

5237
04:32:19,500 --> 04:32:22,200
people in the Middle Ages. 
Could even imagine it it was 

5238
04:32:22,200 --> 04:32:24,600
full of things that could affect
Earth over distances. 

5239
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:28,400
So great that light itself took 
years to cross the Medieval view

5240
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:30,300
of how everything in the 
universe is connected. 

5241
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:33,500
Wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought that 

5242
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:35,400
events in the sky could affect 
things on earth. 

5243
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,300
Even though their ideas about 
how this worked were wrong. 

5244
04:32:38,300 --> 04:32:42,000
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

5245
04:32:42,000 --> 04:32:44,200
affect local conditions, was 
very smart. 

5246
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:48,900
The cosmic ray of event of 7704 
showed that explosions of stars 

5247
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:52,000
that happened, light years away 
can have affects on things that 

5248
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:55,400
happen on Earth. 
The fact that the 774 event was 

5249
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:58,500
invisible, also shows how 
limited our sensors are and how 

5250
04:32:58,500 --> 04:33:01,100
important it is to make tools 
that help us see more clearly 

5251
04:33:01,100 --> 04:33:03,500
people in the Middle. 
Ages were very good at watching 

5252
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:05,500
the sky. 
They could accurately predict 

5253
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:09,099
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots, strange 

5254
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,700
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

5255
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:15,800
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological 

5256
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:18,599
limitation people who were 
witnessing one of the most 

5257
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:21,000
dramatic astrophysical events in
recorded. 

5258
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:24,000
History had no direct way to 
find out what was going on. 

5259
04:33:24,000 --> 04:33:27,200
It was like trying to understand
a symphony while only hearing a 

5260
04:33:27,207 --> 04:33:30,500
few notes here and there or 
trying to enjoy a huge landscape

5261
04:33:30,500 --> 04:33:33,500
while only seeing small details 
through a small window, the 

5262
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:36,200
creation of scientific tools, 
that can find Cosmic race, 

5263
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:38,900
signatures in natural. 
Materials is a big step forward 

5264
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:41,200
for human senses. 
We can see things that we 

5265
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,099
couldn't see directly by looking
at tree rings, ice core 

5266
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:47,400
chemistry and isotopic dating. 
We've learned how to read Cosmic

5267
04:33:47,400 --> 04:33:49,800
messages written in the 
molecular structure of old 

5268
04:33:49,800 --> 04:33:51,900
wooden ice. 
This lets us get information 

5269
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:53,800
that no other Jenner. 
Nation of humans. 

5270
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:56,800
Could get this growth in. 
Perceptual ability has shown 

5271
04:33:56,800 --> 04:33:59,000
that Earth. 
Keeps detailed records of cosmic

5272
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:00,400
events that have happened over 
time. 

5273
04:34:00,400 --> 04:34:03,599
There are chemical traces of 
past cosmic, ray changes in 

5274
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:06,900
every old tree, every ice sheet 
and every coral reef. 

5275
04:34:06,900 --> 04:34:10,200
The Earth is like a huge library
of astronomical events just 

5276
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:12,800
waiting for people to make the 
tools, they need to read it. 

5277
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:17,000
The 774 Discovery also shows 
that scientists often need to 

5278
04:34:17,008 --> 04:34:19,400
look at things over very 
different time scales to 

5279
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:22,099
understand them. 
The cosmic ray event itself may 

5280
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,099
have lasted for months, but its 
effects can still be seen in 

5281
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:26,800
things that are over 1200 years 
old. 

5282
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:30,000
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages
wrote down what they saw within 

5283
04:34:30,000 --> 04:34:32,700
years or Decades of the event 
modern scientists. 

5284
04:34:32,700 --> 04:34:35,000
On the other hand, only found 
the cosmic race bike. 

5285
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:37,800
After developing analytical 
methods that took hundreds of 

5286
04:34:37,808 --> 04:34:42,599
years to perfect to understand 
the 774 event people from 

5287
04:34:42,599 --> 04:34:45,599
different academic fields and 
historical periods had to work 

5288
04:34:45,599 --> 04:34:48,099
together. 
Medieval monks who kept careful 

5289
04:34:48,099 --> 04:34:50,599
records of the stars were 
knowingly, taking part in 

5290
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:52,200
research. 
That wouldn't be finished until 

5291
04:34:52,200 --> 04:34:54,599
the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

5292
04:34:54,599 --> 04:34:57,200
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

5293
04:34:57,200 --> 04:35:00,800
over 1000 Years gave scientists 
the information they needed to 

5294
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:03,300
solve a cosmic mystery, they 
could never have imagined. 

5295
04:35:03,300 --> 04:35:06,500
This temporary partnership makes
me, think about what information

5296
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:09,599
we might be recording today. 
That will be useful to 

5297
04:35:09,599 --> 04:35:13,099
researchers hundreds of years 
from now, our extensive records 

5298
04:35:13,099 --> 04:35:15,300
of whether climate and cosmic 
ray changes. 

5299
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:19,099
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

5300
04:35:19,099 --> 04:35:23,000
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

5301
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:25,800
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

5302
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:30,300
well after our departure the 774
event also shows that rare, but 

5303
04:35:30,300 --> 04:35:33,599
powerful events can have effects
that lasts long after their over

5304
04:35:33,599 --> 04:35:37,400
the bombardment of cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

5305
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:39,800
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

5306
04:35:39,800 --> 04:35:42,599
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological. 

5307
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:46,000
Chronologies, and how Earth and 
space interact from more than 

5308
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:49,500
1,000 years, short of events can
have affects that lasts for 

5309
04:35:49,500 --> 04:35:54,000
hundreds of years, the 774 
cosmic ray Event makes us think 

5310
04:35:54,000 --> 04:35:56,800
about our place in systems that 
work on scales that are bigger 

5311
04:35:56,800 --> 04:35:59,400
than what we can see. 
And feel we live in Galactic 

5312
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,400
neighborhoods Where Stars can 
explode and change the chemistry

5313
04:36:02,400 --> 04:36:04,700
of the atmosphere on planets 
that are light years away. 

5314
04:36:04,700 --> 04:36:08,000
Every day we live our lives. 
Against the backdrop of cosmic 

5315
04:36:08,000 --> 04:36:10,599
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

5316
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:14,500
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

5317
04:36:14,500 --> 04:36:17,700
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

5318
04:36:17,700 --> 04:36:20,700
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

5319
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,200
chroniclers signifies a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

5320
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:26,300
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

5321
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:29,700
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entities are 

5322
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:33,700
systematically observing 
documenting and analyzing Cosmic

5323
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:36,500
events in an effort to 
comprehend their significance 

5324
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:40,400
and consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

5325
04:36:40,400 --> 04:36:43,400
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

5326
04:36:43,400 --> 04:36:45,900
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

5327
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:48,300
and made detail records. 
That would be very helpful to 

5328
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:51,800
Future Generations, their 
reaction to the unknown, neither

5329
04:36:51,800 --> 04:36:55,099
panicking, or ignoring Strange 
events, but in Stead carefully 

5330
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:58,300
observing and recording shows 
the best of human scientific 

5331
04:36:58,300 --> 04:36:59,700
instincts. 
Researchers. 

5332
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:03,599
Today, who are looking into the 
774 event a following in the 

5333
04:37:03,608 --> 04:37:06,300
footsteps of medieval 
chroniclers by carefully 

5334
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:08,099
observing and thoughtfully 
interpreting. 

5335
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,200
What they see they used tools 
that medieval chroniclers could 

5336
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:14,400
never have imagined but they 
still use the same basic methods

5337
04:37:14,400 --> 04:37:17,400
of systematic data, collection, 
and collaborative, analysis. 

5338
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:20,900
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

5339
04:37:20,900 --> 04:37:24,000
links us through the ages to 
individuals who marveled at the 

5340
04:37:24,008 --> 04:37:27,300
universe's operations, as you 
get ready to end this story and 

5341
04:37:27,300 --> 04:37:30,000
maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

5342
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:33,599
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events, the 

5343
04:37:33,599 --> 04:37:35,900
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

5344
04:37:35,900 --> 04:37:38,200
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

5345
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:41,900
In 700 774. 
The universe that made that old 

5346
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,599
mystery is still telling its 
story in tree, rings, ice cores 

5347
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:48,599
and things that people see that 
future Generations will be able 

5348
04:37:48,599 --> 04:37:53,400
to figure out the cosmic ray of 
event of 774 is a Into that 

5349
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:55,800
there are many things in the 
universe that we haven't yet, 

5350
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:58,200
learned to see or understand 
every night. 

5351
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,599
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth that

5352
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:03,200
we can't see yet. 
The invisible storm that hit 

5353
04:38:03,200 --> 04:38:06,400
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 
just one example of the cosmic, 

5354
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:08,200
dramas that are always happening
around us. 

5355
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:11,099
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

5356
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:12,599
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

5357
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:16,800
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

5358
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:19,400
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

5359
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:22,400
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

5360
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:23,900
13th. 
Centuries in the future. 

5361
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:27,400
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

5362
04:38:27,400 --> 04:38:29,900
preserved record. 
And every moment of wonder about

5363
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:32,700
the cosmos like one day help us 
solve Mysteries. 

5364
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:35,800
We have an even thought to ask 
about yet as you fall asleep, 

5365
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:39,400
rapt in the warmth of your 
modern blanket, in a world, lit 

5366
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:42,000
by electric lights, that would 
have seemed magical to people in

5367
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:45,300
774. 
Take a moment to think about the

5368
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,599
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years ago

5369
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:52,500
in invisible, Cosmic storm hit 
Earth it left its mark on every 

5370
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:56,500
Tree that grew every piece of 
ice that formed and every living

5371
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:58,800
thing that was alive. 
During those important months 

5372
04:38:58,800 --> 04:39:02,400
people, in the Middle Ages who 
lived through this event Farmers

5373
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:05,400
tending, their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

5374
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,200
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of 

5375
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:10,900
planets. 
Had no way to see the high 

5376
04:39:10,900 --> 04:39:14,099
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

5377
04:39:14,108 --> 04:39:16,599
strange things they could see 
with the same careful, 

5378
04:39:16,599 --> 04:39:19,800
observation and thorough 
record-keeping that is typical 

5379
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:21,800
of the best scientific Instinct 
in humans. 

5380
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:24,700
Their detailed records, which 
were kept in monasteries and 

5381
04:39:24,707 --> 04:39:28,000
Royal archives all over the 
world eventually gave modern 

5382
04:39:28,000 --> 04:39:31,000
scientists important information
about one of the most powerful 

5383
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:34,599
astrophysical events in history.
People in the Middle Ages who 

5384
04:39:34,599 --> 04:39:37,200
wrote with quill pens are 
knowingly, helped researchers in

5385
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:40,000
the 21st century. 
He used particle accelerators 

5386
04:39:40,000 --> 04:39:44,000
and mass spectrometers as our 
analytical tools, get better and

5387
04:39:44,000 --> 04:39:47,300
our theoretical understanding of
Stellar phenomena grows the 

5388
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:51,200
cosmic, ray of 774 keeps giving 
us new information. 

5389
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:54,700
There is no doubt that future 
Generations will find more proof

5390
04:39:54,700 --> 04:39:57,600
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened at 

5391
04:39:57,600 --> 04:39:59,900
amazing year. 
The invisible storm that people 

5392
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,600
in the Middle Ages felt but 
didn't understand will keep 

5393
04:40:02,600 --> 04:40:05,500
teaching us about how the 
universe works for many years or

5394
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,200
even centuries to come. 
But maybe the most important 

5395
04:40:08,200 --> 04:40:10,900
thing we can learn from this. 
Cosmic mystery is that the 

5396
04:40:10,900 --> 04:40:13,900
universe is always making new 
things that we haven't yet. 

5397
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:15,400
Figured out how to see or 
understand. 

5398
04:40:15,400 --> 04:40:18,600
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

5399
04:40:18,600 --> 04:40:21,800
Ring every layer of ice core and
every careful historical. 

5400
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,400
Observation that we don't yet 
know how to look for the natural

5401
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:27,100
world. 
Keeps detailed records of 

5402
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:29,700
astronomical events in chemical 
languages that we're still 

5403
04:40:29,708 --> 04:40:32,200
learning to read as you get 
ready for bed tonight. 

5404
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:35,800
Cosmic rays are softly falling 
on Earth from far away. 

5405
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:39,100
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

5406
04:40:39,100 --> 04:40:41,900
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

5407
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:44,600
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic 

5408
04:40:44,600 --> 04:40:47,400
neighborhood, a living and dying
in ways that could one day send 

5409
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:50,300
more powerful, bursts of high 
energy particles toward Earth, 

5410
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:53,300
future observers maybe even your
own descendants. 

5411
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:56,500
Might look back at this time and
wonder what Cosmic events we 

5412
04:40:56,500 --> 04:40:58,500
went through. 
Without knowing they could find 

5413
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:00,400
signs of Stellar events in 
materials. 

5414
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:03,200
From our time signs that are 
current technology isn't 

5415
04:41:03,200 --> 04:41:06,800
Advanced enough to find or 
understand the universe might be

5416
04:41:06,800 --> 04:41:09,200
sending us messages in our 
modern world that we won't be 

5417
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:11,800
able to understand until we come
up with new tools and ways of 

5418
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:15,900
thinking people, in 774 were 
part of cosmic history without 

5419
04:41:15,900 --> 04:41:18,000
even knowing it. 
They made records. 

5420
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:19,500
That would be very useful to 
researchers. 

5421
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:22,300
As 1,000 years later, we might 
also be unknowingly. 

5422
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:24,900
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

5423
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:26,200
until long after. 
We're gone. 

5424
04:41:26,208 --> 04:41:29,500
Our careful observations and 
thorough record-keeping May one 

5425
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:30,700
day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

5426
04:41:30,700 --> 04:41:33,800
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

5427
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:38,100
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

5428
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:40,900
understanding Ancient 
observations to Modern 

5429
04:41:40,900 --> 04:41:45,000
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

5430
04:41:45,000 --> 04:41:47,200
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

5431
04:41:47,208 --> 04:41:49,900
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

5432
04:41:49,908 --> 04:41:52,200
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

5433
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:56,600
to observe record and slowly 
understand these Cosmic events 

5434
04:41:56,600 --> 04:42:00,100
as you fall asleep, you're part 
of a story that has been going 

5435
04:42:00,100 --> 04:42:03,300
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

5436
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:07,000
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

5437
04:42:07,000 --> 04:42:10,000
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

5438
04:42:10,000 --> 04:42:13,800
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

5439
04:42:13,800 --> 04:42:17,100
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

5440
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:19,600
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

5441
04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:25,100
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful record 

5442
04:42:25,100 --> 04:42:27,700
keeping and working together to 
figure things out. 

5443
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:31,600
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

5444
04:42:31,600 --> 04:42:34,200
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic 

5445
04:42:34,200 --> 04:42:36,700
signatures. 
Today are both parts of the same

5446
04:42:36,700 --> 04:42:40,500
big human project figuring out 
where We fit in the universe 

5447
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:43,000
sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're part 

5448
04:42:43,008 --> 04:42:46,300
of this ongoing story of cosmic 
Discovery, the universe around 

5449
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:49,300
you is full of amazing things, 
that future generations of 

5450
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:51,700
curious. 
People will discover understand 

5451
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:55,200
and appreciate these people will
share our wonder about how the 

5452
04:42:55,208 --> 04:42:57,000
world. 
Works beyond what we can see. 

5453
04:42:57,008 --> 04:43:01,500
The invisible storm of 774 shows
us that the most important 

5454
04:43:01,500 --> 04:43:04,800
events and Cosmic history might 
happen, right next to us without

5455
04:43:04,800 --> 04:43:08,200
us, even knowing it leaving 
clues for future, observers to 

5456
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:12,100
find and figure out every night.
The universe gets new cosmic 

5457
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:16,300
radiation, new, Stellar events, 
a new chances, to write its own 

5458
04:43:16,300 --> 04:43:18,600
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

5459
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:21,500
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

5460
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:25,500
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

5461
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:28,300
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

5462
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:30,700
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

5463
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:33,500
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

5464
04:43:33,500 --> 04:43:42,400
cosmic mystery and discovery 
long before George Washington 

5465
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:46,000
became a general or president. 
He was simply a tall Virginia 

5466
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:49,300
boy with enormous hands and an 
unusual talent for mathematics. 

5467
04:43:50,400 --> 04:43:53,300
His Story begins not in Grand 
halls or battlefields. 

5468
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:57,600
But in the green Rolling Hills 
of colonial Virginia where a 

5469
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:00,800
young man learned to read the 
land measure distances and 

5470
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:03,200
navigate the Wilderness that 
would shape everything he 

5471
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:05,700
became. 
You open your eyes to the 

5472
04:44:05,700 --> 04:44:10,000
Virginia of 1738, the air, 
smells of pine, resin and wood 

5473
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:12,600
smoke. 
A 6 year old boy stands Barefoot

5474
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:15,200
in the red clay soil outside of 
modest plantation house. 

5475
04:44:15,900 --> 04:44:19,000
His name is George Washington, 
and he has already taller than 

5476
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:21,400
most children. 
His age The house is not what 

5477
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:24,000
you might expect. 
There are no marble columns or 

5478
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:26,900
sweeping staircases, the 
Washington family lives 

5479
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:28,800
comfortably, but not 
extravagantly. 

5480
04:44:28,800 --> 04:44:32,100
The dwelling has wooden. 
Floors that Creek in the night 

5481
04:44:32,100 --> 04:44:35,700
and windows that let in the 
summer heat and winter cold 

5482
04:44:35,700 --> 04:44:37,500
alike. 
Young George's. 

5483
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:39,600
Father. 
Augustine is often away on 

5484
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:42,800
business, the boys, spends his 
days, exploring the grounds near

5485
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:45,700
the Potomac River. 
He watches the water move past 

5486
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:48,700
the shore in Endless. 
Ripples the river teachers in 

5487
04:44:48,700 --> 04:44:52,400
patients without saying a word, 
his mother, Mary Ball washing to

5488
04:44:52,400 --> 04:44:55,500
is a Stern woman with strong 
opinions about nearly 

5489
04:44:55,500 --> 04:44:57,700
everything. 
She runs the household with the 

5490
04:44:57,708 --> 04:45:01,100
Precision of a ship's captain. 
George learned early that 

5491
04:45:01,100 --> 04:45:02,800
disappointing her brings 
consequences. 

5492
04:45:02,800 --> 04:45:05,800
He develops a habit of meeting 
her expectations. 

5493
04:45:05,800 --> 04:45:08,500
Exactly. 
The plantation grows tobacco 

5494
04:45:08,500 --> 04:45:11,900
like most Virginia States, you 
can smell it in the fields 

5495
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:15,000
during harvest season. 
The scent is sweet and slightly 

5496
04:45:15,000 --> 04:45:17,600
earthy, it clings to clothing 
and hair. 

5497
04:45:18,600 --> 04:45:21,500
George watches the workers. 
Tend the plants with careful 

5498
04:45:21,500 --> 04:45:24,700
attention to each leaf. 
He has older half-brothers from 

5499
04:45:24,700 --> 04:45:27,800
his father's first marriage. 
Lawrence is 14 years. 

5500
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:30,200
Older and seems like a grown man
to young. 

5501
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,400
George Lawrence has traveled to 
England and returned with 

5502
04:45:33,400 --> 04:45:34,800
stories of a wider. 
World. 

5503
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:38,500
George listens to these tales 
with wide eyes and stores every 

5504
04:45:38,500 --> 04:45:41,100
detail in his memory. 
The boy discovers. 

5505
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,100
He has an unusual gift for 
numbers while other children. 

5506
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,700
Struggle with arithmetic, George
finds patterns in mathematics as

5507
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:51,400
easily as breathing he can 
calculate acres and distances in

5508
04:45:51,400 --> 04:45:54,200
his head while his tutors are 
still reaching for their slates.

5509
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:57,600
Its formal education is limited 
compared to wealthy Virginia, 

5510
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:01,000
boys, who study in England? 
Georgia tensor, small local 

5511
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:02,100
school. 
When one is available. 

5512
04:46:02,900 --> 04:46:05,200
He learns to write in a careful 
controlled hand. 

5513
04:46:05,200 --> 04:46:08,000
Each letter is formed with 
deliberate Precision. 

5514
04:46:08,000 --> 04:46:12,700
This habit, never leaves him. 
In the evening's, the family 

5515
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:16,400
gathers near the fireplace, the 
Flames cast Dancing, Shadows on 

5516
04:46:16,400 --> 04:46:20,100
the walls, George Hoffman, sits 
quietly observing rather than 

5517
04:46:20,100 --> 04:46:22,700
speaking. 
He learns that watching people 

5518
04:46:22,700 --> 04:46:24,600
reveals more than interrogating 
them. 

5519
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:28,000
His father gives him a set of 
surveying tools when he turns 

5520
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:32,100
11, the instruments are 
beautiful in their Simplicity, a

5521
04:46:32,100 --> 04:46:35,100
compass, a chain for measuring, 
a notebook for recording 

5522
04:46:35,100 --> 04:46:37,700
observations. 
George handles them with the 

5523
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:40,400
reverence other boys might 
reserve for swords or muskets. 

5524
04:46:41,200 --> 04:46:44,500
Augustine shows his son, how to 
cite along a line and Mark a 

5525
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:47,400
boundary, the work requires 
steady hands and a patient 

5526
04:46:47,400 --> 04:46:50,200
temperament. 
George discovers, he possesses 

5527
04:46:50,200 --> 04:46:52,400
both. 
He practices in the fields 

5528
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:54,600
around their home until the 
measurements become second 

5529
04:46:54,600 --> 04:46:57,700
nature. 
Then tragedy arrives on an 

5530
04:46:57,700 --> 04:47:03,500
ordinary April morning in 1743. 
Augustine Washington Falls ill. 

5531
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:06,600
With a sudden fever. 
The sickness takes him quickly 

5532
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:11,500
within days. 11 year old George 
has lost his father, the world 

5533
04:47:11,500 --> 04:47:14,300
shifts. 
Beneath the boys feet Lawrence 

5534
04:47:14,300 --> 04:47:17,400
become the head of the family. 
Now, he inherits the finest 

5535
04:47:17,400 --> 04:47:20,300
property, a place called little 
Hunting Creek, that he will 

5536
04:47:20,300 --> 04:47:24,500
rename Mount Vernon George's. 
Mother receives Ferry Farm a 

5537
04:47:24,500 --> 04:47:27,900
modest plan of the River from 
Fredericksburg, Mary Washington 

5538
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:29,900
makes it clear. 
She expects her son to help 

5539
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:34,400
manage the estate at 11:00 
responsible for tasks that were 

5540
04:47:34,400 --> 04:47:37,100
challenged grown men. 
He keeps account books, with 

5541
04:47:37,100 --> 04:47:40,100
meticulous accuracy. 
Every Schilling is recorded. 

5542
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:44,800
Every transaction is documented,
The boy grows tall with 

5543
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:49,600
startling speed by 13. 
He stands nearly six feet, his 

5544
04:47:49,600 --> 04:47:51,600
hands and feet, seemed too large
for his body. 

5545
04:47:51,608 --> 04:47:55,200
He moves with a slight 
awkwardness like a young deer. 

5546
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:59,100
Still learning its proportions. 
He copies Rules of Civility into

5547
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:01,200
a notebook. 
There are 110 of them. 

5548
04:48:01,208 --> 04:48:05,000
He writes each one carefully. 
Some are practical, some seem 

5549
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,800
absurd, all of them shape. 
How he moves through the world 

5550
04:48:07,800 --> 04:48:10,100
rule. 
Number one states, that every 

5551
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:12,900
action in company should show 
respect for those present. 

5552
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:17,300
George takes this seriously, he 
learns to control his temper and

5553
04:48:17,308 --> 04:48:21,500
his tongue when other boys boast
or fight, he remains composed, 

5554
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:25,100
this earned him a reputation for
dignity that seems beyond his 

5555
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:28,100
years. 
Forests surround Ferry Farm 

5556
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:30,900
become his second classroom, he 
walks for hours through the 

5557
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:34,400
woods learning to read signs in 
broken branches and animal 

5558
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:36,800
tracks. 
The Wilderness speaks a 

5559
04:48:36,800 --> 04:48:38,800
language, he finds easier than 
Latin or Greek. 

5560
04:48:39,600 --> 04:48:42,900
One Summer Afternoon, he 
discovers a nest of baby rabbits

5561
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:45,700
in The Tall Grass. 
Their eyes are still closed 

5562
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:48,800
heels in the dirt, and watches 
them for nearly an hour. 

5563
04:48:48,808 --> 04:48:52,700
Their tiny hearts beat together 
against their fragile, ribs, he 

5564
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:55,600
carefully replaces the grass, 
covering and walks away without 

5565
04:48:55,600 --> 04:48:58,300
touching them. 
This moment reveals something 

5566
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:01,300
essential about the boy. 
He understands that something 

5567
04:49:01,300 --> 04:49:04,600
should be observed and left 
undisturbed power means nothing 

5568
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:08,700
if exercised without thought. 
His half-brother Lawrence 

5569
04:49:08,700 --> 04:49:11,500
returns from England with a new 
wife named Anne Fairfax. 

5570
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:14,900
Her family is among the 
wealthiest in Virginia, they 

5571
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:17,600
owned vast tracks of land in the
Shenandoah Valley and Beyond 

5572
04:49:18,400 --> 04:49:21,000
Gorge is invited to visit their 
estate at Belvoir. 

5573
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:23,400
The Fairfax Mansion makes Ferry 
Farm. 

5574
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:25,700
Look like a cottage. 
There are books lining, the 

5575
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:29,200
walls and Maps spread across 
tables George studies, these 

5576
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,200
maps with hungry interest. 
They showed territories, he has 

5577
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:35,300
never seen Rivers. 
He has never crossed mountains. 

5578
04:49:35,300 --> 04:49:39,200
He has never climbed Lord 
Fairfax himself is an English 

5579
04:49:39,200 --> 04:49:41,800
nobleman who has come to 
Virginia to oversee his American

5580
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:44,600
Holdings. 
He is older, someone eccentric 

5581
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:48,200
and passionate about fox 
hunting, George desperate to 

5582
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:51,200
make a good impression, learns 
to ride, better than he ever has

5583
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,100
before. 
First time, he joins a fox hunt.

5584
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:57,500
His horse nearly throws him at a
fence, George grips, the Reigns 

5585
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:01,000
and stays mounted through 
sheered termination Lord Fairfax

5586
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:04,200
notices the old man respects 
persistence. 

5587
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:06,800
More than natural Grace. 
At 15. 

5588
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:09,900
George begins to understand that
his future lies Beyond Fairy 

5589
04:50:09,900 --> 04:50:12,200
Farm. 
His mother wants him to stay and

5590
04:50:12,200 --> 04:50:15,500
help manage the property. 
Lawrence sees potential for 

5591
04:50:15,500 --> 04:50:17,700
something more. 
The tension between these 

5592
04:50:17,700 --> 04:50:20,900
Visions, pulls at the teenager 
like competing currents in a 

5593
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:22,900
river. 
Lawrence suggests George might 

5594
04:50:22,900 --> 04:50:26,400
join the British Navy for weeks,
the boy dreams of ships and 

5595
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:29,200
foreign ports. 
He imagined himself in a naval 

5596
04:50:29,200 --> 04:50:31,200
uniform climbing rigging in 
Caribbean. 

5597
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:35,200
Wins his mother. 
Absolutely forbids it Mary 

5598
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:38,200
Washington will not lose another
family member to Distant Shores.

5599
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:41,800
Her refusal is final. 
George accepts her decision 

5600
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:45,500
without visible protest, but 
something in him hardens, he 

5601
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:47,900
begins to understand that his 
path forward will require 

5602
04:50:47,900 --> 04:50:50,800
navigating between what others 
want and what he knows he must 

5603
04:50:50,800 --> 04:50:54,400
become instead of the Navy. 
He turned his attention to the 

5604
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:57,500
surveying instruments. 
His father gave him these tools 

5605
04:50:57,500 --> 04:50:59,000
offer a different kind of 
Adventure. 

5606
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:03,200
They promise income Independence
and a legitimate reason to 

5607
04:51:03,200 --> 04:51:05,600
explore the frontier territories
that Fascinate him. 

5608
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:10,200
He practices constantly the 
mathematics come easily, the 

5609
04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:13,600
physical challenges of working 
outdoors in all weather appeal, 

5610
04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:16,800
to his practical nature 
surveying requires no classical 

5611
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:19,300
education, no family 
connections, no inherited 

5612
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:22,400
wealth, it rewards skill, and 
accuracy, Above All Else. 

5613
04:51:23,600 --> 04:51:25,800
At 16 Georges, no longer a 
child. 

5614
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:29,700
He stands over 6 ft tall with 
broad, shoulders and unusually 

5615
04:51:29,700 --> 04:51:32,700
large hands. 
His reddish brown hair is tied 

5616
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:36,000
back in the fashion of the time.
His face has not yet developed 

5617
04:51:36,000 --> 04:51:38,100
the stern expression of later 
portraits. 

5618
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:40,500
There are still softness around 
his eyes. 

5619
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:44,500
He speaks carefully, choosing 
words with the same Precision, 

5620
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:47,700
he applies to measurements. 
Some people mistake this for 

5621
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:51,000
slowness, those who know him 
better recognize it as 

5622
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:53,900
thoughtfulness. 
George Washington is learning to

5623
04:51:53,900 --> 04:51:56,600
control, not just his words but 
his entire presence. 

5624
04:51:56,600 --> 04:51:59,900
The boy who played Barefoot in 
the, Virginia clay has becoming 

5625
04:51:59,900 --> 04:52:02,600
someone else. 
The transformation is gradual 

5626
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,000
like watching a river. 
Carve new channels through Old 

5627
04:52:05,000 --> 04:52:07,500
Stone. 
You cannot see it happening but 

5628
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:11,100
the evidence appears in small 
changes the way he holds himself

5629
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:14,800
straighter the way he listens, 
more than he speaks, the way he 

5630
04:52:14,800 --> 04:52:16,700
measures twice before making any
cut. 

5631
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:20,400
Fairy Farms sits on the North 
Bank of the Rappahannock River 

5632
04:52:20,400 --> 04:52:23,300
directly across from the growing
town of Fredericksburg. 

5633
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:26,500
You wake here on a spring 
morning in 1746. 

5634
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:30,300
Georges 14 now and the 
responsibilities of the 

5635
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:32,800
plantation pressed down on him 
with increasing weight. 

5636
04:52:33,900 --> 04:52:36,500
Ferry itself, operates daily 
when weather permits, 

5637
04:52:37,300 --> 04:52:40,600
Flatbottom, boat carries people 
horses and goods across the 

5638
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:42,900
river. 
Gorge sometimes helps with the 

5639
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:45,400
work. 
He learns to read the current to

5640
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:48,700
judge when Crossing his safe to 
understand how water moves 

5641
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:52,100
around obstacles. 
The plantation house is smaller 

5642
04:52:52,100 --> 04:52:53,600
than the homes of wealthy 
neighbors. 

5643
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:58,000
It has four rooms downstairs and
four above the walls are 

5644
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:00,500
whitewashed. 
The floors are wide Pine planks 

5645
04:53:00,500 --> 04:53:04,000
that have darkened with age and 
traffic, every surface shows 

5646
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:06,900
signs of the use George's 
bedroom is simple. 

5647
04:53:06,900 --> 04:53:09,200
A bed with a rope frame and 
Mattress. 

5648
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,800
Stuffed with corn husks, a small
desk where he practices his 

5649
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:17,000
writing a trunk, containing his 
few possessions, the room smells

5650
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:20,200
of wood and the faint sweetness 
of the tobacco stored in the 

5651
04:53:20,200 --> 04:53:23,700
outbuildings. his mother runs 
the household with an Iron Will 

5652
04:53:24,700 --> 04:53:27,600
Mary Washington is not a woman 
who tolerates carelessness or 

5653
04:53:27,600 --> 04:53:30,100
excuses. 
She expects her children to work

5654
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:32,800
hard and complain. 
Never George has learned this 

5655
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:35,100
lesson. 
Thoroughly she wakes him Before 

5656
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:37,800
Dawn most days the morning air 
is cool. 

5657
04:53:37,800 --> 04:53:41,300
Even in summer he splashes water
on his face from a base and 

5658
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:44,200
dresses quickly. 
Work begins whether you feel 

5659
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:46,900
ready or not. 
The plantation grows, tobacco 

5660
04:53:46,900 --> 04:53:49,900
corn and vegetables. 
There are Orchards with apple 

5661
04:53:49,900 --> 04:53:51,700
and cherry trees. 
Livestock. 

5662
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,900
Wander the grounds Chicken 
Scratch in the dirt near the 

5663
04:53:54,908 --> 04:53:59,300
kitchen building Pigs route in 
their pen horses, graze in the 

5664
04:53:59,300 --> 04:54:02,000
meadow. 
George's job is to oversee much 

5665
04:54:02,000 --> 04:54:03,800
of this operation despite his 
youth. 

5666
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:06,900
He keeps records of every bushel
of corn. 

5667
04:54:06,900 --> 04:54:11,000
Every pound of tobacco. 
Every animal born or sold his 

5668
04:54:11,000 --> 04:54:14,000
handwriting feels Ledger after 
Ledger with Columns of figures 

5669
04:54:14,000 --> 04:54:17,400
that never fail to balance. 
He rises early to check on the 

5670
04:54:17,408 --> 04:54:21,600
tobacco plants in Spring. 
He inspects seedbeds where, tiny

5671
04:54:21,600 --> 04:54:25,000
plants push through the soil. 
Each one must be transplanted by

5672
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:28,700
hand into the fields. 
The work is tedious and endless,

5673
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:32,200
George understands, that 
patience is valuable as strength

5674
04:54:32,200 --> 04:54:36,200
by some of the tobacco stands 
waist high, the broad leaves, 

5675
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:38,200
catch the sunlight, and turn it 
into growth. 

5676
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:42,800
George walks between the rows 
looking for pests or disease, a 

5677
04:54:42,800 --> 04:54:45,100
single hornworm can destroy a 
plant in DayZ. 

5678
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:48,000
Vigilance is never wasted 
Harvest. 

5679
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:51,100
Time arrives in late summer, the
air, grows thick and hot. 

5680
04:54:51,900 --> 04:54:55,000
Workers cut the tobacco storks 
and hang them in curing Barnes. 

5681
04:54:55,000 --> 04:54:58,300
The smell is overwhelming at 
first, then gradually becomes 

5682
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:00,700
familiar. 
George learns, that you can 

5683
04:55:00,700 --> 04:55:04,000
adapt to almost anything if you 
remain long enough, he also 

5684
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,800
tends to the farm animals with 
unexpected, gentlest one of the 

5685
04:55:07,800 --> 04:55:10,900
mayor's gives birth on a cold 
November night, George sits up 

5686
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:12,400
in the barn watching over the 
process. 

5687
04:55:12,400 --> 04:55:17,000
The foal emerges wet and 
trembling within an hour stand 

5688
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,200
on wobbling legs, George feels 
something shifted in his chest, 

5689
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:21,900
as he watches this small 
miracle. 

5690
04:55:21,900 --> 04:55:24,900
His mother's guard and requires 
constant attention. 

5691
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:29,100
She grows herbs for cooking and 
Medicine, lavender Sage, 

5692
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:31,900
Rosemary and Thyme, fill the air
with competing scents. 

5693
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:35,000
George sometimes helps her weed 
between the rows. 

5694
04:55:35,800 --> 04:55:38,300
You corrects his technique 
without softening her criticism.

5695
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:40,300
These moments of working 
alongside. 

5696
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,900
His mother are complicated. 
She demands Excellence but 

5697
04:55:43,900 --> 04:55:47,500
rarely offers praise George 
learns to find satisfaction in 

5698
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,100
the work itself rather than in 
recognition. 

5699
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:53,400
This lesson shapes him more than
he realizes. 

5700
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,300
The fairy operation provides 
steady income. 

5701
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:59,700
George helps, maintain the 
accounts Travelers, pay a few 

5702
04:55:59,708 --> 04:56:02,300
Pence to cross the river. 
The amounts are small but 

5703
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:05,700
consistent, he begins to 
understand how modest revenues 

5704
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:08,900
can accumulate into something 
substantial across the river. 

5705
04:56:08,900 --> 04:56:12,700
Fredericksburg is growing into a
proper Town, George crosses, 

5706
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,000
regularly to purchase supplies 
or conduct business. 

5707
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:19,700
The town has a court house. 
Several stores, a Tavern and 

5708
04:56:19,700 --> 04:56:21,700
houses spreading outward from 
the Main Street. 

5709
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:24,600
He watches Craftsman work in 
their shops. 

5710
04:56:24,600 --> 04:56:28,000
A blacksmith shapes hot iron 
with practice Hammer strikes. 

5711
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:31,700
A Cooper assembled barrels with 
such Precision that they hold 

5712
04:56:31,700 --> 04:56:35,300
water without leaking a cobbler 
stitches leather into boots that

5713
04:56:35,300 --> 04:56:39,200
will last for years, each trade 
requires skill developed through

5714
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:41,900
long practice. 
George study, these men 

5715
04:56:41,900 --> 04:56:44,200
carefully. 
He notices how the best 

5716
04:56:44,200 --> 04:56:47,700
Craftsmen waste, no motion. 
Every action serves a purpose. 

5717
04:56:48,500 --> 04:56:50,900
Efficiency comes from 
understanding your tools and 

5718
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:54,100
materials completely. 
He applies this observation to 

5719
04:56:54,100 --> 04:56:57,300
his own work. 
His education continues in fits 

5720
04:56:57,300 --> 04:56:59,500
and starts, there is no school 
nearby. 

5721
04:56:59,500 --> 04:57:02,600
Now he studies what books are 
available at Ferry Farm 

5722
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:04,900
mathematics remains his 
strongest subject. 

5723
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:08,500
He can calculate compound 
interest, surveying, angles and 

5724
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:12,100
land areas with remarkable speed
writing, proves more 

5725
04:57:12,100 --> 04:57:15,000
challenging, his early letters 
are stiff and formal. 

5726
04:57:15,000 --> 04:57:19,100
He struggles to express emotion 
on paper words feel like poorly 

5727
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:22,200
fitted Tools in his hands, but 
he practices relentlessly 

5728
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,200
copying passages from books to 
improve his style. 

5729
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,600
He discovers a volume called the
young man's companion. 

5730
04:57:28,600 --> 04:57:31,600
It contains practical 
information about measurements 

5731
04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:35,200
calculations and business 
practices George reads. 

5732
04:57:35,200 --> 04:57:38,600
It until the pages grow soft 
from handling, the book becomes 

5733
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:42,500
his unofficial, textbook, 
Lawrence visits Ferry Farm when 

5734
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:45,900
his own responsibilities allow. 
He brings news from Mount Vernon

5735
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:47,800
and stories from The Wider 
world. 

5736
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:50,500
George listens with intense. 
Focus. 

5737
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,800
Storing every detail his 
half-brother represents 

5738
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:57,100
everything he hopes to become 
Lawrence has served as a 

5739
04:57:57,100 --> 04:57:59,400
military officer. 
He describes campaigns in the 

5740
04:57:59,408 --> 04:58:02,800
Caribbean with casual Authority,
Georgia imagined himself in 

5741
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:05,000
uniform. 
Leading Men through difficult 

5742
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:07,700
terrain. 
The fantasy feels distant but 

5743
04:58:07,700 --> 04:58:12,000
not impossible. 
One afternoon, Lawrence notices 

5744
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:15,200
George's, surveying practice, 
and suggests a bold idea. 

5745
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:18,800
Lord Fairfax needs surveyors to 
map his vast Holdings. 

5746
04:58:18,800 --> 04:58:22,400
In the Shenandoah Valley. 
The work is demanding, but pays 

5747
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:25,600
well, a capable young surveyor 
could make his fortune. 

5748
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:28,600
George feels his pulse quicker 
at the suggestion. 

5749
04:58:28,600 --> 04:58:31,800
The Shenandoah Valley is 
Frontier, territory, largely 

5750
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,400
unmapped and wild going there 
would mean leaving Ferry Farm 

5751
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:38,800
leaving, his mother's control, 
leaving behind everything 

5752
04:58:38,800 --> 04:58:41,500
familiar. 
The Prospect terrifies and 

5753
04:58:41,500 --> 04:58:43,900
thrills him in. 
Equal measure his mother. 

5754
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:48,100
Predictably opposes the idea she
needs George at Ferry Farm. 

5755
04:58:49,100 --> 04:58:50,900
The plantation requires constant
supervision. 

5756
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:53,800
How can he abandon his 
responsibilities? 

5757
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:57,300
For some Wilderness Adventure? 
Her arguments are logical and 

5758
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:00,200
utterly unconvincing to a 16 
year old boy hungry for 

5759
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:02,600
Independence. 
George finds himself caught 

5760
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:06,100
again, between Duty and desire. 
He loves his mother despite her 

5761
04:59:06,100 --> 04:59:09,700
severity, he understands her 
fears, but staying at Ferry 

5762
04:59:09,700 --> 04:59:12,300
Farm, feels like watching his 
future shrink with each passing 

5763
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:14,900
season. 
He begins preparing anyway. 

5764
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:18,300
Actresses with his surveying 
instrument, every spare moment. 

5765
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:22,200
The compass becomes an extension
of his hand, he can shoot 

5766
04:59:22,200 --> 04:59:24,900
bearings and calculate 
distances, without conscious 

5767
04:59:24,900 --> 04:59:27,400
thought. 
The mathematics flow through him

5768
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:29,200
like water through a familiar 
Channel. 

5769
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:33,700
Winter arrives, with unusual, 
cold, the Rappahannock freezes, 

5770
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,200
solid enough to walk across. 
George stands on the ice one 

5771
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:39,800
morning, looking at his own 
Fairy Farm from the middle of 

5772
04:59:39,808 --> 04:59:42,700
the river. 
Active shift, feels significant.

5773
04:59:42,700 --> 04:59:45,200
Everything looks different from 
this new angle. 

5774
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:48,600
He realizes that leaving is not 
abandoning his family. 

5775
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,600
It is becoming capable of 
helping them in ways that 

5776
04:59:51,600 --> 04:59:55,500
staying never could. 
A successful surveyor earns good

5777
04:59:55,508 --> 04:59:57,600
money. 
He could send funds back to his 

5778
04:59:57,600 --> 04:59:59,100
mother helped, his youngest 
siblings. 

5779
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:01,200
Build a future that serves 
everyone. 

5780
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:04,900
The ice Creeks beneath his feet 
as he walks back toward the 

5781
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:08,700
southern Shore, the sound is 
both threatening and musical 

5782
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:12,300
nature contains such 
contradictions, George's 

5783
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:15,200
learning to hold opposing truths
in his mind without forcing 

5784
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:19,700
resolution. 
By early 1748, the plans are 

5785
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:22,400
set. 
George will join a Expedition 

5786
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:25,500
into the Shenandoah Valley. 
Lord Fairfax has granted 

5787
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:29,300
permission Lawrence has arranged
everything only Mary 

5788
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:31,800
Washington's disapproval 
remains, but even that is 

5789
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:35,500
softening as she sees her sons 
determination George packs. 

5790
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,700
His few belongings with 
meticulous care, extra shirts, a

5791
05:00:39,700 --> 05:00:42,300
warm coat, his surveying 
instruments wrapped in oil 

5792
05:00:42,300 --> 05:00:44,700
cloth. 
Everything must serve multiple 

5793
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:47,400
purposes. 
Wasted space means carrying 

5794
05:00:47,400 --> 05:00:52,000
unnecessary weight, The night 
before he leaves he walks 

5795
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:53,700
through Fairy Farm one final 
time. 

5796
05:00:53,700 --> 05:00:56,400
The familiar paths feel 
different in the darkness. 

5797
05:00:56,400 --> 05:00:58,400
He has walked them a thousand 
times. 

5798
05:00:58,400 --> 05:01:01,000
But tonight, each step carries 
new significance. 

5799
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,800
He's saying goodbye to Childhood
even if he cannot yet named what

5800
05:01:04,800 --> 05:01:07,300
he has becoming. 
His mother watches from the 

5801
05:01:07,300 --> 05:01:09,400
doorway as he makes this 
nocturnal circuit. 

5802
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:12,700
She says nothing. 
George knows better than to 

5803
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:16,700
expect a Sentimental farewell. 
Mary Washington is not built for

5804
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:19,500
open displays of emotion. 
Her love expresses itself 

5805
05:01:19,500 --> 05:01:22,800
through worry and criticism. 
In the morning, he bought his 

5806
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:25,200
horse. 
The animal is sturdy rather than

5807
05:01:25,200 --> 05:01:27,400
elegant chosen for endurance 
over appearance. 

5808
05:01:28,300 --> 05:01:30,500
George's learned that practical 
beats beautiful. 

5809
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,700
When survival matters. 
He turns once to look at Ferry 

5810
05:01:33,700 --> 05:01:36,500
Farm. 
The morning sun illuminates, the

5811
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:40,200
small Plantation with kind 
light, everything looks peaceful

5812
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:42,800
and permanent. 
George knows this is an 

5813
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:45,300
illusion, nothing remains 
unchanged. 

5814
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:50,300
The boy leaving now will not be 
the same person who returns The 

5815
05:01:50,300 --> 05:01:53,600
journey West Begins on a March 
morning in 1748. 

5816
05:01:53,600 --> 05:01:57,700
George rides, alongside George. 
William Fairfax, his friend and 

5817
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:01,300
the son of William Fairfax. 
together, they head toward the 

5818
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:04,500
Blue Ridge Mountains, where Lord
Fairfax is surveying party, 

5819
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:08,500
awaits, The Virginia Countryside
unfolds before them in shades of

5820
05:02:08,508 --> 05:02:11,300
green and brown. 
Spring has not fully arrived 

5821
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:14,200
yet. 
Treestand mostly bare their 

5822
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:16,600
branches, like complicated 
sketches against the sky. 

5823
05:02:16,600 --> 05:02:21,000
The ground shows patches of snow
in shadowed Hollows, George 

5824
05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:23,100
carries, his surveying 
instruments, with obsessive 

5825
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:25,500
care. 
The compass is his most precious

5826
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:28,000
possession without it. 
He cannot work. 

5827
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:30,800
He checks it. 
Constantly making sure the 

5828
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:34,600
protective case remains secure 
and dry They cross Creeks 

5829
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:37,200
swollen with snowmelt. 
The horses, pick their way 

5830
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:40,900
carefully across slippery rocks.
George learns, to trust his 

5831
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:42,600
mounts. 
Judgment about safe footing. 

5832
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:46,400
Sometimes the animal knows 
better than the rider at night. 

5833
05:02:46,400 --> 05:02:48,900
They stay at small Inns, or 
Farms along the way. 

5834
05:02:48,900 --> 05:02:52,500
The accommodations are rough 
George writes in his journal 

5835
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:54,100
about sleeping on straw, with 
his clothes. 

5836
05:02:54,100 --> 05:02:57,600
On the experience, is far from 
the comfort of Ferry Farm, but 

5837
05:02:57,600 --> 05:03:01,200
he refuses to complain, he 
observes everything with Hungary

5838
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:03,500
attention. 
How do people live this far from

5839
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:05,300
towns? 
What do they grow? 

5840
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:07,900
How do they manage without 
nearby markets? 

5841
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,500
Every detail is noted and 
considered they reach the Blue 

5842
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:13,800
Ridge Mountains. 
After several days of steady, 

5843
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:16,800
riding the mountains, rise like 
a wall across the Western 

5844
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:19,500
Horizon George's never seen 
anything. 

5845
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:22,200
So, imposing, The Ridges layer, 
one behind. 

5846
05:03:22,200 --> 05:03:25,200
Another fading from green to 
blue to purple in the distance. 

5847
05:03:25,200 --> 05:03:28,500
The surveying party camps in a 
valley on the Eastern Slope. 

5848
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:32,100
There are about a dozen men. 
Altogether, some are experienced

5849
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:33,700
surveyors. 
Others are Ax. 

5850
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:35,800
Men hired to Clear Sight lines 
through the forest. 

5851
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:38,300
Fewer gentlemen, along for the 
adventure. 

5852
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:43,100
James Jen leads the Expedition. 
He is a professional surveyor in

5853
05:03:43,100 --> 05:03:44,900
his 30s. 
With years of Frontier 

5854
05:03:44,900 --> 05:03:48,600
experience, his face is 
weathered by Sun and wind he 

5855
05:03:48,600 --> 05:03:50,200
speaks little but watches 
everything. 

5856
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:54,400
Again, assesses George with a 
long, evaluating stare. 

5857
05:03:55,000 --> 05:03:57,500
The boy is tall and strong but 
clearly an experience. 

5858
05:03:57,500 --> 05:03:59,800
Can he handle the physical 
demands? 

5859
05:03:59,800 --> 05:04:04,100
Will he slow the group down? 
George meets his gaze. 

5860
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:06,900
Steadily saying nothing the 
first morning. 

5861
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:10,600
They begin surveying a tract of 
land along a creek, gende 

5862
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:13,200
demonstrates, the proper 
technique how to set up the 

5863
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:15,400
compass. 
How to cite along a line. 

5864
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,600
How to measure distances with 
the chain, how to record 

5865
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,200
everything accurately? 
George absorbs. 

5866
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:25,200
The instruction like dry ground.
Soaking up Rain, he asks a few 

5867
05:04:25,208 --> 05:04:28,500
questions. 
But Mrs. No details, when ganes 

5868
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:31,600
him the compass, George. 
Handles it, with practice 

5869
05:04:31,600 --> 05:04:34,000
confidence. 
They work through the morning 

5870
05:04:34,000 --> 05:04:36,400
establishing boundaries and 
marking corners. 

5871
05:04:37,200 --> 05:04:40,400
George serves as chainman 
helping to measure distance is 

5872
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:45,300
the chain is 66 ft long. 
And remarkably heavy carrying it

5873
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:48,100
through brush and over rough. 
Ground is exhausting work. 

5874
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,500
His hands blistered by midday, 
the metal links. 

5875
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:53,500
Rub is Palms. 
Raw, despite his gloves. 

5876
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:57,800
George says nothing about the 
pain, he wraps his hands Tighter

5877
05:04:57,800 --> 05:05:01,900
and keeps working. 
By evening his shoulders from 

5878
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:04,300
the anacosta customed, labor 
every muscle. 

5879
05:05:04,300 --> 05:05:07,500
Protests when he tries to 
Dismount his horse he moves like

5880
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:11,400
an old man stiff and careful the
other men noticed but offer, no 

5881
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:14,200
sympathy. 
This is simply how it is. 

5882
05:05:15,600 --> 05:05:17,200
They camp in a clearing that 
night. 

5883
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,600
Someone builds a fire. 
The smoke Rises straight up in 

5884
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,500
the still air, George eats salt 
pork and Cornbread too tired to 

5885
05:05:24,500 --> 05:05:27,800
care about taste. 
Jen sits near the fire updating 

5886
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:30,400
his field notes by firelight 
George watches. 

5887
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:32,500
The careful way. 
He records each measurement. 

5888
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:34,600
Double checking figures for 
accuracy. 

5889
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:36,900
Good surveying. 
Depends on precise 

5890
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:39,700
documentation. 
A single error, can invalidate 

5891
05:05:39,700 --> 05:05:43,400
an entire day's work? 
The next morning, brings rain 

5892
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,600
water, drips through the forest,
canopy and cold streams. 

5893
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:49,600
The ground turns to Mud. 
That sucks at boots with every 

5894
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:51,800
step. 
Surveying becomes miserable. 

5895
05:05:51,800 --> 05:05:54,700
Slow work. 
George discovers that. 

5896
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:58,400
His supposedly waterproof coat 
is nothing of the kind, water, 

5897
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:00,800
seeps through at the shoulders 
and runs down his back. 

5898
05:06:00,800 --> 05:06:05,100
His shirt grows damp then wet, 
then soaked, he Shivers, but 

5899
05:06:05,100 --> 05:06:08,100
continues working. 
They press Westward toward the 

5900
05:06:08,108 --> 05:06:11,600
Shenandoah Valley, the journey 
takes them over mountain ridges.

5901
05:06:11,600 --> 05:06:15,400
That seemed endless the horse's 
strain upward on narrow Trails 

5902
05:06:15,400 --> 05:06:18,500
loose rocks. 
Shift underfoot one wrong step 

5903
05:06:18,500 --> 05:06:21,700
could send Horse and Rider 
tumbling down the slope, George 

5904
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,600
learns to look ahead planning 
each section of the trail before

5905
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:28,000
attempting. 
It caution is not cowardice. 

5906
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:31,800
It is the difference between 
arriving safely and not arriving

5907
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:33,900
at all. 
They cross the Blue Ridge at 

5908
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:36,500
Ashby's Gap. 
The Western Vista opens before 

5909
05:06:36,500 --> 05:06:39,700
them like a revelation. 
The Shenandoah Valley stretches 

5910
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:43,400
to the Horizon a broad expanse 
of forests and Meadows and 

5911
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:47,200
distant mountains, George stares
at the landscape with something 

5912
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:51,400
approaching or Scale is 
overwhelming, the junior extends

5913
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:53,300
farther west, the Western he 
ever imagined. 

5914
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:57,300
This is just one Valley among 
many, the continent must be 

5915
05:06:57,300 --> 05:06:58,400
impossibly. 
Vast. 

5916
05:06:59,200 --> 05:07:01,800
They descend into the valley and
make camp near a creek. 

5917
05:07:02,400 --> 05:07:05,100
That night George writes in his 
journal, about the Magnificent 

5918
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,000
Countryside. 
His description is factual, 

5919
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:11,100
rather than poetic listing 
features and observations. 

5920
05:07:12,000 --> 05:07:13,500
Yet his excitement seeps 
through. 

5921
05:07:13,508 --> 05:07:17,900
The careful Pros, the work 
continues day after day, they 

5922
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:19,600
survey tracks for potential 
settlement. 

5923
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:23,400
The land is Rich and fertile 
covered in virgin Forest 

5924
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:26,700
enormous trees rise 200 feet 
into the air. 

5925
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:30,600
The forest floor is thick with 
undergrowth the X-Men, Clear 

5926
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:35,100
Sight lines so the surveyors can
work Sound of her axes Echoes 

5927
05:07:35,100 --> 05:07:37,100
through the woods from dawn 
until dusk. 

5928
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:40,000
Trees. 
Crash down with earth-shaking 

5929
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:42,700
thuds, George Marvels. 
At how quickly. 

5930
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:44,800
Skilled Woodsman can fell a 
giant Oak? 

5931
05:07:44,800 --> 05:07:47,000
He begins taking his own 
measurements. 

5932
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:49,900
Under, again supervision, the 
older man, checks his work 

5933
05:07:49,900 --> 05:07:53,200
carefully, finding small errors 
and explaining how to avoid 

5934
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:55,700
them. 
George accepts the corrections 

5935
05:07:55,700 --> 05:07:58,800
without defensiveness learning 
requires admitting what you do 

5936
05:07:58,800 --> 05:08:02,300
not know. 
One afternoon, George Miss 

5937
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:04,100
calculates, an angle by several 
degrees. 

5938
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:07,900
Again, points out the era before
they waste time running a chain 

5939
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:10,900
along the wrong line. 
George feels his face flush with

5940
05:08:10,900 --> 05:08:13,400
embarrassment, Jen shows, no 
anger. 

5941
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:16,500
Only patients everyone makes 
mistakes. 

5942
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,600
He says the key is catching them
before they compound. 

5943
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:22,700
Good surveyors. 
Double check everything Pride 

5944
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:24,400
calls his more errors than 
ignorance. 

5945
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:27,600
George takes this lesson to 
Heart. 

5946
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:31,600
From that day forward, he checks
every measurement twice before 

5947
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:34,200
recording it. 
The Habit slows his work 

5948
05:08:34,200 --> 05:08:36,300
initially, but improves his 
accuracy dramatically. 

5949
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:39,800
They encounter their first group
of Frontier settlers one 

5950
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:43,200
morning, three families living 
in rough cabins along a creek, 

5951
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:46,700
the building's accrued but 
functional smoke rises from 

5952
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:50,100
Stone chimneys, children play in
the dirty yard while women work 

5953
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:52,600
at outdoor. 
Cooking fires, the men are wary 

5954
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:54,400
of strangers. 
They have carved these 

5955
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:56,800
homesteads from Wilderness 
through backbreaking Labor, 

5956
05:08:56,800 --> 05:09:00,100
surveyors, often bring news of 
land disputes or ownership 

5957
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:02,100
claims. 
George watches. 

5958
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:04,700
How again handles the 
interaction with calm diplomacy.

5959
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:07,600
The surveying party shares. 
A meal with the settlers. 

5960
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:11,800
The food is simple but generous 
venison stew, cornbread and 

5961
05:09:11,800 --> 05:09:16,300
strong cider George sits quietly
listening to the men. 

5962
05:09:16,300 --> 05:09:18,000
Talk about their lives on the 
frontier. 

5963
05:09:18,000 --> 05:09:22,000
They speak of harsh Winters. 
Failed crops encounters with 

5964
05:09:22,008 --> 05:09:25,700
Native hunting parties. 
Life here is precarious and 

5965
05:09:25,700 --> 05:09:28,800
unforgiving. 
Yet these families have, chosen 

5966
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:31,000
it over the relative safety of 
settled regions. 

5967
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,200
George tries to understand what 
drives such decisions. 

5968
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:37,600
One of the settlers asks, if 
George's, Lord, Fairfax is kin 

5969
05:09:38,400 --> 05:09:40,000
the boy explained to his 
connection through his 

5970
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:44,000
half-brothers marriage. 
The man non slowly blood and 

5971
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:47,000
marriage matter in this country.
He says they determine who you 

5972
05:09:47,000 --> 05:09:50,400
are before you speak a word 
George files, this observation 

5973
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:52,700
away. 
He's beginning to understand how

5974
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:55,700
reputation and family 
connections, open or closed 

5975
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:58,300
doors. 
His own position is complicated,

5976
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:01,200
he has useful connections, but 
limited wealth. 

5977
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:04,600
He must make his way through 
capability rather than an 

5978
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:06,800
inheritance. 
The surveying continues through 

5979
05:10:06,800 --> 05:10:10,700
April, they mapped thousands of 
Acres of Valley land George's 

5980
05:10:10,700 --> 05:10:13,200
skills, improved steadily his 
measurements become more 

5981
05:10:13,200 --> 05:10:15,700
accurate. 
His field notes grow clearer and

5982
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,700
more organized, he learns to 
read terrain like a book. 

5983
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:23,000
The slope of a hillside reveals 
drainage patterns, vegetation 

5984
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:26,900
indicates soil, quality Rock 
outcropping suggest What Lies 

5985
05:10:26,900 --> 05:10:30,200
Beneath the surface, every 
landscape tells a story to those

5986
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:33,100
who know, how to interpret the 
signs one morning. 

5987
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,700
They discover a natural spring 
flowing from a limestone Cliff. 

5988
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:40,900
The water is cold and perfectly.
Clear George taste it and Finds 

5989
05:10:40,900 --> 05:10:42,800
Its sweet. 
Without the metallic mineral, 

5990
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:46,400
Tang of many Springs, Gan 
explains how to identify good 

5991
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:51,000
water sources, location matters 
Springs at higher elevations are

5992
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:53,400
generally cleaner. 
The rock type effects. 

5993
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:57,400
The Taste and Purity settlers 
will pay premium prices for land

5994
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,600
with reliable water. 
George realizes that surveying 

5995
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:02,500
is about more than mathematics 
and measurements. 

5996
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:07,100
It requires understanding, 
geology botany, hydrology, and 

5997
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:10,600
Human Nature. 
A good surveyor must see how all

5998
05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:13,300
these elements combine to make 
land valuable or worthless. 

5999
05:11:13,300 --> 05:11:16,500
They survey a particularly 
challenging tracked on a steep 

6000
05:11:16,500 --> 05:11:18,600
Mountainside. 
The work is dangerous. 

6001
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:22,700
Footing is treacherous on the 
loose Shale, one of the X-Men, 

6002
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:25,400
slips and slides, 50 feet down 
the slope before catching 

6003
05:11:25,400 --> 05:11:28,200
himself on a tree. 
George helps pull the man back 

6004
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:30,300
up. 
The X-Men's hands are bleeding 

6005
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:33,500
and full of splinters. 
His face is pale with shock. 

6006
05:11:33,500 --> 05:11:36,600
They bandaged his wounds and 
sent him back to Camp to 

6007
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:39,000
recover. 
The incident reminds everyone 

6008
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:42,700
that this work carries real 
risks, a broken leg or twisted, 

6009
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:44,700
ankle miles from help, could 
prove fatal. 

6010
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:48,900
Caution is not optional George 
moves, even more carefully after

6011
05:11:48,900 --> 05:11:53,000
that, May arrives with warming 
temperatures and an explosion of

6012
05:11:53,000 --> 05:11:56,200
spring growth wildflowers 
carpet, the valley, flooring 

6013
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,400
waves of color. 
The forest filled with Birdsong 

6014
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:02,200
George finds himself 
appreciating the beauty despite 

6015
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,700
his exhaustion they complete the
survey. 

6016
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:08,300
By late May again reviews all 
the field notes and declares the

6017
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:11,800
work satisfactory. 
George has performed well for a 

6018
05:12:11,800 --> 05:12:13,800
beginner. 
He says, with more experience, 

6019
05:12:13,800 --> 05:12:16,000
the boy could become a competent
surveyor. 

6020
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:19,400
This restrained, praise means 
more to George than he. 

6021
05:12:19,400 --> 05:12:22,200
Elaborate compliments would 
again is not a man who offers 

6022
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:25,300
false encouragement. 
His words carry weight because 

6023
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:28,800
he speaks them sparingly, the 
party prepares to return East 

6024
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:31,700
George packs, his belongings 
with mixed feelings. 

6025
05:12:31,700 --> 05:12:34,500
The Expedition has been harder 
than he expected. 

6026
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:38,200
He is dirty tired and covered in
insect bites yet. 

6027
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:41,300
He does not want it to end. 
The Shenandoah Valley, show him 

6028
05:12:41,300 --> 05:12:43,700
possibilities. 
He never imagined at Ferry Farm.

6029
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:47,200
The frontier is rough and 
dangerous, but it is also full 

6030
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:50,200
of opportunity. 
Can make their fortunes here. 

6031
05:12:50,200 --> 05:12:53,600
If they are willing to work hard
and accept the risks George's 

6032
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:56,700
proven to himself that he can 
endure difficult conditions, he 

6033
05:12:56,700 --> 05:12:58,700
can do physically demanding 
work. 

6034
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:02,400
He can learn new skills, these 
discoveries matter more than the

6035
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,500
surveying knowledge, he has 
gained the ride back over the 

6036
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:08,900
Blue Ridge, feels different 
George's returning as a changed 

6037
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:12,500
person, he is tested himself 
against Real challenges and not 

6038
05:13:12,500 --> 05:13:16,200
been found wanting the boy, who 
rode West in March is becoming 

6039
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:20,300
someone harder and more capable.
George Washington returns to the

6040
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:22,700
Shenandoah Valley in July of 
1748. 

6041
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:26,300
This time he comes as an 
official surveyor in his own 

6042
05:13:26,300 --> 05:13:29,000
right. 
Lord, Fairfax has granted him 

6043
05:13:29,000 --> 05:13:31,300
permission to survey lands and 
earn his own fees. 

6044
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:34,500
He is 16 years old. 
And already taller than most 

6045
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:36,800
grown men. 
His surveying equipment is his 

6046
05:13:36,800 --> 05:13:38,300
own. 
Now, purchased with money, 

6047
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:41,800
carefully saved the instruments.
Represent Independence May 

6048
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:43,700
tangible. 
No one can take this. 

6049
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:46,700
Professional away from him. 
The Valiant summer, is a 

6050
05:13:46,700 --> 05:13:49,800
different world from the one. 
He saw in Spring the heat rises 

6051
05:13:49,800 --> 05:13:51,400
and shimmering waves from the 
ground. 

6052
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:53,500
Cicadas. 
Filled the air with their 

6053
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:56,200
mechanical buzzing. 
The forests are thick with 

6054
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:57,900
Greenery that blocks out the 
sky. 

6055
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,300
George rides, alone. 
This time with only his horse 

6056
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:04,300
and equipment for company. 
The Solitude feels right? 

6057
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:06,800
He has always been comfortable 
with silence. 

6058
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:10,100
Other people require constant 
management of words and 

6059
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:12,400
expressions trees and mountains 
demand. 

6060
05:14:12,400 --> 05:14:16,500
Nothing He camps near a creek. 
The first night, the water runs.

6061
05:14:16,500 --> 05:14:19,400
Clear over, smooth, Stones, 
George bathes. 

6062
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:23,800
In the cold current washing away
days of trail dust shock of the 

6063
05:14:23,800 --> 05:14:27,500
cold water makes him gasp, but 
afterward, he feels clean and 

6064
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:31,200
renewed, he builds a small fire 
and Cooks the salt pork and 

6065
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:33,900
cornmeal, he brought from 
Fredericksburg, the meal is 

6066
05:14:33,900 --> 05:14:38,200
plain, but filling George eats, 
slowly watching The Darkness 

6067
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:42,200
Gather in the valley below his 
campsite Stars emerge one by one

6068
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:43,800
until the sky is thick with 
them. 

6069
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:48,100
More stars than seem possible. 
They stretch from Horizon to 

6070
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:51,600
Horizon in rivers of light. 
George lies on his back and 

6071
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:53,500
stares upward until his neck 
aches. 

6072
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:57,000
In the morning, he begins 
surveying a track of bottom land

6073
05:14:57,000 --> 05:14:58,300
along. 
The Shenandoah River. 

6074
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:03,300
The soil is dark and Rich trees 
grow to enormous size in this 

6075
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:06,000
fertile ground. 
This land will be valuable to 

6076
05:15:06,000 --> 05:15:07,500
settlers he notes in his 
journal. 

6077
05:15:07,500 --> 05:15:09,600
The work is methodical and 
peaceful. 

6078
05:15:10,800 --> 05:15:13,500
George moves through the forest,
taking measurements and 

6079
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:17,000
recording data, his hands, no 
longer blister from the chain. 

6080
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:21,300
His body has adapted to the 
physical demands encounters, a 

6081
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:25,100
family of deer, one afternoon, a
doe and two fawns, Stanford 

6082
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:30,600
watching him from 30 yards away.
George stops moving and simply 

6083
05:15:30,600 --> 05:15:33,300
observes. 
The deer regard him with liquid 

6084
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:37,100
brown eyes before bounding away 
in graceful, leaps such moments 

6085
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:39,600
punctuate, the solitary work, a 
fox. 

6086
05:15:39,600 --> 05:15:42,800
Trotting along a Creek Bank, a 
hawk circling overhead. 

6087
05:15:42,800 --> 05:15:45,900
The landscape is alive in ways 
the settled regions. 

6088
05:15:45,900 --> 05:15:49,400
No longer are George feels 
connected to something, larger 

6089
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:52,900
than human concerns. 
He surveys several tracks over 

6090
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:55,300
the following weeks. 
Each one must be measured 

6091
05:15:55,300 --> 05:15:58,600
precisely and documented 
thoroughly the work requires 

6092
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:01,800
absolute accuracy. 
Even a small error can cause 

6093
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:03,500
legal disputes that lasts for 
Generations. 

6094
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:07,900
George develops, a routine. 
He rises with the sun and works 

6095
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:10,900
until the light fails. 
Heat, simple meals and sleeps 

6096
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:13,300
under the stars. 
When weather permits the rhythm 

6097
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:17,100
of the days becomes almost 
meditative One afternoon, he 

6098
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:19,100
encounters, another surveyor 
working nearby. 

6099
05:16:19,100 --> 05:16:23,000
The man is older, perhaps 40 
with a weather face and knowing 

6100
05:16:23,000 --> 05:16:25,400
eyes. 
They compared notes and discuss 

6101
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:27,100
the best routes through 
difficult terrain. 

6102
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:30,500
The older surveyor asks, if 
George's filed his surveys with 

6103
05:16:30,500 --> 05:16:34,000
the county, The question reveals
a gap in George's knowledge. 

6104
05:16:34,000 --> 05:16:37,000
He is completed the field work 
but does not fully understand 

6105
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:40,700
the legal process that follows. 
The surveyor explains patiently.

6106
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,200
Surveys must be filed with the 
county court to be official 

6107
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:47,400
without proper filing. 
The work has no legal standing. 

6108
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:49,700
George. 
Thanks him for the information 

6109
05:16:49,700 --> 05:16:52,100
and resolved to learn the 
administrative procedures. 

6110
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,300
This encounter reminds him that 
surveying involves more than 

6111
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:57,500
fieldwork. 
There are legal requirements, 

6112
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:02,900
fees, to be paid forms to be 
filed success requires mastering

6113
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:05,300
the entire process from initial 
measurement to final 

6114
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:08,600
documentation. 
He rides to Winchester the main 

6115
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:10,400
town in the Northern and of 
valley. 

6116
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:14,200
The settlement is rather than 
Fredericksburg, fewer brick 

6117
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:17,700
buildings more log structures, 
the streets are muddy, even in 

6118
05:17:17,700 --> 05:17:19,800
dry weather. 
The courthouse is a simple 

6119
05:17:19,808 --> 05:17:21,800
building with thick walls and 
small Windows. 

6120
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:25,400
George enters and asks to see 
the surveyors records. 

6121
05:17:26,200 --> 05:17:28,300
The Clark is initially 
dismissive of this, young man, 

6122
05:17:28,300 --> 05:17:30,900
but George's can't persistence 
with him over. 

6123
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:33,300
He spends hours. 
Studying previously filed 

6124
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:36,900
surveys, the format becomes 
clear, the language is formal 

6125
05:17:36,900 --> 05:17:39,700
and precise. 
Every measurement must be stated

6126
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:42,600
clearly boundaries must be 
described in terms. 

6127
05:17:42,600 --> 05:17:45,600
That future surveyors. 
Can replicate George copies 

6128
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,700
examples into his notebook. 
He will use these as templates 

6129
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:51,200
for his own work. 
Learning from those who have 

6130
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:52,800
done it before is simply 
efficient. 

6131
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:57,000
He files his first official 
survey that afternoon the fierce

6132
05:17:57,000 --> 05:18:00,300
small but symbolically important
this document Bears, his name 

6133
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:02,800
and signature. 
It is his work, his 

6134
05:18:02,800 --> 05:18:05,000
responsibility, his reputation 
on paper. 

6135
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:09,100
Walking out of the court house, 
George feels a shift in how he 

6136
05:18:09,108 --> 05:18:12,100
sees himself, he is no longer an
apprentice or assistance. 

6137
05:18:12,100 --> 05:18:15,600
He is a professional surveyor 
conducting his own business, the

6138
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:18,700
distinction matters, he takes a 
room at in that night. 

6139
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:22,100
The bed is not particularly 
clean and the walls are thin 

6140
05:18:22,100 --> 05:18:26,000
George can hear conversations 
from neighboring rooms but it is

6141
05:18:26,000 --> 05:18:29,100
a real bed under a roof and 
after weeks of sleeping on the 

6142
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:32,600
ground, it feels luxurious. 
In the morning, he purchased his

6143
05:18:32,608 --> 05:18:36,200
supplies for another cervix. 
Expedition cornmeal, salt, pork 

6144
05:18:36,200 --> 05:18:40,200
powder and shot for his rifle. 
The shopkeeper is chatty asking 

6145
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:42,000
about George's work and where 
he's headed. 

6146
05:18:42,700 --> 05:18:45,800
George answers, politely but 
briefly He has learned that 

6147
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:48,700
saying little prevents 
misunderstandings people. 

6148
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:51,600
Cannot misquote? 
What you never said, he rides 

6149
05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:54,400
South into a region of Rolling 
Hills and thick forests. 

6150
05:18:54,400 --> 05:18:57,800
This track is wilder than the 
bottomlands near the river. 

6151
05:18:57,800 --> 05:18:59,900
The survey will be more 
challenging. 

6152
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:03,300
George welcomes. 
The difficulty the work takes 

6153
05:19:03,300 --> 05:19:05,200
him deep into uninhabited 
territory. 

6154
05:19:05,200 --> 05:19:07,800
He sees. 
No other people for days at a 

6155
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:12,300
time, the Solitude is profound 
George discovers that he prefers

6156
05:19:12,300 --> 05:19:14,600
it to the complications of 
social interaction. 

6157
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:17,700
He encounters a black bear one 
morning while taking 

6158
05:19:17,700 --> 05:19:21,200
measurements the animal is 
perhaps 60 yards away tearing 

6159
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:24,200
part of rotted logged. 
To get it, insects inside George

6160
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,400
freezes, barely breathing. 
The bear seems unaware of his 

6161
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:29,500
presence. 
He continues, its work with 

6162
05:19:29,500 --> 05:19:33,700
focused intensity, George 
watches fascinated by The 

6163
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:35,900
Animals power and single-minded 
purpose. 

6164
05:19:36,900 --> 05:19:39,800
After several minutes, the bear 
ambles away into the underbrush 

6165
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:43,800
George's heart is pounding, but 
he feels exhilarated rather than

6166
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:46,000
frightened. 
He has been close to a 

6167
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:47,800
dangerous. 
Wild animal and survived through

6168
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:51,400
simplest Stillness. 
The lesson is clear, Sometimes 

6169
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:53,400
the best action is no action at 
all. 

6170
05:19:54,300 --> 05:19:56,800
He completes the survey over 10 
days of steady work. 

6171
05:19:56,800 --> 05:20:00,500
His field notes are meticulous. 
Every measurement is recorded 

6172
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:02,800
every boundary marker is 
described. 

6173
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:05,000
The work is thorough and 
professional. 

6174
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:08,300
Rain catches him on the journey 
back to Winchester. 

6175
05:20:08,300 --> 05:20:10,500
The downpour is sudden and 
heavy. 

6176
05:20:10,500 --> 05:20:14,000
George takes shelter under a 
rocky overhang and waits out the

6177
05:20:14,008 --> 05:20:17,400
storm. 
Water streams past his refuge, 

6178
05:20:17,400 --> 05:20:20,600
in muddy torrents, the rain 
stops as quickly as it began. 

6179
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:24,800
The air, smells clean and fresh 
Georgia mergers from his shelter

6180
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,800
and continues riding. 
His clothes are wet but he does 

6181
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:31,100
not mind. 
Discomfort is temporary, the 

6182
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:33,200
survey is complete and that is 
what matters. 

6183
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:36,800
He files the paperwork in 
Winchester and collects his fee.

6184
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,800
The money is real and earned 
through his own labor. 

6185
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:44,200
George counts, the coins twice 
savoring, the weight of the, in 

6186
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:48,300
his hand, this is freedom. 
He realizes not the grand 

6187
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:51,700
political Freedom that men argue
about in Heaven's but personal 

6188
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:54,900
economic independence. 
He can support himself through 

6189
05:20:54,900 --> 05:20:57,500
his own skills. 
He owes no one for this money. 

6190
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,700
He returns to Ferry Farm in 
September with more money than 

6191
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:04,600
he has ever possessed. 
His mother receives him with her

6192
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:08,200
usual lack of sentimentality. 
She asks about his health and 

6193
05:21:08,200 --> 05:21:12,200
the success of his work, George 
provides brief answers, Mary 

6194
05:21:12,200 --> 05:21:13,900
Washington, inspects her son 
carefully. 

6195
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:17,500
He has grown even taller. 
His face is tanned dark by 

6196
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:20,400
months of outdoor work. 
His hands are calloused and 

6197
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:22,300
strong. 
He looks older than 16. 

6198
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,700
She says nothing about missing 
him or worrying during his 

6199
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:28,400
absence. 
Such admissions are not her way.

6200
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,600
But she prepares his favorite 
foods that evening and George 

6201
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:34,800
understands this is her form of 
welcome. 

6202
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:38,500
He spent several weeks at Ferry 
Farm helping with the Autumn 

6203
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:40,100
Harvest and catching up on 
accounts. 

6204
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:43,800
The routine feels confining 
after months of Frontier, 

6205
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:46,000
Freedom. 
George is restless and 

6206
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:48,900
distracted. 
Lawrence notices his younger 

6207
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:50,700
brother's mood when he visits 
from Mount Vernon. 

6208
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:53,800
He suggests George returned to 
surveying in the spring. 

6209
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:57,300
The frontier clearly suits him 
better than farm management 

6210
05:21:57,300 --> 05:22:00,800
George agrees redly. 
He has found his path. 

6211
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:04,300
The Shenandoah Valley calls to 
him with the promise of Wild 

6212
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:06,900
Spaces and honest work. 
He will return. 

6213
05:22:06,900 --> 05:22:09,800
As soon as weather permits 
through the winter months, he 

6214
05:22:09,800 --> 05:22:12,700
practices his surveying skills 
and studies maps of Western 

6215
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:15,300
Virginia. 
The territory is vast and 

6216
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:18,300
largely unmapped years of work 
await him. 

6217
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:22,100
There George feels something, he
has not experienced before, he 

6218
05:22:22,100 --> 05:22:27,600
feels certain about his future. 
Spring arrives in 1749 and 

6219
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:31,200
George Washington. 
Now 17 rides West with purpose. 

6220
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:34,800
Carries surveying, commissions 
from Lord, Fairfax and several 

6221
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:37,500
private landowners. 
The work will keep him in the 

6222
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:41,300
frontier for months. 
The road to Winchester has 

6223
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:44,400
become familiar. 
George recognizes landmarks and 

6224
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:46,000
knows where to find the best 
campsites. 

6225
05:22:46,000 --> 05:22:48,000
This growing knowledge of the 
country. 

6226
05:22:48,000 --> 05:22:51,000
Pleases him understanding a 
landscape, is a kind of 

6227
05:22:51,000 --> 05:22:54,500
ownership that requires no deed 
or purchase, he reaches 

6228
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:58,100
Winchester and immediately files
notice of his survey activities 

6229
05:22:58,100 --> 05:23:00,600
with the county. 
The Clark remembers him from the

6230
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:03,600
previous year, the young 
surveyor has earned a reputation

6231
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:07,500
for thorough accurate work. 
George heads into less settled 

6232
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:09,700
territories this season. 
The lands. 

6233
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:12,700
He will serve a lie along the 
western edge of the valley where

6234
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:14,100
the Allegheny Mountains. 
Rise. 

6235
05:23:14,100 --> 05:23:17,500
Like a natural Fortress. 
Few settlers have ventured into 

6236
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:19,900
this Rough Country. 
The terrain grows, more 

6237
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,900
challenging with every mile 
Westwood, the hills become 

6238
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:26,600
steeper, the Forest, Grove 
dense, sir streams, run Swift, 

6239
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:30,700
and cold from Mountain snowmelt.
George's horse picks, its way 

6240
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:34,200
carefully along, narrow Trails. 
He makes camp in a Halo 

6241
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:37,900
protected from the wind. 
The forest canopy overhead is so

6242
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:39,900
thick that little sunlight 
reaches the ground. 

6243
05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:43,100
The air smells of damp Earth and
decaying leaves. 

6244
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,100
George builds a fire and 
prepares his evening meal 

6245
05:23:46,100 --> 05:23:49,300
sitting by the fire. 
He refuses field notes from the 

6246
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:51,900
day, the measurements are clean 
and consistent. 

6247
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:55,200
He has developed systems for 
organizing his work that prevent

6248
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,600
errors and save time. 
Professional competence brings 

6249
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:01,500
its own satisfaction. 
The next morning, Dawn's cold 

6250
05:24:01,500 --> 05:24:05,000
and Misty fog fills The Valleys 
like slow-moving water. 

6251
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:07,800
George waits for it to lift 
before beginning work. 

6252
05:24:08,500 --> 05:24:11,800
Surveying in fog is pointless. 
You cannot cite lines. 

6253
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:16,000
You cannot see by midday The Sun
Burns through and the fog. 

6254
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:19,700
Dissolves George begins mapping 
a track of mountain land covered

6255
05:24:19,700 --> 05:24:23,300
in Old growth forest. 
Trees are enormous some 

6256
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:25,000
measuring 6 feet across at the 
base. 

6257
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:27,000
They have stood here for 
centuries. 

6258
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:30,200
He wonders what these forests 
look like before any European 

6259
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:34,100
set foot in Virginia. 
The same, probably trees. 

6260
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:36,900
This size predict Colonial 
settlement by Generations. 

6261
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:40,100
Walking among them feels like 
stepping into a living history. 

6262
05:24:41,100 --> 05:24:43,500
The survey takes him along 
ridgelines where the views 

6263
05:24:43,500 --> 05:24:46,900
stretch from Mi George Paul's is
at one, such overlooked and 

6264
05:24:46,900 --> 05:24:50,200
simply stares Ridge off to 
Ridge, extends to the Blue 

6265
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:52,500
Horizon. 
Scale is humbling. 

6266
05:24:52,500 --> 05:24:57,400
He encounters signs of native 
presence, old firings, stone 

6267
05:24:57,400 --> 05:25:00,400
tools. 
Trails once Smooth by countless 

6268
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:02,700
feet. 
The land was not empty before 

6269
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:05,200
settlers arrived. 
It was simply used differently. 

6270
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:08,300
George finds these reminders 
thought-provoking. 

6271
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:11,300
He has heard stories about 
conflicts between settlers and 

6272
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,200
native peoples. 
The frontier can be a violent 

6273
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,200
place yet he has encountered. 
No hostility himself. 

6274
05:25:17,200 --> 05:25:19,900
The native Hunters. 
He has Glimpse from a distance 

6275
05:25:19,900 --> 05:25:21,300
seemed intent on their own 
business. 

6276
05:25:21,300 --> 05:25:25,900
Not his One evening, he shares a
camp with a group of Frontier 

6277
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:27,500
Hunters. 
They are rough. 

6278
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:29,500
Men with weathered faces and 
hard hands. 

6279
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:32,600
They live by trapping and 
hunting selling pelts and meet 

6280
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:35,500
in Winchester. 
The hunter speaking thick 

6281
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:38,800
accents, George sometimes 
struggles to understand, they 

6282
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:41,900
use words, he has never heard 
but their generous with their 

6283
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:45,200
food and information, they tell 
him which streams have Beaver 

6284
05:25:45,200 --> 05:25:49,300
where dear congregate oreius to 
avoid, one Hunter, warned him 

6285
05:25:49,300 --> 05:25:52,600
about a rocky section of Trail 
ahead, a horse fell their last 

6286
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:55,200
month, he says, broke its leg 
and have to be shot. 

6287
05:25:56,200 --> 05:25:57,700
George. 
Thanks him for the warning and 

6288
05:25:57,708 --> 05:26:00,500
makes careful notes. 
These encounters, teach them 

6289
05:26:00,500 --> 05:26:03,800
about Frontier survival. 
The hunters know, things no book

6290
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:07,400
contains which plants are edible
how to predict whether by 

6291
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:11,200
watching animals where to find 
water in dry Country, George 

6292
05:26:11,200 --> 05:26:13,700
absorbs, their knowledge like 
rain into parched ground. 

6293
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:17,300
He continues surveying through 
May and into June the work 

6294
05:26:17,300 --> 05:26:20,100
becomes a kind of meditation set
up the compass. 

6295
05:26:20,100 --> 05:26:23,500
Cite the Line run the chain 
record the measurement. 

6296
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:26,500
The repetition is soothing 
rather than boring. 

6297
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:29,500
His body has adapted completely 
to the physical demands. 

6298
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:32,700
He can work from dawn to dusk 
without exhaustion. 

6299
05:26:32,700 --> 05:26:36,000
His muscles are lean and hard 
from constant movement over 

6300
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:38,500
rough terrain. 
He is in the best physical 

6301
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,800
condition of his life. 
He surveys a beautiful track to 

6302
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:43,500
along a mounting Creek on after 
noon. 

6303
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:47,400
The water runs clear over 
colored stones, wildflowers 

6304
05:26:47,400 --> 05:26:51,000
growth, thick along the banks, 
George notes in his journal that

6305
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:53,100
this would be an ideal location 
for a mill. 

6306
05:26:53,100 --> 05:26:57,000
The water flow is steady and 
strong, this kind of observation

6307
05:26:57,000 --> 05:27:00,600
goes beyond pure surveying, he's
beginning to see land in terms 

6308
05:27:00,600 --> 05:27:05,100
of potential uses where would 
crops grow best, where might a 

6309
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:07,700
road be built, where would 
settlers choose to build? 

6310
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:10,200
These insights add value to his 
work. 

6311
05:27:10,200 --> 05:27:13,300
He completes a particularly 
difficult survey in early July 

6312
05:27:14,200 --> 05:27:17,000
The tract was irregular in shape
with many natural boundaries. 

6313
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:19,700
The mathematics. 
Required careful attention 

6314
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:23,200
George double checks every 
calculation before recording it.

6315
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:27,400
When he finishes, he reviews the
entire survey from beginning to 

6316
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:29,300
end. 
The work is solid. 

6317
05:27:29,300 --> 05:27:32,200
Every measurement is accurate. 
Every boundary is clearly 

6318
05:27:32,200 --> 05:27:35,500
described. 
He feels quiet pride in a job 

6319
05:27:35,508 --> 05:27:38,200
done properly. 
The ride back to Winchester 

6320
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:41,300
takes three days. 
George uses the time to organize

6321
05:27:41,300 --> 05:27:43,500
his field notes, and prepare the
final documents. 

6322
05:27:44,300 --> 05:27:46,900
By the time, he reaches Town. 
Everything's ready for filing 

6323
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:49,700
the county clerk examined, his 
work with professional 

6324
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:52,400
interests. 
These are excellent surveys, he 

6325
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:56,100
comments clear, descriptions 
precise measurements, proper 

6326
05:27:56,100 --> 05:27:59,700
legal language, George accepts 
the complement with a brief nod.

6327
05:27:59,700 --> 05:28:02,900
He collects his fees and 
purchases supplies for another 

6328
05:28:02,900 --> 05:28:05,400
Expedition. 
The surveying season is far from

6329
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:07,500
over. 
There is more work of available 

6330
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:10,800
than one surveyor can handle 
George intends to do as much as 

6331
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:13,700
time allows, he rides North 
toward the Upper Valley. 

6332
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:16,400
This region is even less settled
than the areas. 

6333
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:19,400
He has worked previously. 
A few Farms are small and 

6334
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:22,300
isolated settlers here. 
Live Hard lives. 

6335
05:28:22,300 --> 05:28:25,700
Far from any help. 
George surveys, several small 

6336
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:28,300
tracks for families, trying to 
formalize their land claims. 

6337
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:31,500
Many of have been squatting on 
property, they do not legally 

6338
05:28:31,500 --> 05:28:34,400
own. 
A proper survey indeed, give 

6339
05:28:34,400 --> 05:28:38,200
them security and peace of mind.
One farmer, cannot afford, the 

6340
05:28:38,200 --> 05:28:41,100
standard, surveying fee, he 
offers to pay in vegetables and 

6341
05:28:41,100 --> 05:28:45,300
smoked meat instead George. 
Accepts the Practical value is 

6342
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:47,200
roughly equivalent and the 
family. 

6343
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:49,200
Clearly needs the survey more 
than he needs. 

6344
05:28:49,200 --> 05:28:52,400
Cash, this kind of flexibility 
earned him Goodwill. 

6345
05:28:53,200 --> 05:28:55,600
Word spreads that. 
The young surveyor is fair and 

6346
05:28:55,600 --> 05:28:58,400
reasonable more work comes his 
way as a result. 

6347
05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:01,400
George learns. 
That reputation is currently on 

6348
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:03,700
the frontier, August brings 
intense heat. 

6349
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:08,700
The Sun beats down relentlessly.
George Works, through it pausing

6350
05:29:08,700 --> 05:29:10,900
frequently, to drink from 
streams and creeks. 

6351
05:29:11,600 --> 05:29:14,500
Staying hydrated is essential 
several times. 

6352
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:17,500
He has seen men fall ill from 
ignoring the simple necessity. 

6353
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:20,300
He surveys attracted near a 
natural spring. 

6354
05:29:20,300 --> 05:29:23,100
One afternoon, the water is cold
and sweet. 

6355
05:29:23,900 --> 05:29:26,200
George drinks, deeply and 
refills his canteen. 

6356
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:30,100
He marks the Spring's location 
carefully in his notes, water 

6357
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:32,400
sources, increased land value 
significantly. 

6358
05:29:33,500 --> 05:29:36,800
A thunderstorm catches him in 
Open Country on evening, the sky

6359
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:40,300
darkens, with the alarming 
speed, wind Benz, the trees, 

6360
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:43,800
nearly horizontal rainfalls in 
blinding sheets. 

6361
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:46,800
George Seek shelter in a thick 
groove of Pine's. 

6362
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:50,200
The trees offer some protection,
but he is still soaked within 

6363
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:52,300
minutes. 
Lightning strikes. 

6364
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,600
Nearby with deafening cracks. 
The storms violence is 

6365
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:59,800
terrifying and magnificent. 
He crouches Under The Pines 

6366
05:29:59,800 --> 05:30:02,300
waiting for the fury to pass the
storm. 

6367
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:05,500
Reminds him that nature. 
Holds ultimate power all human 

6368
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:08,500
plans and projects are subject 
to forces beyond control. 

6369
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:12,200
Humility is not optional. 
It is simply realistic. 

6370
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:17,400
The storm moves on after an 
hour, George emerges wet and 

6371
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,600
chilled, despite the summer 
heat, he builds a fire and dries

6372
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:23,100
his clothes. 
The delay costs, him half a day 

6373
05:30:23,108 --> 05:30:26,100
of work, but there is no 
fighting whether he completes 

6374
05:30:26,100 --> 05:30:28,900
his surveying by late August and
returned to Ferry Farm. 

6375
05:30:28,900 --> 05:30:32,900
His mother receives him with her
usual restraint George is used 

6376
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:35,100
to this. 
Now, he does not expect warmth 

6377
05:30:35,100 --> 05:30:37,500
from her and therefore is not 
disappointed by its absence. 

6378
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:41,600
He is earned substantial money 
this season George carefully. 

6379
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:44,400
Divides it into portion, some 
for his mother to help with 

6380
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:48,200
Ferry Farm expenses, some for 
savings, some for purchasing 

6381
05:30:48,200 --> 05:30:51,700
better, surveying equipment, 
this disciplined approach to 

6382
05:30:51,700 --> 05:30:53,800
Money Management becomes his 
lifelong habit. 

6383
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:56,500
Georges never careless with 
finance's. 

6384
05:30:56,500 --> 05:31:00,300
Every Shilling is accounted for.
And put purposeful use, he 

6385
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,100
spends the ultimate Ferry Farm, 
but his mind is already planning

6386
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:05,800
next spring surveying The 
frontier has claimed him, 

6387
05:31:05,808 --> 05:31:07,600
completely. 
He belongs there. 

6388
05:31:07,600 --> 05:31:12,200
Now, more than he belongs, 
anywhere else in 1751, George 

6389
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:15,600
Washington's life, takes an 
unexpected, turn his beloved. 

6390
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:18,400
Half-brother Lawrence has fallen
seriously ill with tuberculosis,

6391
05:31:18,400 --> 05:31:21,900
the disease is consuming him 
slowly and terribly. 

6392
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:26,400
Lawrence decides to travel to 
Barbados in the Caribbean, the 

6393
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:28,000
warm climate might help his 
condition. 

6394
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:31,700
Doctors suggest he asks George 
to accompany him on the voyage 

6395
05:31:31,700 --> 05:31:34,800
Georgia grease immediately 
despite his own reservations 

6396
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,300
about sea travel. 
They board a ship in September 

6397
05:31:37,300 --> 05:31:39,700
and sale South. 
This is George's. 

6398
05:31:39,700 --> 05:31:42,800
First ocean Voyage, the endless 
water makes him uneasy. 

6399
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:47,000
There is no land to measure. 
No Boundaries to establish the 

6400
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:49,400
sea represents chaos to his 
orderly mined. 

6401
05:31:50,300 --> 05:31:53,600
The Voyage takes several weeks, 
George suffers seasickness for 

6402
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:56,500
the first few days. 
He lies in his cramped cap in 

6403
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:59,600
miserable and humiliated 
gradually as body. 

6404
05:31:59,600 --> 05:32:02,600
Adjust to the ship's motion by 
the second week, he can eat 

6405
05:32:02,608 --> 05:32:05,600
normally again. 
He spent hours on Deck watching 

6406
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,300
the ocean, the water changes 
color constantly. 

6407
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:12,300
Sometimes it is green. 
Sometimes blue sometimes Gray. 

6408
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:16,400
Waves rise and fall in patterns 
that seem random but must follow

6409
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:18,200
some natural law. 
They reach. 

6410
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:22,400
Barbados in November, the island
is hot and humid thick with 

6411
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:25,600
unfamiliar vegetation. 
George finds the climate 

6412
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:29,200
oppressive, he sweats constantly
despite wearing the lightest 

6413
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:32,700
clothing, he owns. 
Lawrence settles into a house to

6414
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:35,400
rest and recover. 
George explores the island, 

6415
05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:38,600
observing the sugar plantations 
and the terrible system of 

6416
05:32:38,600 --> 05:32:41,600
slavery that powers them. 
He sees things that trouble him 

6417
05:32:41,608 --> 05:32:43,700
deeply but does not yet know how
to think about. 

6418
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:48,700
In December George contract, 
smallpox the disease strikes, 

6419
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:52,900
him hard, he lies, fevered and 
Delirious for days his face 

6420
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,200
erupts in pustules that will 
leave permanent scars. 

6421
05:32:55,200 --> 05:32:58,600
He comes close to dying in this 
foreign place, but he survives, 

6422
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,000
his recovery is slow, but 
complete. 

6423
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:04,800
Scarring is unfortunate but 
could have been worse or 

6424
05:33:04,800 --> 05:33:06,600
importantly. 
He is now immune to smallpox 

6425
05:33:06,600 --> 05:33:10,300
this immunity will serve him. 
Well in future years when the 

6426
05:33:10,300 --> 05:33:14,500
disease ravages armies and towns
Lawrence's conditioned does not 

6427
05:33:14,500 --> 05:33:16,000
improve despite the warm 
weather. 

6428
05:33:16,800 --> 05:33:19,700
They decide to return to 
Virginia in early 1752. 

6429
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:23,800
The Voyage back is rougher than 
the outbound Journey winter 

6430
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:25,400
storms. 
Make the ocean treacherous 

6431
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,700
Georgia's profoundly relieved. 
When they finally cite, the 

6432
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:31,700
Virginia Coast. 
He has learned that he is not a 

6433
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:34,000
sailor. 
The land is where he belongs. 

6434
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:37,300
Solid Ground beneath his feet 
and work, that makes sense. 

6435
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:43,200
Lawrence dies in July of 1752. 
George loses, the person. 

6436
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:46,600
He admired most in the world, 
the grief is sharp and deep. 

6437
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:50,500
He has already lost his father. 
Now, his mentor and guide has 

6438
05:33:50,500 --> 05:33:53,600
gone too. 
Lawrence leaves Mount Vernon to 

6439
05:33:53,600 --> 05:33:57,000
his widow, an with the provision
that George will inherit it if 

6440
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:58,700
Henry marries or dies without 
children. 

6441
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:02,000
This eventuality seems distant 
George. 

6442
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,200
Does not think much about it. 
What he does think about is 

6443
05:34:05,200 --> 05:34:08,700
Lawrence's position as adjutant 
of the Virginia militia, the 

6444
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:10,800
role carried, a salary and 
military rank. 

6445
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:13,800
George sees an opportunity to 
follow in his brother's 

6446
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:17,000
footsteps, he applies for an 
adjutant position with the 

6447
05:34:17,000 --> 05:34:20,000
Virginia militia. 
He is only 20 years old and has 

6448
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:23,500
no military experience, but his 
family connections help. 

6449
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,900
In December 1752. 
He is appointed adjutant for the

6450
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:29,900
southern district with the rank 
of major. 

6451
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:34,700
George Washington is now major 
Washington The title feel 

6452
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:38,200
strange at first, he has done 
nothing to earn a military rank.

6453
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:41,800
It is a political appointment, 
not a battlefield promotion. 

6454
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:44,100
Still, he takes the 
responsibility. 

6455
05:34:44,100 --> 05:34:48,200
Seriously, he studies military 
manuals and drill procedures. 

6456
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:51,600
If he is going to hold this 
position, he will learn how to 

6457
05:34:51,600 --> 05:34:54,800
do it properly. 
The adjutant role involves 

6458
05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:58,300
training, and organizing militia
units in his district, George 

6459
05:34:58,300 --> 05:35:01,400
travels, to various counties 
inspecting, local, militias and 

6460
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:04,500
teaching basic drill. 
The militia Manor, farmers and 

6461
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:06,700
Tradesmen, who gather 
occasionally for practice. 

6462
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:09,200
Most of never fired a gun in 
Anger. 

6463
05:35:09,200 --> 05:35:12,200
Their formations are sloppy. 
Their discipline is 

6464
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:15,300
non-existent, George Works 
patiently to improve their 

6465
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:17,800
Readiness. 
He discovers, he has a talent 

6466
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:19,100
for organization and 
administration. 

6467
05:35:20,200 --> 05:35:23,200
Creating order from chaos 
satisfies something in his 

6468
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,500
nature, the militia work 
combines his surveying Precision

6469
05:35:26,500 --> 05:35:28,300
with new challenges of 
leadership. 

6470
05:35:29,000 --> 05:35:32,100
He also learned how to handle 
men who are often older and more

6471
05:35:32,100 --> 05:35:35,700
experienced than himself. 
Giving orders to 40 year old 

6472
05:35:35,708 --> 05:35:39,100
Farmers requires taxed. 
George develops, a command 

6473
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:41,300
presence that combines dignity 
with respect. 

6474
05:35:42,100 --> 05:35:46,000
In 1753 tensions, rise between 
Britain and France over control 

6475
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:49,100
of the Ohio River Valley. 
Both Nations claimed the 

6476
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,900
territory, both the building 
Forts and trying to win. 

6477
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:56,000
Native alliances War seems 
increasingly likely Virginia's 

6478
05:35:56,000 --> 05:35:59,000
Governor Robert Dinwiddie needs 
someone to deliver a message to 

6479
05:35:59,000 --> 05:36:00,700
the French Commander at Fort 
Lauder birth. 

6480
05:36:00,700 --> 05:36:03,600
The journey will take the 
messenger deep into Wilderness 

6481
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:08,100
territory claimed by France. 
It is dangerous, work, George 

6482
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:11,500
volunteers immediately. 
He's 21 years old and hungry for

6483
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,700
significant responsibility. 
This Mission could establish his

6484
05:36:14,700 --> 05:36:17,800
reputation Beyond The Limited 
circle of Virginia Gentry 

6485
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:22,000
Dinwiddie accepts, his offer, 
major Washington, will carry the

6486
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:25,000
governor's letter to the French 
demanding, they leave the Ohio 

6487
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:27,900
Valley, you will also gather 
intelligence about French 

6488
05:36:27,900 --> 05:36:29,600
military strength and 
intentions. 

6489
05:36:29,600 --> 05:36:33,200
George prepares carefully for 
the Expedition, he hires a 

6490
05:36:33,200 --> 05:36:35,000
frontier guide named Christopher
gist. 

6491
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:37,900
Who knows the territory. 
He assembles a small party of 

6492
05:36:37,908 --> 05:36:40,700
men, including a translator, who
speaks French in Native 

6493
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:43,500
languages. 
They depart Williamsburg in late

6494
05:36:43,500 --> 05:36:47,200
October 1753. 
The journey North takes them 

6495
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:48,800
through increasingly Wild 
Country. 

6496
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:52,000
George keeps detailed notes of 
everything he observes 

6497
05:36:52,000 --> 05:36:55,700
distances, terrain features. 
River Crossings native Villages 

6498
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:58,700
they travel on Horseback when 
possible and on foot when 

6499
05:36:58,700 --> 05:37:02,600
necessary, the weather turns 
cold and wet George's clothes 

6500
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:05,500
are constantly damp. 
His boots were through and must 

6501
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:08,900
be prepared multiple times. 
They reached the forks of the 

6502
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:12,800
Ohio river in late November this
strategic location is where the 

6503
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:16,700
Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers
joined to form the Ohio George 

6504
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:19,300
immediately recognizes his 
military importance. 

6505
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:22,400
He notes in his journal that 
this would be an excellent 

6506
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:25,500
location for a fort. 
The position commands, the river

6507
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:27,400
traffic and controls access to 
the region. 

6508
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:31,000
Whoever holds this ground holds 
the key to the entire Ohio 

6509
05:37:31,000 --> 05:37:34,600
Valley. 
They continued North to Fort 

6510
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:36,400
leboeuf. 
Reaching it in early December. 

6511
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:40,000
French Fort is well-built and 
garrisoned, by professional 

6512
05:37:40,000 --> 05:37:43,200
soldiers, George observes, 
everything carefully, while 

6513
05:37:43,200 --> 05:37:46,100
maintaining diplomatic courtesy.
He delivers Governor 

6514
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,200
dinwiddie's, letter to the 
French Commander, The French 

6515
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:52,000
officer receives him politely, 
but his response is firm. 

6516
05:37:52,000 --> 05:37:55,200
France will not abandon its 
claims to the Ohio Valley. 

6517
05:37:56,800 --> 05:37:59,900
The letter is a formality, both 
sides know what it means. 

6518
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:05,100
George spends, several days at 
the Fort Gathering intelligence,

6519
05:38:05,100 --> 05:38:07,600
while appearing to Simply wait 
for the formal reply. 

6520
05:38:07,600 --> 05:38:11,100
He counts soldiers, examined 
fortifications notes, Supply 

6521
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,300
conditions, everything goes into
his mental records. 

6522
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:16,400
The return journey, is harder 
than the trip. 

6523
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:20,000
North winter has arrived in full
force snow covers. 

6524
05:38:20,000 --> 05:38:24,300
The ground streams are frozen or
dangerously cold George and his 

6525
05:38:24,308 --> 05:38:26,300
party pushed through brutal 
conditions. 

6526
05:38:26,300 --> 05:38:30,300
They nearly died several times. 
Once they almost drown Crossing 

6527
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:34,500
an icy River, another time they 
get lost in a snowstorm George's

6528
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:36,700
Frontier skills. 
Learned through years of 

6529
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:40,500
surveying, keep them alive. 
He reaches Williamsburg in 

6530
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:44,300
January 1754 and delivers his 
report to Governor Dinwiddie. 

6531
05:38:44,300 --> 05:38:47,600
The news is clearance intends to
hold the Ohio Valley. 

6532
05:38:47,600 --> 05:38:50,300
If Britain wants the territory 
war is inevitable. 

6533
05:38:51,100 --> 05:38:53,500
Dinwiddie is impressed by 
Georges thorough report and 

6534
05:38:53,508 --> 05:38:56,100
professional conduct. 
The young major has proven 

6535
05:38:56,100 --> 05:38:58,000
himself capable of difficult 
missions. 

6536
05:38:58,000 --> 05:39:00,300
This will not be his last 
important assignment. 

6537
05:39:00,300 --> 05:39:03,000
George writes up his journal and
observations. 

6538
05:39:03,000 --> 05:39:06,800
The account is published as a 
pamphlet Suddenly his name is 

6539
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:08,700
known Beyond Virginia. 
People. 

6540
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:11,200
Speak of the young major who 
braved winter Wilderness to 

6541
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,100
confront the French. 
At 21, George Washington has 

6542
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:16,400
achieved. 
Something significant. 

6543
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:20,400
He has proven himself in ways, 
that matter, the frontier 

6544
05:39:20,400 --> 05:39:22,700
surveyor has become a military 
officer with a growing 

6545
05:39:22,700 --> 05:39:25,200
reputation. 
He does not yet know that this 

6546
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:28,900
Ohio Valley mission is just the 
beginning greater challenges and

6547
05:39:28,900 --> 05:39:33,600
harder to test to wait. 
But for now in early 1754, he 

6548
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:36,100
allows himself to feel 
satisfaction with what he has 

6549
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:40,100
accomplished. 
The winter of 1754 finds George 

6550
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:43,500
Washington back in the familiar.
Landscape of Virginia, he has 

6551
05:39:43,500 --> 05:39:46,100
tasted military service and 
found it more compelling than he

6552
05:39:46,100 --> 05:39:48,900
expected. 
The Ohio Valley Mission, awaken 

6553
05:39:48,900 --> 05:39:51,300
something in him that surveying 
alone could not satisfy. 

6554
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,300
Governor Dinwiddie promotes him 
to Lieutenant Colonel and gives 

6555
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:56,600
him. 
Command of a regiment being 

6556
05:39:56,600 --> 05:40:00,700
raced to secure the Ohio Valley,
Georgia, accepts eagerly despite

6557
05:40:00,700 --> 05:40:04,600
his limited Military experience.
This is the opportunity he has 

6558
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:06,500
been preparing for without quite
knowing it. 

6559
05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:10,000
He spends weeks recruiting and 
organizing his regiment. 

6560
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:13,800
The work is frustrating. 
Soldiers are hard to find and 

6561
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:17,100
harder to equip properly. 
Virginia provides inadequate 

6562
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,700
funding for weapons uniforms and
supplies George learns. 

6563
05:40:20,700 --> 05:40:22,900
That leadership often means 
solving problems without 

6564
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,800
sufficient resources. 
He uses his own money to 

6565
05:40:25,800 --> 05:40:29,500
purchase equipment when official
funds run short, This sets a 

6566
05:40:29,500 --> 05:40:31,500
pattern, he will follow 
throughout his military career. 

6567
05:40:32,400 --> 05:40:35,500
In April, he leads his regiment 
West, toward the forks of the 

6568
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:38,200
Ohio, they move slowly through 
rough country. 

6569
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:41,700
His men are mostly young and 
inexperienced many of never 

6570
05:40:41,700 --> 05:40:43,800
slept Outdoors or marched more 
than a few miles. 

6571
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:47,200
Georgia applies, the lessons he 
learned during his surveying 

6572
05:40:47,200 --> 05:40:51,300
years, steady progress matters 
more than speed taking care of 

6573
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:53,500
your men and Equipment prevents 
problems later. 

6574
05:40:54,200 --> 05:40:57,300
Patience is a form of strength. 
They receive words that the 

6575
05:40:57,300 --> 05:40:59,200
French of built a fort at the 
forks of the Ohio. 

6576
05:41:00,400 --> 05:41:03,900
Position George identified as 
strategically crucial is now in 

6577
05:41:03,900 --> 05:41:07,600
enemy hands, Fort Duquesne 
commands, the River Junction and

6578
05:41:07,600 --> 05:41:09,700
blocks British access to the 
Ohio Valley. 

6579
05:41:10,500 --> 05:41:13,500
George pushes forward. 
Anyway, his orders are to secure

6580
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:16,200
the region, he will find a way 
to accomplish the mission. 

6581
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,900
Even if conditions have changed,
In late, may he receives 

6582
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:22,300
intelligence that a French 
Patrol is camp nearby. 

6583
05:41:23,200 --> 05:41:26,500
George decides to confront them.
He leads 40 men through the 

6584
05:41:26,508 --> 05:41:29,400
forest in darkness moving as 
quietly as possible. 

6585
05:41:29,400 --> 05:41:33,700
They attack at dawn. 
The fight is brief and chaotic 

6586
05:41:33,700 --> 05:41:38,100
muskets, fire at close range. 
Men, shout and struggle in the 

6587
05:41:38,108 --> 05:41:41,000
Smoke within minutes. 
The French Commander is dead and

6588
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:44,500
most of his men are captured. 
This is George's first combat 

6589
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:46,900
experienced. 
The violence is shocking and 

6590
05:41:46,900 --> 05:41:49,500
immediate, he sees men killed 
within Arms. 

6591
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:52,900
Reach the reality of warfare is 
nothing like the military 

6592
05:41:52,900 --> 05:41:55,400
manuals. 
He has studied the Skirmish has 

6593
05:41:55,400 --> 05:41:58,100
political consequences far 
beyond its small scale. 

6594
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:01,600
The dead French commanders 
papers reveal, he was on a 

6595
05:42:01,600 --> 05:42:04,700
diplomatic mission. 
George's killed an ambassador 

6596
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:07,700
during peace time, the incident 
helps spark what will become a 

6597
05:42:07,700 --> 05:42:10,000
world war? 
George does not yet understand 

6598
05:42:10,000 --> 05:42:11,700
the magnitude of what he has 
done. 

6599
05:42:11,708 --> 05:42:14,800
He reports the action as a 
successful engagement against 

6600
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:17,100
enemy forces. 
He is proud of his men's 

6601
05:42:17,100 --> 05:42:19,100
performance and his own 
leadership Under Fire. 

6602
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:24,200
The situation grows Dyer 
quickly, French forces from Fort

6603
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:27,600
Duquesne march to confront him, 
they outnumber his regiments 

6604
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:30,100
significantly. 
George realizes. 

6605
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:31,400
He cannot hold his current 
position. 

6606
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:35,100
He retreats to a clearing called
Great Meadows, and orders, his 

6607
05:42:35,100 --> 05:42:38,700
men to build fortifications. 
They construct a rough Palisade 

6608
05:42:38,700 --> 05:42:41,500
and name it. 
Fort Necessity, the name proves 

6609
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:46,600
grimly appropriate, The French 
attack on July 3rd rain, paused 

6610
05:42:46,600 --> 05:42:49,500
down throughout the battle 
muskets, misfire in the wet 

6611
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:51,900
conditions. 
George's men, take casualties. 

6612
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:54,800
They cannot afford. 
The situation is hopeless, from 

6613
05:42:54,800 --> 05:42:57,900
the start. 
By evening, George accepts, the 

6614
05:42:57,900 --> 05:42:59,900
inevitable and negotiate 
surrender, terms. 

6615
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:03,200
The French allow him and his men
to March out with honors and 

6616
05:43:03,208 --> 05:43:06,900
returned to Virginia. 
But the defeat is undeniable and

6617
05:43:06,900 --> 05:43:10,200
humiliating George arrives. 
Back in Williamsburg, in Late 

6618
05:43:10,200 --> 05:43:12,600
July. 
He expects to disgrace and 

6619
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:15,500
dismissal. 
Instead, he finds that many 

6620
05:43:15,500 --> 05:43:17,600
Virginians. 
See him as a hero who fought 

6621
05:43:17,600 --> 05:43:21,600
bravely against Superior forces.
His reputation survives, the 

6622
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:25,300
defeat George knows the truth. 
He made mistakes at Fort 

6623
05:43:25,300 --> 05:43:27,700
Necessity, his position was 
poorly. 

6624
05:43:27,700 --> 05:43:31,200
Chosen, his supplies were 
inadequate, his intelligence was

6625
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:34,200
faulty, he learned hard lessons 
through failure. 

6626
05:43:34,200 --> 05:43:37,300
These experiences shape his 
approach to leadership 

6627
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:39,800
fundamentally. 
He become more cautious. 

6628
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:43,600
More thorough in planning, more 
attentive to Logistics and 

6629
05:43:43,600 --> 05:43:47,400
preparation. 
Defeat is a harsh teacher, but 

6630
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:50,500
an effective one. 
He resigned his Commission, in 

6631
05:43:50,500 --> 05:43:52,900
October, after disputes with the
Virginia government over 

6632
05:43:52,900 --> 05:43:56,400
military regulations, George has
strong opinions about how 

6633
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:58,400
soldiers should be treated and 
organized. 

6634
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,000
When authorities refused to meet
his standards, he walks away. 

6635
05:44:02,800 --> 05:44:05,700
This decision reveals something 
essential about his character, 

6636
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:08,500
he will not serve under 
condition, he considers 

6637
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:12,100
inadequate or dishonorable. 
His dignity is not negotiable. 

6638
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:14,800
Even at 22, he knows his own 
worth. 

6639
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:19,600
He returns to Mount Vernon in 
early 1755 Lawrence's Widow, as 

6640
05:44:19,600 --> 05:44:22,100
remarried and George. 
Now leases the estate from her 

6641
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:25,700
The property needs attention. 
After years of neglect during 

6642
05:44:25,700 --> 05:44:28,900
Lawrence's illness, George 
throws himself into agricultural

6643
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:31,600
improvement, with the same 
intense, he brought to surveying

6644
05:44:31,600 --> 05:44:34,700
and military service. 
He studies, farming techniques 

6645
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:38,700
experiments with crops and 
managers every detail of the 

6646
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:42,600
plantation's operation. 
Yeti cannot entirely leave 

6647
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:47,700
military life behind in 1755 
British general Edward Braddock 

6648
05:44:47,700 --> 05:44:50,100
arrives in Virginia with plans 
to capture Fort Duquesne. 

6649
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:53,800
George joins his staff as a 
volunteer aide de camp. 

6650
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:57,900
The Expedition March is West 
with nearly 2000 regulars and 

6651
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:00,700
Colonial militia. 
George watches, professional 

6652
05:45:00,700 --> 05:45:02,900
soldiers, work and learns from 
their discipline and 

6653
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:05,600
organization. 
He also notes their rigid 

6654
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:08,600
adherence to European tactics 
that may not suit American 

6655
05:45:08,600 --> 05:45:11,500
conditions. 
In July Braddock's forces, 

6656
05:45:11,500 --> 05:45:15,300
ambushed near Fort Duquesne, 
French and Native forces attack 

6657
05:45:15,300 --> 05:45:18,500
from concealed positions. 
The British formations collapse 

6658
05:45:18,500 --> 05:45:21,400
and confusion officers fall one 
after another. 

6659
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:24,400
George has two horses shot from 
under him, during the battle 

6660
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:28,100
bullets, tear through his coat 
and hat, but somehow he emerges 

6661
05:45:28,100 --> 05:45:31,600
unscathed, He helps rally 
remnants of the force and 

6662
05:45:31,600 --> 05:45:34,600
organizer retreat. 
General Braddock is mortally 

6663
05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:37,000
wounded. 
Georgia assists in carrying him 

6664
05:45:37,000 --> 05:45:39,900
from the field, the general 
dies, several days later. 

6665
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:44,100
The defeat is even more complete
than Fort Necessity yet 

6666
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:45,700
George's. 
Courage Under Fire and 

6667
05:45:45,700 --> 05:45:49,200
widespread recognition. 
He acted with Karma Authority 

6668
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:52,800
while deaths world around him. 
People begin to speak of him as 

6669
05:45:52,800 --> 05:45:56,200
someone marked for survival and 
Leadership. he returned to 

6670
05:45:56,200 --> 05:45:59,200
Virginia with his reputation, 
enhanced despite another defeat 

6671
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:03,400
Patent has become clear. 
George Washington, learns more 

6672
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:06,400
from failure than success. 
Each setback. 

6673
05:46:06,400 --> 05:46:11,300
Teaches him lessons, he will not
forget, In August 1755, Virginia

6674
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:13,700
appoints him. 
Commander of all Colonial forces

6675
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:17,600
in the colony at 23. 
He holds significant military 

6676
05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:20,900
responsibility. 
Uses this authority to build a 

6677
05:46:20,900 --> 05:46:22,900
professional Force. 
According to his own standards. 

6678
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:26,700
He insists on proper training, 
adequate supplies, and fair 

6679
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:29,600
treatment of soldiers. 
When politicians try to 

6680
05:46:29,608 --> 05:46:31,200
interfere with military 
operations. 

6681
05:46:31,200 --> 05:46:34,800
He pushes back firmly, he is 
learning to navigate the 

6682
05:46:34,800 --> 05:46:38,300
complicated relationship between
civilian and Military Authority.

6683
05:46:39,300 --> 05:46:42,200
These years of frontier military
service complete his education 

6684
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:45,400
in leadership. 
He discovers his own capacity 

6685
05:46:45,400 --> 05:46:47,000
for endurance under extreme 
conditions. 

6686
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:50,600
He learns to command men, older 
and more experienced than 

6687
05:46:50,600 --> 05:46:53,200
himself. 
He developed strategic thinking 

6688
05:46:53,200 --> 05:46:56,700
through hard experience, the 
surveying taught him patience 

6689
05:46:56,700 --> 05:46:59,300
and precision. 
The Wilderness taught himself, 

6690
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:03,000
Reliance and observation, the 
military taught him organization

6691
05:47:03,000 --> 05:47:06,700
and command all these lessons 
combined to create the leader. 

6692
05:47:06,700 --> 05:47:11,000
He is becoming By 1758, George 
participate. 

6693
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:14,500
In another Expedition against 
Fort Dwayne, this time the 

6694
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:16,900
French abandoned the fort before
the British arrived. 

6695
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:19,700
George enters, the smoking, 
ruins of the position. 

6696
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:23,400
He first identified as crucial, 
for years early standing in 

6697
05:47:23,400 --> 05:47:25,600
those ruins. 
He reflects on everything that 

6698
05:47:25,600 --> 05:47:28,000
has happened since his first 
journey to the Ohio Valley. 

6699
05:47:28,800 --> 05:47:33,300
He has seen combat tasted defeat
learned leadership and emerge 

6700
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:38,000
stronger from every challenge. 
He is 26 years old, the boy who 

6701
05:47:38,000 --> 05:47:39,400
played in Virginia, Clay is 
gone. 

6702
05:47:39,400 --> 05:47:42,700
Completely the surveyor who 
measured Western lands has 

6703
05:47:42,700 --> 05:47:44,500
evolved into something more 
complex. 

6704
05:47:45,400 --> 05:47:48,300
George Washington has become a 
leader tested by fire and 

6705
05:47:48,300 --> 05:47:50,900
failure. 
His Frontier years are ending 

6706
05:47:50,900 --> 05:47:55,000
marriage, Plantation management,
and eventually Revolution await 

6707
05:47:55,000 --> 05:47:57,000
him. 
But the Wilderness has left its 

6708
05:47:57,000 --> 05:47:59,900
mark on everything. 
He will become, he learned in 

6709
05:47:59,900 --> 05:48:02,700
those forests and valleys that 
leadership requires more than 

6710
05:48:02,700 --> 05:48:05,800
Authority. 
It demands competence courage 

6711
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:07,900
and the ability to learn from 
mistakes. 

6712
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,500
However means nothing without 
the wisdom to use it properly, 

6713
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,800
he learned that preparation 
matters more than inspiration, 

6714
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:18,900
that Logistics determined 
outcomes as much as bravery that

6715
05:48:18,900 --> 05:48:22,100
understanding terrain, whether 
and human nature is essential to

6716
05:48:22,100 --> 05:48:24,700
success. 
The frontier taught him to read 

6717
05:48:24,700 --> 05:48:27,700
situations with the same care. 
He wants used to read survey 

6718
05:48:27,700 --> 05:48:31,800
lines, every decision carried 
consequences, every mistake 

6719
05:48:31,800 --> 05:48:34,800
provided lessons. 
The Wilderness was an honest 

6720
05:48:34,800 --> 05:48:36,600
teacher, that rewarded 
competence and punished 

6721
05:48:36,600 --> 05:48:39,900
carelessness without favoritism 
he learned to trust his own 

6722
05:48:39,900 --> 05:48:43,500
judgment while remaining open to
advice to lead, by example, 

6723
05:48:43,500 --> 05:48:46,900
rather than the command alone to
care for those under his 

6724
05:48:46,900 --> 05:48:49,500
authority as a responsibility. 
Not a burden. 

6725
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:53,500
These principles became the 
foundation of his character. 

6726
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:56,700
Most importantly, he learned 
about himself. 

6727
05:48:56,700 --> 05:49:00,800
He discovered his own capacity 
for endurance, his talent for 

6728
05:49:00,800 --> 05:49:03,400
organization. 
His ability to remain calm. 

6729
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:06,600
When others panic, These 
discoveries will serve him well 

6730
05:49:06,600 --> 05:49:10,300
in the greater challenges ahead.
The Shenandoah Valley and the 

6731
05:49:10,300 --> 05:49:12,000
Ohio Frontier shaped George 
Washington. 

6732
05:49:12,000 --> 05:49:15,900
As surely as any teacher or 
book, The Wilderness demanded. 

6733
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:17,900
He becomes someone worthy of its
challenges. 

6734
05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:20,800
He met that demand in emerged 
transformed. 

6735
05:49:21,800 --> 05:49:25,600
Now, as you imagine this young 
man standing in the ruins of 

6736
05:49:25,600 --> 05:49:28,600
Fort Duquesne, the winter sun, 
setting behind the Western 

6737
05:49:28,600 --> 05:49:30,800
mountains. 
You can see the foundation of 

6738
05:49:30,808 --> 05:49:34,100
everything, he will become the 
president, the general, the 

6739
05:49:34,100 --> 05:49:38,800
leader of a revolution but in 
1758, he is simply a Virginia 

6740
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:41,800
officer who has learned his 
trade in the hardest School 

6741
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:44,000
imaginable. 
The frontier has given him 

6742
05:49:44,000 --> 05:49:47,500
gifts, he will use for the rest 
of his life patients, Precision 

6743
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:50,900
endurance, and the deep 
understanding that truly 

6744
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:53,800
leadership is earned through 
service and sacrifice. 

6745
05:49:55,300 --> 05:49:58,600
Story of young George Washington
and here in this moment of quiet

6746
05:49:58,600 --> 05:50:01,600
reflection. 
The boyfriend fairy Farmers 

6747
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:04,000
traveled. 
Far, the surveyor has measured 

6748
05:50:04,000 --> 05:50:06,300
more than land. 
The militia offers her has 

6749
05:50:06,308 --> 05:50:09,200
learned lessons. 
No manual could teach He will 

6750
05:50:09,200 --> 05:50:11,000
return to Virginia and civilian 
life. 

6751
05:50:11,000 --> 05:50:13,400
He will marry farm and serve his
community. 

6752
05:50:13,400 --> 05:50:16,000
But the Wilderness will always 
be part of him. 

6753
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:19,600
It shaped his character as 
surely as a river shaped Stone 

6754
05:50:19,600 --> 05:50:23,400
and when his country calls 
again, when Revolution demands 

6755
05:50:23,400 --> 05:50:26,400
leaders, who can endure 
impossible odds and Inspire 

6756
05:50:26,400 --> 05:50:29,800
others, through example, George 
Washington will be ready. 

6757
05:50:30,600 --> 05:50:33,700
The frontier prepared him for 
everything that follows sleep. 

6758
05:50:33,700 --> 05:50:36,800
Well, knowing that even the 
greatest leaders beginners 

6759
05:50:36,800 --> 05:50:38,500
uncertain, young people learning
their way. 

6760
05:50:39,400 --> 05:50:42,400
George Washington was once a boy
who measured land and studied 

6761
05:50:42,400 --> 05:50:46,200
Stars, he became what he needed 
to become through patience 

6762
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:49,800
persistence and the willingness 
to learn from both success and 

6763
05:50:49,800 --> 05:50:52,400
failure. 
The Virginia Hills are quiet 

6764
05:50:52,400 --> 05:50:55,200
tonight. 
The Shenandoah Valley, rests in 

6765
05:50:55,200 --> 05:50:57,800
darkness. 
Somewhere, a young surveyor 

6766
05:50:57,800 --> 05:51:00,700
sleeps under the stars dreaming 
of distances yet to be measured 

6767
05:51:00,700 --> 05:51:04,700
and challenges yet to be Face. 
Tomorrow will bring new work new

6768
05:51:04,700 --> 05:51:08,100
lessons, New Growth, but tonight
rest is enough. 

6769
05:51:08,100 --> 05:51:11,700
The journey continues, but sleep
claims even the most determined 

6770
05:51:11,700 --> 05:51:13,800
Travelers. 
Close your eyes and let the 

6771
05:51:13,808 --> 05:51:16,700
story settle into your thoughts 
like snow covering familiar 

6772
05:51:16,700 --> 05:51:18,800
ground. 
George Washington's. 

6773
05:51:18,800 --> 05:51:21,400
Early years are complete. 
What he built from those 

6774
05:51:21,400 --> 05:51:25,400
experiences will echo through 
centuries, but for now simply 

6775
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:29,700
rest, the frontier is peaceful. 
The stars are bright tomorrow 

6776
05:51:29,700 --> 05:51:32,700
awaits, but tonight belongs to 
sleep and quiet dreams.