What Really Happened on Paul Revere’s Ride? | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back in my tired 
dumplings, get cozy and snuggly.

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Because tonight, we are heading 
back to April 1775 to the muddy 

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roads outside Boston, where the 
story, you think, you know about

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one, man, and one horse turns 
out to be a tale of, dozens, of 

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riders, multiple routes, and a 
messaging system. 

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So clever, it makes your modern 
group chat, look downright 

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primitive, Paul Revere was 
someone requested highly by some

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of you guys to cover in full. 
So before we go through it all 

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together, feel free to follow. 
If this is your first time here 

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so you never have to search for 
something again. 

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Let us know how you're doing 
down below in the comments and 

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leave us a review on whether or 
not this change your sleep cycle

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for the better. 
Grab that blanket, turn on your 

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fan, for some white noise. 
Alongside what we provide and 

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let's snooze away to a genuine 
good time. 

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Spring of 1775 smells like 
manure and tension, British 

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soldiers, patrolled Boston 
Harbor while American spies 

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count musket balls in attics. 
You're about to discover that 

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the midnight ride was not one 
person Galloping through empty 

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streets shouting warnings but 
rather a coordinated 

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intelligence operation involving
Farmers silversmiths Tanners. 

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And at least three men, who 
barely knew each other but ended

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up saving the Revolutionary War 
before it even started. 

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The winter of 1774 slides into 
spring, like a drunk, uncle at a

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wedding gradual awkward. 
Everyone pretending not to 

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notice the obvious tension, your
standing in Boston. 

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In early April 1775. 
The city feels like a pot of 

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water just before it boils, not 
quite bubbling yet, but you can 

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see the heat building 
underneath. 

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British general Thomas, Gage, 
commands, 4,000, Red Coats 

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occupying, a city of about 
16,000 people. 

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The math alone makes everyone 
nervous. 

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One soldier for every four 
civilians, those are occupation 

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numbers. 
Everyone knows it. 

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Nobody says it out loud. 
The interesting part is not the 

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British soldiers. 
You can see the interesting part

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is the intelligence Network. 
You cannot see Dr. Joseph Warren

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runs, what might be the most 
sophisticated spying, and 

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colonial America. 
He is 33 years old. 

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He graduated from Harvard, he 
has excellent handwriting and 

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better instincts. 
His day job involves pulling 

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teeth and setting bones, his 
night job involves collecting 

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secrets that could get him 
hanged. 

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Warren recruits stable boys, who
overhear British officers 

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talking, he pays washer women 
who count uniforms going to the 

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laundry. 
He befriends, Tavern Keepers, 

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who watered down the drinks, 
just enough that soldiers, talk 

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more than they should. 
The Spy Network operates, like a

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giant set of ears attached to 
Boston itself. 

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The system works because nobody 
expects a doctor to be a 

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spymaster Warren moves through 
British Social Circles with the 

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easy confidence of someone who 
once removed a musket ball from 

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a general's leg without 
anesthetic. 

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You do not forget the person who
saved your life while you 

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screamed into a leather strap. 
One of Warren's key sources is a

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woman whose identity historians 
still debate. 

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She might be the wife of a 
British officer. 

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She might be a housekeeper. 
She might be someone's mistress.

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What matters is that she has 
access to military planning 

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session and a conscience that 
leans toward the American Kors 

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in mid-april, this unnamed 
Source tells Warren that British

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troops plan to March out of 
Boston soon, they will seize. 

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Colonial weapons and arrest Mr. 
Samuel Adams and Mr. John Cocke.

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the British call these two men, 
the ringleaders of rebellion, 

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the Americans call them 
patriots, the truth probably 

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lives somewhere in between 
Warren needs to warn Adams and 

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Hancock. 
They are hiding in Lexington 

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about 11 miles, northwest of 
Boston butt getting a message 

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out of occupied, Boston requires
planning, that would make a 

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chess Grandmaster, sweat, the 
British control Boston Neck, the

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narrow strip of land, connecting
the city, to the mainland every 

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person leaving Boston, must pass
through a checkpoint, British 

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soldiers, searched wagons, they 
questioned Travelers. 

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They confiscate suspicious 
documents getting caught 

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carrying a warning about British
troop movements. 

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Would result in a very short 
trial and a very long rope. 

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Warren needs multiple Riders 
using different routes. 

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He needs back up plans for the 
backup plans. 

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He needs people who know the 
roads in the dark and can 

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recognize which house is 
shelter, friends versus which 

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ones hide loyalists. 
Who would happen to turn them in

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for a few coins, enter the 
mechanic's. 

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Paul Revere is a silversmith. 
He is 40 years old, he has 

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strong hands from hammering 
metal, all day, and strong 

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opinions about British taxation.
He also belongs to a group 

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called The Mechanics, which 
sounds like a car repair shop 

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but actually operates as an 
intelligence cell within the 

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larger spy Network. the 
mechanics include Carpenters 

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blacksmiths printers and other 
Tradesmen, they meet in taverns,

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they share information, they 
practice what modern 

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intelligence agencies would call
tradecraft, how to pass messages

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without being seen, how to 
signal danger, how to create 

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Alibis that hold up under 
questioning Revere has already 

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made several rise to Lexington 
and Concord carrying warnings 

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and documents. 
He knows the roots, he knows 

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which Ferry operators can be 
trusted. 

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He knows which Farmers leave 
their Gates unlocked for 

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Midnight riders who need 
shortcuts across private 

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property. 
But reveals that redundancy 

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saves lives. 
One Rider can get caught one 

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Rider can fall off. 
A horse one Rider can take the 

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wrong, turn in the dark and end 
up miles off course, Warren's 

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Network needs multiple 
Messengers taking different 

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paths to ensure at least one 
warning reaches Lexington. 

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The second messenger is William 
Dawes. 

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He is 30 years old. 
He works as a Tanner which means

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he spends his days. 
Turning animal hides into 

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leather using chemicals, that 
smell like deaths are pit But 

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doors have one crucial 
Advantage. 

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He is friendly with British 
soldiers not in a suspicious 

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way, not in a collaborator way 
just in the way that happens 

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when you're a jovial guy who 
occasionally shares a drink with

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the checkpoint guards and tells 
funny stories about the time a 

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horse kicked a bucket turning 
solution. 

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All over the mayor Doors is the 
kind of person soldiers wave 

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through checkpoints without much
questioning. 

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The plan starts taking shape in 
Warren's mind like a painting 

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emerging from blank canvas. 
Revere Will Row across the 

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Charles River under cover of 
Darkness bypassing Boston. 

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Neck entirely doors will talk 
his way past the British 

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checkpoint using charm and 
misdirection both will ride to 

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Lexington using different 
routes. 

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Even if one gets caught the 
other might get through But 

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Warren adds, one more layer. 
He arranges for a signal system.

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That would make modern naval 
officers nod with approval. 

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The old North Church stands tall
enough to be seen across the 

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Charles River in Charles Town 
Warren's. 

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Networking includes the church 
sex and a man named Robert 

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Newman. 
If British troops leave Boston 

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by Landover, Boston Neck Newman 
will hang one Lantern in the 

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church steeple if they leave by 
water across the Charles River 

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two, Landers. 
The signal serves two purposes. 

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First, it gives advanced warning
to Patriot's and Charles Town 

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before any Rider, even arrives. 
Second, it tells the Riders 

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which route the British are 
taking so they can adjust their 

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warnings accordingly. 
The beauty of this system is its

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Simplicity. 
No coded messages to decode. 

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No complicated signals to 
misinterpret one. 

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Lantern means one route, two 
lanterns means the other route, 

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even in a panic even in darkness
anyone watching from Charles 

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Town can count to two Warren. 
Spy network has transformed from

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a collection of gossip into a 
Precision instrument. 

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Every person knows their role. 
Every step has a backup. 

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The only question is, when the 
British will move, the answer 

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comes on April, 18th Warren's, 
unnamed Source, delivers urgent 

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intelligence British troops will
March tonight. 

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The target is Concord where 
Colonial militias of stockpiled 

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weapons and ammunition. 
The secondary objective is 

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arresting Adams and Hancock in 
Lexington, on the way. 

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Operation begins after dark 
Warren immediately sends for 

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Revere and doors. 
The afternoon light is already 

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fading. 
They have perhaps three or four 

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hours before British soldiers, 
start assembling may be less. 

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Revere arrives at Warren home 
first, Warren explains. 

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The intelligence revered nods. 
He has been preparing for this 

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moment, for months, his horses, 
ready? 

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His route is memorized. 
He knows where to change horses.

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If his Mount goes lame, he knows
which houses will open their 

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doors at midnight and which ones
to avoid Warren gives Revere, 

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one instruction writer 
Lexington, Warren Adams and 

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Hancock, then continue to 
Concord an alert, the militia 

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there. 
If possible send Riders to 

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surrounding towns, to spread the
alarm wider doors receives the 

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same instructions, but will take
the land route through Boston. 

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Neck, his job is harder in some 
ways, he must full British 

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centuries who are probably on 
higher alert than usual, but his

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friendly relationship with the 
checkpoint guards. 

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Gives him better odds than most 
The sun sets over Boston Harbor,

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somewhere in the darkness. 1,000
British soldiers prepare to 

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March, they check their muskets,
they adjust their packs, they 

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wait for orders, they do not 
fully understand and in 

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different parts of the city to 
middle-aged Tradesmen, prepare 

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to ride into history on horses. 
That probably just wanted a 

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quiet night in the barn. 
The evening of April 18th, feels

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like every muscle in Boston is 
clenched. 

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You can almost hear the city 
holding its breath. 

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Paul Revere walks through the 
streets, trying to look casual. 

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This is harder than its sound 
when you're about to commit. 

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What the British would 
definitely consider treason He 

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keeps his hands relaxed. 
He nods at acquaintance's. 

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He does not walk too far or too 
slow just a silversmith heading 

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home after a long day of making 
spoons and plotting Revolution 

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Revere's. 
First challenge is crossing the 

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Charles River without getting 
caught. 

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British warships Patrol, the 
harbor. 

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The HMS Somerset. 
Sits anchored with a clear view 

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of boat. 
Traffic. 

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Its guns. 
Could turn a rowboat into 

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kindling before anyone made it 
halfway across. 

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Rivera arranged earlier for 
friends to leave. 

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A small boat hidden near a dock 
in the north end, but he needs 

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oars. 
And here the story gets 

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wonderfully ridiculous in a way 
that reminds you. 

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These revolutionaries were still
regular people dealing with 

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regular problems. 
Revere arrives at the dock and 

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discovers nobody thought to 
include Wars with the boat. 

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This is like showing up to 
Robert bank and realizing you've

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got the getaway car keys. 
Technically, you have all the 

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pieces. 
They just do not work without 

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the crucial missing component. 
One of Revere's companions. 

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Probably another mechanic whose 
name is lost to history Sprints 

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to a nearby house. 
He wakes up a woman who later 

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becomes known in historical 
records only as a girl friend of

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someone in the network. 
She immediately understands the 

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problem. 
She tears a flannel Petticoat 

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into strips and wraps the fabric
around the oarlocks. 

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This muffles the sound of wood 
scraping against wood in the 

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quiet of an April night on the 
water. 

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Even small sounds carry forever.
The creaking of all locks could 

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alert British Sailors that 
someone is rowing where they 

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should not be rowing. 
The Petticoat solution works 

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perfectly. 
The woman who donated her 

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underwear to the American 
Revolution deserves more 

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recognition than she gets 
historians. 

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Know about Paul Revere's horse. 
They should also know about the 

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anonymous woman's flannel, 
petticoat, Revere and two 

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companions, climb into the boat.
They were slowly very slowly. 

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Speed creates splashing 
splashing creates noise creates 

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British Sailors, shouting 
questions and possibly firing 

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muskets. 
The Moon is bright enough to 

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navigate by but also bright 
enough to be seen by The HMS 

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Somerset sits in the water, like
a watchful predator. 

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Revere can see Sailors. 
Moving On Deck, the rowing party

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stays low, they pulled the oars 
with long, smooth Strokes, that 

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barely Disturbed, the surface, 
The Crossing takes about 20 

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minutes that probably feel like 
20 hours every Splash sounds 

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enormous. 
Every Creak of the boat seems 

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loud enough to wake the dead, 
but the muffled all locks do 

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their job, the small boat Glides
past the summer set, without 

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00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,400
raising an alarm. 
Revere land in Charles Town, and

231
00:12:04,400 --> 00:12:07,500
climbs onto the dock. 
His clothes are damp from spray.

232
00:12:07,500 --> 00:12:11,500
His heart is probably hammering.
But he made it crossed the first

233
00:12:11,500 --> 00:12:13,900
barrier. 
A local member of the mechanics 

234
00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:17,100
meets him with a horse. 
Not just any horse, a good 

235
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:20,900
horse, the kind of animal that 
can cover 11 miles of rough road

236
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:23,700
in the dark without breaking 
ankle, or dumping its Rider into

237
00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:27,300
a ditch The horse belongs to a 
man named John Larkin. 

238
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:31,000
It is described in some 
accounts, as a powerful mayor in

239
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:32,700
other accounts as a fast 
gelding. 

240
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:36,100
The details, get fuzzy because 
nobody was taking detailed 

241
00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:38,700
equestrian notes during what 
everyone assumed might be the 

242
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:41,800
start of a war. 
What matters is that the horse 

243
00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:47,000
is fresh strong and ready. 
Revere climbs into the saddle, 

244
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:51,400
then he pauses, he looks across 
the river toward Boston toward 

245
00:12:51,400 --> 00:12:54,200
the old North Church steeple 
Rising against the night sky. 

246
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:56,700
This is the moment, the signal 
should appear. 

247
00:12:56,700 --> 00:13:00,200
This is when Robert Newman the 
church Sexton, should climb the 

248
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:03,500
narrow stairs to the steeple and
hang the lanterns one. 

249
00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:06,900
If the British leave Boston by 
land two, if they leave by 

250
00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:10,000
water. 
Reveal Waits the night. 

251
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:12,000
Air smells like salt water and 
horse. 

252
00:13:12,700 --> 00:13:15,700
Somewhere in Boston. 1000 
British soldiers are probably 

253
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:17,800
forming ranks. 
Time is running out. 

254
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:21,800
Then light blooms in the church 
steeple one Lantern. 

255
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,800
Then another two lights, the 
British Accra crossing the 

256
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:29,600
Charles River by boat, they are 
taking the water route, this 

257
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,800
changes, everything, or rather 
it confirms what Revere already 

258
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:37,500
suspected. the British are not 
marching over Boston Neck where 

259
00:13:37,500 --> 00:13:41,200
doors will ride their rowing 
across Back Bay which means they

260
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:44,500
will land closer to Lexington 
and Concord The colonial 

261
00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:46,600
militias have less time than 
anyone hoped. 

262
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,700
But the signal also confirms 
that the network is functioning 

263
00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:52,800
Newman successfully. 
Climbed the steeple, the 

264
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:55,200
lanterns are visible Patriots 
and Charles Town. 

265
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:57,800
Now know British troops are 
moving, even if something 

266
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:01,800
happens to Revere, even if every
Rider fails at least some 

267
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,600
warning has gone out. 
Revere Spurs. 

268
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,300
His borrowed horse and heads 
into the darkness. 

269
00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:11,300
The road from Charles Town to 
Lexington runs through farmland.

270
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:15,000
Some sections. 
Follow the main Post Road other 

271
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,500
sections cut through private 
property where Farmers long ago 

272
00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:21,100
gave permission for Midnight 
riders to use shortcuts. 

273
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,800
Revere knows every turn. 
He has ridden this route so many

274
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:26,100
times. 
He could probably do it 

275
00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:28,000
blindfolded. 
Tonight. 

276
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,700
Something is different. 
British officers are patrolling.

277
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:33,300
The roads General gauges, not 
stupid. 

278
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:36,400
He anticipated that Colonial 
intelligence might discover the 

279
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,300
plan so he sent mounted. 
Officers ahead to intercept 

280
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:42,800
Messengers these officers lurk 
near intersections and bridges 

281
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,800
they wait in Shadows. 
Their job is to stop. 

282
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:49,000
Anyone riding fast toward 
Lexington about two miles into 

283
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,000
his ride Revere spots to Riders 
Under a Tree near the road. 

284
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:55,800
There are two still two watchful
their Silhouettes against the 

285
00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:58,400
Moonlight. 
Look military, Revere makes a 

286
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,800
split second decision, he turned
his horse and cuts across a 

287
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:03,800
field. 
The British officers shout and 

288
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,300
give chase their horses 
arrested, reverse horses already

289
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:11,000
moving the races on. 
This is where Revere's knowledge

290
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,500
of the local terrain saves him. 
He knows this field ends at a 

291
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:17,000
Clay Pit that is easy to 
navigate if you know it exists 

292
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:21,100
and fatal if you do not Revere 
guides his horse around the edge

293
00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:23,900
of the pit. 
The British officers unfamiliar 

294
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:27,400
with the landscape have to slow 
down or risk falling into a hole

295
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:29,000
that could break their horses 
legs. 

296
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:32,600
Revere pulls ahead, he cuts 
through another field and 

297
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,000
rejoins the road a mile later. 
The British officers are still 

298
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,700
behind him somewhere but far 
enough away that he has 

299
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:41,400
breathing room. 
This near capture gets left out 

300
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:43,400
of most simplified version of 
the story. 

301
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,500
The heroic midnight, ride is 
supposed to be one smooth, 

302
00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:50,800
Gallup from start to finish the 
reality involves mud near misses

303
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:53,400
and a horse that probably 
deserves combat pay. 

304
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:57,500
Meanwhile, back in Boston. 
William doors is having his own 

305
00:15:57,500 --> 00:16:01,000
adventure doors, approaches the 
checkpoint at Boston Neck, just 

306
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,400
before it closes for the night, 
the British centuries recognize 

307
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,300
him. 
He is that funny Tano who tells 

308
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:07,900
good jokes and never causes 
trouble. 

309
00:16:07,900 --> 00:16:10,300
They wave him through with 
minimal questioning. 

310
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:14,200
Some historical accounts, 
pretended to be drunk and riding

311
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,700
home from a Tavern. 
Other accounts, suggest he 

312
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,300
simply acted natural because 
acting natural was his 

313
00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:21,500
superpower. 
Either way he clears the 

314
00:16:21,508 --> 00:16:24,200
checkpoint and heads toward 
Lexington on the southern route.

315
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:27,400
Doors rides through the night 
without encountering, British 

316
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:30,700
patrols his route is longer than
Revere's, but safer. 

317
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:33,600
The British officers are 
concentrated on the Northern 

318
00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:36,400
roads where they expect 
Messengers to ride the southern 

319
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,700
approached through Brookline and
Brighton is mostly empty by 

320
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:41,400
midnight. 
Both ride as a closing in 

321
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:43,100
Lexington from different 
directions. 

322
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:46,600
Neither knows if the other made 
it through, neither knows that a

323
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:49,300
third ride is about to join 
their accidental relay team. 

324
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:52,500
Back at Old North Church. 
Robert Newman. 

325
00:16:52,500 --> 00:16:54,400
Hangs the lanterns for exactly 
one minute. 

326
00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:57,600
Long enough for watches and 
Charles Town to see the signal 

327
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,700
short enough to avoid attracting
too much British attention. 

328
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,500
Then he climbs back down the 
staircase, slips out a window 

329
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:08,500
and hides in his mother's house,
until the danger passes. 

330
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:12,500
Newman's part in the story is 
brief, but crucial. 

331
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:16,099
Without those two lanterns, the 
Charlestown Patriots would have 

332
00:17:16,099 --> 00:17:18,800
no Advance warning the signal 
multiplies. 

333
00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,599
The effectiveness of the Riders 
by giving multiple communities. 

334
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:25,000
Time to prepare the lantern 
signal becomes the most famous 

335
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:27,500
part of the story. 
Thanks to Henry Wadsworth 

336
00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:31,000
longfellow's poem written 86 
years later but the poem 

337
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,400
simplifies everything into one 
Rider and one signal. 

338
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,700
The reality is Messier and more 
impressive. 

339
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:39,100
Multiple Riders on multiple 
routes using multiple signals. 

340
00:17:39,100 --> 00:17:41,700
This is how you run an 
intelligence operation when 

341
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:44,900
failure means hanging. 
Rivera arrives in Lexington 

342
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:48,600
around midnight, the town is 
dark, except for the Clarke 

343
00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,900
passage where Samuel Adams and 
John Hancock are staying. 

344
00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:55,600
A sergeant in the local militia 
is standing guard outside. 

345
00:17:56,500 --> 00:17:58,900
He recognizes Revere and calls 
out a warning. 

346
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:01,500
Not to make noise. 
Everyone is asleep. 

347
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:03,700
Revere Dismounts and pounds on 
the door. 

348
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:06,600
He is not quiet. 
He is the opposite of quiet. 

349
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,800
The sergeant tries to shush him.
Revere ignores the shushing, he 

350
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,300
shouts that the British regulars
are coming out, and they need to

351
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:16,800
wake up immediately, Adams, and 
Hancock stumble out in their 

352
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,000
nightshirts. 
They are not pleased about being

353
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,600
woken, but they understand the 
urgency Revere explains the 

354
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,600
intelligence British troops 
crossed the Charles River by 

355
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:27,700
boat, they are probably Landing 
right now. 

356
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,300
They will reach Lexington in a 
few hours then they will march 

357
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:34,900
to Concord to seize weapons, 
Adams and Hancock begin packing.

358
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:37,300
They will need to leave 
Lexington before the British 

359
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:40,600
arrived, but first, they need to
organize the local militia and 

360
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:42,300
send warning to surrounding 
towns. 

361
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,300
Then doors arrived. 
He wrote The Southern Roots 

362
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,400
successfully, Now, both 
Messengers are in Lexington, 

363
00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:52,400
both delivered, the warning, the
redundancy war in plan worked 

364
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:54,500
perfectly, but the night is not 
over. 

365
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,900
Revere and doors, rest their 
horses for about 30 minutes, 

366
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:01,200
then they prepare to ride the 
final six miles to Concord to 

367
00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,800
warn the militia there. 
On the road, they encounter a 

368
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:06,600
third ride Rider who is about to
become the most 

369
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,300
under-appreciated hero of the 
entire operation. 

370
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:13,800
His name is Samuel Prescott and 
he is the only one who actually 

371
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:16,200
completes the ride to Concord 
Samuel. 

372
00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:19,800
Prescott is 24 years old. 
He is a physician like Dr. 

373
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:21,400
Warren, but with better luck and
worse. 

374
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,300
Historical recognition. 
On the night of April 18th, 

375
00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,800
Prescott is riding home from 
visiting his fiancee and 

376
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,100
Lexington. 
He's probably thinking about 

377
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:32,800
wedding plans and how many 
people to invite and whether the

378
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:34,300
ceremony should be in spring or 
summer. 

379
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,000
Then he encounters Paul Revere 
and William Dawes on the road to

380
00:19:38,008 --> 00:19:42,200
Concord, Revere and doors are 
easy to spot two Riders moving 

381
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:44,600
fast in the middle of the night,
tend to attract attention, 

382
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:48,200
Prescott being a local doctor, 
who knows, everyone recognizes 

383
00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,100
them immediately, or at least 
recognizes that they are not 

384
00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:54,400
British soldiers. 
Revere explains the situation, 

385
00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:58,300
British regulars are Marching to
Concord the colonial weapons 

386
00:19:58,300 --> 00:20:01,600
cache needs to be hidden or 
moved every minute counts. 

387
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:05,300
They need to warn the militia 
presscot immediately volunteers 

388
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:08,200
to join them. 
This decision changes his entire

389
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:11,600
life trajectory from Country 
Doctor to historical footnote. 

390
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,900
If he had simply waved and 
continued home, he would have 

391
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:17,300
lived a comfortable, Anonymous 
life, delivering babies and 

392
00:20:17,308 --> 00:20:20,400
treating fevers. 
Instead he becomes the guy who 

393
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,200
actually completed the famous 
midnight. 

394
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:26,800
Ride that Paul Revere gets all 
the credit for Three Riders 

395
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:28,400
continue to award Concord 
together. 

396
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,000
Revere and doors are exhausted. 
Their horses are tired. 

397
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,400
Prescott's horses fresh because 
he only wrote from Lexington. 

398
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,600
This detail becomes very 
important, very soon. 

399
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:43,600
About halfway to Concord near a 
place called Lincoln the Riders 

400
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,600
encounter two British officers 
on Horseback blocking the road. 

401
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,500
this is the moment when the 
knights careful planning 

402
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:53,700
collides, with pure bad luck, 
General, Gage sent multiple, 

403
00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:57,000
patrols to intercept Messengers,
most of them positioned near 

404
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,700
Charlestown or Cambridge. 
But this particular pair of 

405
00:20:59,708 --> 00:21:01,900
officers happen to stop for a 
rest near Lincoln. 

406
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:05,500
And now they're staring at three
colonists riding fast toward 

407
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:07,400
Concorde. 
At one in the morning, the 

408
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:10,100
British officers draw pistols 
and ordered the three Riders to 

409
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,900
stop Revere tries to Bluff. 
He announces there are 500. 

410
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:15,600
Colonial soldiers, right behind 
them. 

411
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:18,900
This is a complete lie. 
There are zero soldiers behind 

412
00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:20,800
them but the officers do not 
know that. 

413
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:25,500
Fortunately, for Revere his 
bluff fails, the officers do not

414
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:28,100
Retreat. 
Instead, they call for backup. 

415
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,600
For more British soldiers, 
emerged from trees beside the 

416
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:35,700
road. 6 mountains soldiers, now,
surround three tired, colonists 

417
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:38,700
on tired horses. 
This is where things get chaotic

418
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,300
in the way that only real 
historical moments can get 

419
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:44,500
chaotic. 
Multiple people shouting horses,

420
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:48,600
spinning in circles, pistols 
waving everyone confused about 

421
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,500
who is in charge, presscot makes
a snap decision. 

422
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:54,800
He knows these roads better than
anyone, he grew up here. 

423
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,500
He courted his fiance by riding 
these Lanes in daylight and 

424
00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:01,200
darkness every Stonewall and 
gate is memorized. 

425
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:04,500
Prescott Spurs his horse and 
crashes straight through a gap 

426
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:07,000
in the formation. 
The British soldiers, shout and 

427
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,600
give Chase, but Prescott rides 
directly to Stonewall that looks

428
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:14,500
impossible at the last second, 
his horse jumps, they clear the 

429
00:22:14,508 --> 00:22:17,500
wall and land in a field. 
On the other side, the British 

430
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:19,600
horses cannot follow or their 
Riders. 

431
00:22:19,608 --> 00:22:21,700
Do not want to risk jumping a 
wall in darkness. 

432
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,800
Either way Prescott escapes, he 
rides hard toward conquered 

433
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,300
shouting warnings at Farmhouse 
houses along the way. 

434
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:32,200
His voice, Echoes across the 
dark Fields, the regulars are 

435
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:33,700
out. 
The regulars are out. 

436
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:37,900
Meanwhile, doors attempts, the 
same Escape trick, he rides 

437
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:41,400
toward a different Stonewall. 
But his horses more exhausted 

438
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:43,500
than prescotts or the angle is 
wrong. 

439
00:22:43,500 --> 00:22:47,100
Well doors is not as experienced
to ride her, the horse refuses, 

440
00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:49,700
the jump doors gets thrown off 
and land hard. 

441
00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:52,500
He's not seriously injured but 
he loses his horse. 

442
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,900
The animal runs off into the 
darkness doors. 

443
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,300
Now on foot and probably 
bruised. 

444
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:01,000
Decides to discretion, is better
than getting shot. 

445
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,500
He hides until the British 
soldiers, leave, then he walks 

446
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,800
back to Lexington, his part in 
the ride ends in a dark field 

447
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:11,100
with no horse and a sore 
backside that leaves Revere. 

448
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,700
He tries to escape by riding 
into a pasture but the British 

449
00:23:14,700 --> 00:23:16,800
soldiers surround him. 
There are too many of them. 

450
00:23:16,808 --> 00:23:19,600
His horses too tired. 
He has no way to run. 

451
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,700
The British officers capture 
Rivera at gunpoint, they 

452
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:26,000
questioned him extensively. 
Who are you? 

453
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,900
Where are you going? 
What do you know about Colonial 

454
00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:32,500
militia movements? 
Revere in a move that historians

455
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:34,100
still debate tells them almost 
everything. 

456
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,700
He explains that 500 Colonial 
soldiers are assembling in 

457
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:40,200
Lexington. 
He says the countryside is 

458
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,300
alarmed and ready to fight. 
He claims British troops are 

459
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:45,400
walking into a trap. 
Some of this is true. 

460
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,700
Some of it is exaggeration 
designed to frighten the British

461
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,400
officers into making mistakes 
Revere's. 

462
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,000
Interrogation strategy, seems to
be overwhelming them with 

463
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,300
information that makes their 
mission sound doomed. 

464
00:23:56,300 --> 00:23:59,000
The British officers debate, 
what to do with their prisoner, 

465
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,900
they could take him back to 
Boston for a proper arrest and 

466
00:24:01,900 --> 00:24:03,800
trial, but that would slow them 
down. 

467
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:08,300
They could shoot him right here,
but that seems excessive for a 

468
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:10,800
silversmith on a horse. 
They settle on a compromise. 

469
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,800
They confiscate reverse horse, 
then they release him on foot. 

470
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:17,700
Revere now, without 
transportation walks back 

471
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:20,200
towards Lexington, just as the 
sun begins Rising. 

472
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,300
The most famous Midnight Rider 
in American history. 

473
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:25,100
Does not actually complete his 
ride. 

474
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:29,000
He gets captured halfway loses, 
his horse and walks home. 

475
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:33,000
This is not how the legend goes,
but this is how the night 

476
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,400
actually ends for Paul Revere. 
Samuel Prescott. 

477
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:40,000
Meanwhile reaches Concord around
2:00 in the morning, he rides 

478
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:41,700
straight to the home of the 
militia Commander. 

479
00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:44,400
He pounds on doors, he shouts 
warnings. 

480
00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:46,200
The British regulars are 
Marching. 

481
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,400
They plan to seize, the weapons 
stockpile, everyone needs to 

482
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,800
wake up and start hiding muskets
the Concorde militia Springs 

483
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:55,500
into action. 
They begin moving weapons, out 

484
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:59,600
of the Town cannons, get buried 
in fields, musket balls, get 

485
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:03,300
hidden in barrels of flour. 
Gunpowder gets distributed to 

486
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:06,400
surrounding towns. 
By the time, British soldiers, 

487
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,100
arrived hours later, most of the
military supplies of 

488
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:11,700
disappeared. 
Prescott saves the weapons 

489
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:13,700
cache. 
He completes the mission that 

490
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:17,800
Revere and doors started, but 
his name appears in exactly zero

491
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,200
poems by Henry Wadsworth 
Longfellow history is not always

492
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,600
fair about who gets remembered 
the three Riders accomplished, 

493
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:27,800
their primary goal, despite 
everything going wrong Adams, 

494
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:30,300
and Hancock of evacuate 
Lexington before the British 

495
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:34,000
arrived Concord highs, its 
weapons, militias assemble 

496
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,200
across multiple towns, the 
alarms through the network 

497
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,800
faster than any single Rider 
could have traveled by Sunrise. 

498
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,000
Hundreds of colonial. 
Militia members are gathering 

499
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,200
they come from Concord and 
Lincoln and Bedford and Acton 

500
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,300
they bring their own muskets. 
They wear their own clothes. 

501
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:52,600
They have no uniforms and 
minimal training, but they are 

502
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,100
angry and armed and done. 
Pretending the British 

503
00:25:55,100 --> 00:25:58,700
occupation is acceptable. 
The midnight ride in all its 

504
00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:00,600
messy and perfect Glory 
succeeded. 

505
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:04,000
Not because one heroic Rider 
galloped through the night 

506
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:06,700
shouting warnings. 
But because a network of people 

507
00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:11,000
executed a complicated plan with
multiple redundancies, when the 

508
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,200
primary writer got captured, a 
backup Rider completed the 

509
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:17,200
mission, when the signal system 
worked it multiplied, the 

510
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:18,700
warning across the entire 
region. 

511
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:22,300
This is not the clean narrative 
that fits in a poem but it is 

512
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:26,000
the story that actually happened
and it is far more impressive 

513
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,700
than the simplified version Dawn
breaks over Lexington on April 

514
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:31,600
19th like a curtain Rising on a 
stage. 

515
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:35,400
Nobody wanted to perform on The 
sky goes from black to gray to 

516
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:38,900
pale blue morning, birds start 
singing because they do not read

517
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:41,900
newspapers or understand that 
everything is about to change. 

518
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:45,300
Your standing on Lexington, 
Green watching about 70, 

519
00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:48,300
Colonial militia members, 
assemble they are not soldiers, 

520
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:51,600
not really, they are farmers and
shopkeepers and craftsmen who 

521
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:54,600
own muskets and occasionally 
practiced shooting at targets, 

522
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:56,900
the commander is Captain, John 
Parker. 

523
00:26:56,900 --> 00:27:01,100
He is 45 years old, he fought in
the French and Indian War. 20 

524
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:03,600
years ago, he knows what actual 
combat looks like. 

525
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,500
And he knows these farmers are 
not ready for what is coming. 

526
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:11,000
Parker assembles his men 
information on the Triangular 

527
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:14,000
green at the center of town. 
This is partly to look 

528
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,300
organized. 
Partly to boost morale partly 

529
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:19,000
because nobody knows what else 
to do. 

530
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:23,300
When 700 British regulars are 
Marching toward your town and 

531
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:27,000
you have 70 guys with muskets, 
the numbers are not encouraging 

532
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:31,000
70 vs. 700 is the kind of math 
that makes you reconsider your 

533
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,100
life choices, but Parker's man 
are defending their homes. 

534
00:27:34,100 --> 00:27:37,600
The British are invading. 
Sometimes the math matters less 

535
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,700
than the principle around 5 in 
the morning Scouts report that 

536
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:42,300
British soldiers are visible 
down the road. 

537
00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:46,800
The column is massive troops, in
red uniforms marching in 

538
00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:48,500
formation, they are not 
sneaking. 

539
00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:51,100
They are not hiding. 
They are walking directly 

540
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:54,300
towards Lexington, like they own
the place which from a certain 

541
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:56,000
legal perspective under British 
law. 

542
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,700
They do Parker faces an 
impossible decision. 

543
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:02,900
If his militia disperses now the
British will call them cowards, 

544
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:05,300
if they stand and fight, they 
will get massacred. 

545
00:28:05,300 --> 00:28:07,700
If they surrender, they will 
spend the war. 

546
00:28:07,900 --> 00:28:09,700
In British prisons or on the end
of a rope. 

547
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:12,000
Parker decides on a middle 
option. 

548
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,100
Stand in formation to show. 
They are not cowards but do not 

549
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:19,700
fire unless fired upon make the 
British throw the first punch. 

550
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:22,900
Let history record that Colonial
militias were defending 

551
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,800
themselves, not starting a war. 
He orders his men to hold their 

552
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:28,600
ground but keep their muskets 
lowered. 

553
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:30,700
Do not provoke. 
Do not Retreat. 

554
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,600
Just stand there and look 
determined The British column 

555
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:36,800
approaches at the front is left 
tenant. 

556
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:39,800
Colonel Francis Smith, the 
overall commander, he's not a 

557
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:41,900
young man, he's not a brilliant 
tactician. 

558
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:44,800
He's a middle-aged officer 
following orders to seize 

559
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,100
weapons in Concord and arrest 
Adams, and Hancock if possible. 

560
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,900
Behind Smith is Major, John 
Pitcairn of the Royal Marines, 

561
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:55,500
Pitkin is actually competent 
which makes him dangerous. 

562
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,600
He orders the British troops to 
surround the militia on 

563
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:01,300
Lexington Green. 
This is professional military 

564
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:05,800
tactics control the space 
eliminate Escape Routes dominate

565
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:08,700
the field. 
The British soldiers spread out 

566
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:12,400
in a semi-circle facing. 
The colonial militia. 700 

567
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:16,200
muskets aimed at 70 the Morning,
Light catches on bayonets. 

568
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,300
Everything smells like gunpowder
and fear and Dew on grass in 

569
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:23,800
someone fires a shot. 
Nobody knows who both sides. 

570
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,100
Blame the other British 
accounts, claim a colonist 

571
00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:28,300
fired. 
First American accounts of 

572
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:30,700
British soldier fired first, 
some witnesses. 

573
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:32,500
Say the shot came from behind a 
stone wall. 

574
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:35,100
Others say it came from inside 
the British formation. 

575
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:40,000
Historical arguments about this 
single gunshot continue for 250 

576
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,400
years. 
What matters is that one shot 

577
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,400
becomes many shots. 
The British line erupts in 

578
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,500
musket fire, smoke fills the 
air, the colonial militia 

579
00:29:48,500 --> 00:29:52,400
outnumbered and outgunned starts
to scatter, Parker's men Run for

580
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,000
Cover behind buildings and trees
some fire back. 

581
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:59,600
Most just try to survive the 
battle lasts 10 minutes, maybe 

582
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:04,000
less When the Smoke Clears 8 
colonists lie. 

583
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,700
Dead on Lexington Green 10 more 
wounded. 

584
00:30:06,700 --> 00:30:09,900
The British suffer one soldier 
with a minor leg wound. 

585
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:13,800
This is not a battle. 
This is a massacre disguised as 

586
00:30:13,808 --> 00:30:17,000
a battle, the British massively 
outnumbered the colonists. 

587
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,100
They have Superior training, 
they have military discipline, 

588
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:23,400
the militia had no chance but 
the shots have been fired. 

589
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:27,600
The war has started, there is no
going back now, major Pitkin 

590
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:30,700
attempts to restore order. his 
soldiers are still firing 

591
00:30:30,700 --> 00:30:33,800
randomly, some are reloading and
shooting at colonists running 

592
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,300
away, Pitcairn rides back and 
forth, shouting commands that 

593
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,400
get lost in the noise and 
confusion eventually the British

594
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:44,700
line stops fireing they regroup 
in formation Smith decides to 

595
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:48,100
continue the march to Concord 
the primary mission is seizing 

596
00:30:48,100 --> 00:30:51,000
weapons. 
Not fighting militia Lexington, 

597
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:54,700
was supposed to be a quick stop 
to arrest Adams and Hancock but 

598
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,800
the two Rebel leaders evacuated 
hours ago, thanks to reverse 

599
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,700
warning. 
The British column marches out 

600
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:02,500
of Lexington, leaving bodies on 
the Green. 

601
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,700
The colonists who survived 
begin, carrying their dead into 

602
00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:08,700
nearby houses. 
Women emerge from homes, where 

603
00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:12,200
they hid during the shooting. 
Children peer out, windows at 

604
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,200
the blood on the grass, the war 
that nobody wanted. 

605
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:17,500
And everybody predicted has 
officially begun. 

606
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,200
Eight dead farmers on a Village 
Green. 

607
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,900
That is how Revolution start not
with dramatic speeches or signed

608
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:28,700
declarations with confused 
terrified men getting shot at 

609
00:31:28,708 --> 00:31:31,600
Sunrise because two governments 
could not figure out how to talk

610
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:34,100
instead of fight. 
The British column continues 

611
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:36,600
toward conquered, six miles of 
marching. 

612
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:39,900
The soldiers are already tired, 
they left Boston around 

613
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,000
midnight, they rode across the 
bay, they marched through 

614
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,000
Darkness, they just fought a 
brief violent Skirmish. 

615
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:50,600
And the day is barely started. 
Meanwhile, the alarm system that

616
00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:54,000
Revere and doors and Prescott 
triggered is working exactly as 

617
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:58,200
designed out from Lexington and 
Concord carrying news of the 

618
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:02,000
shooting, they ride to Acton and
Bedford and Lincoln and Sudbury.

619
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:05,800
They wake up militia commanders,
they describe the British column

620
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,100
size and direction of travel. 
Colonial militia started 

621
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:10,700
assembling from towns across 
Massachusetts. 

622
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:15,400
Not the 75 Farmers Parker had at
Lexington, hundreds of militia 

623
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:17,100
members. 
They grab muskets. 

624
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:21,100
They kissed their Wives goodbye.
They walk or ride toward Concord

625
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,000
expecting to defend their 
Community, the alarm system 

626
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:28,400
creates a multiplier effect. 
One Rider warns, one town that 

627
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,200
town sends out two Riders to 
warn two more towns. 

628
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:34,900
Those towns send out four 
Riders, the warning, spreads 

629
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:38,200
exponentially like a virus, but 
one that carries information, 

630
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:42,500
instead of disease, By 
mid-morning the British column 

631
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:45,400
arriving in Concord faces, a 
very different situation than 

632
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,200
they expected. 
Instead of surprising a sleeping

633
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,700
town, they encounter a well-worn
community that spent hours 

634
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:55,200
hiding weapons and assembling 
militia British soldiers 

635
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,100
searched houses and barns 
looking for weapons, they find 

636
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:01,100
some muskets, they find a few 
cannons that were too heavy to 

637
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:04,000
move. 
But the massive stockpile, their

638
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,300
intelligence reported has mostly
vanished. 

639
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:10,000
The colonists outsmarted them 
while British troops, search 

640
00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:12,900
building's Colonial militia 
members gather on the Hills 

641
00:33:12,900 --> 00:33:15,000
outside Concord they do not 
attack. 

642
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,400
They just watch. 
Hundreds of armed men, standing 

643
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,800
on richest surrounding the town.
The message is clear. 

644
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:24,000
You are outnumbered. 
You, you are deep in hostile 

645
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,500
territory. 
You're in serious trouble, the 

646
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:28,300
British realized the mission is 
failing. 

647
00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:32,000
They did not arrest Adams or 
Handcock, they found minimal 

648
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:35,000
weapons, their surrounded by 
growing numbers of colonial 

649
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,500
militia. 
The smart move is to retreat. 

650
00:33:37,500 --> 00:33:39,800
Back to Boston before the 
situation gets worse. 

651
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:43,600
Around noon Lieutenant Colonel 
Smith gives the order to 

652
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,600
withdraw the British column 
forms up and Begins the Long 

653
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,300
March back to Boston. 
Six miles through increasingly 

654
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,300
hostile territory. 
Every Farmhouse now potentially 

655
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:56,500
hides snipers. 
Every Stonewall could conceal 

656
00:33:56,500 --> 00:33:58,700
militia. 
The March back becomes a running

657
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:02,800
battle that lost all day. 
Colonial militia members used 

658
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,300
tactics the British consider 
dishonorable, they hide behind 

659
00:34:06,300 --> 00:34:09,500
trees and shoot at the column. 
They reload and moved to new 

660
00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:11,800
positions. 
They do not stand in formation 

661
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:14,600
like proper soldiers, they fight
like Hunters. 

662
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:18,199
Stalking dangerous, prey. 
The British call this cowardly, 

663
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:21,699
the colonists call it practical.
When you are outnumbered by 

664
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:25,199
professional soldiers, he used 
terrain and surprise. 

665
00:34:25,199 --> 00:34:29,800
You do not March in neat lines, 
waiting to get shot the fighting

666
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:33,600
intense of his near a bridge 
outside Concord British soldiers

667
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:36,000
attempt to hold the bridge while
their main Force withdraws. 

668
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,000
Colonial militia advances from 
multiple directions. 

669
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,699
The British troops on the bridge
suddenly find themselves. 

670
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:46,100
Surrounded they Retreat, the 
colonists pursue more shooting, 

671
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:50,100
more casualties on both sides, 
the bridge becomes symbolic of 

672
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:52,900
something larger British 
control, collapsing, under 

673
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:55,600
pressure from colonists who 
refused to follow the rules of 

674
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:59,300
traditional Warfare. 
By mid-afternoon the British 

675
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:02,700
retreat turns into a near Route,
soldiers are exhausted 

676
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:07,100
ammunition runs low officers 
lose control of their units, men

677
00:35:07,100 --> 00:35:11,200
break formation and run. 
The orderly column degrades into

678
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:13,700
clusters of scared soldiers, 
trying to reach the safety of 

679
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:16,500
Boston. 
Colonial militia members chase 

680
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:18,200
the British all the way back to 
Charlestown. 

681
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:22,900
They fire from behind stonewalls
and Barnes and trees they reload

682
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:25,600
and move and fire. 
Again, the British suffered 

683
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:29,400
dozens of casualties offers get 
shot regular soldiers. 

684
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:31,800
Get picked off by farmers, who 
grew up hunting deer. 

685
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,200
In these same Woods, a British 
relief, column arrives in the 

686
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,000
late afternoon with fresh troops
and artillery. 

687
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,500
This saves the retreating force 
from complete disaster. 

688
00:35:40,500 --> 00:35:44,200
The reinforcements established a
defensive perimeter, the 

689
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,200
exhausted soldiers, stumble into
formation behind the artillery. 

690
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:52,100
The colonial militia lacking 
Cannon stops pursuing the 

691
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:54,700
British eventually reached 
Boston with heavy, casualties 

692
00:35:54,700 --> 00:36:00,900
official reports list 73 killed,
174 wounded, and 26 missing. 

693
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:06,700
The colonists suffer 49 killed 
and 43 wounded considering the 

694
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:08,600
British had Superior training 
and Equipment. 

695
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:12,000
These numbers are embarrassing 
for the Empire and energizing 

696
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:14,300
for the Rebellion, the midnight 
ride triggered. 

697
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:17,000
A chain of events that ended 
with the British limping back to

698
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,100
Boston after a humiliating day 
of fighting farmers. 

699
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:25,200
Revere's capture did not matter.
Doors losing his horse, did not 

700
00:36:25,200 --> 00:36:27,700
matter. 
Prescott completing the ride 

701
00:36:27,700 --> 00:36:31,100
mattered, the alarm system 
mattered, the redundancy in the 

702
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:34,500
network mattered, one Rider 
could fail and the mission would

703
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:37,600
still succeed. 
That was the genius of Dr. 

704
00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:40,500
Warren's planning. 
And that is why the real story 

705
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:41,800
is more impressive than the 
poem? 

706
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:45,300
86 years passed between the 
midnight ride and the poem that 

707
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,300
made it. 
Famous 86 years is enough time 

708
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:50,300
for memory to blur and details 
to vanish. 

709
00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:53,700
And a complicated story about 
multiple Riders to become a 

710
00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:56,100
simple tale about one heroic 
silversmith. 

711
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:59,300
You're sitting in a comfortable 
chair in 1861. 

712
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:03,500
The United States is tearing 
itself apart in Civil War Henry.

713
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,500
Wadsworth Longfellow is a famous
poet looking for a story that 

714
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,200
reminds American of their shared
revolutionary Heritage. 

715
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:13,800
He needs something inspiring 
something that unites North and 

716
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,400
South around common history 
before the country splits 

717
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:19,400
completely. 
Longfellow decides to write 

718
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:22,900
about Paul Revere's midnight 
ride not because Revere was the 

719
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:25,700
only Rider, not because Revere 
completed the journey. 

720
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:28,200
But because Revere has a good 
name for poetry. 

721
00:37:29,100 --> 00:37:31,500
Paul Revere sounds better than 
William doors, or Samuel 

722
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:33,600
Prescott. 
The Rhythm works. 

723
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:37,500
The syllables fit Longfellow 
writes, the poem in his study, 

724
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,900
he uses reverse own account 
written years after the events. 

725
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:43,400
He adds dramatic elements that 
never happened. 

726
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,600
He removes complications that 
make the story messy. 

727
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,100
He creates a narrative that 
works as poetry, even if it 

728
00:37:50,100 --> 00:37:53,900
fails as history. 
The poem begins with the famous 

729
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:56,600
lines. 
Listen, my children and you 

730
00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:58,800
shall hear of the midnight ride 
of Paul Revere. 

731
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:02,900
This is brilliant marketing. 
Longfellow positions himself. 

732
00:38:02,900 --> 00:38:05,300
As a Storyteller, passing 
wisdom, to the Next Generation. 

733
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,700
He makes the reader complicit 
in, Remembering this version of 

734
00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:12,200
events, then he described the 
lantern signal one. 

735
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:16,500
If by land and two, if by Sea, 
this part is somewhat accurate. 

736
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:20,800
Robert Newman did hang two 
lanterns in Old North Church but

737
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,800
Longfellow implies reverse sees 
the signal and then rides in 

738
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,400
reality, Revere range, the 
signal before he left Boston, he

739
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:30,900
could not have seen it from 
where he was rowing, the poem 

740
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:34,100
eliminates William doors 
entirely doors exist in history 

741
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:38,500
but not in verse Longfellow 
needs one hero, not two multiple

742
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:40,300
Riders, complicate The Narrative
Rhythm. 

743
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:42,700
So doors, gets erased from the 
popular story despite 

744
00:38:42,700 --> 00:38:46,500
successfully reaching to Samuel.
Press got never appears in the 

745
00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:48,700
poem either. 
The doctor who actually 

746
00:38:48,700 --> 00:38:51,600
completed the ride to Concord 
disappears from cultural memory 

747
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,900
Longfellows version has Revere 
riding alone through the night. 

748
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:58,500
Warning, every village and farm 
the image is powerful. 

749
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:01,500
The reality was more 
collaborative, the poem 

750
00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,600
describes Revere riding through 
Medford and Lexington and 

751
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,200
Concord it. 
Depicts him shouting warnings, 

752
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,200
that wake sleeping towns, people
a cry of defiance and not of 

753
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:13,400
fear. 
This creates dramatic tension. 

754
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:16,900
This sound heroic. 
This is also not exactly what 

755
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:19,200
happened. 
Revered did ride through 

756
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:21,900
Medford. 
He did warning but he got 

757
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:23,700
captured before reaching 
Concord. 

758
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:26,800
The poem glosses over this and 
convenient detail. 

759
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:30,300
Here's in, poems, do not get 
captured and lose their horses 

760
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:33,400
Heroes, complete their missions,
and ride into Legend. 

761
00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:36,700
Longfellow. 
Also simplifies the complexity 

762
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:38,600
of the alarm Network. 
The poem. 

763
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:41,200
Suggests one ride, a spreading 
the warning through sheer. 

764
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,400
Determination the reality 
involved, dozens of riders 

765
00:39:44,400 --> 00:39:47,500
carrying messages across 
Massachusetts, church bells, 

766
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:51,400
ringing, signal, fires, burning 
an entire Communication System 

767
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:53,400
activating like a early warning 
Network. 

768
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:58,000
But poems need simple. 
Narratives, multiple Riders and 

769
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,500
complex networks. 
Do not fit in rhyming couplets 

770
00:40:00,500 --> 00:40:04,000
so Longfellow distils everything
down to one man. 

771
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:08,500
One horse one night, one message
one, the British are coming, the

772
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,500
British are coming, except 
Revere probably never said that 

773
00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:15,700
exact phrase in 1775, colonists,
still considered themselves, 

774
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:18,800
British Revere would have 
shouted warnings about regulars 

775
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:21,400
or Red Coats. 
Not the British because everyone

776
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,500
was British. 
The revolution had not yet 

777
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:26,300
created a separate American 
identity. 

778
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:30,800
The poem becomes wildly popular,
it gets taught in schools 

779
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,400
children, memorize verses. 
The image of Paul Revere, 

780
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:36,800
Galloping through the night 
enters, American Mythology. 

781
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,200
By the early 20th century, the 
poem version of events is more 

782
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:42,000
famous than the actual 
historical record. 

783
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:44,500
This creates problems for 
historians. 

784
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:46,500
Trying to research the real 
midnight ride. 

785
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:49,100
Primary sources, like Revere 
Zone account. 

786
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,700
Get overshadowed by Longfellows 
verse people believe the poem 

787
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,700
because the poem is what they 
learned in school, correcting, 

788
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:58,200
the simplified version feels 
like ruining a good story. 

789
00:40:58,200 --> 00:41:01,700
Doors, is to send and spend 
years trying to restore his role

790
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,700
in the midnight ride. 
They publish historical papers, 

791
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,500
they give lectures. 
They point out that their 

792
00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:11,200
ancestor Road just as far as 
Revere and succeeded in warning 

793
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,100
Lexington. 
But the poem is too strong. 

794
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:18,100
The cultural memory is to 
established doors remains a 

795
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:19,900
footnote. 
While Revere gets statues 

796
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:23,900
Prescott's stories, even more 
forgotten, some historians in 

797
00:41:23,908 --> 00:41:26,300
the late 1800s. 
Try to publicize his 

798
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:28,800
contribution. 
They note that Prescott actually

799
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:31,400
completed the right to Concord. 
They argue. 

800
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,000
He deserves equal recognition 
but arguing against a famous 

801
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,000
poem is like arguing Against 
Gravity. 

802
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,500
Technically, you can do it, but 
you will not get far. 

803
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:44,300
The simplification of history is
not unique to the midnight ride.

804
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:48,800
Every culture does this Complex 
events get reduced to simple 

805
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,500
narratives that are easier to 
remember and teach, The Nuance 

806
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:56,900
vanishes the complications 
disappear, the messy reality 

807
00:41:56,900 --> 00:42:00,300
gets polished into Legend, but 
something important gets lost in

808
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,000
the polishing. 
The real midnight ride was not 

809
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,300
about one heroic individual. 
It was about a network of people

810
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:09,300
working together. 
Spies Gathering intelligence 

811
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:13,300
multiple Riders taking different
routes Church, sex Toons, 

812
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:16,800
hanging lanterns, women 
donating, petticoats back up 

813
00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:20,500
plans and redundancies the poem 
celebrates individual heroism. 

814
00:42:20,500 --> 00:42:24,600
The history reveals Collective 
action, both of valuable, but 

815
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:26,800
only one version spread through 
American culture. 

816
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,600
Longfellows poem served a 
purpose in 1861. 

817
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:34,000
It reminded Americans of their 
revolutionary routes during a 

818
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:36,100
civil war that threatened to 
destroy the nation. 

819
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:38,900
The poem was propaganda in the 
best sense. 

820
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:41,800
It used history to inspire unity
and courage. 

821
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:46,200
But the cost of that inspiration
was historical accuracy future 

822
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,900
Generations, learned the poem 
version and assumed. 

823
00:42:48,900 --> 00:42:52,400
It was true teachers taught 
Longfellows narrative as fact 

824
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:55,200
Textbooks. 
Repeated the simplified Story, 

825
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,300
the actual events became obscure
knowledge for history 

826
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:01,200
Specialists. 
Modern historians, work to 

827
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,700
restore the complete picture. 
They research primary documents,

828
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,500
they find letters and Diaries 
written by participants. 

829
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:10,100
They map the actual roots and 
timing. 

830
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:13,200
They identified all the Riders 
who spread the alarm that night.

831
00:43:14,100 --> 00:43:16,800
They give credit to doors and 
press got in the unnamed woman 

832
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:20,400
who donated her Petticoat. 
But changing cultural memory is 

833
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:24,000
like turning a cargo ship. 
You can adjust the rudder, but 

834
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:28,000
the momentum carries you forward
for miles The poem version 

835
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:31,200
remains dominant in popular 
culture, even as historians 

836
00:43:31,200 --> 00:43:35,000
publish more accurate accounts. 
The irony is that the real story

837
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:36,400
is more impressive than the 
legend. 

838
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:39,400
A coordinated intelligence 
Network. 

839
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:42,900
Executing a complex plan under 
extreme pressure, is more 

840
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:44,600
remarkable than one guy on a 
horse. 

841
00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:48,300
Multiple Riders succeeding 
despite captures and obstacles 

842
00:43:48,300 --> 00:43:50,300
shows better planning than solo 
heroism. 

843
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:53,400
But humans, love stories about 
individuals. 

844
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,500
We find it easier to remember 
one name than a dozen. 

845
00:43:57,100 --> 00:43:59,800
We prefer simple narratives over
complicated systems. 

846
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:04,200
We want Heroes, we can picture 
clearly in our minds Paul Revere

847
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,700
became that hero, not because he
was the only Rider, not because 

848
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:11,400
he completed the mission. 
But because a poet, 86 years 

849
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,500
later, needed a symbol and 
Revere's name scanned. 

850
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:18,300
Well in verse, this is how 
Legends Forum reality gets 

851
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:20,700
filtered through memory and 
narrative, convenience and 

852
00:44:20,700 --> 00:44:23,600
cultural needs. 
The result is a story that is 

853
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,100
emotionally true. 
Even when factually incomplete 

854
00:44:26,100 --> 00:44:29,800
the midnight ride happened, the 
alarm spread the revolution 

855
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:33,800
began, those facts remain, solid
the details about who wrote 

856
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,000
where and where and what shift 
in the retailing history is not 

857
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,900
just what happened. 
History is also what we remember

858
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:43,300
about what happened and 
sometimes what we remember is 

859
00:44:43,300 --> 00:44:45,100
the version that best serves the
story. 

860
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:48,600
We need to tell ourselves the 
midnight ride was not romantic. 

861
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:51,500
This might disappoint anyone who
learned about it from the 

862
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:55,100
Longfellow poem, but romance 
requires things like comfortable

863
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:57,600
temperatures, and not being 
terrified of getting shot. 

864
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:00,500
April in. 
Massachusetts provides neither 

865
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:04,000
your riding a horse at midnight 
on roads that are mostly modern 

866
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,000
rocks. 
Your backside hurts from 

867
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:08,500
bouncing in the saddle. 
Your hands are cold because you 

868
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:12,200
forgot gloves, your horse smells
like horse, which is not a 

869
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:13,300
pleasant smell up. 
Close for hours. 

870
00:45:13,300 --> 00:45:16,600
This is the reality, Reverend 
doors and press got experience. 

871
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:21,100
Poetry skipped these details, 
the horses deserve more credit 

872
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:24,800
than they get Revere's borrowed.
Mayor carried him. 11 miles in 

873
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,000
darkness over rough terrain 
while avoiding British patrols 

874
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,100
that requires an exceptional 
animal not just fast. 

875
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:34,900
Also smart enough to navigate 
obstacles and calm enough to not

876
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:39,400
panic when Riders shout and 
guns, fire horse car in 1775 is 

877
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:42,200
labor intensive. 
You do not just park a horse in 

878
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:46,000
a garage in recharge. 
It you need to feed it water, it

879
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:49,000
brush, it. 
Check its hooves for Stones 

880
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:52,800
monitor itself. 
A lame horse means eild Mission 

881
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,900
the riders that night were as 
dependent on their animals. 

882
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:58,400
As modern people are on their 
cars more. 

883
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:02,300
So, because cars do not get 
tired or spooked The logistics 

884
00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:05,300
of the alarm system required 
planning the historians often 

885
00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:07,800
overlooked. 
Someone needed to pre-position 

886
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:11,700
Fresh Horses along the routes 
someone needed to ensure Ferry 

887
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:13,600
operators were bribed, or 
sympathetic. 

888
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,800
Someone needed to Mark, which 
houses were safe for midnight 

889
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:19,500
visitors and which ones 
sheltered loyalists who would 

890
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:21,000
report you to British 
authorities. 

891
00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:24,300
Dr. Warren spy, networks spent 
months setting up 

892
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:26,700
infrastructure. 
They identified reliable 

893
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:29,400
contacts in every town between 
Boston and Concord. 

894
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:33,000
They tested message routes. 
They practiced the lantern 

895
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:35,900
signal system. 
They created coded phrases so 

896
00:46:35,900 --> 00:46:39,100
Riders could verify their 
identity to strangers answering 

897
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:41,800
doors at midnight, this is not 
exciting storytelling. 

898
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,300
Material infrastructure is 
boring, preparation is 

899
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:49,200
unglamorous but infrastructure 
and preparation of what made the

900
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,300
midnight ride successful. 
The heroic Gallup through the 

901
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,500
night works only because someone
spent weeks, arranging horse 

902
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:58,900
changes and safe houses. 
The physical Demand on the 

903
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:02,700
Riders are rarely discussed. 
Revere is 40 years old, riding 

904
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,700
hard for two hours. 
His body, probably fell, every 

905
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:09,400
minute of it. 
Doors navigate to the longer 

906
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:11,700
southern route through 
checkpoints and unfamiliar 

907
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,500
roads, Prescott, jumps a stone 
wall on a horse at night, which 

908
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:17,900
is either Brave or insane, 
depending on your perspective. 

909
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:20,800
None of these men are 
professional Cavalry. 

910
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,800
They are Tradesmen, who happen 
to own horses and believe in the

911
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:25,800
cause strongly enough to risk 
execution. 

912
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:28,700
The British penalty for what 
they're doing is death by 

913
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:31,300
hanging. 
This is not a training exercise,

914
00:47:31,300 --> 00:47:34,900
this is Mortal danger, the 
weather that night is cold, but 

915
00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:38,300
clear, if it had been raining, 
the ride might have fail mud, 

916
00:47:38,300 --> 00:47:41,600
makes roads impossible. 
Rain makes gunpowder useless 

917
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,200
storms reduce visibility to 
nothing. 

918
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:48,600
The fact that April 18th is dry 
and moonlit is pure luck. 

919
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:52,300
History turns on whether or more
often than anyone like to admit 

920
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:55,000
the social dynamics also gets 
simplified. 

921
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:59,000
Revere is a working class. 
Silversmith doors is a Tanner 

922
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:01,000
who literally scrapes animal 
hides for a living. 

923
00:48:01,008 --> 00:48:05,100
Prescott is a physician from a 
respectable family in normal 

924
00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:07,300
circumstances. 
These men occupied different, 

925
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:10,000
Social Circles. 
The revolution temporarily 

926
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:13,700
erases, those divisions they are
equals on the road, but the 

927
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:15,700
class distinction still exist in
the background. 

928
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:18,900
Some militia members who 
assemble that night are wealthy 

929
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:21,700
landowners. 
Others are poor Farmers some 

930
00:48:21,700 --> 00:48:25,300
owned slaves. 
This is Massachusetts in 1775 

931
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:27,200
slavery exists. 
Here. 

932
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,500
Just like in southern colonies, 
the revolution is not fighting 

933
00:48:30,500 --> 00:48:33,300
to end slavery. 
It is fighting British taxation 

934
00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:35,900
and control. 
The myth of the revolution is 

935
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:37,700
Pure Freedom versus tyranny 
ignores. 

936
00:48:37,700 --> 00:48:40,600
These contradictions, the women 
who contribute to the midnight 

937
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,200
ride appear in historical 
records, mainly when they do 

938
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:45,300
something dramatic like donate, 
a petticoat. 

939
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,500
But women are running the 
households that hide militia 

940
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:51,900
members, their feeding Riders 
who stopped for water, their 

941
00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:54,800
nursing wounded men after the 
battles, their labor makes the 

942
00:48:54,808 --> 00:48:57,500
revolution possible. 
The Narrative focuses on men 

943
00:48:57,500 --> 00:48:59,100
riding horses and firing 
muskets. 

944
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:01,900
The support structure is female 
and invisible. 

945
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:05,300
The economic costs are 
substantial the ride uses horses

946
00:49:05,300 --> 00:49:07,000
that should be working Farms or 
pulling. 

947
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:10,400
Wagons the muskets that militia 
members carry represent 

948
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:15,000
significant financial investment
Gunpowder is expensive, taking a

949
00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:17,300
day off to fight. 
British soldiers means losing a 

950
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:20,700
day of wages or crop work. 
Revolutions cost money and 

951
00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:23,400
practical immediate ways that 
rarely appear in heroic 

952
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:25,900
narratives. 
The Fear Factor is hard to 

953
00:49:25,908 --> 00:49:27,700
convey through historical 
distance. 

954
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:31,800
Imagine facing 700 professional 
Soldiers with 70 Farmers. 

955
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:35,000
Imagine standing on Lexington 
Green knowing you're probably 

956
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:37,500
about to die. 
Imagine the moment before the 

957
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:40,300
shooting starts, when everyone 
can still walk away but nobody 

958
00:49:40,300 --> 00:49:44,200
does that kind of Courage comes 
from desperation and conviction 

959
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,600
in equal measure. 
The aftermath is unglamorous 

960
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:49,000
too. 
After the British retreat to 

961
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:51,000
Boston, someone has to bury the 
dead. 

962
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:53,100
Someone has to care for the 
wounded. 

963
00:49:53,100 --> 00:49:55,400
Someone has to repair damaged 
property. 

964
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:58,500
Someone has to explain to widows
why their husbands are not 

965
00:49:58,500 --> 00:50:01,200
coming home. 
Revolutionary war starts with 

966
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:05,100
midnight, rides and gun battles.
It continues with grief and 

967
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:07,900
hardship and economic 
disruption, that lasted years. 

968
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:11,000
The midnight rides succeeds 
because of unglamorous 

969
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:13,800
preparation and ordinary people 
doing extraordinary things under

970
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,100
pressure. 
The legend celebrates the 

971
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:19,100
dramatic moment. 
The reality includes months of 

972
00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:23,300
planning uncomfortable rides, 
cold nights, frightened horses, 

973
00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:25,700
and the constant possibility of 
failure. 

974
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:28,800
History textbooks. 
Prefer the dramatic version 

975
00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:32,500
poems, prefer the heroic 
version, but the unglamorous 

976
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:35,500
version is what actually 
happened and understanding the 

977
00:50:35,500 --> 00:50:38,500
unglamorous parts makes the 
achievement more impressive, not

978
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:41,300
less. 
Revere and doors and Prescott 

979
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:44,000
were not superhuman. 
They were middle-aged men on 

980
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:45,700
horses. 
Trying, not to get caught by 

981
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:46,900
soldiers, who wanted to hang 
them. 

982
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:50,300
They succeeded through a 
combination of planning luck, 

983
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:52,600
courage. 
And a support network that 

984
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:55,500
included dozens of people whose 
names, we will never know. 

985
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:59,800
That is the real story. 
It is messier than the legend, 

986
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,600
it involves more people and more
complications. 

987
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:06,000
It includes failures and near 
misses and improvisation. 

988
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:08,400
But it is. 
True. 

989
00:51:09,200 --> 00:51:13,000
And truth even unglamorous, 
truth matters more than the 

990
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,400
prettiest myth. 
The sun rises over Boston on 

991
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:20,200
April 20th, 1775. 
The British army is trapped 

992
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:24,700
inside the city Colonial militia
surrounds them what started as a

993
00:51:24,708 --> 00:51:27,400
mission to seize weapons has 
turned into a siege that will 

994
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,700
last 11 months all because of a 
midnight ride and the alarm 

995
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:33,700
Network at triggered. 
Your standing in the present, 

996
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:36,300
looking back at night, that 
changed the trajectory of 

997
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:38,900
History. 
The midnight ride did not cause 

998
00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:42,300
the American Revolution tensions
had been building for a decade 

999
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:46,900
taxes, occupations the Boston 
Massacre, the Tea Party. 

1000
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,400
The ride was one Lincoln a long 
chain of events, but it was a 

1001
00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:54,600
crucial link. 
Without the warning British 

1002
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:56,600
troops would have captured Adams
and Hancock. 

1003
00:51:56,600 --> 00:51:59,900
They would have seized the 
weapons at Concord the colonial 

1004
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:03,400
resistance would have been 
disrupted if not destroyed, the 

1005
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:04,900
revolution might have fizzled 
before. 

1006
00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:08,500
It started the ride succeeded 
because of redundancy and 

1007
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:10,900
Collective action. 
Three Riders on three routes 

1008
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:14,900
multiple alarm systems dozens of
people contributing when one 

1009
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:18,300
ride a mother succeeded when one
root got blocked and another 

1010
00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:21,400
stayed open This is how 
resilient systems work. 

1011
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:24,900
This is how Revolution survive 
the modern applications are 

1012
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:27,100
obvious. 
If you look redundancy in 

1013
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:30,500
communication, networks backup 
plans for critical mission's 

1014
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:33,500
distributed leadership in one 
person. 

1015
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:37,500
The midnight ride is a case 
study in organizational 

1016
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:42,300
resilience that still teachers 
lessons. 250 years later, The 

1017
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:45,500
simplification of the story into
one hero, serves a cultural 

1018
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:48,800
purpose, Americans like 
narrative about individual 

1019
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,500
achievement. 
We build statues to loan 

1020
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:54,900
Visionaries, we write poems 
about singular, acts of courage.

1021
00:52:54,900 --> 00:52:58,400
This reflects our values, even 
when it distorts our history. 

1022
00:52:59,400 --> 00:53:02,100
but the real lesson of the 
midnight ride is that individual

1023
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:04,800
heroism works best when 
supported by Collective 

1024
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:09,100
infrastructure, Revere rides 
because Warren built a spy 

1025
00:53:09,100 --> 00:53:12,200
Network, the lanterns shine 
because Newman climbed the 

1026
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,500
steeple the alarm spreads, 
because dozens of riders carried

1027
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,500
it Forward, take away the 
infrastructure and the hero 

1028
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:21,500
fails, modern movement, still 
follow this pattern. 

1029
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:24,000
We celebrate individual 
activists and leaders. 

1030
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:28,200
We named buildings after them. 
We quote their speeches, but 

1031
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:31,000
successful movements require 
networks of organizers, doing 

1032
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:34,200
unglamorous work. 
Revere gets the statue, the 

1033
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:37,400
unnamed woman who donated her 
Petticoat gets forgotten yet 

1034
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,600
both were necessary. 
The midnight ride also 

1035
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:43,600
demonstrates, the power of 
accurate intelligence, Warren 

1036
00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:45,600
spy Network, gave the colonists 
of Advance. 

1037
00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:48,900
Warning, this transformed a 
surprise British raid in to a 

1038
00:53:48,900 --> 00:53:51,700
prepared defense. 
Informational Advantage matters,

1039
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:57,000
it mattered in 1775 it matters. 
Now Knowing what your opponent 

1040
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,500
plans before they execute it 
changes everything. 

1041
00:53:59,500 --> 00:54:02,700
The alarm system shows, what 
happens when communities, 

1042
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:06,400
prepare coordinated responses to
threats, the Riders did not 

1043
00:54:06,408 --> 00:54:09,500
invent the system that night, 
they Activated A system that was

1044
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:11,800
already in place. 
The planning happened over 

1045
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:14,100
months execution happened in 
ours. 

1046
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:16,400
This is emergency preparedness 
Done, Right? 

1047
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:19,900
The British failure teaches 
opposite lessons, they assumed 

1048
00:54:19,900 --> 00:54:23,300
superiority would carry the day.
They underestimated, Colonial, 

1049
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:26,300
intelligence and organization. 
They fail to plan for 

1050
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:28,100
contingencies. 
When the mission went wrong 

1051
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:30,900
there, Retreat. 
From Concord became a disaster 

1052
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:33,800
because they had no backup plan 
for facing an aroused. 

1053
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:37,200
Countryside. 
Overconfidence, kills plans, as 

1054
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:40,300
surely as poor execution, the 
British were professional 

1055
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:43,700
soldiers facing Farmers. 
They should have won easily they

1056
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:46,600
lost because they did not 
respect their opponents or 

1057
00:54:46,600 --> 00:54:48,800
understand the terrain or 
prepare for complications. 

1058
00:54:48,800 --> 00:54:51,700
These are mistakes. 
Modern organizations, still make

1059
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:55,100
the way the story simplified 
over time, reveals, how memory 

1060
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:59,600
Works Complex events get reduced
to memorable narratives details 

1061
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:01,500
that do not fit the narrative 
get dropped. 

1062
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:04,300
The story becomes easier to tell
but less accurate. 

1063
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:06,800
This happens with every 
historical event. 

1064
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,400
The challenge is Recognizing 
when simplification becomes 

1065
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,700
Distortion, teaching the real 
story requires effort. 

1066
00:55:13,700 --> 00:55:17,000
It is easier to read the 
Longfellow poem than to research

1067
00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:19,600
primary sources. 
It is simpler to remember one 

1068
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:23,300
name than three Educational 
Systems, favor efficiency over 

1069
00:55:23,300 --> 00:55:26,000
accuracy. 
So the legend spreads, while the

1070
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:29,700
history requires deliberate 
effort to preserve but accuracy 

1071
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:32,700
matters not because we need to 
honor every person who 

1072
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:35,700
participated but because 
understanding how things 

1073
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:38,800
actually worked, helps us 
understand how to make things 

1074
00:55:38,800 --> 00:55:42,600
work in our own time. 
The midnight ride was a success 

1075
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:45,300
understanding. 
Why it succeeded gives us a 

1076
00:55:45,308 --> 00:55:47,900
template for organizing 
Collective action under pressure

1077
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:51,800
The riders that night were not 
trying to become Legends, they 

1078
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:53,900
were trying to survive and warn 
their communities. 

1079
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:57,100
They succeeded through planning 
and bravery, and a lot of luck, 

1080
00:55:57,100 --> 00:56:01,500
their success, triggered, a war 
that created a country cause an 

1081
00:56:01,500 --> 00:56:04,300
effect Cascade across. 
Centuries, you carry forward 

1082
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:07,600
their legacy, whether you know, 
their names or not the systems, 

1083
00:56:07,600 --> 00:56:10,200
they build for spreading alarms 
evolved into modern 

1084
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,100
communication networks, the 
principal of distributed 

1085
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:16,000
resilience appears in everything
from internet architecture, to 

1086
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:19,500
Emergency Response. 
Protocols The midnight ride is 

1087
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,000
not just history. 
It is a pattern that keeps 

1088
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:24,600
repeating. 
The revolution that followed the

1089
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:27,000
ride. 
Lasted, eight years, thousands 

1090
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:29,800
died, the war bankrupted both 
sides. 

1091
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:33,800
The outcome was far from certain
until the very end all 

1092
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:36,300
revolutions are expensive and 
risky and uncertain. 

1093
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:38,500
The midnight ride was the easy 
part. 

1094
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:42,200
Starting a war is simpler than 
winning one but the ride 

1095
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:43,600
mattered because it proves 
something. 

1096
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:47,600
A scattered Colonial resistance,
could organize and respond 

1097
00:56:47,600 --> 00:56:51,200
faster than a professional Army.
Farmers could outmaneuver 

1098
00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:55,000
soldiers information networks 
could defeat military planning. 

1099
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:58,400
These proofs of concept carried 
the revolution through darker 

1100
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:00,800
days. 
When everything seemed lost the 

1101
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:04,000
people who wrote that night are 
dead, the horses are dead. 

1102
00:57:04,008 --> 00:57:09,100
The roads of changed the towns 
have grown But the pattern 

1103
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:12,300
remains when communities 
organize and share information 

1104
00:57:12,300 --> 00:57:14,900
and coordinate action, they can 
resist power. 

1105
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:18,300
That seems overwhelming This is 
not a romantic notion. 

1106
00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:22,300
This is practical observation 
based on what actually happened.

1107
00:57:22,300 --> 00:57:26,200
The midnight ride was not one 
man on one horse shouting one 

1108
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:28,600
warning, it was a network 
activating. 

1109
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:32,300
It was redundancy succeeding, 
where singular effort would have

1110
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:34,400
failed. 
It was planning paying off Under

1111
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:36,600
Pressure. 
It was ordinary people doing 

1112
00:57:36,600 --> 00:57:40,500
extraordinary things because the
moment demanded it that is the 

1113
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,800
story worth remembering, not 
because it is more dramatic than

1114
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,300
the poem, but because it is more
useful, understanding. 

1115
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:50,300
How Collective action works 
matters more than memorizing 

1116
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:54,700
heroic names the ride happened. 
250 years ago, the lessons 

1117
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:57,500
remain current build networks 
before you need them. 

1118
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:01,700
Create redundancy in critical 
systems trust that when you 

1119
00:58:01,700 --> 00:58:04,400
activate a prepared Community 
people will respond. 

1120
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:10,000
These principles worked in 1775 
they work now so sleep. 

1121
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,600
Well, tonight my tired potatoes,
if you find yourself needing to 

1122
00:58:13,600 --> 00:58:15,900
spread an alarm across a 
suspicious Countryside. 

1123
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:18,100
Remember To arrange for backup. 
Pride Riders. 

1124
00:58:18,100 --> 00:58:21,700
Muffle your allocs with donated 
petticoats and please for the 

1125
00:58:21,700 --> 00:58:25,100
sake of historical accuracy. 
Do not ride around shouting that

1126
00:58:25,100 --> 00:58:28,200
the British are coming shout 
about the regulars and stared 

1127
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:32,200
Details Matter, even at 
midnight, even on Horseback, 

1128
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:35,600
even when launching a revolution
that will echo through centuries

1129
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:38,900
and Inspire mediocre poets to 
write verses that overshadow, 

1130
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:42,600
the actual remarkable events. 
The lanterns are extinguished, 

1131
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:46,600
the Riders have gone home. 
The story lives on, in both its 

1132
00:58:46,600 --> 00:58:48,800
simplified glory and its 
complicated truth. 

1133
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:53,200
You now know both versions use 
this knowledge wisely, or just 

1134
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:55,700
use it to fall asleep. 
Knowing that history is Messier 

1135
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:57,100
and more collaborative than 
poem. 

1136
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:01,100
Suggest either application works
fine, sweet dreams. 

1137
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:03,800
And if you wake up needing to 
warn anyone about anything, 

1138
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:07,300
consider using a group text 
instead of a horse, technology 

1139
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:11,800
has improved since 1775 though. 
Honestly, a good horse and a 

1140
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:13,500
determined Rider still have 
their advantages. 

1141
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:18,300
No dead zones. 
No autocorrect fails, just mud 

1142
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:21,300
and cold in the very real 
possibility of getting captured 

1143
00:59:21,300 --> 00:59:24,200
by soldiers on second thoughts 
stick with the group text. 

1144
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:26,400
The revolution, thank you for 
your attention. 

1145
00:59:26,400 --> 00:59:36,600
Now, go to sleep. 
Imagine living in a world where 

1146
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:38,800
nobody really agreed on how to 
figure out what was true. 

1147
00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:42,600
Not just disagreeing about the 
facts that happens all the time,

1148
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:45,900
but fundamentally disagreeing 
about the process itself. 

1149
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,200
Should you trust your senses or 
are they lying to you? 

1150
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:52,300
Should you rely on logic and 
Mathematics or should you look 

1151
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,300
at the actual world around you? 
Can you even trust that the 

1152
00:59:55,300 --> 00:59:58,700
world around you is real? 
This was Greece in the 5th 

1153
00:59:58,700 --> 01:00:01,900
Century BC and it was having 
something like an intellectual 

1154
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:04,500
identity crisis. 
For most of human history. 

1155
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:07,100
People had explained the world 
through stories about gods and 

1156
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:09,800
heroes. 
Thunder wasn't a meteorological 

1157
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:12,000
phenomenon. 
It was Zeus, having a bad day 

1158
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,800
disease, wasn't about germs and 
immune systems. 

1159
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:17,600
It was divine punishment or 
maybe a curse from that neighbor

1160
01:00:17,600 --> 01:00:19,000
who gave you the evil eye last 
Tuesday. 

1161
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:23,100
But then something remarkable 
happened a group of people in 

1162
01:00:23,100 --> 01:00:25,500
the Greek world started asking a
revolutionary question. 

1163
01:00:26,500 --> 01:00:29,000
What if we could understand the 
world without resorting to 

1164
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:32,300
Supernatural explanations? 
What if there were natural 

1165
01:00:32,300 --> 01:00:35,500
causes for natural effects? 
What If instead of just 

1166
01:00:35,500 --> 01:00:38,400
accepting that things happen 
because the gods will it, we 

1167
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:40,200
could actually figure out how 
the world works. 

1168
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:43,600
These early thinkers, we call 
them the priest socratics 

1169
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:46,200
because they came before 
Socrates which is a bit like 

1170
01:00:46,200 --> 01:00:50,400
calling everyone who lived 
before Shakespeare's came up 

1171
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:53,400
with wildly different theories. 
They least thought everything 

1172
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:56,500
was made of water. 
Heraclitus believed. 

1173
01:00:56,500 --> 01:00:59,400
Everything was constantly 
changing like a river. 

1174
01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:02,600
You can never step in twice 
permanente's argued the 

1175
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,200
opposite. 
That change was an illusion and 

1176
01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:07,800
reality was actually perfectly 
still and unchanging. 

1177
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:11,200
You can imagine how confusing 
this must have been for regular 

1178
01:01:11,200 --> 01:01:12,600
people trying to live their 
lives. 

1179
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:15,000
One philosopher tells you 
everything is water. 

1180
01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:18,800
Another says, everything is fire
and a third insist that motion 

1181
01:01:18,800 --> 01:01:21,500
is impossible and you're not 
really walking to the market. 

1182
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:24,900
You just think you are, it was 
like having too many fortune 

1183
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:26,400
cookies with contradictory 
advice. 

1184
01:01:26,400 --> 01:01:29,400
Except these philosophers were 
dead serious, and would debate 

1185
01:01:29,400 --> 01:01:33,400
these points for hours. 
Then came Socrates wandering 

1186
01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:35,200
around Athens. 
Like that Uncle, who asks 

1187
01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:37,100
uncomfortable questions at 
family. 

1188
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:39,600
Dinners, Socrates didn't claim 
to know anything. 

1189
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:42,800
In fact, his whole thing was 
admitting he knew nothing which 

1190
01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:46,100
somehow made him wiser than 
everyone else, his method was to

1191
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:48,400
ask questions until people 
realized, they didn't actually 

1192
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:50,300
understand the things. 
They thought they understood 

1193
01:01:50,300 --> 01:01:53,800
this made him simultaneously the
most important philosopher in 

1194
01:01:53,800 --> 01:01:56,200
Athens and probably the most 
annoying person at parties. 

1195
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:00,300
Socrates had a brilliant student
named Plato. 

1196
01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:03,600
Who took his teachers question 
asking method and built an 

1197
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:06,000
entire philosophical system 
around it. 

1198
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:09,400
Plato believed that the world we
see around us is just Shadows on

1199
01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:11,900
a cave. 
Wall imperfect copies of perfect

1200
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:13,800
forms that exist in some higher 
realm. 

1201
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,200
That chair you're setting on. 
It's just a flawed imitation of 

1202
01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:19,900
the perfect form of chair Nest 
that exists in the realm of 

1203
01:02:19,908 --> 01:02:22,100
forms. 
Plato's philosophy was 

1204
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:26,200
beautiful, elegant and deeply. 
Mathematical it appealed to 

1205
01:02:26,208 --> 01:02:29,200
people who like their truth, 
pure abstract and divorced from 

1206
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:31,300
the messy complications of 
everyday reality. 

1207
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:34,900
The physical world in Plato's 
view was just a distraction from

1208
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:38,100
true knowledge, which could only
be found through pure reason and

1209
01:02:38,100 --> 01:02:41,800
contemplation, This was the 
intellectual world into, which 

1210
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,100
Aristotle would be born. 
A world where philosophers 

1211
01:02:45,100 --> 01:02:48,300
disagreed about everything, 
where the relationship between 

1212
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:52,000
thought and reality was unclear,
when nobody had quite figured 

1213
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,400
out how to systematically study 
the natural world. 

1214
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,600
It was like the internet before 
search engines, are a library 

1215
01:02:57,600 --> 01:02:59,200
where all the books were filed 
randomly. 

1216
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:01,700
And nobody could agree on what 
counts as a book. 

1217
01:03:02,700 --> 01:03:06,300
The Greeks had made tremendous 
progress in mathematics, logic 

1218
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:09,700
and abstract, thinking what they
needed was someone who could 

1219
01:03:09,700 --> 01:03:13,000
take all these brilliant ideas 
and connect them to the actual 

1220
01:03:13,000 --> 01:03:15,800
observable World. 
They needed someone who could 

1221
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:18,300
bridge the gap between pure 
philosophy and empirical 

1222
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,900
observation between what we can 
think and what we can see They 

1223
01:03:22,900 --> 01:03:25,600
were about to get exactly that 
person, though. 

1224
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,100
He would arrive from an 
unexpected place, not from 

1225
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:32,000
Athens itself but from the wild 
Northern Frontier of the Greek 

1226
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:38,200
world In 3084 BC e in a small 
town called stagger on the 

1227
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:41,600
Macedonian Peninsula, a child 
was born to a family that 

1228
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:46,100
straddled Two Worlds. 
His name was Aristotle Aristotle

1229
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:49,400
is in Greek which means 
something like the best purpose 

1230
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:52,700
or excellent. 
End a name that turned out to be

1231
01:03:52,708 --> 01:03:56,000
remarkably prophetic even if his
parents couldn't have known at 

1232
01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:59,400
the time. 
Aristotle's, father, nicomachus,

1233
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,300
was the court physician to the 
massive Dominion King. 

1234
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:06,000
This was no small thing. 
Imagine being the personal 

1235
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:08,900
doctor to royalty in an era. 
When medicine was part science 

1236
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:13,000
part, guesswork and part hoping 
really hard that your treatments

1237
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:15,700
worked before the patient died. 
Nicomachus. 

1238
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:18,500
Apparently did well at it. 
Which suggests he had a 

1239
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:21,900
combination of observational 
skills, empirical knowledge and 

1240
01:04:21,900 --> 01:04:24,900
the bedside manner necessary to 
keep nervous, monarchs calm. 

1241
01:04:25,800 --> 01:04:28,500
Growing up in a physician's 
household, meant young Aristotle

1242
01:04:28,500 --> 01:04:31,800
was exposed to a very different 
way of thinking than most Greek 

1243
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:34,600
philosophers of his time while 
Plato and his students, in 

1244
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:37,000
Athens were debating abstract 
forms and mathematical 

1245
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:40,200
Perfection Aristotle was 
probably watching his father, 

1246
01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:44,500
decked fish, examined symptoms, 
and make careful notes about 

1247
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,000
which treatments worked, and 
which ones didn't? 

1248
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:50,900
This early exposure to 
empirical, observation to the 

1249
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:53,700
idea that you learn by looking 
touching measuring and recording

1250
01:04:53,700 --> 01:04:56,100
would shape everything 
Aristotle. 

1251
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:59,000
Would later, do medicine in 
ancient Greece, wasn't about 

1252
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:01,000
applying perfect theoretical 
principles. 

1253
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:04,900
It was about noticing patterns 
testing treatments and learning 

1254
01:05:04,900 --> 01:05:07,900
from experience. 
It was messy practical and 

1255
01:05:07,900 --> 01:05:11,800
grounded in the physical world. 
Tragically both of Aristotle's 

1256
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:14,900
parents died when he was young, 
probably around 10 years old. 

1257
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:18,800
This must have been devastating 
for the boy, but it also set in 

1258
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:20,700
motion of events that would 
change the course of 

1259
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:23,700
intellectual history. 
His Guardian, a man named 

1260
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:27,300
proximus took responsibility for
the orphan child and continued, 

1261
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,600
his education. 
Young Aristotle grew up in 

1262
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:34,000
Macedonia which was considered 
the Backwoods of the Greek 

1263
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:36,100
World. 
Athenians looked down on 

1264
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:38,100
macedonians the way 
sophisticated. 

1265
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:40,600
Urbanites have always looked 
down on Rural populations. 

1266
01:05:40,600 --> 01:05:44,100
They saw them as rough 
unsophisticated and not quite 

1267
01:05:44,100 --> 01:05:46,500
civilized. 
The Macedonian accent was 

1268
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:48,400
apparently a source of mockery 
in Athens. 

1269
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,400
Like speaking with a strong 
Regional accent in a place that 

1270
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:53,200
Prides itself on its 
sophistication. 

1271
01:05:54,200 --> 01:05:56,400
But being from the provinces 
gave Aristotle. 

1272
01:05:56,400 --> 01:05:59,200
Something. 
Valuable a certain independence 

1273
01:05:59,200 --> 01:06:01,400
from Athenian intellectual 
fashion. 

1274
01:06:01,400 --> 01:06:04,200
He wasn't raised in the Echo 
chamber of elite, Athenian 

1275
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:07,900
thought He'd seen how people 
lived in different places under 

1276
01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:11,200
different systems he'd been 
exposed to the Practical 

1277
01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:14,700
empirical approach of medicine, 
rather than just the abstract 

1278
01:06:14,700 --> 01:06:19,300
reasoning of philosophy. 
When Aristotle was 17 and age, 

1279
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:21,600
when most of us were trying to 
figure out who we were, and what

1280
01:06:21,600 --> 01:06:25,200
we wanted to do with our lives, 
his Guardian made a decision, 

1281
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:27,000
that would alter the course of 
philosophy forever. 

1282
01:06:27,000 --> 01:06:31,000
He sent the young man to Athens 
to study at Plato's Academy, the

1283
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:33,600
most prestigious philosophical 
School in the Greek world. 

1284
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:38,300
Imagine being a teenager from a 
small provincial Town arriving 

1285
01:06:38,300 --> 01:06:40,500
in Athens. 
The intellectual and cultural 

1286
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:43,500
capital of Greece. 
It would be like, moving from a 

1287
01:06:43,500 --> 01:06:45,200
rural town to the most exciting 
City. 

1288
01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:48,400
You can think of except instead 
of worrying about where the good

1289
01:06:48,408 --> 01:06:52,200
coffee shops are you're suddenly
surrounded by the greatest minds

1290
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:54,300
of the ancient world. 
Debating questions about the 

1291
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:58,600
nature of reality Athens in the 
360's BCE was extraordinary. 

1292
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:01,500
It was recovering from the 
devastating Peloponnesian War 

1293
01:07:01,500 --> 01:07:03,800
but still retained. 
Its status as the center of 

1294
01:07:03,800 --> 01:07:07,900
Greek intellectual life. 
The Agora the marketplace wasn't

1295
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:10,100
just where people bought 
vegetables and sandals. 

1296
01:07:10,100 --> 01:07:13,800
It was where philosophers held 
forth, where politicians debated

1297
01:07:13,800 --> 01:07:17,500
and where ideas collided and 
combined in fascinating ways. 

1298
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:22,900
Plato's Academy sat just outside
the city walls in a growth, 

1299
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,900
sacred to the hero Academia, 
which is where we get the word 

1300
01:07:25,900 --> 01:07:28,600
Academy. 
It wasn't a school in the way we

1301
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:31,500
think of schools today with 
classrooms and curricula and 

1302
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:34,200
final exams. 
It was more like an advanced 

1303
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,500
Research Institute crossed with 
a philosophical Monastery, where

1304
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:40,500
brilliant people gathered to 
think debate and pursue 

1305
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:44,400
knowledge for his own sake. 
Young Aristotle, arriving from 

1306
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:47,500
Macedonia with his provincial 
accent and his physician 

1307
01:07:47,500 --> 01:07:50,600
fathers, emphasis on observation
must have seemed a bit odd to 

1308
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,000
the other students, but he had 
something they lacked a mind 

1309
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:55,800
that could absorb and synthesize
information. 

1310
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:58,800
Like a sponge absorbing water 
within a short time. 

1311
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:01,400
It became clear that this young 
man from the province's was 

1312
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:05,000
something special. 
You know how in University, some

1313
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:07,900
students just Coast through 
doing the minimum required to 

1314
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:11,300
get by While others become 
completely absorbed in their 

1315
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:13,200
studies. 
To the point where they forget 

1316
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:16,200
to eat or sleep Aristotle. 
Was definitely the second type 

1317
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:19,200
except more, so he didn't just 
study at Plato's Academy. 

1318
01:08:19,200 --> 01:08:22,100
He became its most brilliant and
ultimately most 

1319
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:26,399
independent-minded student. 
Plato apparently called him, the

1320
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:30,000
mind of the school, which is 
High Praise from someone who 

1321
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,100
didn't hand out compliments 
lightly, but Plato also called 

1322
01:08:33,100 --> 01:08:36,600
him the foal, or the reader 
nicknames that suggests 

1323
01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:40,000
Aristotle was always reading, 
always learning, always 

1324
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,800
consuming knowledge with an 
appetite that probably worried 

1325
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:46,399
the Academy's Librarians about 
the survival of their Scrolls 

1326
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:48,700
Aristotle. 
Spent 20 years at the Academy 

1327
01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:52,300
from age, 17 to 37. 
That's longer than many people 

1328
01:08:52,300 --> 01:08:54,600
spend in their entire 
educational career today. 

1329
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:57,899
But ancient philosophical, 
education wasn't like modern 

1330
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,399
University, where you take 
classes, write papers and 

1331
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:04,300
graduate off to four years. 
It was more like a lifelong 

1332
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:05,800
apprenticeship in thinking 
itself. 

1333
01:09:07,100 --> 01:09:10,500
During these years Aristotle, 
absorbed everything Plato had to

1334
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:13,200
teach. 
He learned about the forms about

1335
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:16,700
the immortality of the soul, and
about mathematics as the key to 

1336
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:19,800
understanding reality. 
He learned Socrates method of 

1337
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:23,300
questioning Plato's theory of 
knowledge, and the elaborate 

1338
01:09:23,300 --> 01:09:26,200
philosophical system that Plato 
had built over his life time. 

1339
01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:30,399
But something interesting was 
happening as Aristotle learned, 

1340
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:33,800
he was also beginning to 
disagree not in small ways. 

1341
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:37,300
But fundamentally while Plato 
looked at a tree and saw an 

1342
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:39,200
imperfect copy of the form of 
Trina's. 

1343
01:09:39,200 --> 01:09:42,600
Existing in some perfect realm 
Aristotle, looked at a tree and 

1344
01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:46,000
thought This tree right here is 
real and worth studying for 

1345
01:09:46,000 --> 01:09:48,100
itself. 
This might not sound like a 

1346
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:51,600
revolutionary Insight, but it 
was Plato's philosophy. 

1347
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,100
Essentially said that, the 
physical world was less real 

1348
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:58,000
less important and less worthy 
of study than the abstract realm

1349
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:00,600
of forms Aristotle. 
Was starting to think the 

1350
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:03,400
opposite that you couldn't 
understand anything without 

1351
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:05,500
careful study of actual physical
things. 

1352
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,200
Imagine being a student whose 
growing convictions directly, 

1353
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:12,000
contradict your revered. 
Teachers fundamental beliefs. 

1354
01:10:12,000 --> 01:10:14,400
It must have created 
considerable tension. 

1355
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:18,200
Plato had built his entire 
philosophical system on the idea

1356
01:10:18,200 --> 01:10:21,600
that true knowledge comes from 
reason alone that the census 

1357
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,200
deceivers and that the physical 
world is just Shadows on a cave 

1358
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:27,300
wall. 
And here was his best student 

1359
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,900
increasingly convinced that 
observation and empirical study 

1360
01:10:30,900 --> 01:10:32,700
were essential to understanding 
anything. 

1361
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:36,200
Aristotle began writing During 
the period, though. 

1362
01:10:36,200 --> 01:10:37,600
Most of his early works are 
lost. 

1363
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:40,900
What we do know is that he was 
developing his own philosophical

1364
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:43,800
positions often in direct 
contradiction to Plato's 

1365
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,000
teachings. 
There's a famous saying, 

1366
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:49,900
attributed to Aristotle. 
Plato is dear to me, but dearest

1367
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:53,000
still is truth. 
Whether he actually said this or

1368
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:57,700
not, it captures his attitude 
loyalty to his teacher, yes but 

1369
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:01,000
greater loyalty to following 
arguments wherever they led the 

1370
01:11:01,000 --> 01:11:03,600
academy during these years was 
like an intellectual pressure 

1371
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:05,600
cooker. 
Students and teachers were 

1372
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:09,600
debate for hours testing ideas, 
against each other, looking for 

1373
01:11:09,600 --> 01:11:12,700
weaknesses, in arguments, and 
trying to build philosophical 

1374
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:14,600
systems that could withstand 
scrutiny. 

1375
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:18,100
It was mentally exhausting and 
exhilarating an equal measure 

1376
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:20,800
Aristotle. 
Distinguished himself, not just 

1377
01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:24,700
by his intelligence, but by the 
breadth of his interests, well 

1378
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:27,100
other students might focus 
narrowly on one area of 

1379
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:29,900
philosophy Aristotle. 
Seemed interested in everything 

1380
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:33,200
ethics. 
Sure politics, absolutely. 

1381
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:37,600
The natural world. 
Fascinating poetry and drama. 

1382
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:40,500
Why not? 
He was developing into what we 

1383
01:11:40,500 --> 01:11:42,700
might call. 
A polymath someone who is 

1384
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,100
curiosity encompassed, the 
entirety of human knowledge. 

1385
01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:49,400
But there were Social Challenges
too, Aristotle's, provincial 

1386
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:51,900
background and his Macedonian 
connections made him. 

1387
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:55,200
Something of an outsider in 
Athenian Society Athens. 

1388
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,400
And Macedonia had complicated 
relations. 

1389
01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:00,100
Sometimes allies sometimes 
Rivals. 

1390
01:12:00,100 --> 01:12:02,800
Always regarding each other with
a mixed of respect and 

1391
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:05,500
suspicion. 
Being Macedonian in Athens was 

1392
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,300
like being permanently foreign, 
never quite fitting in. 

1393
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:13,700
No matter how long you stayed In
347 BCE, after two decades at 

1394
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:17,600
the Academy Plato died. 
He was over 80 years old and had

1395
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:20,300
shaped Western philosophy more 
profoundly than perhaps any 

1396
01:12:20,300 --> 01:12:24,000
single person before, or since 
his death left, a vacancy at the

1397
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:27,200
head of the academy and many 
people, probably, including 

1398
01:12:27,200 --> 01:12:31,000
Aristotle himself expected that 
the brilliant student would 

1399
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,100
succeed his master. 
But that's not what happened. 

1400
01:12:34,100 --> 01:12:37,700
The Academy's leadership chose 
Plato's nephew specifics 

1401
01:12:37,700 --> 01:12:40,700
instead. 
We can't know exactly why maybe 

1402
01:12:40,700 --> 01:12:43,500
Aristotle's disagreements with 
platonic Doctrine were already 

1403
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:45,800
too. 
Well, known maybe as Macedonian 

1404
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:48,600
background worked against him or
maybe there were personal 

1405
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:51,300
factors will never understand 
what, whatever the reason 

1406
01:12:51,300 --> 01:12:54,100
Aristotle found himself passed 
over for the position. 

1407
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:59,400
He'd spent 20 years preparing 
for So Aristotle did what any 

1408
01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:02,100
reasonable person would do when 
faced with professional 

1409
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:05,100
disappointment? 
He left Athens entirely and 

1410
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:07,400
began and entirely new chapter 
of his life. 

1411
01:13:07,400 --> 01:13:11,100
He was 37 years old, 
intellectually, mature, and 

1412
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:13,300
ready to chart his own course. 
What? 

1413
01:13:13,300 --> 01:13:16,100
He didn't know was that his best
work still lay ahead of him. 

1414
01:13:17,000 --> 01:13:20,100
Leaving Athens after 20 years, 
must have felt like leaving home

1415
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:23,700
even if that home had never 
quite accepted you as family 

1416
01:13:23,700 --> 01:13:27,000
Aristotle, traveled to ASOS A 
small City on the coast of 

1417
01:13:27,008 --> 01:13:29,900
what's now turkey, where a 
former fellow student named 

1418
01:13:29,900 --> 01:13:33,800
hermia's ruled as a local 
Tyrant, though tyrant. 

1419
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:37,500
In Greek, didn't necessarily 
mean bad ruler just Soul. 

1420
01:13:37,500 --> 01:13:39,800
Ruler. 
Which shows you how differently 

1421
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:42,000
ancient Greeks thought about 
political terminology? 

1422
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:45,600
Asos gave Aristotle something. 
He'd never really had before 

1423
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,600
freedom, to pursue his own 
philosophical Vision without 

1424
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:51,300
being in Plato Shadow. 
He established a small 

1425
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,600
philosophical School, gathered 
students and began to seriously 

1426
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:57,600
work out his own ideas. 
It was like being a musician, 

1427
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:00,900
who'd Apprentice with a master 
of a 20 years, and was finally 

1428
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:02,400
ready to compose their own 
music. 

1429
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:07,900
But Asos also gave Aristotle 
something, unexpected love he 

1430
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:10,600
married Pythias, who was either 
Hermes is Daughter, or niece 

1431
01:14:10,600 --> 01:14:14,200
sources, disagree, and ancient 
family trees on a touristy 

1432
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:16,800
difficult to untangle. 
What we do know is that 

1433
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:20,000
Aristotle seems to have 
genuinely loved her which is 

1434
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:22,100
worth noting. 
In a time when philosophical 

1435
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,000
marriages were often more about 
alliances that affection. 

1436
01:14:26,100 --> 01:14:29,400
The couple had a daughter also 
named pythius Aristotle, would 

1437
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:31,800
later write about marriage and 
family life with the kind of 

1438
01:14:31,800 --> 01:14:34,000
nuanced. 
Understanding that suggested his

1439
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,100
own experience, informed his 
philosophy, he understood that 

1440
01:14:37,100 --> 01:14:40,000
human flourishing wasn't just 
about abstract contemplation. 

1441
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:44,300
It was also about relationships 
love and the texture of daily 

1442
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:47,300
life. 
During his time in Asos and 

1443
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:50,700
later on the nearby Island of 
Lesbos Aristotle, began the 

1444
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:54,100
biological research that would 
occupy him for much of his life.

1445
01:14:54,100 --> 01:14:58,300
The Aegean Coast was perfect for
this tide pools full of sea 

1446
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:01,600
creatures forests with diverse 
plant life and Marine 

1447
01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:03,400
environments that changed with 
the seasons. 

1448
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:07,200
It was a living laboratory and 
Aristotle approached it with the

1449
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:10,000
systematic curiosity he'd 
inherited from his physician 

1450
01:15:10,000 --> 01:15:13,100
father. 
He would wade into tide pools 

1451
01:15:13,100 --> 01:15:16,300
examining starfish, and sea, 
urchins with the focus of a 

1452
01:15:16,300 --> 01:15:20,100
modern marine biologist he 
dissected squid, studied, 

1453
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,400
dolphins and observed, how 
different fish species spawned. 

1454
01:15:24,200 --> 01:15:27,900
He collected plants noted their 
characteristics and tried to 

1455
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:30,400
understand the patterns that 
connected different forms of 

1456
01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:33,000
life. 
It was Hands-On empirical work, 

1457
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:36,100
that would have made Plato, 
deeply uncomfortable, all these 

1458
01:15:36,100 --> 01:15:39,200
focus on the physical world. 
This belief that truth could be 

1459
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:41,700
found by getting your feet wet 
and your hands dirty. 

1460
01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:47,200
Aristotle was developing a 
method that combined observation

1461
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:50,000
with logical analysis. 
He would look at many examples 

1462
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:52,400
of something. 
Say, different types of fish 

1463
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:56,500
notice their similarities and 
differences and then try to work

1464
01:15:56,500 --> 01:15:58,600
out the principles. 
That explain these patterns. 

1465
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:00,500
It was the beginning of what we 
now. 

1466
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:03,500
Call the scientific method, 
though, Aristotle would have 

1467
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:05,200
just called it investigating 
nature. 

1468
01:16:06,100 --> 01:16:09,600
His biological observations, 
were remarkably accurate, he 

1469
01:16:09,600 --> 01:16:12,100
correctly described the 
development of chick embryos 

1470
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:16,000
inside eggs noted, that whales 
and dolphins are mammals, rather

1471
01:16:16,000 --> 01:16:19,000
than fish and documented 
hundreds of species with 

1472
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:20,800
Precision. 
That wouldn't be matched until 

1473
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:23,200
centuries. 
Later, some of his observations 

1474
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:25,700
were so detail that modern 
biologists, who have gone back 

1475
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:27,200
to check, have found them 
essentially. 

1476
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:32,300
Correct. 
But then in 343 BCE Aristotle, 

1477
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:34,200
received an invitation that 
would change his life. 

1478
01:16:34,200 --> 01:16:36,500
Again. 
Philip the second of Macedonia, 

1479
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:38,100
remember that Kingdom in the 
north? 

1480
01:16:38,100 --> 01:16:41,600
At sophisticated, Athenians 
looked down on had a teenage son

1481
01:16:41,600 --> 01:16:45,200
who needed to tutor. 
The son's name was Alexander and

1482
01:16:45,200 --> 01:16:47,100
Philip was willing to pay 
handsomely for the best 

1483
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:49,800
education money could buy for 
Aristotle. 

1484
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:51,800
This was both an opportunity and
a homecoming. 

1485
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:54,700
He would be returning to 
Macedonia, the land of his 

1486
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:57,600
childhood, but now, as a 
distinguished philosopher, 

1487
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:01,100
rather than an orphaned boy, 
more importantly, he would have 

1488
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:03,800
the chance to shape the mind of 
a young prince who might someday

1489
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,200
rule, Master Donya. 
Neither Philip nor Aristotle 

1490
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:09,500
could have imagined that this 
teenage student would become 

1491
01:17:09,500 --> 01:17:13,500
Alexander the Great conqueror of
the Persian Empire and creator 

1492
01:17:13,500 --> 01:17:15,500
of an Empire stretching from 
Greece to India. 

1493
01:17:15,500 --> 01:17:19,500
But for three years in a quiet 
Grove in Macedonia, one of 

1494
01:17:19,508 --> 01:17:22,400
History's Greatest Minds taught 
one of History's greatest 

1495
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:26,400
conquerors. 
Picture this your Aristotle. 

1496
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:30,000
A 40 year old philosopher, who 
spent your entire adult life, 

1497
01:17:30,000 --> 01:17:33,000
studying everything from ethics 
to zoology. 

1498
01:17:33,000 --> 01:17:35,500
And now, you've been hired to 
teach a headstrong. 

1499
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:38,700
Ambitious, 13 year old Prince, 
who's already been training with

1500
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:42,200
weapons and horses, whose grown 
up hearing stories of military 

1501
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:45,800
glory and who shows about as 
much interest in philosophical 

1502
01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:48,900
contemplation is most teenagers 
show in eating vegetables. 

1503
01:17:51,300 --> 01:17:55,100
The tutoring took place at Mesa 
a village in Macedonia where 

1504
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:57,300
Philip had established. 
Something like a private school 

1505
01:17:57,300 --> 01:17:59,800
for Alexander and a few select 
companions. 

1506
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:02,800
It was quieter than the Royal 
Court which was probably 

1507
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:06,000
essential for any serious 
studying and it had the kind of 

1508
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:09,100
natural surroundings that 
Aristotle loved for observing 

1509
01:18:09,100 --> 01:18:12,900
and collecting specimens. 
What did Aristotle teach a 

1510
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:15,800
future World Conqueror? 
We know, he introduced Alexander

1511
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:18,800
to home as Iliad which became 
the prince's favorite book. 

1512
01:18:18,800 --> 01:18:23,000
Alexander reportedly slept with 
a copy under his pillow along 

1513
01:18:23,000 --> 01:18:25,700
with a dagger, which tells you 
something about his priorities. 

1514
01:18:25,700 --> 01:18:28,200
The Iliad wasn't just 
entertainment. 

1515
01:18:28,200 --> 01:18:31,900
It was a manual on honor glory, 
and what it meant to be a hero 

1516
01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:35,100
in the Greek tradition, But 
Aristotle taught more than 

1517
01:18:35,108 --> 01:18:37,500
literature. 
He introduced Alexander to 

1518
01:18:37,500 --> 01:18:41,200
philosophy science medicine and 
the Greek ideal of Education as 

1519
01:18:41,200 --> 01:18:43,500
forming. 
The complete person body, mind 

1520
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:45,200
and character all developed in 
harmony. 

1521
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:47,800
He encouraged the young, 
Prince's curiosity about the 

1522
01:18:47,800 --> 01:18:51,100
natural world, his interest in 
different cultures and his 

1523
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:53,500
appreciation for knowledge of 
all kinds. 

1524
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:56,900
There's a wonderful image of 
Aristotle and his teenage 

1525
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:00,400
students Alexander and his 
companions. 

1526
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:03,600
Walking through the countryside,
discussing philosophy, while 

1527
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:07,300
observing plants and animals, it
combines everything Aristotle, 

1528
01:19:07,300 --> 01:19:12,400
loved intellectual conversation,
empirical observation and the 

1529
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:15,000
belief that education happens 
best when you're actively 

1530
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:17,700
engaged with the world rather 
than locked in a classroom. 

1531
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:21,800
Did Aristotle's teaching, 
actually, influence the man? 

1532
01:19:21,800 --> 01:19:24,500
Alexander became. 
It's hard to say for certain 

1533
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:27,500
Alexander the Conqueror, who 
swept across. 

1534
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:31,300
Asia wasn't exactly practicing. 
The moderate contemplative life 

1535
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:34,700
that Aristotle advocated in his 
ethics, he was more interested 

1536
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,700
in military Glory than 
philosophical wisdom, more 

1537
01:19:37,700 --> 01:19:40,600
concerned with conquest and with
the careful observation of 

1538
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:42,900
nature. 
But there are hints of 

1539
01:19:42,908 --> 01:19:46,400
Aristotle's influence Alexander,
founded cities throughout his 

1540
01:19:46,400 --> 01:19:48,300
Empire, and filled them with 
Greek culture. 

1541
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:52,400
Libraries theaters and schools. 
He collected Botanical and 

1542
01:19:52,400 --> 01:19:55,300
Zoological specimens during his 
campaigns and sent them back to 

1543
01:19:55,300 --> 01:19:58,400
Aristotle, supporting his, 
former teachers, scientific 

1544
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:00,800
research. 
He showed curiosity about the 

1545
01:20:00,800 --> 01:20:03,900
people, he conquered trying to 
understand their customs and 

1546
01:20:03,900 --> 01:20:06,800
incorporate them into his Empire
rather than simply destroying 

1547
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:10,300
them. their relationship was 
complicated like many 

1548
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:13,600
relationships between teachers 
and students who've gone in 

1549
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:17,400
different directions later when 
Alexander executed Aristotle's, 

1550
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:20,600
nephew these for alleged 
treason, it created a rift 

1551
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:24,700
between them Aristotle, had 
shown Alexander how to think But

1552
01:20:24,700 --> 01:20:27,000
he couldn't control what the 
young man thought about, or what

1553
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:30,100
he chose to do with his power. 
After three years, when 

1554
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:34,200
Alexander was 16, Philip decided
his son was ready for more 

1555
01:20:34,200 --> 01:20:37,300
practical education, namely 
learning to be a warrior and 

1556
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:39,400
leader. 
Aristotle's job was done. 

1557
01:20:40,200 --> 01:20:43,300
The tutor and his student would 
go, their separate ways one to 

1558
01:20:43,300 --> 01:20:46,100
conquer the Known World. 
The other to found a school and 

1559
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:47,800
revolutionize human 
understanding. 

1560
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:53,700
In 335 BCE at age 49 Aristotle 
returned to Athens. 

1561
01:20:53,700 --> 01:20:57,200
Alexander was now King Philip 
had been assassinated and 

1562
01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:59,500
beginning. 
His conquest of Persia Athens 

1563
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:03,100
was nervous about macedonia's 
growing power, but Aristotle's 

1564
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:04,700
connection to the Macedonian 
Court. 

1565
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:07,800
Actually gave him resources and 
protection that few other 

1566
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:11,800
philosophers enjoyed It was time
for Aristotle to do what he'd 

1567
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:14,300
been preparing for his entire 
adult life. 

1568
01:21:15,100 --> 01:21:18,200
Establishes own School, develop 
his own philosophical system, 

1569
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:21,200
and teach students according to 
his own Vision, rather than 

1570
01:21:21,200 --> 01:21:24,500
Plato's the intellectual 
Adventure was about to enter its

1571
01:21:24,500 --> 01:21:27,700
most productive phase. 
When Aristotle returned to 

1572
01:21:27,708 --> 01:21:33,400
Athens in 335 BCE, he couldn't 
return to Plato's Academy, it 

1573
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:36,500
had its own leadership and its 
own platonic tradition that 

1574
01:21:36,500 --> 01:21:40,200
Aristotle had largely rejected. 
So he did what any philosopher 

1575
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:41,800
with ambition and resources 
would do. 

1576
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:45,800
Founded his own School. 
The lyceum named after the 

1577
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:49,800
nearby Temple of Apollo lysias 
became Aristotle's intellectual 

1578
01:21:49,800 --> 01:21:52,500
home. 
For the next 12 years located in

1579
01:21:52,500 --> 01:21:55,900
a Grove just outside Athens. 
It was similar to the academy in

1580
01:21:55,900 --> 01:21:58,400
being a place where philosophers
gathered to study debate and 

1581
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,200
pursue knowledge. 
But in crucial ways it was 

1582
01:22:01,208 --> 01:22:03,300
completely different for one 
thing. 

1583
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:06,100
The lyceum was far more 
empirically focused. 

1584
01:22:06,100 --> 01:22:09,000
Where the academy emphasized 
mathematics and abstract 

1585
01:22:09,000 --> 01:22:13,000
reasoning that lyceum collected,
specimens dissected animals, 

1586
01:22:13,000 --> 01:22:17,100
gathered data and built what was
essentially the ancient world's 

1587
01:22:17,100 --> 01:22:19,200
first research Library 
Aristotle. 

1588
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:22,300
Wanted his students to study the
actual world not just 

1589
01:22:22,300 --> 01:22:23,900
contemplate. 
Perfect forms. 

1590
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:26,400
The school. 
Got the nickname peripatetic, 

1591
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:28,800
which comes from the Greek word 
for walking around. 

1592
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:31,900
This wasn't because they were 
Wanderers, or couldn't sit 

1593
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:34,800
still. 
It was because Aristotle liked 

1594
01:22:34,800 --> 01:22:37,200
to teach while strolling through
the covered walkways of the 

1595
01:22:37,200 --> 01:22:39,600
lyceum. 
There's something about walking 

1596
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:42,900
that helps thinking as if the 
physical movement somehow 

1597
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:45,000
facilitate intellectual movement
as well. 

1598
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:49,700
Imagine morning, lectures, where
Aristotle and his Advanced 

1599
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:52,600
students would walk slowly 
through the colonnade discussing

1600
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:56,100
complex philosophical questions 
while the less Advanced students

1601
01:22:56,100 --> 01:22:59,400
listened and tried to keep up. 
Both physically and 

1602
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:02,500
intellectually in the afternoons
Aristotle would give public 

1603
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,500
lectures on more accessible 
topics, drawing crowds of 

1604
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:08,200
interested Athenians, who wanted
to hear what This brilliant 

1605
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:09,900
Macedonian philosopher had to 
say. 

1606
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:13,300
The lyceum became a center for 
what we might call. 

1607
01:23:13,300 --> 01:23:16,100
Systematic research Aristotle, 
organized. 

1608
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,000
His students to collect and 
organize information on an 

1609
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:22,100
unprecedented scale. 
They gathered constitutions from

1610
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:26,300
158 different, Greek city-states
analyzing how different 

1611
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:29,200
political systems worked. 
They collected by biological 

1612
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:32,200
specimens up. 
A library of books and Scrolls 

1613
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,100
and created charts. 
And diagrams to organize 

1614
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:38,600
information, this was 
revolutionary before Aristotle. 

1615
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:41,500
Philosophy was largely about 
individual thinkers developing 

1616
01:23:41,500 --> 01:23:44,600
their own systems Aristotle, 
turned philosophy into something

1617
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:47,600
more like a research Enterprise 
with multiple people, working 

1618
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:51,400
together to gather data, test 
hypotheses and build cumulative 

1619
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:54,000
knowledge. 
The library at the lyceum was 

1620
01:23:54,000 --> 01:23:57,200
apparently extraordinary for its
time, Aristotle collected, not 

1621
01:23:57,200 --> 01:24:01,200
just philosophical works, but 
texts on every subject, history 

1622
01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:04,600
medicine, drama politics and 
Natural Science. 

1623
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:08,800
He understood that to think, 
clearly about any topic you 

1624
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:11,600
needed to know what others have 
thought before you, it was an 

1625
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:14,000
early version of the research 
Library concept that would 

1626
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:16,400
become essential to University 
centuries, later? 

1627
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,100
During his morning sessions 
Aristotle would address. 

1628
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:22,300
The more technical aspects of 
his philosophy. 

1629
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:24,500
These weren't casual 
conversations. 

1630
01:24:24,500 --> 01:24:27,200
They were rigorous systematic 
explorations of difficult 

1631
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:29,400
questions. 
How do we gain knowledge? 

1632
01:24:29,400 --> 01:24:33,100
What is the nature of reality? 
What makes an action? 

1633
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:36,000
Ethical, how should societies be
organized? 

1634
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:39,600
Aristotle approach these 
questions differently than Plato

1635
01:24:39,600 --> 01:24:41,500
had. 
Instead of starting with 

1636
01:24:41,500 --> 01:24:44,900
abstract principles and deducing
conclusions, he would often 

1637
01:24:44,900 --> 01:24:47,800
start with observations and work
his way toward principles. 

1638
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:50,500
He believed that philosophy 
should be grounded in how the 

1639
01:24:50,508 --> 01:24:53,500
world actually works. 
Not in how we might wish it to 

1640
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:55,300
work in some perfect realm of 
forms. 

1641
01:24:56,300 --> 01:24:59,400
His teaching method involved, 
what we might call collaborative

1642
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:03,000
inquiry, he would raise a 
question, examine, what previous

1643
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:06,100
thinkers had said about it, 
like, identify the difficulties 

1644
01:25:06,100 --> 01:25:09,000
with their answers and then 
worked toward his own solution, 

1645
01:25:09,000 --> 01:25:12,700
always testing his ideas against
observations and Common Sense. 

1646
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:16,800
The atmosphere at the ICM must 
have been intense, but also 

1647
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:20,500
collaborative students were just
passively absorbing Aristotle's 

1648
01:25:20,500 --> 01:25:22,600
wisdom. 
They were actively engaged in 

1649
01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:26,000
research debate and the 
collective pursuit of knowledge.

1650
01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:29,600
Some were dissecting animals and
examining their organs. 

1651
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,700
Others were studying plant life,
or collecting information about 

1652
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:35,400
different governments. 
Still others were working 

1653
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,000
through logical problems or 
ethical questions Aristotle 

1654
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:40,800
himself was incredibly 
productive. 

1655
01:25:40,800 --> 01:25:44,400
During these years, he wrote on 
an astonishing range of topics. 

1656
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:48,600
Physics metaphysics, ethics 
politics, Poetics, rhetoric 

1657
01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:52,400
biology and psychology. 
His Works weren't written in the

1658
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:55,600
polished literary style of 
Plato's dialogues, they read 

1659
01:25:55,600 --> 01:25:58,400
more like lecture notes or 
research papers dense with 

1660
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:00,400
argument and packed with 
observations. 

1661
01:26:01,100 --> 01:26:04,200
This wasn't because Aristotle 
Couldn't Write well his lost 

1662
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:06,400
dialogues were apparently 
beautifully written. 

1663
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:08,800
It's because what survived were 
his working. 

1664
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:12,400
Texts the materials he used for 
teaching and research rather 

1665
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:15,300
than for public consumption. 
It's like the difference between

1666
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:18,600
a professor's polished textbook 
and their lecture notes, the 

1667
01:26:18,600 --> 01:26:21,400
notes are rougher but often 
contain more of the real 

1668
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:25,200
thinking The lyceum attracted 
students from throughout the 

1669
01:26:25,200 --> 01:26:28,400
Greek world and Beyond some came
because of Aristotle's 

1670
01:26:28,400 --> 01:26:31,500
connection to Alexander who was 
now, Conquering the Persian 

1671
01:26:31,500 --> 01:26:34,200
Empire and making Macedonia. 
The dominant power in the 

1672
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:37,200
Mediterranean World. 
Others came because the lyceum 

1673
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,300
represented, something new in 
educational, not just learning 

1674
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:42,700
to think. 
But learning to observe analyze 

1675
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:44,800
and understand the natural and 
human world. 

1676
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:49,800
For 12 years Aristotle, led the 
lyceum in this systematic 

1677
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:53,100
investigation of reality. 
It was the most productive 

1678
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:56,700
period of his intellectual life.
When he synthesized everything 

1679
01:26:56,700 --> 01:26:59,700
he'd learned into comprehensive 
philosophical and scientific 

1680
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:03,000
systems, that would influence 
human thought for the next two 

1681
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:06,500
millennia. 
But this productive period was 

1682
01:27:06,500 --> 01:27:09,300
about to end in a way that must 
have felt painfully familiar to 

1683
01:27:09,300 --> 01:27:12,200
Aristotle. 
Once again, political events 

1684
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:15,600
would force him to leave Athens 
once again, demonstrating that 

1685
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:18,400
philosophers. 
However wise cannot escape the 

1686
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:23,800
tumultuous currents of History. 
Before we discuss how 

1687
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,100
Aristotle's time in Athens ended
let's explore what made his 

1688
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:30,000
approach to knowledge. 
So revolutionary because this is

1689
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:31,900
really the heart of Aristotle's 
Legacy. 

1690
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:35,500
Not any single Discovery, but a 
whole new way of thinking about 

1691
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:39,300
how we understand the world. 
Settle back into your cushions 

1692
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:42,500
as we dive into philosophy, but 
I promised to keep it relaxed 

1693
01:27:42,500 --> 01:27:45,600
and avoid the kind of dense 
jargon that makes most people's 

1694
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:48,300
eyes. 
Glaze over Aristotle's ideas at 

1695
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:51,200
their core are actually quite 
practical and grounded in common

1696
01:27:51,200 --> 01:27:53,800
sense. 
Remember how Plato believed that

1697
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,300
true knowledge came from 
contemplating perfect Eternal 

1698
01:27:57,300 --> 01:28:00,300
forms that exist in some realm 
beyond the physical world 

1699
01:28:00,300 --> 01:28:04,700
Aristotle looked at this Theory 
and essentially said Beautiful. 

1700
01:28:04,700 --> 01:28:07,600
But it doesn't help us 
understand the actual world we 

1701
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:10,100
live in. 
If you want to understand horses

1702
01:28:10,100 --> 01:28:13,300
you don't contemplate the 
perfect form of hoarseness, you 

1703
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:17,000
go observe actual horses. 
This might seem obvious to us 

1704
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:19,900
now but it was Radical, then 
Aristotle was saying that the 

1705
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:22,200
physical world isn't just 
imperfect copies of something 

1706
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:24,800
better. 
It's real and worth studying for

1707
01:28:24,800 --> 01:28:27,300
its own sake. 
That tree outside your window 

1708
01:28:27,300 --> 01:28:29,600
isn't a poor imitation of some 
perfect tree form. 

1709
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:33,100
It's an actual tree with its own
nature and you can learn about 

1710
01:28:33,100 --> 01:28:36,700
trees by examining it. 
Aristotle developed what we call

1711
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:38,600
an empirical approach to 
knowledge. 

1712
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:42,100
Empirical just means based on 
observation and experience. 

1713
01:28:42,900 --> 01:28:45,700
He believed that knowledge 
begins with our sense is what we

1714
01:28:45,700 --> 01:28:50,000
see. 
Hear touch taste and smell these

1715
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:53,600
Sensations give us a raw data 
about the world which are Minds 

1716
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:57,800
then process into understanding.
Startled wasn't naive about 

1717
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:00,000
this. 
He knew that senses can be 

1718
01:29:00,008 --> 01:29:02,700
deceived and that appearances 
can be misleading. 

1719
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:06,700
His solution was to combine 
observation, with reason to look

1720
01:29:06,700 --> 01:29:10,000
carefully at many examples, 
notice patterns and use logic to

1721
01:29:10,000 --> 01:29:12,400
work out the principles, 
underlying, what we observe. 

1722
01:29:13,300 --> 01:29:17,000
His biological work shows this 
method perfectly he didn't just 

1723
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:18,900
look at one dolphin and declare 
he understood. 

1724
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:22,400
All dolphins, he examined many 
dolphins, dissected them 

1725
01:29:22,408 --> 01:29:26,300
observed, their behavior talk to
fishermen about what they'd seen

1726
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:28,800
and gradually built up a 
comprehensive understanding. 

1727
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:32,600
It was painstaking, systemic 
work, that required, patience 

1728
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:36,000
and attention to detail. 
Aristotle, organized knowledge. 

1729
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:39,500
In ways that still influence how
we think he Created the first 

1730
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:43,100
system for classifying living 
things grouping organisms by 

1731
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:46,200
their shared characteristics. 
His categories weren't always 

1732
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:50,100
perfect by modern standards but 
the underlying method observed 

1733
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:52,900
similarities and differences 
group things accordingly. 

1734
01:29:52,900 --> 01:29:56,600
Look for the principles that 
explain the patterns is still 

1735
01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:59,500
how biological classification 
works today. 

1736
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:03,400
He applied the same systematic 
approach to other areas in 

1737
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,300
ethics. 
He observed how people actually 

1738
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:06,900
live and what seems to make them
happy. 

1739
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:09,700
Then worked out principles for 
good living based on these 

1740
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:13,500
observations in politics. 
He study 158 different 

1741
01:30:13,500 --> 01:30:15,400
governments. 
Noting what worked? 

1742
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:18,700
And what didn't Building a 
political science grounded in 

1743
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:21,400
actual experience, rather than 
abstract ideals. 

1744
01:30:22,800 --> 01:30:26,500
Aristotle's concept of causation
was particularly influential. 

1745
01:30:26,500 --> 01:30:29,000
He argued that a truly 
understand something. 

1746
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:32,800
You need to understand four 
different types of causes take a

1747
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:35,000
bronze statue. 
As an example, the material 

1748
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:38,500
causes the bronze itself. 
What it's made of the formal 

1749
01:30:38,500 --> 01:30:41,400
cause is the shape, the design 
of the statue. 

1750
01:30:41,400 --> 01:30:45,000
The efficient causes the 
sculptor who made it and the 

1751
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:48,000
final cause is its purpose. 
Why it was made. 

1752
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:51,800
This framework might seem 
complicated at first, but it's 

1753
01:30:51,800 --> 01:30:54,100
actually quite intuitive when 
you ask. 

1754
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:58,400
Why is this statue here you 
might mean, what is it made of, 

1755
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:01,700
or who made it, or what's it 
for? 

1756
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:05,400
Aristotle recognized these as 
different types of questions, 

1757
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,800
that all contribute to complete.
Understanding his emphasis on 

1758
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:12,500
Final cause is on purpose. 
And function, was a specialty 

1759
01:31:12,500 --> 01:31:15,600
important for biology Aristotle.
Understood that you can't fully 

1760
01:31:15,600 --> 01:31:18,000
understand all good and 
organism, without understanding 

1761
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:20,800
what it's for. 
The heart makes sense when you 

1762
01:31:20,800 --> 01:31:23,600
understand its for pumping blood
eyes, make sense. 

1763
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:26,500
When you understand their 
foreseeing, everything in nature

1764
01:31:26,500 --> 01:31:29,900
exists for a reason, serving 
some purpose in the organisms 

1765
01:31:29,900 --> 01:31:34,000
life, Now Aristotle sometimes 
took this teleological thinking 

1766
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:36,400
too far. 
He assumed that everything has a

1767
01:31:36,408 --> 01:31:39,500
purpose assigned by nature which
isn't quite how Evolution 

1768
01:31:39,500 --> 01:31:42,300
actually works. 
But his Instinct the function 

1769
01:31:42,300 --> 01:31:45,100
and purpose are essential to 
understanding was fundamentally 

1770
01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:48,800
sound Modern Biology. 
Still asks, what is this for? 

1771
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:51,300
Even if it answers that 
question, in terms of 

1772
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:55,400
evolutionary Advantage rather 
than inherent purpose, In logic 

1773
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,900
Aristotle literally invented 
formal logic as a discipline. 

1774
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:01,700
He developed the syllogism that 
method of reasoning. 

1775
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:04,000
Where you start with two 
premises and derive a 

1776
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:06,100
conclusion? 
All men are mortal. 

1777
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:11,000
Socrates is a man. 
Therefore Socrates is Mortal, it

1778
01:32:11,000 --> 01:32:13,900
sounds simple, but Aristotle. 
Systematically worked out all 

1779
01:32:13,900 --> 01:32:17,400
the valid and invalid forms of 
this kind of reasoning creating 

1780
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:20,000
a tool for checking whether 
arguments actually make sense. 

1781
01:32:21,100 --> 01:32:23,500
For over 2000 years, 
Aristotle's. 

1782
01:32:23,500 --> 01:32:25,300
Logic was essentially all of 
logic. 

1783
01:32:25,300 --> 01:32:28,500
It wasn't until the 19th century
that mathematicians developed 

1784
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:31,500
forms of logical reasoning that 
went beyond what Aristotle had 

1785
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:33,500
created. 
That's an extraordinary 

1786
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:37,100
intellectual achievement 
creating a system so robust that

1787
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:39,300
it remains, fundamentally sound 
for millennia. 

1788
01:32:40,300 --> 01:32:43,500
Aristotle's, ethics emphasized 
something, he called eudaimonia 

1789
01:32:43,500 --> 01:32:48,600
usually translated as happiness 
or flourishing but he didn't 

1790
01:32:48,600 --> 01:32:50,500
mean momentary, pleasure or 
simple, contentment. 

1791
01:32:50,500 --> 01:32:52,800
He meant living. 
Well in the fullest sense, 

1792
01:32:52,800 --> 01:32:57,600
developing your capacities 
acting virtuously engaging with 

1793
01:32:57,600 --> 01:32:59,700
your community and using your 
reason. 

1794
01:32:59,700 --> 01:33:05,400
Well, The key to you, demonia 
Aristotle, argued is virtue but 

1795
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:09,100
virtue understood as a kind of 
skill or Excellence that you 

1796
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:12,200
develop through, practice, 
courage, isn't something you're 

1797
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:14,200
born with. 
It's something you cultivate by 

1798
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:16,400
repeatedly facing your fears 
appropriately. 

1799
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:20,000
Generosity is a habit, you 
developed by practicing giving. 

1800
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,600
Well, every virtue lies between 
two extremes, courage, between 

1801
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:28,600
cowardice and recklessness 
generosity between stinginess 

1802
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:32,300
and wastefulness. 
This is practical, ethics 

1803
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:36,300
grounded in how people actually 
become good rather than abstract

1804
01:33:36,300 --> 01:33:39,300
theories about moral perfection 
Aristotle. 

1805
01:33:39,300 --> 01:33:41,900
Understood that becoming a good 
person is like learning to play 

1806
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:45,000
an instrument, it requires 
practice, guidance, and the 

1807
01:33:45,008 --> 01:33:46,700
formation of good habits over 
time. 

1808
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:51,300
In all these areas, biology 
logic, ethics politics, 

1809
01:33:51,300 --> 01:33:53,200
Aristotle's. 
Method was similar. 

1810
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:57,600
Start with careful. 
Observation notice patterns work

1811
01:33:57,600 --> 01:33:59,700
out. 
Underlying principles, test 

1812
01:33:59,700 --> 01:34:03,600
these printables against further
observations and build systemic 

1813
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:06,000
understanding. 
It was the birth of organized 

1814
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:07,800
science and systematic 
philosophy. 

1815
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:10,800
Even though Aristotle wouldn't 
have recognized those as 

1816
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:14,300
separate disciplines. 
What made Aristotle's approach. 

1817
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:17,300
So revolutionary was this 
combination of respect for 

1818
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:19,500
empirical observation, with 
confidence. 

1819
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:23,300
In human reason, he believed we 
could understand the world, not 

1820
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:26,300
through divine revelation, not 
through pure mathematics 

1821
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:29,000
divorced from reality. 
But through the careful 

1822
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,200
systematic application of our 
observational and rational 

1823
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:37,200
faculties this was optimistic 
without being naive, empirical 

1824
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:39,800
without being merely fat 
collecting and systematic 

1825
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:42,100
without being rigid. 
It was a vision of human 

1826
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:44,700
knowledge as something. 
We build gradually, collectively

1827
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:47,900
through careful, attention to 
reality and rigorous thinking 

1828
01:34:47,900 --> 01:34:51,600
about what we observe. 
And now with your Taps growing, 

1829
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:55,100
cold in your eyelids, perhaps 
growing heavy, we need to see 

1830
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:58,700
how Aristotle story ends because
even the greatest philosophers 

1831
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:02,100
cannot entirely control the 
historical currents that sweep 

1832
01:35:02,100 --> 01:35:06,200
them along. 
In 323 BCE news. 

1833
01:35:06,200 --> 01:35:08,200
Reached Athens that would change
everything. 

1834
01:35:08,200 --> 01:35:12,400
Alexander, the Great had died in
Babylon at the age of 32. 

1835
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:15,700
The Empire, he built with 
astonishing speed was already 

1836
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:18,900
fracturing as his generals 
fought over the pieces and in 

1837
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:22,000
Athens anti Macedonian sentiment
that had been simmering for 

1838
01:35:22,000 --> 01:35:24,600
years. 
Suddenly boiled over Aristotle 

1839
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:26,400
found himself in an impossible 
position. 

1840
01:35:26,400 --> 01:35:30,600
He was Macedonian by birth had 
been Alexander's tutor and 

1841
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:33,200
maintained close connections to 
the Macedonian Court. 

1842
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:39,100
For 12 to tolerated his presence
because macedonia's power made 

1843
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:42,200
it necessary, but with Alexander
dead Macedonia. 

1844
01:35:42,200 --> 01:35:46,000
Temporarily weakened old, 
resentments surfaced Someone 

1845
01:35:46,000 --> 01:35:49,300
brought charges of impiety 
against Aristotle, the same 

1846
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:51,900
charge that had been used 
against Socrates a century 

1847
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:53,900
earlier. 
The specific accusation was 

1848
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,300
something about honoring a 
friend in ways reserved for 

1849
01:35:56,300 --> 01:35:59,500
Gods, which sounds technical, 
but was really just a pretext, 

1850
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:03,100
the real issue was politics 
Aristotle represented. 

1851
01:36:03,100 --> 01:36:06,500
Macedonia and Athens wanted to 
strike back at Macedonia. 

1852
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:11,100
However, it could Aristotle. 
Now, 61 years old and having 

1853
01:36:11,100 --> 01:36:14,800
watched Socrates, fate unfold 
from his prison cell, made a 

1854
01:36:14,800 --> 01:36:17,600
different Choice. 
He decided not to stay in face 

1855
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:21,300
trial, according to tradition, 
he said he wouldn't let Athens 

1856
01:36:21,300 --> 01:36:25,200
sin twice against philosophy, a 
reference to Socrates execution.

1857
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:28,500
So he left Athens turning over 
the lyceum to a student 

1858
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:31,800
theophrastus and retired to 
Cassis his mother's home town. 

1859
01:36:33,900 --> 01:36:38,700
Think about what this meant. 
For 12 years Aristotle, had the 

1860
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:42,700
lyceum in to the ancient world, 
Premier Research institution, he

1861
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:44,800
had gathered an incredible 
Library trained. 

1862
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,400
Brilliant, students and created 
systematic, approaches to nearly

1863
01:36:48,400 --> 01:36:51,800
every field of knowledge and now
because of politics he couldn't 

1864
01:36:51,800 --> 01:36:53,700
control. 
He had to walk away from it, all

1865
01:36:53,700 --> 01:36:56,900
in Chelsea's Aristotle, lived 
quietly for about a year. 

1866
01:36:57,600 --> 01:36:59,900
We don't know much about this 
final period of his life. 

1867
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:03,800
He was likely working on his 
writings, perhaps, revising, an 

1868
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:05,800
organizing. 
The vast body of work, he'd 

1869
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:08,400
produced over his lifetime. 
He may have been suffering from 

1870
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,800
some illness ancient sources. 
Mentioned stomach problems, 

1871
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:15,000
which given ancient medicines 
limitations could have meant 

1872
01:37:15,000 --> 01:37:19,400
almost anything In recent 22 BCE
just one year. 

1873
01:37:19,400 --> 01:37:23,200
After leaving Athens Aristotle 
died at the age of 62. 

1874
01:37:23,200 --> 01:37:27,400
It wasn't a dramatic death like 
Socrates execution or a 

1875
01:37:27,400 --> 01:37:29,500
mysterious one like Alexander's 
early demise. 

1876
01:37:29,500 --> 01:37:32,700
It was simply the end of a life 
that had been by any measure 

1877
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:36,400
extraordinarily productive in 
influential, Aristotle left 

1878
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,800
behind his daughter, Pythias his
wife of the same name had died 

1879
01:37:39,800 --> 01:37:43,200
years earlier and he later had a
relationship with a woman named 

1880
01:37:43,200 --> 01:37:45,500
her pillows with whom. 
He had a son named nicomachus, 

1881
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:48,600
his will, which survived shows 
him was a thoughtful. 

1882
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,700
Caring person who made 
Provisions for his family, his 

1883
01:37:51,700 --> 01:37:55,600
slaves, who he freed and even 
his concubines future. 

1884
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:58,700
It's a touching document that 
reveals the human side of this 

1885
01:37:58,700 --> 01:38:02,700
towering intellect but more 
importantly he left behind an 

1886
01:38:02,700 --> 01:38:05,200
intellectual Legacy. 
That would shape human thought 

1887
01:38:05,200 --> 01:38:09,300
for the next 2000 years. 
His works or rather the lecture 

1888
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:12,000
notes and research texts that 
survived were preserved and 

1889
01:38:12,000 --> 01:38:14,300
eventually edited by scholars in
later centuries. 

1890
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:17,300
They became the foundation for 
Education throughout the 

1891
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,200
Mediterranean world and 
eventually throughout Medieval 

1892
01:38:20,200 --> 01:38:23,000
Europe. 
Now comes one of the most 

1893
01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:25,200
fascinating parts of Aristotle, 
story. 

1894
01:38:25,200 --> 01:38:29,100
Not what he did during his life,
but what happened to his ideas 

1895
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:32,300
after his death, because unlike 
many philosophers whose 

1896
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:35,000
influence Fades with time. 
Aristotle's impact actually, 

1897
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:38,000
grew over the centuries. 
Spreading far beyond the Greek 

1898
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:40,600
world. 
He knew After Aristotle's, 

1899
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:43,400
death, his writings were 
preserved by the lyceum under 

1900
01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:46,900
theophrastus is leadership, but 
they weren't immediately famous 

1901
01:38:46,900 --> 01:38:49,100
throughout the ancient world. 
For several. 

1902
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,900
Centuries Aristotle was known, 
more for his published dialogues

1903
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:54,600
works. 
That haven't survived and for 

1904
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:58,400
the dense technical treatises. 
We now have then came a strange 

1905
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:01,200
period where Aristotle's Works 
apparently disappeared from 

1906
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:03,600
circulation. 
According to tradition, they 

1907
01:39:03,600 --> 01:39:06,300
were hidden in a Cellar in Asia 
Minor to protect them from being

1908
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:09,100
seized where they suffered 
damage from moisture and 

1909
01:39:09,100 --> 01:39:11,700
insects. 
Whether this story is entirely 

1910
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:15,500
true or partly Legend, we do 
know that Aristotle's Major 

1911
01:39:15,500 --> 01:39:18,000
Works were relatively unknown 
for a couple of centuries. 

1912
01:39:19,600 --> 01:39:23,100
In the first century BCE The 
Scholar named andronicus of 

1913
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,600
Rhodes, collected, and edited 
Aristotle's, writings organizing

1914
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:29,100
them into the form. 
We know day, this wasn't just 

1915
01:39:29,100 --> 01:39:32,200
filing papers, it was an act of 
reconstruction and 

1916
01:39:32,200 --> 01:39:35,000
interpretation that shaped how 
we read Aristotle, the 

1917
01:39:35,000 --> 01:39:37,700
arrangement of his works, the 
way their grouped and titled 

1918
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:40,900
comes largely from andronicus is
editorial decisions. 

1919
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:43,500
As Rome became the 
mediterranean's, dominant power,

1920
01:39:43,500 --> 01:39:45,900
Greek, philosophy. 
Spread throughout the Empire. 

1921
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:48,800
Aristotle's Works became Central
to higher education. 

1922
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,300
Young Romans who wanted 
philosophical training studied 

1923
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:54,400
Aristotle, along with Plato and 
the stoics. 

1924
01:39:54,400 --> 01:39:57,700
His logic became the standard 
method for teaching reasoning 

1925
01:39:57,700 --> 01:40:00,700
and his ethics of framework for 
thinking about the good life. 

1926
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:04,000
But Aristotle's, most 
significant Journey was Yet to 

1927
01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:07,200
Come As the Roman Empire 
declined and eventually fell in 

1928
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:10,000
the west much of Greek learning 
was lost in Europe. 

1929
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:13,300
The sophisticated intellectual 
culture that had produced and 

1930
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:15,800
preserved Aristotle's, Works 
crumbled, a city. 

1931
01:40:15,800 --> 01:40:19,800
Shrank trade declined and 
literacy became increasingly 

1932
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,700
rare outside monasteries. 
However, Aristotle's Works 

1933
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:25,800
survived in the Eastern Roman 
Empire. 

1934
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,400
What we call the Byzantine 
Empire centered on 

1935
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:31,800
Constantinople. 
These Scholars continue to read 

1936
01:40:31,800 --> 01:40:34,000
copy and study Aristotle in 
Greek. 

1937
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:37,000
Meanwhile, something 
extraordinary was happening 

1938
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:40,500
further east Islamic scholars in
the expanding Arab world 

1939
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:43,700
encountered Aristotle's works 
and recognized their value 

1940
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:46,300
immediately. 
Beginning in the 8th Century CE,

1941
01:40:46,300 --> 01:40:49,500
a massive translation movement 
began in Baghdad and other 

1942
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:52,000
centers of Islamic learning 
Aristotle's. 

1943
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,100
Treatises were translated from 
Greek into Arabic Often by 

1944
01:40:55,100 --> 01:40:57,200
Christian Scholars, working in 
Muslim courts. 

1945
01:40:57,900 --> 01:41:01,000
Islamic philosophers, like 
alfarabi have a Cena and 

1946
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:03,500
averroes didn't just translate 
Aristotle. 

1947
01:41:03,500 --> 01:41:07,800
They engaged with his ideas 
wrote extensive commentaries and

1948
01:41:07,800 --> 01:41:09,700
integrated. 
His philosophy with Islamic 

1949
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:13,000
theology in science. 
A verification, such an 

1950
01:41:13,000 --> 01:41:15,100
important interpreter of 
Aristotle that medieval 

1951
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:18,600
Europeans, would later call him 
simply the commentator while 

1952
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:22,500
Aristotle was the philosopher, 
This Islamic engagement with 

1953
01:41:22,500 --> 01:41:25,900
Aristotle preserved his works 
and developed his ideas in ways 

1954
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:28,500
that would prove crucial for 
European intellectual history. 

1955
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:31,900
When Europe began to recover 
economically and culturally in 

1956
01:41:31,900 --> 01:41:34,900
the 11th and 12th, centuries, 
Scholars, rediscovered 

1957
01:41:34,900 --> 01:41:38,800
Aristotle, but often through 
Arabic translation and Islamic 

1958
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:41,800
commentaries rather than 
directly from Greek sources. 

1959
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:46,000
The reintroduction of Aristotle 
to Western Europe was like, 

1960
01:41:46,000 --> 01:41:48,400
injecting intellectual 
electricity into a system that 

1961
01:41:48,400 --> 01:41:51,600
had been running on minimal 
power suddenly European 

1962
01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:55,100
scholars, had access to systemic
treatments of logic Natural 

1963
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:57,700
Science, ethics, and 
metaphysics. 

1964
01:41:57,700 --> 01:42:00,300
That far exceeded anything 
available in Latin. 

1965
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,100
It was like upgrading from a 
basic tool set to a fully 

1966
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:06,400
equipped Workshop. 
But this created a problem, much

1967
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,100
of Aristotle's philosophy, 
particularly his ideas, about 

1968
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:12,100
the eternity of the world, and 
the nature of the Soul seemed to

1969
01:42:12,108 --> 01:42:15,800
conflict with Christian theology
Church authorities were unsure 

1970
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:18,400
whether this Pagan Greek 
philosopher from ancient times 

1971
01:42:18,400 --> 01:42:20,400
should be taught in Christian 
universities. 

1972
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:25,500
Enter Thomas Aquinas a 13th 
century Dominican Friar who 

1973
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:28,200
accomplished one of the great 
intellectual syntheses in 

1974
01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:31,300
Western history. 
Aquinas carefully, worked 

1975
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:34,000
through our startles philosophy,
showing how it could be 

1976
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:35,800
reconciled with Christian 
doctrine. 

1977
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:38,500
He distinguished between what 
reason could discover 

1978
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,900
Aristotle's domain and what 
required, divine revelation, 

1979
01:42:41,900 --> 01:42:45,400
theology is domain creating a 
framework where both could 

1980
01:42:45,400 --> 01:42:48,400
co-exist. 
Aquinas is achievement meant 

1981
01:42:48,400 --> 01:42:51,200
that Aristotle, became Central 
to Medieval University 

1982
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:55,500
educational students, learned 
Aileen logic physics, ethics and

1983
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:58,200
metaphysics, as the foundation 
for their studies, the 

1984
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:00,600
University of Paris Oxford 
Cambridge. 

1985
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:03,600
All the great medieval 
universities made Aristotle, the

1986
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:07,200
core of their curriculum The 
several centuries Aristotle's 

1987
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:11,400
Authority was so great that 
Aristotle said so was considered

1988
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,100
a sufficient argument to settle 
most questions. 

1989
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:17,600
This led to some absurdities 
Scholars were debate. 

1990
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:20,600
How many teeth a horse has by 
analyzing what Aristotle wrote 

1991
01:43:20,600 --> 01:43:23,500
rather than you know just 
counting a horses teeth 

1992
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:27,300
Aristotle himself who emphasized
observation would have been 

1993
01:43:27,300 --> 01:43:31,200
appalled. the Scientific 
Revolution of the 16th and 17th 

1994
01:43:31,200 --> 01:43:34,900
centuries involved in many ways,
overthrowing Aristotelian, 

1995
01:43:34,900 --> 01:43:38,500
physics and cosmology, Galileo's
experiments, contradicted 

1996
01:43:38,500 --> 01:43:42,000
Aristotle's, claims about motion
Harvey's discovery of blood 

1997
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,800
circulation contradicted 
Aristotle in physiology, 

1998
01:43:44,800 --> 01:43:48,600
Newton's physics replaced, 
Aristotelian, explanation of how

1999
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:52,300
things move, but interestingly, 
even a scientist rejected, 

2000
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,500
Aristotle specific conclusions, 
they often kept his method. 

2001
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:59,100
The emphasis on observation, the
search for causes and the 

2002
01:43:59,100 --> 01:44:01,300
systematic organization of 
knowledge. 

2003
01:44:01,300 --> 01:44:05,500
Modern science isn't a statilia,
but its arguably descended from 

2004
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:07,600
Aristotle's approach to 
investigating nature. 

2005
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:11,800
Today, you might think Aristotle
is just a historical curiosity, 

2006
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:15,800
relevant only to Scholars, 
studying ancient philosophy, but

2007
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:17,900
is influenced persists and 
surprising ways. 

2008
01:44:17,900 --> 01:44:21,300
Every time you use formal logic,
you're using tools Aristotle 

2009
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,500
developed when you think about, 
ethics in terms of character and

2010
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:26,100
virtue. 
Rather than just rules. 

2011
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:30,300
You're thinking in Aristotelian 
terms, when scientists classify 

2012
01:44:30,300 --> 01:44:33,600
organisms or analyze functions. 
They're following procedures 

2013
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:36,700
Aristotle. 
Pioneered His political science 

2014
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:40,900
is analysis, of poetry and drama
his psychology and his 

2015
01:44:40,900 --> 01:44:42,700
understanding of how we form 
Concepts. 

2016
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:46,800
All of these continued to 
influence how we think often 

2017
01:44:46,800 --> 01:44:50,100
with our realizing it Aristotle 
is like the foundation of a 

2018
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:53,100
building you live in. 
You don't usually notice it but 

2019
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:56,500
everything rests on it. 
As your team grows cold and the 

2020
01:44:56,508 --> 01:44:59,900
hour grows late, let's consider 
what Aristotle's, life and work 

2021
01:44:59,900 --> 01:45:02,900
mean for us today because this 
isn't just ancient history. 

2022
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:06,100
It's about how we understand the
world and our place in it. 

2023
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:10,500
Aristotle gave us something 
fundamental confidence that the 

2024
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:13,100
world is knowable through 
careful observation and clear 

2025
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:16,100
thinking before him. 
Many people thought true 

2026
01:45:16,100 --> 01:45:18,800
knowledge, required mystical 
Insight or divine revelation 

2027
01:45:18,800 --> 01:45:21,300
after him. 
It became possible to believe 

2028
01:45:21,300 --> 01:45:24,400
that ordinary human beings using
their senses. 

2029
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,500
And their reason could genuinely
understand reality. 

2030
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:30,100
This is such a basic assumption 
for us. 

2031
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,300
That we barely notice it when 
you wonder how something works 

2032
01:45:33,300 --> 01:45:36,200
and decide to look it up or 
experiment to find out your 

2033
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:39,700
operating on Aristotle and 
principles, the idea that we can

2034
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:42,500
figure things out by observing 
carefully and thinking clearly 

2035
01:45:42,500 --> 01:45:47,000
that's Aristotle's Legacy. 
His emphasis on studying actual 

2036
01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:50,000
things in the actual World 
rather than abstract Perfections

2037
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:52,200
influence the entire development
of science. 

2038
01:45:52,200 --> 01:45:55,700
Yes, scientists have rejected, 
many of his specific 

2039
01:45:55,700 --> 01:45:59,900
conclusions, his physics, his 
astronomy and his chemistry were

2040
01:45:59,900 --> 01:46:03,200
wrong in important ways. 
But his method of systematic, 

2041
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:06,700
observation, careful, 
classification, and looking for 

2042
01:46:06,700 --> 01:46:09,500
underlying principles. 
That's still how science Works 

2043
01:46:09,500 --> 01:46:13,000
Aristotle's virtue, ethics has 
seen her a remarkable Revival in

2044
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:16,000
recent decades, modern 
philosophers rediscovered, that 

2045
01:46:16,000 --> 01:46:20,200
his approach to ethics focusing 
on character habits, and human 

2046
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:23,600
flourishing rather than just 
rules and duties, addresses 

2047
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:27,800
aspects of moral life that other
ethical theories Miss How do we 

2048
01:46:27,808 --> 01:46:30,300
become good people? 
What does it mean to live? 

2049
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:32,500
Well, these are astonishing 
questions. 

2050
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:35,100
Feel more relevant to many 
people than abstract debates 

2051
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,800
about moral principles. 
His political science with its 

2052
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:41,900
careful analysis of different 
forms of government and what 

2053
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:44,600
makes them work or fail, still 
informs. 

2054
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,700
Political theory is 
understanding that politics 

2055
01:46:47,700 --> 01:46:50,900
isn't about implementing perfect
systems but about finding 

2056
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:53,800
Arrangements that work for 
actual human beings with all 

2057
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:57,100
their flaws. 
That's a lesson every generation

2058
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:02,600
needs to relearn In education, 
Aristotle's model of learning 

2059
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:05,600
through apprenticeship and hands
on experience with a master 

2060
01:47:05,600 --> 01:47:09,400
teacher influenced, how 
universities developed and still

2061
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:11,000
shapes. 
How we think about Advanced 

2062
01:47:11,000 --> 01:47:14,500
education, the idea of gathering
students around a wise, teacher 

2063
01:47:14,500 --> 01:47:16,900
to pursue knowledge 
collectively, that's the 

2064
01:47:16,900 --> 01:47:20,600
lesson's Legacy still alive in 
graduate seminars, and research 

2065
01:47:20,600 --> 01:47:23,900
groups. 
But perhaps Aristotle's, most 

2066
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:26,800
important Legacy is something 
less tangible. 

2067
01:47:26,800 --> 01:47:31,000
His demonstration that human 
knowledge is cumulative that we 

2068
01:47:31,008 --> 01:47:33,100
can build on what previous 
thinkers discovered. 

2069
01:47:33,100 --> 01:47:36,800
And that intellectual progress 
is possible before Aristotle 

2070
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:39,700
philosophers tended to create 
their own complete systems, from

2071
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:43,100
scratch Aristotle, show that you
could start with what others had

2072
01:47:43,100 --> 01:47:46,400
learned identify their insights 
and errors and build something 

2073
01:47:46,400 --> 01:47:49,100
better. 
This is how knowledge actually 

2074
01:47:49,100 --> 01:47:52,400
grows, not through lone Geniuses
inventing, everything 

2075
01:47:52,400 --> 01:47:55,700
themselves, but through 
communities of thinkers building

2076
01:47:55,700 --> 01:47:58,500
on each other's work. 
Every scientific paper that 

2077
01:47:58,500 --> 01:47:59,900
begins with the literature 
review. 

2078
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:03,700
Every philosopher who engages 
with previous Traditions every 

2079
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:07,100
scholar who stands on the 
shoulders of giants, they're all

2080
01:48:07,100 --> 01:48:09,900
following the model Aristotle 
established at the lyceum 

2081
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:13,100
Aristotle. 
Also showed us that intellectual

2082
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:15,200
breadth matters. 
In our age of specialization 

2083
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:19,500
when experts know, more and more
about less and less Aristotle. 

2084
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,500
Reminds us that understanding. 
Anything fully requires 

2085
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:24,700
understanding its connections to
everything else. 

2086
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,400
His interests span from marine 
biology to literary criticism 

2087
01:48:28,400 --> 01:48:31,900
and from formal logic to 
political science because he 

2088
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:34,700
understood that reality doesn't 
come neatly divided into 

2089
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:39,000
academic departments. 
There's something profoundly 

2090
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:41,900
human about Aristotle's approach
to knowledge. 

2091
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:44,200
He wasn't interested in abstract
Perfection. 

2092
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:47,300
Divorce from lived experience. 
He wanted to understand the 

2093
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:49,400
world. 
We actually inhabit Messi 

2094
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:52,700
complicated, full of purposes 
and functions and constant 

2095
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:55,100
change. 
He believed that ordinary things

2096
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:57,600
plants animals, human 
relationships. 

2097
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:01,300
Political systems, were worthy 
of serious systematic study. 

2098
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:05,400
This might sound obvious now but
it was revolutionary then and 

2099
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:08,300
remains important today. 
How often do we dismiss the 

2100
01:49:08,300 --> 01:49:11,000
everyday as uninteresting 
searching for something more 

2101
01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:14,400
exotic or dramatic to hold our 
attention Aristotle. 

2102
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,800
Teaches us to look closely at 
what's right in front of us 

2103
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:20,400
because ordinary reality is 
actually extraordinary when you 

2104
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:22,800
examine it carefully. 
His life. 

2105
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:25,300
Also reminds us that 
intellectual work happens in 

2106
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:28,800
communities Aristotle didn't 
develop his ideas in isolation. 

2107
01:49:28,800 --> 01:49:32,900
He learned from Plato taught. 
Alexander collaborated with 

2108
01:49:32,900 --> 01:49:36,000
students at the lyceum and 
engaged with other philosophers.

2109
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:39,400
Knowledge is social built 
through conversation debate 

2110
01:49:39,400 --> 01:49:41,400
teaching and collaborative 
investigation. 

2111
01:49:41,400 --> 01:49:45,700
And yet Aristotle story also 
carries a cautionary, note his 

2112
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:49,300
systematic approach sometimes 
became too rigid, his confidence

2113
01:49:49,300 --> 01:49:51,500
in human reasons. 
Sometimes led to speculation 

2114
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:54,600
beyond what observation could 
support and his influence 

2115
01:49:54,600 --> 01:49:57,700
eventually became so great. 
That it stifled, rather than 

2116
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:01,800
stimulated inquiry Aristotle. 
Said, so became an excuse to 

2117
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,300
stop thinking rather than a 
starting point for further 

2118
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:07,800
investigation. 
This tension between respect for

2119
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:11,600
tradition and openness to new 
discovery is something every 

2120
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:13,000
field of knowledge must 
navigate. 

2121
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,900
We need to learn from the past 
without being imprisoned. 

2122
01:50:15,900 --> 01:50:18,800
By it to respect, previous 
thinkers, without treating their

2123
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:21,800
words as sacred scripture 
Aristotle himself would have 

2124
01:50:21,800 --> 01:50:24,600
understood this. 
He honored Plato while departing

2125
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:27,800
from platonic, philosophy and 
learned from his predecessors, 

2126
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:31,100
while correcting their errors. 
As we near the end of our 

2127
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:35,100
journey with Aristotle, imagine 
him in those final months and 

2128
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:37,100
Chelsea looking back on his 62 
years. 

2129
01:50:37,100 --> 01:50:39,900
What did he think about when he 
reflected on his life? 

2130
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:44,600
We can't know for certain We can
imagine, perhaps he thought 

2131
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:46,300
about his childhood in 
Macedonia. 

2132
01:50:46,300 --> 01:50:49,400
Watching his father, practice 
medicine with careful, attention

2133
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:52,400
to symptoms and treatments those
early lessons in. 

2134
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:55,600
Observation stayed with him 
throughout his life shaping, his

2135
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:59,000
entire approach to knowledge. 
Perhaps he remembered arriving 

2136
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:00,900
in Athens. 
As a Young Man feeling 

2137
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:03,800
provincial and out of place. 
But discovering at Plato's 

2138
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:06,900
Academy and intellectual home, 
that would shape him for 20 

2139
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:10,400
years, even as he eventually 
departed from Plato's teachings.

2140
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:12,300
He never forgot what he learned 
there. 

2141
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:14,700
The importance of rigorous 
argument. 

2142
01:51:14,700 --> 01:51:18,200
The value of questioning 
assumptions and the pursuit of 

2143
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:21,700
Truth, wherever it leads. 
He might have smiled. 

2144
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:25,600
Remembering his time, teaching. 
Young, Alexander, that 

2145
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:27,600
energetic. 
Ambitious, teenager, who would 

2146
01:51:27,608 --> 01:51:31,300
grow up to conquer the world did
Aristotle feel Pride at his 

2147
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:34,800
students achievements or dismay 
at how different Alexander's 

2148
01:51:34,800 --> 01:51:37,200
path was from the contemplative 
life Aristotle. 

2149
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:40,500
Advocated probably both like any
teacher watching. 

2150
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:42,000
A brilliant student make 
choices. 

2151
01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:43,300
They wouldn't have made 
themselves. 

2152
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:47,400
Surely, he thought about his 
years at the lyceum, those 

2153
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:50,500
productive, satisfying years. 
When he'd finally been able to 

2154
01:51:50,508 --> 01:51:53,600
pursue his own vision of what 
philosophy and science should be

2155
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:57,000
the morning walks with Advanced 
students, discussing complex 

2156
01:51:57,000 --> 01:52:00,500
questions, while strolling 
through shaded Colonnades, The 

2157
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:02,800
afternoon, public lectures, 
share knowledge, with anyone 

2158
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:05,600
interested in enough to listen 
the collaborative research. 

2159
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:08,100
Projects have students 
collecting data on everything 

2160
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:11,600
from fish to governments. 
He might have felt regret about 

2161
01:52:11,600 --> 01:52:15,200
leaving Athens forced out by 
political circumstances Beyond 

2162
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,200
his control to build something 
significant and then have to 

2163
01:52:18,208 --> 01:52:21,100
abandon, it must have been 
painful, but perhaps he found 

2164
01:52:21,100 --> 01:52:23,500
some comfort in knowing he'd 
trained capable students. 

2165
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:26,100
Like they are frosted who could 
carry on his work. 

2166
01:52:27,500 --> 01:52:30,600
If Aristotle had known how his 
ideas would travel through time,

2167
01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:34,500
translated into Arabic preserved
by Islamic scholars, 

2168
01:52:34,500 --> 01:52:37,800
reintroduced to Europe, becoming
the foundation of medieval 

2169
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:41,100
universities, influencing 
thinkers for 2000 years. 

2170
01:52:41,100 --> 01:52:44,400
What would he have? 
Thought, probably a mixture of 

2171
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,600
satisfaction and bemusement, 
especially at the ways. 

2172
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:51,600
His ideas would be misunderstood
ossified into dogma and 

2173
01:52:51,600 --> 01:52:55,300
eventually partially overturned.
But he would likely have been 

2174
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:57,100
pleased that his fundamental 
approach. 

2175
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:01,500
Careful observation. 
Systematic thinking, and the 

2176
01:53:01,500 --> 01:53:04,600
belief that the world is 
knowable Continued to influence,

2177
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:07,100
how humans? 
Pursue understanding that was 

2178
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:10,400
his real contribution, not any 
specific Doctrine, but a whole 

2179
01:53:10,408 --> 01:53:12,800
way of approaching knowledge 
Aristotle. 

2180
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:14,600
Understood that knowledge is 
always provisional. 

2181
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:18,200
Always subject to refinement. 
As we learn more, his Works 

2182
01:53:18,200 --> 01:53:21,400
constantly engaged with previous
thinkers building on their 

2183
01:53:21,400 --> 01:53:24,400
insights and correcting their 
errors, he would have expected 

2184
01:53:24,400 --> 01:53:28,100
probably hoped that future. 
Thinkers would do the same with 

2185
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:31,400
his work. 
In his final days, perhaps 

2186
01:53:31,400 --> 01:53:34,200
Aristotle found peace in having 
lived a life devoted to 

2187
01:53:34,200 --> 01:53:37,500
understanding he'd started with 
nothing but curiosity and 

2188
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,800
intelligence and he'd use these 
to investigate nearly every 

2189
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:43,500
aspect of reality accessible to 
human inquiry. 

2190
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:47,800
He'd been a student, a teacher, 
a researcher, a founder of 

2191
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:50,800
Institutions and a systematized 
of knowledge. 

2192
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:56,300
He'd loved his wife pythius, his
companion, her pills and his 

2193
01:53:56,300 --> 01:53:58,900
children. 
He'd formed friendships with 

2194
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:02,300
students and colleagues he'd 
experienced political success. 

2195
01:54:02,300 --> 01:54:05,900
And political Exile, he'd known 
the satisfaction of intellectual

2196
01:54:05,900 --> 01:54:09,500
breakthrough and the frustration
of unanswered questions in 

2197
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:12,400
short, he lived a fully human 
life, while also living a life 

2198
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:15,100
of the Mind. 
The ancient Greeks had a concept

2199
01:54:15,100 --> 01:54:19,000
that Aristotle wrote about 
extensively eudaimonia human 

2200
01:54:19,000 --> 01:54:22,000
flourishing Living. 
Well, by his own account, this 

2201
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:25,000
came from developing your 
capacities, acting virtuously 

2202
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:29,500
engaging meaningful with others 
and using your reason, well, by 

2203
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:34,000
these measures Aristotle had 
indeed ammonia even if his life 

2204
01:54:34,000 --> 01:54:36,100
ended in Exile rather than 
Triumph. 

2205
01:54:37,200 --> 01:54:41,700
When he died in 322 BC 
Aristotle, probably had no idea 

2206
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:45,900
that he was, in a sense. 
Immortal, his body would Decay 

2207
01:54:45,900 --> 01:54:49,100
like all physical things. 
He understood biology too well 

2208
01:54:49,100 --> 01:54:53,000
to imagine otherwise. 
But his ideas, his methods and 

2209
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:54,500
his approach to understanding 
the world. 

2210
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,800
These would Outlast Empires and 
influence civilizations. 

2211
01:54:57,800 --> 01:55:02,100
He'd never heard of That's a 
legacy worth reflecting on as 

2212
01:55:02,100 --> 01:55:05,500
you drift towards sleep, a 
single person through careful 

2213
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:09,100
thought and systematic inquiry 
can influence how millions of 

2214
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:10,800
future people understand 
reality. 

2215
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:14,800
The question's Aristotle asked 
the methods he developed and the

2216
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:17,400
knowledge. 
He systematized, these became 

2217
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:19,700
tools that countless others 
would use to build their own 

2218
01:55:19,700 --> 01:55:22,800
understanding. 
As you settle into that space 

2219
01:55:22,800 --> 01:55:26,200
between waking and sleeping, 
where thoughts become less 

2220
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:29,500
linear and more dreamlike 
consider this Aristotle's, 

2221
01:55:29,500 --> 01:55:31,700
greatest achievement wasn't any 
single Discovery. 

2222
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:35,300
But showing that the world is 
comprehensible before him. 

2223
01:55:35,300 --> 01:55:38,400
Many people thought that true 
understanding required mystical 

2224
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:41,200
Revelation, or abstract 
mathematics divorced from 

2225
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:44,200
physical reality. 
After him, it became possible to

2226
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:46,700
believe that Ordinary People 
could understand the World by 

2227
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:49,800
looking carefully, thinking 
clearly and building knowledge 

2228
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,500
systematically Every time you 
try to understand something by 

2229
01:55:53,500 --> 01:55:56,900
observing it carefully your 
following Aristotle's path. 

2230
01:55:56,900 --> 01:55:59,800
Every time you classify things 
by their similarities and 

2231
01:55:59,800 --> 01:56:02,200
differences, you're using 
Aristotle's method. 

2232
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:06,000
Every time you ask what is this 
for or how does this work? 

2233
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:08,900
You're asking a rusty in 
question's? 

2234
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:11,300
You might never have studied 
Aristotle in school. 

2235
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:14,300
You might not be able to name a 
single one of his books. 

2236
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:17,700
But his influences in the very 
air you breathe intellectually 

2237
01:56:17,700 --> 01:56:21,400
in how you think about causes 
and how you understand living 

2238
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:25,000
things in, how you reason about 
ethics and in your assumption 

2239
01:56:25,000 --> 01:56:27,100
that the world makes sense and 
can be understood. 

2240
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,600
This is what it means to be a 
foundational thinker. 

2241
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:32,700
Not that everything you say is 
correct. 

2242
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:36,500
Aristotle was wrong about many 
things, but that you change how 

2243
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:39,800
people think about thinking 
itself, you create tools, that 

2244
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,700
others can use methods, that 
others can follow and Frameworks

2245
01:56:43,700 --> 01:56:47,000
that others can build upon. 
Aristotle showed us that 

2246
01:56:47,000 --> 01:56:49,800
knowledge is not something 
revealed from above, but 

2247
01:56:49,800 --> 01:56:52,500
something built from below 
starting with simple 

2248
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:56,600
observations and building toward
comprehensive, understanding he 

2249
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,100
demonstrated that you don't need
mystical insights or 

2250
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:01,400
mathematical Perfection to 
understand reality. 

2251
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:05,800
You need careful, attention, 
clear thinking and the patience 

2252
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:07,300
to work through problems. 
Systematically. 

2253
01:57:08,700 --> 01:57:12,400
This optimistic view of human 
knowledge that we can figure 

2254
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:15,400
things out that the world is 
knowable that reason and 

2255
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:18,400
observation together can lead us
toward truth remains. 

2256
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,700
One of civilizations most 
important assumptions when we 

2257
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:26,000
doubt it, science stops inquiry 
ends and we Retreat into 

2258
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:29,500
Authority and tradition. 
Aristotle also reminds us that 

2259
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:31,400
intellectual work is deeply 
human. 

2260
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:35,000
It happens in communities of 
teachers and students, it 

2261
01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:36,500
requires conversation and 
debate. 

2262
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:38,600
It builds on what others have 
learned. 

2263
01:57:38,600 --> 01:57:41,600
It connects to the Practical 
concerns of Living. 

2264
01:57:41,600 --> 01:57:44,100
Well, knowledge isn't just 
abstract information. 

2265
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:48,900
It's part of how we flourish as 
human beings, a sleep approaches

2266
01:57:48,900 --> 01:57:51,500
and this story ends. 
Remember that the quiet 

2267
01:57:51,500 --> 01:57:54,700
philosopher from star jira, who 
spent his life, observing 

2268
01:57:54,700 --> 01:57:56,700
thinking and teaching change the
world. 

2269
01:57:56,700 --> 01:57:59,000
More profoundly than many 
conquerors. 

2270
01:57:59,000 --> 01:58:02,300
His student, Alexander's Empire 
fell apart within years of his 

2271
01:58:02,308 --> 01:58:04,500
death. 
But Aristotle's, intellectual 

2272
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:08,100
Empire, his methods, his 
insights, his approached to 

2273
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:11,900
understanding has lasted more 
than two Millennia and shows no 

2274
01:58:11,900 --> 01:58:15,600
signs of disappearing. 
Tomorrow, when you awake and 

2275
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:18,900
observe the world around you 
noticing patterns asking 

2276
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:22,800
questions trying to understand 
how things work, you'll be 

2277
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:25,900
thinking in ways that Aristotle 
helped to make possible the 

2278
01:58:25,900 --> 01:58:28,500
Morning, Light streaming through
your window illuminates. 

2279
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:31,500
A world that Aristotle taught us
could be studied and understood.

2280
01:58:31,500 --> 01:58:34,000
Rather than merely feared or 
worshiped. 

2281
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:36,500
That's his gift to us, 
confidence. 

2282
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:40,400
That the world makes sense 
methods, for making sense of it,

2283
01:58:40,408 --> 01:58:43,000
and the belief that 
understanding is worth pursuing 

2284
01:58:43,000 --> 01:58:47,200
for its own sake, not for power 
or wealth, or fame, but simply 

2285
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:50,200
for the joy of knowing the 
satisfaction of understanding 

2286
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:53,400
and the human fulfillment that 
comes from using our minds. 

2287
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:58,000
Well, Sleep now with gratitude 
for this ancient Greek physician

2288
01:58:58,000 --> 01:59:00,800
son who devoted his life to 
helping Humanity. 

2289
01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:04,100
Wake up to the intelligibility 
of the world, may your dreams be

2290
01:59:04,100 --> 01:59:06,500
full of wonder, the patterns 
that can connect all things. 

2291
01:59:06,500 --> 01:59:10,400
The purposes that animate living
creatures and the joy of 

2292
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:12,700
understanding that makes us most
fully human. 

2293
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:17,800
And when you wait may you see 
the world with fresh eyes not as

2294
01:59:17,800 --> 01:59:23,200
a chaos of random events but as 
Aristotle to see it as a cosmos,

2295
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:26,500
an ordered hole that our minds 
are capable of comprehending. 

2296
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:31,300
One careful observation and 
clear thought at a time. sweet 

2297
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:35,400
dreams and may Aristotle Spirit 
of systemic Wonder follow you 

2298
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:45,500
into sleep and Beyond your 
entering a world of wood and 

2299
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:50,000
graphite of sharpened points and
soft erasures, where one of the 

2300
01:59:50,000 --> 01:59:53,600
simplest tools ever made has 
quietly served human hands for 

2301
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:56,200
centuries. 
This is the history of the 

2302
01:59:56,200 --> 01:59:59,000
pencil told, not through 
invention, or upheaval. 

2303
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:03,100
But through the everyday rhythms
of writing drawing and resting, 

2304
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:07,200
that have shaped how people work
and think, Long before the 

2305
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:11,400
pencil takes, its familiar form,
people make marks in ways that 

2306
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:13,700
feel natural to their hands and 
materials. 

2307
02:00:14,500 --> 02:00:18,600
You press charred, wood against 
Stone leaving dark lines, that 

2308
02:00:18,600 --> 02:00:20,100
record. 
What needs remembering? 

2309
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:24,200
The charcoal crumbles slightly 
and smudges when touched, but 

2310
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:26,700
serves well enough for temporary
notes and quick sketches 

2311
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:28,700
children learned to draw with 
it. 

2312
02:00:28,700 --> 02:00:33,500
Builders Mark measurements, the 
marks fade over time, but new 

2313
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:35,200
ones, replaced them with without
ceremony. 

2314
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,400
In workshops and scriptorium, 
you use metal points. 

2315
02:00:40,300 --> 02:00:42,800
Stylus of LED or silver Glides 
across prepared. 

2316
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,400
Surfaces leaving faint grey 
traces. 

2317
02:00:46,200 --> 02:00:48,200
The pressure Must Be steady but 
not heavy. 

2318
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:51,600
The marks are subtle suitable 
for guidelines. 

2319
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:55,200
That will later be Inked over or
for private notes that need not 

2320
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:59,300
shout from the page. 
You develop a feel for how hard 

2321
02:00:59,300 --> 02:01:02,900
to press, how to angle the point
and how to keep your hand 

2322
02:01:02,900 --> 02:01:05,000
relaxed. 
So, the Line Stay smooth. 

2323
02:01:05,000 --> 02:01:07,400
These metal points require 
maintenance. 

2324
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:11,600
You sharpen them on Stones. 
Feeling the metal growth finer, 

2325
02:01:11,600 --> 02:01:14,800
under your careful attention, 
the points were down with use 

2326
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:20,500
slowly, predictably You learn to
anticipate when sharpening his 

2327
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,600
needed, keeping a small wet 
stone nearby. 

2328
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,300
The rhythm of preparation 
becomes part of the work itself.

2329
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:31,700
Paper begins to replace 
parchment in many places and the

2330
02:01:31,700 --> 02:01:35,700
texture changes, how marks 
appear Rougher surfaces, catch 

2331
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:38,400
more material from your marking 
tool, smooth. 

2332
02:01:38,400 --> 02:01:41,900
The papers allow final lines. 
You adjust your pressure and 

2333
02:01:41,900 --> 02:01:43,800
speed according to what your 
writing on. 

2334
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:47,100
Developing an unconscious 
familiarity with how different 

2335
02:01:47,100 --> 02:01:51,300
materials respond to touch. 
In schools, young hands, learn 

2336
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:53,700
letter, forms, using whatever 
tools are available in 

2337
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:56,800
affordable. 
Slate pencils, Screech softly 

2338
02:01:56,800 --> 02:02:00,000
against small boards, creating 
temporary practice strokes. 

2339
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:04,100
That can be wiped away in the 
sound is sharp but brief 

2340
02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:08,600
Students grow accustomed to it, 
barely noticing after the first 

2341
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,900
few days the marks appear like 
gray, easy to see but not 

2342
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:15,400
permanent which suits the nature
of learning. 

2343
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:18,600
Graphite is discovered in 
England in the region of 

2344
02:02:18,608 --> 02:02:23,200
borrowdale during the 1500s. 
The material is unusual, soft 

2345
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:26,700
dark, and remarkably pure it 
leaves, strong marks without 

2346
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:30,100
requiring much pressure. 
Local people begin using it for 

2347
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:32,400
marking sheep. 
Then for other practical 

2348
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:36,400
purposes, the graphite is too 
soft and crumbly to hold in the 

2349
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:39,600
hand directly. 
So it gets wrapped in string or 

2350
02:02:39,600 --> 02:02:43,100
inserted into wooden holders. 
You hold one of these early 

2351
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:45,800
graphite sticks feeling how the 
wood casing protects your 

2352
02:02:45,808 --> 02:02:48,800
fingers from the dark dust. 
The marks. 

2353
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:52,200
It makes a darker and smoother 
than metal points and more 

2354
02:02:52,200 --> 02:02:56,200
controllable than charcoal. 
Erasing is difficult, but the 

2355
02:02:56,200 --> 02:02:58,900
clarity of the line makes the 
effort worth wild for important 

2356
02:02:58,900 --> 02:03:01,900
work, Architects. 
Appreciate the Precision 

2357
02:03:01,900 --> 02:03:05,200
scribes, use it for layouts 
before, inking. 

2358
02:03:06,000 --> 02:03:09,300
The supplier of graphite from 
borrowdale is limited and 

2359
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:12,800
valued. 
People do not waste it, you use 

2360
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:16,800
your graphite stick carefully, 
making deliberate marks saving 

2361
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:18,400
it for work. 
That benefits from its 

2362
02:03:18,400 --> 02:03:22,300
particular qualities. for rough 
notes, charcoal or chalk, still 

2363
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:26,100
suffices other regions, search 
for similar deposits, but find 

2364
02:03:26,100 --> 02:03:30,500
graphite of lower quality mixed 
with impurities Methods are 

2365
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:33,800
developed for grinding, poor 
graphite into powder mixing it 

2366
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:37,000
with binders and forming it into
usable sticks. 

2367
02:03:37,800 --> 02:03:41,200
Processes experimental at first 
and inconsistent. 

2368
02:03:41,200 --> 02:03:45,400
But gradually improves you learn
which makers produce reliable 

2369
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:48,300
sticks and which are too brittle
or too faint. 

2370
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:52,200
The idea of encasing graphite 
fully in Wood becomes standard, 

2371
02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:55,200
practice two. 
Wooden halves a carved with a 

2372
02:03:55,200 --> 02:03:59,000
Groove, the graphite stickers, 
laid inside and the halves are 

2373
02:03:59,000 --> 02:04:01,900
glued together. 
The result is sturdy comfortable

2374
02:04:01,900 --> 02:04:04,900
to hold and protects the 
graphite from breaking. 

2375
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:09,200
You can carry it without worry. 
The woodware smooth with 

2376
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:11,900
handling taking on the warmth of
your palm. 

2377
02:04:12,900 --> 02:04:15,700
Mark making becomes less about 
ceremony and more about daily 

2378
02:04:15,700 --> 02:04:18,100
routine. 
You reach for your pants or 

2379
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:21,000
without thinking the way you 
reach for a cup or a door 

2380
02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:25,000
handle. 
It's on tables in Behind ears, 

2381
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,300
the familiarity breeds a kind of
comfort. 

2382
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:31,500
This tool does not demand 
special preparation or 

2383
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:34,400
particular conditions. 
It simply works when you need 

2384
02:04:34,400 --> 02:04:37,900
it. 
In homes, people sketch for 

2385
02:04:37,908 --> 02:04:40,700
pleasure. 
Small drawings of flowers 

2386
02:04:40,700 --> 02:04:44,800
animals or familiar scenes 
appear in margins and on spare 

2387
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:47,200
paper. 
Pencil allows for 

2388
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:48,900
experimentation without 
commitment. 

2389
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:52,900
If a line goes wrong, you can 
often rub it lighter or simply 

2390
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:56,700
start again on another sheet. 
The ease of use invites 

2391
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,500
practice, Carpenters Mark 
measurements on wood, making 

2392
02:05:00,500 --> 02:05:02,900
light lines, that guide their 
saws and chisels. 

2393
02:05:02,900 --> 02:05:06,800
The marks are clear enough to 
follow but do not deeply score 

2394
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:10,900
the surface after cutting. 
They can brush or plain away. 

2395
02:05:10,900 --> 02:05:14,200
The guidelines leaving the 
finished work on marked. 

2396
02:05:14,900 --> 02:05:17,700
The pencil serves the work 
without becoming part of it, 

2397
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:22,100
students, copy texts and 
diagrams their pencils, moving 

2398
02:05:22,100 --> 02:05:24,200
across pages and steady 
repetition. 

2399
02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:28,000
Practice. 
Builds muscle memory letter 

2400
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:31,800
forms become automatic. 
Hands learn to maintain even 

2401
02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:36,000
pressure to lift the pencil at 
consistent intervals and to 

2402
02:05:36,000 --> 02:05:37,800
return to the proper starting 
position. 

2403
02:05:38,800 --> 02:05:40,800
Writing gross smoothie with 
time. 

2404
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:44,600
And repetition, you notice that 
your pencil wears down the 

2405
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:46,800
point? 
Dulles the wood needs trimming, 

2406
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,200
a small knife serves. 
This purpose carefully. 

2407
02:05:50,200 --> 02:05:53,100
Shaving away thin curls to 
reveal fresh graphite? 

2408
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:57,500
Sharpening as quick work done 
every few pages, or whenever 

2409
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:01,000
Precision matters. 
The wood shaving smell faintly. 

2410
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:03,500
Sweet. 
Pleasant in a quiet way. 

2411
02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:06,600
The pencil does not demand 
attention. 

2412
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:11,000
It sits ready, requires little 
upkeep and performs the same 

2413
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:15,000
task day after day. 
This reliability makes it easy 

2414
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:18,600
to forget how much you depend on
it until the moment you reach 

2415
02:06:18,600 --> 02:06:22,200
for one and find it missing. 
Then you notice the absence 

2416
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:25,000
small but definite like a 
missing button or a forgotten 

2417
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:28,000
name. 
In workshops dedicated to 

2418
02:06:28,000 --> 02:06:30,100
pencil. 
Making the process begins with 

2419
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:34,600
selecting would Cedar is favored
for its straight grain, smooth 

2420
02:06:34,600 --> 02:06:38,400
texture and pleasant scent. 
The wood arrives in planks 

2421
02:06:38,400 --> 02:06:43,500
already dried in aged workers, 
examine each piece, looking for 

2422
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:46,900
not splits or irregularities 
that would weaken the final 

2423
02:06:46,900 --> 02:06:49,900
product. 
Acceptable planks are set aside 

2424
02:06:49,900 --> 02:06:51,700
stacked neatly for the next 
stage. 

2425
02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:55,500
You stand at a workbench guiding
a plank through a saw that cuts 

2426
02:06:55,500 --> 02:07:00,000
thin slats The blade moves 
steadily, the wood parts cleanly

2427
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:02,400
and the slats emerge uniform in 
thickness. 

2428
02:07:03,500 --> 02:07:06,100
Sawdust drifts down, fine, and 
pale. 

2429
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:09,100
The rhythm of cutting is 
measured not rushed. 

2430
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:13,100
Each slat will become part of 
many pencils, so Precision 

2431
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:16,800
Matters from the start. 
The slats are planned, smooth on

2432
02:07:16,808 --> 02:07:20,100
both sides, removing rough 
spots, and ensuring even 

2433
02:07:20,100 --> 02:07:22,700
thickness. 
You run your hand along the 

2434
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:25,700
surface feeling for any 
remaining texture. 

2435
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:30,000
The wood should be consistent. 
Neither too thick nor too thin. 

2436
02:07:30,000 --> 02:07:33,200
So that when two halves are 
joined they fit together without

2437
02:07:33,200 --> 02:07:36,500
gaps. 
The planning takes time, but the

2438
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:40,000
result is worth the effort. 
Grooves are cut into one side of

2439
02:07:40,000 --> 02:07:41,900
each slat. 
Creating shallow channels that 

2440
02:07:41,900 --> 02:07:45,200
will hold the graphite The 
cutting tool must be set to the 

2441
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:49,100
correct depth to shallow and the
graphite will not sit securely, 

2442
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:53,100
too deep and the wood May split 
when pressure is applied, you 

2443
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:56,700
adjust the tool carefully, test 
it on a scrap piece and then 

2444
02:07:56,700 --> 02:07:58,500
proceed with the production 
slaps. 

2445
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:02,400
Graphite preparation happens in 
another part of the workshop. 

2446
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:07,100
If the graphite is pure and 
solid, it is cut into thin rods 

2447
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:09,400
that match the length and 
diameter of the grooves. 

2448
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:13,400
If the graphite is powdered, it 
must be mixed with clay and 

2449
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:18,300
water needed into a smooth Pace.
An extruded through molds to 

2450
02:08:18,300 --> 02:08:22,400
form consistent sticks. 
The ratio of graphite to Clay, 

2451
02:08:22,400 --> 02:08:26,800
determines hardness more, clay 
makes a harder lighter Mark. 

2452
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,800
More graphite makes a softer 
darker. 

2453
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,300
Mark, the graphite sticks are 
fired and Kilns to harden them. 

2454
02:08:33,308 --> 02:08:35,700
Then cooled slowly to prevent 
cracking. 

2455
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:39,900
You handle the finished sticks. 
Carefully knowing they remain, 

2456
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:43,200
somewhat fragile. 
Each stick is inspected for 

2457
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:46,400
Flaws, broken or irregular 
pieces. 

2458
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:48,800
Are set aside to be reground and
remade. 

2459
02:08:48,800 --> 02:08:52,000
Only the straight solid sticks 
proceed to assembly. 

2460
02:08:52,000 --> 02:08:56,300
Assembly is methodical. 
You place a graphite stick into 

2461
02:08:56,300 --> 02:09:00,400
the groove of prepared slat, 
ensuring its centered and level.

2462
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:04,600
Glue is applied to the groove of
a second slat, which is then 

2463
02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:07,600
pressed down onto the first 
sandwiching, the graphite 

2464
02:09:07,600 --> 02:09:10,800
between two layers of wood. 
Clamps hold the piece of 

2465
02:09:10,800 --> 02:09:12,900
together. 
While the glue sets, the 

2466
02:09:12,900 --> 02:09:14,800
pressure must be firm but not 
crushing. 

2467
02:09:14,800 --> 02:09:18,300
Once the glue has dried the 
bonded slats are cut into 

2468
02:09:18,300 --> 02:09:22,100
individual pencils. 
A blade slices through wood and 

2469
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:26,100
graphite cleanly, separating 
each pencil from his neighbors. 

2470
02:09:26,900 --> 02:09:30,100
The ends are trimmed Square. 
Any rough edges are sanded 

2471
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:34,000
smooth, you hold a finished 
Pence of turning it in your 

2472
02:09:34,008 --> 02:09:36,900
fingers. 
Checking the to destroyed that 

2473
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:39,800
the wood is smooth. 
That the graphite is centered. 

2474
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:42,700
Some pencils receive additional 
finishing. 

2475
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:47,600
Paint is applied in thin coats 
allowed to dry and sanded 

2476
02:09:47,600 --> 02:09:51,600
lightly between layers. 
The goal is a smooth even 

2477
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:53,500
surface that feels Pleasant to 
hold. 

2478
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:56,600
Colors vary by maker and 
purpose. 

2479
02:09:56,600 --> 02:10:00,400
Yellow becomes common, though, 
the reason is partly tradition 

2480
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:05,600
and partly practicality, The 
color shows dirt less readily 

2481
02:10:05,600 --> 02:10:09,200
than white, but remains bright 
enough to find easily in a 

2482
02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:12,400
cluttered workspace. 
Metal ferrules are attached to 

2483
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:15,500
one end of some pencils. 
Providing a secure place to 

2484
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:19,300
attach an eraser. 
Feral is crimped onto the wood 

2485
02:10:19,300 --> 02:10:22,600
tight enough to hold but not so 
tight that it splits. 

2486
02:10:22,600 --> 02:10:26,500
The grain, the Eraser itself is 
a small cylinder of rubber or 

2487
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:30,100
similar material pressed into 
the pharaoh This addition makes 

2488
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:34,100
Corrections easier, reducing the
need for separate, raising Tools

2489
02:10:34,100 --> 02:10:38,100
in your own home or work-space. 
You maintain the pencils you use

2490
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:42,800
sharpening is the primary task. 
You hold a small knife at an 

2491
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:45,900
angle, shaving away wood in 
thin, controlled Strokes. 

2492
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:49,800
The goal is to expose enough 
graphite to create a fine point 

2493
02:10:49,800 --> 02:10:51,300
without removing excess 
material. 

2494
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:56,400
The shavings curl away light and
fragrant collecting in a small 

2495
02:10:56,408 --> 02:10:58,500
pile that you sweep away when 
finished. 

2496
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:02,900
Some people prefer mechanical 
sharpeners, small devices with 

2497
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:04,700
blades. 
Set at fixed angles. 

2498
02:11:04,700 --> 02:11:09,100
You insert the pencil and twist 
feeling the resistance as the 

2499
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:11,200
blades carve away wood and 
graphite. 

2500
02:11:12,000 --> 02:11:16,200
The shavings emerge and neat. 
Spirals the process is quicker 

2501
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:18,700
than using a knife though. 
Less precise. 

2502
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:21,800
For every day writing, the 
difference is minimal. 

2503
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:25,300
You learn to recognize when a 
pencil is too short to use 

2504
02:11:25,300 --> 02:11:28,200
comfortably. 
The stub becomes difficult to 

2505
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:30,000
grip and the angle grows 
awkward. 

2506
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:34,000
Some people save these short 
pieces for small tasks, or give 

2507
02:11:34,000 --> 02:11:37,600
them to Children, others simply 
discard them, accepting that 

2508
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:41,100
every tool has a lifespan. 
The wooden graphite return to 

2509
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:44,100
dust as unremarkable in ending 
as in use. 

2510
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:48,800
Pencils are stored in jars trays
or boxes kept upright or laid 

2511
02:11:48,800 --> 02:11:52,700
flat depending on space. 
You develop habits about where 

2512
02:11:52,700 --> 02:11:55,400
to place them ensuring. 
They are ready when needed. 

2513
02:11:56,400 --> 02:11:59,700
A pencil left on a cluttered 
desk, May roll away or become 

2514
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:03,300
buried under papers. 
A pencil kept in a designated 

2515
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:07,600
spot is always findable. 
Occasionally a pencil breaks 

2516
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:11,300
internally, the graphite cracks 
inside the wood, making it 

2517
02:12:11,300 --> 02:12:15,500
impossible to sharpen properly. 
The point crumbles away. 

2518
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:19,300
No matter how carefully you cut.
You recognize this failure 

2519
02:12:19,300 --> 02:12:23,200
quickly and set the pencil 
aside, sometimes you can salvage

2520
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:26,600
part of it by cutting away, the 
damaged section other times. 

2521
02:12:26,600 --> 02:12:30,300
The entire pencil is 
compromised, you notice the 

2522
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:33,900
texture of different Woods the 
way some are softer and easier 

2523
02:12:33,900 --> 02:12:37,100
to sharpen While others are 
harder and hold a point longer. 

2524
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:41,700
You notice the variation in 
graphite quality, how some marks

2525
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:44,400
flow smoothly, While others feel
gritty or uneven. 

2526
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:48,400
These small observations 
accumulating to preference 

2527
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:51,600
guiding, which Pence calls you 
choose for different tasks. 

2528
02:12:52,600 --> 02:12:56,100
Maintenance becomes automatic. 
You sharpen without thinking 

2529
02:12:56,100 --> 02:13:00,000
about it responding to the feel 
of the point rather than to any 

2530
02:13:00,000 --> 02:13:03,300
deliberate decision. 
Stall Pence Souls, where they 

2531
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:06,400
will not be damaged. 
Where moisture will not walk the

2532
02:13:06,400 --> 02:13:09,700
wood or soften the glue Care is 
minimal. 

2533
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:13,500
But consistent care. 
Extends usefulness, the pencil 

2534
02:13:13,500 --> 02:13:16,000
requires little from you, but 
what it requires is 

2535
02:13:16,000 --> 02:13:20,200
straightforward, keep it dry, 
keep it sharp, use it without 

2536
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:24,600
excessive force in return. 
It provides reliable service day

2537
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,600
after day for as long as the 
graphite and would hold 

2538
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:31,700
together. 
The exchanges, simple, balanced 

2539
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:35,200
and enduring. 
Pencils appear on desks in 

2540
02:13:35,200 --> 02:13:38,600
offices where Clark's record 
figures and correspondence you 

2541
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:42,500
sit at one such desk copying 
information from ledgers making 

2542
02:13:42,500 --> 02:13:45,500
notes in margins and drafting 
letters that will later be 

2543
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:48,700
written in ink. 
Pencil allows you to plan before

2544
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:51,400
committing? 
Mistakes can be erased or 

2545
02:13:51,400 --> 02:13:54,900
crossed out lightly leaving the 
page tidy enough for reference. 

2546
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:59,000
In schools children, learn their
letters with pencils gripped in 

2547
02:13:59,008 --> 02:14:02,200
small hands. 
The teacher demonstrates proper 

2548
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:06,500
form and students mimic the 
movements pressing too hard at 

2549
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:10,900
first, then learning to relax. 
The pencils create marks that 

2550
02:14:10,900 --> 02:14:14,300
can be corrected without shame. 
A wrong letter can be erased and

2551
02:14:14,300 --> 02:14:16,600
Rewritten. 
Learning Happens through 

2552
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:18,900
repetition and the pencil 
accommodates. 

2553
02:14:18,900 --> 02:14:23,400
This need you watch a classroom 
full of students all writing at 

2554
02:14:23,408 --> 02:14:27,700
once and notice the gentle 
scratching sound of graphite on 

2555
02:14:27,700 --> 02:14:30,700
paper. 
Soft Collective murmur that 

2556
02:14:30,708 --> 02:14:33,000
rises and falls with 
concentration. 

2557
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:37,400
Some children chew the ends of 
their pencils absently leaving 

2558
02:14:37,400 --> 02:14:41,400
small tooth marks in the wood. 
Other spin them between fingers 

2559
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:45,200
during moments of thought. 
The pencil becomes an extension 

2560
02:14:45,200 --> 02:14:48,700
of the hand, manipulated without
conscious attention. 

2561
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:52,800
At home, you keep a pencil in 
the kitchen for noting shopping 

2562
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:55,800
lists or recipes. 
The marks on scrap paper. 

2563
02:14:55,800 --> 02:14:58,900
A casual not meant to last, but 
useful in the moment. 

2564
02:14:59,700 --> 02:15:03,000
You cross off items as you 
acquire them adding new ones as 

2565
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:06,800
they come to mind the list grows
and shrinks a living document 

2566
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:09,300
that serves immediate needs 
artists. 

2567
02:15:09,300 --> 02:15:12,600
Use pencils for sketching 
Outdoors, you carry a small 

2568
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:16,600
notebook and a few pencils, find
a comfortable spot to sit and 

2569
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:20,100
begin drawing. 
What you see trees buildings and

2570
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:24,100
people passing by. the pencil 
moves quickly when capturing 

2571
02:15:24,100 --> 02:15:30,000
motion and slowly when recording
detail, Flexibility suits, the 

2572
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:32,700
unpredictable nature of drawing 
from life. 

2573
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:36,900
Engineers Draft plans with 
pencils using straight edges and

2574
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:41,500
Compasses to create precise. 
Diagrams, the lines must be 

2575
02:15:41,508 --> 02:15:46,200
exact the measurements. 
Clear, you draw erase and redraw

2576
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:50,200
refining, the design through 
iteration The pencils. 

2577
02:15:50,200 --> 02:15:54,000
Arrest abilities essential here.
Every design goes through 

2578
02:15:54,000 --> 02:15:57,300
revisions and the ability to 
remove mistakes without starting

2579
02:15:57,300 --> 02:16:01,800
over saves time and materials. 
In libraries readers, make notes

2580
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:05,100
in margins of their own books, 
underlining, passages, and 

2581
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,400
adding thoughts. 
The marks are light and personal

2582
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:13,600
a record of Engagement, with the
text, you read, and Mark, Reed, 

2583
02:16:13,600 --> 02:16:18,000
and Marc building a layered, 
understanding the pencil does 

2584
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:22,100
not damage the page the way Inc 
might The marks feel temporary 

2585
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:26,700
even when they remain for years.
Tailors and seems stresses use 

2586
02:16:26,700 --> 02:16:30,300
pencils to Mark fabric before 
cutting the lines guide, 

2587
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,600
scissors and needles ensuring 
pieces fit together correctly. 

2588
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:37,700
After sowing, the marks can 
often be brushed away or hidden 

2589
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:40,900
within seems the pencil. 
Serves the craft without 

2590
02:16:40,900 --> 02:16:42,600
becoming part of the finished 
garment. 

2591
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:46,799
He used a pencil to fill out 
forms applications and surveys. 

2592
02:16:47,600 --> 02:16:51,200
The blanks require specific 
information and the pencil 

2593
02:16:51,200 --> 02:16:53,799
allows you to write neatly 
correcting errors as needed 

2594
02:16:53,799 --> 02:16:57,500
before submission. 
The bureaucracy of daily life. 

2595
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:00,900
Often involves Pence's their 
marks formal enough for record 

2596
02:17:00,900 --> 02:17:03,299
keeping but flexible enough for 
human fallibility. 

2597
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:07,799
Children draw for pleasure, 
creating pictures, of homes 

2598
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:11,900
animals, and imagine scenes. 
The pencil does not limit them, 

2599
02:17:11,900 --> 02:17:16,700
they can sketch freely change 
their minds add details or start

2600
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:19,400
over. 
The process is exploratory. 

2601
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:22,700
Driven by curiosity rather than 
outcome. 

2602
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:26,400
Parents keep these drawings, 
valuing them as records of 

2603
02:17:26,407 --> 02:17:30,299
growth and Imagination. 
In workshops Crafts, People 

2604
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:34,299
sketch ideas before committing 
to materials, you draw a rough 

2605
02:17:34,299 --> 02:17:37,500
plan for a piece of furniture, 
considering proportions and 

2606
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:41,900
joinery. the sketch is not 
beautiful, but it clarifies your

2607
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:45,900
thinking Once the design is 
settled, you can proceed with 

2608
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:50,600
confidence the pencil serves as 
a thinking tool, externalizing 

2609
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:52,400
ideas. 
So they can be examined and 

2610
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:57,000
refined Gardeners use pencils to
label seed packets, Mark, 

2611
02:17:57,000 --> 02:17:59,400
planting dates and sketch 
garden. 

2612
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:02,600
Layouts. 
The marks May smudge in damp 

2613
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:05,799
conditions, but they last long 
enough to serve their purpose. 

2614
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:08,900
You plan your Rouse noting. 
What grows? 

2615
02:18:08,900 --> 02:18:12,200
Well, and what struggles using 
the pencil to capture 

2616
02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:14,700
observations that inform future 
seasons? 

2617
02:18:15,799 --> 02:18:18,000
A community centers and meeting 
Halls. 

2618
02:18:18,000 --> 02:18:22,100
People sign attendance sheets 
with pencils, the marks are 

2619
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:24,900
legible enough for record 
keeping and the availability of 

2620
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:28,100
a ratio means mistakes and 
spelling or date can be quietly 

2621
02:18:28,100 --> 02:18:31,100
corrected. 
The pencil does not judge errors

2622
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:33,299
is simply allows them to be 
undone. 

2623
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,100
You lend a pencil to someone who
needs one, and they return it 

2624
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:40,799
without fuss. 
The exchanges casual unworried 

2625
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:44,200
pencils are common enough. 
That temporary loss is not a 

2626
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:47,200
concern, they circulate through 
communities, shared and 

2627
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:50,200
returned, or sometimes kept and 
replaced with without 

2628
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:53,500
resentment. 
Farmers use pencils to record 

2629
02:18:53,500 --> 02:18:56,400
whether observations crop yields
and livestock counts. 

2630
02:18:56,400 --> 02:19:00,200
The notebook sits in the barn or
kitchen accumulating 

2631
02:19:00,200 --> 02:19:02,900
information. 
Year after year, you flip 

2632
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:06,200
through old entries, comparing 
the season to pass one's 

2633
02:19:06,200 --> 02:19:10,400
noticing patterns, the pencil 
marks, Fades slightly over time 

2634
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,600
but remain readable. 
A stable Archive of daily 

2635
02:19:13,600 --> 02:19:17,000
details. 
In Hospitals and Clinics staff, 

2636
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:19,400
use pencils for temporary notes 
and charts. 

2637
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:24,000
The marks can be updated as 
conditions change in arrays and 

2638
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:26,600
Rewritten, without creating 
confusion. 

2639
02:19:27,799 --> 02:19:31,500
You jot down a symptom of 
measurement and a Time. 

2640
02:19:32,100 --> 02:19:35,000
Knowing the information will be 
transferred to permanent records

2641
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:38,200
later. 
Pencil serves as an intermediary

2642
02:19:38,200 --> 02:19:40,299
holding information, just long 
enough. 

2643
02:19:41,700 --> 02:19:45,600
Musicians, annotate sheet, music
with pencils, marking Dynamics, 

2644
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:49,200
fingerings and phrasing. 
The marks are personal 

2645
02:19:49,200 --> 02:19:53,400
reminders, not meant for others 
to interpret you practice a 

2646
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:55,300
passage. 
Add a note about where to 

2647
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:58,500
breathe or slow down. 
And the next time you play the 

2648
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:01,700
reminder is there the music 
becomes layered with your 

2649
02:20:01,700 --> 02:20:04,100
learning? 
You find pencils in Pockets 

2650
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:08,200
drawers bags and boxes, they 
accumulate quietly, neither 

2651
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:12,100
precious Noor worthless, their 
ubiquity makes them easy to 

2652
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:16,400
overlook but they're absent is 
immediately felt The moment you 

2653
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:19,000
need to write something down and
no pencils available. 

2654
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:22,300
You remember how much you rely 
on this simple tool? 

2655
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:26,300
In public space is pencil, sit 
beside guest books, suggestion, 

2656
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:30,100
boxes, and voting booths. 
You pick one up, use it briefly,

2657
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:32,100
and set it down for the next 
person. 

2658
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:35,900
The tool is communal serving, 
whoever needs it without 

2659
02:20:35,900 --> 02:20:38,900
ceremony. 
The warned surface and dull 

2660
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,700
points speak to Shared use to 
many hands performing small, 

2661
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:45,900
acts of communication. 
You sit at a table in the 

2662
02:20:45,900 --> 02:20:50,000
afternoon, like slanting through
a window and pick up a pencil to

2663
02:20:50,000 --> 02:20:53,200
write a letter. 
The first few sentences come 

2664
02:20:53,200 --> 02:20:55,600
easily. 
Then you pause thinking about 

2665
02:20:55,600 --> 02:21:00,600
what to say next. the pencil 
rests against your fingers, its 

2666
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:04,300
weight, barely noticeable, you 
gaze out the window Gathering 

2667
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:09,000
thoughts and when you're ready 
the writing resumes, the pauses 

2668
02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:11,100
are as much a part of the 
process as the words themselves.

2669
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:16,800
Drawing invites similar rhythms,
you sketch, a shape step back to

2670
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:19,400
observe, and return to add 
details. 

2671
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:24,100
Pencil moves in bursts then 
Stills while your eyes assess 

2672
02:21:24,100 --> 02:21:26,800
proportion and balanced. 
The rests and are not 

2673
02:21:26,808 --> 02:21:30,000
interruptions but necessary. 
Intervals were observation 

2674
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,300
happens without them. 
The drawing would be rushed 

2675
02:21:33,300 --> 02:21:36,500
unconsidered. 
Students work through a 

2676
02:21:36,500 --> 02:21:40,300
assignments writing steadily. 
For a time then setting the 

2677
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:44,300
pencil down to rest their hands,
the muscles tire from gripping 

2678
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:48,400
and pressing You flex your 
fingers, shake out your wrist 

2679
02:21:48,400 --> 02:21:51,100
and pick up the pencil again. 
When ready? 

2680
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:54,900
The brakes prevent cramping and 
allow the mind to reset 

2681
02:21:54,900 --> 02:21:58,000
approaching the next section 
with fresh attention. 

2682
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:02,900
In workshops crafts people, make
marks measure Mark again. 

2683
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:05,100
And pause to consider their 
work. 

2684
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,600
The pencil serves quick decision
making but decisions themselves.

2685
02:22:09,600 --> 02:22:13,600
Take time you stand back looking
at the piece from different 

2686
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:18,700
angles and only when satisfied, 
you proceed, The pencil weights,

2687
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:21,000
ready? 
But passive exerting. 

2688
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:24,500
No pressure to hurry. 
Evening work often includes 

2689
02:22:24,500 --> 02:22:28,200
natural stopping points. 
You write until a page is full 

2690
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:31,800
or until a particular task is 
complete and then you set the 

2691
02:22:31,800 --> 02:22:36,200
pencil aside, The transition 
from work to rest is gentle. 

2692
02:22:36,900 --> 02:22:38,800
The pencil does not demand 
closure. 

2693
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:42,900
It can be picked up again 
tomorrow, the work continuing 

2694
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:46,400
from where it pauses. 
You notice that writing by hand,

2695
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:50,300
encourages a certain Pace, the 
physical act of forming letters 

2696
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:54,100
limit speed which in turn allows
thought to accompany the words. 

2697
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:58,500
typing, outpace thinking, but 
writing with a pencil keeps the 

2698
02:22:58,500 --> 02:23:03,400
two aligned The rhythm is slow 
more deliberate and often more 

2699
02:23:03,400 --> 02:23:07,000
thoughtful as a result. 
Children draw until they grow 

2700
02:23:07,000 --> 02:23:11,200
tired or distracted, then wander
away leaving half finished 

2701
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:14,600
pictures on the table. 
Pencil does not mind being 

2702
02:23:14,600 --> 02:23:19,800
abandoned, it lies where it was 
left ready for return, the 

2703
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:23,300
drawings may be completed later 
or they may remain as they are. 

2704
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:26,900
Capturing a moment of interest 
that passed naturally. 

2705
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:30,500
Keep a pencil beside your bed 
for jotting, down. 

2706
02:23:30,500 --> 02:23:33,200
Thoughts that arrived in Quiet 
Moments before sleep. 

2707
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:36,900
The act of writing them down. 
Releases them from your mind, 

2708
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:39,000
allowing rest to come more 
easily. 

2709
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,900
The marks are brief, sometimes 
barely legible in the dim light,

2710
02:23:42,900 --> 02:23:46,900
but they serve their purpose. 
In the morning, you may or may 

2711
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:49,300
not remember what seemed 
important enough to record. 

2712
02:23:50,200 --> 02:23:53,200
Reading often involves breaks 
where you set the book down and 

2713
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:57,200
pick up a pencil to notice 
thought or underline a passage. 

2714
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:02,200
Transition is seamless reading 
and marking alternate in a 

2715
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,300
comfortable Rhythm that deepens 
engagement without disrupting 

2716
02:24:05,300 --> 02:24:07,800
the flow. 
The Pence will supports 

2717
02:24:07,800 --> 02:24:10,300
reflection rather than 
interrupting it. 

2718
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:14,000
In classrooms lessons include 
time for students to work 

2719
02:24:14,000 --> 02:24:15,800
independently. 
While the teacher circulates 

2720
02:24:15,800 --> 02:24:18,800
offering guidance, you write or 
Draw. 

2721
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:22,500
And when you encounter 
difficulty you pause, raising a 

2722
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,000
hand or waiting for assistance. 
The pencil rests on the desk, 

2723
02:24:26,000 --> 02:24:28,500
the problem suspended until help
arrives. 

2724
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:32,700
The pause is patient. 
Not anxious, artists develop 

2725
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:35,200
habits around. 
Rest after sketching for a 

2726
02:24:35,208 --> 02:24:38,600
period, you set the pencil down 
and stretch letting your eyes 

2727
02:24:38,600 --> 02:24:41,900
rest from close Focus. 
The break is brief, but 

2728
02:24:41,900 --> 02:24:46,200
necessarily When you return, you
see the drawing with slightly 

2729
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:49,400
fresh eyes, noticing things you 
missed before? 

2730
02:24:50,300 --> 02:24:54,600
The rhythm of work and rest 
sharpens perception, you write 

2731
02:24:54,600 --> 02:24:57,700
in a journal recording the days 
events or working through a 

2732
02:24:57,700 --> 02:25:00,200
problem. 
The writing flows for a while, 

2733
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,500
then slows as you reach the edge
of what you can express. 

2734
02:25:04,700 --> 02:25:09,800
Pencil hovers uncertain and you 
let it rest closing the journal 

2735
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:12,600
for the night. 
Some thoughts need time to 

2736
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,500
settle before they can be 
articulated correspondence, 

2737
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:19,900
involves waiting periods. 
You write a letter and set it 

2738
02:25:19,900 --> 02:25:23,400
aside to review later when you 
return, you read it with 

2739
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:26,800
distance, catching awkward 
phrasing or missing information.

2740
02:25:28,000 --> 02:25:31,200
The pencil allows Corrections 
before, the final version is 

2741
02:25:31,200 --> 02:25:34,500
committed to Inc. 
The pause between Drafting and 

2742
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:38,700
sending improves the result. 
Crafts People work until natural

2743
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:41,200
light Fades. 
Then set their tools aside. 

2744
02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:45,700
The pencil is placed in its jar 
or box and the workspace is 

2745
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:48,500
tidied. 
The days work is complete. 

2746
02:25:48,500 --> 02:25:52,200
Not because a specific goal was 
reached, but because the 

2747
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:56,100
conditions for work of passed, 
The Rhythm follows light and 

2748
02:25:56,100 --> 02:26:00,500
energy, not arbitrary targets. 
You find that the best ideas 

2749
02:26:00,500 --> 02:26:04,600
often arrive, not while actively
working, but during the pauses 

2750
02:26:04,600 --> 02:26:08,700
between efforts, The Mind 
continues processing while the 

2751
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:11,600
hand rests. 
When you pick up the pencil 

2752
02:26:11,600 --> 02:26:15,200
again the solution or next step,
often presents itself. 

2753
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:19,700
Clearly the rest is productive 
in ways that constant activity 

2754
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:23,900
is not In meetings notes are 
taken in bursts as important 

2755
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:26,200
points arise. 
Followed by quiet listening. 

2756
02:26:27,000 --> 02:26:29,500
The pencil moves and stills. 
According to the flow of 

2757
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:33,900
conversation, you do not write 
constantly but capture key 

2758
02:26:33,900 --> 02:26:37,400
ideas, trusting your attention 
to fill in the gaps. 

2759
02:26:38,800 --> 02:26:42,000
The rhythm of notation supports 
memory without overwhelming. 

2760
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:45,300
It evening routines, often 
include a period of quiet, 

2761
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:49,200
writing or drawing a way to 
transition from the days demands

2762
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:52,200
to rest. 
You sit with a pencil and paper 

2763
02:26:52,200 --> 02:26:55,900
recording thoughts, sketching or
simply doodling? 

2764
02:26:56,600 --> 02:26:59,900
The activity is calming 
occupying, the hands. 

2765
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:04,000
While the mind unwinds the marks
matter, less than the process. 

2766
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:07,200
You learn to recognize when 
continuing would be 

2767
02:27:07,208 --> 02:27:11,000
counterproductive, the hand 
grows tired, the marks less 

2768
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:15,700
precise and the thoughts less 
clear. setting the pencil down 

2769
02:27:15,700 --> 02:27:19,300
at this point, is not giving up,
but honoring the body's limits 

2770
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:23,300
Restores capacity. 
Tomorrow. 

2771
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:25,700
The work will resume with 
renewed Stead. 

2772
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:30,400
Mines in various regions Supply,
the raw material, that becomes 

2773
02:27:30,400 --> 02:27:34,100
the heart of every pencil. 
You work in one such mine. 

2774
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:37,200
Extracting veins of graphite 
from deep within the Earth. 

2775
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:40,900
The process is steady and 
careful as the material is 

2776
02:27:40,900 --> 02:27:43,500
valuable. 
Loose chunks are collected in 

2777
02:27:43,500 --> 02:27:47,500
baskets sorted by quality and 
transported to workshops where 

2778
02:27:47,500 --> 02:27:50,900
they will be processed. 
Cedar forests provide the wood 

2779
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:54,800
that encases the graphite. 
Trees are selected for Harvest 

2780
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:58,500
based on Age and straightness 
and cut during Seasons. 

2781
02:27:58,500 --> 02:28:02,500
When the wood is most stable, 
You help load logs onto wagons 

2782
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:06,700
watching them roll away, towards
Sawmills the center of fresh. 

2783
02:28:06,700 --> 02:28:10,200
Cut cedar is strong and 
resonance lingering in the air 

2784
02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:14,500
long after the work is done. 
At The Sawmill logs, transformed

2785
02:28:14,500 --> 02:28:17,700
into planks, then in to slap 
suitable for pencil. 

2786
02:28:17,700 --> 02:28:21,800
Making the Machinery is loud, 
but a fishing at cutting with 

2787
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:26,500
Precision that hand tools cannot
match Workers guide the wood 

2788
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:30,700
through blades, collect the 
finished pieces, and stack them 

2789
02:28:30,700 --> 02:28:33,700
for drying. 
Moisture must be reduced 

2790
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:37,800
gradually to prevent warping. 
Graphite processing, workshops 

2791
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:39,700
receive raw material and refine 
it. 

2792
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:44,200
In pure graphite is crushed into
powder, mixed with clay and 

2793
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:47,300
water and formed into sticks 
through Extrusion. 

2794
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:51,300
The ratio of ingredients is 
carefully controlled to produce 

2795
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:55,400
consistent, hardness across 
batches, you monitor the mixture

2796
02:28:55,400 --> 02:28:57,700
adjusting as needed to maintain 
quality. 

2797
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:01,100
Kills fire. 
The graphite clay sticks 

2798
02:29:01,100 --> 02:29:03,400
hardening them in to stable 
Kors. 

2799
02:29:03,400 --> 02:29:08,500
The temperature in duration must
be precise to little Heat and 

2800
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:12,700
the sticks remain fragile too 
much and they become brittle 

2801
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:17,600
uten, the kill checking 
progressing, the firing proceeds

2802
02:29:17,600 --> 02:29:19,600
evenly. 
Finish sticks. 

2803
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:21,600
Cool. 
Slowly ready for assembly? 

2804
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:25,200
Trade routes, carry materials, 
from mines and Forest to 

2805
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:29,300
workshops and finished pencils 
from workshops to markets, you 

2806
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:31,600
help load crates onto ships or 
wagons. 

2807
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,400
Each crate. 
Containing hundreds of pencils 

2808
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:38,300
destined for distance cities. 
The movement of goods is 

2809
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:42,800
constant linking producers and 
users across wide distances in 

2810
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:46,600
markets vendors display pencils.
Alongside other writing 

2811
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:50,500
supplies, you browse the 
selection comparing prices and 

2812
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:53,400
quality. 
Some pencils are plain and 

2813
02:29:53,400 --> 02:29:55,900
functional. 
Others are painted stamped with 

2814
02:29:55,908 --> 02:29:58,300
Maker's Marks or sold in 
decorative boxes. 

2815
02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:01,600
The variety reflects different 
needs and budgets. 

2816
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:06,100
But also serve the same basic 
purpose, retailers or pencils by

2817
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:08,400
the gross. 
Receiving them in bulk 

2818
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:12,400
shipments, you unpack crates, 
count pencils and arrange them 

2819
02:30:12,408 --> 02:30:14,600
for sale. 
The work is routine. 

2820
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:19,000
The product familiar pencil, 
sell steadily neither fast nor 

2821
02:30:19,000 --> 02:30:22,300
slow a reliable part of 
inventory, that turns over 

2822
02:30:22,300 --> 02:30:25,800
without drama. 
Rubber for a razors is sourced 

2823
02:30:25,800 --> 02:30:30,000
from trees in tropical regions 
collected as sap and processed 

2824
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:34,300
into usable material. 
The sap is coagulated dried and 

2825
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:38,000
shaped into small cylinders. 
You work in a facility that 

2826
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,900
receives raw Rubber and produces
eraser cores which are then ship

2827
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:45,500
to pencil manufacturers. 
The supply chain is long 

2828
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:48,400
spanning continents, but each 
link is dependable. 

2829
02:30:49,100 --> 02:30:51,300
Metal for ferals comes from 
foundries. 

2830
02:30:51,300 --> 02:30:53,700
That produce small components 
for various Industries. 

2831
02:30:54,500 --> 02:30:58,100
Thin strips of metal are cut 
shaped into rings and finished 

2832
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:01,700
to fit pencil dimensions. 
You operate Machinery, that 

2833
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:05,100
forms ferrules checking each 
batch for consistency. 

2834
02:31:06,000 --> 02:31:09,100
The work is repetitive, but 
essential to the final product. 

2835
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:13,100
glue used in pencil assembly is 
made from animal products or 

2836
02:31:13,100 --> 02:31:16,600
plant starches cooked into 
thick, adhesives, that Bond 

2837
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:21,500
would rely You prepare batches 
of glue Heating and stirring 

2838
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:25,700
until the consistency is right. 
The glue must be strong enough 

2839
02:31:25,700 --> 02:31:28,500
to hold under normal use, but 
not so rigid, that it causes 

2840
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:32,500
wood to crack. 
Workshops employ many workers 

2841
02:31:32,500 --> 02:31:35,200
each specializing in a part of 
the process. 

2842
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:40,400
You may spend your days cutting 
slats or grooving wood or 

2843
02:31:40,400 --> 02:31:44,900
inspecting finished pencils. 
The division of labor increases 

2844
02:31:44,900 --> 02:31:48,300
efficiency, allowing large 
quantities to be produced 

2845
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:52,400
without sacrificing quality. 
Each person becomes skilled in 

2846
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:55,900
their specific tasks. 
Trade associations, set 

2847
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:57,500
standards for pencil grade 
grading. 

2848
02:31:57,500 --> 02:31:59,900
Ensuring buyers know what they 
are purchasing. 

2849
02:32:01,100 --> 02:32:04,200
A number two pencil, for 
instance, has a specific 

2850
02:32:04,200 --> 02:32:08,600
hardness and darkness 
recognizable across different 

2851
02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:11,400
manufacturers. 
You mark pencils with the 

2852
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:13,900
appropriate grade following 
established guidelines, 

2853
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:19,400
consistency, builds, trust in 
the market export and import 

2854
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:21,900
records track. 
The movement of pencils across 

2855
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:26,000
borders, you work in a customs 
Office recording, shipments 

2856
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:30,300
collecting duties, and ensuring 
compliance with regulations. 

2857
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:34,100
The paperwork is tedious, but 
necessary for maintaining 

2858
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:37,200
orderly trade. 
Pencils flow through these 

2859
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:41,400
channels alongside countless 
other Goods. retailers sometimes

2860
02:32:41,400 --> 02:32:45,500
return, unsatisfactory stock, 
and you inspect the returns to 

2861
02:32:45,500 --> 02:32:49,200
determine the cause Would may 
have warped during shipping. 

2862
02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:53,400
Graphite may have been poorly 
centered paint, may have chip 

2863
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:58,400
quality control is ongoing 
addressing problems as they 

2864
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,500
arise and adjusting processes to
prevent recurrence. 

2865
02:33:02,400 --> 02:33:05,700
In workshops left over materials
are salvaged when possible. 

2866
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:07,900
Wood scraps are used for 
kindling. 

2867
02:33:07,900 --> 02:33:11,000
Broken graphite is reground and 
reused. 

2868
02:33:11,000 --> 02:33:14,900
Waste is minimized. 
Not from environmental concern, 

2869
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:18,800
which is not yet a widespread 
priority but from economic 

2870
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:23,700
practicality materials cost 
money and using them fully makes

2871
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:26,500
business sense. 
You notice the rhythm of 

2872
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:28,900
production, how it aligns with 
demand? 

2873
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:33,100
during school Seasons, pencil 
production increases during 

2874
02:33:33,100 --> 02:33:37,200
summer months, it slows the 
workforce adjusts accordingly 

2875
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,900
with some workers hired 
seasonally The industry 

2876
02:33:40,900 --> 02:33:44,700
breathed, with the calendar, 
expanding and Contracting and 

2877
02:33:44,700 --> 02:33:47,900
predictable Cycles. 
Technological improvements. 

2878
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:50,100
Gradually change. 
How pencils are made. 

2879
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:52,300
Machinery. 
Takes over tasks. 

2880
02:33:52,300 --> 02:33:57,000
Once done by hand increasing 
speed and uniformity, you adapt 

2881
02:33:57,000 --> 02:33:59,200
to new equipment learning to 
operate. 

2882
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:03,200
It safely and efficiently. 
Fundamental product remains 

2883
02:34:03,200 --> 02:34:06,400
unchanged, but the process 
becomes more streamlined. 

2884
02:34:07,400 --> 02:34:11,500
Local makers compete with larger
manufacturers, each finding 

2885
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:14,500
their niche. 
Small workshops May focus on 

2886
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:17,200
specialty items or serve 
Regional markets. 

2887
02:34:18,000 --> 02:34:21,500
Larger factories produce in 
volume supplying National or 

2888
02:34:21,500 --> 02:34:25,100
International demand. 
You work in one of these larger 

2889
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:29,400
operations part of a system that
produces thousands of pencils 

2890
02:34:29,400 --> 02:34:33,100
each day. 
Trade catalogs advertise pencils

2891
02:34:33,100 --> 02:34:35,900
to schools businesses and 
individuals. 

2892
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:40,500
You page through one such 
catalog noting descriptions and 

2893
02:34:40,500 --> 02:34:43,100
prices. 
The language is straightforward,

2894
02:34:43,100 --> 02:34:45,900
emphasizing reliability and 
value. 

2895
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:49,500
Pencils are not glamorous 
products but they are essential.

2896
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:54,700
And the marketing reflects this 
practical reality, As daylight 

2897
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,700
Fades, you light a lamp and 
settle at your desk. 

2898
02:34:58,500 --> 02:35:02,400
Papers are arranged within easy.
Reach, a pencil rests in your 

2899
02:35:02,400 --> 02:35:05,900
hand and the quiet work of 
evening begins. 

2900
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:11,200
Outside the world grows darker, 
but here under the steady glow. 

2901
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:15,400
The pencil moves across the page
recording, thoughts, plans, and 

2902
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:19,200
correspondents, You write 
letters to family members living

2903
02:35:19,200 --> 02:35:21,500
at a distance, the pencil 
drafts. 

2904
02:35:21,500 --> 02:35:24,800
What you will later copy and ink
allowing you to organize your 

2905
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:29,000
thoughts before committing them.
First version is messy crossed 

2906
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:31,900
out and revised but the process 
clarifies. 

2907
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:35,500
What you want to say by the time
you write the final copy, the 

2908
02:35:35,500 --> 02:35:39,700
words flow smoothly, students 
study by Lamplight, copying 

2909
02:35:39,700 --> 02:35:43,800
notes or completing assignments.
You sit among them pencil in 

2910
02:35:43,808 --> 02:35:46,800
hand, working through problems 
or memorizing information. 

2911
02:35:46,800 --> 02:35:50,700
The scratching of graphite on 
paper is the dominant sound 

2912
02:35:50,700 --> 02:35:54,100
punctuated by occasional size or
shifts and posture. 

2913
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,500
Shared quiet is comforting a 
communal effort toward learning.

2914
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:03,000
Artists sketch, evening scenes, 
capturing, the interplay of 

2915
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:06,700
light and Shadow you work, 
quickly aware that the quality 

2916
02:36:06,700 --> 02:36:10,500
of light changes as the lamp 
flickers or as you adjust its 

2917
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:13,100
position. 
The pencil catches highlights 

2918
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:16,900
and suggests depth translating 
three-dimensional space onto 

2919
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,600
flat paper. 
The process is absorbing 

2920
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:23,800
narrowing Focus to what is 
immediately before you 

2921
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:28,600
accountants and Clark's balance 
ledgers, checking figures and 

2922
02:36:28,600 --> 02:36:31,900
making Corrections. 
The pencil allows tentative 

2923
02:36:31,900 --> 02:36:35,900
calculations, scratched out and 
redone and the numbers aligned. 

2924
02:36:35,900 --> 02:36:42,300
You work methodically line by 
line in accuracy. mistakes are 

2925
02:36:42,300 --> 02:36:44,400
easier to catch in the 
controlled environment of the 

2926
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:48,500
evening when distractions are 
fewer, You keep a journal and 

2927
02:36:48,500 --> 02:36:51,900
evening is when you record the 
days of events, the writing is 

2928
02:36:51,908 --> 02:36:56,400
private honest. 
And unpolished the pencil moves 

2929
02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:59,600
without self-consciousness 
capturing Impressions and 

2930
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:03,900
emotions as they arise. 
Over time the journal becomes a 

2931
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:07,600
record of days, lived a map of 
thoughts and experiences that 

2932
02:37:07,600 --> 02:37:11,700
might otherwise be forgotten. 
Children sometimes draw before 

2933
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:15,500
bed sitting at a table with 
paper and pencils while parents 

2934
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:19,300
prepare the household for night.
The activity is calming 

2935
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,500
occupying Restless energy and a 
quiet way. 

2936
02:37:23,300 --> 02:37:27,000
You observe them noting how 
their concentration deepens as 

2937
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:30,100
they work, how the act of 
creating settles them 

2938
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,800
correspondence courses. 
Rely on written lesson sent back

2939
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:36,600
and forth. 
You complete exercises in the 

2940
02:37:36,608 --> 02:37:39,800
evening, filling in answers and 
working through problems. 

2941
02:37:39,800 --> 02:37:43,300
The pencil is your primary tool 
for learning at a distance, 

2942
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:46,400
connecting you to instructors, 
you may never meet. 

2943
02:37:47,500 --> 02:37:50,900
The marks you make travel 
carrying your understanding 

2944
02:37:50,900 --> 02:37:54,500
across miles. 
In workshops attached to home's,

2945
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:57,900
Crafts, People refined designs 
or plan, the next day's work. 

2946
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:02,500
Sketch variations of a piece 
considering which approach will 

2947
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:04,500
be most efficient or 
aesthetically pleasing. 

2948
02:38:05,500 --> 02:38:09,300
Pencil allows exploration 
without commitment ideas, can be

2949
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:11,500
tested on paper before materials
are cut. 

2950
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:15,600
Musicians, practice by 
Lamplight, reading scores, 

2951
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:20,000
annotated with pencil marks. 
You follow the note's, guided by

2952
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:23,400
reminders written in early, 
session's the music and the 

2953
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:26,500
marks work together, the pencil 
serving memory, and 

2954
02:38:26,500 --> 02:38:30,800
interpretation, As you play, you
may add new notes refining. 

2955
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:34,800
Your understanding of the piece,
Naturalists record observations 

2956
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:38,200
from the day sketching specimens
or noting behaviors. 

2957
02:38:38,200 --> 02:38:41,700
You work from memory and from 
samples collected earlier, 

2958
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:44,700
translating what you saw into 
words and images. 

2959
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:48,400
The pencil captures detail that 
might fade from memory 

2960
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,600
preserving knowledge for future,
reference or comparison. 

2961
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:54,600
You write lists of tasks for 
tomorrow. 

2962
02:38:54,600 --> 02:38:57,700
Organizing priorities and 
allocating time. 

2963
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:01,200
The act of writing them down 
releases the mental burden of 

2964
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,900
remembering the lists its ready 
for more morning a guide that 

2965
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:08,400
structures the day ahead. 
Crossing off completed items, 

2966
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:13,400
its own small satisfaction in 
reading groups or study circles.

2967
02:39:13,400 --> 02:39:16,200
Participants make notes on text 
to be discussed. 

2968
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:20,500
You mark, passages that strike 
you jotting questions or 

2969
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:23,000
reactions in margins or on 
separate paper? 

2970
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:28,000
The pencil supports active 
reading transforming passive 

2971
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:30,600
consumption in to engage 
dialogue with the material. 

2972
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:35,400
Seamstresses and tailors plan, 
garments sketching, patterns, 

2973
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:37,400
and calculating fabric 
requirements. 

2974
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,800
The evening hours are quieter 
more conducive to the detailed 

2975
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:43,900
planning that precedes cutting 
and sewing. 

2976
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:48,100
You measure draw, adjust and 
measure again, ensuring 

2977
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:49,700
everything will fit together 
correctly. 

2978
02:39:49,700 --> 02:39:53,900
You write poetry or stories. 
Experimenting with language and 

2979
02:39:53,908 --> 02:39:56,600
form the pencil makes revision 
easy. 

2980
02:39:56,600 --> 02:40:01,700
Encouraging you to take risks 
lines can be reworked words 

2981
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:07,100
swapped and entire passages 
Rewritten The creative process 

2982
02:40:07,100 --> 02:40:10,200
is iterative and the pencil 
accommodates. 

2983
02:40:10,200 --> 02:40:14,000
This fluidity without 
resistance, Farmers plan, crop 

2984
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:18,000
rotations sketching field, 
layouts and noting which plots 

2985
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,800
grew what in previous years. 
The pencil helps organize 

2986
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:25,800
information spatially, creating 
visual representations that are 

2987
02:40:25,800 --> 02:40:27,800
easier to understand than lists 
alone. 

2988
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:31,400
You refer to these sketches 
throughout the planting season 

2989
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:35,800
adjusting as conditions. 
Require Evening, settles deeper 

2990
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:38,400
and you feel the days for Teague
in your hand and eyes. 

2991
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:42,300
The pencil is move for hours, 
its point wearing dull. 

2992
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:45,800
He set it down, stretching 
fingers that have gripped. 

2993
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:49,500
It too long. 
The work is paused, not finished

2994
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:53,200
but sufficient for now. 
Tomorrow, we'll bring fresh 

2995
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:56,900
Light and Renewed Energy. 
You glance at what you've 

2996
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:00,900
written or drawn seeing both 
accomplishment and imperfection?

2997
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:05,500
A pencil has Faithfully 
recorded, your efforts, neither 

2998
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:09,600
flattering, nor condemning. 
The marks are what they are 

2999
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:12,400
honest. 
Traces of thought made visible, 

3000
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:16,400
you gather the papers blow out 
the lamp and leave the pencil 

3001
02:41:16,400 --> 02:41:18,200
resting where you can find it in
the morning. 

3002
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:23,300
The days work is complete and 
you gather the pencils scattered

3003
02:41:23,300 --> 02:41:26,600
across your desk. 
Some are sharp others worn down 

3004
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:30,900
to Stubs, you sort them. 
Placing the usable ones in a jar

3005
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:32,800
and setting aside those that 
need attention. 

3006
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:36,700
The actor of organizing is 
brief, but satisfying, bringing 

3007
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:40,200
order to the workspace. 
You take a small knife and 

3008
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:43,900
sharpen the dull pencils working
by the light of a single lamp. 

3009
02:41:44,700 --> 02:41:48,900
The wood shavings curl away in 
thin ribbons accumulating in a 

3010
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:51,800
small pile. 
Each pencil requires only a 

3011
02:41:51,800 --> 02:41:55,400
minute or two, but you take care
to create a clean Point without 

3012
02:41:55,400 --> 02:41:59,200
wasting material. 
The repetition is calming a 

3013
02:41:59,200 --> 02:42:03,600
quiet ritual that marks the end 
of productive hours in schools, 

3014
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:07,100
teachers, collect pencils left 
behind by students who walk 

3015
02:42:07,100 --> 02:42:10,500
through rows of desks picking up
forgotten items and placing them

3016
02:42:10,500 --> 02:42:14,000
in a box. 
Some pencils are chewed and some

3017
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:16,700
are nearly new. 
There will be redistributed in 

3018
02:42:16,700 --> 02:42:19,500
the morning recirculating 
through the classroom. 

3019
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:23,800
Nothing is wasted. 
At home children are reminded to

3020
02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:27,200
put away their drawing supplies,
you help them gather papers, and

3021
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:29,700
pencils, storing everything in a
box or Draw. 

3022
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:33,400
The routine teaches 
responsibility and ensures 

3023
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:35,200
materials. 
Remain in good condition. 

3024
02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:38,700
A pencil left on the floor, 
maybe stepped on and broken. 

3025
02:42:39,500 --> 02:42:41,700
A pencil stored properly as 
ready for use tomorrow. 

3026
02:42:41,700 --> 02:42:45,700
In workshops tools are cleaned 
and organized before leaving for

3027
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:49,900
the night you wiped saw dust 
from surfaces return pencils to 

3028
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:53,500
their designated spots and check
that everything is in its place.

3029
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:55,900
The preparation makes the next 
day. 

3030
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,000
Start easier. 
Walking into a tidy workspace 

3031
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:02,700
allows you to begin immediately 
without searching for what you 

3032
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:05,300
need. 
You inspect your pencils for 

3033
02:43:05,300 --> 02:43:08,400
damage a cracked. 
Pencil may still be usable for 

3034
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,300
rough work, but should not be 
relied upon for precision. 

3035
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:15,000
You set these aside noting that 
they will serve temporary 

3036
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:19,300
purposes before being discarded,
recognizing a tools limitations 

3037
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:21,900
prevents frustration during 
important tasks. 

3038
02:43:22,900 --> 02:43:26,300
Some people keep pencils in 
multiple locations in one is 

3039
02:43:26,300 --> 02:43:29,800
always Within Reach. 
You place a pencil in a kitchen 

3040
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:33,500
drawer, another beside the bed 
and a third in your coat pocket.

3041
02:43:34,300 --> 02:43:36,800
The distribution reflects 
patterns of use. 

3042
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:40,300
Wherever you might need to write
something down, a pencil 

3043
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:42,600
weights, reducing the friction 
of capture. 

3044
02:43:43,400 --> 02:43:46,600
In offices, work as tidy their 
desks before leaving for the 

3045
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:50,500
night, your range papers, in 
Stacks, file, completed work, 

3046
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:53,000
and store, pencils and desk 
organizers. 

3047
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:55,400
The order creates mental 
Clarity. 

3048
02:43:55,400 --> 02:44:00,200
Separating work from rest. when 
you return in the morning, the 

3049
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:04,400
clean desk signals Readiness to 
begin a new pencil stored in 

3050
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:08,100
humid conditions, May develop 
issues the woods swells, the 

3051
02:44:08,100 --> 02:44:12,000
graphite shifts and the glue. 
Weakens you learned to keep them

3052
02:44:12,000 --> 02:44:14,600
in dry. 
Places away from Windows were 

3053
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:17,700
condensation, might form. 
Proper Storage, prevents 

3054
02:44:17,700 --> 02:44:20,200
problems. 
Extending the life of each Pence

3055
02:44:20,200 --> 02:44:22,500
saw. 
You notice that some pencils, 

3056
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:26,400
develop a patina from use the 
wood dark and slightly, where 

3057
02:44:26,400 --> 02:44:28,700
your fingers. 
Grip it Polished by repeated 

3058
02:44:28,700 --> 02:44:30,600
handling. 
These. 

3059
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:33,500
Well, used pencils feel familiar
and comfortable in a way that 

3060
02:44:33,500 --> 02:44:37,100
new ones do not. 
The wear is a record of service.

3061
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:39,700
Not damaged. 
Before bed, you prepare 

3062
02:44:39,700 --> 02:44:42,700
materials for the next day, 
papers are stacked. 

3063
02:44:42,700 --> 02:44:45,800
According to Priority, pencils 
are sharpened and ready and 

3064
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:49,600
notes are reviewed briefly. 
The preparation takes only a few

3065
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:51,900
minutes, but shapes how the 
morning unfolds. 

3066
02:44:52,700 --> 02:44:55,700
Starting prepared. 
Reduces morning, confusion, and 

3067
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:57,800
allows you to engage with work 
immediately. 

3068
02:44:58,800 --> 02:45:02,300
In shared spaces, pencils are 
returned to communal containers.

3069
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:06,400
You place your pencil in the jar
on the counter where anyone may 

3070
02:45:06,400 --> 02:45:10,000
take it when needed. the system 
relies on trust and reciprocity,

3071
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:13,500
you take a pencil when you need 
one and you return it when 

3072
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:18,100
finished Flow is self-regulating
functioning with out oversight, 

3073
02:45:18,100 --> 02:45:22,900
occasionally, find a pence or 
in, unexpected, place a pocket, 

3074
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,700
you forgot to check or a book 
you set aside months ago. 

3075
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:30,800
The discovery is mildly Pleasant
like finding a small amount of 

3076
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:34,100
money. 
The Pence is cleaned sharpened. 

3077
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:36,300
If necessary and return to 
circulation. 

3078
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:40,000
Nighttime brings a Stillness 
that makes small tasks more 

3079
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:42,400
noticeable. 
The sound of sharpening. 

3080
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:46,300
A pencil is louder in the quiet.
Grape of blade on wood, 

3081
02:45:46,300 --> 02:45:49,500
distinct. 
You work, carefully aware of 

3082
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:51,000
others, who may be sleeping 
nearby. 

3083
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:56,100
The consideration shapes your 
movements making them deliberate

3084
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:59,900
and gentle children, sometimes 
resist putting away their things

3085
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:02,800
wanting to leave projects out to
continue later. 

3086
02:46:02,800 --> 02:46:07,300
You negotiate allowing some 
items to remain but insisting 

3087
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:11,200
that loose pencils be collected.
The compromise respects their 

3088
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:15,600
work while maintaining order. 
Pencils left scattered at easily

3089
02:46:15,600 --> 02:46:18,800
lost or damaged. 
You develop preferences for how 

3090
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:22,000
to store pencils? 
Some people prefer them point up

3091
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:25,400
to protect the graphite others. 
Lay them, flat Distributing 

3092
02:46:25,400 --> 02:46:29,200
weight evenly, you experiment 
and settle on, what feels right.

3093
02:46:29,200 --> 02:46:33,400
A personal system that suits 
your habits and space The 

3094
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,000
evening routine becomes 
automatic performed without 

3095
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:39,500
conscious thought you move 
through the motions, tidying, 

3096
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:43,000
sharpening, and organizing your 
mind already shifting toward 

3097
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:46,200
rest. 
The pencil is put away, the 

3098
02:46:46,200 --> 02:46:49,600
workspace is ready and the 
transition from work to sleep 

3099
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:53,300
begins. 
The day releases its hold, and 

3100
02:46:53,300 --> 02:46:55,300
the pencil Waits patiently for 
Mourning. 

3101
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:59,900
Centuries pass and the pencil 
remains fundamentally unchanged.

3102
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:03,800
New materials are tested, 
manufacturing becomes more 

3103
02:47:03,800 --> 02:47:06,400
efficient, and production, 
scales increased. 

3104
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:10,900
But the basic design endures, 
you hold a pencil made in the 

3105
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:15,200
1800s and one made in the 1900s.
And the difference is a minor. 

3106
02:47:15,900 --> 02:47:19,800
Both serve the same purpose in 
the same way with the same 

3107
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:23,200
reliability. 
Generations of students, learn 

3108
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:26,400
to write with pencils. 
You teach your children as you 

3109
02:47:26,400 --> 02:47:30,000
were taught guiding their 
fingers to grip correctly, to 

3110
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:33,300
apply appropriate pressure and 
to form letters with care. 

3111
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:38,800
The tool passes from hand to 
hand unchanged, a constant in an

3112
02:47:38,800 --> 02:47:42,600
evolving world. 
The familiarity across time is 

3113
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:46,500
comforting in offices pencils. 
Remain the tool of choice for 

3114
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:49,000
drafts calculations and 
temporary notes. 

3115
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:53,600
New technologies emerge 
typewriters and later computers,

3116
02:47:53,600 --> 02:47:56,300
but the pencil does not 
disappear. 

3117
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:00,300
It occupies a niche that other 
tools cannot fully replace. 

3118
02:48:01,300 --> 02:48:04,000
A quick thoughts, rough 
sketches, and flexible work. 

3119
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:07,800
The pencil continues to serve 
Artists across decades. 

3120
02:48:07,800 --> 02:48:10,000
Use pencils for preliminary 
work. 

3121
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:14,500
You study drawing from Past 
Masters and recognized the same 

3122
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:19,100
materials you used today. 
The continuity connects you to a

3123
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:21,100
tradition. 
A lineage of makers. 

3124
02:48:21,100 --> 02:48:23,100
Who trusted the same simple 
tool. 

3125
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:28,100
The pencil does not impose style
or technique it responds to the 

3126
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,800
hand that guides it pencils 
adapt to new contexts without 

3127
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:34,900
changing form. 
They used in space missions, 

3128
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:37,700
where their lack of liquid 
components makes them safer than

3129
02:48:37,700 --> 02:48:41,700
pens in 0 gravity. 
They Mark ballots in elections, 

3130
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:44,000
providing a clear erasable 
record. 

3131
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:48,400
They serve in hospitals, 
workshops forests and Fields. 

3132
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:53,000
The Simplicity allows broad 
application. you notice that 

3133
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,700
people develop attachments to 
particular pencils, A favorite 

3134
02:48:56,700 --> 02:48:59,800
pencil is one that has been used
long enough to feel like an 

3135
02:48:59,800 --> 02:49:02,500
extension of the hand. 
The balance is right. 

3136
02:49:03,300 --> 02:49:07,100
The point holds well and the 
wood is smooth, you resist, 

3137
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,100
sharpening it down to nothing 
reluctant to lose. 

3138
02:49:10,100 --> 02:49:11,900
The tool that has become so 
familiar. 

3139
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:15,900
Children who learn to write with
pencils growing to adults who 

3140
02:49:15,900 --> 02:49:17,800
still reach for them when 
thinking through problems? 

3141
02:49:18,700 --> 02:49:22,200
You find yourself doodling in 
margins, during meetings the 

3142
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:24,200
pencil moving almost 
unconsciously. 

3143
02:49:25,200 --> 02:49:27,000
The Habit. 
Formed early persists. 

3144
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:31,000
Physical manifestation of 
thought, processes that remained

3145
02:49:31,000 --> 02:49:34,900
fundamentally unchanged. 
Manufacturers continued 

3146
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:38,700
producing pencils in vast, 
quantities meeting steady 

3147
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:41,500
demand. 
You work in a factory that is 

3148
02:49:41,500 --> 02:49:44,900
operated for Generations using 
improved machine or e but 

3149
02:49:44,908 --> 02:49:47,300
creating the same product your 
grandparents made. 

3150
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:52,100
The business is stable either 
booming nor failing sustained by

3151
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:56,100
ongoing need Pencils are found 
in archaeological. 

3152
02:49:56,100 --> 02:49:59,800
Layers of more recent history, 
small artifacts of daily life. 

3153
02:50:00,600 --> 02:50:04,400
You uncover one while renovating
an old building its would 

3154
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:08,600
preserved by dry conditions. 
The pencil is unremarkable in, 

3155
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:10,900
every way except that it has 
survived. 

3156
02:50:11,500 --> 02:50:14,200
A tiny witness to ordinary 
moments long past. 

3157
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,900
In schools, debates arise about 
whether pencils should be 

3158
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:21,500
replaced by other tools. 
Each generation questions, 

3159
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:25,600
whether the old ways are best, 
Yet the pencil persists not 

3160
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:28,200
through inertia, but through 
continued usefulness. 

3161
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:32,900
It is inexpensive, reliable and 
requires no training to use 

3162
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:35,500
these qualities. 
Ensure its survival. 

3163
02:50:35,500 --> 02:50:39,700
You reflect on how the pencil is
shaped habits of thought the 

3164
02:50:39,700 --> 02:50:43,600
ability to erase encourages 
experimentation, the slowness of

3165
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:46,700
handwriting, allows ideas to 
develop at a natural pace. 

3166
02:50:47,500 --> 02:50:50,200
The physicality of the tool 
keeps the body engaged with the 

3167
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:53,000
mind. 
These effects are subtle, but 

3168
02:50:53,000 --> 02:50:56,600
real influencing. 
How people think and create 

3169
02:50:57,600 --> 02:51:00,800
Trade in, pencils continues 
across borders, linking 

3170
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:02,900
producers and users in quiet 
Commerce. 

3171
02:51:02,900 --> 02:51:07,000
You work in logistics tracking 
shipments of pencils to schools 

3172
02:51:07,000 --> 02:51:12,100
offices and stores worldwide. 
The product is mundane, but the 

3173
02:51:12,100 --> 02:51:14,100
scale of distribution is 
remarkable. 

3174
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:17,800
Millions of pencils move through
systems designed to meet 

3175
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:21,600
consistent demand. 
Pencils appear in literature and

3176
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:25,700
artists symbols of creativity 
learning or simplicity. 

3177
02:51:26,700 --> 02:51:30,800
You read stories where a pencil 
serves as a key object, its 

3178
02:51:30,800 --> 02:51:33,100
ordinariness transformed by 
context. 

3179
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:38,100
The tool is so common, that its 
presence often goes unremarked 

3180
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:40,600
yet. 
It carries associations that 

3181
02:51:40,600 --> 02:51:44,600
resonate across cultures. 
You teach someone to sharpen a 

3182
02:51:44,600 --> 02:51:47,000
pencil with a knife, 
demonstrating, the angle and 

3183
02:51:47,000 --> 02:51:50,400
pressure. 
They practice creating uneven 

3184
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:53,500
points at first, then improving 
with repetition. 

3185
02:51:54,600 --> 02:51:58,600
Skill is small but satisfying to
pass along. in a world of 

3186
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:01,800
disposable items, this bit of 
Maintenance, connects people to 

3187
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:05,700
their tools, Evening finds you 
want to again at a desk pencil 

3188
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:09,000
in hand engaged in the same 
activities that people have 

3189
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:12,900
performed for Generations. 
Writing letters making lists 

3190
02:52:12,900 --> 02:52:16,600
sketching ideas. 
The pencil has not transformed 

3191
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:21,000
the world but it has quietly 
served it enabling communication

3192
02:52:21,000 --> 02:52:24,100
creativity and thought with 
minimal fuss. 

3193
02:52:25,100 --> 02:52:28,100
You set the pencil down noticing
the slight indentation. 

3194
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:30,300
It has left in your finger from 
prolonged use. 

3195
02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:35,300
The mark Fades quickly, but the 
work remains words on a page 

3196
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:37,800
drawings in a notebook plans, 
for tomorrow. 

3197
02:52:38,700 --> 02:52:41,000
The pencil has done what it has 
always done. 

3198
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:45,100
Reliably, without complaint. 
The night deepens and you put 

3199
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:48,900
your pencil in its place, ready 
for when it is needed again. 

3200
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,900
The routine is familiar. 
Almost invisible. 

3201
02:52:52,700 --> 02:52:56,000
Yet in this Simplicity lies, the
pencils greatest strength. 

3202
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,400
It does not demand attention or 
reinvent itself. 

3203
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:03,700
It simply continues day after 
day serving hands. 

3204
02:53:03,700 --> 02:53:05,800
That trust it to do what it has 
always done. 

3205
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,700
The quiet continuity of the 
pencil is its own, kind of 

3206
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:13,100
Grace. 
Stability in the small necessary

3207
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:22,700
tasks, that fill a life. 
You are stepping into the world 

3208
02:53:22,700 --> 02:53:25,400
of 1831. 
When a young naturalist named 

3209
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:28,800
Charles Darwin joined a small 
British surveying ship called 

3210
02:53:28,800 --> 02:53:32,100
HMS Beagle. 
Over five years. 

3211
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,900
This vessel would carry him 
across Ocean's along coastlines.

3212
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:39,600
And in to quiet Harbors were 
careful of observation became a 

3213
02:53:39,600 --> 02:53:43,100
daily practice. 
Tonight, we follow the slow. 

3214
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:46,900
Steady rhythm of that voyage. 
The ship is smaller than you 

3215
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:51,300
might imagine HMS. Beagle 
measures just 90 feet from bow 

3216
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:55,800
to stern and most of that space 
is claimed by equipment supplies

3217
02:53:55,800 --> 02:54:00,400
and the crew of 74 men. 
You awaken a narrow cabin that 

3218
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:03,800
you share with charts 
instruments and collections of 

3219
02:54:03,800 --> 02:54:06,000
specimens stored in bottles and 
boxes. 

3220
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:09,700
The ceiling is low enough, that 
you cannot stand fully upright. 

3221
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:14,400
Light enters through small Port 
holes, and the air smells of 

3222
02:54:14,400 --> 02:54:19,300
wood canvas and salt. 
Morning begins with the Bell, it

3223
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,000
rings at regular intervals 
marking the watches that 

3224
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:25,800
organized shipboard time you 
rise from your hammock dress in 

3225
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:28,700
layers suitable for the weather 
and make your way to the upper 

3226
02:54:28,700 --> 02:54:30,800
deck. 
The motion of the ship is 

3227
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:35,400
constant even in calm seas the 
Beagle shifts and rolls with the

3228
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:38,400
water beneath its Hull. 
You learn to move with this 

3229
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:42,100
Rhythm, bracing yourself. 
As you walk, adjusting your 

3230
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:46,300
balance without thinking. 
Breakfast, is simple ship's 

3231
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:50,700
biscuit salted, meat and tea. 
You eat at a small table in the 

3232
02:54:50,708 --> 02:54:52,800
cramped, poop cabin, sometimes 
alone. 

3233
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:56,200
Sometimes with Captain Fitzroy, 
all the ship's officers 

3234
02:54:56,200 --> 02:55:00,300
conversation is practical. 
Where the conditions, the days 

3235
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:02,600
plan route note about 
Provisions. 

3236
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:06,400
There is little ceremony. 
Only the steady continuation of 

3237
02:55:06,400 --> 02:55:10,200
shipboard routine. 
After breakfast, you step out 

3238
02:55:10,200 --> 02:55:12,700
onto the deck. 
The crew is already at work 

3239
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:16,700
ropes, a checked and adjusted 
sales are trimmed according to 

3240
02:55:16,708 --> 02:55:20,500
the wind decks are scrubbed with
sea water and stiff brushes. 

3241
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:25,400
The work is repetitive a cycle 
that repeats itself day after 

3242
02:55:25,400 --> 02:55:27,700
day. 
You watch the crew, move with 

3243
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,100
practice, efficiency. 
Each man knowing his task 

3244
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:35,900
without needing instruction. 
Your own work begins quietly you

3245
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:39,400
carry a notebook, a few glass 
jars and tools for collecting. 

3246
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:43,200
When the ship anchors close to 
land, you get ready to 

3247
02:55:43,200 --> 02:55:46,500
disembark. 
On days, at Sea, You observe 

3248
02:55:46,500 --> 02:55:49,400
from the deck. 
Seabirds follow the ship gliding

3249
02:55:49,400 --> 02:55:53,400
on air currents, you know, their
colors, their calls and the way 

3250
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:56,000
they dip toward the water. 
Sketch. 

3251
02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:58,700
Their forms in your notebook 
recording details. 

3252
02:55:58,700 --> 02:56:01,900
That seem small but may later 
proved significant. 

3253
02:56:03,100 --> 02:56:06,200
Ships, naturalist role is not an
official Naval position. 

3254
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:10,100
You're a guest aboard. 
The Beagle invited to a company,

3255
02:56:10,108 --> 02:56:11,300
the voyage and make 
observations. 

3256
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:15,400
This means you fit your work 
into the ship's schedule rather 

3257
02:56:15,400 --> 02:56:19,100
than directing it. 
You wait for opportunities when 

3258
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:23,200
the ship stops for surveying 
work, you explore when it sails.

3259
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,600
You organize your notes and 
specimens midday brings another 

3260
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:29,100
meal often it is similar to 
breakfast. 

3261
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:33,300
Salted, pork or beef dried peas,
ships biscuit again. 

3262
02:56:34,200 --> 02:56:37,400
The food is plain and becomes 
familiar quickly, you eat, what 

3263
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,700
is provided grateful for the 
sustenance on days? 

3264
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:43,600
When fresh Provisions are 
available, there might be eggs 

3265
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,600
or fruit purchased from Coastal 
settlements. 

3266
02:56:46,600 --> 02:56:51,000
These are welcome to, but not 
expected after noon's vary. 

3267
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:54,600
Sometimes you work in your 
cabin, arranging specimens 

3268
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:58,200
collected during recent Shore. 
Visits rocks are labeled and 

3269
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:00,400
raped. 
Plants are pressed between 

3270
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:03,400
sheets of paper. 
Small creatures are preserved in

3271
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:07,500
spirits, each item requires 
careful handling, and notation 

3272
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:10,500
you record where it was found 
the date. 

3273
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:15,000
And any observations about the 
environment, this work is slow 

3274
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:19,100
and requires concentration. 
Other afternoons, you simply 

3275
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:23,700
watch the ocean changes with the
light morning, seas are one 

3276
02:57:23,700 --> 02:57:29,000
color afternoon season another. 
Cloud shift across the sky, The 

3277
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:33,900
Horizon remains constant a line 
that never approaches you lean 

3278
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:37,200
against the rail and let your 
mind settle into the rhythm of 

3279
02:57:37,208 --> 02:57:40,400
observation. 
There is no urgency only 

3280
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:43,400
attention. 
The ship's Carpenter Works. 

3281
02:57:43,400 --> 02:57:45,700
Nearby mending, a section of 
rail. 

3282
02:57:46,400 --> 02:57:49,700
The sail-maker sits cross-legged
on decks to stitching canvas. 

3283
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:52,100
The cook prepares the evening 
meal below. 

3284
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:55,300
Life aboard. 
The Beagle is a collection of 

3285
02:57:55,300 --> 02:57:57,800
individual tasks performed side 
by side. 

3286
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:02,200
Everyone works at a steady Pace,
the work simply continues. 

3287
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:05,700
As after noon turns toward 
evening, you return to your 

3288
02:58:05,700 --> 02:58:09,500
cabin, the light, through the 
portal, shifts to a warmer tone.

3289
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:12,900
You review your notes from the 
day adding details. 

3290
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:14,400
You remember and correcting 
errors. 

3291
02:58:14,400 --> 02:58:19,300
Your handwriting is small and 
precise filling page after page 

3292
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:22,900
of bound journals. 
These records will Outlast The 

3293
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:26,500
Voyage itself but for now they 
are simply part of the daily 

3294
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:29,400
routine. 
Evening comes gradually. 

3295
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:33,400
The crew changes watches. 
Those who have worked through 

3296
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:37,200
the afternoon, descend below 
deck, to rest others, take their

3297
02:58:37,200 --> 02:58:39,900
places maintaining the ship 
through the night. 

3298
02:58:40,700 --> 02:58:43,400
You eat your evening meal, which
is much like the others. 

3299
02:58:43,400 --> 02:58:47,300
The same nest is comforting, you
know what to expect. 

3300
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:51,900
Before full Darkness, you spend 
a few more minutes on Deck, the 

3301
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:55,300
air cools stars begin to appear 
first. 

3302
02:58:55,300 --> 02:59:01,000
A few, then many Ships lanterns 
are lit, casting small pools of 

3303
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:03,500
light. 
You listen to The Sounds 

3304
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:08,100
canvassing in the wind ropes, 
creaking and water moving along 

3305
02:59:08,100 --> 02:59:10,600
the hull. 
These sounds become a kind of 

3306
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:15,400
music, a backdrop to thought. 
You return to your cabin and 

3307
02:59:15,400 --> 02:59:18,500
prepare for Sleep. 
The hammock sways, with the 

3308
02:59:18,508 --> 02:59:22,000
ship's motion, a gentle rocking 
that makes rest easier. 

3309
02:59:22,900 --> 02:59:25,200
Tomorrow will bring another day,
much like this one. 

3310
02:59:25,200 --> 02:59:29,500
The routine is dependable. 
The Voyage continues steady and 

3311
02:59:29,500 --> 02:59:32,200
slow across weeks that blend 
into months. 

3312
02:59:33,200 --> 02:59:35,300
Ship at Sea requires constant 
care. 

3313
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:39,400
Beagle is a working vessel and 
its maintenance shape. 

3314
02:59:39,400 --> 02:59:42,800
The rhythm of each day, you 
watch the crew performed tasks 

3315
02:59:42,800 --> 02:59:46,600
that seem small but are 
essential Wood swells and 

3316
02:59:46,600 --> 02:59:51,000
shrinks with moisture. 
Ropes Frey sales weaken. 

3317
02:59:51,000 --> 02:59:53,400
Nothing aboard. 
The ship can be neglected. 

3318
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:55,900
The carpenter is one of the 
busiest men. 

3319
02:59:56,500 --> 03:00:00,300
He inspects the whole regularly 
looking for signs of wear or 

3320
03:00:00,300 --> 03:00:04,800
damage when he finds a loose 
plank, he secures it when a 

3321
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:09,500
joint weakens, he reinforces it.
His work is preventive catching 

3322
03:00:09,500 --> 03:00:12,900
problems before they grow. 
You see him at his bench, 

3323
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:16,700
planing wood fitting pieces 
together with careful precision.

3324
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:21,100
Smell of fresh cut, timber mixes
with the Saltair. 

3325
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:26,700
The sail-maker's work is equally
important canvas sails endure, 

3326
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:30,900
tremendous strain wind fills 
them, stretching the fabric 

3327
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:37,300
tight reins soaks the sun 
bleachers and weakens them The 

3328
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:42,200
sail-maker examined every sale 
regularly running his hands over

3329
03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:46,600
the surface feeling for thin 
spots when he finds damage, he 

3330
03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:48,900
cuts a patch and stitches it 
into place. 

3331
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,900
His needle moves in a steady 
Rhythm pulling heavy thread 

3332
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:57,600
through layers of canvas. 
Ropes require attention to the 

3333
03:00:57,600 --> 03:01:00,600
rigging that controls the sails 
as a complex network of lines. 

3334
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:04,800
Each with a specific purpose, 
the crew inspects these ropes 

3335
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:08,600
daily looking for where, when a 
rope shows signs of fraying it 

3336
03:01:08,600 --> 03:01:12,400
is replaced, before it fails, 
spare rope is stored below deck,

3337
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:17,300
coiled neatly, ready for use. 
The Bolson oversees this work, 

3338
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:19,300
his experience guiding the 
crew's efforts. 

3339
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:22,300
Navigation, is another ongoing 
task. 

3340
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:26,000
Captain Fitzroy takes regular 
measurements of the ship's 

3341
03:01:26,000 --> 03:01:29,900
position using a Sextant and 
chronometer He measures the 

3342
03:01:29,900 --> 03:01:33,200
angle of the Sun at noon, 
calculates, latitude and 

3343
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:35,200
Records. 
The information in the ship's 

3344
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:39,400
log, these measurements across 
checked and verified accuracy 

3345
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:43,600
matters, The difference between 
a correct position and an 

3346
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:46,500
incorrect, one can determine 
whether the ship finds Safe 

3347
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:51,200
Harbor or dangerous reefs, 
charts are consulted frequently.

3348
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,300
The Beagle carries maps of 
coastlines, though, many are 

3349
03:01:55,300 --> 03:01:57,300
incomplete or based on early 
surveys. 

3350
03:01:58,200 --> 03:02:01,600
Part of the ship's mission is to
improve these charts, adding 

3351
03:02:01,600 --> 03:02:05,600
detail and correcting errors. 
This means Coastal waters are 

3352
03:02:05,608 --> 03:02:10,100
approached carefully with 
frequent depth sounding Awaited 

3353
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:13,000
line is dropped over the side, 
measuring the distance, to the 

3354
03:02:13,000 --> 03:02:15,600
sea floor, the crew calls out 
the depth. 

3355
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:19,500
And the information is recorded,
you assist with some of this 

3356
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:22,800
work, when asked you learned to 
read the instruments and to 

3357
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:26,300
understand how position is 
calculated the mathematics 

3358
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:28,800
involved a straightforward, but 
require care. 

3359
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:33,300
A small error in measurement, 
can compound over time, you 

3360
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:35,600
appreciate the discipline 
required in the patience to 

3361
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:38,000
double check and verify before 
trusting a number. 

3362
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:41,800
Below deck, the ship stores 
require management. 

3363
03:02:42,600 --> 03:02:45,100
Barrels of salted meter stacked 
in the hold. 

3364
03:02:45,800 --> 03:02:50,000
Sacks of dried peas, flour, and 
ships biscuit are arranged to 

3365
03:02:50,000 --> 03:02:53,300
maximize space. 
Water casks are secured against 

3366
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:56,200
shifting. 
The cursor keeps detect records 

3367
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:59,800
of what is consumed calculating?
How long supplies will last? 

3368
03:02:59,800 --> 03:03:03,400
Rationing is standard practice. 
Not because Supply is a scarce 

3369
03:03:03,400 --> 03:03:06,700
but because the next resupply 
Point may be weaks away. 

3370
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:12,200
Freshwater is precious. 
Crew uses its sparingly washing 

3371
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,500
is done with seawater. 
When possible drinking water is 

3372
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:18,300
measured out carefully, rain is 
collected. 

3373
03:03:18,300 --> 03:03:22,800
When it falls channel from the 
sails into barrels, you grow a 

3374
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:26,200
custard of using water with 
intention, never wasting what 

3375
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:30,100
cannot easily be replaced. 
The cook Works in a small Galley

3376
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:34,800
preparing meals for the entire 
crew. his stove is fired with 

3377
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:38,100
coal and the heat, it produces 
makes the galley uncomfortably 

3378
03:03:38,100 --> 03:03:42,400
warm, even in cool weather, He 
boils salted meat to soften it, 

3379
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:46,600
soaks dried peas overnight and 
bake ships biscuit into 

3380
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,500
something approaching bread. 
The meals. 

3381
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:52,000
He produces a plane but they are
regular and filling. 

3382
03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:55,100
Every few weeks, the ship 
requires a more thorough 

3383
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:58,500
inspection when the Beagle 
anchors in a sheltered Harbor. 

3384
03:03:58,500 --> 03:04:01,600
The crew takes the opportunity 
to Corrine The Vessel. 

3385
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:04,900
This means tipping, it onto its 
side to expose the underwater 

3386
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:07,000
Hull, Barnacles are scraped 
away. 

3387
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:10,700
The hull is checked for damage. 
If needed, repairs are made. 

3388
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:14,600
This work takes several days and
involves the entire crew. 

3389
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:18,200
It is labor intensive. 
But necessary, you help where 

3390
03:04:18,200 --> 03:04:20,800
you can though your 
contributions are modest. 

3391
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:24,600
You pass tools, carry supplies 
and assist with measurements. 

3392
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:29,200
The work is repetitive, but 
satisfying, there is a sense of 

3393
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:33,200
shared, purpose of maintaining 
something larger than any 

3394
03:04:33,200 --> 03:04:36,900
individual. 
Ship depends on this Collective.

3395
03:04:36,900 --> 03:04:42,200
Effort discipline structures. 
The work all does a clearly and 

3396
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:45,100
followed promptly. 
The crew knows the consequences 

3397
03:04:45,100 --> 03:04:48,300
of neglect. 
Poorly maintained ship is a 

3398
03:04:48,308 --> 03:04:51,500
dangerous one, but the 
discipline is not harsh. 

3399
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:56,000
It is simply the framework that 
allows 74 men to live and work 

3400
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:59,100
together in close quarters for 
months at a time. 

3401
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:03,800
At night, you sometimes hear the
officer of the watch making his 

3402
03:05:03,800 --> 03:05:07,100
rounds checking that all is 
secure, hatches, are fastened 

3403
03:05:07,100 --> 03:05:11,400
lanterns are positioned safely. 
The helm is manned, the ship is 

3404
03:05:11,408 --> 03:05:14,800
never left unattended. 
This vigilance continues 

3405
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:17,700
regardless of whether or fatigue
it is. 

3406
03:05:17,708 --> 03:05:21,000
Part of the Rhythm one more 
element of the routine that 

3407
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:24,900
keeps the voyage moving forward.
The Beagle is not a swift ship 

3408
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:27,700
but it is a sturdy one. 
It was built for Coastal 

3409
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:30,100
surveying and designed to handle
shallow Waters. 

3410
03:05:30,100 --> 03:05:32,700
And variable conditions, its 
reliability. 

3411
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:36,500
Comes from careful construction 
and diligent maintenance you 

3412
03:05:36,500 --> 03:05:40,200
come to trust the ship to feel 
secure in its solid, Timbers and

3413
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,900
well-tended rigging. 
The Voyage depends on this trust

3414
03:05:43,900 --> 03:05:48,200
your days are filled with looks 
you're not searching or hunting 

3415
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:51,500
for something specific but 
simply observing what appears 

3416
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:55,100
before you the practice becomes 
a virtual you wake with the 

3417
03:05:55,108 --> 03:05:58,600
intention to notice and that 
intention shapes how you move 

3418
03:05:58,600 --> 03:06:02,000
through each day. 
When the Beagle approaches land,

3419
03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:06,600
you prepare your tools, a small 
hammer for breaking rocks glass 

3420
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:10,900
vials for specimens paper for 
pressing plants a notebook 

3421
03:06:10,900 --> 03:06:14,000
always at hand. 
These objects become extensions 

3422
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:16,800
of your purpose. 
You carry them ashore when the 

3423
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:19,400
ship's boats Ferry crew and 
supplies to the beach. 

3424
03:06:20,200 --> 03:06:24,800
The shoreline offers endless 
variety Rocky Coast differs from

3425
03:06:24,800 --> 03:06:28,200
sandy beaches tidal pools, 
contain creatures that 

3426
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:30,000
disappear. 
When the water recedes. 

3427
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:32,500
You kneel beside these pools 
watching? 

3428
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:36,600
Small crabs, navigate between 
Stones observing the patterns on

3429
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:40,400
shells and noting which plants 
grow just above the water line 

3430
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:44,200
in, which tolerate subversion, 
your notes accumulate slowly 

3431
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:48,700
each entry is dated and located.
You describe what you see in. 

3432
03:06:48,708 --> 03:06:53,200
Plain language avoiding 
assumptions, a shells color a 

3433
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:57,500
bird size relative to familiar 
species, the texture of a leaf. 

3434
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,100
these details may seem trivial, 
but you have learned that 

3435
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:05,000
patterns emerge from accumulated
observations, what appears 

3436
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:08,400
random in a single instance May 
reveal structure when examined 

3437
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:12,400
across many examples, rocks, 
interest, you particularly you 

3438
03:07:12,400 --> 03:07:16,300
break open, samples examining 
the layers within Some show 

3439
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,200
clear, stratification, 
alternating bands of different 

3440
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:23,700
materials, others are uniform 
throughout you collect samples 

3441
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:26,600
of each type, wrapping them 
carefully and labeling them with

3442
03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:28,100
the location where they were 
found. 

3443
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:33,000
Later aboard the ship, you will 
compare these samples to others 

3444
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:36,900
collected from different sites. 
The comparison reveals something

3445
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:40,900
rocks from distant locations 
sometimes resemble each other 

3446
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:44,400
closely. 
This suggests common origins or 

3447
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:48,300
similar processes of formation. 
You begin to wonder about the 

3448
03:07:48,308 --> 03:07:53,300
forces that shape Landscapes 
over time water, wind heat, and 

3449
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:56,800
pressure. these forces work 
slowly but their effects 

3450
03:07:56,800 --> 03:08:00,700
accumulate, A coastline that 
appears permanent is perhaps 

3451
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:03,900
slowly changing wearing away 
grain by grain. 

3452
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:09,700
Plants show equal complexity. 
You collect leaves flowers and 

3453
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:14,300
seeds, you press them carefully 
between sheets of paper applying

3454
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:16,200
weight to flatten them without 
crushing. 

3455
03:08:16,200 --> 03:08:19,800
Once dried, these specimens can 
be studied in definitely. 

3456
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:23,300
You know, where each plant grew.
Was it near water? 

3457
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:28,000
Did it grow in shade or full sun
among other plants or isolated? 

3458
03:08:29,300 --> 03:08:31,600
These details help. 
You understand what conditions, 

3459
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:36,200
each species requires animals. 
Are harder to observe many move 

3460
03:08:36,200 --> 03:08:37,900
quickly or hide when you 
approach. 

3461
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,400
You watch from a distance when 
possible using patients rather 

3462
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:46,100
than Pursuit. 
Seabirds nesting on cliffs. 

3463
03:08:46,100 --> 03:08:48,400
Ignore your presence. 
Once they become accustomed to 

3464
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:50,900
it. 
You sit quietly and watch them 

3465
03:08:50,900 --> 03:08:55,300
feed their young noting the 
frequency of feeding, the types 

3466
03:08:55,300 --> 03:09:00,000
of food brought and the behavior
of the chicks, insects are 

3467
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:03,100
everywhere. 
Even on remote Islands, you 

3468
03:09:03,100 --> 03:09:06,200
collect them carefully 
preserving them in small vials. 

3469
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:10,300
Their diversity is astonishing 
different species, occupy 

3470
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:14,100
different niches some feed on 
particular plants, others. 

3471
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:17,700
Prey on other insects, the 
relationships between species 

3472
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:21,300
are intricate each one adapted 
to its specific role. 

3473
03:09:21,300 --> 03:09:26,200
You begin to notice patterns in 
these adaptations Island species

3474
03:09:26,200 --> 03:09:30,200
sometimes differ from Mainland 
species in subtle ways, size 

3475
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:34,200
varies, coloration shifts, 
Behavior changes. 

3476
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:37,800
These differences are small, but
they are consistent. 

3477
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:40,800
You record them without yet. 
Understanding their 

3478
03:09:40,800 --> 03:09:43,300
significance. 
The patterns are there. 

3479
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:47,000
Waiting for interpretation your 
geological observations, 

3480
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:49,900
accumulate, alongside the 
biological ones. 

3481
03:09:49,900 --> 03:09:54,300
You notice fossils embedded in 
rock layers, remnants of 

3482
03:09:54,300 --> 03:09:58,200
creatures that no longer exist, 
These fossils are sometimes 

3483
03:09:58,200 --> 03:10:01,800
similar to living species, 
sometimes quite different, their

3484
03:10:01,800 --> 03:10:05,900
presence in rock, suggests great
age, time measured on scales 

3485
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:09,000
Beyond Human Experience. 
You think about these things 

3486
03:10:09,000 --> 03:10:12,400
during the long hours at Sea, 
the ship moves slowly across the

3487
03:10:12,400 --> 03:10:16,300
ocean and there is time for 
reflection you review your notes

3488
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:20,000
looking for connections, you 
sketch, diagrams, trying to 

3489
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:23,500
visualize relationships, The 
work is tentative and 

3490
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:26,200
exploratory. 
You're not reaching conclusions.

3491
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:31,000
Only Gathering evidence. 
Captain Fitzroy, sometimes asks 

3492
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,000
about your findings. 
You share, what you've observed 

3493
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:38,500
describing specimens and 
locations. the conversations are

3494
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:43,500
cordial, but brief Fitzroy's 
interest is genuine though. 

3495
03:10:43,500 --> 03:10:48,100
His own work, focuses on charts 
and navigation, the ship values.

3496
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,300
Your observations, even though 
they are supplementary to its 

3497
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:54,400
primary mission. 
Other crew members occasionally,

3498
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:58,500
bring you specimens a sailor 
finds an unusual shell on the 

3499
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:00,200
beach and carries it back to the
ship. 

3500
03:11:01,100 --> 03:11:04,000
The cook discovers a strange 
insect in the provision's. 

3501
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:07,200
You accept these offerings 
greatly, adding them to your 

3502
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:09,700
collection. 
The cruise participation 

3503
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:13,900
broadens, what you can observe, 
extending your reach beyond your

3504
03:11:13,900 --> 03:11:18,500
efforts. in the evenings, you 
organize, the days collections, 

3505
03:11:18,500 --> 03:11:24,100
each specimen is examined 
described and stored The work is

3506
03:11:24,100 --> 03:11:27,400
meticulous and time-consuming, 
you cannot rush. 

3507
03:11:27,400 --> 03:11:30,500
It accuracy matters more than 
speed. 

3508
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:34,500
A specimen, poorly preserved, or
incorrectly labeled loses. 

3509
03:11:34,500 --> 03:11:37,500
Much of its value. 
You take care working by 

3510
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:39,900
Lamplight until fatigue forces 
you to stop. 

3511
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:44,900
The Collection grows, steadily 
boxes filled with rocks bottles 

3512
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:48,500
line, the shelves of your cabin,
pressed plants, accumulate in 

3513
03:11:48,500 --> 03:11:52,500
portfolios, this physical 
accumulation, represents months 

3514
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,400
of patient observation and 
countless hours. 

3515
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:57,600
Spent looking closely at the 
natural world. 

3516
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:01,200
Specialist will eventually 
return the collection to England

3517
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:05,400
for examination but for now, 
it's simply forms part of your 

3518
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:08,600
daily routine. 
The work itself, brings you 

3519
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:12,400
satisfaction the process of 
observing recording and 

3520
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:14,000
organizing brings you 
satisfaction. 

3521
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:19,200
There is a calm to it. 
Since of purpose that does not 

3522
03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:23,200
require dramatic Discovery. 
Each day adds a little more to 

3523
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:26,700
the accumulation of knowledge. 
Each observation contributes 

3524
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:28,500
significantly to the larger 
puzzle. 

3525
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:32,500
It's not necessary to view the 
entire picture to appreciate the

3526
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:35,400
individual pieces. 
The Voyages long and rest 

3527
03:12:35,400 --> 03:12:39,000
becomes, its kind of practice. 
This is not the dramatic 

3528
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,500
exhaustion of a crisis but 
rather the steady fatigue that 

3529
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:44,900
builds up over weeks and months 
of ship life. 

3530
03:12:45,700 --> 03:12:49,800
You learn to rest in stages in 
moments, stolen between tasks 

3531
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:52,700
and in the regular intervals 
into each day schedule. 

3532
03:12:53,300 --> 03:12:56,400
Between landfalls the ship 
settles into its sailing Rhythm 

3533
03:12:56,400 --> 03:12:59,900
days pass. 
Without significant events, The 

3534
03:12:59,900 --> 03:13:03,600
Horizon remains empty, the wind 
blows steadily or not at all. 

3535
03:13:04,900 --> 03:13:08,200
During these stretches, the 
cruise energy, shifts work 

3536
03:13:08,200 --> 03:13:12,700
continues, but at a measured 
Pace, there is no urgency only 

3537
03:13:12,700 --> 03:13:15,100
the slow movement toward the 
next destination. 

3538
03:13:15,900 --> 03:13:18,400
You spend these quiet days below
deck, more often. 

3539
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:23,600
Your cabin becomes a refuge the 
space is small but it is yours. 

3540
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:26,100
You arrange it to suit your 
needs. 

3541
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:30,800
Books are stacked Within Reach. 
Specimens are organized on 

3542
03:13:30,800 --> 03:13:33,900
makeshift shells. 
The hammock hangs at a height 

3543
03:13:33,908 --> 03:13:35,900
that allows you to sit on a low 
stool. 

3544
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:40,200
And right at the small fold down
desk often, unlike filters 

3545
03:13:40,200 --> 03:13:43,700
through the portal, creating a 
small, circle of Illumination, 

3546
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:46,500
that moves across the cabin as 
the day progresses. 

3547
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:50,300
You follow this light 
positioning your work, to take 

3548
03:13:50,300 --> 03:13:53,900
advantage of it. 
When the light Fades, you like 

3549
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:56,800
to Lampe though, you try to 
conserve oil. 

3550
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:02,100
The lamps flame, flickers with 
the ship's motion, casting 

3551
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:04,200
shifting Shadows on the wooden 
walls. 

3552
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:07,500
Rest comes in unexpected 
moments. 

3553
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:10,900
Sit with a book. 
But find your eyes growing 

3554
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:13,400
heavy. 
Text blurs. 

3555
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:17,300
Set the book aside and close 
your eyes, letting the ships 

3556
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:21,600
motion, rock you into a brief 
sleep. 20 minutes later, you 

3557
03:14:21,600 --> 03:14:25,100
wake refreshed. 
These short rests punctuate your

3558
03:14:25,100 --> 03:14:28,400
days small pause is that prevent
deeper fatigue from 

3559
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,200
accumulating? 
The crew has its rest with 

3560
03:14:31,200 --> 03:14:33,600
themselves, men off, watch 
gather below deck. 

3561
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,300
Some sleeping others, playing 
cards, or mending clothes. 

3562
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:39,900
Conversation is quiet and 
respectful of those, trying to 

3563
03:14:39,908 --> 03:14:42,200
rest. 
The ship's Bell marks the 

3564
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,900
passage of time, but between 
these regular signals hours 

3565
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:49,800
drift by without urgently. 
Seasickness when it comes 

3566
03:14:49,800 --> 03:14:55,200
demands, its kind of rest. the 
motion that becomes familiar can

3567
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:59,000
sometimes overwhelm You lie in 
your hammock eyes, closed, 

3568
03:14:59,000 --> 03:15:02,700
breathing slowly. 
The discomfort passes of 

3569
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:06,200
eventually you learn to 
recognize the early signs and to

3570
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:08,300
rest before the sickness becomes
severe. 

3571
03:15:09,000 --> 03:15:13,100
Ginger, when available helps. 
Fresh air on Deck helps more. 

3572
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,100
But sometimes, the only remedy 
is stillness and patience 

3573
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:21,600
recovery follows its schedule. 
After a period of illness or 

3574
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:25,900
particular fatigue, you need 
extra rest, you sleep longer, 

3575
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:29,100
you work, less the ship 
tolerates. 

3576
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:32,700
This there is no pressure to 
maintain a constant pace. 

3577
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:36,000
The Voyage is too long for 
unsustainable effort. 

3578
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:39,400
Everyone aboard understands the 
need for recovery time. 

3579
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:42,100
Sure visits provided a different
kind of rest. 

3580
03:15:42,900 --> 03:15:46,700
After weeks, at Sea, Solid, 
Ground feel strange Beneath Your

3581
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,100
Feet. 
The Earth does not move and your

3582
03:15:49,100 --> 03:15:53,400
body accustomed to compensating 
for the ship's motion initially 

3583
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:57,200
struggles with stability. 
You walk on land with careful 

3584
03:15:57,200 --> 03:16:00,200
steps, your balance, slowly, 
re-adjusting. 

3585
03:16:01,100 --> 03:16:04,400
Onshore, you sometimes find 
places to sit and simply be 

3586
03:16:04,400 --> 03:16:07,000
still. 
You may find a Flat Rock. 

3587
03:16:07,000 --> 03:16:10,600
That provides a stunning view of
the water, a grassy area. 

3588
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:13,700
Nestled beneath, the tree can 
also serve as a peaceful spot to

3589
03:16:13,700 --> 03:16:17,000
relax. 
These moments of Stillness on 

3590
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:20,300
land are precious. 
The sounds are different here. 

3591
03:16:21,200 --> 03:16:24,800
Birdsong and of rigging win 
through leaves. 

3592
03:16:24,800 --> 03:16:28,500
Instead of through canvas, he 
close your eyes and listen, 

3593
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:33,400
storing the memory, for the next
stretch at sea, Returning to the

3594
03:16:33,400 --> 03:16:35,700
ship after days. 
Ashore requires another 

3595
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:38,500
adjustment. 
First night, back in your 

3596
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:42,300
hammock, the motion seems 
pronounced again, you sway with 

3597
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:44,700
the ship, your body, relearning 
the Rhythm. 

3598
03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:48,700
By the second night, it feels 
normal once more. 

3599
03:16:49,400 --> 03:16:52,600
This cycle of adjustment and 
Readjustment becomes familiar. 

3600
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:56,500
Sleep at Sea is usually 
interrupted the watch bell 

3601
03:16:56,500 --> 03:16:59,700
rings, every four hours, 
footstep sound on the deck 

3602
03:16:59,700 --> 03:17:02,100
above. 
Ship's motion changes with 

3603
03:17:02,100 --> 03:17:05,800
shifting winds, you learn to 
sleep through, most disturbances

3604
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:10,300
waking only when something, 
truly unusual, occurs, this 

3605
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:12,100
light. 
Sleep is restorative enough. 

3606
03:17:12,100 --> 03:17:15,600
Your body adapts. 
Some nights are calmer than 

3607
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:17,800
others. 
When the sea is smooth and the 

3608
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:21,100
wind steady, the ship, barely 
rocks these nights allowed 

3609
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:26,100
deeper rest, You wait feeling 
genuinely refreshed, ready for 

3610
03:17:26,100 --> 03:17:29,900
whatever the Day brings, you 
treasure these nights knowing 

3611
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:32,800
they are not guaranteed on rough
nights. 

3612
03:17:32,800 --> 03:17:37,800
Rest comes and fragments. 
You doze wake and doze again. 

3613
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:42,100
The hammock sways, more 
dramatically objects shift in 

3614
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:46,400
the cabin, you hear the crew, 
working above adjusting sales to

3615
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:50,000
manage the conditions. 
You do not worry, the ship is 

3616
03:17:50,008 --> 03:17:53,100
well handled and rough, seas are
part of the voyage. 

3617
03:17:53,800 --> 03:17:58,300
You simply rest as best. 
You can midday often brings a 

3618
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:01,900
quiet period after the noon meal
when the sun is high and the 

3619
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:04,900
days workers settled into 
routine you find yourself 

3620
03:18:04,900 --> 03:18:08,000
growing drowsy. 
Sometimes you surrender to this 

3621
03:18:08,000 --> 03:18:10,700
feeling returning to your cabin 
for a short rest. 

3622
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:15,300
Other times you fight it, 
preferring to use the daylight 

3623
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:18,300
for observation. 
Both choices are acceptable. 

3624
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:21,600
The Voyage is long enough to 
accommodate either approach. 

3625
03:18:22,400 --> 03:18:25,400
You notice that rest and 
observation are not opposites 

3626
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:28,400
but companions? 
When you are well rested, your 

3627
03:18:28,400 --> 03:18:31,900
observations are sharpener. you 
notice details, you might 

3628
03:18:31,900 --> 03:18:36,400
otherwise Miss Converse Leigh 
after intense periods of 

3629
03:18:36,408 --> 03:18:39,700
observation and collection. 
Rest becomes necessary. 

3630
03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:44,400
Your mind needs time to process,
what you've seen to consolidate 

3631
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:48,900
memories and insights. 
The rhythm of rest of the beagle

3632
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:52,100
is not dramatic. 
It does not involve collapse and

3633
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:56,000
recovery, but rather gentle 
waves of energy and fatigue that

3634
03:18:56,000 --> 03:18:57,800
alternate throughout each day 
and week. 

3635
03:18:58,500 --> 03:19:02,100
You ride these waves working 
when energy is available and 

3636
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:05,100
resting when it is not, the 
pattern is sustainable. 

3637
03:19:05,100 --> 03:19:09,100
Designed for the long duration 
of the voyage eating aboard, the

3638
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:12,400
Beagle follows a strict 
schedule, 3 meals per day, 

3639
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:15,900
served at consistent times. 
The predictability is 

3640
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:18,500
comforting. 
You know, when to expect food 

3641
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:22,500
and your body adjusts to the 
Rhythm, Hunger arrives on 

3642
03:19:22,500 --> 03:19:24,500
schedule. 
A meal satisfy. 

3643
03:19:24,500 --> 03:19:27,800
It reliably. 
Ship's biscuit forms, the 

3644
03:19:27,808 --> 03:19:32,100
foundation of the diet. 
These hard dry crackers, a baked

3645
03:19:32,100 --> 03:19:35,600
before the voyage begins, and 
designed to last for months 

3646
03:19:35,600 --> 03:19:39,100
without spoiling. 
Their plane nearly tasteless, 

3647
03:19:39,100 --> 03:19:42,200
but substantial. 
You learned to soften them in 

3648
03:19:42,200 --> 03:19:44,400
tea or coffee. 
Making them easier to chew. 

3649
03:19:44,400 --> 03:19:48,800
Sometimes they contain weevils, 
small insects that have borrowed

3650
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:52,700
into the flour before baking. 
You learned to tap the biscuit 

3651
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:57,100
against the table, dislodging 
the Weaver's before eating This 

3652
03:19:57,100 --> 03:20:03,100
routine becomes automatic. 
Salted regularly Pork and Beef 

3653
03:20:03,100 --> 03:20:07,400
preserved in barrels of brine. 
The salt draws out moisture, 

3654
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:11,300
preventing Decay but it also 
makes the meat tough and intense

3655
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:14,500
to Sea salty. 
The cook boils it for hours to 

3656
03:20:14,500 --> 03:20:18,200
make it palatable even. 
So it retains a strong flavor 

3657
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,300
that dominates whatever else is 
on the plate. 

3658
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:23,800
You grow accustomed to it, as 
everyone aboard does. 

3659
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:27,300
Dried peas, are soaked 
overnight, and then boiled into 

3660
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:30,500
a thick soup. 
This provides variety of 

3661
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:34,200
nutrition, the peas are plain 
but they are filling an easier 

3662
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:38,300
to digest than the Salted meat. 
Sometimes the cook, add small 

3663
03:20:38,300 --> 03:20:40,800
amounts of onion, or other 
vegetables, when fresh supplies 

3664
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:43,900
are available, but these 
additions are rare and brief. 

3665
03:20:44,800 --> 03:20:48,500
Fresh food is a luxury. 
When the ship stops at a port or

3666
03:20:48,508 --> 03:20:51,500
Coastal settlement. 
Provisions are purchased, if 

3667
03:20:51,500 --> 03:20:55,400
available Provisions include 
items, such as eggs, fruit, 

3668
03:20:55,400 --> 03:21:00,300
vegetables, and fresh bread. 
These items transform the meals 

3669
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:04,000
temporarily you save her the 
taste of an orange in the crisp 

3670
03:21:04,000 --> 03:21:07,600
texture of a fresh carrot, but 
Fresh Foods spoils quickly in 

3671
03:21:07,600 --> 03:21:10,400
the ship's warm hold. 
So these Pleasures are fleeting 

3672
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:14,400
water is rationed carefully as 
discussed earlier. 

3673
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:17,300
Each person receives a daily 
allowance. 

3674
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:20,900
You use it for drinking and 
sparingly for washing. 

3675
03:21:21,700 --> 03:21:25,000
The water has a stale taste 
after weeks in the barrel, but 

3676
03:21:25,000 --> 03:21:28,400
you learned to ignore this first
is a more powerful motivator 

3677
03:21:28,400 --> 03:21:31,600
than preference. 
Tea and coffee are available 

3678
03:21:31,600 --> 03:21:34,600
daily. 
The cook prepares large pots of 

3679
03:21:34,608 --> 03:21:38,600
each sweetened with sugar. 
When supplies allow These hot 

3680
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:41,700
drinks are welcome, especially 
in cool weather or rough Seas. 

3681
03:21:41,700 --> 03:21:45,000
You develop a preference for tea
in the morning and coffee in the

3682
03:21:45,008 --> 03:21:47,900
afternoon though. 
Both are drunk, black and strong

3683
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:50,500
rum is issued to the crew in 
small measures. 

3684
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:55,100
This is a naval tradition meant 
to boost morale and provide a 

3685
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:58,700
brief respite from routine. 
You receive a portion as well 

3686
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:01,300
though. 
You often decline it, the 

3687
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:04,100
effects of alcohol are more 
pronounced aboard, a moving ship

3688
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:07,100
and you prefer to keep your mind
clear for observation and 

3689
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,400
note-taking. 
Meals are eaten in shifts 

3690
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:14,600
officers, eat in the poop cabin,
crew members are below deck. 

3691
03:22:15,300 --> 03:22:17,600
You usually eat with the 
officers, though? 

3692
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:22,000
The atmosphere is informal. 
Conversations centers on 

3693
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:25,700
practical matters. 
The days progress where the 

3694
03:22:25,708 --> 03:22:28,300
predictions. 
Plans are being made for the 

3695
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:31,900
next landfall. 
There is little ceremony, only 

3696
03:22:31,900 --> 03:22:35,100
the efficient consumption of 
food before returning to work. 

3697
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:38,800
The monotony of the diet becomes
a kind of comfort. 

3698
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:43,800
You know what to expect and the 
familiarity reduces one source 

3699
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:47,400
of uncertainty in a voyage 
filled with variables. 

3700
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:51,200
Food is not exciting, but it is 
sufficient. 

3701
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:55,200
It sustains you day after day, 
month after month. 

3702
03:22:56,100 --> 03:22:58,200
Health concerns, arise 
occasionally. 

3703
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:01,800
Scurvy caused by a lack of 
fresh, vegetables. 

3704
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:04,900
And fruit is a known Danger on 
Long voyages. 

3705
03:23:06,000 --> 03:23:09,100
The ship surgeon monitors. 
The crew for early signs 

3706
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:12,900
bleeding gums, fatigue and 
bruising when fresh Provisions 

3707
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:14,600
are available. 
They are consumed. 

3708
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:19,000
Eagerly not just for Taste but 
for their protective effect you 

3709
03:23:19,000 --> 03:23:22,400
experience occasional digestive 
troubles as most aboard, do 

3710
03:23:23,200 --> 03:23:26,600
Salted, meat and ship's biscuits
can cause discomfort to your 

3711
03:23:26,608 --> 03:23:29,700
stomach. 
Ship's motion can worsen these 

3712
03:23:29,700 --> 03:23:33,300
issues you learn, which food sit
better and which to avoid when 

3713
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:37,100
feeling unsettled the surgeon 
provides simple remedies when 

3714
03:23:37,100 --> 03:23:40,600
needed though often time and 
rest of the only real cures. 

3715
03:23:42,000 --> 03:23:45,400
Minor injuries are common. 
Splinter's from rough wood, 

3716
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:48,900
small cuts and rope Burns. 
A common injuries. 

3717
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:52,900
The surgeon treats these 
efficiently cleanliness is 

3718
03:23:52,900 --> 03:23:55,800
important though. 
Limited water makes thorough 

3719
03:23:55,800 --> 03:23:58,200
washing difficult wounds 
abandoned. 

3720
03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:01,900
Monitored for infection and 
generally heal without 

3721
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:06,300
complication. more serious 
illness is rare, but concerning 

3722
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:11,400
When fever strikes, the affected
person is isolated as much as 

3723
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:13,300
the ship's cramped quarters 
allow. 

3724
03:24:14,300 --> 03:24:20,000
Rest water and time of the 
primary treatments, the surgeon 

3725
03:24:20,000 --> 03:24:22,400
has some medicines but their 
effectiveness is limited. 

3726
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,500
Most illnesses, simply need to 
progress, naturally, you 

3727
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:30,700
maintain your health through 
routine regularly, adequate 

3728
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:34,700
food, and fresh air on Deck when
possible you avoid excess. 

3729
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:38,800
You listen to your body signals 
resting, when tired and eating, 

3730
03:24:38,800 --> 03:24:42,500
when hungry, this attentiveness 
prevents small issues from 

3731
03:24:42,500 --> 03:24:46,500
becoming larger ones. 
Physical activity is limited but

3732
03:24:46,500 --> 03:24:49,600
important walking, the deck 
provides exercise. 

3733
03:24:50,800 --> 03:24:53,300
Occasional Shore, visits allow 
for more vigorous movement. 

3734
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:58,000
He climb Hills walk along 
beaches and explore Inland when 

3735
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:01,900
time permits, These periods of 
activity, balanced the long 

3736
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:06,000
hours of city and studying. 
Ships routine supports Health 

3737
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:09,700
through its very regularity 
meals at consistent. 

3738
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:13,600
Time's everyone respects, the 
Sleep periods work. 

3739
03:25:13,600 --> 03:25:16,800
Distributed across the day. 
This structure creates 

3740
03:25:16,800 --> 03:25:19,200
stability. 
That helps, everyone aboard, 

3741
03:25:19,200 --> 03:25:22,200
maintain physical, and mental 
well-being, through the long 

3742
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:24,500
Voyage. 
You become aware of the 

3743
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:27,100
relationship between food rest 
and work. 

3744
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:31,600
When you eat well and sleep, 
adequately your observations are

3745
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:34,000
sharper, and your notes are more
detailed. 

3746
03:25:34,500 --> 03:25:37,800
When fatigue accumulates or 
meals are particularly poor, 

3747
03:25:37,800 --> 03:25:42,300
your work suffers, you learn to 
manage these variables as best 

3748
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:45,000
you can accepting what you 
cannot control. 

3749
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:48,800
You become accustomed to the 
rhythm of eating resting and 

3750
03:25:48,800 --> 03:25:53,900
working. 
You wake eat work, eat rest 

3751
03:25:53,900 --> 03:25:58,900
work, eat and sleep. 
The pattern repeats with 

3752
03:25:58,900 --> 03:26:01,800
variations, but maintains its 
basic structure. 

3753
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:06,400
This regularity is part of what 
makes the long voyage endurable.

3754
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:11,100
The routine provides a framework
within which life continues day 

3755
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:13,500
after day across months and 
years. 

3756
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,600
As daylight Fades, the ship's 
atmosphere changes. 

3757
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:23,000
The pace of work slows crew 
members complete their final 

3758
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:25,500
tasks before the evening watch 
begins. 

3759
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:28,700
You feel this shift as a subtle 
relaxation. 

3760
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:32,400
A collective, exhale. 
As another day at Sea draws 

3761
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:36,000
towards its close, you descend 
your cabin while a little light.

3762
03:26:36,000 --> 03:26:37,500
Still enters through the port 
hole. 

3763
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:41,100
The space is familiar now, every
object in his place. 

3764
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:44,200
Your notebooks are stacked on 
the small desk. 

3765
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:47,200
Some in jars line. 
The makeshift shelf. 

3766
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:49,700
The hammock hangs ready for the 
night ahead. 

3767
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:53,600
You like your lamp adjusting the
wick to produce steady even 

3768
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:55,900
light. 
Evening as your time for 

3769
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:59,100
writing, you open your current 
notebook and review the day's 

3770
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:01,700
rough notes scribbled quickly 
during observations. 

3771
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:05,000
Now you transfer these notes 
into a more permanent form 

3772
03:27:05,000 --> 03:27:09,000
expanding abbreviations, 
clarifying descriptions and 

3773
03:27:09,000 --> 03:27:11,900
adding details you remember but 
did not have time to record 

3774
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:14,400
earlier. 
Your handwriting is small and 

3775
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:17,300
precise, each word carefully 
formed. 

3776
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:22,300
This is partly to conserve paper
which is limited, but also a 

3777
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:24,100
matter of habit. 
Clear. 

3778
03:27:24,100 --> 03:27:27,600
Writing AIDS. 
Clear thinking You describe what

3779
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:31,700
you saw, where you saw it and 
what condition surrounded it. 

3780
03:27:31,700 --> 03:27:35,300
The act of writing helps you 
remember embedding the 

3781
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:38,100
observations. 
More firmly in memory some 

3782
03:27:38,100 --> 03:27:42,100
evening's, you work on sketches,
your artistic skill is modest 

3783
03:27:42,100 --> 03:27:45,400
but drawing's capture 
information that words cannot 

3784
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:50,200
should the shape of a shell, the
pattern on a leaf and the 

3785
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:52,800
structure of a rock formation 
through your drawings. 

3786
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:58,400
You drool with simple tools. 
Pencil occasionally ink. 

3787
03:27:58,400 --> 03:28:02,000
And sometimes colored pencils. 
When you need to record specific

3788
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:05,000
Hues, the drawings are 
functional rather than 

3789
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:07,100
beautiful, but they serve their 
purpose. 

3790
03:28:08,000 --> 03:28:11,800
Other evenings, you organize, 
specimens rocks, are sorted by 

3791
03:28:11,808 --> 03:28:14,900
type and origin. 
Plant samples, are checked to 

3792
03:28:14,908 --> 03:28:18,900
ensure they are drying properly.
Preserved creatures in jars are 

3793
03:28:18,900 --> 03:28:21,400
examined for any signs of 
deterioration. 

3794
03:28:22,200 --> 03:28:24,100
This maintenance work is 
essential. 

3795
03:28:24,900 --> 03:28:27,800
Collection is only valuable if 
it is properly curated. 

3796
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:32,400
You sometimes read during these 
evening hours, the ship carries 

3797
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,400
a small library books, shared 
among the officers. 

3798
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:39,800
You borrow volume's on geology 
natural history, and travel 

3799
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:44,500
narratives reading, expand your 
understanding, providing context

3800
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:46,900
for What You observe. 
You take notes. 

3801
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:50,700
As you read, marking passages 
that seem particularly relevant.

3802
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:53,600
Cabin is quiet, except for 
small. 

3803
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,000
Sounds water. 
Moving along the hull, just 

3804
03:28:57,000 --> 03:29:01,200
beyond the wooden planks. 
Footsteps on the deck above the 

3805
03:29:01,200 --> 03:29:05,000
ship Creeks, as it flexes. 
With the ways, these sounds are 

3806
03:29:05,000 --> 03:29:07,800
constant. 
A backdrop to your evening work.

3807
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:11,500
They do not disturb you, they 
are simply part of the 

3808
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:14,300
environment. 
Occasionally you hear voices 

3809
03:29:14,300 --> 03:29:18,900
from the cruise quarters nearby?
Low conversation sometimes 

3810
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:21,700
laughter. 
The crew spends their evenings 

3811
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:25,700
much as you do occupied with 
small tasks or simple 

3812
03:29:25,700 --> 03:29:28,800
relaxation. 
Some write letters that will be 

3813
03:29:28,800 --> 03:29:30,900
sent when the ship next reaches 
Port. 

3814
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:34,300
Others mend clothes or repair 
personal items. 

3815
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:38,600
The work is unhurried. 
Almost meditative your lamp 

3816
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:41,300
burn, steadily consuming oil 
slowly. 

3817
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:45,000
Your conscious of the need to 
conserve that these evening 

3818
03:29:45,000 --> 03:29:48,900
hours of work are important. 
The Lamplight creates a small 

3819
03:29:48,900 --> 03:29:51,100
sphere of visibility in the 
growing Darkness. 

3820
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:55,200
Beyond that sphere, the cabin 
Fades into Shadow. 

3821
03:29:55,200 --> 03:30:00,400
You focus on what you can see on
the page before you on the work 

3822
03:30:00,400 --> 03:30:03,200
at hand. 
Sometimes your mind wanders. 

3823
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:06,600
You think about observations 
from early, in the voyage 

3824
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:10,400
patterns you have noticed and 
questions that have emerged. 

3825
03:30:11,400 --> 03:30:15,000
You do not try to force 
conclusion, you simply let 

3826
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,600
thought surface and drift. 
Starting that insights will come

3827
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:22,000
when they are ready. 
Evenings quiet, Pace encourages,

3828
03:30:22,000 --> 03:30:25,200
this kind of reflection. 
The ship's motion is usually 

3829
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:28,900
gentle in the evening wins. 
Often decreases night 

3830
03:30:28,900 --> 03:30:31,500
approaches. 
The Beagle Rock slowly. 

3831
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:34,400
A steady Rhythm, that becomes 
almost hypnotic. 

3832
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:39,100
You sway slightly as you work, 
your body unconsciously moving 

3833
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:42,100
with the ship. 
This motion is soothing rather 

3834
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,800
than disruptive you pause 
occasionally to rest your eyes 

3835
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:49,800
staring at notebook, Pages by 
Lamplight can be tiring. 

3836
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:54,300
You look away focusing on the 
shadows in the cabin's Corners 

3837
03:30:54,300 --> 03:30:58,600
letting your vision relax. 
These brief pauses, help you 

3838
03:30:58,600 --> 03:31:01,500
maintain concentration over 
several hours of close work. 

3839
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,500
Some evening's Captain Fitzroy, 
stops by your cabin. 

3840
03:31:06,400 --> 03:31:08,800
He knocks lightly and enters 
when you invite him. 

3841
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:11,500
Conversations are friendly and 
informal. 

3842
03:31:11,500 --> 03:31:14,000
He asks about your recent 
observations. 

3843
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:17,200
You share fascinating, specimens
or sketches. 

3844
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:21,200
He tells you about the days 
navigation or upcoming plans for

3845
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:24,200
the route. 
These exchanges are brief but 

3846
03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:27,900
valued, they connect your work 
to the larger purpose of the 

3847
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:30,600
voyage. 
As the evening deepens, you 

3848
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:33,100
become aware of fatigue settling
in to your body. 

3849
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:37,500
Your eyes grow heavy. 
Your hand holding the pain 

3850
03:31:37,500 --> 03:31:42,300
begins to ache slightly. 
These are signals to finish your

3851
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:45,800
work and prepare for sleep. 
You complete the sentence. 

3852
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:49,600
You are writing close your 
notebook and cap your ink bottle

3853
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:53,100
before, extinguishing the lamp, 
you arrange, the cabin for the 

3854
03:31:53,108 --> 03:31:55,900
night. 
Tools are put away, notebooks 

3855
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:58,000
are stacked securely, so they 
will not slide. 

3856
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,600
If the ship's motion increases, 
the desk is folded up against 

3857
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:04,600
the wall. 
You check that specimen jars are

3858
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:06,700
stable. 
That nothing can tip or spill 

3859
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:10,900
during the night. you undress 
partially keeping on layers 

3860
03:32:10,900 --> 03:32:14,500
appropriate, for the cabin's 
temperature, the hammock, Waits 

3861
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:19,900
gently swaying, You extinguish 
the lamp and darkness fills, the

3862
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:23,400
cabin, the sound of the ship, 
seems slightly louder. 

3863
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:28,900
Now, without the distraction of 
Lamplight water would wind you 

3864
03:32:28,900 --> 03:32:31,500
climb into the hammock settling 
into its familiar cradle. 

3865
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:36,400
Is complete, tomorrow will bring
more observations, more notes 

3866
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,400
and more specimens. 
But to night is the only rest, 

3867
03:32:39,400 --> 03:32:44,100
the evening's work as provided a
sense of accomplishment of 

3868
03:32:44,100 --> 03:32:48,100
progress made. 
You Close Your Eyes, feeling the

3869
03:32:48,100 --> 03:32:51,800
ship carry, you forward through 
the darkness toward whatever the

3870
03:32:51,800 --> 03:32:54,300
next day will bring. 
Night aboard. 

3871
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:56,100
The Beagle is orderly and 
predictable. 

3872
03:32:56,100 --> 03:33:00,600
The ship does not sleep, but it 
settles into a quieter rhythm. 

3873
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:05,200
the watch changes, every four 
hours marked by the Bell, whose 

3874
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:08,600
sound carries clearly through 
the night air, These bells 

3875
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:12,000
organized thyme, dividing the 
darkness into manageable 

3876
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:15,000
intervals. 
Your hammock sways gently in the

3877
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:18,500
cabins Darkness. 
The motion is constant matching 

3878
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:20,100
the ship's movement through the 
water. 

3879
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:24,800
This rocking is familiar now a 
sensation you have come to 

3880
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:29,600
associate with safety and rest. 
The Hammocks, gentle swing helps

3881
03:33:29,600 --> 03:33:32,800
rather than hinders sleep above 
you footsteps. 

3882
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:36,200
Mark the watch Keepers Patrol. 
He walks the length of the deck 

3883
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:38,600
at regular intervals. 
Checking that all is secure, 

3884
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:41,900
sails, properly, set rigging 
sound. 

3885
03:33:41,900 --> 03:33:46,000
Helmand and attentive, these 
sounds of vigilance are 

3886
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:48,700
reassuring. 
The ship is being cared for 

3887
03:33:48,700 --> 03:33:52,300
while you rest. 
Cabin is dark, except for faint 

3888
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:55,000
Moonlight, or Starlight that 
sometimes enters through the 

3889
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:59,100
port hole, your eyes adjust to 
this Darkness, distinguishing 

3890
03:33:59,100 --> 03:34:02,800
shapes, the outline of your 
desk, the shelves of specimens, 

3891
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:06,000
and the hanging hammock beside 
your own where equipment is 

3892
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:09,400
stored. 
The darkness is complete but not

3893
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,600
oppressive. 
Sounds change throughout the 

3894
03:34:12,600 --> 03:34:14,600
night. 
Wind shifts. 

3895
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:19,700
And you hear canvas adjusting, 
Rain begins drumming on the deck

3896
03:34:19,700 --> 03:34:22,200
above. 
The ship's motion Alters 

3897
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:25,800
slightly with changing Seas. 
None of these variations are 

3898
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:28,400
alarming. 
They are part of the night's 

3899
03:34:28,400 --> 03:34:31,500
natural progression. 
You register them without fully 

3900
03:34:31,500 --> 03:34:34,800
waking your sleep, light enough 
to notice but deep enough to 

3901
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:37,400
rest. 
The crew maintains the ship 

3902
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:39,500
through the night with practice 
to see. 

3903
03:34:40,400 --> 03:34:43,900
When sales need adjustment, you 
hear quiet commands and the 

3904
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:47,400
sound of many hands working 
together ropes, run through 

3905
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:52,200
blocks canvas flaps briefly 
before being secured the work is

3906
03:34:52,200 --> 03:34:56,900
done quickly and competently 
then silence returns below deck,

3907
03:34:56,900 --> 03:34:59,100
mentally, sleep in shifts those 
off. 

3908
03:34:59,100 --> 03:35:02,300
Watch rest in their hammocks 
crowded together in the cruise. 

3909
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:05,900
Quarter's, the air is closed 
there filled with the breathing 

3910
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:09,900
of many sleepers, but this 
closeness also provides warmth. 

3911
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:12,400
Particularly welcome on cooler 
nights. 

3912
03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:17,500
The crew sleeps soundly bodies 
Warren from the day's work in 

3913
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:20,800
the officers quarters, which 
include your cabin, conditions 

3914
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:23,000
are slightly less cramped, but 
still closed. 

3915
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:26,300
The ship is small and space is 
precious. 

3916
03:35:26,300 --> 03:35:31,100
Every cubic foot serves multiple
purposes, but the arrangement 

3917
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:34,700
Works, everyone has a place to 
sleep and that is sufficient. 

3918
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:38,200
Nighttime offers a particular 
quality of quiet. 

3919
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:43,400
Even the sounds that continued 
water wind, The Creeks of Timber

3920
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:48,000
seam muted, softened by Darkness
voices when you hear them are 

3921
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:50,100
low, no one shouts unless 
necessary. 

3922
03:35:52,000 --> 03:35:54,300
The night watch respect those 
sleeping. 

3923
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:58,200
Keeping noise to a minimum. 
Sometimes you wake during the 

3924
03:35:58,200 --> 03:36:01,700
night, pulled from sleep by the 
Bell or a change in the ship's 

3925
03:36:01,700 --> 03:36:06,500
motion, you lie still listening,
assessing a sounds tell you, 

3926
03:36:06,500 --> 03:36:08,700
it's all well. 
The ship moves. 

3927
03:36:08,700 --> 03:36:13,400
Steadily the Watchers alert, you
close your eyes and return to 

3928
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:16,300
sleep within minutes. 
Other times, you wake, more 

3929
03:36:16,300 --> 03:36:19,300
fully unable to immediately 
return to sleep. 

3930
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:24,100
On these occasions, you might 
like your lamp briefly read a 

3931
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:28,800
few pages or review notes. 
The activity is quiet and brief 

3932
03:36:28,800 --> 03:36:32,300
just enough to settle your mind 
before attempting sleep again. 

3933
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:36,700
Usually, the procedure works you
drift off within a short time? 

3934
03:36:37,700 --> 03:36:40,300
The ship's Bell marks the 
passage of hours, with 

3935
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:45,500
reassuring, regularity, four 
Bells, 8 bells, two Bells. 

3936
03:36:45,500 --> 03:36:49,000
Each pattern is distinct 
announcing the time to anyone 

3937
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:52,500
listening The Bell structure the
night just as they structure the

3938
03:36:52,508 --> 03:36:55,000
day. 
Providing Rhythm and order to 

3939
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:56,700
time that might otherwise feel 
formless. 

3940
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:00,600
On clear nights, you sometimes 
go on Deck briefly before 

3941
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:04,800
sleeping, the stars are 
spectacular at Sea away. 

3942
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:08,500
From any land-based lights, the 
Milky Way stretches across the 

3943
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:10,200
sky. 
A river of light. 

3944
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:13,400
Constellations will slowly 
overhead. 

3945
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:16,700
You stand at the rail for a few 
minutes looking up. 

3946
03:37:17,300 --> 03:37:20,500
Feeling the smallness of the 
ship beneath the vast night sky.

3947
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:23,900
The watch keeper might not to 
you in greeting but does not 

3948
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,700
interrupt his duties, your 
simply another person on Deck, 

3949
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:32,200
taking a moment of night are 
before rest, The Exchange 

3950
03:37:32,200 --> 03:37:35,700
requires no words. 
After a few minutes, you return 

3951
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:40,900
below your eyes re-adjusted to 
Darkness, ready for sleep, the 

3952
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:44,700
hammock receives you again, you 
arrange yourself finding the 

3953
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:46,800
position that will be most 
comfortable through the 

3954
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:51,000
remaining hours of night. 
Ship rocks water. 

3955
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:54,700
Sounds along the hull. 
These Sensations are so familiar

3956
03:37:54,700 --> 03:37:59,400
now that they barely register 
consciously These Sensations 

3957
03:37:59,400 --> 03:38:03,200
represent the conditions of 
sleep as normal as having a Bed 

3958
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:06,200
and blankets on land. 
Some nights are easier than 

3959
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:08,300
others on. 
Calm seas. 

3960
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,500
With gentle winds, sleep comes 
quickly and lasts until morning.

3961
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:17,000
On rough nights rest is more 
interrupted and more fragmented,

3962
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:20,100
but even fragmented. 
Sleep is restorative. 

3963
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:24,000
Your body has adapted to the 
ship's rhythms learning to rest,

3964
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:28,600
whenever opportunity allows 
Dreams Come and Go influenced by

3965
03:38:28,600 --> 03:38:32,100
the days of observations and the
ship's motion you dream of 

3966
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:36,000
Landscapes visited creatures, 
observed and rocks. 

3967
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:38,600
Broken open to reveal their 
hidden structures. 

3968
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:43,600
These dreams are usually carved 
processing rather than anxious 

3969
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:46,900
you wake from the easily without
disturbance. 

3970
03:38:48,400 --> 03:38:52,500
As night progresses toward Dawn.
The darkness begins to thin. 

3971
03:38:53,600 --> 03:38:58,600
First hint of light appears 
barely perceptible at first the 

3972
03:38:58,600 --> 03:39:02,800
watch prepares for the morning. 
Change below deck sleepers. 

3973
03:39:02,800 --> 03:39:06,000
Begin to stir bodies. 
Sensing the approaching day 

3974
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:08,000
before conscious Minds. 
Register it. 

3975
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:13,000
You awake gradually returning to
awareness as you have on 

3976
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:16,800
countless mornings before. 
The cabin is still dark but you 

3977
03:39:16,800 --> 03:39:20,800
know day is near you lie. 
Still for a moment Gathering 

3978
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:24,300
yourself preparing, mentally for
another day at sea. 

3979
03:39:25,000 --> 03:39:28,700
The night has passed safely. 
The ship has carried you 

3980
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:31,500
forward. 
While you slept adding miles to 

3981
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:35,400
the voyage outside the watch, 
keeper calls the time the bell. 

3982
03:39:35,400 --> 03:39:37,900
Sounds a new watch assembles on 
Deck. 

3983
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:42,900
The cycle continues reliable and
steady night, gives way to Dawn 

3984
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,100
and the pattern of another day 
aboard, the Beagle begins to 

3985
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:50,000
unfold once more, The Voyage of 
the beagle stretches across five

3986
03:39:50,000 --> 03:39:53,500
years, a span of time that 
transforms through its very 

3987
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:57,200
length. 
Days blend into weeks and weeks 

3988
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:01,100
into months. 
The calendar progresses, but 

3989
03:40:01,100 --> 03:40:03,100
aboard the ship time feels 
different. 

3990
03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:08,000
Pace is not particularly slow, 
but rather patient not rushed 

3991
03:40:08,000 --> 03:40:12,300
but steady You noticed changes 
in your self that accumulate 

3992
03:40:12,300 --> 03:40:15,000
gradually. 
Your hands become more skilled 

3993
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:18,200
at preserving, specimens, your 
eyebrow sharp or at 

3994
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,600
distinguishing species, your 
understanding of geological 

3995
03:40:21,600 --> 03:40:24,200
processes deepens through 
repeated observation. 

3996
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:27,700
These changes have happened so 
slowly that you barely perceive 

3997
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:31,300
them day-to-day. 
Only looking back across months.

3998
03:40:31,300 --> 03:40:32,800
Can you see how much has 
shifted? 

3999
03:40:33,600 --> 03:40:37,200
The Collection you maintain 
grows, steadily boxes, fill with

4000
03:40:37,200 --> 03:40:41,700
geological samples, from dozens 
of locations, portfolios 

4001
03:40:41,700 --> 03:40:45,900
overflow with pressed plants 
bottles, line, every available 

4002
03:40:45,900 --> 03:40:49,900
shelf, space, each containing a 
preserved creature, this 

4003
03:40:49,900 --> 03:40:53,700
physical accumulation represents
something larger, the patient 

4004
03:40:53,700 --> 03:40:58,500
Gathering of evidence, the slow 
building of understanding. you 

4005
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:02,100
do not yet, see the full 
pattern, the observations you 

4006
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:05,800
have made the specimens, you 
have collected and the notes you

4007
03:41:05,800 --> 03:41:09,600
have written, all of this 
Remains, What fragmentary 

4008
03:41:10,600 --> 03:41:15,000
individual pieces, not yet 
assembled into a coherent whole 

4009
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,600
But you trust the process. 
You believe that patterns will 

4010
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:21,500
emerge? 
When enough pieces are gathered,

4011
03:41:21,500 --> 03:41:26,300
when enough time has passed for 
reflection, The ship continues, 

4012
03:41:26,300 --> 03:41:28,700
its work. 
So they encode lines correcting 

4013
03:41:28,700 --> 03:41:32,100
charts and mapping Harbors. 
This Mission proceeds 

4014
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:33,900
independently of your natural 
history. 

4015
03:41:33,900 --> 03:41:37,000
Observations yet, the two 
efforts, share a common 

4016
03:41:37,008 --> 03:41:43,000
character, patient methodical, 
careful, both require attention 

4017
03:41:43,000 --> 03:41:46,700
to detail and a willingness to 
work slowly toward distant 

4018
03:41:46,700 --> 03:41:49,000
goals. 
You think often about what you 

4019
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:52,300
have seen islands, where 
creatures exist that are found 

4020
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:56,400
nowhere else, Rock layers, 
revealing vast spans of time, 

4021
03:41:56,400 --> 03:42:00,100
there are fossils from extinct 
species that bear a striking 

4022
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:01,700
resemblance to their living 
counterparts. 

4023
03:42:01,700 --> 03:42:05,500
These observations suggest 
something though exactly what 

4024
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:09,100
remains unclear. 
The implications Linger on the 

4025
03:42:09,100 --> 03:42:11,700
brink of comprehension yet, they
remain. 

4026
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:15,100
Elusive, the routine of 
shipboard, Life continues to 

4027
03:42:15,100 --> 03:42:19,100
Anchor. 
You wait, eat, observe record 

4028
03:42:19,100 --> 03:42:22,900
rest. 
Back and repeats with variations

4029
03:42:22,900 --> 03:42:25,000
but maintains its essential 
structure. 

4030
03:42:25,000 --> 03:42:29,100
This consistency allows the work
to continue without interruption

4031
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:33,100
The routine becomes a kind of 
foundation on which everything 

4032
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:36,600
else rests. 
Seasons change though at Sea, 

4033
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:40,300
the shifts are subtle 
temperatures, vary the patterns,

4034
03:42:40,300 --> 03:42:42,500
alter the angle of the sun 
shifts. 

4035
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:46,200
You track these changes in your 
notes, marking seasonal, 

4036
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,100
variations in the creatures and 
plants. 

4037
03:42:48,100 --> 03:42:52,200
You observe. these meticulous 
observations document, the 

4038
03:42:52,200 --> 03:42:56,800
passage of time, the crew 
changes to those slowly men, 

4039
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:00,800
leave the ship at ports, 
replaced by new recruits Faces 

4040
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:04,400
become familiar, then disappear 
and the new faces take their 

4041
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:06,700
places. 
But the ships essential 

4042
03:43:06,700 --> 03:43:10,900
character remains constant. 
The work continues regardless of

4043
03:43:10,900 --> 03:43:14,000
individual changes the Beagle 
persists. 

4044
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:18,300
Eucharist with colleagues when 
opportunity allows sending 

4045
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:20,300
letters and specimens back to 
England. 

4046
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:22,600
When ships heading that 
direction can carry them. 

4047
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,600
These communications are 
irregular and slow months. 

4048
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:29,300
Passed between sending a letter 
and receiving a reply. 

4049
03:43:30,200 --> 03:43:33,100
Yet this connection to the wider
scientific Community matters. 

4050
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:37,200
Your work does not exist in 
isolation, even when you are 

4051
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:41,100
thousands of miles from home, 
Physical endurance becomes a 

4052
03:43:41,100 --> 03:43:44,100
kind of achievement, The Voyage 
demands stamina. 

4053
03:43:44,800 --> 03:43:47,700
The ability to continue day 
after day, without dramatic 

4054
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:50,600
Milestones. 
You develop this endurance 

4055
03:43:50,600 --> 03:43:55,000
without particularly noticing. 
Your body adapts to ship life, 

4056
03:43:55,000 --> 03:43:57,600
your mind becomes accustomed to 
the PACE. 

4057
03:43:57,600 --> 03:44:02,400
What seemed difficult become 
simply normal He observed 

4058
03:44:02,400 --> 03:44:06,300
changes in your thinking ideas 
that once seemed certain become 

4059
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:09,900
more flexible questions. 
You thought answered open up 

4060
03:44:09,900 --> 03:44:14,500
again, revealing new complexity.
This intellectual growth 

4061
03:44:14,500 --> 03:44:18,200
happens, quietly shaped by 
repeated observation, and the 

4062
03:44:18,200 --> 03:44:21,800
time to reflect on what you've 
seen the Landscapes you have 

4063
03:44:21,800 --> 03:44:26,400
visited create lasting memories.
Particular images, remain Vivid,

4064
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:31,700
a volcanic island, rising from 
the sea, a coral reef teeming 

4065
03:44:31,700 --> 03:44:35,100
with life, and a cliff face 
showing millions of years of 

4066
03:44:35,100 --> 03:44:39,100
geological history. 
These images become reference 

4067
03:44:39,100 --> 03:44:42,400
points, mental anchors that 
organize your understanding. 

4068
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:46,400
Conversations with Captain 
Fitzroy, continued throughout 

4069
03:44:46,400 --> 03:44:49,400
the voyage, you discuss 
observations, debate, 

4070
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:51,500
interpretations, and share 
perspectives. 

4071
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:54,900
These exchanges. 
Sharpen your thinking forcing 

4072
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:58,100
you to articulate ideas, 
clearly, the captain's 

4073
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,600
question's push you to consider 
alternatives to examine 

4074
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:04,800
assumptions. 
The specimens, you send back to 

4075
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:06,500
England. 
Begin to attract attention, 

4076
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:10,100
letters arrive from naturalists 
who have examined your 

4077
03:45:10,100 --> 03:45:13,300
collections. 
They asked questions request 

4078
03:45:13,300 --> 03:45:16,800
more information and point out. 
Intriguing features, you may 

4079
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,600
have missed This dialogue, 
enriches your work, connecting 

4080
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:24,000
your individual observations to 
broader scientific discussions. 

4081
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:28,000
You begin to sense the shape of 
ideas that will require years 

4082
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,900
more to fully develop. 
The Voyage is providing raw 

4083
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:36,200
material observations, specimens
questions that will sustain 

4084
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:39,200
future work long after the ship 
returns to England. 

4085
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:41,700
This realization brings 
satisfaction. 

4086
03:45:41,700 --> 03:45:45,400
The Voyage is not an end in 
itself, but to beginning. 

4087
03:45:46,600 --> 03:45:50,000
The Beagle, eventually turns 
toward home, the final leg of 

4088
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:51,900
the journey. 
Reverses, the early root 

4089
03:45:51,900 --> 03:45:54,600
bringing familiar, coastlines, 
back in to view. 

4090
03:45:55,400 --> 03:45:57,900
But, you're not the same person 
who left, England, five years 

4091
03:45:57,900 --> 03:46:02,600
early, The Voyage has changed, 
you shaped you, and given you a 

4092
03:46:02,608 --> 03:46:05,900
foundation of experience and 
observation that will inform 

4093
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:09,000
everything that follows the Ship
Sails. 

4094
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:13,600
Steadily toward home Waters, the
routine continues even as the 

4095
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:16,100
voyage nears. 
Its end, you maintain your 

4096
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:19,300
observations, keep your notes 
and care for your specimens. 

4097
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:23,100
The work does not stop simply 
because the destination 

4098
03:46:23,100 --> 03:46:26,900
approaches, the practice you 
have developed is now, part of 

4099
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,600
who you are, England, appears on
the horizon of eventually. 

4100
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:34,500
The voyage that has consumed 
five years of your life 

4101
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:38,500
approaches, completion. but the 
ideas born during these years 

4102
03:46:38,500 --> 03:46:44,000
will continue to grow to develop
and to reshape understanding The

4103
03:46:44,000 --> 03:46:46,800
Voyages end is only the 
beginning of its true impact. 

4104
03:46:47,600 --> 03:46:51,900
For now though there is only the
ship the Sea and the steady 

4105
03:46:51,900 --> 03:46:55,400
rhythm of observation and rest. 
The Beagle carries you forward 

4106
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:59,700
through calm Waters, the sky is 
clear the Horizon stretches 

4107
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:04,100
endlessly ahead just as it has 
for days and weeks and months. 

4108
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:08,500
You stand at the rail watching, 
light play across the water, 

4109
03:47:08,500 --> 03:47:10,600
noting details, as you have 
done. 

4110
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:14,400
Countless times. 
Before the work continues, The 

4111
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:17,600
Voyage continues. 
Life aboard the ship continues 

4112
03:47:17,600 --> 03:47:22,300
in its patient, methodical way. 
and in this continuation, in 

4113
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:24,900
this steady accumulation of 
observation and thought, 

4114
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:29,500
Something significant is 
quietly, taking shape this 

4115
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:33,700
transformation occurs, not in a 
dramatic or sudden manner, but 

4116
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:36,500
rather through the gentle 
Persistence of curiosity 

4117
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:41,300
patience and time, the Ship 
Sails on you rest. 

4118
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:45,200
When rest is needed, watch when 
observation is possible and 

4119
03:47:45,200 --> 03:47:48,500
trust that understanding will 
come through this slow, steady 

4120
03:47:48,500 --> 03:47:52,700
practice of attention. 
The Rhythm holds, the voyage 

4121
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:55,500
continues and in the continuity 
itself. 

4122
03:47:55,500 --> 03:48:06,800
There is peace. 
Tonight, we explore the life and

4123
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:08,400
contributions of Rosalind 
Franklin. 

4124
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:11,900
The brilliant scientist whose 
pioneering work in x-ray. 

4125
03:48:11,900 --> 03:48:15,100
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

4126
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:19,008
double helix A dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

4127
03:48:19,016 --> 03:48:21,000
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

4128
03:48:21,000 --> 03:48:24,300
century continue to inspire 
generations of researchers 

4129
03:48:24,300 --> 03:48:27,400
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

4130
03:48:27,400 --> 03:48:31,500
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

4131
03:48:31,500 --> 03:48:34,600
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

4132
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:37,600
from and what time is for you. 
We're always open to requests 

4133
03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:39,100
for stories, boring and 
interesting. 

4134
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:41,800
If you guys ever have any in 
mind, let us know. 

4135
03:48:43,100 --> 03:48:45,600
Now, get rid of those bright 
lights, turn on your fan if you 

4136
03:48:45,608 --> 03:48:51,700
have one and let's begin. 
Rosalind Franklin's name often 

4137
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:55,200
appears as a footnote in the 
story of DNA overshadowed by the

4138
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,600
fame of James, Watson and 
Francis, Crick yet, her life was

4139
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:03,300
neither trivial nor easily 
summarized Born in London in 

4140
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:05,200
1920 to a prominent Jewish 
Family. 

4141
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:09,200
She grew up when few encouraged 
women to pursue rigorous 

4142
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:11,600
science. 
Even as a child, she displayed a

4143
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,500
fierce hunger for knowledge to 
find social norms. 

4144
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:18,800
Her father, Ellis Franklin, 
supported her education yet, 

4145
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:21,900
worried about her independent 
streak at Saint, Paul's girls 

4146
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:26,200
school, she excelled in math, 
chemistry and languages while 

4147
03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:28,900
her peers aimed at more 
conventional Futures a 

4148
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:30,900
scholarship to newnham college 
Cambridge. 

4149
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:33,500
Put her among mentors, who 
valued her promise. 

4150
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:37,200
But questioned women's roles in 
Labs undeterred, she pulled 

4151
03:49:37,200 --> 03:49:40,500
energy into research proving her
place through diligent work, 

4152
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:45,100
When World War 2 broke out, 
Britain needed scientists, she 

4153
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:47,900
joined the British coal. 
Utilization research Association

4154
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:51,600
studying carbon's 
microstructures there, she 

4155
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:53,900
discovered a passion for 
methodical experimentation. 

4156
03:49:54,700 --> 03:49:57,900
She also encountered x-ray, 
crystallography, a technique 

4157
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:00,300
aligning perfectly with her 
meticulous nature. 

4158
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:03,800
After the war a fellowship in 
Paris brought her to Jack, 

4159
03:50:03,800 --> 03:50:08,000
Mary's lab where she refined her
skill in x-ray, diffraction, a 

4160
03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:10,900
high standards in exacting 
methods, yielded notable papers 

4161
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,600
on carbon structure establishing
her as a rising star in Crystal 

4162
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:17,800
graffy. 
By the early 1950s King's 

4163
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:22,100
College, London, offered her a 
position to study DNA, Maurice, 

4164
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:25,400
Wilkins and his team believed 
x-ray diffraction could unlock 

4165
03:50:25,400 --> 03:50:28,800
the molecules secrets. 
Franklin arrived armed with 

4166
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:31,900
expertise determined to 
implement new, protocols and 

4167
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:35,100
improve equipment. 
Lab tensions, surfaced quickly. 

4168
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:39,300
Wilkins had expected a 
collaborator Franklin insisted 

4169
03:50:39,300 --> 03:50:42,000
on autonomy. 
Some colleagues admired, her 

4170
03:50:42,000 --> 03:50:43,900
Precision, While others found 
her difficult. 

4171
03:50:44,800 --> 03:50:47,600
Still she pressed on convinced 
that careful data could cut 

4172
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:50,300
through any confusion. 
Working with her student, 

4173
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:53,300
Raymond Gosling. 
She captured a series of images,

4174
03:50:53,300 --> 03:50:57,800
the most famous labeled photo 
51, revealing a striking helical

4175
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:00,400
pattern. 
She wanted more evidence before 

4176
03:51:00,400 --> 03:51:03,000
announcing a conclusion, 
preferring thoroughness over 

4177
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:06,500
speculation. 
Yep, behind the scenes, her data

4178
03:51:06,500 --> 03:51:09,700
slipped into other hands, 
unbeknownst to her a colleague, 

4179
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,000
showed Watson, and Crick her, 
diffraction results already 

4180
03:51:13,000 --> 03:51:16,700
pursuing a helical model a 
seized, her findings, as key 

4181
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:20,100
confirmation. 
Franklyn for the moment was 

4182
03:51:20,100 --> 03:51:22,900
focused on perfecting her 
analysis unaware. 

4183
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:25,600
That her painstaking work was 
fueling a major Discovery 

4184
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,700
elsewhere. 
Even, so the tension at Kings 

4185
03:51:28,700 --> 03:51:31,600
grew. 
Franklyn's direct Style clashed 

4186
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:35,300
with wilkins's reserved manner. 
She believed in complete 

4187
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:38,300
control, over her research 
methods irritating, those 

4188
03:51:38,300 --> 03:51:40,800
accustomed to a more 
hierarchical lab, but she 

4189
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:44,000
remained steadfast just in 
humidity levels and rechecking 

4190
03:51:44,000 --> 03:51:47,400
angles to sharpen her images, 
each Improvement hinted, she was

4191
03:51:47,408 --> 03:51:49,200
on the brink of a Monumental 
revelation. 

4192
03:51:50,200 --> 03:51:52,900
That Revelation however would 
not bear her name alone. 

4193
03:51:54,400 --> 03:51:57,600
While Franklin, refined her data
Watson and Crick raced forward 

4194
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:01,800
preparing to unveil, their model
of the, she had no inkling of 

4195
03:52:01,800 --> 03:52:06,300
the behind the scenes drama. 
In the darkroom, her camera 

4196
03:52:06,300 --> 03:52:08,700
captured, Crystal patterns that 
were changed by biology. 

4197
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:13,100
Trusted her data to speak for 
itself unaware that the world 

4198
03:52:13,100 --> 03:52:16,000
soon would hail Watson and Crick
as The Architects of DNA's 

4199
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:19,600
double helix At this stage, 
Franklin story was poised 

4200
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:21,300
between breaks through and 
overshadowing. 

4201
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:24,800
A rigorous approach had 
delivered vital Clues to Life's 

4202
03:52:24,800 --> 03:52:27,400
molecular code. 
Yet, social dynamics and 

4203
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:29,800
academic politics threaten to 
Opera of due credit. 

4204
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:33,800
In the realm of science dated 
does not always guarantee 

4205
03:52:33,800 --> 03:52:35,400
recognition for the one who 
gathers it. 

4206
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:39,800
Rosalind Franklin had produced a
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 

4207
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:43,100
form, setting, the stage for 
history to unfold in ways. 

4208
03:52:43,100 --> 03:52:46,400
She could not have predicted. 
She was born into a family of 

4209
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:49,500
philanthropic tradition with her
Uncle serving as the first 

4210
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:53,700
Jewish mayor of London to noton.
From a young age, she was taught

4211
03:52:53,700 --> 03:52:56,500
the importance of service and 
intellectual rigor, a 

4212
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:58,000
combination that would shape her
character. 

4213
03:52:58,800 --> 03:53:02,300
In her teenage years, she gained
a reputation for Sharp wit and 

4214
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:04,400
an unwavering focus on academic 
goals. 

4215
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:07,300
These traits did not always 
endear her to peers, who 

4216
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:11,600
expected, more demure Behavior. 
But she was undeterred, she had 

4217
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:14,300
glimpsed a future in which women
could stand at the frontier of 

4218
03:53:14,300 --> 03:53:18,500
Discovery and she was determined
to claim it in her journals. 

4219
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:21,300
She expressed a love for puzzles
and a fascination with 

4220
03:53:21,300 --> 03:53:24,500
structure. 
Whether examining minerals or 

4221
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:28,700
deciphering, abstract problems. 
She found solace in unraveling 

4222
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:32,700
complexities This mindset 
translated seamlessly into her 

4223
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:36,000
later work where Precision 
became both her shield and her 

4224
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:38,700
Compass. 
It also fueled her tenacity 

4225
03:53:38,700 --> 03:53:41,900
driving her to pursue every 
question till she reached, its 

4226
03:53:41,900 --> 03:53:45,000
hidden core. 
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 

4227
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:47,200
King's College. 
London came with grand Hope's 

4228
03:53:47,200 --> 03:53:51,600
but the labs culture soon, 
tested her resolve she joined 

4229
03:53:51,600 --> 03:53:54,800
Morris Wilkins, who believed 
they would share, DNA research 

4230
03:53:54,800 --> 03:53:57,600
duties, Franklyn's forthright 
style. 

4231
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:01,700
However, clashed with Wilkins 
quieter approach worse, the 

4232
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:05,100
leadership chain for the DNA 
project remained vague fostering

4233
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:09,400
confusion about who was truly in
charge, Despite these challenges

4234
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:13,100
Franklin pressed on exploring, 
how DNA fibers changed under? 

4235
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:16,100
Varying humidity. 
She distinguished between A and 

4236
03:54:16,100 --> 03:54:19,900
B forms of the molecule and her 
fastidious x-ray, diffraction 

4237
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:22,200
work. 
Produced the famed photo 51, 

4238
03:54:22,200 --> 03:54:26,300
which showed an unmistakable 
helical pattern, Franklin 

4239
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:29,600
acknowledged the significance of
the image yet she refrained from

4240
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:32,400
making hastir assumptions. 
She spent hours perfecting 

4241
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:36,200
exposures checking angles and 
analyzing the precise details 

4242
03:54:36,200 --> 03:54:40,400
etched onto photographic plates 
Meanwhile, across town at the 

4243
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:43,500
Cavendish laboratory. 
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and

4244
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:46,400
Francis, Crick took a 
contrasting approach model 

4245
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:49,200
Builders at heart. 
They chased the DNA structure by

4246
03:54:49,200 --> 03:54:52,500
trial and error fueled by 
Snippets of data gleaned from 

4247
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:56,400
various sources, when Wilkins 
revealed photo 51 to Watson, 

4248
03:54:56,400 --> 03:55:00,000
unbeknownst to franklyn the 
evidence dovetailed perfectly 

4249
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:05,300
with their double helix hunt. 
By early 1953 Watson and Crick 

4250
03:55:05,308 --> 03:55:06,700
completed. 
A model that would make 

4251
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:09,700
scientific history. 
Their publication in nature was 

4252
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:13,300
concise yet transformative, 
announcing a double helical 

4253
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:16,000
structure, that explained? 
DNA's replication mechanism 

4254
03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:20,000
Wilkins and Franklin each 
contributed supportive papers 

4255
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:23,600
but the spotlight fell squarely 
on Watson and Crick Franklins 

4256
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,000
images and calculations though 
pivotal were presented as 

4257
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:29,500
secondary confirmations rather 
than driving forces. 

4258
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:34,300
She felt the sting of exclusion 
yet pressed on finalizing her 

4259
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:36,100
analyzes of the molecules 
geometry. 

4260
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:38,800
This period, at King's grew more
strained. 

4261
03:55:39,400 --> 03:55:41,300
Franklins Report with Wilkins 
had cooled. 

4262
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:44,300
She seemed unwilling to 
compromise on rigorous standards

4263
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:46,200
and he resented her 
independence. 

4264
03:55:46,900 --> 03:55:50,800
The department itself provided 
limited support content to bask 

4265
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:52,900
in the southern Acclaim for the 
DNA breakthrough. 

4266
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,500
Franklyn, meanwhile was left to 
Grapple with how her painstaking

4267
03:55:56,500 --> 03:55:58,700
data had been used without her 
direct consent. 

4268
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:01,400
Recognizing that her future lay 
elsewhere. 

4269
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:04,600
She began seeking a new post 
where she could direct her 

4270
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:08,100
research on her terms. 
Opportunity arose birkbeck 

4271
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:11,200
College headed by Crystal. 
John Desmond, Bernal. 

4272
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:14,600
Though, the facilities there 
were humbler, the atmosphere 

4273
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:18,500
promised greater autonomy. 
Franklin decided to leave kings 

4274
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:21,900
taking with her a wealth of 
expertise and the resolve to 

4275
03:56:21,900 --> 03:56:23,800
avoid another scientific Turf 
War. 

4276
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:27,000
She briefly concluded her work 
by publishing her final 

4277
03:56:27,000 --> 03:56:29,800
observations on the structural 
nuances of DNA. 

4278
03:56:29,800 --> 03:56:33,900
While Watson Crick, and Wilkins 
basked in growing accolades 

4279
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:37,300
Franklin exited quietly. 
Determined to reorient her 

4280
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:39,900
career. 
She did not wholly abandon DNA, 

4281
03:56:39,900 --> 03:56:42,100
friends and colleagues 
occasionally asked for her 

4282
03:56:42,100 --> 03:56:43,900
insights and she answered 
candidly. 

4283
03:56:43,900 --> 03:56:46,900
She had no desire to entangle 
herself further and debate about

4284
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:49,400
authorship or recognition. 
The overshadowing. 

4285
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:53,400
She experienced became a 
cautionary Tale in science data 

4286
03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:56,100
is currently and the one who 
controls its dissemination 

4287
03:56:56,100 --> 03:56:59,400
Wheels significant power, 
Franklin preferred to move 

4288
03:56:59,400 --> 03:57:01,400
forward rather than dwell on 
what might have been done 

4289
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:05,000
differently in her last month's.
King's she remained cordial, but

4290
03:57:05,000 --> 03:57:07,600
distant focusing on practical 
tasks. 

4291
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:10,700
A colleague's recognized her 
departure as a loss. 

4292
03:57:10,700 --> 03:57:13,600
Her technique of been Central to
illuminating DNA. 

4293
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,300
Still few openly acknowledged, 
the imbalance that had allowed 

4294
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:21,000
others to LEAP ahead with her 
findings privately, franklyn 

4295
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:23,600
Harbor, disappointment at the 
Miss chance for genuine 

4296
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:26,800
collaboration yet, she rarely 
indulged in public complaints. 

4297
03:57:26,800 --> 03:57:30,100
Believe in the project, success 
should outweigh personal 

4298
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:32,800
grievances. 
She fully engaged in planning 

4299
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:35,000
her new life at bookbag by the 
mid-19. 

4300
03:57:36,300 --> 03:57:39,400
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 
which he saw as a logical 

4301
03:57:39,400 --> 03:57:44,000
extension of molecular biology. 
If DNA held the code viruses, 

4302
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,300
manipulated it for replication. 
It was a fresh Frontier. 

4303
03:57:47,300 --> 03:57:51,100
Three of the swirl around the 
double helix some wondered if 

4304
03:57:51,100 --> 03:57:53,600
she might regret turning away 
from a molecule that had just 

4305
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:56,700
earned Global Fame, but 
franklyn's mind was already set.

4306
03:57:57,500 --> 03:58:00,700
She craved and where precision 
and exploration mattered more 

4307
03:58:00,700 --> 03:58:02,800
than departmental politics or 
star power. 

4308
03:58:02,800 --> 03:58:06,700
In this decision, Rosalind 
Franklin, demonstrated a fierce 

4309
03:58:06,700 --> 03:58:08,600
Independence that would define 
her future endeavors. 

4310
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:13,800
The DNA story continued to 
unfold with Watson Crick, and 

4311
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:17,100
Wilkins moving into the 
scientific Limelight franklyn, 

4312
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:20,000
meanwhile, headed for new 
Challengers confident, that her 

4313
03:58:20,000 --> 03:58:22,100
diligence and clear sighted 
approach would gain yield 

4314
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:25,600
groundbreaking discoveries. 
The transition set the stage for

4315
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:29,300
the next chapter of her life. 
A chapter in which viruses, not 

4316
03:58:29,300 --> 03:58:33,800
DNA, would become her primary 
focus, Rosalind Franklin's moved

4317
03:58:33,800 --> 03:58:37,300
to Burke back College in 1953 
allowed her to escape the 

4318
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:40,800
tensions around DNA and Forge a 
fresh path in virus research. 

4319
03:58:41,600 --> 03:58:44,900
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 
She found greater Independence 

4320
03:58:44,900 --> 03:58:48,200
for her meticulous approach 
while viruses lacked the 

4321
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:53,000
immediate of DNA Franklin 
considered the equally vital if 

4322
03:58:53,000 --> 03:58:56,800
DNA was life's blueprint viruses
were Intruders capable of 

4323
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:00,700
hijacking that plan. 
A chosen subject, the tobacco 

4324
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:04,200
mosaic virus TMV presented 
unique challenges. 

4325
03:59:05,200 --> 03:59:08,400
Franklin painstakingly prepared 
samples to ensure, uniformity 

4326
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:12,900
using x-ray, diffraction, to 
decode TMZ rod-like structure. 

4327
03:59:13,800 --> 03:59:16,200
Teamed up with Aaron klug and 
others, methodically 

4328
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:17,800
interpreting diffraction 
patterns. 

4329
03:59:18,500 --> 03:59:22,300
Even as a smaller lab birkbeck 
became a Haven where frankly 

4330
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:24,800
could shape projects by her 
exacting standards. 

4331
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,100
She still carried scars from 
King's College. 

4332
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:31,100
Some wondered why she had 
shifted from DNA to viruses, but

4333
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:34,400
Franklin pressed forward. 
Drawing parallels to her earlier

4334
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:36,900
work. 
She insisted on data-driven 

4335
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:39,600
analysis. 
Never rushing to publish before 

4336
03:59:39,600 --> 03:59:43,100
confirming every detail. 
Herb environment combined 

4337
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:46,800
intensity with a collaborative 
Spirit offering trainees and 

4338
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:49,600
unparalleled education and 
crystallographic rigor. 

4339
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:54,500
Between 1954 and 1955, 
Franklin's group made steady 

4340
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,900
gains, they confirmed mvs 
protein subunits arranged in 

4341
03:59:57,908 --> 03:59:59,600
repeating units around the 
viral. 

4342
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:03,500
RNA these findings though, less 
glamorous than the double helix 

4343
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:08,000
garnered respect among 
structural biologists unfazed by

4344
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:11,400
the overshadowing DNA narrative,
Frankling kept expanding her 

4345
04:00:11,400 --> 04:00:14,100
scope, she ventured into 
spherical viruses. 

4346
04:00:14,100 --> 04:00:17,700
Hypothesizing, that structural 
symmetry might unified diverse 

4347
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,700
pathogens. 
Her reputation grew, and she 

4348
04:00:20,700 --> 04:00:23,900
presented at conferences 
describing how the same methods 

4349
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,100
that had illuminated DNA could 
unpack viral design. 

4350
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,500
Publicly Watson and Crick 
dominated headlines, but within 

4351
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:34,800
Crystal logography circles 
Franklin was acknowledged as a 

4352
04:00:34,800 --> 04:00:37,600
leading figure. 
She rarely spoke of the DNA 

4353
04:00:37,600 --> 04:00:40,500
controversy, though, colleague 
sensed unresolved feelings. 

4354
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:45,900
Instead she concentrated on 
perfecting viral data, believing

4355
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:49,200
scientific progress mattered, 
more than personal credit. 

4356
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:55,200
Outside, the lab, franklyn led a
quiet life, she enjoyed travel 

4357
04:00:55,200 --> 04:00:56,800
and found respite in the 
outdoors. 

4358
04:00:56,800 --> 04:00:59,500
But her main passion remained 
the quest of visualize 

4359
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:03,000
biological structures. 
Funding was tight and she often 

4360
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:04,700
lobbied for Grants to buy better
equipment. 

4361
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:08,500
Each new insights strengthened 
her conviction that viruses 

4362
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,600
small yet formidable merited. 
The same. 

4363
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:15,600
Painstaking scrutiny as ding. 
By 1956. 

4364
04:01:15,600 --> 04:01:19,000
Her work expanded further. 
Collaborators, like Aaron 

4365
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:23,000
Advanced diffraction analysis, 
revealing intricate protein 

4366
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:26,900
shells in case in viral RNA. 
Franklyn believed these advances

4367
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:29,400
might guide future strategies 
against viral diseases. 

4368
04:01:29,400 --> 04:01:32,000
The thoroughness she had applied
to DNA. 

4369
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:35,600
Now, propelled virology forward 
and accomplishment overshadowed 

4370
04:01:35,600 --> 04:01:38,800
by the double helixes Spotlight,
but crucial to understanding 

4371
04:01:38,800 --> 04:01:43,600
viral replication. yes, signs of
illness emerged, she dismissed 

4372
04:01:43,600 --> 04:01:46,500
bouts of pain as stress 
unwilling to slow down, 

4373
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,100
Unbeknownst to her. 
She faced a serious condition 

4374
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:54,100
that would soon escalate for the
moment research, remained her 

4375
04:01:54,100 --> 04:01:57,800
anchor, and she pressed on 
analyzing each image that 

4376
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:01,100
emerged from her diffraction, 
apparatus, her dedication, 

4377
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:04,900
ignited excitement at birkbeck 
motivating younger. 

4378
04:02:04,900 --> 04:02:07,300
Scientists to follow in her 
footsteps though. 

4379
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:10,700
Watson Crick, and Wilkins gained
prizes and public. 

4380
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:13,500
Adoration for DNA Franklin never
openly. 

4381
04:02:13,500 --> 04:02:16,500
Displayed Envy friends noted she
remained courteous about the 

4382
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:20,000
double helix maintaining. 
The stance that data, not 

4383
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,200
politics fueled real progress in
her lab. 

4384
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:26,000
She was known for forging new 
ground in virus structure. 

4385
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:28,800
Determined that careful work? 
Would eventually earn its 

4386
04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:32,200
acknowledgment. 
Amid these virus studies, 

4387
04:02:32,200 --> 04:02:36,000
Franklins commitment to 
Excellence, never waived, she 

4388
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:39,000
had departed, King's to find a 
more supportive environment and 

4389
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:42,200
at birkbeck she discovered 
purpose in our raveling new 

4390
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,300
puzzles, the Breakthrough. 
She spearheaded may not have led

4391
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:48,600
to Global headlines but they 
contributed significantly to the

4392
04:02:48,600 --> 04:02:50,600
emerging field of molecular 
virology. 

4393
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:54,400
All the while her health 
concerns simmered beneath the 

4394
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:57,000
surface. 
She continued to travel in 

4395
04:02:57,000 --> 04:02:59,100
lecture sharing insights and 
forging collaborations 

4396
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:03,300
researchers worldwide adapted. 
Her techniques marveling at how 

4397
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:05,200
the same x-ray approach used on 
DNA. 

4398
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:08,200
Could dissect viral architecture
each success. 

4399
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:12,000
Confirmed her choice to abandon 
the fame of DNA and explore a 

4400
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:15,400
less explored path. 
Rosalind Franklin's years at 

4401
04:03:15,400 --> 04:03:18,400
birkbeck stand as a testament to
her resilience and intellectual 

4402
04:03:18,400 --> 04:03:20,900
Drive. 
Where others saw missed Fame. 

4403
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:23,000
She saw a chance to deepen 
knowledge. 

4404
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:25,700
On a frontier with vast 
implications for medicine and 

4405
04:03:25,700 --> 04:03:28,300
agriculture. 
This period defined her as more 

4406
04:03:28,300 --> 04:03:33,300
than the woman behind photo 51. 
She became a Leading Light in 

4407
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:37,800
virus, crystallography advancing
an entire field through tireless

4408
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:41,800
devotion. 
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 

4409
04:03:41,800 --> 04:03:44,600
could no longer dismiss her 
discomfort as mere fatigue, 

4410
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:48,500
severe abdominal pain center to 
a specialist where she received 

4411
04:03:48,500 --> 04:03:50,900
a stark diagnosis of varying 
cancer. 

4412
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:55,200
News of the disease, hit hard. 
She was only in her 

4413
04:03:55,200 --> 04:03:58,300
mid-thirties. 
With a thriving Lab at birkbeck 

4414
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,900
and an unrelenting drive to 
uncover the secrets of viruses. 

4415
04:04:03,100 --> 04:04:06,800
Tackle the situation with the 
same uncovering determination 

4416
04:04:06,800 --> 04:04:09,000
that characterized her 
scientific Pursuits. 

4417
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,800
Franklin, underwent surgery 
followed by radiation treatments

4418
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:15,100
that left her exhausted 
remarkably. 

4419
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:18,400
She insisted on working whenever
she felt even a little strength.

4420
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:22,000
Her laboratory colleagues 
witnessed a woman who despite 

4421
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:25,600
obvious pain, maintained precise
standards and pressed forward 

4422
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:28,900
with x-ray, diffraction 
experiments, submerged her to 

4423
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:32,200
rest, but she believed that 
meaningful research could serve 

4424
04:04:32,200 --> 04:04:35,400
as a form of hope, both for 
herself and for the broader 

4425
04:04:35,400 --> 04:04:39,100
scientific Quest. 
Meanwhile her research group 

4426
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:43,000
consumed, its progress on 
Tobacco mosaic virus Aaron. 

4427
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:47,100
Finch helped manage day-to-day 
tasks, but franklyn remained the

4428
04:04:47,108 --> 04:04:50,800
intellectual force behind the 
projects analyzing data from her

4429
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,500
hospital bed, when necessary, 
she had always been meticulous 

4430
04:04:54,500 --> 04:04:57,300
but now her instructions became 
even more methodical. 

4431
04:04:57,300 --> 04:05:00,900
As if every experiment needed to
be double checked due to the 

4432
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,600
uncertain of time. 
Medical Treatments showed 

4433
04:05:03,600 --> 04:05:07,000
initial, promise Franklin's 
Health, rebounded, enough for 

4434
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:10,000
her to attend conferences, and 
deliver lectures with renewed 

4435
04:05:10,000 --> 04:05:13,300
Vigor in early 1957. 
She traveled to the United 

4436
04:05:13,300 --> 04:05:15,300
States to discuss her virus 
findings. 

4437
04:05:15,300 --> 04:05:19,500
There Marvel at a Clarity of 
thought and appreciated her, 

4438
04:05:19,500 --> 04:05:21,400
willingness to share data and 
techniques. 

4439
04:05:22,200 --> 04:05:24,600
She returned to London with 
fresh ideas, for comparing the 

4440
04:05:24,608 --> 04:05:27,900
structures of different plant. 
Viruses convinced that a 

4441
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:30,900
unifying principle might exist 
across various shapes and sizes.

4442
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:34,900
Her perseverance garnered 
admiration from both peers and 

4443
04:05:34,900 --> 04:05:37,200
subordinates. 
Many had witnessed how 

4444
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:40,200
overshadowed she'd been in the 
DNA story yet. 

4445
04:05:40,200 --> 04:05:42,500
Here she was forging new 
breakthroughs. 

4446
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,600
Under the most challenging 
circumstances in private 

4447
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:48,500
Franklin confessed. 
Occasional frustration about the

4448
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:52,400
slow recognition for her virus 
work but she rarely let 

4449
04:05:52,400 --> 04:05:55,400
bitterness creep into daily lab 
interactions instead. 

4450
04:05:55,400 --> 04:05:58,900
She strove to uplift, younger 
researchers, reminding them that

4451
04:05:58,900 --> 04:06:02,700
quality data was the Bedrock of 
scientific progress, that year 

4452
04:06:02,700 --> 04:06:04,900
she initiated a project 
examining. 

4453
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,200
The polio virus structure though
it would be demanding. 

4454
04:06:09,000 --> 04:06:11,900
Polio remained, a global Health 
concern and franklyn hoped that 

4455
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:13,800
precise. 
Diffraction studies might reveal

4456
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:15,500
new angles for vaccine 
development. 

4457
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:18,700
She collaborated with 
researchers at other 

4458
04:06:18,700 --> 04:06:22,100
institutions coordinating sample
exchanges, and cross checking 

4459
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:24,700
results. 
The effort required significant 

4460
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:28,700
energy, but franklyn refused to 
lower her standards by mid-19 

4461
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:31,300
the 57. 
However, the health took another

4462
04:06:31,300 --> 04:06:35,300
downturn hospital visits became 
more frequent and her doctors 

4463
04:06:35,300 --> 04:06:37,600
suggested further treatments 
this time. 

4464
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:41,800
The prognosis was darker You can
find it in a few close friends. 

4465
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:44,900
Admitting she feared she might 
not complete her most ambitious 

4466
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:47,700
projects. 
Still, she held onto the lab as 

4467
04:06:47,700 --> 04:06:50,400
her anchor juggling medical 
appointments with diffraction 

4468
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:52,500
sessions that extended late Into
the Night. 

4469
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:56,800
In August a sudden Improvement 
sparked renewed optimism. 

4470
04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:00,100
She joked with colleagues about 
planning a celebratory trip. 

4471
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:03,400
Once she fully recovered letters
to friends abroad show her 

4472
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:06,800
balancing gratitude for extended
life with a scientists inherent 

4473
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:10,800
curiosity about her illness she 
compared Cancer's Invasion to a 

4474
04:07:10,800 --> 04:07:14,500
virus, infiltrating a cell, 
Determined to observe and fight 

4475
04:07:14,500 --> 04:07:17,700
it with all the tools available.
Yet the disease progressed 

4476
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:22,600
relentlessly by Fall pain fled 
again and even routine tasks 

4477
04:07:22,600 --> 04:07:25,100
became difficult. 
Franklin's unwavering 

4478
04:07:25,100 --> 04:07:28,000
determination, masked? 
Its severity to most outside as 

4479
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:32,300
She drafted research notes from 
her bed, outlining next steps 

4480
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:34,600
for her team, in an act of 
foresight. 

4481
04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:38,500
She delegated leadership. 
Role in that ongoing experiments

4482
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:40,000
would not falter if she had to 
step away. 

4483
04:07:40,800 --> 04:07:44,000
Those around her admired. 
This quiet resilience despite 

4484
04:07:44,000 --> 04:07:46,900
her personal struggles. 
Frankly, never Overlook The 

4485
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:51,000
Wider impact of her research. 
She viewed viruses as intricate 

4486
04:07:51,000 --> 04:07:54,300
pieces of nature with each 
Discovery serving as a crucial 

4487
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:57,300
tool for comprehending disease, 
and safeguarding human lives. 

4488
04:07:57,300 --> 04:08:01,000
Observers found her courage 
extraordinary though. 

4489
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:04,400
She rarely framed herself as 
heroic in her view, she was 

4490
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:06,100
simply continuing what she had 
always done. 

4491
04:08:06,100 --> 04:08:10,000
Methodically Gathering data 
refining conclusions and 

4492
04:08:10,000 --> 04:08:12,200
believing in the power of 
science to uplift Humanity. 

4493
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:17,300
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind
Franklin, found herself at a 

4494
04:08:17,300 --> 04:08:20,100
pivotal point. 
A lab is brimming with 

4495
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:23,700
fascinating research, on viruses
that may help unravel biological

4496
04:08:23,700 --> 04:08:26,500
Mysteries. 
She had a disease that no amount

4497
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:31,600
of scientific rigor could cure. 
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 

4498
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:34,300
uncertainty as Ross in 
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 

4499
04:08:35,100 --> 04:08:39,100
Yet, within the birkbeck lab 
momentum persisted, she had 

4500
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:42,100
established a system of shared 
responsibilities ensuring that 

4501
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:45,300
vital experiments continued even
if she needed hospitalization. 

4502
04:08:46,400 --> 04:08:50,100
Aaron others stepped up 
organizing data from the tobacco

4503
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:53,600
mosaic virus and now the polio 
virus studies Franklin had 

4504
04:08:53,600 --> 04:08:56,800
launched despite her weakened 
State, she remained, mentally 

4505
04:08:56,800 --> 04:08:59,800
sharp offering guidance from her
bedside and carefully written 

4506
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:02,900
directives. 
Franklin's presence was palpable

4507
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:04,700
during her occasional visits to 
the lab. 

4508
04:09:05,300 --> 04:09:07,300
Sporting a lab coat over her 
frail frame. 

4509
04:09:07,300 --> 04:09:10,800
She would scrutinize the latest 
diffraction photographs pointing

4510
04:09:10,800 --> 04:09:13,200
out slight anomalies and 
symmetry or angle. 

4511
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:16,200
Colleagues found it both 
inspiring and heartbreaking. 

4512
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:20,200
Here was a world-class mind 
refusing to yield even as her 

4513
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:23,700
body faltered She updated 
notebooks with unwavering 

4514
04:09:23,700 --> 04:09:27,300
clarity, as though the act of 
writing itself, could keep her 

4515
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:30,000
Tethered to the work. 
She loved her medical team. 

4516
04:09:30,000 --> 04:09:33,600
Advised rest, but frankly 
impressed on citing not miss 

4517
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:36,200
stubbornness, but an ethical 
Drive in her view. 

4518
04:09:36,200 --> 04:09:38,900
Scientific progress was a 
collective Venture. 

4519
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:42,200
If her findings could improve 
the understanding of viruses, 

4520
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:45,500
she owed it to the broader 
Community to see them through 

4521
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:49,400
when friends, gently questioned,
whether it was wise to push so 

4522
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:53,300
hard, she confessed that 
focusing on data helped Stave 

4523
04:09:53,300 --> 04:09:55,800
off despair. 
The lab was her Sanctuary. 

4524
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,100
A place where logic and 
Discovery overshadowed personal 

4525
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:04,500
anxieties One highlight came in 
February. 1958 a journal. 

4526
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,000
Accepted her team's detail paper
on TMV. 

4527
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:10,000
Structural transitions lording 
Franklins. 

4528
04:10:10,000 --> 04:10:13,400
Rigorous methodology. 
She allowed herself a quiet 

4529
04:10:13,408 --> 04:10:16,900
moment of satisfaction knowing, 
such recognition was hard won. 

4530
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:20,300
A few days later she penned 
letters to collaborators 

4531
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:22,700
proposing further investigations
into spherical. 

4532
04:10:22,700 --> 04:10:26,400
Virus shells, though, physically
diminished her intellectual 

4533
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:29,000
curiosity knew no bounds 
outside. 

4534
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,000
The lab Franklin's closed Circle
began preparing for the 

4535
04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:36,500
possibility of bad news. 
Her father Ellis had passed away

4536
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:39,800
years earlier, but extended 
family members rallied around 

4537
04:10:39,800 --> 04:10:44,000
her, she maintained stoicism 
rarely discussing prognosis. 

4538
04:10:44,000 --> 04:10:47,800
Instead, she inquired about 
others well-being, asked about 

4539
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:51,100
the latest scientific gossip. 
A meticulously planned, the next

4540
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:54,300
steps for her virus research. 
In quieter moments. 

4541
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:58,000
She reflected on how a woman 
once, overshadowed in the DNA, 

4542
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:01,700
Saga had found renewed purpose. 
She never openly declared 

4543
04:11:01,700 --> 04:11:03,900
regret. 
Though, some friends, perceived,

4544
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:06,400
a lingering sadness that she 
might not see the end of certain

4545
04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:09,100
viral. 
Inquiries rumors circulated 

4546
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,300
about potential nominations for 
significant Awards, though. 

4547
04:11:12,300 --> 04:11:15,300
Watson Crick and Wilkins had 
gained Global Fame. 

4548
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:18,700
A few scientific bodies 
recognized Franklins independent

4549
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:21,600
contributions. 
Nothing concrete materialized. 

4550
04:11:21,600 --> 04:11:24,800
However, and she expressed 
little interest in accolades, 

4551
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,900
she believed real achievement in
the data itself. 

4552
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:31,800
The patterns, the angles, the 
consistent results, that built a

4553
04:11:31,800 --> 04:11:35,700
foundation for future work. 
A spring approached her symptoms

4554
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:39,000
worsened. 
Sharp pains returned and another

4555
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:43,000
surgery was scheduled this time 
medical intervention offered 

4556
04:11:43,000 --> 04:11:46,200
diminishing returns Franklin 
faced the prospect that her life

4557
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:49,100
might be cut short yet. 
She approached this possibility 

4558
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:51,800
with the same methodical calm. 
She brought to her experiments. 

4559
04:11:51,800 --> 04:11:55,300
She revised her will setting 
aside funds for scientific 

4560
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:58,700
causes and ensuring that certain
personal items went to Cherished

4561
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:01,500
friends. 
She also took steps to safeguard

4562
04:12:01,500 --> 04:12:04,600
her research. 
Instructing and others on how to

4563
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:08,600
best archived her notebooks and 
X-ray films on excellent days. 

4564
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:11,200
She still made brief appearances
at birkbeck. 

4565
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:15,000
One morning in April, she 
examined new images of the polio

4566
04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:18,400
virus noting symmetrical 
patterns that hinted at a 

4567
04:12:18,408 --> 04:12:22,500
uniform protein Arrangement the 
conversation that followed held 

4568
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:25,200
in hush Tone's. 
Behind a cluttered desk brimmed 

4569
04:12:25,200 --> 04:12:27,800
with excitement. 
She encouraged her colleagues to

4570
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,600
pursue further refining of these
samples convinced. 

4571
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:35,300
The results might be pivotal Yet
by mid-april her hospital stays 

4572
04:12:35,300 --> 04:12:38,400
grew longer. 
In a final letter to a mentor in

4573
04:12:38,408 --> 04:12:41,100
Paris Franklin described a sense
of urgency. 

4574
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:45,100
She felt every hour counted she 
signed off with a mixture of 

4575
04:12:45,108 --> 04:12:48,800
humor and resolve quipping that 
illness might slow her body but 

4576
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:51,800
never mind. 
The note ended abruptly 

4577
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,400
suggesting that even writing had
become laborious. 

4578
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:57,900
Still, the spirit that had 
guided her from Saint, Paul's 

4579
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,600
girls school through King's 
College and birkbeck remained 

4580
04:13:00,600 --> 04:13:03,600
intact. 
She had consistently emphasized 

4581
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:05,400
the importance of data over 
speculation. 

4582
04:13:06,300 --> 04:13:08,800
Now, as life's uncertainties 
narrowed. 

4583
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:13,000
She held to that principle more 
fiercely than ever, every 

4584
04:13:13,000 --> 04:13:17,000
experiment completed, every 
photograph taken was a small 

4585
04:13:17,000 --> 04:13:19,400
triumphs over the frailties of 
The Human Condition. 

4586
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:23,900
In that sense, she transformed 
her final months in to a 

4587
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:27,400
testament, to Scientific 
dedication, a brief, but shining

4588
04:13:27,400 --> 04:13:31,500
era when personal advert 
personal adversity bowed before 

4589
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,600
the truth. 
Rosslyn franklyn passed away on 

4590
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:38,300
April 16th, 1958 at the age of 
37. 

4591
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:41,200
The immediate shock rippled 
through her colleague at 

4592
04:13:41,200 --> 04:13:44,400
birkbeck and Beyond many had 
witnessed her stubborn fight 

4593
04:13:44,400 --> 04:13:48,200
against Illness, but news of her
death, still felt sudden as 

4594
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:50,600
though a brilliant lighted had 
been snuffed out to soon. 

4595
04:13:51,500 --> 04:13:53,500
She had left behind half 
finished projects on the 

4596
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:56,800
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks. 

4597
04:13:56,800 --> 04:14:00,300
That offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

4598
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:01,800
from across the scientific 
community. 

4599
04:14:02,700 --> 04:14:06,000
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

4600
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,900
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her publicly

4601
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:13,200
credited Franklin's methods for 
pushing their studies of TMV and

4602
04:14:13,208 --> 04:14:16,700
polio virus forward. 
Even Morris Wilkins, whose 

4603
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:19,700
relationship with Franklin had 
been tense, expressed regret 

4604
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:24,100
that they never truly reconciled
in hushed conversations some 

4605
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:27,900
recalled, how her DNA had been 
pivotal to Watson and crick's 

4606
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:30,900
success lamenting that she never
saw the global accolades. 

4607
04:14:30,900 --> 04:14:34,300
That might have been hers under 
Fair, a circumstances outside 

4608
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:37,400
these professional circles. 
However, the name Rosalind 

4609
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:41,000
Franklin, barely registered 
Watson and crick's double helix 

4610
04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:43,000
model. 
Had claimed the Public's 

4611
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:45,600
imagination. 
Casting other contributors and 

4612
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:48,800
peripheral roles newspapers 
printed shorter, obituaries 

4613
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:51,700
focusing. 
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 

4614
04:14:51,700 --> 04:14:55,800
young offered, scant detail 
about her virus research in one 

4615
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:57,700
sense. 
Franklins passing mirrored her 

4616
04:14:57,708 --> 04:15:01,800
life, vital work overshadowed by
allowed a narrative yet for 

4617
04:15:01,808 --> 04:15:04,500
those who understood With her 
impact, the morning came with 

4618
04:15:04,500 --> 04:15:08,400
resolve, Aaron klug LED efforts 
to preserve her virus samples. 

4619
04:15:08,400 --> 04:15:11,800
And continue her research lines,
he believed that Franklin's 

4620
04:15:11,800 --> 04:15:15,100
Legacy deserved more than a 
fleeting eulogy Scholars at 

4621
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:17,700
birkbeck and elsewhere vowed to 
finish the tasks. 

4622
04:15:17,700 --> 04:15:20,800
She had begun analyzing the 
protein shells of various 

4623
04:15:20,800 --> 04:15:23,800
viruses and refining the 
diffraction method she had 

4624
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:27,100
pioneered in their hands. 
Her notebooks became living 

4625
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:30,100
documents, guiding new 
experiments and interpretations.

4626
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:34,400
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 
Wilkins navigated a complex. 

4627
04:15:34,400 --> 04:15:37,600
Emotional space. 
The broader public saw them as 

4628
04:15:37,608 --> 04:15:40,800
the DNA triumvirate. 
Privately they acknowledged that

4629
04:15:40,800 --> 04:15:44,600
Franklins data, had accelerated,
their discoveries Wilkins in 

4630
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:48,200
particular, hinted, in letters 
that he wished Circumstances had

4631
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:51,200
played out differently. 
Yet the train of recognition had

4632
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:55,300
long since left the station, the
Nobel Prize in physiology or 

4633
04:15:55,300 --> 04:15:59,300
medicine loomed on the horizon, 
franklyn no longer alive was 

4634
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,600
ineligible under the rules of 
the Nobel committee leaving, 

4635
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:04,900
many to debate. 
Whether her name would have 

4636
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:08,300
appeared on that on her. 
She survived Franklin's work on 

4637
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:12,100
viruses started to yield results
in a distinct area of science. 

4638
04:16:12,100 --> 04:16:16,100
The structural insights gleaned 
from her approach informed, the 

4639
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:19,600
eventual, creation of vaccines 
and treatments, Subsequent 

4640
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,600
generations of researchers, 
delving into polio and other 

4641
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:26,300
viral, pathogens cited, her 
pioneering methods over time, 

4642
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:29,300
references to Franklin's 
approach or Franklin's Precision

4643
04:16:29,300 --> 04:16:33,100
surfaced in published papers. 
In these specialized circles, 

4644
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:36,800
her influence quietly grew yet 
in the popular imagination. 

4645
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:41,900
Her role in DNA remained buried,
footnote the double helix story 

4646
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:44,500
retold, him magazines and 
television specials. 

4647
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:47,500
Typically highlighted the Eureka
moments of Watson and Crick. 

4648
04:16:48,200 --> 04:16:50,800
Rarely did they emphasize the 
behind the scenes images or the 

4649
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:52,400
quiet researcher? 
Who died young? 

4650
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:55,600
To her friends. 
The Lost was both painful and 

4651
04:16:55,600 --> 04:16:58,000
unsurprising. 
They recognized that history. 

4652
04:16:58,000 --> 04:17:00,300
Often favors the Bold 
personalities who announced 

4653
04:17:00,300 --> 04:17:03,600
breakthroughs not the meticulous
Minds working in the shadows. 

4654
04:17:04,500 --> 04:17:07,400
Still, there were flickers of 
recognition, a handful of 

4655
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:10,100
articles in scientific 
periodicals praised her for 

4656
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,700
bridging chemistry in biology, 
female scientists in particular,

4657
04:17:13,700 --> 04:17:17,900
found in frankly, in a model of 
perseverance, she had after all 

4658
04:17:17,900 --> 04:17:22,600
navigated a male-dominated field
with unflinching dedication, her

4659
04:17:22,600 --> 04:17:25,100
story suggested that Brilliance 
alone does not guarantee. 

4660
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:29,900
Specially when personal politics
and timing intervene in the 

4661
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,200
months, following her funeral 
Bernal and clue compiled her 

4662
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:35,900
unpublished data. 
Releasing some of it in 

4663
04:17:35,900 --> 04:17:39,300
collaborative papers. these 
Publications helped virology 

4664
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:42,300
Advanced gradually even though 
they didn't make the front page,

4665
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:46,300
Franklin's name appeared on the 
author lists a silent reminder 

4666
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:48,800
that her drive and insight 
continued to shape new 

4667
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:50,900
discoveries, even Beyond her 
death. 

4668
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:54,700
Thus Rosalind, Franklin's 
physical presence vanished in 

4669
04:17:54,708 --> 04:17:59,300
the final tally of 1958, but her
methods and findings endured 

4670
04:18:00,000 --> 04:18:02,000
Scientists who encountered her 
meticulous? 

4671
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:03,900
Records spoke of feeling her 
presence. 

4672
04:18:03,900 --> 04:18:07,200
Each measured angle each note on
humidity. 

4673
04:18:07,200 --> 04:18:11,600
Each reference to precise 
conditions in that Precision 

4674
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:15,300
layering signature a blueprint 
for doing science with 

4675
04:18:15,300 --> 04:18:18,700
exactitude and Grace. 
The World At Large might have 

4676
04:18:18,700 --> 04:18:21,900
moved on but in small labs 
scattered across the globe 

4677
04:18:21,900 --> 04:18:25,400
Franklins influenced quite 
persisted seeding. 

4678
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:31,800
The breakthroughs Of tomorrow. 
In the decades, after Rosalind 

4679
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:35,600
Franklin's death, her Legacy of 
evolved in slow transformative 

4680
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:39,200
ways. 
During the 1960s and 1970s 

4681
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:43,400
Watson, Crick, and Wilkins 
became household names. 

4682
04:18:44,200 --> 04:18:47,200
Culminating in their shared 
Nobel Prize in 1962. 

4683
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:51,300
Franklyn omitted from that honor
by both death and Circumstance 

4684
04:18:51,300 --> 04:18:54,100
remained large in the shadows of
popular history. 

4685
04:18:55,000 --> 04:18:59,000
Yet among certain scientists, 
her reputation for precision and

4686
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:02,700
perseverance, quietly, grew at 
birkbeck College, younger. 

4687
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:04,400
Researchers carried on the virus
studies. 

4688
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,900
She had pioneered Aaron klug's 
eventual Nobel, Prize in 

4689
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:11,000
chemistry, recognized his work 
on protein nucleic acid 

4690
04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:13,900
complexes Pursuit. 
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 

4691
04:19:13,900 --> 04:19:17,800
methodology in interviews. 
He pointedly credited her 

4692
04:19:17,800 --> 04:19:19,600
meticulous techniques for 
guiding his path. 

4693
04:19:20,300 --> 04:19:23,300
References to Franklin's x-ray 
approach, began appearing in 

4694
04:19:23,300 --> 04:19:26,200
virology circles and 
acknowledgment, that her role, 

4695
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:30,000
extended Beyond DNA. 
Still mainstream awareness, 

4696
04:19:30,000 --> 04:19:33,600
lagged, School textbooks, 
celebrated the double helix as 

4697
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,900
Watson and crick's Triumph, only
a handful of paragraphs. 

4698
04:19:36,900 --> 04:19:41,300
If any acknowledged franklyn's 
photo 51, or the King's College 

4699
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:45,100
drama, a shifting social 
climate, however, sparked 

4700
04:19:45,100 --> 04:19:47,900
renewed interest in lesser 
known, female scientists 

4701
04:19:47,900 --> 04:19:50,900
feminist, Scholars, and 
historians began probing 

4702
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:53,600
archival materials determined to
uncover. 

4703
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,300
The stories of women whose 
contributions had been a Clips 

4704
04:19:56,300 --> 04:20:01,400
to Buy the 1980s, a wave of 
re-examinations cast a spotlight

4705
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:04,200
on Rosalind Franklin, 
journalists and academics, 

4706
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,800
scrutinized correspondence, lab 
notes, and Memoirs. 

4707
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:09,700
From her colleagues they are on 
earth. 

4708
04:20:09,708 --> 04:20:12,700
The reality that Franklin had 
not just assisted but Been 

4709
04:20:12,700 --> 04:20:15,100
instrumental in unraveling to a 
structure. 

4710
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:18,600
The evidence showed that her 
data shared without her full 

4711
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:21,300
approval, had crystallized 
Watson and crick's thinking 

4712
04:20:22,300 --> 04:20:25,700
Popular media picked up on the 
controversy framing Franklin as 

4713
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,400
the wrong heroine of the DNA 
Saga. 

4714
04:20:28,400 --> 04:20:31,000
While this characterization, 
sometimes veered into 

4715
04:20:31,000 --> 04:20:35,200
caricature, it revived her name 
simultaneously interest in her 

4716
04:20:35,200 --> 04:20:37,900
virus research, flourished among
Specialists. 

4717
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:41,500
A new generation of molecular, 
biologists rediscovered, her 

4718
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:45,600
book back work, Amazed at how 
she tackled the complexities of 

4719
04:20:45,600 --> 04:20:47,900
viruses. 
With the same tenacity, she 

4720
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,900
brought to dinner a series of 
papers analyzing her notebooks 

4721
04:20:50,900 --> 04:20:53,300
revealed that her approaches to 
sample, preparation, and 

4722
04:20:53,308 --> 04:20:56,300
diffraction analysis were 
decades ahead of their time. 

4723
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:59,700
Pharmaceutical researchers 
aiming to combat viral 

4724
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:02,800
outbreaks, through inspiration. 
From her methods, demonstrating 

4725
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:05,300
that her impact reached far 
beyond a single molecule. 

4726
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,900
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin 
became a symbol for women in 

4727
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:13,500
stem University is established 
fellowships and awards bearing. 

4728
04:21:13,500 --> 04:21:16,900
Her name each designed to 
support, female researchers and 

4729
04:21:16,900 --> 04:21:20,200
Fields like chemistry Crystal 
and molecular biology. 

4730
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:24,100
Statues and plaques appeared at 
King's College London and in her

4731
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:26,500
hometown celebrating her 
achievements. 

4732
04:21:27,400 --> 04:21:29,500
Though, many tributes still 
focused on DNA. 

4733
04:21:29,500 --> 04:21:31,600
The deeper picture of her 
broader. 

4734
04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:34,900
Scientific passion began to take
shape documentaries and books, 

4735
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:38,100
offered more nuanced, portraits 
a brilliant scientist who 

4736
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:39,900
navigated the Prejudice of her 
time. 

4737
04:21:39,900 --> 04:21:42,700
Worked herself to exhaustion and
died young. 

4738
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,200
Leaving a treasure Trove of 
insights debates about ethics 

4739
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,800
and credit allocation continued 
with some championing Watson and

4740
04:21:49,808 --> 04:21:52,200
crick's accomplishments. 
While also acknowledging the 

4741
04:21:52,200 --> 04:21:55,100
Injustice done to franklyn the 
complexities of her 

4742
04:21:55,100 --> 04:21:58,400
relationships at Kings. 
Her shift a book back and her 

4743
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:01,100
brave fight against cancer, 
found their way into mainstream 

4744
04:22:01,100 --> 04:22:04,600
awareness painting, a portrait 
of a woman whose intellect 

4745
04:22:04,600 --> 04:22:07,000
defied the era's constraints 
today. 

4746
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:10,900
Rosalind Franklin stands as a 
beacon of unyielding dedication.

4747
04:22:10,900 --> 04:22:15,100
Her story resonates with those 
who value Precision resilience 

4748
04:22:15,100 --> 04:22:19,200
in collaborative, respect 
museums showcase her notebooks, 

4749
04:22:19,200 --> 04:22:22,200
featuring the small details that
once seemed inconsequential 

4750
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:26,500
meticulously labeled film 
plates, humidity, logs, and 

4751
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:30,100
carefully drawn Diagrams each 
artifact, testifies to her 

4752
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:33,700
belief that every scrap of data 
mattered in academic circles 

4753
04:22:33,700 --> 04:22:36,000
Franklin's name. 
Now holds genuine weight. 

4754
04:22:36,000 --> 04:22:39,600
She is cited not as a footnote 
but as a Pioneer who bridged 

4755
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:43,700
chemistry and biology Advanced 
crystallography and helped birth

4756
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:47,500
modern virology research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

4757
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:52,600
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

4758
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:55,800
curiosity. 
Discipline and the courage to 

4759
04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:58,900
question norms. 
The Ark of Rosalind Franklin's 

4760
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:02,600
reputation thus reveals a 
broader truth recognition in 

4761
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:06,600
science, can be capricious 
delayed or uneven, what was once

4762
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:10,100
overshadowed can through 
persistent, re-examination rise 

4763
04:23:10,100 --> 04:23:13,400
to its rightful place, 
franklyn's data, lit the path, 

4764
04:23:13,400 --> 04:23:16,400
for one of the greatest 
discoveries in biology and her 

4765
04:23:16,400 --> 04:23:19,400
virus research, paved the way 
for critical future 

4766
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:23,900
breakthroughs Generations, after
her passing the full story of 

4767
04:23:23,900 --> 04:23:25,600
her contributions as come into. 
Clear. 

4768
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:29,500
Her focus in that her voice. 
Once muffled, now Echoes across 

4769
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:34,600
labs and lecture Halls 
worldwide. and just like that, 

4770
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:37,300
we've reached the end of our 
main story tonight, about 

4771
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:41,300
someone who was truly brilliant 
with science, Hopefully, you've 

4772
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:45,300
already drifted to sleep by now 
but if not, I know my insomniacs

4773
04:23:45,300 --> 04:23:48,000
when I see them. 
We got your back with stories of

4774
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:50,500
different types and case this 
wasn't something interesting to 

4775
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:53,100
you. 
I hope you have a fantastic day 

4776
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:56,800
and get the best rest that you 
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 

4777
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:08,100
friends and as always good 
night, That's the trick. 

4778
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:10,700
You've learned living in your 
mother's household, make 

4779
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:13,800
yourself small, keep your 
opinions quiet and For Heaven's 

4780
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,000
Sake. 
Don't remind anyone that you're 

4781
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:19,400
technically supposed to inherit 
a kingdom someday Your father is

4782
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:21,700
still King though. 
Barely anyone takes him 

4783
04:24:21,700 --> 04:24:24,400
seriously anymore. 
Edward, the second has become 

4784
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:27,100
England's, embarrassment, and 
you've learned that being his 

4785
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:29,800
son means wearing that shame 
like an ill-fitting cloak. 

4786
04:24:30,500 --> 04:24:33,000
The castle smells like wet stone
and old rushes today. 

4787
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:36,400
Same as always, someone's 
cooking something with onions 

4788
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,000
down in the kitchens and the 
scent drifted up through the 

4789
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:42,000
drafty corridors. 
Your city in a window seat. 

4790
04:24:42,000 --> 04:24:45,400
Supposedly studying Latin with 
your tutor but really you're 

4791
04:24:45,400 --> 04:24:47,700
watching your mother Pace back 
and forth across the chamber. 

4792
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:51,400
Isabella of France, doesn't 
taste like normal people, she 

4793
04:24:51,400 --> 04:24:55,200
Glides even when she is angry 
and today she is furious about 

4794
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:56,600
something your father did or 
didn't. 

4795
04:24:56,600 --> 04:25:00,900
Do you've stopped keeping track 
Your tutor clears, his throat. 

4796
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:02,100
Trying to reclaim your 
attention. 

4797
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:05,200
He's a nervous man with ink 
stained fingers. 

4798
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:06,200
Who always? 
Looks like. 

4799
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:08,900
He'd rather be anywhere else. 
You don't blame him. 

4800
04:25:09,900 --> 04:25:12,200
Your mother's moods. 
Fill a room like smoke. 

4801
04:25:12,200 --> 04:25:16,000
And right now, the atmosphere is
suffocating the conjugation my 

4802
04:25:16,000 --> 04:25:18,300
Lord. 
He whispers tapping the page you

4803
04:25:18,300 --> 04:25:19,900
recite it. 
Dutifully your voice. 

4804
04:25:19,900 --> 04:25:23,300
Barely audible, this is another 
skill, you've mastered being 

4805
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,700
present without being noticed. 
Your mother doesn't acknowledge 

4806
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,700
you as she sweeps past. 
Trailing silk and determination.

4807
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:32,100
She's meeting with Roger 
Mortimer later. 

4808
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:35,000
Everyone knows this though. 
No one says it out loud. 

4809
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,800
Mortimer is your father's enemy 
technically but he's also become

4810
04:25:39,800 --> 04:25:41,500
the most important man in your 
mother's life. 

4811
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,000
The arrangement is obvious to 
anyone with eyes and deeply 

4812
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:47,400
uncomfortable for a boy who 
supposed to respect, both his 

4813
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:50,100
parents. 
The summer heat makes the stone 

4814
04:25:50,100 --> 04:25:52,600
walls. 
Sweat you can feel more moisture

4815
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:54,300
in the air that particular 
dampness. 

4816
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:58,200
That medieval buildings, never 
quite shake your tunic sticks to

4817
04:25:58,208 --> 04:26:00,900
your back. 
Your growing again, your clothes

4818
04:26:00,900 --> 04:26:03,900
never fit properly anymore. 
There's a new tunic being made 

4819
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:06,700
deep blue wool, that will be too
warm for summer and two Thin for

4820
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:08,600
winter because that's how these 
things work. 

4821
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:10,600
Your younger siblings are 
somewhere else. 

4822
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:13,500
In the castle being children, 
you hear their laughter, 

4823
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:15,300
occasionally drifting up from 
the gardens. 

4824
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:18,400
You're not sure when you stopped
being included in their games, 

4825
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:22,000
but somewhere along the way, you
became different, the air, the 

4826
04:26:22,000 --> 04:26:26,000
future, the boy, who can't 
afford to, just be a boy, My 

4827
04:26:26,000 --> 04:26:28,200
Lord, the tutor again, patient. 
But persistent. 

4828
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:32,900
You finish the conjugation. 
He nods satisfied, and assigns, 

4829
04:26:32,900 --> 04:26:36,600
you a passage to translate. 
Something about Roman virtue and

4830
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:38,900
Duty. 
Everyone's always teaching you 

4831
04:26:38,900 --> 04:26:41,800
about Duty. 
The afternoon, wears on your 

4832
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:43,900
mother leaves. 
Finally, taking her energy with 

4833
04:26:43,900 --> 04:26:47,000
her, the room feels larger 
without her emptier. 

4834
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:49,900
You stretch your legs, feeling 
your knees. 

4835
04:26:49,900 --> 04:26:54,600
Crack, 12 years old and already 
your body feels wrong ganglion. 

4836
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,200
Awkward. 
You're going to be tall, people 

4837
04:26:57,200 --> 04:27:01,400
say like your grandfather, 
Edward the first long Shanks, 

4838
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:04,500
the king, who conquered Scotland
and terrified his enemies. 

4839
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:07,400
That's a lot to live up to when 
you can barely get through a 

4840
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:08,800
Latin lesson without 
daydreaming. 

4841
04:27:08,800 --> 04:27:12,800
Someone brings you dinner bread 
cheese and a bit of dried fish. 

4842
04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:17,400
You eat alone, which is typical 
Your mother dines with Mortimer 

4843
04:27:17,400 --> 04:27:20,900
and the important Nobles your 
important in theory but in 

4844
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:24,500
practice you're just a 
complication the boy who 

4845
04:27:24,500 --> 04:27:27,800
represents the future but gets 
in the way of the present night 

4846
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:31,100
falls and the castle settles 
into its evening routine. 

4847
04:27:31,100 --> 04:27:36,300
Torches a lit voices echo down 
corridors you lie in your narrow

4848
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,500
bed. 
Listening to the distant sounds 

4849
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:41,200
of adult life happening without 
you somewhere. 

4850
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,500
Your father is probably drinking
himself into stupidity with his 

4851
04:27:44,500 --> 04:27:47,900
favorites somewhere, your mother
is plotting, the Kingdom's 

4852
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:51,300
future with her lover and here 
you are suspended between them 

4853
04:27:51,300 --> 04:27:54,300
belonging to neither. 
You pull the wool blanket up to 

4854
04:27:54,308 --> 04:27:57,700
your chin, it scratches 
everything in medieval life. 

4855
04:27:57,700 --> 04:28:01,800
Scratches the clothes the 
blanket, the very are, sometimes

4856
04:28:01,800 --> 04:28:05,600
your cold, even though it's 
summer that bone, deep, chill 

4857
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:07,600
that comes from stonewalls and 
uncertainty. 

4858
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:12,700
This is your childhood, not 
Adventure, not pageantry, just 

4859
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:15,800
waiting, waiting to grow up 
waiting. 

4860
04:28:15,900 --> 04:28:19,000
For things to change, waiting 
for a future that everyone 

4861
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:21,900
promises is glorious but feels 
mostly heavy. 

4862
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:26,100
You close your eyes and try to 
sleep knowing tomorrow will be 

4863
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:29,500
exactly the same more Latin more
pacing. 

4864
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,000
More being the heir who doesn't 
quite matter yet. 

4865
04:28:32,800 --> 04:28:36,000
The really funny part someday, 
you'll look back on these years,

4866
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:39,300
as the simple ones you're 14 
when they make you king. 

4867
04:28:39,300 --> 04:28:42,900
And the crown is heavier than 
you imagined not physically, 

4868
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:46,200
though it is quite heavy and 
uncomfortable circle of gold, 

4869
04:28:46,200 --> 04:28:49,700
that gives you headaches, but in
all the ways that matter your 

4870
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:53,900
father is dead or deposed and 
then dead or murdered. 

4871
04:28:54,500 --> 04:28:57,000
The details keep changing 
depending on, who's telling the 

4872
04:28:57,000 --> 04:28:59,600
story and you've learned not to 
ask too many questions. 

4873
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:03,400
What matters is that Edward? 
The second is gone and your 

4874
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:05,500
Edward, the third. 
Now, which sounds impressive 

4875
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:07,600
Until you realize, what is 
actually means. 

4876
04:29:07,600 --> 04:29:11,100
It means Roger Mortimer. 
Runs everything you're sitting 

4877
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:13,300
in the Great Hall. 
At Westminster attending yet 

4878
04:29:13,300 --> 04:29:16,000
another council meeting where 
decisions get made around you 

4879
04:29:16,000 --> 04:29:20,300
rather than by you mortimer's 
holding forth about taxes, his 

4880
04:29:20,300 --> 04:29:22,200
voice filling the chamber with 
confidence. 

4881
04:29:22,200 --> 04:29:25,000
You certainly don't feel He's a 
big commanding, man. 

4882
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,000
The kind of person who makes 
rooms feel smaller just by 

4883
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:30,600
entering them. 
Your mother sits beside him, 

4884
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:33,900
beautiful, and terrifying 
nodding at all the right 

4885
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:36,700
moments. 
You're supposed to not to agree 

4886
04:29:36,700 --> 04:29:40,200
sign things be the Royal seal of
approval for whatever. 

4887
04:29:40,200 --> 04:29:43,100
They've already decided. 
The whole smells like old wood 

4888
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:47,200
and ambition. 50 Nobles are 
packed in here ostensibly or 

4889
04:29:47,200 --> 04:29:49,400
subjects actually mortimer's 
audience. 

4890
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,800
They watch you sometimes these 
powerful men and you can see 

4891
04:29:52,800 --> 04:29:56,900
them calculating, how long until
the boy becomes a man how long 

4892
04:29:56,900 --> 04:29:59,500
until he matters? 
Your Grace agrees. 

4893
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:01,900
Of course. 
Mortimer says, not quite making 

4894
04:30:01,900 --> 04:30:04,800
it a question. 
You agree, you always agree. 

4895
04:30:04,800 --> 04:30:07,800
What else can you do? 
Your nights are spent in Royal 

4896
04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:09,700
Apartments. 
That feel designed to remind you

4897
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:12,600
how small you are. 
Vast Chambers with painted 

4898
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,800
ceilings and Furniture size, for
Kings, who filled the role 

4899
04:30:15,808 --> 04:30:18,200
better. 
Your father's things are mostly 

4900
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:20,600
gone now. 
Cleared away like embarrassing 

4901
04:30:20,600 --> 04:30:24,200
evidence you sleep in his bed 
though and sometimes you wonder 

4902
04:30:24,200 --> 04:30:26,800
if he was scared too lying here,
feeling inadequate. 

4903
04:30:27,800 --> 04:30:31,400
Probably not your father's 
problem, wasn't fear, it was 

4904
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:33,900
poor judgment. 
He loved the wrong people, 

4905
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:37,500
trusted the wrong allies and 
ignored, the Kingdom's business 

4906
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:40,700
for personal pleasure. 
Your determine not to make those

4907
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:43,400
mistakes, which mostly means 
making no decisions at all. 

4908
04:30:43,400 --> 04:30:47,900
Your wife arrives in the spring 
Philippa of haynal, cheerful and

4909
04:30:47,900 --> 04:30:50,700
kind and absolutely terrified 
though. 

4910
04:30:50,700 --> 04:30:53,000
She hides. 
It better than you do your both 

4911
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:56,000
teenagers playing at marriage 
going through motions that 

4912
04:30:56,000 --> 04:30:59,300
adults have arranged. 
The wedding is elaborate and 

4913
04:30:59,300 --> 04:31:02,200
expensive designed to show 
England that everything's fine. 

4914
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:05,300
The succession is secure and 
there's nothing to worry about. 

4915
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:08,600
Philippa trees. 
You have to give her that. 

4916
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:12,600
She learns English phrases 
Smiles at the right moments and 

4917
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:15,400
doesn't complain about the 
drafty English castles after her

4918
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:18,400
comfortable. 
Continental upbringing, At night

4919
04:31:18,400 --> 04:31:22,200
in the massive Royal bed, you 
lie side by side like nervous 

4920
04:31:22,200 --> 04:31:24,400
strangers, which is exactly what
you are. 

4921
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:29,000
Do you think it gets easier? 
She asks one night her accident,

4922
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:32,800
making the words Charming? 
Probably not you admit she 

4923
04:31:32,800 --> 04:31:35,700
laughs surprised by your 
honesty, it's a nice sound in 

4924
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:38,800
the darkness, maybe you'll be 
friends of eventually is more 

4925
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:42,300
than many Royal marriages manage
the seasons blur together. 

4926
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:45,700
Summer progressed through the 
kingdom you and your mother and 

4927
04:31:45,700 --> 04:31:48,800
Mortimer showing the flag, 
accepting Hospitality from 

4928
04:31:48,800 --> 04:31:51,400
Nobles who can't afford it but 
can't refuse. 

4929
04:31:52,600 --> 04:31:56,100
Autumn in Westminster signing 
documents, you barely understand

4930
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:59,900
winter at Windsor watching snow 
fall on the Thames while 

4931
04:31:59,900 --> 04:32:01,800
Mortimer makes decisions about 
your realm. 

4932
04:32:01,800 --> 04:32:05,300
You're learning though. 
Slowly quietly you're paying 

4933
04:32:05,300 --> 04:32:08,700
attention you notice which 
Nobles resent mortimer's power. 

4934
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:12,400
You see how money flows through 
the kingdom, who profits, and 

4935
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:16,100
who loses your developing 
opinions about things even if 

4936
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:20,000
you can't express them yet, your
16th birthday comes and goes 

4937
04:32:20,000 --> 04:32:23,000
with ceremony, but little change
your taller. 

4938
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,300
Now, filling out and starting to
look like a king, even if you 

4939
04:32:26,300 --> 04:32:30,100
don't feel like one People bow, 
lower Nobles petition. 

4940
04:32:30,100 --> 04:32:32,600
You directly sometimes though, 
everyone knows the real 

4941
04:32:32,600 --> 04:32:35,800
decisions happen elsewhere. 
Mortimer is getting comfortable.

4942
04:32:35,800 --> 04:32:39,500
That's his mistake. 
Probably stopped being careful 

4943
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:41,100
and stopped pretending that you 
matter. 

4944
04:32:42,000 --> 04:32:45,700
He takes lands, grants titles 
and enriches himself and his 

4945
04:32:45,700 --> 04:32:48,200
allies. 
Your mother seems not to notice,

4946
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,800
or, perhaps she doesn't care, 
she's got what she wanted, her 

4947
04:32:51,800 --> 04:32:54,700
son on the throne, her lover in 
power and her hated husband 

4948
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:58,100
gone. 
But you're noticing your 17 now,

4949
04:32:58,100 --> 04:33:01,900
then 18 and the boy who learned 
to make himself invisible is 

4950
04:33:01,900 --> 04:33:05,599
watching everything. 
You see, which guards are loyal 

4951
04:33:05,599 --> 04:33:09,099
to Mortimer and which ones might
waver, you understand the 

4952
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,200
Castle's rhythms, who goes where
and when defenses are lacks, 

4953
04:33:12,200 --> 04:33:14,500
you're still agreeing to 
everything in Council. 

4954
04:33:14,500 --> 04:33:16,599
Still playing the compliant 
young king. 

4955
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:19,700
But inside, in the parts of 
yourself, you keep hidden. 

4956
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,800
You're getting angry. 
This is your kingdom, your 

4957
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,599
crown, your responsibility, and 
your tired of being a 

4958
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:28,800
decoration. 
The funny thing about being 

4959
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:32,500
underestimated is how useful it 
becomes Mortimer thinks your 

4960
04:33:32,500 --> 04:33:35,900
weak, your mother thinks your 
manageable, the Noble's, think 

4961
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,900
you're young, there are all so 
busy congratulating themselves 

4962
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:41,300
on controlling you that they 
don't notice you growing up 

4963
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:43,800
later at night in these quiet 
hours. 

4964
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:45,900
When the castle sleeps you lie, 
awake. 

4965
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:50,599
Not Rebellion, exactly, you're 
not your father prone to 

4966
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:53,700
dramatic gestures. 
That fail, something quieter 

4967
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:57,599
something certain, you'll still 
young, still learning, still 

4968
04:33:57,599 --> 04:34:01,300
waiting but not for much longer.
Your 23 actually ruling. 

4969
04:34:01,300 --> 04:34:04,900
Now in the work is endless. 
It's barely passed Dawn, and 

4970
04:34:04,900 --> 04:34:07,500
you're already in Council 
listening to your Treasurer 

4971
04:34:07,500 --> 04:34:10,300
explain. 
Why the kingdom is broke again. 

4972
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:14,300
The exchequer runs on chaos 
apparently taxes. 

4973
04:34:14,300 --> 04:34:17,400
That should be collected, aren't
expenses that shouldn't exist. 

4974
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:21,500
Do And somewhere in the muddle, 
your grandfather's Legacy of 

4975
04:34:21,500 --> 04:34:24,800
financial stability as 
evaporated, like Morning Mist. 

4976
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:27,800
The Scottish campaign requires 
funds. 

4977
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:29,300
Your Grace, the treasurer is 
saying. 

4978
04:34:29,300 --> 04:34:33,500
He's a thin man with worry lines
etched deep everyone involved in

4979
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:34,800
Royal Finance. 
Looks like that. 

4980
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:38,599
Eventually Everything requires 
funds, you mutter rubbing your 

4981
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,500
temples, the headache that's 
been your constant companion, 

4982
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:44,400
for three years. 
Throbs steadily What do we 

4983
04:34:44,400 --> 04:34:48,000
actually have? 
The answer presented in, careful

4984
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:50,099
detail is not enough, never 
enough. 

4985
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,099
You need to pay soldiers, 
maintain castles support your 

4986
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:56,000
growing household, fun, 
diplomatic missions, and keep 

4987
04:34:56,000 --> 04:34:58,400
your Nobles happy. 
The list is infinite. 

4988
04:34:58,400 --> 04:35:02,000
The treasury is finite. 
By mid-morning, your hearing 

4989
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,900
petitions a disputed inheritance
in Yorkshire a merchant. 

4990
04:35:05,900 --> 04:35:09,099
Claiming unfair, taxation two 
Nobles who hate each other are 

4991
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:12,599
viewing about grazing rights. 
You're supposed to be wise fair 

4992
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:14,800
and decisive mostly you're just 
tired. 

4993
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:19,200
Split the difference, you tell 
the Nobles knowing neither will 

4994
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,599
be satisfied but at least 
they'll be equally unhappy. 

4995
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,800
Next case. 
Philippa finds you at midday and

4996
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:29,200
interrupts your meeting with the
Flemish ambassadors to remind 

4997
04:35:29,200 --> 04:35:30,800
you that your son needs 
attention. 

4998
04:35:31,599 --> 04:35:34,800
Which son? 
Edward, the eldest is currently 

4999
04:35:34,800 --> 04:35:37,900
having a tantrum about 
something, you're a father four 

5000
04:35:37,900 --> 04:35:39,500
times over. 
Now, with more children, 

5001
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:41,800
probably coming each one, a 
blessing. 

5002
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:45,000
Theoretically also, each one is 
another responsibility. 

5003
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:48,400
Another line in the budget and 
another piece of your attention 

5004
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:52,000
divided, the excuse yourself and
follow Philippa to the nursery 

5005
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:55,800
little Edward is red-faced and 
Furious about being denied, some

5006
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:58,900
toy or treat. 
He's three years old and already

5007
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:01,700
a stubborn as his grandfather. 
You pick him up. 

5008
04:36:01,700 --> 04:36:04,099
Feel him struggle briefly 
before, collapsing against your 

5009
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:08,099
shoulder, and dramatic sobs, 
They're now you murmur swaying 

5010
04:36:08,099 --> 04:36:11,500
slightly fatherhood wasn't 
covered in your education but 

5011
04:36:11,500 --> 04:36:15,200
your learning you're all right, 
he sniffles and wipes his nose 

5012
04:36:15,200 --> 04:36:18,000
on your expensive, tunic 
Philippa hides, a smile. 

5013
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:20,300
You're getting snot and tears on
cloth of gold. 

5014
04:36:20,300 --> 04:36:22,800
And somehow this feels more real
than the council. 

5015
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:25,700
Meeting's better. 
You are Edward nods already 

5016
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:28,200
recovering children are 
resilient that way. 

5017
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,200
He wriggles down and toddlers 
off to terrorize his sisters 

5018
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:35,300
crisis resolved, your return to 
the Flesh and bassadors who 

5019
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:37,500
pretend not to notice the stains
on your clothes. 

5020
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:40,500
Afternoon brings military 
planning. 

5021
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:43,700
Your Scottish campaign isn't 
going well, shocking, 

5022
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:46,500
absolutely. 
Nobody since Scottish campaigns 

5023
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:48,900
never go. 
Well, the terrain is impossible,

5024
04:36:48,900 --> 04:36:52,500
the weather worse and the Scots 
have centuries of practice, 

5025
04:36:52,500 --> 04:36:56,500
making English armies miserable,
but you're committed now your 

5026
04:36:56,500 --> 04:36:59,200
pride involved, your 
grandfather's Legacy demanding 

5027
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:01,200
you succeed, where your father 
failed. 

5028
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:04,099
Maps are spread across the 
table. 

5029
04:37:04,099 --> 04:37:07,400
Little wooden markers, 
represent, armies, castles and 

5030
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,099
supply lines. 
Your commanders are confident, 

5031
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:12,599
which worries you confidence 
before. 

5032
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:15,200
A Scottish campaign, usually 
precedes disaster. 

5033
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,099
Will advance here once says 
pointing to terrain, that looks 

5034
04:37:19,099 --> 04:37:21,500
suspiciously difficult. 
Supplies. 

5035
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:23,599
You ask. 
A pause. 

5036
04:37:24,400 --> 04:37:27,400
Being arranged your grace. 
Which means they have not 

5037
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:31,400
figured it out yet. 
You sigh make notes and try to 

5038
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:34,000
think of solutions to problems 
that might not even be the real 

5039
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:36,200
problems. 
Dinner is a performance. 

5040
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:39,800
He sit at the high table 
Philippa beside you dozens of 

5041
04:37:39,808 --> 04:37:42,099
nobles. 
Watching your every move your 

5042
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:46,200
supposed to be kingly dignified,
confident, and inspiring. 

5043
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:50,300
Actually you're exhausted and 
your back hurts from hours of 

5044
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:54,400
city in uncomfortable chairs. 
But you smile make conversation 

5045
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:56,700
and complement the venison. 
That's too tough. 

5046
04:37:56,700 --> 04:37:58,400
And the wine. 
That's too sweet. 

5047
04:37:59,200 --> 04:38:02,900
After dinner more work, 
documents to sign letters to 

5048
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:06,700
dictate disputes to settle, your
secretary reads aloud, while you

5049
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:08,900
paste the chamber trying to keep
your mind focused. 

5050
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:12,200
A monastery wants confirmation 
of its privileges. 

5051
04:38:12,200 --> 04:38:14,400
A town needs permission for a 
market. 

5052
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:18,000
A noble feels insulted by 
something another Noble said, 

5053
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:22,400
and once you to care, tell them.
You start then realize you 

5054
04:38:22,408 --> 04:38:25,400
forgot what the problem was. 
Tell them, we'll consider it. 

5055
04:38:26,200 --> 04:38:28,900
Your secretary makes notes. 
He's diplomatic enough. 

5056
04:38:28,900 --> 04:38:30,599
Not to point out. 
That will consider. 

5057
04:38:30,599 --> 04:38:33,000
It is what you say about. 
Everything you don't want to 

5058
04:38:33,000 --> 04:38:35,500
deal with. 
Midnight comes before you 

5059
04:38:35,500 --> 04:38:38,200
finish. 
Philippa is already asleep when 

5060
04:38:38,200 --> 04:38:42,000
you finally make it to bed. 
Curled on her side, breathing 

5061
04:38:42,000 --> 04:38:44,400
Softly. 
You slip in beside her 

5062
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:46,300
carefully. 
Trying not to wait. 

5063
04:38:46,300 --> 04:38:49,900
Her your mind is still racing. 
The Scottish problem, the French

5064
04:38:49,900 --> 04:38:53,599
situation developing the Noble's
plotting the treasury, depleting

5065
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:57,400
the children growing and the 
kingdom demanding. sleep when it

5066
04:38:57,400 --> 04:39:01,700
comes is fractured you, dream 
about documents endless, Scrolls

5067
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:04,900
of parchment, requiring your 
seal You dream about your 

5068
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:08,099
grandfather watching. 
Disapprovingly you dream about 

5069
04:39:08,099 --> 04:39:11,200
drowning in administrative 
details while everyone expects 

5070
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:14,300
you to be heroic. 
You awake Before Dawn already 

5071
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:16,200
behind on tomorrow's impossible 
schedule. 

5072
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:20,900
This is kingship your learning, 
not Glory not Adventure just an 

5073
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:23,400
endless grind of decisions and 
demands. 

5074
04:39:23,400 --> 04:39:26,599
Each one important to someone 
all of them, your 

5075
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,900
responsibility, you're the 
richest man in England and you 

5076
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:31,700
haven't had a moment to yourself
in three years. 

5077
04:39:31,700 --> 04:39:35,400
You command armies, but can't 
command your own schedule and 

5078
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:37,900
the funny part and you're 
developing a dark sense of humor

5079
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:40,300
about these things. 
Is that this is still the easy 

5080
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:42,400
period. 
Before the wars get serious 

5081
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:45,900
before the plague arrives before
everything gets exponentially 

5082
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,100
harder. 
But you don't know that yet 

5083
04:39:48,100 --> 04:39:51,100
right now you just know your 
tired and there's another 

5084
04:39:51,100 --> 04:39:54,300
council meeting in an hour. 
You drag yourself out of bed. 

5085
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:58,600
Another day, another 100 demand.
At least you're getting good at 

5086
04:39:58,600 --> 04:40:00,800
it. 
Your 30 and something 

5087
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:04,100
interesting as happened. 
You figured out how to be king. 

5088
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:08,300
Not perfectly, there's no such 
thing but competently which 

5089
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:11,000
turns out to be enough, you've 
stopped trying to be your 

5090
04:40:11,000 --> 04:40:14,000
grandfather and started being 
yourself and surprisingly, it's 

5091
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:16,400
working the morning routine is 
familiar. 

5092
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:19,800
Now almost comfortable. 
You wake early dressing clothes 

5093
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:22,500
that actually fit properly, 
you've got tailors, who 

5094
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:25,400
understand your preferences? 
Now down to the countless 

5095
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:28,200
chamber, where your advisors 
wait men, you've chosen 

5096
04:40:28,200 --> 04:40:30,600
yourself, people who are loyal 
and mostly competent. 

5097
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:33,100
France. 
You say settling into your 

5098
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:34,500
chair. 
What's the latest? 

5099
04:40:35,300 --> 04:40:37,800
Your spymaster. 
You have a spy Master now, which

5100
04:40:37,800 --> 04:40:40,300
feels very adult reports on 
Philips Court. 

5101
04:40:41,100 --> 04:40:44,000
The French King is your cousin 
technically though that hasn't 

5102
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:45,800
stopped the two of you from 
being enemies. 

5103
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:49,100
There's a complicated situation 
developing about your rightful 

5104
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,400
inheritance of the French throne
through your mother complicated.

5105
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:55,300
Meaning almost certainly leading
to war but not today. 

5106
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,300
Today is about preparation. 
Building alliances, securing 

5107
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:02,700
funds, training armies. 
You've learned patience and the 

5108
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:05,500
value of laying groundwork 
Mortimer. 

5109
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:07,700
Taught you. 
That ironically by showing you 

5110
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,100
what happens when someone sees 
his power to quickly. 

5111
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:13,000
Sustainable control requires a 
foundation. 

5112
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:17,100
The treasury situation has 
improved not dramatically, but 

5113
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:19,800
you're no longer constantly 
broke, you've reorganized the 

5114
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:22,900
executor replaced the corrupt 
officials and found new Revenue 

5115
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:25,800
sources. 
Wall tacks is mostly England. 

5116
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:28,600
Producers wool Flanders wants 
wall and you've positioned 

5117
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:30,000
yourself perfectly in the 
middle. 

5118
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:33,200
It's not exciting. 
But it funds, your Ambitions 

5119
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,500
mid-morning, brings your 
household, your children are 

5120
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:38,600
everywhere suddenly Edward, is 
8. 

5121
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:41,000
Now, serious and responsible in 
that way Elder. 

5122
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:44,200
Son's become Isabella is six 
clever. 

5123
04:41:44,200 --> 04:41:47,000
And willful Joan is for and 
sweet. 

5124
04:41:47,000 --> 04:41:49,500
Natured, William is two and 
chaotic. 

5125
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:52,500
There's another baby coming 
Philippa. 

5126
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:55,400
Waddles around hugely pregnant 
glowing despite the discomfort. 

5127
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:59,000
They need to see you. 
She insists herding children 

5128
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:01,100
into your chamber, like, 
determined ducklings. 

5129
04:42:01,100 --> 04:42:04,400
You're supposed to be reviewing 
military contracts but instead, 

5130
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:07,700
you're letting William climb on 
your lap while Edward recites, 

5131
04:42:07,700 --> 04:42:10,100
his Latin lessons and the girls 
show you drawings. 

5132
04:42:10,100 --> 04:42:13,500
They've made its chaos. 
Sticky fingered and loud. 

5133
04:42:13,500 --> 04:42:15,600
And you're surprised to realize 
you don't mind. 

5134
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:20,100
These small humans are yours 
your legacy Beyond crowns, and 

5135
04:42:20,100 --> 04:42:22,300
conquests. 
Very good. 

5136
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:24,800
You tell Edward who's actually 
quite impressive with his 

5137
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:27,700
conjugation your tutor says, 
you're ahead of schedule. 

5138
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:30,900
Edward beams. 
He wants your approval 

5139
04:42:30,900 --> 04:42:33,500
desperately, this serious little
boy, with your features and his 

5140
04:42:33,500 --> 04:42:36,200
grandmother's intensity. 
You ruffle his hair. 

5141
04:42:36,200 --> 04:42:40,800
Earning a dignified squirm, 
eight years old and already too.

5142
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:43,700
Grown up Philippa rescues. 
You eventually collecting 

5143
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:47,100
children like scattered sheep. 
The Ambassador from hennur was 

5144
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:49,800
waiting. 
She reminds you write the 

5145
04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:53,700
Ambassador, another Alliance to 
maintain another relationship to

5146
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:57,400
manage, you've got networks now 
spanning Europe, marriage, 

5147
04:42:57,400 --> 04:42:59,900
connections trade, agreements 
and Military packs. 

5148
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:03,700
You'll diplomatic web grows, 
deadly, each Strand and other 

5149
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,000
tool for the coming conflict. 
The afternoon is spent with your

5150
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:09,700
commanders planning theoretical 
campaigns. 

5151
04:43:09,700 --> 04:43:12,900
You've been studying Warfare. 
Seriously, reading your 

5152
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:15,900
grandfather's notes and 
Consulting with experienced, 

5153
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:18,600
Knights, your developing, your 
own theories about Mobility, 

5154
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:23,100
about combined arms, and about 
using archers effectively, The 

5155
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:25,900
French fight traditionally you 
explain moving markers on the 

5156
04:43:25,900 --> 04:43:28,200
map. 
Heavy Cavalry Charges Chevelle, 

5157
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,400
Rick combat. 
What if we don't Your 

5158
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:33,400
commanders. 
Looks skeptical Your Grace 

5159
04:43:33,400 --> 04:43:36,000
proposes. 
Fighting to win rather than 

5160
04:43:36,000 --> 04:43:38,400
fighting honorably. 
You say revolutionary. 

5161
04:43:38,400 --> 04:43:41,800
I know someone laughs nervously.
You're the king. 

5162
04:43:41,800 --> 04:43:44,200
You can make jokes. 
Now it's nice. 

5163
04:43:44,200 --> 04:43:46,500
Actually having the authority to
be slightly irreverent. 

5164
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:50,000
You've earned it these 10 years 
of grinding work, proving 

5165
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:53,100
yourself capable evening finds 
you in the kennels. 

5166
04:43:53,100 --> 04:43:55,800
Checking on your hunting dogs. 
This is your Escape. 

5167
04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:58,800
These moments with animals who 
don't want anything except food 

5168
04:43:58,800 --> 04:44:02,300
and affection. 
Your favorite Hound arranged 

5169
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:04,900
deerhound named Thunder presses 
against your leg while you 

5170
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:07,800
scratches his ears. 
Good boy, you murmur. 

5171
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:11,700
Isn't it being a dog? 
Thunder doesn't answer. 

5172
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,700
Just leans harder content, you 
envy him. 

5173
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:18,700
Sometimes this uncomplicated 
creature with uncomplicated 

5174
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:21,800
needs. 
Dinner is less formal tonight, 

5175
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:25,600
just family and close. 
Advisors Philippa has arranged 

5176
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:27,700
it that way. 
Understanding you need 

5177
04:44:27,708 --> 04:44:29,500
occasional respite from 
performance. 

5178
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:33,300
The conversation, flows, easily 
children's stories. 

5179
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,600
Household gossip plans for the 
summer normal things. 

5180
04:44:36,600 --> 04:44:39,300
The kind of evening any 
prosperous family might share. 

5181
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:42,600
You're happy Philippa. 
Observes later in bed. 

5182
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:47,400
Am I Consider it. 
I suppose I am is that allowed? 

5183
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:50,800
Why wouldn't it be? 
King's in the history is usually

5184
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:54,000
miserable. 
She laughs that wonderful sound 

5185
04:44:54,000 --> 04:44:57,000
that's become familiar, over 12 
years of marriage, then be 

5186
04:44:57,000 --> 04:44:58,200
different. 
Be happy. 

5187
04:44:58,200 --> 04:45:01,600
King you kiss, her Temple. 
Feeling the baby kick against 

5188
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:05,900
your side, through her belly 
Ultra The kingdom is staple, 

5189
04:45:05,900 --> 04:45:09,800
your family is growing. 
Your plans are developing your 

5190
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:13,600
30 years old experienced enough 
to be confident and young enough

5191
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:16,300
to be energetic. 
This might be the peak. 

5192
04:45:16,300 --> 04:45:19,300
You think this balanced moment 
before everything gets 

5193
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:20,300
complicated? 
Again? 

5194
04:45:20,300 --> 04:45:22,500
You're right. 
Of course, but you don't know 

5195
04:45:22,500 --> 04:45:25,300
that yet. 
For now, you're just content, 

5196
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:29,500
building steadily growing into 
your role, becoming the king. 

5197
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:34,600
You always hope to be It's nice 
while it lasts your 35 standing 

5198
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:36,000
at the edge of something 
enormous. 

5199
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:38,400
And the whole Kingdom feels 
poised to tip. 

5200
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:43,600
The war with France has started 
not suddenly Wars, never start 

5201
04:45:43,600 --> 04:45:45,700
suddenly despite what the 
Chronicles claim. 

5202
04:45:46,300 --> 04:45:51,100
But gradually inevitably like 
water, finding its level Philip 

5203
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:53,900
of France, has pushed too far 
and challenge you once to offer.

5204
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:56,800
And now there's no backing down 
without losing everything you've

5205
04:45:56,800 --> 04:45:59,300
built your workouts will meet 
daily. 

5206
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:03,800
Now, the chamber smells like 
parchment and anxiety with maps,

5207
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:06,800
covering every surface. 
You've assembled the best 

5208
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:10,100
military Minds in England, and 
they're all telling you slightly

5209
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:12,500
different things about how to 
invade France successfully. 

5210
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:16,100
The Flemish Alliance is key 
insists. 

5211
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:18,600
No, we need to secure gascony 
first. 

5212
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,900
Another counters you listen, 
absorb and make decisions, that 

5213
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:25,600
might kill thousands of men. 
It's remarkably abstract moving,

5214
04:46:25,600 --> 04:46:29,100
markers across Maps, discussing 
supply lines, and March times. 

5215
04:46:29,100 --> 04:46:32,700
Real soldiers will suffer these 
theoretical hardships but right 

5216
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:35,700
now they're just numbers 
Logistics and problems to solve 

5217
04:46:35,700 --> 04:46:38,400
the money. 
Required is staggering you've 

5218
04:46:38,400 --> 04:46:42,100
been raising funds for three 
years taxes, loans, and Creative

5219
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:43,600
Accounting. 
That makes your treasure and 

5220
04:46:43,608 --> 04:46:46,500
nervous. 
England's wolves into military 

5221
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:50,300
preparation and your subjects 
are grumbling, but compliant for

5222
04:46:50,300 --> 04:46:53,200
now. 
Philippa finds you late one 

5223
04:46:53,200 --> 04:46:54,300
night. 
Still bent over Maps. 

5224
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:57,100
She's heavier than she used to 
be seven children. 

5225
04:46:57,100 --> 04:46:59,300
Having left their Mark, but 
still lovely. 

5226
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:03,500
In the candlelight practical 
steady Philippa who's never once

5227
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:06,600
complained about being queen 
during wartime, Come to bed. 

5228
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:10,200
She says, in a moment, you said 
that two hours ago, she comes 

5229
04:47:10,200 --> 04:47:12,900
closer examines the maps. 
Can you actually win this? 

5230
04:47:12,900 --> 04:47:15,400
I have to. 
That's not an answer. 

5231
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:18,300
You sigh and straighten up your 
back. 

5232
04:47:18,300 --> 04:47:21,300
Aches constantly now, too many 
hours hunched over planning, 

5233
04:47:21,300 --> 04:47:25,000
honestly, I don't know. 
But I've committed us. 

5234
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:28,300
The Nobles are invested and the 
alliances are arranged 

5235
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:30,500
retreating. 
Now would be worse than losing. 

5236
04:47:31,300 --> 04:47:34,300
She's quiet processing. 
This Philippa, understands 

5237
04:47:34,300 --> 04:47:35,500
politics. 
Better than she lets. 

5238
04:47:35,500 --> 04:47:37,900
On the children asked about you 
today. 

5239
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,600
They barely see you anymore. 
Killed stabs sharp. 

5240
04:47:41,600 --> 04:47:44,000
Your children are growing up. 
Edward is 13. 

5241
04:47:44,000 --> 04:47:46,800
Now practically a man and 
already involved in military 

5242
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:48,900
training. 
The others are scattered through

5243
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:51,000
childhood. 
Each one, a bright spot, your 

5244
04:47:51,000 --> 04:47:54,800
two busy to properly, appreciate
After the campaign, you promise 

5245
04:47:54,800 --> 04:47:57,400
you, keep saying that she's 
right. 

5246
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:01,600
You've been saying it for years 
after this crisis after that 

5247
04:48:01,600 --> 04:48:05,200
negotiation, after the war 
starts, after the war ends, 

5248
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,300
fatherhood keeps getting 
postponed for kingship spring. 

5249
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:12,100
Brings mobilization your army 
assembles thousands of soldiers,

5250
04:48:12,100 --> 04:48:15,500
archers Cavalry and support 
staff, the logistics and 

5251
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:19,200
nightmarish feeding this many 
men moving them efficiently and 

5252
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:20,500
keeping them organized and 
equipped. 

5253
04:48:20,500 --> 04:48:24,100
You've got good administrators 
handling details, but the scale 

5254
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:27,000
is overwhelming. 
You review the troops personally

5255
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:30,400
riding along the lines. 
They cheer these men who fight 

5256
04:48:30,400 --> 04:48:34,700
for you possibly die for you. 
You try to look confident kingly

5257
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:38,600
and worth following inside your 
calculating odds, worrying about

5258
04:48:38,600 --> 04:48:41,000
supply, lines and wondering if 
you've prepared adequately. 

5259
04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:44,800
The Fleet Sales in July carrying
your army to France. 

5260
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,400
You stand on Deck. 
Watching England recede feeling 

5261
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:52,800
history is wait this is it the 
great gamble, everything you've 

5262
04:48:52,800 --> 04:48:55,900
built everything, you've planed 
reduced to this moment. 

5263
04:48:56,800 --> 04:48:58,900
Philippa insisted on coming to 
see you off. 

5264
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:01,100
She stood on the dock 7 
children. 

5265
04:49:01,100 --> 04:49:05,500
A raid around her waving as your
ship to parted the image burned 

5266
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:09,200
into your memory, your family, 
your anchor left behind. 

5267
04:49:09,200 --> 04:49:12,300
While you chase glory and 
territory, the sea Crossing is 

5268
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:14,700
miserable. 
You've never enjoyed sailing and

5269
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,600
this is rough waves tossing. 
The fleet about like toys, men, 

5270
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:21,600
get sick, horses panic and 
Equipment, shifts Dangerously. 

5271
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:25,300
By the time you reach France, 
you're exhausted before the 

5272
04:49:25,300 --> 04:49:28,100
fighting even starts. 
The campaign itself is 

5273
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:32,500
complicated, you win battles 
which is good your tactics. 

5274
04:49:32,500 --> 04:49:35,300
Work your archers devastate, 
French Cavalry and everything 

5275
04:49:35,300 --> 04:49:38,600
you planned proves effective. 
But winning battles isn't 

5276
04:49:38,600 --> 04:49:41,300
winning wars and the French have
more resources and more depth 

5277
04:49:41,300 --> 04:49:45,600
you can hurt them but conquering
them might be impossible months 

5278
04:49:45,600 --> 04:49:50,000
blur into an exhausting grind 
Castle sieges supply shortages 

5279
04:49:50,000 --> 04:49:53,300
and disease in the camps. 
Your living in tents, eating 

5280
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:56,300
whatever's available and 
constantly moving the glory of 

5281
04:49:56,308 --> 04:49:58,800
warfare. 
Your discovering is about 10%, 

5282
04:49:58,800 --> 04:50:03,100
excitement, and 90% discomfort 
Letters from England, arrived 

5283
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,000
irregularly Philippa writes 
about household matters, 

5284
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:09,300
children's illnesses and 
political maneuvering at court. 

5285
04:50:10,000 --> 04:50:14,100
Your son Edward is managing well
as nominal region but he is 13. 

5286
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:16,400
Too young for this 
responsibility, though. 

5287
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:18,800
Doing his best guilt nors at 
you. 

5288
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:22,100
Your family needs you but Duty 
keeps you in France. 

5289
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:27,200
Winter forces, pause your return
to England, briefly just long, 

5290
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:29,700
enough to see how much your 
children have grown, and how 

5291
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,200
tired Philippa looks managing 
everything alone. 

5292
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:36,400
Little Lionel is walking. 
Now Thomas has learned his 

5293
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:38,500
letters. 
The girls have new interests, 

5294
04:50:38,500 --> 04:50:42,800
you know, nothing about Tell me 
you asked at dinner, desperate 

5295
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:46,200
to reconnect. 
They do shy at first, then 

5296
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:51,100
warming up stories, tumble out 
lessons games, small dramas, 

5297
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:53,500
you've missed. 
You're a stranger at your own 

5298
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:57,000
table, welcome. 
But separate it hurts more than 

5299
04:50:57,000 --> 04:51:00,400
French arrows. 
You look older Philip's 

5300
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:04,300
privately. 
I feel older your 36 now but you

5301
04:51:04,300 --> 04:51:07,100
feel 50, the war is aging, you 
rapidly. 

5302
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,400
Each campaign adding years, 
great threads appear in your 

5303
04:51:10,408 --> 04:51:12,500
hair, your joints aching the 
morning. 

5304
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:14,200
You're not the young king 
anymore. 

5305
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,600
All energy and optimism. 
The kingdom is transitioning. 

5306
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:20,700
You realize from piece to war 
from potential to reality. 

5307
04:51:20,700 --> 04:51:24,000
You've committed England to a 
conflict that might Outlast you 

5308
04:51:24,000 --> 04:51:26,100
and certainly will Outlast your 
youth. 

5309
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:29,200
This is your legacy. 
Now, not the stable rain, you'd 

5310
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:33,800
hope for but endless war Spring 
comes again, the fleet assembles

5311
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:37,800
again, you bored ship again. 
Leaving family again returning 

5312
04:51:37,800 --> 04:51:40,200
to France. 
Again, it's becoming routine. 

5313
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,900
This cycle of war and absent. 
You're not sure if that's better

5314
04:51:43,900 --> 04:51:47,900
or worse. 
Probably worse your 41 and the 

5315
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:49,400
war has become your entire 
existence. 

5316
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:53,500
Five years of continuous 
campaigning have reduced life to

5317
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:57,100
brutal Simplicity, win battles, 
secure territory and keep your 

5318
04:51:57,100 --> 04:51:58,900
army fed. 
Everything else. 

5319
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:04,500
Family comfort, peace exists in 
some distant memory, a dream. 

5320
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:08,100
You once had your besieging 
Calais have been for months. 

5321
04:52:08,108 --> 04:52:11,700
The city sits stubbornly 
resistant and your two committed

5322
04:52:11,700 --> 04:52:15,100
to withdraw your Army Camps in 
mud that never quite dries. 

5323
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:19,400
Siege equipment, pounding walls,
that refused to crumble men, Die

5324
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,900
daily, mostly of disease, the 
boring death of medieval 

5325
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:26,100
warfare, Dysentery and fever 
kill more efficiently than 

5326
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,100
French swords. 
The camps smells like unwashed 

5327
04:52:29,100 --> 04:52:32,400
humanity and rotting food. 
Thousands of men packed 

5328
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:33,500
together. 
The trees. 

5329
04:52:33,500 --> 04:52:37,200
Inadequate, hygiene impossible. 
You've got a proper Pavilion at 

5330
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:40,000
least Royal quarters separated 
from the common soldiers. 

5331
04:52:40,000 --> 04:52:42,600
But luxury is relative your 
tent. 

5332
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:44,400
Stays marginally drier than 
theirs. 

5333
04:52:44,400 --> 04:52:47,300
That's about it. 
Your commanders report. 

5334
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:50,000
Regularly bringing problems 
you're supposed to solve 

5335
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:53,500
supplies are running low 
mercenaries demanding, payment 

5336
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:57,100
Nobles feuding over precedents. 
The minutiae of warfare. 

5337
04:52:57,100 --> 04:53:00,000
Never stop. 
And we could assault again. 

5338
04:53:00,000 --> 04:53:02,700
One suggests you've already lost
hundreds in previous. 

5339
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:05,600
Assaults know we wait starve 
them out. 

5340
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:09,400
Waiting requires patience. 
You're not sure you have each 

5341
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:12,300
day cost money. 
England doesn't have straining 

5342
04:53:12,300 --> 04:53:15,700
alliances that are growing 
fragile but assault waste lives 

5343
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:18,100
and you're tired of signing 
condolence letters. 

5344
04:53:18,100 --> 04:53:21,600
News from England arrives in 
batches Philippa writes 

5345
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,900
Faithfully though her letters, 
take weeks to reach you, your 

5346
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:27,600
children are growing up in your 
absence Edward is 18. 

5347
04:53:27,600 --> 04:53:30,000
Now knighted and Leading Men 
himself. 

5348
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,700
The girls are becoming women 
making marriages your barely 

5349
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:37,300
consulted about your missing 
everything, every Milestone, 

5350
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:40,600
every moment one letter brings 
devastating news. 

5351
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:44,500
Your daughter Joan has died 
plague in Bordeaux sudden and 

5352
04:53:44,500 --> 04:53:47,300
absolute. 
She was 14, you read it twice. 

5353
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:51,800
Unable to process Joan, your 
sweet nature daughter Who Loved 

5354
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:54,200
music and had your mother's 
Grace gone. 

5355
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:58,900
And you were there, you were 
here in French mud, the Sieging,

5356
04:53:58,908 --> 04:54:01,000
a city for reasons. 
That seem pointless. 

5357
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:04,100
You dismiss your staff and sit 
alone in your Pavilion. 

5358
04:54:04,100 --> 04:54:06,500
Grief hits delayed and 
overwhelming. 

5359
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:10,000
You've lost soldiers, friends 
and allies but this is 

5360
04:54:10,000 --> 04:54:12,800
different. 
This is your child and you won't

5361
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:15,200
there to comfort her to say 
goodbye or to do any of the 

5362
04:54:15,200 --> 04:54:17,700
things fathers should do night 
falls. 

5363
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,500
You don't like candles, you just
sit in darkness. 

5364
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:23,400
Feeling the weight. 
Finally exceed your capacity, 

5365
04:54:23,400 --> 04:54:29,400
the war the deaths, the endless 
responsibility, Too much, your 

5366
04:54:29,400 --> 04:54:32,800
one person, fallible and tired, 
and everyone expects you to be 

5367
04:54:32,800 --> 04:54:35,400
invincible. 
Calais surrenders in August 

5368
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:39,100
Victory. 
Technically you've won the city 

5369
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:41,700
is yours. 
A strategic prize that cost you 

5370
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:44,900
a year and thousands of lives 
and a daughter you'll never see 

5371
04:54:44,900 --> 04:54:47,400
again. 
The burgers of Calais come 

5372
04:54:47,400 --> 04:54:49,400
barefoot in sackcloth begging 
Mercy. 

5373
04:54:49,400 --> 04:54:52,400
They expect execution Siege 
Customs. 

5374
04:54:52,400 --> 04:54:54,800
Allow it. 
Your Nobles certainly want it 

5375
04:54:54,800 --> 04:54:56,700
revenge for the stubborn 
resistance. 

5376
04:54:56,700 --> 04:55:00,100
You should order. 
It make an example and show 

5377
04:55:00,100 --> 04:55:01,100
France. 
What happens? 

5378
04:55:01,100 --> 04:55:04,200
When cities defy you? 
Instead, you stare at these 

5379
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:06,200
frightened men and see just more
death. 

5380
04:55:06,200 --> 04:55:10,300
More bodies, more widows more 
children without fathers. 

5381
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:12,500
They live. 
You hear yourself. 

5382
04:55:12,500 --> 04:55:15,500
Say your Nobles protest. 
Philippa. 

5383
04:55:15,500 --> 04:55:17,100
Whose joined you for this 
Victory? 

5384
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:19,700
She insisted crossing the 
channel specifically to witness 

5385
04:55:19,700 --> 04:55:23,200
this moment. 
Intervenes she pleads for the 

5386
04:55:23,200 --> 04:55:24,900
burgers. 
Personally, her pregnancy, 

5387
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:28,100
obvious maternal and merciful 
you let her have it. 

5388
04:55:28,100 --> 04:55:30,100
This Mercy. 
It's the least you can do 

5389
04:55:30,100 --> 04:55:32,000
granting her. 
This small thing when you've 

5390
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:35,200
taken so much else, the Army 
returns to England for winter, 

5391
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:38,500
your 42. 
Now, famous Victorious and 

5392
04:55:38,500 --> 04:55:43,700
absolutely Holloway is one 
territory secured and you feel 

5393
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:47,200
nothing except tired, your 
children greet you, as a 

5394
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:50,200
visiting, stranger their polite 
and proper exactly. 

5395
04:55:50,200 --> 04:55:53,300
As they've been trained. 
Edward discusses, military 

5396
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:55,700
matters, like a colleague, the 
younger ones. 

5397
04:55:55,700 --> 04:55:57,900
Keep a careful distance. 
You've been gone more than 

5398
04:55:57,908 --> 04:56:01,800
present in their lives and it 
shows Philippa is pregnant again

5399
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:05,200
with your 12th child. 
You lie together in the great 

5400
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:09,700
bed at Westminster bodies 
familiar but somehow distant Are

5401
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:11,900
you? 
Well, she asks, I won. 

5402
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:13,900
You say, isn't that what 
matters? 

5403
04:56:13,900 --> 04:56:17,600
She's quiet, then. 
Joan loved you very much. 

5404
04:56:17,600 --> 04:56:20,400
She talked about you constantly 
and wondered when you'd come 

5405
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:23,000
home. 
The knife twist deeper, I know. 

5406
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:25,600
Do you because you weren't 
there. 

5407
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:29,000
You have not been there. 
The closest she's come to 

5408
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:31,000
accusation in 24 years of 
marriage. 

5409
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:33,600
You can't even defend yourself 
because she is right. 

5410
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,700
You've chosen War over family 
and Glory over presents. 

5411
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:40,800
The victories ring Hollow next 
to Jones empty place at the 

5412
04:56:40,808 --> 04:56:43,500
table. 
Winter passes in administrative 

5413
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:45,800
recovery. 
Organizing the new territories 

5414
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:49,500
repaying debts and preparing for
the next campaign because 

5415
04:56:49,500 --> 04:56:52,900
there's always another campaign,
the war has momentum now 

5416
04:56:52,900 --> 04:56:54,900
self-sustaining impossible to 
stop. 

5417
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:58,500
You catch yourself in mirrors 
sometimes barely recognizing the

5418
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:02,600
reflection, gray-haired lined 
and harder than the young king. 

5419
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:05,500
You want were the weight of 
conflict has remade? 

5420
04:57:05,500 --> 04:57:08,400
You into something efficient and
sad your son. 

5421
04:57:08,408 --> 04:57:10,600
Edward is preparing for his own 
military command. 

5422
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:13,900
He is eager Brave, and 
everything a prince should be. 

5423
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:18,500
You should be proud, mostly your
worried having seen too clearly 

5424
04:57:18,500 --> 04:57:20,900
what Warfare costs. 
Be careful. 

5425
04:57:20,900 --> 04:57:22,600
You tell him knowing it's 
inadequate. 

5426
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:27,100
I will father He won't no one is
in war, but you let him go 

5427
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:29,500
sending him to France with your 
blessing and your dread. 

5428
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:32,700
Spring comes again. 
Mobilization again. 

5429
04:57:33,800 --> 04:57:37,800
The cycle continues grinding 
forward, pulling you along. 

5430
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:41,500
You're too deep. 
Now to stop to invest it to quit

5431
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:44,800
the war. 
Owns, you completely your board 

5432
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:47,500
ship one more time. 
Watch England fade, one more 

5433
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:49,400
time. 
And wonder one more time. 

5434
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:51,700
If this will be the campaign 
that breaks you entirely, 

5435
04:57:52,600 --> 04:57:56,100
Probably not, you're too 
stubborn to break but you're 

5436
04:57:56,100 --> 04:57:58,300
definitely cracking. 
You're 406 home between 

5437
04:57:58,300 --> 04:58:02,200
campaigns and you're trying to 
remember how to be human the war

5438
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,100
continues. 
But you've learned to delegate 

5439
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:07,200
your son, Edward their calling 
him, the black prince. 

5440
04:58:07,200 --> 04:58:10,300
Now for reasons involving either
his armor or his methods 

5441
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:12,200
campaigns effectively without 
you. 

5442
04:58:13,100 --> 04:58:15,700
This should free you up for 
domestic life, family time and 

5443
04:58:15,708 --> 04:58:19,800
being present, except you 
forgotten how you're at Windsor.

5444
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:22,900
Your favorite castles watching 
Autumn paint the Thames Valley 

5445
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:25,300
in gold. 
Philip Philippa sits nearby 

5446
04:58:25,300 --> 04:58:28,300
doing needlework, the domestic 
scene that should be comfortable

5447
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:31,600
instead your restless and 
anxious without an immediate 

5448
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:34,700
crisis to manage your pacing 
Philippa observes. 

5449
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:37,500
Am I? 
You stop and notice you've worn 

5450
04:58:37,500 --> 04:58:39,400
a tracking, the rushes. 
Sorry. 

5451
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:43,900
Set read rest. 
You're allowed. 

5452
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:46,700
You sit obediently and pick up a
book. 

5453
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:49,500
Something philosophical. 
Someone recommended the word 

5454
04:58:49,500 --> 04:58:52,800
swim meaninglessly. 
Your mind wants problems to 

5455
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:56,700
solve decisions to make and 
enemies to outmaneuver. 

5456
04:58:57,400 --> 04:59:01,600
Piece feels alien your younger 
children are here Lionel Joan. 

5457
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:03,500
The second Joan named for her 
loss. 

5458
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:07,300
Sister Margaret and Thomas 
teenagers and children growing 

5459
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:09,200
up. 
Largely without you their 

5460
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:11,400
polite, well-mannered complete 
strangers. 

5461
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:15,700
Tell me about your studies. 
You try at dinner, Thomas 13, 

5462
04:59:15,700 --> 04:59:19,500
Brighton, I'm learning 
mathematics, father geometry 

5463
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:23,600
specifically did you know He 
launches into an enthusiastic 

5464
04:59:23,600 --> 04:59:25,300
explanation of triangles and 
angles. 

5465
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:31,000
You try to follow genuinely try 
but your mind drifts supply 

5466
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:34,400
lines, troop movements 
diplomatic considerations. 

5467
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:36,800
The habits of warfare don't 
release easily. 

5468
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:41,400
Isn't that fascinating Thomas 
finishes very you say hoping it 

5469
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:45,000
was the right response. 
Philippa gives you a look you're

5470
04:59:45,000 --> 04:59:47,800
failing again. 
Even at this simple thing, being

5471
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:49,400
present, physically isn't 
enough. 

5472
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:52,600
When you're absent mentally, the
household runs smoothly. 

5473
04:59:52,600 --> 04:59:57,600
Without you Philippa has managed
everything for years Finance is 

5474
04:59:57,600 --> 04:59:59,700
child, rearing and political 
maneuvering. 

5475
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:04,000
She's competent, beloved 
everything, a queen should be, 

5476
05:00:04,000 --> 05:00:07,900
you're almost unnecessary, a 
ceremonial, figure who shows up 

5477
05:00:07,900 --> 05:00:11,000
occasionally. 
One afternoon, you find her in 

5478
05:00:11,008 --> 05:00:13,200
the Solar surrounded by 
administrative documents. 

5479
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:17,200
She's handling a state business 
settling disputes and making 

5480
05:00:17,200 --> 05:00:20,900
decisions that should be yours. 
I can take over you offer. 

5481
05:00:20,900 --> 05:00:24,600
She looks up. 
Surprised, do you have time the 

5482
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:26,300
question stings? 
I'm here, aren't I? 

5483
05:00:27,400 --> 05:00:30,300
Physically she agrees but you've
been staring out windows for 

5484
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:33,000
three days your body's in 
England but your mind is still 

5485
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:36,000
in France. 
She's right your perpetually 

5486
05:00:36,000 --> 05:00:39,100
half elsewhere unable to fully 
commit to the present moment. 

5487
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:43,500
The war has trained you to think
strategically plan constantly 

5488
05:00:43,500 --> 05:00:47,200
and never rest Domesticity 
requires different skills. 

5489
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:50,700
You've let atrophy, you make 
efforts hunting with your son's 

5490
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:53,400
teaching them. 
Falconry The birds are calming. 

5491
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:57,800
Their simple needs refreshing. 
Thomas proves surprisingly Adept

5492
05:00:57,800 --> 05:01:00,300
his gentle patience perfect for 
handling. 

5493
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:02,600
The temperamental Hawks, you're 
good at this. 

5494
05:01:02,608 --> 05:01:04,900
You tell him he glows at the 
praise. 

5495
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:07,800
Such a small thing, your 
attention but he Treasures it 

5496
05:01:07,800 --> 05:01:11,200
guilt stabs again. 
How many moments like this have 

5497
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:14,100
you missed evenings you spend 
with Philippa, trying to 

5498
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:18,100
reconnect, 28 years of marriage 
and your courting her, again, 

5499
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:20,700
relearning her rhythms. 
She's heavier. 

5500
05:01:20,700 --> 05:01:23,600
Now comfortable in middle age 
and beautiful in ways. 

5501
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:27,500
Different from youthful, Beauty 
lines, around her eyes grey and 

5502
05:01:27,500 --> 05:01:30,200
her hair evidence of decades 
supporting you. 

5503
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:33,900
Do you ever regret it? 
You ask one night regret. 

5504
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:37,400
What? 
This me being married to someone

5505
05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:40,900
who has never actually here. 
She considers honest as always 

5506
05:01:40,900 --> 05:01:43,800
sometimes but I knew what I was 
married. 

5507
05:01:43,800 --> 05:01:47,300
King's, don't retire. 
I could be better at it. 

5508
05:01:47,300 --> 05:01:51,400
The being present part. 
You could she agrees, will you 

5509
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:55,300
be Thats the question you want a
promise change and sway? 

5510
05:01:55,300 --> 05:01:58,800
You'll be different but the war 
isn't over more campaigns are 

5511
05:01:58,800 --> 05:02:01,200
planned and you know yourself 
well enough to recognize your 

5512
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:04,600
limitations. 
You're a king who leads not a 

5513
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:08,500
king who stays Home Ultra you 
say finally it's the best you 

5514
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:11,100
can offer. 
She accepts it because Philippa 

5515
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:13,800
is practical about 
disappointment, winter brings 

5516
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:17,300
the whole family together for 
Christmas, your children, their 

5517
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:20,600
spouses and grandchildren are 
starting to appear the hall. 

5518
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:23,900
At Windsor fills with family 
chaos and you're struck by how 

5519
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:26,000
much you've missed. 
Edward's children. 

5520
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:27,800
Barely know you, the younger 
ones. 

5521
05:02:27,808 --> 05:02:29,600
Treat you like a distinguished, 
stranger. 

5522
05:02:29,600 --> 05:02:32,300
You hold your infant 
granddaughter, Edward's daughter

5523
05:02:32,300 --> 05:02:35,900
feeling her tiny weight. 
She stares at you with serious 

5524
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:40,400
Eyes, unimpressed by kingship. 
Just another person holding her 

5525
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:44,400
somewhat awkwardly. 
She likes you Edward, says, 

5526
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:49,100
smiling and does, she you're not
sure baby is a mysterious, but 

5527
05:02:49,100 --> 05:02:51,800
you hold her carefully this next
Generation wandering. 

5528
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,300
What world? 
Chill inherit One is still at 

5529
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:56,300
War. 
Probably the conflict with 

5530
05:02:56,300 --> 05:02:59,100
France has become Perpetual 
outlasting, your youth. 

5531
05:02:59,100 --> 05:03:02,800
Like Leo outlasting you, the 
celebration continues around, 

5532
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:06,400
you Philippa orchestrate, 
everything perfectly in. 

5533
05:03:06,400 --> 05:03:11,700
Everyone feels included your 
family vast and complicated held

5534
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:14,700
together by her competence and 
your periodic appearances. 

5535
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:17,100
You catch your eye across the 
hall. 

5536
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:21,000
She raises her cups slightly and
acknowledgment, your trying. 

5537
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:24,900
It's not enough, never enough. 
But you're trying. 

5538
05:03:24,908 --> 05:03:29,200
Maybe that counts for something.
Your 55 and everything hurts, 

5539
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,200
not metaphorically. 
The Plenty hurts metaphorically 

5540
05:03:32,200 --> 05:03:36,000
too. 
But physically constantly, Your 

5541
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,200
knees ache from Decades of 
riding your back, complains 

5542
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:40,900
about armor. 
You haven't worn in five years, 

5543
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:45,300
your hands, cramp around quills.
When you write joint stiff with 

5544
05:03:45,300 --> 05:03:48,800
whatever malady attacks. 
Aging Warriors, Europe Windsor 

5545
05:03:48,800 --> 05:03:52,800
again always wins a lately. 
Your Refuge the campaign here is

5546
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:54,800
a behind. 
You Edward handles military 

5547
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:56,900
Affairs. 
Now, the black prince proving 

5548
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:00,000
more than capable, you should 
feel relief from this lesson. 

5549
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:02,800
Responsibility, mostly you feel 
obsolete. 

5550
05:04:02,800 --> 05:04:06,400
The morning routine takes longer
than it used to servants. 

5551
05:04:06,400 --> 05:04:08,300
Help. 
You dress, your fingers are too 

5552
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:09,900
stiff for complicated 
fastenings. 

5553
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:13,000
Your hair is white now. 
Face heavily lined. 

5554
05:04:13,800 --> 05:04:17,700
Mirror show a stranger old and 
tired, where the vital King used

5555
05:04:17,700 --> 05:04:20,000
to be. 
Philipa appears at breakfast, 

5556
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:22,700
moving slowly herself. 
She's been sick. 

5557
05:04:22,700 --> 05:04:26,200
Lately something in her lungs 
that won't clear you eat 

5558
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,500
together in companionable 
silence, two, people warned down

5559
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:32,500
by Decades of responsibility 
today. 

5560
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:34,200
She asks already knowing the 
answer. 

5561
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:38,500
They barely need me anymore. 
They need the crown your wearing

5562
05:04:38,500 --> 05:04:40,700
it true. 
Enough, your presence 

5563
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:43,700
legitimizes decisions, your 
advisors making increasingly 

5564
05:04:43,700 --> 05:04:46,500
without you, the council. 
Meetings are a formality. 

5565
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:50,800
Your agreement is assumed the 
kingdom runs itself with systems

5566
05:04:50,800 --> 05:04:53,300
established over 30 years. 
Functioning automatically 

5567
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:56,200
England is wealthy powerful and 
respected. 

5568
05:04:56,200 --> 05:05:00,000
Your legacy is secure. 
So why do you feel so empty? 

5569
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,000
Edward visits bringing his 
children. 

5570
05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:06,800
Your grandchildren, swarm around
energetic and Loud. 

5571
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:08,500
They're not quite sure who you 
are. 

5572
05:05:08,500 --> 05:05:12,000
The old man in the big castle, 
but they're polite about it. 

5573
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:15,800
Grandfather your granddaughter 
Isabella climbs into your lap. 

5574
05:05:15,800 --> 05:05:18,800
Fearless. 
She's six all enthusiasm and 

5575
05:05:18,800 --> 05:05:21,400
questions. 
Careful of Grandfather Edward 

5576
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:23,300
warns, he's not a sturdy as he 
looks. 

5577
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:26,100
You waive off the concern and 
let Isabella settle. 

5578
05:05:26,100 --> 05:05:29,900
She Chatters about something her
Pony may be and you half listen 

5579
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:33,200
content with her warm weight. 
This is nice actually, 

5580
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:36,600
grandchildren, demand less than 
children did satisfied with 

5581
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:38,100
presents, rather than perfect 
fiction. 

5582
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:43,400
Philippa coughs harsh and 
prolonged Edward looks concerned

5583
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:45,900
but she waves him off, too. 
Just a cold. 

5584
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:48,500
She insists. 
It's not just a cold. 

5585
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:51,600
You both know this though 
neither says it, she is dying. 

5586
05:05:51,600 --> 05:05:55,400
Probably slowly uncomfortably 
her lungs filling with something

5587
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:58,100
medicine. 
Can't fix your dying, too. 

5588
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:01,700
Just slow her old age and 
accumulated damage are catching 

5589
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:03,800
up. 
The funny thing about dying 

5590
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:06,500
slowly is how normal it becomes.
You're Not Afraid. 

5591
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:08,500
Exactly. 
Just tired. 

5592
05:06:08,500 --> 05:06:11,900
You've lived 55 years 
accomplished, the important 

5593
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:15,700
things and failed at others. 
At some point that has to be 

5594
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,400
enough, your remaining children 
visit throughout the year 

5595
05:06:18,400 --> 05:06:22,400
Thomas, John and Edmund, grown 
men with their own concerns. 

5596
05:06:22,400 --> 05:06:26,400
They're dutiful concerned about 
your health and probably worried

5597
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:29,000
about inheritance. 
You've arranged everything 

5598
05:06:29,000 --> 05:06:31,200
carefully but they still circle 
like polite. 

5599
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:34,300
Vultures I'm not dead yet. 
You tell Thomas during one 

5600
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,500
particularly solicitors visit. 
He has the greatest to look 

5601
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:40,500
embarrassed. 
Of course not father, we're just

5602
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:43,200
concerned be concerned quietly 
there. 

5603
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:46,300
An evening's, you spend with 
Philippa when her breathing 

5604
05:06:46,300 --> 05:06:50,400
allows conversation, 42 years of
marriage behind you and your 

5605
05:06:50,408 --> 05:06:54,100
finally spending time together. 
The irony isn't lost on either 

5606
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:56,100
of you. 
We should have done this 

5607
05:06:56,100 --> 05:07:00,000
earlier, you say, one night, 
done what this sitting quietly 

5608
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:02,100
being together. 
We were busy. 

5609
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,500
She says practical as ever 
raising children running 

5610
05:07:05,500 --> 05:07:07,900
kingdoms fighting Wars the 
usual. 

5611
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:12,300
Still, I miss so much. 
You did she agrees? 

5612
05:07:12,300 --> 05:07:15,500
Because Philippa has never been 
one for comforting lies, but you

5613
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:19,300
were here when it mattered 
mostly That mostly contains 

5614
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:23,400
multitudes all the absences the 
Mr moments the times War took 

5615
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,100
precedence but also the times 
you were present the effort you 

5616
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:28,800
made and the love underneath the
duty. 

5617
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:32,200
He coughs again, worse this 
time. 

5618
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:36,800
You hold her hand useless but 
present this is all you can 

5619
05:07:36,800 --> 05:07:40,300
offer now. 
Presence witness, sharing the 

5620
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:43,200
slow decline. 
The kingdom, celebrates your 

5621
05:07:43,200 --> 05:07:45,500
military victories. 
Remember as crazy and Callie, 

5622
05:07:45,500 --> 05:07:47,300
and Praises. 
Your Martial Glory. 

5623
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:52,600
You remember mud and exhaustion 
Joan dying alone and Decades of 

5624
05:07:52,600 --> 05:07:55,700
absence from family. 
The victories feel hollow 

5625
05:07:55,700 --> 05:07:59,900
against the personal costs but 
you built something England is 

5626
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:02,400
stronger richer and more unified
than you. 

5627
05:08:02,400 --> 05:08:05,200
Inherited your children, 
survived to adult hood. 

5628
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:09,000
Most of them, your grandchildren
will inherit security and 

5629
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:14,100
opportunity its not nothing. 
Philippa dies in August quietly 

5630
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:17,300
in her sleep. 
Probably the best way with her 

5631
05:08:17,300 --> 05:08:20,200
holding her hand as her 
breathing simply stops. 

5632
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:24,800
After 42 years of marriage, 
you're alone, the grief is in 

5633
05:08:24,800 --> 05:08:28,600
Norse and strangely familiar. 
You've been practicing loss for 

5634
05:08:28,600 --> 05:08:33,100
decades Jones, friend's pieces 
of yourself left in France. 

5635
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:36,200
This is just the final largest 
loss. 

5636
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:40,400
Funeral is magnificent because 
she was Queen and that requires 

5637
05:08:40,400 --> 05:08:43,300
pageantry. 
You attend namely going through 

5638
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:47,300
motions, people offer, 
condolences you don't hear The 

5639
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:50,900
crown is heavy again, 
oppressively so afterward you 

5640
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:54,400
returned to Windsor alone, the 
chambers feel enormous without 

5641
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:58,000
her, her things are everywhere. 
Needlework correspondence, 

5642
05:08:58,000 --> 05:09:00,200
evidence of the life. 
She lived while you were 

5643
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:04,500
elsewhere, your 59 and probably 
have a few years left, maybe 

5644
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,300
more, maybe less, it doesn't 
much matter. 

5645
05:09:07,300 --> 05:09:10,600
The important things are 
finished the war continues 

5646
05:09:10,600 --> 05:09:13,000
without you, the kingdom 
functions and children and 

5647
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:16,700
grandchildren carry forward. 
You're just waiting now for what

5648
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:20,000
you're not entirely, sure. 
But whatever comes, you'll face 

5649
05:09:20,000 --> 05:09:22,700
it the same way you face 
everything with Duty 

5650
05:09:22,700 --> 05:09:26,400
determination and that peculiar 
mix of Pride and regret. 

5651
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:30,300
That defines your entire 
complicated, life, your 64 and 

5652
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:33,600
you're not sure you're still 
you, some days are clear, you 

5653
05:09:33,600 --> 05:09:36,300
wake knowing who you are, where 
you are, and what the 

5654
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:40,200
responsibilities are other days,
you surface from sleep, confused

5655
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:43,500
expecting Philippa beside. 
You wondering why your needs 

5656
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:45,900
don't work properly. 
And unable, to remember, if 

5657
05:09:45,900 --> 05:09:48,800
you're supposed to be fighting 
The French or the Scots or if 

5658
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:52,500
maybe that was all years ago, 
your attendance are patient. 

5659
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:56,000
They've learned your rhythms and
know which days you're lucid and

5660
05:09:56,000 --> 05:09:57,700
which days you need, gentle 
guidance. 

5661
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,200
Today seems clear so far. 
You remember your name, your 

5662
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:05,100
kingdom and the fact that 
Philippa is dead and has been 

5663
05:10:05,100 --> 05:10:08,300
for five years. 
Windsor is quiet in the early 

5664
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:11,800
morning, your Chambers face, 
East sunlight, streaming, in 

5665
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:14,700
Illuminating dust, Motes, 
floating lazily. 

5666
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:18,900
You watch them drift mesmerized 
by their simple existence. 

5667
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,600
No responsibilities. 
No. 

5668
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:26,000
Wait just floating Your Grace, 
your grandson is here. 

5669
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:30,600
Richard Edward son, ten years 
old, visiting the dying King 

5670
05:10:30,600 --> 05:10:34,400
they bring him periodically. 
Ensuring connection with The 

5671
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,100
Heirs are the boys, serious 
polite. 

5672
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:39,100
And probably terrified of the 
old man. 

5673
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,000
In the big bed. 
Richard, you greet him in 

5674
05:10:42,000 --> 05:10:44,800
Clarity. 
Come sit, he approaches 

5675
05:10:44,800 --> 05:10:46,300
carefully and purchase on the 
chair. 

5676
05:10:46,300 --> 05:10:49,400
Beside your bed, he has his 
father's features but his 

5677
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:51,400
mother's coloring dark and 
handsome. 

5678
05:10:51,400 --> 05:10:54,600
He'll be beautiful. 
When he grows up if he grows up.

5679
05:10:55,400 --> 05:10:57,200
King ship isn't conducive to 
longevity. 

5680
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:00,700
How are your studies? 
You ask the traditional 

5681
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:04,000
grandfather question. 
Well, your grace, I'm learning. 

5682
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:08,400
Latin and philosophy and call me
grandfather, you interrupt, your

5683
05:11:08,400 --> 05:11:10,400
family family, don't your grace 
each other. 

5684
05:11:10,408 --> 05:11:13,600
He relaxes slightly. 
Yes, grandfather. 

5685
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:15,800
You talk for a while or rather 
he talks. 

5686
05:11:15,808 --> 05:11:19,100
While you listen stories about 
his tutors, his siblings and 

5687
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,700
small dramas in a child's life. 
It's Pleasant this window into 

5688
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:25,300
simple concerns. 
You've spent so long with 

5689
05:11:25,300 --> 05:11:27,000
Kingdom. 
Size problems that childhood 

5690
05:11:27,000 --> 05:11:29,200
troubles. 
Feel refreshing when he leaves 

5691
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:34,100
your tired but satisfied Legacy.
You think that boy will be king 

5692
05:11:34,100 --> 05:11:38,000
someday carrying forward, 
whatever you've build hopefully 

5693
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:41,500
better than you manage your 
counsel comes later, but you 

5694
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:44,600
barely follow the discussion. 
Something about France. 

5695
05:11:44,600 --> 05:11:48,700
There's always something about 
France, treaties, maybe or 

5696
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:51,800
renewed conflict. 
You've lost track the war. 

5697
05:11:51,800 --> 05:11:54,900
Outlasted your interest becoming
background noise to dieing. 

5698
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,600
Edward visits lesson. 
Now he's busy governing while 

5699
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:00,900
you fade taking on 
responsibilities, you can no 

5700
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:06,100
longer manage The black prince 
famous and capable everything. 

5701
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:08,700
You hoped he'd be. 
Though, you notice he looks 

5702
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:10,400
tired, too. 
Warned down the same way. 

5703
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:13,100
You were King ship. 
Takes its toll regardless of 

5704
05:12:13,100 --> 05:12:16,900
capability. 
The French situation requires a 

5705
05:12:16,900 --> 05:12:20,300
decision, he says, carefully, 
you decide you tell him, I trust

5706
05:12:20,300 --> 05:12:22,300
you. 
Relieve crosses his face. 

5707
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:24,800
He's been making decisions. 
Anyway, just seeking your 

5708
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:27,500
blessing for legitimacy. 
You're a signature now. 

5709
05:12:27,500 --> 05:12:31,100
Not a ruler, the crown has 
already passed everything but 

5710
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:35,800
officially Knights are hardest. 
Pain, keeps you awake, your 

5711
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:39,800
joints, your lungs, everything 
deteriorating servants, bring 

5712
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:43,200
wine with poppy juice, darling, 
the discomfort and blurring your

5713
05:12:43,200 --> 05:12:47,000
mind further, you drift between 
sleep and waking, losing track 

5714
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:49,700
of, which is which you dream 
about your children. 

5715
05:12:49,700 --> 05:12:53,900
All of them, the living and the 
dead mixed together, Joan and 

5716
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:57,500
William, and Edward, and Isabela
different ages different times. 

5717
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:01,100
Sometimes Philippa is there 
young and laughing? 

5718
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:05,400
Sometimes your mother 
terrifying, as always, sometimes

5719
05:13:05,400 --> 05:13:08,600
you're a child yourself, 
watching your father, make the 

5720
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,200
mistakes, you swore you devoid 
did you avoid them. 

5721
05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:14,600
You can't remember anymore, 
everything blurs together, 

5722
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:19,400
successes and failures, triumphs
and regrets the long life 

5723
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:23,900
reduced to fragments pieces. 
That might not even be real. one

5724
05:13:23,900 --> 05:13:27,100
clear day, you ask for a 
counting, Tell me what I 

5725
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:29,700
accomplished. 
Your secretary lists 

5726
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:32,600
achievements due to flee. 
Territory is one battles 

5727
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:36,000
Victorious, economic 
improvements and legal, reforms,

5728
05:13:36,000 --> 05:13:39,600
impressive, on paper. 
This list of Royal success, 

5729
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:44,100
Sounds like someone else's life.
And the costs you ask. 

5730
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:48,000
Awkward silence. 
No one wants to discuss costs 

5731
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:51,900
with dying Kings but you press 
needing to Counting before the 

5732
05:13:51,900 --> 05:13:54,500
end. 
Finally, someone mentions the 

5733
05:13:54,500 --> 05:13:58,000
deaths, soldiers, civilians the 
casualties of Decades of 

5734
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:02,400
warfare, the debt accumulated, 
the families were destroyed the 

5735
05:14:02,400 --> 05:14:04,700
opportunities missed pursuing 
military Glory. 

5736
05:14:05,800 --> 05:14:08,200
Was it worth it? 
You are asked not expecting an 

5737
05:14:08,200 --> 05:14:10,800
answer. 
No one speaks because how do you

5738
05:14:10,808 --> 05:14:14,000
measure worth The expanded 
territory against the dead 

5739
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:17,600
children, The increased Prestige
against the absent decades, the 

5740
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:20,800
strong Kingdom against the 
weaken King, you don't know why.

5741
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:24,300
Either, you've spent 64 years 
being with the third and you're 

5742
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:25,400
still not sure if you did it, 
right. 

5743
05:14:26,200 --> 05:14:28,200
Summer, comes your last 
probably. 

5744
05:14:29,100 --> 05:14:32,600
The Gardens at Windsor Bloom 
magnificently visible from your 

5745
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:34,900
windows. 
You watch servants tending 

5746
05:14:34,900 --> 05:14:38,900
flowers, children, playing and 
life, continuing regardless of 

5747
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:41,800
your participation, It's oddly 
comforting. 

5748
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:44,800
This evidence that everything 
will be fine without you. 

5749
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:49,000
It would bring to visit again. 
Your grandson is growing 

5750
05:14:49,000 --> 05:14:52,300
quickly, losing his child 
roundness and becoming the 

5751
05:14:52,308 --> 05:14:56,200
person he'll be You try to give 
advice and share wisdom, but 

5752
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:59,100
words, tangle your mind isn't 
cooperating anymore. 

5753
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:04,000
Kind you manage finally, the 
kingdom needs strength but 

5754
05:15:04,000 --> 05:15:07,000
kindness matters too. 
Richard nod, seriously. 

5755
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:09,500
Probably not understanding. 
He's 10. 

5756
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:13,100
You barely understood at 10. 
And you'd been King for years, 

5757
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:15,500
your attendance increase the 
poppy dose. 

5758
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:18,400
Pain management. 
They call it really. 

5759
05:15:18,400 --> 05:15:21,600
It's the final Mercy, easing, 
you toward the inevitable. 

5760
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:25,100
You don't protect your ready. 
You've been ready for a while, 

5761
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:27,600
just waiting for the body to 
catch up with the spirit. 

5762
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:32,000
One morning, you wait. 
Or think you wake and Philip, is

5763
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:35,300
there not old? 
But young, the way she looked 40

5764
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:38,800
years ago. 
She smiling patient waiting. 

5765
05:15:39,900 --> 05:15:42,500
Is it time you ask soon? 
She says, rest. 

5766
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:45,500
Now you do. 
Rest comes easily. 

5767
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:49,000
Finally the burden's lifting, 
the weight of the crown and 

5768
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:53,200
responsibility dissolving just 
Edward again not the king, not 

5769
05:15:53,200 --> 05:15:56,800
the Conqueror, just a man who 
tried his best and succeeded, 

5770
05:15:56,800 --> 05:16:00,000
sometimes, and fail sometimes 
and loved him perfectly but 

5771
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:03,500
truly. 
The room fills with soft light. 

5772
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:08,400
Filippis hand in yours, warm, 
and real, your children 

5773
05:16:08,400 --> 05:16:11,200
Gathering. 
All of them, living and dead, 

5774
05:16:11,208 --> 05:16:14,600
young, and old, the whole 
impossible, family, you're 

5775
05:16:14,600 --> 05:16:17,400
ready? 
And then quietly without drama 

5776
05:16:17,400 --> 05:16:20,200
or Glory, you're done the 
kingdom continues. 

5777
05:16:20,200 --> 05:16:25,100
It always does, Wars are fought 
won and lost children become 

5778
05:16:25,100 --> 05:16:28,900
kings, make their own mistakes 
and build their own legacies. 

5779
05:16:28,900 --> 05:16:32,800
The great wheel turns 
indifferent to any single life. 

5780
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:37,100
But for a while, for 64 
complicated years, you were part

5781
05:16:37,100 --> 05:16:39,800
of it. 
Edward the third, the hard lived

5782
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:42,400
King. 
Not perfect, not terrible. 

5783
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,700
Just human trying to balance 
impossible demands succeeding 

5784
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:50,300
occasionally failing off often 
and loving as well as Duty 

5785
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:52,700
allowed. 
Your story ends here in this 

5786
05:16:52,700 --> 05:16:56,400
quiet room, surrounded by ghosts
and memories and the soft light 

5787
05:16:56,400 --> 05:16:58,300
of a summer morning. 
Rest easy. 

5788
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:07,800
Now you've earned it All righty.
Oh everyone. 

5789
05:17:08,500 --> 05:17:11,400
Tonight's journey is into a 
story that unfolded not with 

5790
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:13,500
grand speeches or public 
battles. 

5791
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:17,400
But through carefully, chosen 
details, quiet determination. 

5792
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:21,700
And an understanding that beauty
could be its own form of power 

5793
05:17:21,700 --> 05:17:24,600
tonight. 
You'll discover how one woman, 

5794
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,500
transformed the way American saw
themselves and their history 

5795
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:31,400
working, not from headlines, but
from the shadows of chandeliers,

5796
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:35,600
the weight of antique chairs and
the simple Act of choosing which

5797
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:39,300
paintings would hang on walls. 
That belong to everyone was 

5798
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:42,800
stepping into the early 1960s, 
when America was young and 

5799
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:46,000
restless searching for his own 
reflection in the mirror of the 

5800
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:48,200
World. 
Imagine if you will your 

5801
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:50,600
standing in a Manhattan 
apartment on a winter afternoon,

5802
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:54,200
in 1941 the light coming through
the tall Windows. 

5803
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:57,300
Has that particular quality that
only happens? 

5804
05:17:57,300 --> 05:18:01,400
When snow reflects the sun 
upward into rooms that normally 

5805
05:18:01,400 --> 05:18:04,300
live in Shadow? 
Yes, smells faintly a furniture 

5806
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:05,900
polish. 
And the paper of new books. 

5807
05:18:05,900 --> 05:18:09,100
And if you listen carefully, you
can hear someone turning pages 

5808
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:12,500
in the Next Room. 
Jacqueline Bouvier is 12 years 

5809
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:15,400
old and she is reading about 
Marie Antoinette again. 

5810
05:18:15,400 --> 05:18:18,700
Not the simplified version, they
teach in school where everything

5811
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:23,200
reduces to cake and gear teams, 
but the complicated truth, found

5812
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,000
in volumes her mother borrowed 
from the library at her request.

5813
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:30,900
is fascinated by something most 
people Mis entirely Before the 

5814
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:35,400
Revolution before everything 
fell apart, Marie Antoinette had

5815
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:37,000
quietly. 
Commissioned some of the most 

5816
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:41,000
beautiful Furniture ever made 
the young girl traces, her 

5817
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:43,700
finger over an illustration of a
writing desk with legs that 

5818
05:18:43,700 --> 05:18:47,500
curve, like, flower stems and 
something clicks into place in 

5819
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:49,700
her mind about the relationship 
between objects. 

5820
05:18:49,700 --> 05:18:52,700
And the people who live among 
them, her mother, Janet calls 

5821
05:18:52,700 --> 05:18:55,600
this attention to detail, but 
it's more than that. 

5822
05:18:55,600 --> 05:18:59,000
It's an understanding that the 
physical world tells stories 

5823
05:18:59,000 --> 05:19:02,000
about the people who shape it. 
And that those stories matter 

5824
05:19:02,000 --> 05:19:04,000
more than most adults seem to 
realize. 

5825
05:19:04,000 --> 05:19:07,400
When you visit, someone's home, 
you're not just seeing their 

5826
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:10,800
Furniture, your reading their 
autobiography written in the 

5827
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:14,500
language of choices made and 
objects kept the Bouvier 

5828
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:16,700
household runs on a particular. 
Kind of order. 

5829
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:19,300
That feels less like rules and 
more like choreography. 

5830
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:23,600
Meals happen at specific times, 
clothes are pressed. 

5831
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:27,500
Just so books are returned to 
their proper places on shelves, 

5832
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:29,500
arranged by both subject and 
size. 

5833
05:19:29,500 --> 05:19:32,700
Young, Jackie, learns to read 
rooms the way other children. 

5834
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:35,900
Learn to read faces 
understanding that the placement

5835
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:39,000
of a vest or the choice of a 
lampshade communicates. 

5836
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:42,300
Something about the person who 
put it there her father Jack 

5837
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:44,800
Bouvier has a different kind of 
influence. 

5838
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:48,000
He's the sort of man who knows 
everyone in the room before he 

5839
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:50,300
enters it. 
You can make waiters laugh and 

5840
05:19:50,308 --> 05:19:52,400
dorm men. 
Feel important with just a few 

5841
05:19:52,408 --> 05:19:56,000
words, he teaches his daughter, 
something her mother's order, 

5842
05:19:56,000 --> 05:20:00,000
can't quite capture, the 
performance of Grace, the way 

5843
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,200
charm can open doors that remain
closed to force. 

5844
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:07,300
She watches him navigate social 
situations like a dancer, moving

5845
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:11,300
through, a crowded floor, never 
bumping into anyone always 

5846
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:13,300
knowing exactly where to step 
next. 

5847
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:16,600
But it's during Summer's at the 
family's property in East 

5848
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:20,100
Hampton that something deeper 
takes root your walking with her

5849
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,500
through grass, that reaches your
needs past tight, Ranger bushes,

5850
05:20:23,500 --> 05:20:26,400
heavy with blooms the size of 
your head and she is pointing 

5851
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:29,200
out details. 
You wouldn't normally notice the

5852
05:20:29,200 --> 05:20:31,700
way the light changes color as 
it filters through different 

5853
05:20:31,700 --> 05:20:35,100
leaves have the same motion 
looks completely different 

5854
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:37,400
depending on whether you're 
standing or sitting when you 

5855
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:39,800
view it. 
She's building a vocabulary for 

5856
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:41,800
beauty. 
That does not rely on the words.

5857
05:20:41,800 --> 05:20:45,500
Other people use developing her 
own language for describing, 

5858
05:20:45,500 --> 05:20:49,200
what makes one thing, lovely and
another merely adequate. 

5859
05:20:49,900 --> 05:20:52,000
And Miss Porter's School. 
In Connecticut, her teachers 

5860
05:20:52,008 --> 05:20:55,800
noticed something unusual most 
students approach literature as 

5861
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:58,900
an assignment to be completed. 
But Jackie reads, like someone 

5862
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,100
searching for instruction 
manuals on how to live. 

5863
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:04,700
She copies passages into 
notebooks not because she has to

5864
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:09,200
but because she wants to keep 
certain sentences close the way 

5865
05:21:09,200 --> 05:21:12,700
you might keep photographs of 
places you've loved her French 

5866
05:21:12,700 --> 05:21:15,600
teacher, watches her practice 
pronunciation with the kind of 

5867
05:21:15,608 --> 05:21:18,200
focus usually reserved for 
religious devotion. 

5868
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,800
Understanding that this teenage 
girl already knows something 

5869
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:25,500
important language isn't just 
about communication. 

5870
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:30,400
It's about access to other ways 
of seeing the summer she spends 

5871
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:33,400
and France after her junior year
at Vassar shifts. 

5872
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,500
Everything slightly sideways, 
you'll sit in with her in a 

5873
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:39,000
cafe. 
In Grenoble, watching her watch 

5874
05:21:39,000 --> 05:21:41,000
the way. 
French women tie, their scarves,

5875
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:44,500
hold their cigarettes and 
gesture with their hands while 

5876
05:21:44,500 --> 05:21:47,100
talking she's not trying to 
become French. 

5877
05:21:47,100 --> 05:21:49,900
She's too smart for that kind of
simple imitation. 

5878
05:21:50,900 --> 05:21:53,200
But she's absorbing something 
about the French relationship 

5879
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,600
with style the way they treat 
presentation as a form of 

5880
05:21:56,608 --> 05:22:01,000
respect, rather than vanity. 
She notices how French museums 

5881
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,900
display their art Creating rooms
that feel like conversations 

5882
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:08,700
between centuries rather than 
warehouses for old things, she 

5883
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:12,300
sees how French families treat 
meal times as sacred intervals 

5884
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:14,500
in the day. 
Not interruptions to more 

5885
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:17,400
important work. 
Most of all she observes, how 

5886
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:19,800
the French seemed to believe 
that beauty isn't frivolous or 

5887
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:24,300
superficial but essential Kind 
of nourishment is necessary as 

5888
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,200
food or sleep. 
By the time she meets John. 

5889
05:22:27,200 --> 05:22:29,600
Kennedy at a dinner party in 
1951. 

5890
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:32,900
She's assembled a particular set
of skills that don't appear on 

5891
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:36,400
any resume. 
She can look at a room and know 

5892
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:39,500
within seconds, what's wrong 
with it and how to fix it. 

5893
05:22:39,500 --> 05:22:42,200
She can make small talk in three
languages. 

5894
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:45,400
While simultaneously cataloging 
everything from the quality of 

5895
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:48,300
the silverware to the way, the 
host and Hostess interact with 

5896
05:22:48,308 --> 05:22:51,700
their staff, she understands 
that surfaces aren't shallow, 

5897
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,200
they're the first chapter of 
every story. 

5898
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,000
The thing that determines 
whether anyone will bother 

5899
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,600
reading further the 12 year old 
girl reading about Marie 

5900
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:03,500
Antoinette in that Manhattan. 
Apartment has become a young 

5901
05:23:03,500 --> 05:23:07,300
woman who knows that changing 
how things look is one way of 

5902
05:23:07,300 --> 05:23:09,600
changing. 
How people think about them and 

5903
05:23:09,600 --> 05:23:13,700
that this kind of change, 
though, subtle can be more 

5904
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:16,500
lasting than the kind that 
announces itself with trumpets 

5905
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:18,800
and headlines. 
You're walking into the White 

5906
05:23:18,800 --> 05:23:22,200
House for the first time as 
first lady in January, 1961. 

5907
05:23:22,200 --> 05:23:25,400
And the first thing that strikes
you isn't the history or the 

5908
05:23:25,408 --> 05:23:28,200
grand year. 
It's the overwhelming sense of 

5909
05:23:28,200 --> 05:23:30,700
neglect. 
Yes, smells like old heating 

5910
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:33,800
systems and carpet that seem too
many decades of shoes. 

5911
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,000
The furniture looks like what 
you'd find in a moderately 

5912
05:23:37,000 --> 05:23:41,700
successful hotel from the 1920s.
Generic pieces chosen for 

5913
05:23:41,700 --> 05:23:44,000
durability rather than beauty or
meaning. 

5914
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:47,600
The painting on the walls could 
be from anywhere bought in bulk.

5915
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:51,100
Perhaps telling no particular 
story about the nation that paid

5916
05:23:51,100 --> 05:23:55,500
for them Jackie, Kennedy stands 
in the center of the green room 

5917
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:58,300
and you can see her face doing 
something complicated. 

5918
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:00,400
She's not disgusted. 
Exactly. 

5919
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:04,000
But she certainly disappointed 
more than that, she's puzzled. 

5920
05:24:04,000 --> 05:24:07,100
This is the house that supposed 
to represent American 

5921
05:24:07,100 --> 05:24:10,100
achievement to the world and it 
looks like nobody with any 

5922
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:12,400
Authority is actually thought 
about what it's representing. 

5923
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:17,200
The curtains are sun faded. 
The upholstery is worn in ways 

5924
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:19,700
that suggest it wasn't 
particularly nice to begin with.

5925
05:24:20,600 --> 05:24:24,200
Some of the antique furniture 
and there isn't much has been 

5926
05:24:24,208 --> 05:24:26,300
painted over with modern colors.
That hide. 

5927
05:24:26,300 --> 05:24:29,500
The original would she makes a 
decision right there, that will 

5928
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:32,200
consume the next. 
Three years of her life, the 

5929
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:35,300
White House needs to become what
it's supposed to be and she is 

5930
05:24:35,308 --> 05:24:38,500
going to make that happen, 
whether anyone helps her or not.

5931
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:42,100
The first problem is that almost
none of the furniture art 

5932
05:24:42,100 --> 05:24:44,200
actually belongs to the White 
House permanently. 

5933
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:48,900
Previous, first familys have 
bought things used them and take

5934
05:24:48,900 --> 05:24:51,700
them home when they left. 
The house has no real 

5935
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:53,900
collection. 
No institutional memory, 

5936
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:56,800
built-in objects. 
It's more like a rental property

5937
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,300
that various tenants of 
decorated, according to their 

5938
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:03,000
temporary tastes leaving behind.
Only what they didn't want badly

5939
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,900
enough to pack, Jackie starts 
making phone calls, she reaches 

5940
05:25:06,900 --> 05:25:09,400
out to wealthy families who 
might have furniture Gathering 

5941
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,600
dust in their attics. 
Original American pieces made by

5942
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:16,200
Master Craftsmen in the 1800s 
that have been replaced by 

5943
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:19,800
modern conveniences, she 
contacts historians who 

5944
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:21,100
specialize in presidential 
history. 

5945
05:25:21,100 --> 05:25:24,300
Asking what kinds of objects 
would have been in the White 

5946
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:26,200
House during its most 
significant moments. 

5947
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:28,700
She writes letters to museum 
directors. 

5948
05:25:28,700 --> 05:25:32,100
Essentially asking if they have 
anything they'd be willing to 

5949
05:25:32,108 --> 05:25:35,200
loan in definitely to the 
nation's most important house, 

5950
05:25:35,200 --> 05:25:39,600
the response surprises everyone 
except her American. 

5951
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:41,300
Is it turns out a city on 
Treasure? 

5952
05:25:41,300 --> 05:25:44,200
Troves of historical furniture 
and art that they forgotten to 

5953
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:47,800
Value properly, a family and 
Philadelphia has a desk that 

5954
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:51,200
belonged to a Revolutionary War 
General stored in A barn because

5955
05:25:51,200 --> 05:25:54,500
it doesn't match their current 
date or a woman in Boston, has 

5956
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:57,100
painting of early American 
Landscapes that have been 

5957
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:00,300
hanging in her guest, room 
Gathering dust because nobody 

5958
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,200
ever uses that room. 
The collector in Virginia has 

5959
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:06,700
been storing a set of chairs 
made for James Monroe, waiting 

5960
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:08,700
for someone who would appreciate
them properly. 

5961
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:11,400
Your watching her work in a 
makeshift office. 

5962
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:14,200
She set up in the White House 
and the organization is 

5963
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:18,100
meticulous. 
Is created files for every room 

5964
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:21,700
with photographs of what it 
looks like now and sketches of 

5965
05:26:21,700 --> 05:26:24,100
what it could become. 
She's compiled lists of 

5966
05:26:24,108 --> 05:26:27,200
furniture styles by period, 
cross reference with which 

5967
05:26:27,200 --> 05:26:29,700
presidents were in office. 
When those styles were popular, 

5968
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,800
she's tracking down the 
provenance of every piece that 

5969
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:36,100
donors offer making sure nothing
fake or historically 

5970
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:40,300
questionable ends up on display.
This isn't redecorating. 

5971
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:44,700
It's detective work archeology 
and education. 

5972
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:48,400
All happening simultaneously. 
The work has a funny quality to 

5973
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:51,700
it too because the White House 
staff aren't quite sure what to 

5974
05:26:51,708 --> 05:26:55,200
make of this young first lady 
who keeps asking them to move, 

5975
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:58,100
heavy furniture around so she 
can see how different 

5976
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:04,300
Arrangements feel The chief 
Usher JB West finds himself in 

5977
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:06,900
the unusual position of Hosting,
what amounts to an ongoing 

5978
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:09,600
furniture or audition. 
Where chairs and tables are 

5979
05:27:09,608 --> 05:27:13,100
brought in assess and either 
accepted into the permanent 

5980
05:27:13,100 --> 05:27:17,100
collection or politely declined.
One after noon, Jackie rejected 

5981
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:21,100
supposedly historical table 
because she noticed the screws 

5982
05:27:21,100 --> 05:27:23,700
of the wrong kind for the 
period, it's supposed to be from

5983
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:26,400
and West realizes. 
He's dealing with someone who's 

5984
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:29,100
done her homework. 
She creates the White House, 

5985
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:32,600
historical Association, giving 
the restoration project of 

5986
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:34,300
formal structure and 
credibility. 

5987
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:37,900
She convinces Congress to pass 
legislation making the White 

5988
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:41,200
House, a museum Which means 
future first families, can't 

5989
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:44,600
simply redecorate according to 
their personal preferences and 

5990
05:27:44,600 --> 05:27:46,500
haul away. 
The good stuff when they leave, 

5991
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:51,700
she recruits experts, curators 
historians and decorative Arts 

5992
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,300
Specialists to serve on 
committees. 

5993
05:27:54,300 --> 05:27:57,800
That will guide the restoration 
and protect it from anyone's 

5994
05:27:57,800 --> 05:28:01,100
impulses to modernize or 
simplify the Blue Room. 

5995
05:28:01,100 --> 05:28:04,700
Becomes a study and careful 
color theory with walls painted 

5996
05:28:04,700 --> 05:28:07,100
in a specific shade. 
That was popular during the 

5997
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:10,600
1820s furnished, with pieces, 
that would have been considered 

5998
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:12,900
fashionable. 
When James Monroe was pressed in

5999
05:28:12,900 --> 05:28:16,400
the Red Room receives curtains 
made from the same kind of silk,

6000
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:19,900
that would have hung there in 
1860 The red not the bright 

6001
05:28:19,900 --> 05:28:23,300
modern shade but the deeper 
richer tone that natural dies 

6002
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,800
produced the state dining room 
gets chairs that were actually 

6003
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:28,900
made for the White House in the 
19th century. 

6004
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:32,200
Found in a government Warehouse 
where they'd been sent when 

6005
05:28:32,200 --> 05:28:35,700
someone decided they looked too 
old fashioned, your standing 

6006
05:28:35,700 --> 05:28:38,800
with her in the newly restored. 
Diplomatic reception room and 

6007
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:40,500
she's explaining the wallpaper 
to you. 

6008
05:28:40,500 --> 05:28:44,300
It's a reproduction of an 1830s 
design showing American 

6009
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:48,600
Landscapes, Niagara Falls, 
Boston, Harbor and Natural 

6010
05:28:48,600 --> 05:28:51,400
Bridge in Virginia. 
The original paper was founded 

6011
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:55,100
in a house in Maryland and 
experts spent months analyzing 

6012
05:28:55,100 --> 05:28:57,500
it to understand the printing 
technique and colors. 

6013
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,800
Well enough to recreate it 
accurately, she's not just 

6014
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:04,400
hanging pretty wallpaper, she's 
creating an immersive historical

6015
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:08,200
experience where every surface 
tells visitors something true 

6016
05:29:08,200 --> 05:29:11,000
about American history. 
The funny moments come 

6017
05:29:11,000 --> 05:29:14,400
frequently, usually involving 
the intersection of her vision 

6018
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:18,100
with practical, White House 
operations, the staff learns to 

6019
05:29:18,108 --> 05:29:21,900
hide Show that particularly 
attached to because Jackie has a

6020
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,000
habit of wandering through 
service areas and suddenly 

6021
05:29:25,000 --> 05:29:27,800
declaring that a piece they've 
been using in a basement office 

6022
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:29,900
would be perfect for the second 
floor. 

6023
05:29:29,900 --> 05:29:33,600
One Carpenter makes the mistake 
of showing her a storage room 

6024
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:36,500
full of old frames and she 
spends the next three hours 

6025
05:29:36,500 --> 05:29:41,100
going through every single one 
emerging Victorious with frames 

6026
05:29:41,100 --> 05:29:43,000
that turn out to be original to 
the building. 

6027
05:29:43,000 --> 05:29:46,000
Perfect for the paintings. 
She's acquiring. 

6028
05:29:46,000 --> 05:29:50,200
By the time CBS Television comes
to film a special tour of the 

6029
05:29:50,208 --> 05:29:53,400
restored, White House in 
February 1962. 

6030
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:55,800
The transformation is 
remarkable. 

6031
05:29:55,800 --> 05:29:59,000
More than 50 million people 
watched Jackie guided them 

6032
05:29:59,008 --> 05:30:01,400
through rooms that. 
Now, tell coherent stories about

6033
05:30:01,400 --> 05:30:04,100
American history and 
craftsmanship, she doesn't 

6034
05:30:04,100 --> 05:30:07,000
narrate like a tour, guide 
reciting memorized facts. 

6035
05:30:08,000 --> 05:30:11,000
She shares details like someone 
who's genuinely excited about 

6036
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:13,100
what? 
She's learned pointing out the 

6037
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:16,700
subtle curve in a chair leg or 
the way light hits a particular 

6038
05:30:16,700 --> 05:30:19,400
painting at certain times of 
day. 

6039
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:22,400
The restoration isn't about 
luxury or showing off wealth. 

6040
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:25,800
It's about claiming that America
has a visual culture worth 

6041
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:29,500
preserving and celebrating that 
the nation's history exists. 

6042
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:32,800
Not just in documents and 
battlefields, but in the objects

6043
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,200
people made and used. 
She's arguing through careful 

6044
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:39,900
Arrangement and selection that 
taking care of beautiful, things

6045
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:42,900
isn't shallow. 
It's a form of respecting, the 

6046
05:30:42,900 --> 05:30:46,500
people who made them and the 
history they represent, you're 

6047
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:48,800
watching her a just a flower 
arrangement in the entrance 

6048
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:52,500
hall, moving individual stems 
until the composition balances 

6049
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:53,500
exactly. 
Right. 

6050
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:57,000
And you realize she's applying 
the same attention to detail 

6051
05:30:57,000 --> 05:30:58,600
here. 
That she learned as a 12 year 

6052
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:02,100
old, studying, French furniture.
The difference is that now, 

6053
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:04,100
she's working at a scale that 
will influence. 

6054
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:07,000
How millions of people think 
about American history, and 

6055
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:10,900
she's doing it one carefully, 
chosen chair at a time, you're 

6056
05:31:10,900 --> 05:31:13,700
sitting in a receiving line, a 
state dinner, you're watching 

6057
05:31:13,708 --> 05:31:17,200
something remarkable that. 
Most people don't even notice. 

6058
05:31:17,200 --> 05:31:21,100
The guest of honor tonight is 
the president of Pakistan and 

6059
05:31:21,100 --> 05:31:24,600
Jackie Kennedy is speaking to 
him in French, not because he is

6060
05:31:24,600 --> 05:31:27,400
French, but because French is 
the Diplomatic language. 

6061
05:31:27,400 --> 05:31:30,700
They share the neutral. 
Ground were a first lady from 

6062
05:31:30,700 --> 05:31:33,800
America and a president. 
From Pakistan, can meet his 

6063
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:37,100
equals in conversation, she's 
asking him about muggle 

6064
05:31:37,100 --> 05:31:40,700
architecture and his face lights
up with the particular pleasure 

6065
05:31:40,700 --> 05:31:43,600
people feel When someone from 
far away, cares about something 

6066
05:31:43,600 --> 05:31:47,500
specific from their culture, not
just the obvious tourist 

6067
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:50,200
destinations. 
But the deeper artistic 

6068
05:31:50,200 --> 05:31:53,800
traditions, this is cultural 
diplomacy but it doesn't 

6069
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:57,100
announce itself that way there 
are no formal negotiations 

6070
05:31:57,100 --> 05:32:00,400
happening, no treaties being 
signed instead. 

6071
05:32:00,400 --> 05:32:03,500
There's just a moment of genuine
connection over shared 

6072
05:32:03,500 --> 05:32:07,000
appreciation for how humans have
expressed Beauty through 

6073
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,400
buildings and that moment 
creates a warmth that will 

6074
05:32:10,400 --> 05:32:14,000
linger long after the dinner 
ends influencing how this 

6075
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:17,700
foreign leader thinks about 
Americans and their capacity for

6076
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:20,900
understanding The Wider World, 
Jackie has figured out something

6077
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:23,000
that most political figures Miss
entirely. 

6078
05:32:23,900 --> 05:32:27,300
Culture is its own form of power
and sometimes showing people 

6079
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:30,900
that you value, what they value,
accomplishes more than any 

6080
05:32:30,900 --> 05:32:34,400
amount of political pressure, 
she prepares for State visits, 

6081
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:36,700
the way students prepare for 
final exams. 

6082
05:32:36,700 --> 05:32:40,400
Reading about each country's 
history art literature and music

6083
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:43,200
looking for authentic 
connections rather than 

6084
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,300
superficial compliments to 
deploy, you're in the white 

6085
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:47,900
house. 
Kitchen watching preparations 

6086
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:50,800
for a dinner, honoring, French 
minister of culture Andre 

6087
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:54,800
Melrose and the attention to 
detail is almost absurd. 

6088
05:32:54,800 --> 05:32:58,200
The menu has been crafted to 
honor French culinary Traditions

6089
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,500
while incorporating American 
ingredients creating a 

6090
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:04,300
conversation in food about the 
relationship between the two 

6091
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,800
countries. 
The wines are American chosen 

6092
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:10,600
specifically to demonstrate that
American Vineyards. 

6093
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:13,700
Can produce quality that stands 
beside French standards. 

6094
05:33:13,700 --> 05:33:17,300
The table settings, mix French, 
porcelain with American silver, 

6095
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:20,700
every four, complete placed to 
suggest that these two cultures 

6096
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:22,800
can sit comfortably side by 
side. 

6097
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:25,800
But the real magic happens in 
the guest list. 

6098
05:33:25,800 --> 05:33:29,000
Jackie is invited. 
American artists, writers and 

6099
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:31,700
musicians not just politicians 
and diplomats. 

6100
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:35,600
She's creating an environment. 
Where Leonard Burns Dean might 

6101
05:33:35,600 --> 05:33:38,600
find himself, talking with a 
visiting conductor from Vienna. 

6102
05:33:39,200 --> 05:33:41,900
Where an American painter could 
discuss technique with a 

6103
05:33:41,908 --> 05:33:45,100
sculptor from Italy. 
She's using the White House as a

6104
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:47,800
kind of cultural crossroads 
demonstrating. 

6105
05:33:47,800 --> 05:33:50,600
That America has its own 
artistic Traditions, worth 

6106
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,300
taking seriously while remaining
genuinely curious about 

6107
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:57,500
Traditions from elsewhere, the 
funny moments emerged from 

6108
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:00,700
cultural misunderstandings that 
her preparation helps avoid 

6109
05:34:00,700 --> 05:34:03,500
before a state visit from the 
leader of Tunisia. 

6110
05:34:03,500 --> 05:34:06,800
She learns that certain flowers,
have religious significance, 

6111
05:34:06,800 --> 05:34:09,200
that would make them 
inappropriate for table 

6112
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:11,400
Arrangements. 
She discovers that the 

6113
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:14,600
traditional greeting gesture in 
one Asian country looks 

6114
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:17,200
remarkably like a gesture. 
That means something quite 

6115
05:34:17,200 --> 05:34:20,600
different in another and she 
makes sure protocol officers 

6116
05:34:20,600 --> 05:34:23,500
brief the president. 
So, nobody accidentally causes a

6117
05:34:23,500 --> 05:34:27,600
fence, she becomes a kind of 
cultural translator creating 

6118
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:30,100
Bridges between her husband's 
political objectives. 

6119
05:34:30,100 --> 05:34:33,500
And the deeper human connections
that make those objectives 

6120
05:34:33,500 --> 05:34:38,500
achievable a trip to India and 
Pakistan in 1962 becomes a 

6121
05:34:38,500 --> 05:34:40,900
master class. 
Approach, you're traveling with 

6122
05:34:40,900 --> 05:34:43,700
her watching, how she moves 
through each encounter. 

6123
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:47,200
She doesn't feign interest. 
She's genuinely curious about 

6124
05:34:47,200 --> 05:34:49,600
everything from classical. 
Dance forms to the techniques. 

6125
05:34:49,600 --> 05:34:52,800
Used in miniature painting, she 
asked questions that reveal, 

6126
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:56,200
she's done her homework. 
Understanding enough to inquire 

6127
05:34:56,200 --> 05:35:00,000
about specific details rather 
than offering vague praise when 

6128
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:02,800
she visits school. 
She doesn't just wave and smile.

6129
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:06,000
She sits with students and asks 
about what they're learning 

6130
05:35:06,000 --> 05:35:09,300
demonstrating. 
Respect for Education as a 

6131
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:11,700
universal value that crosses all
borders. 

6132
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:14,800
The photographs from this trip, 
tell their own story. 

6133
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:20,300
She is riding an elephant and 
ceremonial dress and somehow 

6134
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,100
she's managed to make it. 
Look both dignified and natural.

6135
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:26,300
As if riding elephants is 
simply, what one does, when 

6136
05:35:26,300 --> 05:35:29,900
visiting places where elephants 
are important, there she is at 

6137
05:35:29,900 --> 05:35:33,800
the Taj Mahal and her face shows
genuine Wonder rather than the 

6138
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:35,600
practice expression of a special
appreciation. 

6139
05:35:35,600 --> 05:35:39,500
The people watching these images
around the world, see someone 

6140
05:35:39,500 --> 05:35:42,300
who's willing to participate 
respectfully and other cultures,

6141
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:46,300
traditions, and that willingness
creates warmth toward America 

6142
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:50,500
that no amount of political 
speeches, could manufacture back

6143
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:52,700
at the White House? 
She transformed State dinners 

6144
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:55,800
from formal obligations into 
events that people actually want

6145
05:35:55,800 --> 05:35:58,100
to attend. 
You're at a dinner, honoring 

6146
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,800
Nobel Prize winners and she's 
placed a physicist next to a 

6147
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:05,300
poet and a novelist next to an 
economist creating unexpected 

6148
05:36:05,300 --> 05:36:07,500
conversations. 
That wouldn't happen in more 

6149
05:36:07,500 --> 05:36:09,100
conventional seating 
arrangements. 

6150
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:13,300
She's invited Pablo's to perform
bringing one of the world's 

6151
05:36:13,300 --> 05:36:15,600
greatest selling out of semi 
Rhett. 

6152
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:18,600
And play in a room filled with 
people, who will remember this 

6153
05:36:18,600 --> 05:36:20,300
evening for the rest of their 
lives. 

6154
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,400
The Diplomatic Corps in 
Washington starts, to notice 

6155
05:36:23,400 --> 05:36:27,100
that invitations to White House 
events have become genuinely 

6156
05:36:27,100 --> 05:36:31,800
desirable, not just obligatory 
ambassadors, discover that these

6157
05:36:31,800 --> 05:36:34,800
aren't stuffy Formal Affairs 
where everyone makes careful, 

6158
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:38,400
small talk and leaves early. 
Their evenings were interesting 

6159
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:41,500
things actually happen, where 
you might hear extraordinary 

6160
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,600
music, or meet someone who 
changes, how you think about 

6161
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:47,800
something, the White House 
becomes a place where culture is

6162
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:50,300
taken seriously as its own form 
of national strength. 

6163
05:36:50,300 --> 05:36:54,100
Not just decoration for 
political business, she uses 

6164
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:57,200
fashion the same way. 
Understanding that what she 

6165
05:36:57,200 --> 05:37:00,700
wears to State occasions, sends 
messages about American style 

6166
05:37:00,700 --> 05:37:03,300
and values. 
Her clothes are elegant, but not

6167
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:07,700
ostentatious modern, but not 
flashy demonstrating that 

6168
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:10,300
Americans can appreciate 
sophistication without 

6169
05:37:10,300 --> 05:37:12,400
abandoning their Democratic 
principles. 

6170
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:15,700
When she wears American 
designers to official events. 

6171
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:19,500
She's making a quiet argument 
that American fashion can stand 

6172
05:37:19,508 --> 05:37:21,500
confidently beside your European
tradition. 

6173
05:37:21,500 --> 05:37:24,800
You're watching her prepare for 
a dinner with the president of 

6174
05:37:24,800 --> 05:37:28,400
France and she has chosen 
address in a shade of blue that 

6175
05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:31,500
somehow manages to honor the 
French flag while remaining 

6176
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:35,700
distinctly American in its cut. 
And simplicity Its small thing, 

6177
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:38,700
this choice of color, but it 
communicates thoughtfulness 

6178
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:41,500
about the relationship between 
nation's through the language of

6179
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:44,500
clothing. 
The French who take these 

6180
05:37:44,500 --> 05:37:47,300
details. 
Seriously notice and appreciate 

6181
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:49,700
the gesture the restoration 
work. 

6182
05:37:49,700 --> 05:37:52,600
She's done on the White House 
becomes its own form of cultural

6183
05:37:52,600 --> 05:37:56,400
diplomacy foreign leaders 
touring the renovated rooms, see

6184
05:37:56,400 --> 05:37:58,700
that Americans value, history 
and craftsmanship. 

6185
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:02,500
And that the nation isn't only 
interested in modern progress, 

6186
05:38:02,500 --> 05:38:05,500
but also in preserving and 
honoring its past. 

6187
05:38:05,500 --> 05:38:08,800
She's created an environment 
that argues visually for 

6188
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:12,100
American cultural maturity. 
Demonstrating that the 

6189
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:15,600
relatively Young Nation has 
developed, its own Traditions 

6190
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:18,700
worth maintaining and 
celebrating her approach to 

6191
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:21,400
these diplomatic and cultural 
efforts has a quality of 

6192
05:38:21,408 --> 05:38:23,300
restraint. 
That makes them more powerful. 

6193
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:26,500
She doesn't give speeches about 
the importance of cultural 

6194
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:30,000
exchange, she simply creates 
environments where cultural 

6195
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:32,900
exchange happens. 
Naturally she doesn't announce 

6196
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:35,400
that she studying, French, 
literature or Indian history, 

6197
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:38,500
she just knows enough to ask, 
good question and make 

6198
05:38:38,500 --> 05:38:42,000
meaningful connections. 
She lets the work speak for 

6199
05:38:42,000 --> 05:38:44,000
itself. 
Understanding that the most 

6200
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:47,200
effective diplomacy often 
happens in the spaces between 

6201
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:50,700
official conversations. 
In moments of genuine, human 

6202
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:53,800
connection over shared 
appreciation, for beauty or 

6203
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:56,200
ideas. 
Your standing with her in the 

6204
05:38:56,200 --> 05:38:59,300
White House Garden at dusk after
a state dinner as ended and the 

6205
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:01,900
guests of left. 
She's looking at the Roses, 

6206
05:39:01,900 --> 05:39:04,200
she's a planted. 
Varieties. 

6207
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:06,800
Chosen not just for their 
beauty, but for their historical

6208
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:10,400
connections to American 
Presidents families, even here, 

6209
05:39:10,400 --> 05:39:13,700
in this quiet moment with no 
cameras or audiences. 

6210
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:17,300
She's thinking about how to use 
Beauty and history to tell 

6211
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:20,200
stories about who Americans are 
and what they value. 

6212
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:24,300
The diplomacy continues, even 
when nobody's watching built 

6213
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:26,000
into the very landscape of the 
place. 

6214
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:29,300
She's transformed into something
that represents the nation at 

6215
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:30,800
its most thoughtful and 
welcoming. 

6216
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:32,700
You're in a room full of 
reporters. 

6217
05:39:32,700 --> 05:39:35,300
And there's a question hanging 
in the air about something 

6218
05:39:35,300 --> 05:39:38,700
personal something that pokes at
the boundary between public 

6219
05:39:38,700 --> 05:39:42,300
interest and private life, you 
watch Jackie Kennedy's face. 

6220
05:39:42,300 --> 05:39:45,700
Do something subtle. 
Not quite a smile, not quite a 

6221
05:39:45,700 --> 05:39:48,700
wall going up, but something 
that politely redirects the 

6222
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:52,400
conversation back to territory. 
She's willing to discuss the 

6223
05:39:52,400 --> 05:39:54,700
reporters. 
Don't feel shut down but somehow

6224
05:39:54,700 --> 05:39:57,400
the personal question has been 
answered without actually being 

6225
05:39:57,400 --> 05:40:01,000
answered and the interview 
continues smoothly towards safer

6226
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:03,508
ground. 
This is restraint as a form of 

6227
05:40:03,516 --> 05:40:06,700
power and she's developed it 
into something like an art form 

6228
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:09,000
in an era. 
When television is making 

6229
05:40:09,000 --> 05:40:11,600
everything more visible when 
cameras want to follow 

6230
05:40:11,600 --> 05:40:14,600
presidents families into rooms, 
that previous generations would 

6231
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:17,900
have considered private Is 
figured out how to maintain 

6232
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:20,800
boundaries without seeming cold 
or unfriendly. 

6233
05:40:20,800 --> 05:40:22,900
She understands something 
important. 

6234
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:26,800
You can't control everything 
people say about you, but you 

6235
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:28,900
can control what you give them 
to work with. 

6236
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:32,600
The challenge is unique to her 
generation of first ladies 

6237
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:35,900
Eleanor Roosevelt had to 
navigate radio and newspapers 

6238
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:39,500
but television is different. 
More immediate, more intimate 

6239
05:40:39,500 --> 05:40:42,600
and more hungry for content. 
The cameras want to see 

6240
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:45,900
everything. 
How she raises her children, how

6241
05:40:45,900 --> 05:40:48,700
she, decorates her private 
rooms, what she eats for 

6242
05:40:48,700 --> 05:40:51,300
breakfast, and how she spend a 
weekends? 

6243
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:54,700
She needs to feed this appetite 
enough to maintain public 

6244
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:58,000
interest without surrendering 
the Privacy that makes Family 

6245
05:40:58,000 --> 05:41:00,300
Life. 
Bearable, you're watching her 

6246
05:41:00,300 --> 05:41:03,000
with Caroline and John in the 
white house and there's a 

6247
05:41:03,008 --> 05:41:06,100
careful Corey to what the 
cameras are allowed to capture 

6248
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:10,200
official photographs show, Sweet
Moments children playing in the 

6249
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:13,300
Oval Office family time that 
looks casual, but is actually 

6250
05:41:13,300 --> 05:41:16,700
quite controlled what the 
cameras don't see, is everything

6251
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:19,200
else. 
The normal chaos of children 

6252
05:41:19,200 --> 05:41:23,000
being children, the difficult 
moments, and the private family 

6253
05:41:23,000 --> 05:41:26,500
dynamics that every household 
experience is, but that would 

6254
05:41:26,500 --> 05:41:30,100
become tabloid fodder. 
If revealed she's created a kind

6255
05:41:30,108 --> 05:41:33,500
of protective bubble around her 
children understanding that they

6256
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:37,000
didn't choose this exposure and 
deserve as much normal 

6257
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:38,400
childhood. 
As circumstances. 

6258
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,000
Permit. 
Caroline attends, a small 

6259
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:43,600
school, that Jackie is 
essentially created at the White

6260
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:45,600
House. 
Bringing in other children. 

6261
05:41:45,600 --> 05:41:49,100
So her daughter is an isolated 
but also isn't on display at a 

6262
05:41:49,100 --> 05:41:52,400
regular school, where every 
moment might become news, it's a

6263
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,400
compromise between the demands 
of public life and the needs of 

6264
05:41:55,408 --> 05:41:58,200
a child who just wants to play 
without cameras, documenting, 

6265
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:02,800
every scraped knee, and lost 
tooth. the funny thing is how 

6266
05:42:02,800 --> 05:42:06,600
she uses photography to protect 
privacy by allowing certain 

6267
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:10,200
carefully, managed images, she 
satisfies some of the Public's 

6268
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:14,400
curiosity and reduces the value 
of intrusive Paparazzi shots 

6269
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:17,900
Official photographers Capture 
Moments that show the family as 

6270
05:42:17,900 --> 05:42:21,800
warm and relatable creating a 
narrative that fills the space 

6271
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:23,800
where speculation might 
otherwise grow. 

6272
05:42:23,800 --> 05:42:27,200
Its a sophisticated 
understanding of media relations

6273
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,800
give people enough of what they 
want that they're less desperate

6274
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:34,000
to find what you're hiding. 
Her own public appearances, 

6275
05:42:34,000 --> 05:42:37,600
follow similar principles, she 
gives interviews, but their 

6276
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:40,900
limited and carefully prepared 
she appears at official 

6277
05:42:40,900 --> 05:42:42,400
functions. 
But always with clear, 

6278
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:45,600
boundaries about what 
appropriate to discuss when she 

6279
05:42:45,600 --> 05:42:49,000
does speak publicly her words, 
chosen for their Precision, 

6280
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:52,400
saying exactly what she means to
say, and nothing more. 

6281
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:56,700
She's learned that in politics. 
Vagueness can be useful, but so 

6282
05:42:56,700 --> 05:43:00,800
can specificity knowing which to
use when is part of the skill. 

6283
05:43:01,600 --> 05:43:03,700
Your listening to her, being 
interviewed about the White 

6284
05:43:03,700 --> 05:43:06,400
House, restoration and she's 
doing something interesting. 

6285
05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:11,300
She's genuinely enthusiastic and
knowledgeable sharing details 

6286
05:43:11,300 --> 05:43:14,600
that demonstrate her expertise, 
but she never makes it about 

6287
05:43:14,600 --> 05:43:17,500
herself. 
The focus stays on the history, 

6288
05:43:17,500 --> 05:43:21,200
the Craftsman who made the 
furniture, and the donors who've

6289
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:24,100
contributed pieces. 
She's the narrator of this 

6290
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:27,900
story, not its hero. 
And that modesty makes her more 

6291
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:30,700
likeable while. 
Also deflecting attention from 

6292
05:43:30,700 --> 05:43:32,800
her personal life, onto the 
project itself. 

6293
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:36,900
Pressure on her appearance is 
constant and intense. 

6294
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:39,400
Every outfit is analyzed every 
hairstyle. 

6295
05:43:39,400 --> 05:43:41,200
Discussed. 
And every public appearance 

6296
05:43:41,200 --> 05:43:45,000
dissected for what her choices. 
Might mean, she handles this by 

6297
05:43:45,000 --> 05:43:48,200
developing a consistent style, 
that's elegant, but not flashy. 

6298
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:51,600
Becoming almost a living logo of
American Grace. 

6299
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:56,300
The consistency is strategic. 
When you look essentially the 

6300
05:43:56,300 --> 05:44:00,000
same at every official function,
individual appearances, become 

6301
05:44:00,000 --> 05:44:03,500
less newsworthy, and the focus 
can shift to what you're doing, 

6302
05:44:03,508 --> 05:44:07,200
rather than what you're wearing.
But there's a cost to this 

6303
05:44:07,200 --> 05:44:10,100
restraint that you can sometimes
see if you're paying attention. 

6304
05:44:10,100 --> 05:44:13,900
You're watching her at a 
campaign event during the 1968 

6305
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:16,000
election. 
For just a moment when she 

6306
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:20,400
thinks, nobody's looking her 
face shows fatigue, the constant

6307
05:44:20,400 --> 05:44:23,600
performance of Grace, the 
never-ending requirement to look

6308
05:44:23,600 --> 05:44:27,500
poised and say the right things,
the knowledge that every gesture

6309
05:44:27,500 --> 05:44:31,000
will be analyzed. 
It's exhausting in ways that 

6310
05:44:31,000 --> 05:44:32,900
aren't visible in the official 
photographs. 

6311
05:44:33,800 --> 05:44:37,100
She texts this weariness from 
public view, understanding that 

6312
05:44:37,100 --> 05:44:40,000
showing vulnerability, might be 
interpreted as weakness or 

6313
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:43,700
dissatisfaction, she's trapped 
between an older generation. 

6314
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:47,000
That believed, first ladies 
should be nearly invisible and a

6315
05:44:47,000 --> 05:44:49,700
new generation that wants to 
know everything about everyone. 

6316
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:53,900
She's creating a middle path. 
Visible enough to satisfy modern

6317
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:57,800
expectations, restrained enough 
to maintain dignity and privacy 

6318
05:44:57,800 --> 05:45:00,300
the White House. 
Social secretary, learns to 

6319
05:45:00,300 --> 05:45:03,900
navigate, Jackie's, boundaries 
understanding, which events, the

6320
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:07,500
first lady will attend and which
she'll skip Which photographs 

6321
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,400
are acceptable and which cross 
the line? 

6322
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:13,900
There's a careful gatekeeping 
happening protecting her from 

6323
05:45:13,908 --> 05:45:16,500
becoming Overexposed. 
While ensuring she remains 

6324
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:19,300
enough in the public eye to 
satisfy political requirements. 

6325
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:22,500
It's a delicate balance that 
requires constant adjustment 

6326
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:25,900
reading public, mood while 
maintaining personal limits, 

6327
05:45:25,900 --> 05:45:29,500
you're in a receiving line, at a
state dinner, watching her Greek

6328
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:33,100
guests after guests with what 
looks like genuine warmth, and 

6329
05:45:33,100 --> 05:45:36,600
it probably is genuine for the 
first 20 people. 

6330
05:45:36,600 --> 05:45:39,800
By the time you get to guess 
number 80, the warmth is still 

6331
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:42,600
there on the surface, but you 
can see that she's running on 

6332
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:46,500
reserves performing graciousness
through sheer will and training.

6333
05:45:46,500 --> 05:45:50,300
She's learned to Pace herself to
conserve energy for the moments 

6334
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:54,000
that matter most and to make 
every interaction feel special, 

6335
05:45:54,000 --> 05:45:57,700
even when she had a hundred 
identical interactions. 

6336
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,500
That evening, her relationship 
with the Press is Complicated by

6337
05:46:01,500 --> 05:46:06,100
this restraint, reporters want 
access once stories, and want 

6338
05:46:06,100 --> 05:46:09,500
the Pills that will make their 
articles, interesting, she gives

6339
05:46:09,500 --> 05:46:12,800
them just enough providing 
occasional controlled access 

6340
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:16,100
that creates positive stories 
while denying the kind of 

6341
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:18,300
unlimited access. 
That would turn her family's 

6342
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,800
life into a daily soap, opera 
some reporters, appreciate the 

6343
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:25,500
professionalism others chafe at 
the restrictions frustrated, by 

6344
05:46:25,500 --> 05:46:27,500
their inability, to get the 
intimate details. 

6345
05:46:27,500 --> 05:46:30,600
That sell papers. 
She's particularly protective 

6346
05:46:30,600 --> 05:46:33,700
about political matters, 
understanding that first. 

6347
05:46:33,700 --> 05:46:37,500
Ladies public opinions on policy
could create problems for her 

6348
05:46:37,500 --> 05:46:40,500
husband's Administration. 
When asked about controversial 

6349
05:46:40,500 --> 05:46:45,300
issues, she redirects to save 
topics culture history, and 

6350
05:46:45,300 --> 05:46:49,100
children is not that she lacks a
pinions, but she's made a 

6351
05:46:49,108 --> 05:46:51,700
calculation that expressing them
publicly serves. 

6352
05:46:51,700 --> 05:46:55,100
No useful purpose and creates 
potential complications. 

6353
05:46:55,100 --> 05:46:59,000
The restraint here is strategic 
protecting her husband's 

6354
05:46:59,000 --> 05:47:01,300
political flexibility. 
While maintaining her own 

6355
05:47:01,300 --> 05:47:03,200
influence, through quieter to 
channels. 

6356
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:07,900
You'll sit with her in a private
moment, rare and Reef, and she's

6357
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:10,200
talking about the price of this 
constant performance. 

6358
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:13,900
She doesn't complain. 
Exactly, that's not her style. 

6359
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,400
But she acknowledges that living
in history, Spotlight requires 

6360
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:21,500
giving up kinds of spontaneity 
and privacy that Ordinary People

6361
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:23,800
take for. 
Granted she can't take her 

6362
05:47:23,800 --> 05:47:25,900
children to a park without it 
becoming news. 

6363
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:29,600
She can't have a bad day without
it being interpreted as 

6364
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:32,900
significant, she can't make a 
minor mistake without it being 

6365
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:36,800
magnified into a major story. 
The restraint she practices 

6366
05:47:36,800 --> 05:47:40,400
becomes part of a legacy 
demonstrating a kind of dignity 

6367
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:43,900
that influences how future first
ladies navigate The Impossible 

6368
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:47,500
position of being both private 
citizens and public figures. 

6369
05:47:47,500 --> 05:47:50,900
She shows that it's possible to 
maintain mystery while remaining

6370
05:47:50,900 --> 05:47:54,200
approachable to protect your 
family while serving the public 

6371
05:47:54,200 --> 05:47:56,700
and to be both visible and 
restrained. 

6372
05:47:56,700 --> 05:48:00,600
It's a complicated dance and she
is figured out the steps better 

6373
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:04,200
than almost anyone before her 
creating a template that will 

6374
05:48:04,200 --> 05:48:07,300
influence how public figures 
manage privacy for generations 

6375
05:48:07,300 --> 05:48:10,800
to come your city in front of a 
television on a November 

6376
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:14,400
afternoon in 1963 watching. 
Something that doesn't make 

6377
05:48:14,400 --> 05:48:17,800
sense that your brain keeps 
trying to reject as impossible. 

6378
05:48:18,600 --> 05:48:21,900
The president has been shot. 
The president is dead. 

6379
05:48:21,900 --> 05:48:25,300
The words come through the 
television speaker, but they 

6380
05:48:25,308 --> 05:48:27,000
sound like they're in a foreign 
language. 

6381
05:48:27,000 --> 05:48:29,900
Like, if you just listen more 
carefully, they'll rearrange 

6382
05:48:29,900 --> 05:48:31,800
themselves into something that 
can be true. 

6383
05:48:31,800 --> 05:48:36,000
Jacqueline Kennedy is 34 years 
old and in the space of a few 

6384
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:38,000
hours, her life is split into 
before. 

6385
05:48:38,000 --> 05:48:41,300
And after with such violence 
that the division will never 

6386
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:43,800
fully heal. 
You see her on the television 

6387
05:48:43,800 --> 05:48:45,800
and there's blood on her pink 
suit. 

6388
05:48:46,500 --> 05:48:49,600
The president's blood your mind 
supplies reluctantly. 

6389
05:48:50,400 --> 05:48:52,000
And she's refused to change out 
of it. 

6390
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:55,200
She wants people to see what 
they've done though who exactly?

6391
05:48:55,200 --> 05:48:59,400
They are isn't clear yet and 
maybe it never will be what 

6392
05:48:59,400 --> 05:49:03,000
happens over the next four days 
becomes a kind of masterclass in

6393
05:49:03,000 --> 05:49:05,500
how to transform private grief 
into public comfort. 

6394
05:49:06,400 --> 05:49:09,300
How to help a nation mourn when 
your own mourning is a wound 

6395
05:49:09,300 --> 05:49:12,000
that still bleeding. 
She makes decisions in those 

6396
05:49:12,000 --> 05:49:15,000
days that shape our American's 
will remember this moment for 

6397
05:49:15,000 --> 05:49:18,400
the rest of the century and she 
makes them while carrying a 

6398
05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:22,200
weight of personal loss, that 
would break most people watching

6399
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:25,100
her plan, the funeral and she is
thinking about Abraham Lincoln. 

6400
05:49:26,100 --> 05:49:28,400
Not because the two 
assassinations are alike in 

6401
05:49:28,400 --> 05:49:31,700
their circumstances, but because
Lincoln's funeral created 

6402
05:49:31,700 --> 05:49:34,700
template for how America Mourns 
its Fallen leaders. 

6403
05:49:34,700 --> 05:49:38,500
She remembers the photographs, 
she seen a horse drawn case on 

6404
05:49:38,500 --> 05:49:41,900
the riderless horse with boots 
reversed in the stirrups, the 

6405
05:49:41,900 --> 05:49:45,000
long slow procession through 
streets lined with grieving 

6406
05:49:45,000 --> 05:49:48,300
citizens. 
She's going to recreate that not

6407
05:49:48,300 --> 05:49:51,200
because she's thinking about 
history in this moment, but 

6408
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:54,500
because history offers a 
structure to hold grief, that 

6409
05:49:54,500 --> 05:49:57,100
might otherwise become shapeless
and overwhelming. 

6410
05:49:57,900 --> 05:50:01,800
Planning happens in fragments in
moments, snatched between waves 

6411
05:50:01,800 --> 05:50:05,400
of shock and sorrow. 
She specific about details that 

6412
05:50:05,400 --> 05:50:08,700
might seem trivial to others but
matter immensely to her. 

6413
05:50:09,900 --> 05:50:11,900
The case on should be the same 
one that carried. 

6414
05:50:11,900 --> 05:50:15,700
Franklyn, D Rosevelt, the music 
should include the Navy, Hymn 

6415
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:19,800
the burial should be at darling 
to where rows of white markers 

6416
05:50:19,800 --> 05:50:22,200
testify to other sacrifices for 
the nation. 

6417
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,500
She's creating a ritual that 
will help millions of people 

6418
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:28,200
process. 
What feels unprocessable and 

6419
05:50:28,200 --> 05:50:30,100
she's doing it. 
While her own children need to 

6420
05:50:30,100 --> 05:50:33,800
explain why their father won't 
be coming home your standing on 

6421
05:50:33,800 --> 05:50:37,500
a street corner, in Washington, 
as the funeral procession passes

6422
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:39,900
and the silence is 
extraordinary. 

6423
05:50:40,700 --> 05:50:44,500
Of thousands of people have come
to witness this and nobody's 

6424
05:50:44,500 --> 05:50:47,500
speaking above a whisper. 
The only sounds or horses, 

6425
05:50:47,500 --> 05:50:51,500
hooves on pavement, the wheels 
of the case on and the muffled 

6426
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:53,400
drums that Mark time for the 
slow March. 

6427
05:50:54,200 --> 05:50:57,900
And there's Jackie walking 
behind the case on leading A 

6428
05:50:57,900 --> 05:51:00,600
procession of world leaders 
who've come to pay respects. 

6429
05:51:00,600 --> 05:51:03,600
She's wearing a black veil and 
beneath it. 

6430
05:51:03,600 --> 05:51:07,700
Her face is composed in a way 
that looks almost peaceful as if

6431
05:51:07,708 --> 05:51:11,600
she's found some private place 
inside herself where grief can 

6432
05:51:11,600 --> 05:51:15,600
coexist with Duty, the image of 
her lighting, the Eternal Flame 

6433
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:18,800
at the grave side becomes one of
the most powerful photographs of

6434
05:51:18,808 --> 05:51:21,300
the decade. 
You can see in that gesture. 

6435
05:51:21,300 --> 05:51:24,500
Something about permanent in the
face of loss, about creating 

6436
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:27,700
markers that will Outlast 
individual memory Sheesh, she's 

6437
05:51:27,700 --> 05:51:30,600
thinking about people who will 
visit this grave 50 years from 

6438
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:34,300
now, 100 years from now. 
And she's giving them a focal 

6439
05:51:34,300 --> 05:51:37,300
point for reflection. 
A place where the symbol of the 

6440
05:51:37,300 --> 05:51:41,400
Eternal Flame, suggest that some
lights don't go out, even when 

6441
05:51:41,400 --> 05:51:43,400
the people who carry them are 
gone. 

6442
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:46,600
What she's doing in these days 
is creating what will come to be

6443
05:51:46,600 --> 05:51:49,500
called Camelot a way of 
remembering the Kennedy 

6444
05:51:49,500 --> 05:51:52,900
administration that emphasizes 
its Grace and promise, rather 

6445
05:51:52,900 --> 05:51:56,000
than its incompleteness and 
tragedy a week after the 

6446
05:51:56,000 --> 05:51:58,200
funeral. 
She invites journalists her home

6447
05:51:58,200 --> 05:52:02,600
and talks about how her husband 
loved the musical Camelot How we

6448
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:05,900
would play the original cast 
recording before bed and had a 

6449
05:52:05,908 --> 05:52:10,000
particular affection for the 
lines about one brief Shining 

6450
05:52:10,000 --> 05:52:12,700
Moment. 
You're listening to this 

6451
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,600
interview and you understand 
that she's consciously shaping 

6452
05:52:15,600 --> 05:52:18,500
memory, creating a narrative 
that will give people Something 

6453
05:52:18,500 --> 05:52:22,500
Beautiful to hold on to rather 
than just grief and questions 

6454
05:52:22,500 --> 05:52:25,300
without answers. 
Some will later criticized this 

6455
05:52:25,300 --> 05:52:28,600
as myth, making as a false 
history that obscures, more 

6456
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:31,100
complex truths about the 
Kennedy, president sea. 

6457
05:52:31,100 --> 05:52:35,200
But in the moment, what she's 
offering is Comfort a waiter. 

6458
05:52:35,208 --> 05:52:38,800
Remember that feels sustainable 
that allows for morning without 

6459
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:42,200
becoming mired in despair. 
The Camelot frame gives people 

6460
05:52:42,200 --> 05:52:44,800
permission to grieve for what 
might have been rather than 

6461
05:52:44,800 --> 05:52:48,100
getting stuck in. 
What was it transforms a 

6462
05:52:48,100 --> 05:52:51,600
president, see cut short, into a
symbol of possibility letting 

6463
05:52:51,600 --> 05:52:53,500
Americans project their hopes 
onto. 

6464
05:52:53,500 --> 05:52:57,100
What might have happened if 
those Thousand Days had become a

6465
05:52:57,100 --> 05:53:01,000
Year's, it's not entirely Fair. 
No, president could live up to 

6466
05:53:01,000 --> 05:53:04,400
the idealized version she's 
creating, but fairness isn't the

6467
05:53:04,400 --> 05:53:06,900
point. 
The point is helping a nation 

6468
05:53:06,900 --> 05:53:09,800
wounded by violence. 
Find a way to move forward, 

6469
05:53:09,800 --> 05:53:13,300
without simply moving on. 
Your watching her with Caroline 

6470
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:16,300
and John in the months after the
assassination and the public 

6471
05:53:16,300 --> 05:53:19,600
rarely sees this part. 
Is trying to maintain some 

6472
05:53:19,600 --> 05:53:22,400
normalcy for children, who've 
lost their father and their home

6473
05:53:22,400 --> 05:53:25,700
simultaneously, who have watched
their mother become an icon of 

6474
05:53:25,700 --> 05:53:27,200
grief in addition to being their
mother. 

6475
05:53:27,200 --> 05:53:30,800
She reads them stories about 
their father, creating a 

6476
05:53:30,800 --> 05:53:33,100
narrative that will let them 
know him as more than just 

6477
05:53:33,100 --> 05:53:37,100
photographs and public memory. 
She's protecting their right to 

6478
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:40,400
mourn privately, while the 
nation Mourns publicly. 

6479
05:53:41,100 --> 05:53:44,900
The funny thing, though, funny 
isn't quite the right word is 

6480
05:53:44,900 --> 05:53:47,900
how her Grace under this 
impossible pressure becomes its 

6481
05:53:47,900 --> 05:53:51,700
own form of comfort to others. 
People who've lost loved ones. 

6482
05:53:51,700 --> 05:53:55,000
Find something in her example 
that helps them bear their own 

6483
05:53:55,000 --> 05:53:58,800
grief, she is demonstrating that
it's possible to be broken and 

6484
05:53:58,800 --> 05:54:02,200
still functioning to carry loss 
and still create meaning. 

6485
05:54:02,200 --> 05:54:05,400
And to mourn deeply, while 
continuing to care for others 

6486
05:54:05,400 --> 05:54:08,000
who need you, she is not trying 
to be an example. 

6487
05:54:08,000 --> 05:54:11,800
She's just trying to survive, 
but the example happens anyway. 

6488
05:54:12,600 --> 05:54:16,200
Letters pour in from around the 
world, millions of them from 

6489
05:54:16,200 --> 05:54:19,100
people who want to express their
sympathy and their admiration. 

6490
05:54:19,100 --> 05:54:22,000
You're in a room where some of 
these letters are being sorted 

6491
05:54:22,000 --> 05:54:25,800
and the pile, never seems to get
smaller, they come from heads of

6492
05:54:25,800 --> 05:54:28,700
state and from schoolchildren 
from veterans. 

6493
05:54:28,700 --> 05:54:32,000
And from people who've never 
been interested in politics, but

6494
05:54:32,000 --> 05:54:34,700
felt moved by the dignity. 
With which she's carried this 

6495
05:54:34,700 --> 05:54:36,900
burden. 
She won't read most of them. 

6496
05:54:36,900 --> 05:54:40,300
There aren't enough hours in a 
lifetime, but knowing they 

6497
05:54:40,300 --> 05:54:43,800
exist, offers its own kind of 
comfort evidence that the 

6498
05:54:43,800 --> 05:54:46,300
private suffering has been 
witnessed and honored. 

6499
05:54:46,300 --> 05:54:49,600
She makes a decision to leave 
Washington understanding that 

6500
05:54:49,600 --> 05:54:52,400
she can't rebuild a life in a 
city where every street corner 

6501
05:54:52,400 --> 05:54:54,000
holds memories of what's been 
lost. 

6502
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:57,600
She moves to New York creating 
distance from the political 

6503
05:54:57,600 --> 05:55:01,200
world that's continued without 
her husband starting over in a 

6504
05:55:01,208 --> 05:55:04,000
place where she can be something
other than history Widow. 

6505
05:55:04,000 --> 05:55:07,200
But the image from those 
November days, the composed face

6506
05:55:07,200 --> 05:55:10,000
Beneath The Veil, The steady 
walk by the case. 

6507
05:55:10,000 --> 05:55:13,900
In the hand, lighting the 
eternal Flame that image, 

6508
05:55:13,900 --> 05:55:18,000
persists, coming short-hand for 
a kind of strength that doesn't 

6509
05:55:18,000 --> 05:55:22,000
announce itself but simply 
endures you're in New York City 

6510
05:55:22,000 --> 05:55:25,900
in 1964 and Jackie Kennedy is 
learning to be someone other 

6511
05:55:25,900 --> 05:55:29,300
than a first lady the apartment.
She's chosen on Fifth Avenue, 

6512
05:55:29,308 --> 05:55:32,800
Overlook Central Park. 
Offering views that change with 

6513
05:55:32,800 --> 05:55:36,900
the seasons bare branches in 
Winter, explosive Green in 

6514
05:55:36,900 --> 05:55:39,700
Spring and the golden fade of 
Autumn. 

6515
05:55:39,700 --> 05:55:42,400
It's deliberately far from 
Washington's political 

6516
05:55:42,400 --> 05:55:45,700
landscape. 
A fresh start in a city that's 

6517
05:55:45,700 --> 05:55:49,000
used to celebrities and knows 
how to let them blend into 

6518
05:55:49,000 --> 05:55:51,700
crowds. 
The transition is harder than 

6519
05:55:51,700 --> 05:55:54,600
anyone from outside, might guess
for three years. 

6520
05:55:54,600 --> 05:55:59,000
Every day had structure provided
by official schedules, social 

6521
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:02,500
secretaries and staff, who 
manage the logistics of life. 

6522
05:56:02,500 --> 05:56:04,900
Now, she's responsible for 
ordinary things. 

6523
05:56:04,900 --> 05:56:08,700
Making sure there's food in the 
apartment, arranging Caroline 

6524
05:56:08,700 --> 05:56:11,500
school schedule, and figuring 
out how to move through the 

6525
05:56:11,500 --> 05:56:13,900
world as a private citizen 
whoso. 

6526
05:56:13,900 --> 05:56:17,100
One of the most recognizable 
people on Earth, you're with her

6527
05:56:17,108 --> 05:56:19,800
on a relatively ordinary 
afternoon walking through the 

6528
05:56:19,800 --> 05:56:22,800
city and you notice how she's 
developed techniques for 

6529
05:56:22,800 --> 05:56:26,700
navigating public space. 
She wears large sunglasses, that

6530
05:56:26,700 --> 05:56:30,000
hide much of her face. 
She moves quickly with purpose 

6531
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:32,400
signaling to passes by that 
she's busy rather than 

6532
05:56:32,400 --> 05:56:35,300
unavailable for conversation. 
She's learning, which 

6533
05:56:35,300 --> 05:56:38,400
restaurants, have private 
entrances, which stores will let

6534
05:56:38,400 --> 05:56:41,500
her shop after hours, and which 
parks are busy enough that she 

6535
05:56:41,500 --> 05:56:44,700
can disappear into the crowd, 
but not so crowded that. 

6536
05:56:44,700 --> 05:56:47,200
She'll be constantly recognized 
the work. 

6537
05:56:47,200 --> 05:56:49,900
She begins to do is different 
from anything she's done before,

6538
05:56:49,900 --> 05:56:53,800
she takes a job as an editor at 
Viking press later, moving to 

6539
05:56:53,800 --> 05:56:57,500
Doubleday and she's genuinely 
good at it, you're watching her 

6540
05:56:57,500 --> 05:57:00,900
editor manuscript and the marks 
she makes on the pages show real

6541
05:57:00,900 --> 05:57:04,900
skill, she can see where a 
narrative, drags where a 

6542
05:57:04,900 --> 05:57:07,800
description needs sharpening and
where an author has been too 

6543
05:57:07,800 --> 05:57:09,900
close to their material to 
notice repetition. 

6544
05:57:09,900 --> 05:57:13,000
She's applying the same 
attention to detail, she brought

6545
05:57:13,000 --> 05:57:16,300
to the White House restoration 
but now she shaping words 

6546
05:57:16,300 --> 05:57:20,100
instead of rooms her colleague's
learned to treat her like any 

6547
05:57:20,100 --> 05:57:22,200
other editor, which is what she 
wants. 

6548
05:57:22,200 --> 05:57:25,300
There are moments of humor in 
the office when someone forgets 

6549
05:57:25,300 --> 05:57:28,300
who she is and starts to gossip 
about recent political events, 

6550
05:57:29,400 --> 05:57:32,800
Then catchers herself 
mid-central realizing she's 

6551
05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:35,500
talking to someone who lived the
history, their discussing as 

6552
05:57:35,500 --> 05:57:39,200
gossip, she is gracious about 
these moments understanding 

6553
05:57:39,200 --> 05:57:40,800
that. 
People need time to adjust to 

6554
05:57:40,800 --> 05:57:43,300
her presence to learn how to be 
natural around. 

6555
05:57:43,300 --> 05:57:46,000
Someone whose face has been on 
More Magazine covers than, they 

6556
05:57:46,000 --> 05:57:49,100
could count the book. 
She chooses to work on reveal 

6557
05:57:49,100 --> 05:57:51,800
interests that were always 
there, but couldn't be fully 

6558
05:57:51,800 --> 05:57:53,600
explored during her White House 
years. 

6559
05:57:54,500 --> 05:57:58,000
She edits books about 
photography about ballet and 

6560
05:57:58,000 --> 05:58:02,100
about historical preservation. 
She works on Memoirs of artists 

6561
05:58:02,100 --> 05:58:05,200
and writers, helping them shape,
their stories for public 

6562
05:58:05,200 --> 05:58:07,900
consumption. 
She's drawn to projects about 

6563
05:58:07,900 --> 05:58:11,400
beauty and culture but also to 
stories about people who have 

6564
05:58:11,408 --> 05:58:14,700
overcome difficulties and who've
rebuilt after loss. 

6565
05:58:14,700 --> 05:58:17,800
The work is Meaningful to her. 
In ways that go beyond the 

6566
05:58:17,808 --> 05:58:21,300
professional satisfaction, it's 
a connection to the world of 

6567
05:58:21,300 --> 05:58:24,400
ideas and creativity that 
politics only occasionally 

6568
05:58:24,400 --> 05:58:26,800
touches you're at a publishing 
party with her. 

6569
05:58:26,800 --> 05:58:29,800
And she's talking with an author
whose biography she's been 

6570
05:58:29,800 --> 05:58:32,500
editing and there's a quality to
the conversation. 

6571
05:58:32,500 --> 05:58:34,400
That's different from political 
small talk. 

6572
05:58:34,400 --> 05:58:38,400
This is a genuine exchange of 
ideas, questioning about 

6573
05:58:38,400 --> 05:58:41,800
historical interpretation and 
discussion of how to balance 

6574
05:58:41,800 --> 05:58:45,500
accuracy with readability. 
She is intellectually engaged in

6575
05:58:45,500 --> 05:58:48,700
ways that the role of first lady
for all its importance didn't 

6576
05:58:48,700 --> 05:58:51,400
always allow her. 
Children are growing up in this 

6577
05:58:51,400 --> 05:58:54,400
new life and she is fiercely 
protective of their privacy. 

6578
05:58:54,400 --> 05:58:58,500
Caroline attend a prestigious 
Manhattan school but Jackie's 

6579
05:58:58,500 --> 05:59:01,000
made it clear to other parents 
and to the school administration

6580
05:59:01,000 --> 05:59:03,900
that her daughter should be 
treated like any other student. 

6581
05:59:03,900 --> 05:59:05,800
No special. 
Privileges. 

6582
05:59:06,600 --> 05:59:09,600
No extra attention. 
When photographers try to catch 

6583
05:59:09,600 --> 05:59:13,500
pictures of the children, she 
confronts them directly asking 

6584
05:59:13,500 --> 05:59:15,100
them. 
To imagine how they'd feel if 

6585
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:17,000
their own children couldn't play
without cameras. 

6586
05:59:17,000 --> 05:59:20,800
Documenting every moment the 
work of being Jacqueline Kennedy

6587
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:23,500
separate from being Jackie, 
Kennedy Onassis that comes later

6588
05:59:23,500 --> 05:59:27,200
involves finding ways to honor 
what came before while building 

6589
05:59:27,200 --> 05:59:30,100
something new. 
She establishes a foundation to 

6590
05:59:30,100 --> 05:59:33,800
support the Arts channeling. 
The public's continued interest 

6591
05:59:33,800 --> 05:59:35,900
in her toward causes that matter
to her. 

6592
05:59:35,900 --> 05:59:39,400
She writes letters to donors and
Foundations, applying the 

6593
05:59:39,400 --> 05:59:41,900
Diplomatic skills. 
She learned during State visits 

6594
05:59:41,900 --> 05:59:46,200
to the work of fundraising and 
advocacy, She still using her 

6595
05:59:46,200 --> 05:59:50,000
Fame, but now she's directing it
rather than being directed by it

6596
05:59:50,000 --> 05:59:53,000
with her, at a fundraising Gala 
for historic preservation. 

6597
05:59:53,000 --> 05:59:55,900
And she's giving a speech. 
That's characteristically, 

6598
05:59:55,900 --> 05:59:59,200
modest, but effective, She talks
about the importance of 

6599
05:59:59,200 --> 06:00:02,200
maintaining buildings that 
connect present generations to 

6600
06:00:02,200 --> 06:00:05,300
the Past. 
About how physical space is hold

6601
06:00:05,300 --> 06:00:08,200
memories and meaning that can't 
be recreated if they're lost. 

6602
06:00:08,200 --> 06:00:11,700
She's applying lessons from the 
White House, restoration to a 

6603
06:00:11,700 --> 06:00:15,100
broader context arguing for 
preservation as a public good 

6604
06:00:15,100 --> 06:00:19,000
rather than a luxury. 
The crowd responds warmly and 

6605
06:00:19,000 --> 06:00:21,400
afterwards checks are written, 
that will save building shall 

6606
06:00:21,400 --> 06:00:23,400
never personally visit. 
But who survival? 

6607
06:00:23,400 --> 06:00:26,600
She has helped ensure the funny 
moments in this new life. 

6608
06:00:26,600 --> 06:00:30,200
Often involve the disconnect 
between her Public Image and her

6609
06:00:30,200 --> 06:00:34,200
private interests. 
She loves watching television, a

6610
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:35,600
specially coverage of sporting 
events. 

6611
06:00:36,600 --> 06:00:39,400
She follows tennis closely and 
becomes an avid fan of 

6612
06:00:39,408 --> 06:00:42,600
professional cycling. 
She enjoys going to the movies 

6613
06:00:42,600 --> 06:00:44,500
though. 
She has to time it carefully to 

6614
06:00:44,500 --> 06:00:46,600
avoid crowds, that might 
recognize her. 

6615
06:00:47,300 --> 06:00:50,500
She reads, voraciously 
everything from dense, 

6616
06:00:50,500 --> 06:00:54,600
historical biographies to 
trashy, novels finding pleasure 

6617
06:00:54,600 --> 06:00:57,400
in the Escape, that books, 
provide these ordinary 

6618
06:00:57,400 --> 06:01:00,400
enjoyments exist. 
Alongside the extraordinary fact

6619
06:01:00,400 --> 06:01:04,700
of who she is, creating a life 
that simultaneously normal and 

6620
06:01:04,700 --> 06:01:08,800
utterly unique her Friendship 
Circle, expands to include 

6621
06:01:08,800 --> 06:01:13,000
people from outside politics, 
artists, writers, musicians, and

6622
06:01:13,000 --> 06:01:16,400
people who value her for her 
mind and Company rather than her

6623
06:01:16,400 --> 06:01:19,300
connections to power, your 
rather dinner party at her 

6624
06:01:19,300 --> 06:01:22,400
apartment and the conversation 
ranges from recent. 

6625
06:01:22,400 --> 06:01:26,100
Exhibitions at the Metropolitan 
Museum to gossip about the 

6626
06:01:26,100 --> 06:01:30,400
publishing industry to someone's
recent trip to Cambodia, she's 

6627
06:01:30,400 --> 06:01:33,500
created a social world that 
feeds her intellectual interests

6628
06:01:33,500 --> 06:01:36,500
while maintaining the Privacy. 
She needs to feel like herself. 

6629
06:01:37,700 --> 06:01:40,400
The relationship with our 
children deepens in ways that 

6630
06:01:40,400 --> 06:01:43,600
were harder during the White 
House years without the constant

6631
06:01:43,600 --> 06:01:46,300
demands of official duties. 
She has time to be present in 

6632
06:01:46,300 --> 06:01:49,700
ordinary ways, helping with 
homework, taking them to 

6633
06:01:49,700 --> 06:01:52,500
appointments and being there. 
When they come home from school,

6634
06:01:52,500 --> 06:01:56,200
she's building normal rhythms 
that were impossible when every 

6635
06:01:56,200 --> 06:01:59,600
day was scheduled months in 
advance, and private family time

6636
06:01:59,600 --> 06:02:01,800
had to be carved out of public 
obligation. 

6637
06:02:01,800 --> 06:02:05,100
You're in the apartment on a 
quiet evening and she's looking 

6638
06:02:05,100 --> 06:02:07,000
through photographs from the 
White House years. 

6639
06:02:07,000 --> 06:02:09,800
Organizing them for the 
Presidential Library. 

6640
06:02:09,800 --> 06:02:12,500
She's creating a different kind 
of Legacy. 

6641
06:02:12,500 --> 06:02:15,600
Now, one that's about preserving
accurate memory, rather than 

6642
06:02:15,600 --> 06:02:18,700
shaping public perception, the 
work is bitter, sweet. 

6643
06:02:18,700 --> 06:02:22,300
Each photograph holds both the 
warmth of good memories and the 

6644
06:02:22,308 --> 06:02:25,900
sharp pain of the loss, but it's
important to her that history 

6645
06:02:25,900 --> 06:02:29,300
has access to authentic records.
Rather than just official 

6646
06:02:29,300 --> 06:02:32,600
narratives, she maintains 
connections to washing, but on 

6647
06:02:32,600 --> 06:02:36,100
her own terms, attending events 
that matter to her while 

6648
06:02:36,100 --> 06:02:39,400
declining invitations to 
Everything else she's learned 

6649
06:02:39,400 --> 06:02:42,900
that she can pick and choose but
people will accept her absence 

6650
06:02:42,900 --> 06:02:44,600
because they're grateful when 
she does appear. 

6651
06:02:45,700 --> 06:02:48,900
Created boundaries that allow 
her to engage with political and

6652
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:52,200
cultural life without being 
consumed by it the years pass. 

6653
06:02:52,200 --> 06:02:55,600
And gradually Jackie Kennedy 
becomes a person who exists 

6654
06:02:55,600 --> 06:02:59,400
primarily in history books, and 
photographs rather than in daily

6655
06:02:59,400 --> 06:03:03,100
news coverage. 
She becomes Jackie Onassis after

6656
06:03:03,100 --> 06:03:06,700
her marriage to Aristotle. 
Onassis adding another chapter 

6657
06:03:06,700 --> 06:03:09,800
to a life that's already 
contained more chapters than 

6658
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:11,200
most people could imagine 
living. 

6659
06:03:11,200 --> 06:03:14,300
But underneath the various 
public identities, she's 

6660
06:03:14,300 --> 06:03:17,600
building something more 
fundamental, Private life that 

6661
06:03:17,600 --> 06:03:20,500
belongs to her. 
Filled with work, she finds 

6662
06:03:20,500 --> 06:03:24,300
meaningful friendship. 
She values and the ordinary 

6663
06:03:24,300 --> 06:03:28,000
pleasures of existence that 
aren't documented or analyzed or

6664
06:03:28,000 --> 06:03:29,500
judged by audience's. 
Who feel? 

6665
06:03:29,500 --> 06:03:33,300
They have a clay on her story. 
You're in a library years after 

6666
06:03:33,300 --> 06:03:35,800
the events you've been following
and you're looking at how 

6667
06:03:35,800 --> 06:03:38,400
history has processed 
Jacqueline, Kennedy's Legacy, 

6668
06:03:38,400 --> 06:03:43,200
the books are numerous 
biographies analysis coffee 

6669
06:03:43,200 --> 06:03:47,500
table, volumes focused on her 
style and Serious academic Works

6670
06:03:47,500 --> 06:03:51,000
examining her cultural influence
each one captures, something 

6671
06:03:51,000 --> 06:03:53,900
true. 
But incomplete like photographs 

6672
06:03:53,900 --> 06:03:56,600
that freeze individual moments 
without quite catching the 

6673
06:03:56,600 --> 06:03:59,400
motion between them. 
What's interesting is what 

6674
06:03:59,400 --> 06:04:03,100
persists, and what fades the 
clothing that seemed so 

6675
06:04:03,100 --> 06:04:05,600
important. 
At the time, the pillbox hats, 

6676
06:04:05,600 --> 06:04:09,200
the simple dresses, the specific
shade of her lipstick These 

6677
06:04:09,200 --> 06:04:13,100
become period details markers of
an error is aesthetic, rather 

6678
06:04:13,100 --> 06:04:16,900
than timeless style. 
But something else Remains the 

6679
06:04:16,900 --> 06:04:20,300
idea that beauty and culture 
matter that, how we present 

6680
06:04:20,300 --> 06:04:23,800
ourselves and our institutions 
isn't superficial, but 

6681
06:04:23,800 --> 06:04:26,400
communicate something essential 
about our values. 

6682
06:04:26,400 --> 06:04:29,400
You're walking through the White
House in the present day 

6683
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:33,600
decades, after she left it and 
every room she restored still 

6684
06:04:33,600 --> 06:04:36,800
carries her influence later. 
First lady of made their own 

6685
06:04:36,800 --> 06:04:38,700
changes and added their own 
touches. 

6686
06:04:38,700 --> 06:04:42,600
But the fundamental approach she
established treating the White 

6687
06:04:42,600 --> 06:04:44,500
House as a museum of American 
History. 

6688
06:04:44,500 --> 06:04:48,600
Rather than just a residents 
continues, the guidebooks 

6689
06:04:48,600 --> 06:04:51,800
visitors receive reference her 
work, the nonprofit. 

6690
06:04:51,800 --> 06:04:54,300
She established still raises 
funds for preservation. 

6691
06:04:54,300 --> 06:04:59,100
She created a structure that 
outlasted her tenure ensuring 

6692
06:04:59,100 --> 06:05:02,000
that no single person could 
dismantle what she built. 

6693
06:05:02,000 --> 06:05:05,000
The cultural diplomacy. 
She practiced has become 

6694
06:05:05,000 --> 06:05:08,700
standard almost unremarkable in 
its normalization. 

6695
06:05:09,300 --> 06:05:11,600
Modern, first, ladies, 
routinely, promote, American 

6696
06:05:11,600 --> 06:05:15,700
Arts abroad, invite artists to 
the White House and used State 

6697
06:05:15,700 --> 06:05:17,700
dinners as opportunities for 
cultural exchange. 

6698
06:05:17,700 --> 06:05:20,600
It's so common. 
Now that it's easy to forget, 

6699
06:05:20,600 --> 06:05:23,800
there was a time when this 
wasn't automatic, when someone 

6700
06:05:23,800 --> 06:05:26,400
had to demonstrate that it was 
valuable and possible. 

6701
06:05:26,400 --> 06:05:30,400
She created a template that 
became a tradition, the talking 

6702
06:05:30,408 --> 06:05:33,300
with someone who works in 
historic preservation and they 

6703
06:05:33,308 --> 06:05:37,300
mentioned almost casually how 
Jackie Kennedy's work changed 

6704
06:05:37,300 --> 06:05:39,600
American attitudes toward Old 
buildings. 

6705
06:05:40,400 --> 06:05:42,900
Before her restoration of the 
White House, there was an 

6706
06:05:42,900 --> 06:05:45,900
assumption that progress meant 
replacing old things with new 

6707
06:05:45,900 --> 06:05:49,400
ones that historical building 
should make way for modern 

6708
06:05:49,400 --> 06:05:51,600
development. 
She demonstrated that 

6709
06:05:51,600 --> 06:05:54,000
preservation could be Forward 
Thinking rather than 

6710
06:05:54,000 --> 06:05:57,100
backward-looking That 
maintaining connections to the 

6711
06:05:57,100 --> 06:05:59,800
Past could co-exist with 
embracing the future. 

6712
06:05:59,800 --> 06:06:03,900
The funny thing about her 
privacy campaigns, her Fierce 

6713
06:06:03,900 --> 06:06:07,100
protection of her children. 
Her refusal to let cameras into 

6714
06:06:07,100 --> 06:06:10,300
every corner of her, life is how
prescient they look. 

6715
06:06:10,300 --> 06:06:13,800
Now, in an age where privacy is 
becoming increasingly difficult 

6716
06:06:13,800 --> 06:06:17,300
to maintain where social media 
encourages constant 

6717
06:06:17,300 --> 06:06:22,000
self-exposure her insistence on 
boundaries, seems not outdated 

6718
06:06:22,000 --> 06:06:25,700
but sophisticated she understood
something about the corrosive 

6719
06:06:25,700 --> 06:06:29,200
effects of total visibility that
many people are only beginning 

6720
06:06:29,200 --> 06:06:31,700
to recognize. 
You're watching a documentary 

6721
06:06:31,700 --> 06:06:35,200
about the Kennedy administration
and the narrator is discussing, 

6722
06:06:35,200 --> 06:06:39,000
Camelot the mythology Jackie 
created in the days after the 

6723
06:06:39,000 --> 06:06:42,600
assassination, the documentary 
is careful to note the gap 

6724
06:06:42,600 --> 06:06:46,600
between myth and reality to 
point out, policies and actions 

6725
06:06:46,600 --> 06:06:50,000
that complicate The idealized 
Narrative, but even as it 

6726
06:06:50,000 --> 06:06:53,600
deconstructs, the myth, the 
documentary can't quite Escape 

6727
06:06:53,600 --> 06:06:57,100
it, those thousand. 
Days continue to Shimmer with a 

6728
06:06:57,108 --> 06:07:00,800
special quality, a sense of 
possibility that persists, 

6729
06:07:00,800 --> 06:07:04,000
despite all the evidence of 
limitation and failure that 

6730
06:07:04,000 --> 06:07:08,500
historical analysis provides. 
The generation of Americans who 

6731
06:07:08,500 --> 06:07:11,800
were children when Kennedy was 
president, who watched Jackie, 

6732
06:07:11,800 --> 06:07:15,200
like the eternal flame on their 
television sets, carry something

6733
06:07:15,200 --> 06:07:18,200
of her influence in how they 
think about leadership and loss.

6734
06:07:18,200 --> 06:07:21,500
They learned from her example, 
that grief can be born with 

6735
06:07:21,500 --> 06:07:26,600
dignity that public duty can 
co-exist with private pain and 

6736
06:07:26,600 --> 06:07:29,400
that it's possible to create 
meaning in the face of tragedy. 

6737
06:07:29,400 --> 06:07:32,900
These aren't lessons, you can 
really teach, they have to be 

6738
06:07:32,908 --> 06:07:36,400
demonstrated lived in full View 
and embodied rather than 

6739
06:07:36,400 --> 06:07:38,400
explained, you're in a 
bookstore. 

6740
06:07:38,400 --> 06:07:41,200
And you notice how many 
different kinds of books bear in

6741
06:07:41,200 --> 06:07:43,600
fluent without necessarily 
mentioning her name. 

6742
06:07:44,500 --> 06:07:48,200
Books about interior design that
emphasizes historical accuracy 

6743
06:07:48,200 --> 06:07:51,800
books about fashion, that argue 
for Elegance over trendiness 

6744
06:07:51,800 --> 06:07:55,200
books, about parenting that 
discuss protecting children's 

6745
06:07:55,200 --> 06:07:57,500
privacy. 
But talks about grief, that 

6746
06:07:57,500 --> 06:08:00,600
acknowledge the necessity of 
both private feeling and public 

6747
06:08:00,600 --> 06:08:03,300
composure. 
She created ripples that moved 

6748
06:08:03,300 --> 06:08:07,400
outward into culture affecting. 
How people think about numerous 

6749
06:08:07,400 --> 06:08:10,400
subjects that might seem 
disconnected from the story of a

6750
06:08:10,400 --> 06:08:14,900
first lady from the 1960s, her 
work is Ned to which might have 

6751
06:08:14,900 --> 06:08:18,000
seemed like a footnote to her 
more public accomplishments has 

6752
06:08:18,000 --> 06:08:21,700
its own legacy. 
The book shepherded into 

6753
06:08:21,700 --> 06:08:25,500
publication remain in print 
introducing new readers to 

6754
06:08:25,500 --> 06:08:27,900
subjects. 
She cared about her colleagues. 

6755
06:08:27,900 --> 06:08:31,600
Remember her as genuinely good 
at the work, not just a famous 

6756
06:08:31,600 --> 06:08:34,200
name attached to projects for 
publicity purposes. 

6757
06:08:34,200 --> 06:08:37,500
She proved that someone who 
lived at the center of political

6758
06:08:37,500 --> 06:08:40,600
history could find satisfaction 
inquire to professional 

6759
06:08:40,600 --> 06:08:43,500
accomplishments. 
The relationship between privacy

6760
06:08:43,500 --> 06:08:46,800
and public service that she 
navigated reluctantly 

6761
06:08:46,800 --> 06:08:50,200
imperfectly. 
But ultimately successfully 

6762
06:08:50,200 --> 06:08:54,000
continues to be relevant for 
anyone who lives partially in 

6763
06:08:54,000 --> 06:08:56,400
public view. 
She showed that it's possible to

6764
06:08:56,408 --> 06:08:59,900
maintain mystery without being 
dishonest to be reserved without

6765
06:08:59,900 --> 06:09:02,500
being cold and to protect what's
intimate. 

6766
06:09:02,500 --> 06:09:04,900
While still connecting 
meaningfully with audiences who 

6767
06:09:04,900 --> 06:09:08,400
feel invested in your story. 
You're looking at photographs of

6768
06:09:08,400 --> 06:09:11,300
the Eternal Flame at Arlington 
and you realize it's still 

6769
06:09:11,300 --> 06:09:14,000
burning. 
Just as she intended visitors, 

6770
06:09:14,000 --> 06:09:17,100
come constantly, leaving 
flowers, standing, quietly, and 

6771
06:09:17,100 --> 06:09:19,600
thinking their own thoughts 
about loss and Legacy. 

6772
06:09:19,600 --> 06:09:23,300
And the moment In history that 
changed everything she created 

6773
06:09:23,300 --> 06:09:27,200
that place that focal point for 
reflection in the midst of her 

6774
06:09:27,200 --> 06:09:30,000
own unbearable loss. 
And it continues serving the 

6775
06:09:30,000 --> 06:09:33,700
purpose, she imagined for it, 
The quiet Legacy is perhaps the 

6776
06:09:33,700 --> 06:09:36,900
most powerful one. 
The demonstration that influence

6777
06:09:36,900 --> 06:09:40,400
doesn't always require force 
that change can happen through 

6778
06:09:40,400 --> 06:09:44,200
careful, attention to detail, 
and that beauty and grace are 

6779
06:09:44,200 --> 06:09:47,500
their own forms of power. 
She never wrote The Definitive 

6780
06:09:47,500 --> 06:09:50,900
book, explaining her approach or
gave speeches outlining her 

6781
06:09:50,900 --> 06:09:53,700
philosophy. 
He simply did the work. 

6782
06:09:53,700 --> 06:09:57,300
Made the choices and 
demonstrated through action what

6783
06:09:57,300 --> 06:09:59,900
she believed mattered. 
You're thinking about the 12 

6784
06:09:59,900 --> 06:10:02,200
year old girl reading about 
Marie Antoinette in that 

6785
06:10:02,200 --> 06:10:05,200
Manhattan apartment. 
Tracing her finger over 

6786
06:10:05,200 --> 06:10:08,500
illustrations of beautiful 
Furniture, beginning to 

6787
06:10:08,500 --> 06:10:11,400
understand the relationship 
between objects and the people 

6788
06:10:11,400 --> 06:10:15,100
who live among them and you're 
thinking about the woman, she 

6789
06:10:15,100 --> 06:10:18,300
became who took that 
understanding and applied it at 

6790
06:10:18,300 --> 06:10:21,600
a scale that influenced millions
of people's relationships with 

6791
06:10:21,600 --> 06:10:24,800
their own history and culture. 
The connection between those two

6792
06:10:24,800 --> 06:10:29,200
moments childhood Fascination. 
And Delta accomplishment is what

6793
06:10:29,200 --> 06:10:32,700
makes the story feel her and 
Like a life lived with 

6794
06:10:32,700 --> 06:10:35,000
intention. 
Even in circumstances, that 

6795
06:10:35,000 --> 06:10:37,500
often spun Beyond any 
individuals control. 

6796
06:10:37,500 --> 06:10:40,200
The Legacy isn't simple or 
uncomplicated. 

6797
06:10:41,600 --> 06:10:45,400
She was a person of her time 
with limitations and blind spots

6798
06:10:45,400 --> 06:10:48,400
and moments when she failed to 
live up to her own standards. 

6799
06:10:48,400 --> 06:10:52,400
But what Remains What? 
Persists after all the analysis 

6800
06:10:52,400 --> 06:10:56,100
and criticism and revisionist 
history is the fact of 

6801
06:10:56,100 --> 06:10:59,600
transformation. 
She changed how Americans 

6802
06:10:59,600 --> 06:11:02,700
thought about their visual 
culture, their relationship to 

6803
06:11:02,700 --> 06:11:06,600
history and their capacity for 
Grace under impossible pressure.

6804
06:11:06,600 --> 06:11:09,900
She did this not through 
speeches, or legislation or 

6805
06:11:09,900 --> 06:11:12,700
political maneuvering, but 
through the accumulation of 

6806
06:11:12,700 --> 06:11:17,200
careful choices about beauty, 
dignity, and meaning your 

6807
06:11:17,200 --> 06:11:19,600
closing. 
Your eyes now ready for sleep. 

6808
06:11:19,600 --> 06:11:23,500
And the image that remains is 
not of grand public moments, but

6809
06:11:23,500 --> 06:11:27,900
of something quieter a woman 
looking at a room and seeing not

6810
06:11:27,900 --> 06:11:31,600
just what is but what could be 
understanding that the gap 

6811
06:11:31,600 --> 06:11:34,400
between those two visions? 
Could be bridged through 

6812
06:11:34,400 --> 06:11:38,400
patient, attention to detail 
through respect for history and 

6813
06:11:38,400 --> 06:11:41,300
through the belief that beauty 
matters and that how we live 

6814
06:11:41,300 --> 06:11:44,400
among objects and images and 
memories shapes, who we become 

6815
06:11:44,400 --> 06:11:48,000
that understanding passed from 
one generation to the next, 

6816
06:11:48,000 --> 06:11:51,400
through example, rather than 
instruction is, perhaps the 

6817
06:11:51,400 --> 06:11:55,300
truest Legacy of all away of 
seeing that persists long after 

6818
06:11:55,300 --> 06:11:58,300
the specific accomplishments 
that demonstrated, Did it have 

6819
06:11:58,308 --> 06:12:01,700
been catalogued and analyzed and
filed away in history's. 

6820
06:12:01,700 --> 06:12:04,800
Careful records. 
And with that thought, you let 

6821
06:12:04,800 --> 06:12:08,300
the story settle, let the 
details blur into the 

6822
06:12:08,300 --> 06:12:11,700
comfortable, Darkness behind 
your eyelids carrying with you 

6823
06:12:11,700 --> 06:12:15,800
into sleep, the gentle reminder 
that Legacy isn't always loud 

6824
06:12:15,800 --> 06:12:18,500
that influence, often Works in 
Whispers. 

6825
06:12:18,500 --> 06:12:22,400
And that sometimes the most 
lasting changes are the ones 

6826
06:12:22,400 --> 06:12:26,700
that happen so gradually. 
So carefully, so quietly that 

6827
06:12:26,700 --> 06:12:28,400
you only recognize them years 
later. 

6828
06:12:28,400 --> 06:12:31,500
When you look around and realize
the world is shifted slightly on

6829
06:12:31,500 --> 06:12:36,100
its axis, becoming something 
just a little more beautiful, a 

6830
06:12:36,100 --> 06:12:38,900
little more thoughtful, a little
more aware of the connections 

6831
06:12:38,900 --> 06:12:43,000
between past and present. 
between objects and meaning and 

6832
06:12:43,000 --> 06:12:46,000
between the choices we make and 
the world, those choices create