Boring History | The Story of Ancient Mythologies Around the World and more

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Hey, friends tonight. 
We're embarking on a gentle 

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journey through some of 
Humanity's most enduring stories

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while you relax in your comfy 
spot, maybe with some water 

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nearby. 
Imagine it is going to see 

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distant relatives. 
You have never met but who have 

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the same eyes laugh and 
propensity to worry about the 

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same things that kept people up 
3,000 years ago. 

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So before I sue you guys to 
sleep, if you don't mind taking 

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a moment to like the video, and 
let me know where you're tuning 

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in from, and what time it is for
you, I would appreciate it. 

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Now, pull up your blanket, 
adjust your pillow, and let's 

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ease in together. 
Have you ever been looking 

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through old photo albums and 
come across a picture that makes

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you stop and think? 
There are hints of stories. 

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You have never heard but somehow
recognized in the faces, the 

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clothing. 
And the way the light falls when

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you venture into the realm of 
ancient myths, that is precisely

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what occurs. 
These are not merely Dusty 

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stories from long gone. 
Society is rather they are 

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family portraits of the human 
Spirit glimpses of the things we

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have. 
Always feared hoped for and 

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wandered about. 
Well before there were textbooks

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documentaries, all that one 
friend who always has the 

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Wikipedia page open, there were 
storytellers. 

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Imagine this your sitting around
the first campfire in history. 

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When someone asked the question 
that started it all, So, how 

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exactly did we get here? 
They had a lot of imagination, 

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too. 
The enuma Elish is a wonderfully

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chaotic creation story. 
That was told by the ancient 

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Babylonians. 
Imagine the universe beginning 

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with a family dispute that went 
totally wrong rather than with a

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big bang. 
Consider Tiamat a primordial 

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water goddess. 
To be the epitome of the 

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helicopter parent who genuinely,
detest her children growing up 

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and moving out. 
The younger Gods. 

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Her children are acting like 
teenagers with the ability to 

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create universes making too much
noise and hosting Cosmic 

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parties. 
Tiamat literally becomes a 

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nuclear parent after deciding 
that enough is enough. 

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She makes monsters and not just 
any monsters, but the kind that 

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would make a direct of a horror 
film cry with jealousy. 

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They have serpent heads, 
scorpion tails and dispositions,

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that would drive a honey badger 
to retreat her scheme, get rid 

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of the young gods and bring some
Tranquility back to the universe

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as is always the case with 
family drama, this is where 

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things start to get interesting 
and a little ridiculous. 

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Marduk her great. 
Great grandson takes over young 

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and ambitious and equipped with 
Divine weapons. 

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That would make any superhero 
envious. 

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He is essentially the family's 
Golden Child. 

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He has a net that can catch 
anything and wines, that can 

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topple mountains. 
If Nature, Documentaries 

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featured magic weapons and 
failed, family therapy, the 

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conflict between tmat and Maddox
would be like, watching a 

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documentary about Cosmic forces.
Marduk defeats Tiamat, not only 

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by using physical Force. 
But also, by outwitting his 

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elderly grandmother He turns her
body into the Earth and the 

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heavens by using her own chaotic
Waters against her. 

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In Divine real estate 
development, nothing is wasted 

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its recycling on a global scale.
The conflict between traditional

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and novel Concepts between the 
familiar chaos and the 

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unpredictability of the order we
could establish is what makes 

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this story so Charming. 
Every family has a tear Matt 

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someone who recalls a time when 
everything was easier, even if 

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that meant total chaos, the 
beginning of the Norse, people 

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are delightfully strange in that
specific Scandinavian way. 

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Which sounds like a dental 
procedure, but is actually a 

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cosmic void existed before 
anything else. 

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Imagine it as the universe's 
awkward. 

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Adolescence, when it was unsure 
of its own identity muspelheim, 

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a world of fire that would make 
a July Arizona day seemed like a

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Pleasant Fall de Leon. 
One side of this emptiness. 

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Niflheim, a world of ice and 
missed, that would make a 

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Canadian winter appear Tropical 
Lei on the opposite side. 

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You get what you would expect 
when Fire and Ice Collide in the

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middle of these two extremes. 
There was a lot of steam and a 

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mere. 
The first giant came out of this

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Cosmic sauna. 
Now Emily wasn't exactly a model

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citizen. 
He was more akin to that 

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neighbor who lets his yard run a
muck and somehow manages to turn

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it into an ecosystem. 
He sweated a lot while he slept 

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and more Giants emerged from his
perspiration. 

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It's disgusting but strangely 
effective. 

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Old-fashioned sweating suffices 
in the primordial World. 

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Dating apps are not necessary. 
Since Amir was taking up too 

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much room and let's face it. 
The hygiene situation was 

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getting out of control the gods.
Finally decided he had to leave.

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His flesh became the Earth, his 
blood, the Seas his bones, the 

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mountains and his skull, the 
sky, and they killed him and 

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used his body to create the 
world. 

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It's the quintessential 
do-it-yourself project and 

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explains why the Norse was so 
Adept at maximizing scarce 

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resources. 
The Dreamtime a concept that is 

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a combination of geography 
history and an endless. 

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Family reunion is perhaps the 
most endearingly realistic 

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creation story told by 
Aboriginal Australians the dream

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time is about the moment, the 
world was created but it's also 

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about the moment its constantly 
being created imagine the 

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landscape as a living library 
with each Hill. 

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Rock and water feature. 
Representing a chapter in a 

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continuous narrative. 
One of the most significant. 

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Dreamtime creatures, the rainbow
serpent. 

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Not only made valleys and 
rivers, but she also Drew up the

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rules for coexisting peacefully 
with the land. 

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Like a cosmic interior 
decorator, she traversed, the 

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continent locating water sources
establishing, holy locations, 

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and laying out guidelines for 
how people should interact with 

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their surroundings. 
This Viewpoint is lovely because

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it allows you to actively 
participate in the creative 

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process. 
Every time you step outside, 

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you're walking through the story
itself, not just witnessing the 

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outcomes of some Cosmic event 
that happened ages ago, every 

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Sunrise is the first Sunrise of 
the day as well as the Sunrise 

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of today. 
Each tree has a connection to 

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both the original tree and all 
subsequent trees that will 

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Sprout from its seeds. 
There is a profound commonality 

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among these creation stories. 
They acknowledge that beans are 

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messy complex and frequently 
involve far more chaos than we 

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would like Acknowledge that 
making anything valuable be at a

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universe or a good lasagna 
involves getting your hands 

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dirty making mistakes and 
occasionally beginning from 

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scratch. 
Let's talk about heroes. 

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Now that we figured out how it 
all began and what to 

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delightfully, messy Affair that 
was, but not the kind that you 

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see in superhero movies, where 
everything is expertly, 

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sculpted. 
And they have the amazing 

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ability to save the world 
without breaking a nail, ancient

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Heroes were more. 
Akin to that well-meaning 

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friend, who constantly breaks 
things and puts people in 

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awkward situations that somehow 
by a combination of good. 

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Fortune, obstinacy and 
occasional genius, manages to 

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save the day. 
Consider Gilgamesh, if you have 

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not heard of him, consider him, 
the first Action Hero in 

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history, complete with the 
emotional baggage and bad 

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judgment. 
That would define the genre. 

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For centuries to come, he ruled 
over a rook, which was 

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essentially the ancient world's 
equivalent of a large city 

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impressive, but not without its 
share of urban issues, Gilgamesh

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possessed all the qualities. 
Of King could desire, wealth, 

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power, magnificent architectural
Feats. 

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And the assurance that comes 
from being two, thirds divine 

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However, he also possessed the 
social skills of a teenager who 

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drinks a lot of coffee. 
He was that boss, who shows up 

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at parties without invitation, 
micro-manages everything in 

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generally, adds unnecessary 
complexity to everyone's lives 

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after growing tired of his 
Antics, the people of Uruk 

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complaint, to the gods as anyone
would in their circumstances. 

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The gods, displaying the sort of
divine wisdom, that leaves. 

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You wondering how they were able
to get their positions in the 

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first place decided that 
speaking with Gilgamesh about 

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his actions and perhaps offering
some Management training was not

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the answer instead. 
They made someone who was a 

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strong and unyielding as 
Gilgamesh in the hopes that they

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would battle each other and 
leave everyone else alone. 

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Thank you. 
Do came into the picture in this

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way. 
Enkidu was the antithesis of 

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Gilgamesh whereas Gilgamesh was 
refined but Annoying enkidu was 

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wild but sincere. 
He knew the language of nature 

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lived among animals and had 
never known the unique stress 

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that comes with handling 
building permits, or a city 

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budget when these two of 
eventually crossed paths. 

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They engaged in an epic 
wrestling match that likely 

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damaged property across multiple
city blocks. 

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As you might expect from two 
alpha personalities. then 

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however, an intriguing event 
occurred, they became best 

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friends rather than destroying 
one another Seeing two 

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hurricanes Collide and somehow 
created. 

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A nice breeze was like that. 
Both of them were changed by 

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their friendship. 
Gilgamesh gained empathy and 

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realized that perhaps just 
possibly being the strongest 

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person in the room does not 
necessarily make you the best 

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candidate for every position. 
Enkidu gained knowledge of 

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civilization, but he remained 
skeptical of some of its more 

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absurd features such as the 
requirement to dress formally 

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for formal meetings or the 
social pressure to act as those 

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small talk matters. 
They embarked on adventures 

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together that were equal parts. 
Ridiculous and heroic indeed, 

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they battled monsters but they 
also face the issues that arise 

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in any friendship between two 
individuals who are accustomed 

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to being the center of 
attention. 

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They argued over priorities 
strategy and most likely more 

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than a few times, whether they 
would be better off returning to

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their simpler earlier lives. 
When they encountered Humber 

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bear, a protector of the cedar 
Forest, their friendship was 

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truly put to the test. 
The ancient equivalent of a 

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security system, created by 
someone with severe trust 

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issues. 
Humber bar wasn't just any 

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monster. 
He had many faces a roar. 

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That could be heard from miles 
and breathe that could kill at 

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Great distance is In addition to
being risky, fighting him was 

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the kind of foolishness that 
leaves, you wondering what they 

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were thinking the problem with 
heroes in ancient Tales. 

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However, is that they don't act 
in ways that are simple or 

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logical, they perform them 
because no one else is willing 

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to do so. 
And someone has to Instead of 

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using Superior Weaponry or 
cunning tactics Gilgamesh and 

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ketu defeated Humber by working 
together and displaying the kind

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of resolve that comes from 
having a loved one lookout for 

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you though. 
Life has a way of defying 

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narrative conventions. 
The victory should have been the

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stories conclusion. 
The two friends were becoming 

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too strong and self-assured. 
According to the gods who 

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apparently had not learned from 
their earlier interventions. 

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In the most unjust and unheroic 
manner imaginable. 

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They killed enkidu not in 
combat, not valiantly. 

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But through illness one of the 
most relatable scenes in all of 

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ancient literature as 
gilgamesh's response to his 

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friends passing. 
He didn't take it with stoic 

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nobility, or use his sorrow to 
act morally, he completely 

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collapsed. 
He was unable to eat sleep or 

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comprehend how someone so 
vibrant could just vanish. 

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He developed an obsession with 
figuring out how to bring in 

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keto back or at the very least 
why death had to be involved. 

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His quest to locate Anish team, 
The Keeper of the secret of 

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immortality and a survivor of 
the great flood was motivated by

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this obsession. 
Trip was lengthy risky and full 

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of the kinds of challenges that 
make you wonder if the final 

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destination is worth the 
journey. 

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Driven by the simple desperate, 
hope that perhaps just possibly,

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there was a way to undo the 
unfixable. 

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He traversed, underworlds 
climbed mountains, and crossed 

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deserts. 
He eventually located 

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utnapishtim who listened to his 
story before telling him 

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something? 
That was precisely what he 

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needed to know, but wasn't what 
he wanted to hear. 

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According to utnapishtim death 
is what gives life purpose and 

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is neither a punishment nor an 
error. 

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There wouldn't be any pressure 
to love create, or make the most

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of our time if there were no 
endings, however, would not be 

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steamed. 
Also told Gilgamesh about a 

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plant that could bring back 
youth because ancient Tales 

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00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,800
recognized that wisdom with 
without hope is simply 

233
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depression. 
Not exactly a mortality but the 

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00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,200
opportunity to begin a new to 
apply the lessons. 

235
00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:01,700
He had learned to a new phase of
his life. 

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The plant was discovered by 
Gilgamesh. 

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He had the ability to turn back 
time, regain his Youth, and have

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another chance at everything. 
Then in a moment of utterly 

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00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:17,000
human negligence, he put it down
during a bath and took it from 

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him. 
You might anticipate that this 

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00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:21,900
will be the last crushing blow, 
the point at, which are hero 

242
00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:24,300
surrenders Gilgamesh. 
However, laughed. 

243
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:27,400
Instead, the roof will chuckle 
of someone who has finally 

244
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,500
figured out the punchline to a 
cosmic joke, rather than the 

245
00:12:30,500 --> 00:12:34,200
bitter laugh of defeat, He came 
to the realization that he had. 

246
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:36,500
Been searching in the wrong 
places for immortality. 

247
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,400
He was Immortal because of his 
tail, his friendship with and 

248
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:42,800
key do and his quest comprehend 
life and death. 

249
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Long. 
After his physical body was 

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00:12:45,100 --> 00:12:48,000
gone, they would be remembered 
and cherished told and retold. 

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00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,600
You should see what our 
ancestors had to deal with if 

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00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,900
you think dating is difficult 
now with its apps and algorithms

253
00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:56,400
and the never-ending debate over
who should pay for coffee. 

254
00:12:57,100 --> 00:12:59,500
Classic love Tales make the 
drama of contemporary 

255
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:01,300
relationships. 
Seemed like a friendly argument 

256
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,700
about who gets to do the dishes 
first, These were not merely 

257
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,600
stories about a boy meeting a 
girl falling in love and leading

258
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,300
a happy life. 
These were epic Tales of 

259
00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:13,200
passion. 
Had the power to literally alter

260
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:16,800
the terrain jealousy. 
That could spot conflicts and 

261
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,200
romantic actions that needed 
either divine intervention or 

262
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:21,800
extremely high in Shore 
Insurance. 

263
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,900
The world's first tragic, love 
song Orpheus and eurydice was 

264
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:29,200
brought to us by the Greeks, 
Orpheus was no ordinary 

265
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,400
musician. 
He was the type of artist who 

266
00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,600
could persuade rivers to alter 
their course, calls trees to 

267
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,800
uproot themselves in order to 
follow his music and most likely

268
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,200
persuade animals to harmonize 
with his melodies. 

269
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He was essentially the result of
combining all of the greatest 

270
00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:47,000
musicians in history and 
endowing them with superhuman 

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Powers. 
Because she understood the music

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00:13:49,300 --> 00:13:52,700
Behind the Music, the silence 
between the notes that gave his 

273
00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:56,600
art, meaning your Idris was his 
ideal match, not because she was

274
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:58,200
a passive recipient of his 
talent. 

275
00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:02,300
They seem to communicate in 
their own private language of 

276
00:14:02,308 --> 00:14:04,200
glances and half-formed 
sentences. 

277
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,200
The kind of love that makes 
other people feel both jealous 

278
00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:09,900
and a little queasy they're 
happily ever after. 

279
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:11,500
Should have started on their 
wedding day. 

280
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:15,100
Rather it served as the Prelude 
to the sort of tragedy that 

281
00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:18,400
makes you want to shout at the 
characters to just stay home and

282
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,800
get takeout. 
Eurydice stepped on a snake 

283
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:23,800
while strolling across a meadow 
doing. 

284
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:26,900
Just the kind of naive romantic 
thing that ancient story 

285
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:28,600
heroines ought to know better by
now. 

286
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:33,100
Not just any snake, but the kind
that only shows up in stories to

287
00:14:33,100 --> 00:14:37,700
sabotage, dilek moments, she was
instantly killed by the bite and

288
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:40,400
Orpheus realized that all of his
musical ability was useless. 

289
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,400
If he couldn't use it to save 
the one person who met the most 

290
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:47,400
to him, his grief wasn't the 
kind of subdued quiet sadness. 

291
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,600
You see in films, it was the 
unadulterated desperate. 

292
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:52,100
Kind that pushes you to do 
things. 

293
00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:55,300
You never would have imagined 
you could He made the decision 

294
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:58,600
to go to the underworld in order
to retrieve her something that 

295
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:02,300
no living person had ever tried.
According to Greek mythology, 

296
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:04,700
the underworld was more than 
just a place of punishment. 

297
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:08,800
It was the cosmic counterpart of
the most exclusive Club on Earth

298
00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:12,700
with a stricted mission's policy
that required death before. 

299
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:15,800
One could enter. 
With only his liar and the 

300
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,600
resolve that comes from having 
nothing left to lose, Orpheus 

301
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,400
appeared at the entrance. 
Either the most romantic gesture

302
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:23,900
in history or the most 
spectacular example of failing 

303
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:27,100
to know when to give up occurred
next. the entire underworld 

304
00:15:27,100 --> 00:15:30,800
wept, when Orpheus performed for
Hades and Persephone the king 

305
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:35,700
and queen of the Dead, His music
was so Exquisite, so full of 

306
00:15:35,708 --> 00:15:38,600
real love and loss. 
Eternal punishments. 

307
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:42,900
Paused the rivers of the Dead 
ceased to flow and death itself.

308
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:44,600
Appeared to listen for a brief 
moment. 

309
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:48,500
Hades, who was presumably 
unmoved by anything in his life?

310
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,000
Struck a bargain. 
There was a requirement that 

311
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:53,900
Orpheus lead, eurydice out 
without turning around before. 

312
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:55,500
She could return to the world of
the living. 

313
00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:00,000
He was unable to look over a 
shoulder for confirmation to see

314
00:16:00,008 --> 00:16:02,500
if she was following or even to 
catch a glimpse of her 

315
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,500
reflection. 
When someone you love is guiding

316
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:08,400
you, while you're walking in the
dark, you have to have complete 

317
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:10,600
faith in them. 
Orpheus made it through the 

318
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:13,500
majority of the journey. 
He listened for the sound of her

319
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:16,800
footsteps behind him as he 
walked steadily upward, while 

320
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,400
guiding her with his liar. 
doubt, however began to creep in

321
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:24,200
as they got closer to the 
entrance to the world of what if

322
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:27,500
all of this was a cruel ruse? 
What if she wasn't actually 

323
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:29,700
present? 
What if the gods hadn't been 

324
00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:32,700
moved by his lover? 
After all Orpheus turned around 

325
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:36,300
at the last second when Freedom 
appeared Within Reach and 

326
00:16:36,300 --> 00:16:40,400
sunlight was visible ahead. 
He saw eurydice real and 

327
00:16:40,408 --> 00:16:44,200
beautiful reaching for him and 
then he saw her go away forever.

328
00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:46,800
There would be no Second 
Chances. 

329
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:50,300
No, please for divine pity and 
no cunning deals. 

330
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,400
This time, they had lost 
everything because of his lack 

331
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,000
of faith at the last. 
Crucial Moment, The Narrative 

332
00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:59,000
might conclude there with 
Orpheus receiving a severe 

333
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,300
lesson in trust and living out 
the remainder of his days 

334
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:03,900
writing. 
Gloomy ballads, simple morals. 

335
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:06,900
However are insufficient to 
satisfy the love stories of the 

336
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,500
ancient world. 
Broken by his mistake and loss, 

337
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,599
Orpheus traveled the world 
performing Melancholy music that

338
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:15,900
moved people to tears for no 
apparent reason. 

339
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,599
The main ads, Diane's followers,
eventually killed him because 

340
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,300
they were offended by his 
loyalty to his deceased wife and

341
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:26,599
his unwillingness to move on. 
But the Love Story went on even 

342
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,900
after death. 
Still singing, orpheus's head 

343
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:32,500
drifted across the sea and Down 
the River to the Island of 

344
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:34,900
Lesbos where it turned into an 
oracle. 

345
00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:39,000
Even when death, triumphs some 
bonds are stronger than death. 

346
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,100
As demonstrated by the fact that
his love for eurydice. 

347
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:44,000
Literally outlasted his physical
life. 

348
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,100
Norse love stories were similar 
to relationship counseling 

349
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:49,700
conducted by people who use acts
as to solve problems. 

350
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:53,800
If Greek love stories were 
complex Consider the tale of 

351
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,800
sigurd and brynhild, which 
somehow incorporates 

352
00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,400
misidentification memory loss, 
family conflicts. 

353
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:03,400
And the sort of magical meddling
that leaves, you wondering why 

354
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,900
the gods didn't have more 
enjoyable, pastimes. 

355
00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,600
As a typical Norse hero sigurd 
was strong courageous skilled 

356
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,600
with a sword and exuded the 
confidence that comes from 

357
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:14,800
having Divine ancestry and great
publicity. 

358
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,500
He killed the dragon fafnir 
claimed a treasure that was 

359
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:21,700
cursed in its own way and 
essentially made himself into 

360
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:24,200
the type of man that mothers 
warned their daughter's about 

361
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:26,500
that secretly hope will last 
them to dance. 

362
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:31,000
One of Odin's, choosers of the 
slain Grinnell was a valkyrie, a

363
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,100
sort of warrior Pomp, and 
career. 

364
00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:37,000
Adviser for fallen heroes. 
Odin had cursed her to sleep 

365
00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:39,400
until a hero courageous enough 
to Brave Ring of Fire. 

366
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,800
Woke her up because she had 
heard by assisting the wrong 

367
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,500
person in a battle. 
It was similar to Sleeping 

368
00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,500
Beauty, but it placed less focus
on home. 

369
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:48,700
Arts and more on fighting 
skills. 

370
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:52,800
It was love at first sight or at
least, at first Awakening, when 

371
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,400
sigurd discovered her and 
circled by flames and looking 

372
00:18:56,400 --> 00:19:00,100
strikingly beautiful in her 
Enchanted, sleep, With all the 

373
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,200
further and conviction of those 
who have never had to deal with 

374
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,400
the difficulties of truly 
cohabitating on a daily basis. 

375
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:10,300
They committed themselves to one
another however, complications 

376
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:13,500
arose because this is a North 
tale and the gods get anxious 

377
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:16,200
when people are happy. 
The potion that completely 

378
00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:19,600
erased brynhill was administered
to see good, who married King 

379
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,300
Yuki's daughter goudron while 
under its influence. 

380
00:19:23,100 --> 00:19:26,400
Try explaining magical memory 
loss to someone whose heart you 

381
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,200
just broke, even though it 
wasn't exactly his fault. 

382
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,200
In the meantime, Brynn ild, who 
still thought so good. 

383
00:19:32,208 --> 00:19:35,100
Loved her was duped into 
marrying goodrum's brother 

384
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:38,100
Gunner by means of a complex 
ruse in which sigurd pretended 

385
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:40,800
to be someone else and obtained.
Her hand in marriage, on 

386
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,700
goodness behalf. 
It's the sort of plot that makes

387
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:46,100
you appreciate the relative 
Simplicity of contemporary 

388
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:48,600
dating apps and assessments of 
flowchart. 

389
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,800
The situation went from 
complicated to disastrous when 

390
00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:54,900
the magic wore off and everyone 
realized what to truly happen 

391
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:58,400
and could run that her husband's
heart belonged to someone else. 

392
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,900
She could recalled, his true 
love grin, Hill realized she'd 

393
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:04,700
been duped and Gunna found 
himself married to a woman who 

394
00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:07,300
was planning to murder. 
His brother in law, everyone 

395
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:11,100
died but they did it with 
dignity and style which is a 

396
00:20:11,108 --> 00:20:14,600
quintessential Norse resolution 
in order for them to die 

397
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,000
together. 
Bryn hilde planned sigurd murder

398
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,500
and then took her own life. 
Gonna lost both his brother in 

399
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:22,900
law. 
And his wife goudron, was left a

400
00:20:22,900 --> 00:20:26,900
widow and the entire tragic mess
became the focus of Epic poems 

401
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:29,200
that are still told today, let's
face it. 

402
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,100
The majority of these old love 
stories, don't have Happy 

403
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,800
Endings, which isn't what makes 
them so captivating. 

404
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,400
It's their understanding that 
love is both the most potent and

405
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:40,500
the most perilous force in Human
Experience. 

406
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,000
Love has the power to motivate 
people to do, Unthinkable, 

407
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,100
bravery and devotional Deeds, 
but it can also lead them to 

408
00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:50,500
making incredibly bad choices 
that have an impact on entire 

409
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:52,200
Kingdoms. 
In addition to the themselves, 

410
00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,200
ancient storytellers, recognize 
something that contemporary 

411
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,600
romance occasionally overlooks, 
That the intensity of Love is 

412
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,600
directly correlated with its 
capacity for both creation and 

413
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:04,600
destruction. 
These weren't sterile fairy 

414
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,700
tales about meeting your true 
love and leading a conflict-free

415
00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:10,000
life. 
They were candid admissions. 

416
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:12,700
That love is a complex messy, 
often a logical and 

417
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:16,200
fundamentally Human Experience. 
Every family has that one 

418
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:20,200
relative who unexpectedly attend
events makes a fence of jokes 

419
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,500
break, something Priceless 
somehow adds interest to the 

420
00:21:23,508 --> 00:21:26,500
event and leaves, you wondering,
if you should give them a hug or

421
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:28,900
keep the nice China for yourself
the next time. 

422
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:31,800
These characters are known as 
tricksters in mythology. 

423
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:35,300
There are also more than just 
stories about bad behavior or 

424
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,200
comedic relief the other 
changemakers and Cosmic 

425
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:41,300
comedians who serve as a 
reminder that sometimes the most

426
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:43,300
surprising answers lead to the 
best answers. 

427
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:46,000
Thanks to recent Motion, 
Pictures Loki. 

428
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,100
Has arguably the most well, 
known trickster of all time, but

429
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:51,900
the Hollywood adaptation hardly 
captures his complexity. 

430
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:55,200
A villain with good cheekbones 
and daddy issues wasn't all 

431
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,500
that. 
The Norse Loki was he was the 

432
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:00,900
god of necessary complications 
the Divine representation of the

433
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,100
idea that sometimes things must 
be broken in order to be 

434
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:07,200
properly fixed, Loki's 
relationship with the other gods

435
00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:09,800
was similar to that of a friend 
who always comes up with the 

436
00:22:09,808 --> 00:22:13,500
most absurd solution to any 
issue and somehow succeed. 

437
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,200
So frequently that people can 
continue to listen to him. 

438
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:20,600
He wasn't inherently bad. 
Rather he was the type of person

439
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,400
who brings up awkward topics 
during family, gatherings and 

440
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,300
calls out hypocrisy. 
When the gods decided that 

441
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:29,300
Asgard needed more security, 
they hired a builder who said 

442
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:31,700
they could create an impregnable
wall in a single season. 

443
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:35,800
Cost. 
The goddess freyja the Moon and 

444
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,400
the Sun. 
The gods agreed because they 

445
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,500
were certain the Builder 
couldn't possibly meet the 

446
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:42,700
deadline even though it was 
clearly a bad deal. 

447
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,600
The kind of contract that makes 
you wonder if anyone actually 

448
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,900
reads the fine print naturally. 
The Builder had a secret weapon.

449
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:53,000
Svadilfari a magnificent 
stallion capable of moving 

450
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:54,900
stones. 
That should have taken an entire

451
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:57,400
crew of workers. 
The gods realized they were 

452
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,000
going to lose some of their most
precious possessions to what was

453
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,500
effectively an extremely costly 
construction project as the 

454
00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:05,500
deadline Drew closer and the 
wall. 

455
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:08,700
Got closer to completion, Loki's
unique approach to problem 

456
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,800
solving was helpful. 
In this situation, In a 

457
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,100
typically unorthodox move, he 
changed into a mayor and entice 

458
00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:18,400
battle Faria away just in time 
to prevent the Builder from 

459
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,800
completing the wall. 
The plan was successful but it 

460
00:23:21,808 --> 00:23:25,600
had an unintended consequence. 
Loki, gave birth to slight near 

461
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:29,300
an eight legged horse that 
became Odin's Mount and possibly

462
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:32,200
the most peculiar addition to 
any family tree in mythological 

463
00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:35,500
history, tricksters are willing 
to pay personal costs to solve 

464
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:37,200
problems. 
That everyone else is too proud 

465
00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:41,000
to dignified or two traditional 
to handle as the story 

466
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:44,300
demonstrates. 
Not only did Loki save the gods 

467
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:47,200
from a bad deal but he also 
effectively and strangely 

468
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:49,200
embodied. 
The solution tricksters, 

469
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:52,700
however, are not exclusively 
Norse of all the chaos agents 

470
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:55,900
and Nancy the spider. 
The West African custom is 

471
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:59,700
arguably the most endearing. 
A Nancy was more of a Purpose 

472
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:01,400
Driven. 
Strategic Troublemaker than 

473
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:03,400
Loki. 
Whose tricks frequently had 

474
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,500
unexpected repercussions that 
descended into Cosmic drama. 

475
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:10,600
He redistributed resources power
and knowledge from those who 

476
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:13,800
hoarded them to those who needed
them rather than causing chaos 

477
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:17,000
for its own sake. 
Not merely a family tragedy the 

478
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,200
story of Osiris's death and 
Resurrection became a model for 

479
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,700
comprehending, how life can 
emerge from Death, how chaos can

480
00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:27,000
be brought back to order and how
love can overcome destruction 

481
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,800
with perseverance wisdom, and 
truly amazing, magical 

482
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,800
abilities, In addition to 
Reviving, her husband, Isis 

483
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,800
changed the Egyptians perception
of death and what possibilities 

484
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:41,500
Beyond it compared to the gods 
of the Greeks and Egyptians the 

485
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:44,100
gods of the Hindu tradition were
both more Cosmic and more 

486
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:46,500
intimate. 
These were not merely strong 

487
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,400
creatures with human-like 
personalities. 

488
00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:52,300
They were facets of a Divine 
reality so vast and intricate 

489
00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:55,500
that it needed to take on 
several forms in order for human

490
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,300
Minds to understand it, 
depending on which story you are

491
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,000
hearing and what lesson needed 
to be taught Krishna. 

492
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,000
One of the most adored Hindu 
gods, was able to be a cosmic 

493
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:08,200
principle, a mischievous child, 
a romantic hero, a wise teacher,

494
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:10,300
and a Divine Warrior all at 
once. 

495
00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:14,300
During his childhood he gained 
notoriety for stealing butter, 

496
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:17,800
concealing clothing, from women 
who are bathing and generally 

497
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:20,400
acting like the most endearing 
young criminal in the world. 

498
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,100
As an adult. 
He served as the warrior 

499
00:25:23,100 --> 00:25:25,700
arjuna's, charioteer, and 
spiritual Mentor in the 

500
00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:29,700
bhagavad-gita imparting some of 
the most profound philosophical 

501
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:32,900
lessons in human. 
History has arrows flew past 

502
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:35,400
them on a battlefield. 
Krishna stories are lovely 

503
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,100
because they cover the whole 
range of Human Experience. 

504
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,500
He is more than just a distant 
Divine being giving advice from 

505
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:44,200
above. 
As a grown teacher, he's aware 

506
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,000
of the weight of Duty and moral 
responsibility. 

507
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:50,100
The complexity of love and 
relationships as young man and 

508
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,900
the joy of stealing candy, as a 
child, he literally possesses 

509
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:58,000
multitudes and his tales servers
are a reminder that if we know 

510
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,600
how to seek it out, Divinity as 
woven throughout every moment of

511
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,300
life and is not distinct from 
the everyday Human Experience. 

512
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,300
The Celtic Bridget. 
However, is arguably the most 

513
00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:09,000
intriguing to from any 
tradition. 

514
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,700
She was able to be both a pagan 
goddess and a Christian Saint. 

515
00:26:12,700 --> 00:26:16,000
Without anyone seeming to find 
this particularly odd, she was 

516
00:26:16,008 --> 00:26:19,300
the goddess of healing Smith 
craft, and poetry three 

517
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:21,100
disciplines. 
That may not seem connected 

518
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:24,300
until you can consider that they
are all about transforming raw 

519
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:28,000
materials into something more 
complete beautiful or useful 

520
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:30,900
than they were before. 
Bridget's Forge was more than 

521
00:26:30,900 --> 00:26:34,300
just a place to shape metal. 
It was a place to pound words 

522
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:38,200
out of inspiration to strengthen
broken objects and to turn the 

523
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:40,300
common. 
Materials of life into something

524
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:43,200
that could be used for both 
utilitarian and religious 

525
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:45,800
purposes. 
She realized that when spiritual

526
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,600
work and daily work are done 
with love skill and attention. 

527
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:50,900
There is no real difference 
between the two. 

528
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,400
The stories of Brigid did not 
vanish when Christianity arrived

529
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:58,600
in Ireland, rather they changed 
somewhat The goddess was 

530
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,600
transformed into Saint Brigid 
and for centuries. 

531
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:04,300
Nuns cared for her. 
Sacred fires in convents, 

532
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:07,300
though, they were no longer 
regarded as the abilities of an 

533
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:10,000
ancient Celtic deity. 
The talent. 

534
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,800
She bestowed, poetry 
craftsmanship and healing were 

535
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:17,500
now recognized as gifts from the
Christian God It was the 

536
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:21,000
Pinnacle of cultural adaptation 
respecting, both traditional 

537
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,100
knowledge and contemporary 
insights without asking anyone 

538
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:25,800
to give up what had always 
worked for them. 

539
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:29,800
Let's now discuss monsters which
are essential to any good story 

540
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:32,200
and were present in some 
genuinely amazing ancient 

541
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:34,900
mythologies. 
However, these were merely 

542
00:27:34,900 --> 00:27:37,300
arbitrary frightening objects 
meant to give people nightmares.

543
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:42,000
They were fears given shape and 
anxieties disguised to scale's 

544
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,200
clause, and multiple heads and 
issues that needed Heroes magic.

545
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,500
Or, at the very least excellent 
running shoes because they 

546
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:51,100
couldn't be resolved with common
sense. 

547
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:55,400
This Finks riddle with wings and
a very short fuse was a gift 

548
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,100
from the Greeks. 
Imagine what would happen if 

549
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:00,800
someone asked a committee of 
nightmare designers to create 

550
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,500
the most challenging client? 
Imagine a creature that has the 

551
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:08,100
head of a woman, the wings of an
eagle and the body of a lion. 

552
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:12,600
In addition to eating people, 
the Sphinx required them to pass

553
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,100
a test and failing it meant. 
They would perish. 

554
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:17,300
Not only was her. 
Well, known riddle. 

555
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:19,400
What walks on? 
Four legs in the morning? 

556
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,800
Two legs at noon and three legs 
in the evening. 

557
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,100
Clever wordplay exercise. 
It was a question about the 

558
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:30,000
state of humanity, how we 
evolved over time and the phases

559
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:31,800
of life that everyone must 
experience. 

560
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:35,200
If they are fortunate enough to 
live that long, the monster was 

561
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:38,500
defending a basic reality about 
life, not just a city. 

562
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:42,400
This Finks became so irate at 
having her riddle solve that she

563
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:44,700
threw herself off a cliff when 
he needed per gave the right 

564
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:48,500
response that humans crawl. 
As infants walk upright as a 

565
00:28:48,500 --> 00:28:50,800
adults and use Kane's in old 
age. 

566
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:53,500
All though, it's a dramatic 
response. 

567
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:56,100
You have to respect her 
dedication to her work. 

568
00:28:56,900 --> 00:28:59,100
She was more than a Monster who 
enjoyed riddles. 

569
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:02,500
She was the embodiment of the 
question's that haunt people at 

570
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,300
night and her mission was 
accomplished once those 

571
00:29:05,300 --> 00:29:08,600
questions were resolved, but 
Medusa, whose tale has been 

572
00:29:08,608 --> 00:29:11,700
repeated and reinterpreted so 
many times that it's easy to 

573
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:14,000
forget. 
The original tragedy was perhaps

574
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,900
the most psychologically complex
monster in Greek mythology. 

575
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:21,300
She was not born a monster 
rather, she was made into one as

576
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:24,000
retribution for being attacked 
in the temple of Athena. 

577
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,700
Rather than punishing her 
assailant Athena punished, the 

578
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:30,900
victim by transforming her, 
lovely hair into snakes and 

579
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:33,700
cursing her with a look that 
would make anyone who saw her 

580
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:35,900
Turn to Stone. 
Take a moment to consider the 

581
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:39,800
horror of Medusa's existence. 
She was isolated in a way that 

582
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,300
most people can't comprehend 
rendered literally Untouchable. 

583
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,900
And unable to look at another 
person without killing them, she

584
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:50,000
became the embodiment of both 
female anger and female 

585
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:53,300
helplessness She was dangerous 
to everyone who came into 

586
00:29:53,300 --> 00:29:56,300
contact with her, but she was 
unable to turn that danger into 

587
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,500
anything. 
Positive, it took cunning and 

588
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:01,500
divine help for Perseus to kill 
her in the end, not bravery or 

589
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:03,800
strength. 
He effectively turned her own 

590
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:06,400
power against her, by using a 
mirror Shield to get close to 

591
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:07,800
her without looking into her 
eyes. 

592
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,100
However, Medusa was not 
helpless. 

593
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:15,300
Even in death, her blood turned 
into a poison that killed and a 

594
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,800
medicine that he healed and Her 
Image became a symbol of 

595
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:21,200
protection reminding evil that 
some types of suffering, give 

596
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,500
one strength, that is unbeatable
like everything else in North 

597
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:26,600
mythology. 
The Norse had their own unique 

598
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:29,600
perspective on monsters and it 
was more nuanced and ethically 

599
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:33,500
dubious than you might think. 
One of Loki's children was the 

600
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:37,500
world, serpent German Ganda. 
Which was so big that it 

601
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:40,300
encircled the entire world and 
held onto its own tail. 

602
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,900
It wasn't intentionally 
malevolent, it was simply so 

603
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:47,000
massive that it's very existence
posed in an inherent threat, to 

604
00:30:47,008 --> 00:30:50,500
the stability of the universe. 
The God of Thunder Thor was 

605
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:52,100
destined to battle Yeoman 
Gander. 

606
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:55,000
At the end of the world 
Ragnarok, both would perish in 

607
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,600
the conflict. 
The serpent from Thor's, hammer 

608
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:01,100
and Thor, from the Serpent's 
poison It was a perfect 

609
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:03,600
illustration of the Norse 
understanding that sometimes 

610
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:06,400
there are no winners in 
conflicts and that the best 

611
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:09,100
course of action is to make sure
that destruction serves a 

612
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:12,700
greater good. 
However, fenrir the wolf and one

613
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:16,300
of Loki's Offspring was arguably
the most fascinating Norse 

614
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:18,600
monster. 
Knowing from prophecy that 

615
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,500
fenrir would ultimately killed 
in the gods chose to bind the 

616
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:25,900
wolf with an unbreakable chain 
rather than attempting to stop 

617
00:31:25,900 --> 00:31:27,700
this fate with wisdom or 
kindness. 

618
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:31,800
It took cunning to bind him, 
they persuaded fenrir that it 

619
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,700
was a test of his strength and 
then wouldn't let him go when he

620
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:36,300
demonstrated that he couldn't 
escape. 

621
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:40,200
Tale of fenrir is the ideal 
example of how attempting to 

622
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,600
avert a future. 
That is feared can actually 

623
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:46,500
bring it about, even though the 
wolf had done nothing wrong, the

624
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:50,500
gods treatment of him, chaining 
him was precisely the kind of 

625
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:53,300
Injustice, that would incite the
Roth required to carry out the 

626
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:55,600
prophecy because they were 
afraid of him. 

627
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,200
They made their own enemy 
demonstrating. 

628
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,200
That sometimes the most 
dangerous monsters are the ones 

629
00:32:01,200 --> 00:32:04,400
we create for ourselves, the 
Banshee, arguably the most 

630
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:07,300
psychologically complex Monstra 
of all has Celtic Roots. 

631
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:11,400
She was grief personified, the 
embodiment of lost that some 

632
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:15,100
families experience over many 
generations, but she wasn't evil

633
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,000
in the traditional sense. 
Death was announced by her 

634
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:19,500
wailing but she did not cause 
it. 

635
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:23,600
She only recognized it gave it a
voice and made it impossible to 

636
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:27,200
downplay or ignore the Banshee. 
Recognized a crucial aspect of 

637
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,300
human nature. 
We require our sorrows losses 

638
00:32:30,300 --> 00:32:32,700
and pain to be seen as genuine 
and noteworthy. 

639
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,700
She was Dreadful not because she
brought death, but rather 

640
00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:39,300
because she made people face 
their mortality and the 

641
00:32:39,308 --> 00:32:41,700
knowledge that everyone they 
cared about would eventually 

642
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,800
pass away. 
However, she was also consoling 

643
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:48,100
in her own way, her presence 
demonstrated that death had 

644
00:32:48,100 --> 00:32:51,300
purpose that the Universe did 
not disregard loss. 

645
00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:54,400
And that there was someone whose
responsibility was to grieve for

646
00:32:54,408 --> 00:32:56,100
the deceased in a dignified 
manner. 

647
00:32:57,100 --> 00:32:59,100
She was the cosmic counterpart 
of the friend. 

648
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,100
Who attends funerals brings 
casseroles to bereaved families 

649
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:04,800
and ensures that no one must go 
through life's darkest times 

650
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,200
alone as our journey through the
world of ancient stories draws 

651
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,000
to a close. 
It is worthwhile to pause and 

652
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,900
reflect on the kind of magic 
that didn't require heroic 

653
00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:17,800
quests or divine intervention. 
Commonplace enchantments that 

654
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,200
made everyday life, a little 
more bearable, a little more 

655
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,800
meaningful and a little more 
connected to the greater 

656
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,700
mysteries of existence, the most
significant magic occurs. 

657
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:28,800
In the pauses between the 
dramatic moments in the everyday

658
00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:31,800
rituals that bind us to one 
another and the cycles of 

659
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:34,400
nature. 
This is something that ancient 

660
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,300
people's understood but we 
occasionally forget in our 

661
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:39,500
haste, to separate the logical 
from the miraculous. 

662
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:43,600
This is beautifully illustrated 
by the Japanese concept of Kami 

663
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,400
often translated as gods or 
spirits. 

664
00:33:46,400 --> 00:33:49,200
Come here, actually more like 
the Divine Essence that 

665
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,600
permeates everything, including 
every tree Rock. 

666
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:57,100
River, Mountain well-made tool 
act of kindness. 

667
00:33:57,100 --> 00:34:00,100
An instance of flawless 
attention to a straightforward 

668
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,600
task. 
The word itself, implies 

669
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,800
something above or superior, but
not in the sense of being, far, 

670
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,900
away or unreachable. 
Instead it's the characteristic 

671
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:14,000
that when experienced with the 
appropriate level of awareness, 

672
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:18,199
elevates ordinary things to 
extraordinary a master Potter 

673
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:21,300
does more than simply mold. 
Clay, they work with the fire, 

674
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:23,900
the calming of the earth and 
their own hands to create 

675
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:27,699
something, useful and beautiful.
By learning to work with whether

676
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,400
soil and seasons in ways that 
respect both ecological balance 

677
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:33,500
and human needs. 
A gardener engages. 

678
00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:36,500
In the continuous dialogue 
between human intention and 

679
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:39,800
natural processes. 
This Insight transforms every 

680
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,800
activity into a possible 
spiritual practice every 

681
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:46,300
beautifully, crafted item into a
form of prayer and every 

682
00:34:46,300 --> 00:34:49,000
encounter with nature into a 
chance to connect with something

683
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,699
greater than personal worries, 
Its transformation. 

684
00:34:52,699 --> 00:34:57,200
Without the drama magic without 
the fireworks and Transcendence.

685
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,000
Found in giving, whatever task 
at hand, your whole attention 

686
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:04,300
through its understanding of 
thin places where the line 

687
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:07,000
separating the everyday World 
from the other world becomes 

688
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,500
permeable. 
Where magic is not only possible

689
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,600
but nearly inevitable, the 
Celtic tradition provides a 

690
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:15,500
similar viewpoint. 
These could be ancient Grove's 

691
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:19,300
or stone circles, but they could
also be Well's Crossroads or 

692
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:22,000
even specific times of day when 
the light falls in a particular 

693
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,400
way and everything seems more 
significant alive, an 

694
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:28,700
interconnected, the realization 
that thin places aren't merely 

695
00:35:28,700 --> 00:35:31,000
specific places. 
But rather States Of 

696
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,600
Consciousness that can be 
developed anywhere, however was 

697
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,200
the most significant realization
in Celtic spirituality. 

698
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,100
When you learn to approach 
everyday situations with the 

699
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:44,600
same level of reverence and 
attention, typically, reserved 

700
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,000
for formal religious practices, 
the real magic happens. 

701
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:51,400
Taking care of a fire becomes. 
A means of taking part in the 

702
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:53,400
cosmic dance between order and 
entropy. 

703
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,700
Cooking becomes an offering to 
the spirits of the home and 

704
00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:58,700
washing dishes. 
Become a meditation on the 

705
00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:02,300
element of water, the knowledge 
that everything location and 

706
00:36:02,300 --> 00:36:06,100
creature has a spirit and a 
story of its own and that wisdom

707
00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:09,100
arises from learning to listen 
to these stories with humility 

708
00:36:09,100 --> 00:36:12,000
and respect. 
His derived from native American

709
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:15,300
traditions, a rock is more than 
just a mineral formation. 

710
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:19,200
It is an elder who has seen in 
numerable seasons and has its 

711
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,300
own wisdom about patience 
endurance. 

712
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:24,800
And the gradual change of 
Landscapes over time this 

713
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,800
Viewpoint completely changes how
people interact with nature. 

714
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:31,500
You start to see yourself as a 
part of a continuous dialogue 

715
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:34,500
that has been going on for 
thousands of years before you 

716
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:37,200
arrived and will continue long 
after you leave. 

717
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,400
Rather than as a collection of 
resources to be used or 

718
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,800
challenges to overcome finding 
your place in this conversation 

719
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,500
and adding your voice. 
While paying attention to 

720
00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:49,500
everyone else's is more 
important than trying to control

721
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:51,600
or dominate it something 
similar. 

722
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,200
But even more thorough is 
encapsulated in the Aboriginal 

723
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,400
Australian concept of country. 
The living system of 

724
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,300
relationships between land 
water, plants animals, 

725
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:02,700
ancestors. 
And descendants defines your 

726
00:37:02,708 --> 00:37:05,900
identity and responsibilities. 
It is not just the place. 

727
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,800
You happen to live in the sense 
that your identity is 

728
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:11,500
inextricably linked to the 
network of relationships that 

729
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,400
supports all life, you are 
country not just from it because

730
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,300
everything you do has an impact 
on the overall systems Balance 

731
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:21,100
and Health, this knowledge makes
every action meaningful. 

732
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:24,900
Taking water from a spring is 
more than just a practical 

733
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:27,000
issue. 
It's a way to communicate with 

734
00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:30,800
the water spirits and calls for 
appreciation, acknowledgment and

735
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:34,900
close attention to reciprocity. 
Foraging is only one aspect of 

736
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:38,300
gathering food plants and other 
is engaging in a relationship 

737
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:40,400
that necessitates understanding 
the seasons. 

738
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,900
Migration patterns, soil 
conditions and the requirements 

739
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:48,200
of all other organisms, that 
share resources, developing the 

740
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,200
sensitivity and wisdom to live 
in harmony with all the forces, 

741
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:55,300
both of visible and invisible 
human, and more than human that 

742
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:58,700
enable life is what all these 
Traditions have in common rather

743
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:00,300
than gaining control over the 
world. 

744
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:04,100
They acknowledge that rather 
than existing independently of 

745
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:06,200
nature. 
Humans are merely one species 

746
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,000
within a complex, web of 
interdependence that 

747
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:12,900
necessitates ongoing care 
support and Care supernatural, 

748
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:15,800
abilities, or drastic changes 
are not promised by this type of

749
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,100
commonplace Magic. 
Rather it provides something, 

750
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:23,100
perhaps more valuable a way of 
life that acknowledges the 

751
00:38:23,100 --> 00:38:26,200
sacred aspect of everyday life 
that finds connection and 

752
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:28,000
meaning in the most basic 
activities. 

753
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,100
And that turns everyday life 
into a continuous spiritual 

754
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:33,900
practice without, requiring 
anyone to give up their 

755
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:37,400
obligations or withdraw from 
society you may be wondering 

756
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,000
what exactly we're supposed to 
do with all these stories of 

757
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,900
gods and heroes monsters. 
And tricksters tragic love 

758
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:48,100
stories and creation myths. 
That start with chaos as our 

759
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:50,000
journey through these old, Tales
comes to an end. 

760
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:53,400
These aren't merely amusing 
artifacts from the early days of

761
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,000
humanity. 
They are inheritance records, 

762
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,900
psychological maps, and guides 
to navigate in the intricacies 

763
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,300
of life that haven't evolved as 
much as we may believe ancient 

764
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:05,600
storytellers recognized 
something that are modern 

765
00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:07,400
culture. 
Occasionally finds difficult to 

766
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,100
grasp. 
Wisdom isn't just about learning

767
00:39:10,100 --> 00:39:12,400
new things or using cunning to 
solve problems. 

768
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:16,000
It involves cultivating, the 
ability to live with uncertainty

769
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:20,200
to find purpose in flaws to hold
on to hope when loss is 

770
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,800
unavoidable and to acknowledge 
the sacred aspect of Every Day. 

771
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,400
Life, think about the 
beginning's described in the 

772
00:39:26,408 --> 00:39:30,100
creation stories, They make no 
guarantees about the neatness 

773
00:39:30,100 --> 00:39:32,500
orderliness or predictability of
beginning. 

774
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:36,900
Anything worthwhile be at a new 
way of life, a relationship, a 

775
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:41,500
universe or a creative endeavor.
Rather they recognize that all 

776
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:44,100
significant Creations. 
Come from some kind of chaos, 

777
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:48,600
necessitate, the dismantling of 
earlier plans, and entails some 

778
00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:51,300
trial and error that cannot be 
prevented by better planning 

779
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:55,700
according to the Babylonian tale
of Marda and Tiamat sometimes 

780
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:58,000
progress, necessitates a direct 
confrontation. 

781
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,300
With the past, not to destroy 
it, out of resentment or 

782
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:03,900
impatience. 
But to respect what it is given 

783
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:07,200
us while making room for new 
opportunities, we are reminded 

784
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,800
that every beginning, entails 
letting go of something else 

785
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:12,900
that this letting go is a 
necessary part of the process 

786
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:15,700
rather than a result of poor 
planning by the north 

787
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:19,000
understanding that creation 
necessitates, sacrifice that 

788
00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:21,300
emir's death was required for 
the world's birth. 

789
00:40:21,300 --> 00:40:23,900
Perhaps the most advanced 
interpretation of all is 

790
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:27,200
provided by the Aboriginal 
concept of the dream time which 

791
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,700
holds the creation is ongoing 
present and occurring in every 

792
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:33,800
moment of focus and intention. 
Rather than a curing. 

793
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:37,500
Once in the distant, past your 
decisions, focus and 

794
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:40,200
relationships are all a part of 
the cosmic creative process. 

795
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:43,800
And you're not merely living in 
a created World, your actively 

796
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:45,800
contributing to its continuous 
creation. 

797
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:49,000
The hero Tales offer equally 
useful advice for dealing with 

798
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,000
the difficulties of adult hood. 
They are not guides to 

799
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:53,700
immortality or enduring 
happiness. 

800
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:58,000
Quite the contrary in fact they 
are sincere admissions that in 

801
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,900
order to grow you must confront 
things you would rather avoid. 

802
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,700
That courage is the choice to 
act in spite of fear rather than

803
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:08,000
the lack of fear and that the 
most significant successes are 

804
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,700
frequently hidden from everyone.
But the person who achieves 

805
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:14,000
them, we learn from gilgamesh's 
Journey that while the desire to

806
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:16,700
resist change and loss is normal
and understandable. 

807
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:20,700
It is ultimately pointless. 
His desire for immortality isn't

808
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:23,600
realized in the way he 
envisions, but his Readiness to 

809
00:41:23,600 --> 00:41:27,000
love profoundly grieve openly 
and live on. 

810
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,000
In spite of deaths, inevitable 
conclusion. 

811
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:30,800
Produces a different kind of 
immortality. 

812
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:35,800
The kind that endures entails in
our impact in the transformation

813
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:37,600
we bring about in other people's
lives. 

814
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:39,700
The love stories provide 
guidance. 

815
00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:43,300
That is both Transcendent and 
useful, they recognize that love

816
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:45,800
is the most potent and perilous 
force in human history. 

817
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:49,900
Able to inspire both the most 
amazing creations and the most 

818
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:54,500
spectacular catastrophes They 
contend that cultivating, the 

819
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:56,600
wisdom to love. 
Well in spite of difficulties, 

820
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,200
is more important than finding a
love without problems. 

821
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,200
We learn from Orpheus and 
eurydice the value of faith in 

822
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,400
things. 
We cannot see or control the 

823
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,600
necessity of trust in 
relationships and how doubt can 

824
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:09,500
sabotage even the strongest 
bonds? 

825
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:13,400
They also teach us how love 
transcends physical proximity 

826
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,700
and how caring for someone 
profoundly Alters you in ways 

827
00:42:16,700 --> 00:42:19,600
that lasts long after they are 
gone, perhaps the most useful 

828
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:22,000
advice for surviving in. 
The modern world can be found in

829
00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:25,000
the trickster stories. 
They remind us that the best 

830
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:27,700
solution sometimes come from 
those who aren't invested in 

831
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,800
keeping the status quo that 
change typically comes from 

832
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:34,200
unexpected directions and that 
those in charge, don't always 

833
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:38,200
know what they're doing. 
Coyote Loki and Anansi will show

834
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,300
how important it is to challenge
authority, to be prepared to 

835
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,000
break rules that don't really 
benefit anyone and to 

836
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,500
acknowledge that every solution 
leads to new issues, They 

837
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:50,500
acknowledge that changes messy 
and unpredictable, but they also

838
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,600
highlight how resilient creative
and humorous people can be in 

839
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:57,400
the face of adversity power 
responsibility and the human 

840
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:00,100
propensity to establish 
authorities and then berate them

841
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:02,300
for their. 
Flaws are all explored in the 

842
00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:05,900
tales of gods living among 
humans with all of their trivial

843
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:09,100
jealousies and bad judgment. 
The Greek gods servers are 

844
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:11,900
reminded that those in charge of
significant matters are 

845
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:14,800
frequently just as perplexed and
conflicted as the general 

846
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:18,500
populace and that power does not
always translate into wisdom. 

847
00:43:18,500 --> 00:43:21,500
However, the stories also 
implied that the Divine is not 

848
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,600
something distant and 
unfathomable, but rather is 

849
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:27,800
interwoven with everyday life in
ways that become apparent when 

850
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:31,300
we look closely. 
The Hindu conception of Krishna 

851
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:35,000
as both a Butters stealing child
and a cosmic principle suggests,

852
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:38,300
a spirituality, that accepts the
whole range of Human Experience 

853
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:40,600
rather than attempting to 
transcend it. 

854
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,600
Perhaps the most advanced 
psychological advice of all is 

855
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:47,000
found in the monster stories. 
Although they admit that fear is

856
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:48,600
a natural part of The Human 
Experience. 

857
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:51,900
They also contend that our 
monsters frequently reveal 

858
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:55,700
crucial details about the things
we need to confront the things. 

859
00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:57,800
We're avoiding. 
And the things we haven't yet, 

860
00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:00,900
figured out how to integrate 
even when that power seems more 

861
00:44:00,900 --> 00:44:03,400
like, a curse than a gift Medusa
serves. 

862
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,000
As a reminder that some types of
suffering can give rise to 

863
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:08,800
power. 
The Sphinx implies that rather 

864
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,800
than being adversaries that must
be vanquished the monsters. 

865
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:13,400
We Face are frequently 
questions. 

866
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:15,500
Described as puzzles, that must 
be sold. 

867
00:44:16,400 --> 00:44:19,300
Fenrich shows us how fear can 
produce the very Futures. 

868
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:22,300
We are trying to avoid and how 
treating someone as dangerous 

869
00:44:22,300 --> 00:44:24,100
can actually make them 
dangerous. 

870
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:26,900
Most significantly these old 
Tales have a deeper 

871
00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:29,000
understanding of time than our 
culture does. 

872
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,800
They don't have an obsession 
with linear progress, which is 

873
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,000
the belief that things are 
always improving that issues can

874
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:38,900
be resolved once and for all or 
that better methods or 

875
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:42,300
Technologies can radically alter
human nature, rather, they 

876
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:46,200
acknowledge that human existence
is cyclical that the same basic 

877
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,100
problems arise in every 
generation. 

878
00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:51,400
And that wisdom is not in 
finding a permanent solution to 

879
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:53,700
these problems. 
But rather in creating the 

880
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:57,500
abilities viewpoints and 
behaviors that enable, each 

881
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,900
generation to face them with 
dignity Ingenuity and support 

882
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:03,400
from one another. 
We are reminded that destruction

883
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:07,000
and creation are Partners in an 
eternal dance that loss and 

884
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,100
renewal are part of the same 
process and that every ending 

885
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,100
contains the seeds of New 
Beginnings by the seasonal 

886
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:16,000
cycles that occur in. 
So many mythologies from 

887
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,300
Persephone's yearly Journey 
Between Worlds to the Norse 

888
00:45:19,300 --> 00:45:21,800
understanding of Ragnarok as 
both ending and beginning 

889
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,400
compared to our achievement 
oriented culture. 

890
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:27,600
This cyclical view of time 
offers a different relationship 

891
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:31,500
to both success and failure. 
It implies that difficulties 

892
00:45:31,500 --> 00:45:35,200
frequently proceed periods of 
growth that setbacks are not a 

893
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,300
reversible defeats, but rather 
organic components of larger 

894
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:40,600
patterns. 
And that the objective is not to

895
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,100
reach a perfect state but rather
to acquire the fortitude and 

896
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:46,600
insight necessary to face, 
whatever lies ahead. 

897
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,400
When you close this collection 
of stories and go back to your 

898
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:53,500
own life with its unique, blend 
of routine tasks, and sacred 

899
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:55,700
moments, ordinary 
responsibilities and 

900
00:45:55,700 --> 00:45:59,400
extraordinary possibilities. 
You take with you the wisdom of 

901
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,600
thousands of generations who 
have grappled with the same 

902
00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:06,500
basic questions you do. 
How do you find meaning in an 

903
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:10,000
uncertain world? 
How can you accept loss and 

904
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:13,000
still love deeply? 
How do you remain hopeful when 

905
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:16,700
you recognize the challenges? 
In the vast network of 

906
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:18,600
relationships, that binds all 
life together. 

907
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:22,100
How do you find your place? 
The solutions, these Tails 

908
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:24,300
provide are neither 
straightforward nor definitive 

909
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:27,000
rather. 
They are molded by the wizard of

910
00:46:27,008 --> 00:46:30,400
innumerable individuals who have
persevered in the unavoidable 

911
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:33,600
difficulties of human life and 
have been tested by time. 

912
00:46:34,300 --> 00:46:36,700
They serve as a reminder. 
That we are not alone in our 

913
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:39,900
difficulties that the same 
questions that keep us up at 

914
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,700
night are the same ones that 
have always kept people up and 

915
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:47,100
that participating in such an 
age-old discussion can be both 

916
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:50,400
humbling and consoling. 
The knowledge that the journey 

917
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:53,900
itself is significant that the 
questions are just as 

918
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:56,900
significant as the answers and 
that each generation has the 

919
00:46:56,900 --> 00:47:00,500
chance to contribute its own 
voice, to the Grand ongoing 

920
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:04,400
Narrative of what it means to be
human in a mysterious and great 

921
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,200
Universe. 
The things that the myths offer 

922
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:10,400
more than simple answers or 
Happy Endings, you can therefore

923
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:12,900
rest in the knowledge that 
you're surrounded by stories as 

924
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:15,600
well as blankets as you turn off
the light and go to sleep. 

925
00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:18,900
These stories are held in place,
not only by your immediate 

926
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:22,200
surroundings but also by the 
collective wisdom of all those 

927
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:25,200
who have ever gazed at the same 
Stars, pondered the same 

928
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:28,600
Mysteries and managed to turn 
their confusion and longing into

929
00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:30,800
stories that continue to comfort
and guide. 

930
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,700
Those who follow them. 
Your life with all its everyday 

931
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,400
magic and everyday. 
Heroism is one of the newest 

932
00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:39,800
chapters in this Timeless book. 
The ancient stories are still 

933
00:47:39,808 --> 00:47:43,000
being written, rest, easy. 
Knowing that you are a part of 

934
00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:46,300
something far more expansive and
exquisite, the new could have 

935
00:47:46,308 --> 00:47:48,500
ever dreamed. 
When you first open these Pages,

936
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,700
sweet dreams, fellow human being
on the Eternal Journey. 

937
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:57,500
Word count about 7,000 words and
Nancy strategy of stealing fire 

938
00:47:57,500 --> 00:47:59,600
from the sky. 
God is a prime illustration of 

939
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,500
it. 
Yummy the sky God owned fire and

940
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:05,600
kept it locked away for his 
exclusive use. 

941
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:09,700
Humans had to Fumble around in 
the dark after the sunset were 

942
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:12,200
cold, were unable to properly. 
Prepare their food. 

943
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:16,100
Nyam simply didn't understand 
why anyone else needed access to

944
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:18,600
something so potent and 
potentially hazardous. 

945
00:48:19,100 --> 00:48:21,300
It wasn't that he was 
intentionally cruel. 

946
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:24,400
The obvious solution to this 
problem, in announces opinion 

947
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:26,500
was to steal the fire and give 
it to humanity. 

948
00:48:27,300 --> 00:48:30,000
He thought hoarding useful items
was essentially foolish. 

949
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,800
Not because he harbored any 
particular animosity toward 

950
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:35,300
Miami. 
Instead of being left unused in 

951
00:48:35,308 --> 00:48:38,900
some Cosmic storage unit fire 
was intended to be shared and 

952
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:40,400
improve everyone's quality of 
life. 

953
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,500
The actual theft was a 
Masterwork of preparation and 

954
00:48:43,500 --> 00:48:46,900
creativity. 
Among other things and Nancy was

955
00:48:46,900 --> 00:48:50,500
one of the greatest storytellers
in history and he persuaded Nia 

956
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:53,100
to allow him to visit by 
promising to share some of his 

957
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,600
well-known Tales. 
A Nancy was able to smuggle some

958
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,900
fire into a tiny pot. 
He had concealed in his web on 

959
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:02,700
the Army was preoccupied with an
especially captivating story 

960
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:06,700
about why mosquitoes buzz in 
people's ears for a spider. 

961
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:10,200
Even a magical, one crossing the
sky to get the fire to Earth was

962
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:14,300
no easy task, and Nancy had to 
use Ingenuity for navigation 

963
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:18,000
transportation and maintaining 
the fire throughout the trip. 

964
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:21,900
Additionally, he had to stay out
of near Maize sight when the sky

965
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:24,400
God, of eventually found out 
about the theft and came to look

966
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,700
for his belongings. 
However Nancy was successful and

967
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:30,900
fired like well fire among 
people. 

968
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:34,700
Cooking, staying warm working 
after dark and generally, 

969
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,000
improving one's quality of life 
will all made possible. 

970
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:41,100
Initially incense, to Miami was 
forced to acknowledge that fire 

971
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:43,700
was far, more beneficial when it
was being used to supposed to 

972
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:46,900
being stored. 
In fact, the theft increased 

973
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:48,800
rather than decreased the value 
of the gift. 

974
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:52,200
The way that announces stories 
re-interpret stealing and 

975
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,100
breaking the lore as of social 
justice is fantastic. 

976
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,200
A Nancy redistributes resources 
because he sees a world where 

977
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,300
good things are kept from those 
who need them. 

978
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:05,100
Not because he has avaricious or
malevolent, he resembles a 

979
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:07,400
cosmic Robin Hood, but he has 
better jokes. 

980
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:09,900
And more legs. 
Another example of the art of 

981
00:50:09,908 --> 00:50:12,000
necessary. 
Mischief is coyote, the 

982
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:14,300
trickster of many Native 
American traditions. 

983
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:17,800
Whereas a Nancy was endearing 
and determined and Loki was 

984
00:50:17,808 --> 00:50:19,700
complex and occasionally 
destructive. 

985
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:24,400
Coyote was coyote, however was 
like that friend, who has good 

986
00:50:24,400 --> 00:50:26,200
intentions, but no sense of 
proportion. 

987
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:29,800
He would flood a valley while 
Watering your garden then move 

988
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,000
mountains to help you find a 
misplaced earring. 

989
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:34,600
There is a common pattern to 
Coyote stories. 

990
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:38,400
Coyote sees a problem devises, 
what appears to be a clever 

991
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,900
solution and enthusiastically 
puts the solution into practice 

992
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,400
and then faces consequences that
are typically far more 

993
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:48,100
significant and bizarre than 
anyone could have predicted. 

994
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:52,100
He is the Divine representation 
of both the necessity of trying 

995
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,000
new things, even when you are 
unsure of how they will turn 

996
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:56,800
out. 
The law of unintended 

997
00:50:56,800 --> 00:50:59,700
consequences his attempt to 
introduce salmon. 

998
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:02,000
To the Columbia Rivers 
inhabitants is among the most 

999
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,800
Charming of kyotes tales 
according to this version, a 

1000
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,300
family of creatures had 
constructed a dam across the 

1001
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:11,500
river and was hoarding, all the 
salmon refusing to share them 

1002
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:14,500
with anybody else. 
Coyote determined that people's 

1003
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:17,300
hunger was intolerable. 
As usual he offered a 

1004
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:19,800
straightforward solution. 
He would break the dam and 

1005
00:51:19,808 --> 00:51:23,900
release the salmon, easy 
efficient and sure to lead to 

1006
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:27,700
complications he hadn't yet. 
Considered coyote was skilled at

1007
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:29,600
the destructive aspect of 
problem-solving. 

1008
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:32,200
So the dam breaking itself went 
without a hitch. 

1009
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:35,500
The salmon, however, had to be 
equitably shared with all the 

1010
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:37,000
various communities along the 
river. 

1011
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:40,100
Once they were free, this was 
the point at which coyote is 

1012
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:42,600
lack of administrative abilities
clashed with his good 

1013
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:46,100
intentions, Immediately 
overwhelmed by the logistics. 

1014
00:51:46,100 --> 00:51:49,100
He appointed himself coordinator
of salmon distribution. 

1015
00:51:49,100 --> 00:51:52,800
They couldn't agree on seasonals
had different fishing 

1016
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:55,200
traditions, and wanted different
numbers of fish. 

1017
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:59,500
The world's first fisheries 
management crisis resulted from 

1018
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:01,700
what should have been a 
straightforward resource sharing

1019
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:04,500
issue, Kyoto, ultimately 
resolved, the issue by 

1020
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:07,300
essentially stating that salmon 
would migrate in Cycles. 

1021
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:10,600
Arriving in large quantities for
a portion of the year before 

1022
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:13,700
departing to spawn. 
Although it wasn't the 

1023
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,100
sophisticated long-term fix, he 
had hoped for it, did the trick.

1024
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:21,500
Everyone received salmon, the 
salmon was able to procreate and

1025
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:24,400
carry on the cycle and coyote 
gained insight into the 

1026
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:26,700
distinction between destroying 
and repairing things. 

1027
00:52:26,700 --> 00:52:30,900
The understanding that changes 
messy progress frequently comes 

1028
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:34,200
from unexpected directions. 
And sometimes the best Solutions

1029
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:36,700
come from people who aren't 
invested in maintaining the 

1030
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:39,000
status quo is what makes tricks 
to stories. 

1031
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:42,900
So Timeless tricksters don't use
meticulous planning and risk 

1032
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,800
assessment to solve problems the
way experts and authorities, do,

1033
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:49,100
when they're tired of the status
quo and open to trying something

1034
00:52:49,100 --> 00:52:51,300
new, they solve problems the 
same way. 

1035
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:54,600
Regular people, do they also 
acknowledge that good intentions

1036
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:58,000
do not always translate into 
successful outcomes that every 

1037
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:01,200
solution leads to new issues and
that sometimes it is more 

1038
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:03,600
important to Simply start the 
process of change. 

1039
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:08,500
Even if you have no control over
its direction, trickster energy,

1040
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,500
the willingness to ask 
questions, try new things and 

1041
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:13,000
break rules that need to be 
broken. 

1042
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,600
Feels more relevant than ever in
a world that frequently feels 

1043
00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:19,900
trapped in patterns that don't 
benefit anyone ancient people's 

1044
00:53:19,900 --> 00:53:22,900
conception of their gods have a 
wonderful human quality. 

1045
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:27,000
These were not the far off 
unfathomable beings of later 

1046
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:29,700
theology emanating. 
Perfection from some 

1047
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:33,900
inaccessible Celestial throne 
With the ability to transform 

1048
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:36,700
their negative emotions into 
natural calamities. 

1049
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:39,300
These Divine being shared all of
our problems. 

1050
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:42,200
Small Grievances and dubious 
decision-making abilities. 

1051
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,800
Specifically, the Greek gods 
were like a dysfunctional family

1052
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:48,100
that just so happened to govern 
the Natural Forces. 

1053
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:52,300
Mount Olympus was not so much, a
place of God as it was the most 

1054
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:56,100
exclusive gated community in the
world inhabited by beings with 

1055
00:53:56,100 --> 00:53:59,000
Limitless power and the 
emotional maturity of reality TV

1056
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:02,000
contestants. 
They had sibling rivalries, that

1057
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:05,200
could literally change the 
landscape Harvard resentments 

1058
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:09,200
for centuries and fell in love, 
in inappropriate ways as the 

1059
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:12,000
alleged ruler of the Gods and 
universe Zeus devoted. 

1060
00:54:12,000 --> 00:54:15,400
Most of his time to resolving 
issues that he had caused his 

1061
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:17,100
solution to his attraction to 
Mortal. 

1062
00:54:17,100 --> 00:54:19,600
Women was to change into 
different animals and entice 

1063
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:22,700
them which resulted in a 
constant flow of demigod 

1064
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:24,700
Offspring with complex parental 
problems. 

1065
00:54:24,700 --> 00:54:28,000
When the king of the Gods chose 
to court the women in the form 

1066
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:31,300
of a bull or a swan. 
His wife hero spent just as much

1067
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:34,600
time being in raged about these 
Affairs and exacting revenge on 

1068
00:54:34,608 --> 00:54:37,400
the women, as if they had any 
say in the matter, it was like 

1069
00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:39,700
watching a soap opera with 
characters who could throw 

1070
00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:41,100
lightning bolts when they were 
angry. 

1071
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:45,000
When the next Crisis arose from 
precisely the same pattern of 

1072
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:48,700
behavior everyone would act 
shocked Zeus would have an 

1073
00:54:48,700 --> 00:54:51,700
affair hero would discover it. 
And innocent people would be 

1074
00:54:51,708 --> 00:54:55,300
cursed with terrible Fates or 
turned into trees of all the 

1075
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:57,600
Greek gods. 
Hades was arguably the most 

1076
00:54:57,600 --> 00:55:00,300
relatable, since he was forced 
to hold the position that no one

1077
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,000
wanted. 
That of ruler of the underworld 

1078
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:06,400
Hades received, the basement 
Office of the cosmos. 

1079
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:09,500
While his brothers Zeus and 
Poseidon were given the exciting

1080
00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:12,900
Realms of the sky and the Sea 
complete with dramatic weather 

1081
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:15,000
patterns and amazing power 
displays. 

1082
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:19,300
Although his work managing the 
dead was significant, it wasn't 

1083
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:22,100
exactly the kind of thing that 
attracted a lot of favorable 

1084
00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:24,800
press its possible. 
The Hades received the least 

1085
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:27,400
glamorous assignment because he 
was the most responsible of the 

1086
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,400
three brothers. 
He managed his realm effectively

1087
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:34,100
kept himself, most of the time 
and showed up for work every 

1088
00:55:34,100 --> 00:55:36,600
day. 
Even that story becomes more 

1089
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:38,600
likeable when you consider that 
he was likely. 

1090
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,600
Just lonely and didn't know how 
to ask someone out when your job

1091
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:43,900
required you to spend all of 
your time with dead people. 

1092
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:47,900
His biggest PR disaster was 
kidnapping, Persephone to be his

1093
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:50,800
wife given that it was 
negotiated by those who had the 

1094
00:55:50,808 --> 00:55:52,700
authority to wipe out all life 
on Earth. 

1095
00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:55,800
If they didn't get their way, 
the solution to Persephone's 

1096
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:58,300
predicament where she spends 
part of the Year underground 

1097
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:00,600
with Hades and part of the Year 
above ground. 

1098
00:56:00,600 --> 00:56:02,900
With her mother Demeter was 
actually a fairly reasonable 

1099
00:56:02,900 --> 00:56:05,500
compromise Hades received 
company. 

1100
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:08,800
During the dark months Humanity,
received an explanation for the 

1101
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:11,900
seasonal changes and a meter 
received her daughter back for 

1102
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:14,300
the spring and summer. 
If you don't consider the 

1103
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:17,700
kidnapping aspect too much, 
everyone kind of won the gods of

1104
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:19,500
Egypt, approached Divine 
Behavior differently. 

1105
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,700
The Egyptian gods were more like
Cosmic principles with 

1106
00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:25,900
personalities than the Greek 
gods who were basically Immortal

1107
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:29,100
humans with superpowers. 
They were more than just strong 

1108
00:56:29,100 --> 00:56:31,700
creatures. 
They represented the basic 

1109
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:36,200
elements of life such as death, 
rebirth order chaos, the 

1110
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,300
flooding of the Nile and the 
sun's journey across the sky. 

1111
00:56:39,300 --> 00:56:42,200
Making sure the sun rose. 
Each day was perhaps the most 

1112
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:44,400
significant Duty performed by 
the sun god. 

1113
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:48,400
In the Egyptian Pantheon To do 
this, he had to travel across 

1114
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:51,600
the sky every day in a solar 
barque and then go through the 

1115
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:53,200
underworld every night to 
defeat. 

1116
00:56:53,200 --> 00:56:56,400
The serpent apet who stood for 
chaos and truly didn't want the 

1117
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,500
sun to rise again. 
It wasn't as simple as flipping 

1118
00:56:59,500 --> 00:57:02,300
a cosmic switch. 
Take a moment to consider the 

1119
00:57:02,300 --> 00:57:05,900
weight of that responsibility. 
Rao was required to successfully

1120
00:57:05,900 --> 00:57:10,100
navigate Celestial Waters. 
Lead a crew of divine beings and

1121
00:57:10,100 --> 00:57:13,100
then engage in a cosmic battle 
against the forces of entropy on

1122
00:57:13,108 --> 00:57:16,900
a daily basis, the sun wouldn't 
rise and civilization would come

1123
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:20,600
to an end if he had a bad day 
and came ill or distracted, or 

1124
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:23,900
simply didn't feel like putting 
up with Apex nonsense, what's 

1125
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:26,100
amazing? 
Is that Ralph was able to stick 

1126
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:29,200
to this routine for thousands of
years without ever taking a day 

1127
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,400
off. 
He either needs to learn about 

1128
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:34,500
work life, balance or is the 
most Dependable employee in the 

1129
00:57:34,508 --> 00:57:36,900
universe because of his 
commitment to routine. 

1130
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:40,100
However, the interconnectedness 
of existence was also something 

1131
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:43,200
that the Egyptian gods 
understood, every element of 

1132
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:46,000
Egyptian, cosmology was 
affected, when set killed, his 

1133
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:47,700
brother of Cyrus out of 
jealousy. 

1134
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:50,300
A family drama, that makes Greek
Divine. 

1135
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:54,600
Dysfunction seem mild set ruled 
over Chaos, on the desert of 

1136
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:57,700
Cyrus became the god of the dead
and the afterlife, and their 

1137
00:57:57,700 --> 00:57:59,800
sister wife. 
Isis became the goddess of 

1138
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:03,300
healing and Magic as she sought 
to protect their son Horus and 

1139
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:12,000
bring her husband back to life. 
The Narrative of the first voice

1140
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:15,000
came not with thunderous 
Clarity, but as a whisper easily

1141
00:58:15,000 --> 00:58:19,600
mistaken for Wind Through the 
garden, I was 13 Gathering herbs

1142
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,000
behind my father, Jacques house 
in Don, Remy. 

1143
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:25,500
Most people remember me? 
Describing the voice as 

1144
00:58:25,500 --> 00:58:29,000
appearing with blinding light at
noon but the truth differs it 

1145
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:32,100
was actually dusk the hour when 
Shadows transformed into 

1146
00:58:32,100 --> 00:58:33,100
something else. 
Entirely. 

1147
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:37,200
Jehan. 
It said my name in the old 

1148
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:41,000
tongue it was familiar. 
Not commanding or frightening 

1149
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:43,600
like someone who had known me 
before I knew myself. 

1150
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:47,000
I dropped my basket herb, 
scattering across soil. 

1151
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,800
Still warm from the day's son. 
no one had prepared me for this 

1152
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:54,500
moment, even though our priest 
father of a Franti frequently 

1153
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:58,500
spoke about Saints and vision's,
People imagine I was overcome 

1154
00:58:58,500 --> 00:59:01,800
with religious Ecstasy, but my 
initial reaction was irritation.

1155
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:03,900
I had chores to finish before 
dark. 

1156
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:07,200
And mother would scold me for 
dallying only, when the voice 

1157
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:08,700
came again. 
Three days later, while I 

1158
00:59:08,708 --> 00:59:10,400
attended our sheep, did I begin 
to understand. 

1159
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:13,300
It was Michael, the Archangel 
though he did not announce 

1160
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:15,800
himself, grandly he simply began
speaking. 

1161
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:19,700
As if he were continuing along 
established conversation our 

1162
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:23,400
village existed in Perpetual 
anxiety, the English and begun 

1163
00:59:23,400 --> 00:59:25,800
Indians raided regularly, 
forcing us to flee with our 

1164
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:28,500
livestock to the nearby 
fortified island of Volare. 

1165
00:59:29,300 --> 00:59:31,700
My father served as a village 
official Dean. 

1166
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,200
They called him and I watched 
how the weight of protecting 

1167
00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:37,400
others bet his shoulders, when 
he returned from bearing, 

1168
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:41,900
neighbors killed in raids. 
He'd sit silently by our half. 

1169
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:47,600
Staring at nothing. 
This was the inheritance of 

1170
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:50,600
every child in Lorraine. 
The knowledge that safety was 

1171
00:59:50,608 --> 00:59:52,700
temporary violence. 
Inevitable. 

1172
00:59:54,300 --> 00:59:57,100
The voices Catherine and 
Margaret joined, Michael. 

1173
00:59:57,100 --> 01:00:00,200
Eventually did not immediately 
speak of saving France. 

1174
01:00:00,200 --> 01:00:04,500
He spoke of me how I must remain
pure, how I must listen 

1175
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:07,100
carefully. 
People think I was a simple 

1176
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:10,700
girl, but Simplicity was 
impossible in our older region 

1177
01:00:10,700 --> 01:00:14,200
where language loyalty and 
custom blurred. 

1178
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,900
We spoke a dialect that was 
neither purely French. 

1179
01:00:16,900 --> 01:00:20,700
Norman we pledged allegiance to 
Lords whose names changed with 

1180
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:23,600
the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

1181
01:00:23,600 --> 01:00:26,300
They told me once though, I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

1182
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:29,300
and had never seen nobility 
safer occasional passing nights.

1183
01:00:29,300 --> 01:00:32,600
How I inquired. 
My ignorance weighing heavily on

1184
01:00:32,600 --> 01:00:35,100
my mind. 
You will know was all they 

1185
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,300
answered. 
Mother taught me to sow and 

1186
01:00:37,300 --> 01:00:39,400
spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

1187
01:00:39,400 --> 01:00:41,600
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

1188
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:45,500
Father, taught me to manage our 
few acres and to recognize when 

1189
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:49,400
rain threatened the hay Harvest,
these mundane lessons proved as 

1190
01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:51,500
crucial as anything the voices 
imparted. 

1191
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:55,900
I hid the voices from everyone. 
Especially my dear friend over 

1192
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:58,100
yet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

1193
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:01,100
church altar together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

1194
01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:02,600
waded. 
In the Meuse River during 

1195
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,700
Summer's heat. 
Normalcy became my disguise. 

1196
01:01:05,700 --> 01:01:08,100
When my mother, spoke of 
arranging a marriage with the 

1197
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:11,400
son of a nearby farmer. 
I neither agreed nor objected 

1198
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:14,400
though the voices had already 
commanded, my virginity be 

1199
01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:18,500
preserved I simply continue 
spinning wool, kneading bread 

1200
01:01:18,500 --> 01:01:22,100
and appearing unchanged while 
something profound transformed. 

1201
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:26,200
Within me the summer items, 16 
English forces pushed deeper 

1202
01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:28,900
into our region. 
I watched refugees stream 

1203
01:01:28,900 --> 01:01:31,300
through. 
Domini women carrying whatever, 

1204
01:01:31,300 --> 01:01:34,400
possessions they could save men 
with haunted eyes and children 

1205
01:01:34,400 --> 01:01:37,300
to exhausted to cry. 
They brought stories of 

1206
01:01:37,308 --> 01:01:40,800
villages, burned of harvest 
destroyed, and of casual 

1207
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:43,900
cruelties inflicted by mercenary
soldiers, who fought for coin 

1208
01:01:43,900 --> 01:01:46,700
rather than calls. 
One night while our family 

1209
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:48,400
sheltered in the church during a
raid. 

1210
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:52,500
I watched a woman Rock her dead.
Infant refusing to acknowledge 

1211
01:01:52,500 --> 01:01:54,500
the child had stopped breathing 
hours before. 

1212
01:01:55,500 --> 01:01:58,900
Something hardened in me, then a
resolve that matched the voices 

1213
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,200
growing urgency. 
It is time. 

1214
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,100
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves
fell as France bleeds. 

1215
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:06,800
The King's son hides while the 
kingdom crumbles. 

1216
01:02:07,700 --> 01:02:09,700
I am a girl who cannot read. 
I answered. 

1217
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:13,300
I've never held a sword. 
Yet you will lead armies. 

1218
01:02:13,300 --> 01:02:16,500
Catherine replied. 
I laughed aloud at this 

1219
01:02:16,500 --> 01:02:19,800
absurdity earning a questioning 
look from my brother Pierre As 

1220
01:02:19,800 --> 01:02:22,900
We Gather kindling in the 
forest. you were chosen before 

1221
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,200
birth Margaret, added not for 
your knowledge, but for your 

1222
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:30,900
heart, As winter approached 
burgundy and soldiers burned 

1223
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:33,000
part of our village. 
I helped neighbors. 

1224
01:02:33,000 --> 01:02:36,100
Salvage what remained of their 
homes by digging through Ash for

1225
01:02:36,100 --> 01:02:37,600
cooking pots and for anything 
usable. 

1226
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:41,200
The voice is grew more. 
Insistent speaking, not just in 

1227
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:44,900
Quiet Moments, but during daily 
tasks during mass and during 

1228
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:48,600
rare moments of Village 
celebration, Go to Learners, 

1229
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:53,100
they commanded speak to Robert 
de Boudreaux, the name the 

1230
01:02:53,100 --> 01:02:56,000
Garrison Commander, a Gruff 
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 

1231
01:02:56,000 --> 01:02:57,400
fair. 
What? 

1232
01:02:57,400 --> 01:02:59,900
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

1233
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:02,400
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

1234
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:05,300
Only, I could hear, but the 
voice is left, no room for 

1235
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:07,700
doubt. 
I would go, I would speak. 

1236
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:09,700
I would begin this impossible 
Journey. 

1237
01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:12,700
So, I planted my hair one. 
Final time before. 

1238
01:03:12,700 --> 01:03:15,100
Cutting it away. 
Trading A daughter's life for 

1239
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:17,600
something without precedent. 
My cousin Johan. 

1240
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:20,200
Laswa thought I was insane, when
I asked him to escort me to 

1241
01:03:20,208 --> 01:03:23,800
vocalo a practical. 
Man, with calloused hands and a 

1242
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,000
Perpetual Furrow between his 
brows nonetheless, agreed. 

1243
01:03:26,000 --> 01:03:29,200
Perhaps out of curiosity about 
what a transformed his once 

1244
01:03:29,200 --> 01:03:33,000
quiet, cousin into someone who 
spoke with unnerving certainty. 

1245
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:35,600
Three times. 
You will knock on the captain's 

1246
01:03:35,600 --> 01:03:37,800
door. 
Katherine told me twice. 

1247
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:41,000
He will refuse you. 
The third time, he will listen. 

1248
01:03:42,500 --> 01:03:46,300
During the January Journey, 
Toler, my feet became numb from 

1249
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:50,000
wearing worn, leather shoes, 
Frost glazed the bare trees, 

1250
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,200
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 
bitter. 

1251
01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:56,200
I'd never traveled so far from 
home a mere 20 miles that 

1252
01:03:56,200 --> 01:03:59,600
stretched like a pilgrimage. 
Jerome filled silence is with 

1253
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,000
nervous chatter about his 
Vineyard and about Village 

1254
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:03,900
gossip. 
Carefully, avoiding questions 

1255
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:06,200
about my purpose and we crested 
the final Hill. 

1256
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:09,000
What exactly will you say to 
him? 

1257
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:12,400
He finally asked as vocalists 
stonewall's, came into view. 

1258
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:16,500
The truth seemed both too simple
and to extraordinary Voices From

1259
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:19,100
Heaven commanded me to seek an 
audience with the Garrison 

1260
01:04:19,100 --> 01:04:22,100
Commander, so that I could 
eventually lead the dofan to his

1261
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,300
coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

1262
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:29,900
wishes me to say. 
Boudreaux's guards, snickered at

1263
01:04:29,908 --> 01:04:32,300
the site of me a peasant, girl, 
in a home. 

1264
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:34,600
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander, 

1265
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:37,600
but something in my demeanor 
made them hesitate to Simply 

1266
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,500
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

1267
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,000
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

1268
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:46,600
They brought Bode record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

1269
01:04:46,600 --> 01:04:49,900
me to his quarters. 
A public humiliation intended to

1270
01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:53,700
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

1271
01:04:53,700 --> 01:04:55,400
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

1272
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:59,100
I announced boring formality. 
I'd never needed in Domini. 

1273
01:04:59,800 --> 01:05:03,300
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

1274
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,300
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

1275
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,300
But with the weariness of a man 
besieged by people claiming 

1276
01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:11,400
special knowledge in Desperate 
Times. 

1277
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:15,400
Return to your father child, he 
said, learn to improve your 

1278
01:05:15,400 --> 01:05:17,600
thread spinning skills and stead
of telling stories. 

1279
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:21,900
I did not argue, the voice is 
had prepared me for rejection. 

1280
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:25,600
Iran looked relieved as we left 
believing the matter concluded, 

1281
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:29,000
but I remained in vocalo, 
staying with distant relatives. 

1282
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,000
The kindly wheel, right? 
Honoree in his wife Catherine 

1283
01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:35,200
larae, who took me in despite 
their confusion about my 

1284
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:37,100
purpose. 
Daily. 

1285
01:05:37,100 --> 01:05:40,500
I attended mass at the chapel of
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 

1286
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:42,100
floors. 
That bruised, my knees. 

1287
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:45,500
Townspeople began noticing. 
The strange girl, who prayed 

1288
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:49,100
with unusual intensity. 
Some mocked me others. 

1289
01:05:49,100 --> 01:05:52,000
Sensing something Beyond 
ordinary Faith, began asking for

1290
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:54,800
blessings, for prayers, specific
to their troubles. 

1291
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:58,900
I have no power to bless. 
I told a woman who brought her 

1292
01:05:58,900 --> 01:06:01,500
feverish child. 
I am only a messenger. 

1293
01:06:02,700 --> 01:06:05,900
Yet I placed my hands on the 
child's forehead feeling heat 

1294
01:06:05,900 --> 01:06:08,400
radiating through Papyrus skin 
and prayed. 

1295
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:11,200
Anyway, When the fever broke 
through three days later, 

1296
01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:14,600
whispers about me changed 10. 
Her, I was back at boudreau's 

1297
01:06:14,600 --> 01:06:17,600
door six days. 
After my initial rejection this 

1298
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:20,600
time, he received me properly in
his Chambers, curious about 

1299
01:06:20,600 --> 01:06:22,200
rumors circulating through his 
town. 

1300
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:26,500
He stood before his massive oak 
desk, my shadow small against 

1301
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:29,700
the stone wall behind me. 
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 

1302
01:06:29,700 --> 01:06:33,200
He said not bothering with a 
greeting, not claims truth. 

1303
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:36,200
The steadiness in my voice 
surprised even me. 

1304
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:41,200
Today, nearly all are forces of 
suffered defeat. 

1305
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:45,600
Skirmish near a place called 
Revere the Ambush targeted, men 

1306
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:49,000
carrying Lenten, fish and 
provision for the besieged, you 

1307
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:51,400
will receive confirmation of the
situation in days. 

1308
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:54,200
I had not known. 
These words would come from my 

1309
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:56,500
mouth until they emerged the 
voices. 

1310
01:06:56,500 --> 01:06:59,100
Had whispered to the moments 
before I understood and his 

1311
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:02,600
chamber, Boudreaux's expression 
changed from skepticism to 

1312
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:06,800
guarded caution. 
If the story proves true, he 

1313
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:11,300
began when it proves true, I 
corrected you will provide me an

1314
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:13,700
escort to Shino. 
He dismissed me without 

1315
01:07:13,700 --> 01:07:17,400
commitment Messengers, confirmed
the battle of the herrings four 

1316
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:20,400
days later while my prediction 
was not particularly detailed, 

1317
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,800
its verification startled beard 
into taking me. 

1318
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:28,100
Seriously on my third visit, he 
listened fully I must dress as a

1319
01:07:28,100 --> 01:07:31,700
man, I explained the journey is 
dangerous and I have been 

1320
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:35,000
promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, What I 

1321
01:07:35,000 --> 01:07:37,300
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

1322
01:07:37,308 --> 01:07:41,200
glimpses of what awaited road 
crawling with burgundy, patrols 

1323
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:44,000
English archers, and Forest 
Clearing things and rivers 

1324
01:07:44,000 --> 01:07:47,300
swollen with winter melt. 
A woman traveling would face 

1325
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:51,100
dangers, Beyond enemy soldiers. 
The voice is Promised safety, 

1326
01:07:51,100 --> 01:07:53,900
but required Prudence Boudreaux 
commission. 

1327
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:57,900
Male clothing for me, a dark, 
Woolen tunic leggings and a boot

1328
01:07:57,900 --> 01:07:59,400
that needed stuffing at the 
toes. 

1329
01:08:00,100 --> 01:08:02,000
Border. 
Cut my hair even shorter 

1330
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,400
cropping it close to my scalp 
when I dressed in these garments

1331
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:07,900
for the first time. 
The Hawaii watched with troubled

1332
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:11,800
Fascination Henry crossed 
himself, Catherine white tears. 

1333
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:15,700
You look honestly, started 
unable to find appropriate 

1334
01:08:15,700 --> 01:08:17,899
words. 
Like God's instrument. 

1335
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,700
I finished for him, though. 
I felt only like myself, simply 

1336
01:08:21,700 --> 01:08:27,200
clad differently Jeanette and 
bertrande pulong, two of Bowdoin

1337
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,399
volunteered to accompany me to 
Shino. 

1338
01:08:29,899 --> 01:08:32,600
Both later claimed divine 
inspiration, moved them to offer

1339
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:34,399
an escort. 
But I saw more Earthly 

1340
01:08:34,399 --> 01:08:37,300
calculation in their eyes 
curiosity about whether the 

1341
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:40,399
strange girl might truly have 
Heavenly favor whether their 

1342
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:42,000
fortunes might Rise by 
proximity. 

1343
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:46,399
The night before, departure Bode
recourse summoned, me once more,

1344
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:50,000
the chambers single candle cast,
dramatic Shadows across his 

1345
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:52,000
face. 
Deepening already severe 

1346
01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:56,100
features. if you are deceiving 
us, if you lead my men into 

1347
01:08:56,100 --> 01:08:59,500
danger through false prophecy, 
He let the threat hang on 

1348
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:02,200
unfinished. 
I move only as directed, I 

1349
01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:04,899
answered your men safety as 
precious to heaven. 

1350
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:09,000
He handed me a sword, then not 
ceremoniously, but with a 

1351
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:11,300
practicality that acknowledge 
the dangers ahead. 

1352
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,200
Can you use this? 
I had never held a sword before.

1353
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:17,100
It's wait. 
Surprise me. 

1354
01:09:17,100 --> 01:09:21,399
The pommel cool against my palm.
I will not need to I said, 

1355
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:24,700
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

1356
01:09:25,800 --> 01:09:29,700
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convince 

1357
01:09:29,700 --> 01:09:33,600
him, he nodded once, reclaim the
sword and uttered words that 

1358
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:36,800
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

1359
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:40,899
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come what comes?

1360
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:45,800
The following morning, February 
23rd, I departed vocular, with 

1361
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:49,600
my small escort, townspeople 
gathered to watch some touching 

1362
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:51,500
my garments as if I were already
a saint. 

1363
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:53,899
A woman pressed a rosary into my
hand. 

1364
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:56,500
A blacksmith crossed himself as 
I passed. 

1365
01:09:56,500 --> 01:09:59,800
I did not look back at the 
town's gate, even though home 

1366
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,900
sickness was already pulling at 
me, not for Dom Remi, but for a 

1367
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:06,100
Simplicity that I had now 
irrevocably lost. 

1368
01:10:07,100 --> 01:10:10,200
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 
travel through enemy territory 

1369
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:14,100
and beyond that challenges. 
I could scarcely imagine but 

1370
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:17,100
Michael's voice accompanied me 
Steady as my heartbeat. 

1371
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:22,000
France's Liberation begins with 
each step, you take the journey 

1372
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:24,500
to Shin on tested faith, more 
than physical endurance. 

1373
01:10:24,500 --> 01:10:28,300
We traveled mainly at night, 
voiding main roads, where in 

1374
01:10:28,300 --> 01:10:31,100
English and begun Patrol sought 
travelers to Robble Ransom 

1375
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:33,600
during daylight hours. 
We heared in a band and 

1376
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:35,000
Shepherd's, Huts or dense 
Woodland. 

1377
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:39,400
Genre Mets and pulan G. 
Initially insisted, I sleep 

1378
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:43,100
separate from them to protect my
virtue but practicality soon, 

1379
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:46,400
dissolved such Curtis's. 
We huddled together for warmth. 

1380
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:50,000
In February's biting cold, my 
male attire and their honor 

1381
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,800
providing sufficient barriers. 
My companions attitudes toward 

1382
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:57,500
me, evolved during our journey 
initial skepticism transformed 

1383
01:10:57,500 --> 01:10:59,400
into cautious. 
Reverence after we narrowly 

1384
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:02,400
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that
should have intercepted us. 

1385
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:06,500
The wind shifted pooling gear 
remarked, not connecting the 

1386
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:09,000
sudden, weather change to my 
silent prayer moments before 

1387
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:13,300
Later when we reached a swollen 
river, that Maps showed, no 

1388
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,100
Crossing for Miles. 
A local boy appeared as if 

1389
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:18,400
conjured guiding us to a hidden 
Ford. 

1390
01:11:19,400 --> 01:11:22,800
My escorts exchanged meaningful 
glances, but I knew these were 

1391
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:25,700
not Miracles, merely the 
everyday, working of divine 

1392
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:29,100
guidance. 
Will you truly recognize the doe

1393
01:11:29,100 --> 01:11:31,300
phone Jean asked one evening? 
As we warmed? 

1394
01:11:31,300 --> 01:11:34,700
Our hands over a small 
carefully, shielded fire They 

1395
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:37,400
say he often hides among his 
courtiers to test visitors. 

1396
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:41,800
God will identify his anointed. 
I answered though, privately, I 

1397
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:43,600
wondered how this recognition 
would manifest. 

1398
01:11:44,700 --> 01:11:46,300
The voices remained 
frustratingly. 

1399
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:50,400
Vague on practical details. 
We reached Shin on March 6th, 

1400
01:11:50,400 --> 01:11:53,500
but two more days passed before 
gaining entrance to the castle, 

1401
01:11:53,500 --> 01:11:56,900
we lodged in the town below 
where I endured the first of 

1402
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,900
many examinations by Church 
officials balls and sent to 

1403
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,200
determine whether my claims were
divine inspiration, demonic 

1404
01:12:03,200 --> 01:12:07,100
influence, or simple Madness. 
How can we know God speaks 

1405
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:08,500
through. 
You demanded. 

1406
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:11,600
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 

1407
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:15,000
sour from fasting. 
By the signs that follow. 

1408
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:17,200
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's 

1409
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:19,600
coaching. 
God does not ask for Blind 

1410
01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:22,500
Faith, but provides confirmation
for those who truly seek. 

1411
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:26,700
What signs of you performed? 
None, yet signs. 

1412
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:28,500
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

1413
01:12:28,500 --> 01:12:30,600
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

1414
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:34,600
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

1415
01:12:35,500 --> 01:12:37,200
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

1416
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:40,700
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about faith 

1417
01:12:40,700 --> 01:12:43,800
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

1418
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:46,900
constructions, that might 
suggest educated heretical 

1419
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:49,900
influences. 
When I eventually gained entry 

1420
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:52,400
to the castle, I face to play a 
plan challenge. 

1421
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,100
Charles not yet crowned and 
increasingly doubtful of his 

1422
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:58,600
legitimacy. 
Had a range for another man to 

1423
01:12:58,600 --> 01:13:01,900
sit on the throne while he stood
among dozens of richly dressed 

1424
01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:05,000
courtiers. 
The Great Hall, blazed with 

1425
01:13:05,000 --> 01:13:08,600
hundreds of candles their light 
reflecting off, Jewels fingers, 

1426
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,000
and Golden Threads woven through
Noble garments. 

1427
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:15,300
The assembled Court, watched 
expectantly many smirking at the

1428
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:16,900
prospect of a peasant girls 
confusion. 

1429
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:21,300
I had never seen such finery 
such concentrated wealth. 

1430
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:25,300
For a moment, my confidence 
wavered, these were people whose

1431
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:27,900
everyday garments cost more than
my family earned in years. 

1432
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,700
What arrogance brought me here. 
Then Margaret whispered not in 

1433
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:34,300
my ear but directly within my 
mind. 

1434
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:38,400
Remember your purpose, you are 
not sent to be dazzled by 

1435
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:41,900
Earthly riches. 
Without hesitation, I walked 

1436
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:44,400
directly through the crowd 
toward a plainly Dressed Man 

1437
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:47,100
Standing among the courtiers 
kneeling before him. 

1438
01:13:47,100 --> 01:13:49,000
I said what the voice is 
prompted. 

1439
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:52,600
God gives you life and Glory, 
gentle dofa. 

1440
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:57,200
Charles's face registered shock 
quickly, controlled I am not the

1441
01:13:57,200 --> 01:13:58,500
king. 
He protested. 

1442
01:13:58,500 --> 01:14:02,000
Maintaining the charade. 
I did not call you King. 

1443
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:05,200
I answered. 
You are the dofa but you will be

1444
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:09,700
king when properly consecrated 
at his God's will. the court 

1445
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:13,500
mermaid, Charles gestured for 
seclusion, guiding me to a 

1446
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:16,800
window ledge where we could 
Converse discreetly If you truly

1447
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:20,500
come from God, he said, quietly 
tell me something, only Divine 

1448
01:14:20,500 --> 01:14:23,800
knowledge could reveal. 
Her repeated words, Michael had 

1449
01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:27,100
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

1450
01:14:27,100 --> 01:14:29,300
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

1451
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,100
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning whether 

1452
01:14:32,100 --> 01:14:34,400
your mother's reputation spoke 
truth about your birth. 

1453
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:37,900
God answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

1454
01:14:37,900 --> 01:14:40,500
to France. 
Your suffering is seen your 

1455
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:44,300
doubts are understood, but you 
must Haven has preserved for 

1456
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:48,400
you. 
Charles paled visibly he later 

1457
01:14:48,400 --> 01:14:50,700
confirmed that he had prayed 
this prayer in solitude. 

1458
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:53,900
That I knew its contents 
convinced him when nothing else 

1459
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:56,600
might have. 
Yet, despite this private 

1460
01:14:56,600 --> 01:14:59,500
conviction, Charles remained 
publicly cautious. 

1461
01:14:59,500 --> 01:15:03,200
I was subjected to further 
examinations including three 

1462
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:05,700
weeks of questioning by 
theologians at poitiers who 

1463
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:08,600
probed for heretical beliefs or 
signs of demonic influence. 

1464
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:12,800
They examined my body for 
witches marks, questioned by 

1465
01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:16,000
insistence on mayor and tested 
my knowledge of Christian 

1466
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:18,300
doctrine. 
What history rarely records, is 

1467
01:15:18,300 --> 01:15:20,900
the humiliation of these 
examinations and the indigenous 

1468
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:24,100
of learned men, debating, 
whether my virginity indicated 

1469
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:28,200
Divine protection, or simply a 
lack of opportunity, as well as 

1470
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:32,300
whether my voices were Angels or
clever demons, One elderly, 

1471
01:15:32,300 --> 01:15:34,700
Theologian suggested. 
I might simply suffer from 

1472
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:37,100
female hysteria due to my 
unmarried state. 

1473
01:15:37,900 --> 01:15:41,700
Perhaps I replied evenly. 
Does hysteria typically predict 

1474
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:44,700
military outcomes or recognized 
disguised King's? 

1475
01:15:45,600 --> 01:15:47,800
During these weeks of 
examination, I grew increasingly

1476
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:51,900
frustrated by delays, all Leon 
remained Under Siege, its 

1477
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:54,900
situation deteriorating, the 
voices, became more urgent. 

1478
01:15:54,900 --> 01:15:58,300
Sometimes waking me from sleep 
with commands to move quickly. 

1479
01:15:59,100 --> 01:16:02,500
Time Slips Away. 
Michael warned, Francis heart 

1480
01:16:02,500 --> 01:16:06,300
weakens with each passing day. 
I petition Charles repeatedly 

1481
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:08,600
for Action. 
Facing resistance from his 

1482
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:11,200
advisor. 
George de La Creme who viewed me

1483
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:14,700
as a threat to his influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

1484
01:16:14,700 --> 01:16:18,000
He told Charles within my 
hearing yet prophecies a cheap, 

1485
01:16:18,008 --> 01:16:21,600
while soldiers lives a dire 
prophecies, may be cheap by 

1486
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:24,500
counter it but the price of 
ignorance is the fall of your 

1487
01:16:24,500 --> 01:16:26,900
kingdom. 
Charles wavered between 

1488
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:29,600
believing my Divine mandate and 
fearing the consequences of 

1489
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:33,400
following an unproven visionary.
What finally convinced him was 

1490
01:16:33,400 --> 01:16:36,900
pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had. 

1491
01:16:37,900 --> 01:16:40,500
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

1492
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:43,000
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

1493
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:45,100
allowing me to attempt, lifting 
The Siege at all. 

1494
01:16:45,100 --> 01:16:47,500
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

1495
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:49,000
compared to the Daily losses 
already. 

1496
01:16:49,000 --> 01:16:54,400
Incurred. if I succeeded, the 
reward was in calculable in 

1497
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:57,300
late, April after nearly seven 
weeks of delay in examination. 

1498
01:16:57,300 --> 01:16:59,300
Charles, finally granted me my 
mission. 

1499
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:03,200
I was provided armor made to my 
measurements, lightweight 

1500
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:05,100
plates. 
That nonetheless felt foreign 

1501
01:17:05,100 --> 01:17:07,700
against my body. 
The sword given to me was 

1502
01:17:07,700 --> 01:17:10,500
serviceable but ordinary, not 
the special blade. 

1503
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:14,300
I described seeing in my visions
There is a sword Meant For Me, 

1504
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:18,100
Explain to Charles buried behind
the altar, at Saint, Catherine, 

1505
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:21,200
de Fierro Boise, it Bears. 
Five crosses on its blade and 

1506
01:17:21,208 --> 01:17:23,200
has Lain there since Charles 
martel's time. 

1507
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:26,300
Charles still testing the limits
of My Strange. 

1508
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:28,300
Knowledge. 
Sent men to investigate this 

1509
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:31,300
oddly specific claim. 
They indeed found an ancient 

1510
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:35,100
sword buried exactly where 
described its existence unknown 

1511
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:38,400
to the local priests, this sword
became my physical token of 

1512
01:17:38,408 --> 01:17:41,300
divine sanction. 
However, I primarily carried a 

1513
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:43,300
standard in stead of Wheeling 
weapons. 

1514
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:47,600
The standard was my design, a 
White Field adorned with fleur 

1515
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:50,900
de lis bearing. 
The name's Jesus Maria and 

1516
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:53,800
depicting, God, holding the 
world with angels at his side. 

1517
01:17:54,600 --> 01:17:57,300
This banana would proceed me 
into battle a visible. 

1518
01:17:57,300 --> 01:17:59,600
Reminder that are caused 
Heavenly blessing. 

1519
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:03,800
Before departing on. 
I dictated a letter to the 

1520
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:05,600
English commanders surrounding 
Orleans. 

1521
01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:08,000
Warning them to depart from 
France or face. 

1522
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:11,300
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 
Who recorded my words kept 

1523
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:14,200
glancing up in disbelief as 
increasingly forceful language 

1524
01:18:14,200 --> 01:18:16,000
flowed from The Peasant, girl 
before him. 

1525
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:20,100
Surrender to the maid sent by 
God, the king of Heaven, you 

1526
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:22,400
will not hold the kingdom of 
France from God, the king of 

1527
01:18:22,408 --> 01:18:25,500
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,
Charles the true heir. 

1528
01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:30,800
Will hold it for God wills it. 
When read aloud afterward, the 

1529
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:35,000
word sounded strange to my ears,
both mine and not mine carrying 

1530
01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:37,100
an authority. 
I'd never possessed in dorm 

1531
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:39,100
Remy, the court. 
He has exchanged troubled. 

1532
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:42,400
Glance is uncertain, whether 
they witnessed inspired prophecy

1533
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:45,900
or dangerous delusion. 
However, Charles had chosen to 

1534
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:49,200
support my journey, Charles had 
gathered equipment and assembled

1535
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:51,100
troops. 
The Impossible campaign was 

1536
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:54,000
about to begin. 
On the evening before our 

1537
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:56,600
departure for all, I stood alone
on the castle. 

1538
01:18:56,600 --> 01:19:01,400
Ramparts watching spring Stars 
emerge. home sickness washed 

1539
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:05,100
over me unexpectedly, not for my
Village specifically, but for 

1540
01:19:05,100 --> 01:19:07,900
anonymity for the piece of 
tending, sheep on quiet 

1541
01:19:07,900 --> 01:19:11,800
hillsides Having doubts, 
Catherine asked her voice gentle

1542
01:19:11,800 --> 01:19:14,900
within my mind. 
No doubts I answered silently. 

1543
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:18,500
Simply a conscious understanding
of what you can't take back. 

1544
01:19:19,700 --> 01:19:21,700
The path Narrows before you 
should acknowledge. 

1545
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:25,300
Remember why you were chosen not
for skill with sword or 

1546
01:19:25,300 --> 01:19:28,600
strategy, but for perfect faith 
in God's plan. 

1547
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:31,800
I nodded though. 
No human eyes witnessed this 

1548
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:34,400
private exchange. 
Perfect faith. 

1549
01:19:35,200 --> 01:19:39,400
It was not blindness to danger 
or an absence of fear, but a 

1550
01:19:39,400 --> 01:19:43,300
willingness to proceed despite 
both With that understanding, I 

1551
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:45,000
descended to prepare for 
departure. 

1552
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:48,600
Ready to transform from examined
curiosity to Battlefield. 

1553
01:19:48,600 --> 01:19:52,200
Commander we departed tours on 
April 27th, with supplies and 

1554
01:19:52,208 --> 01:19:53,900
reinforcements for the besieged 
city. 

1555
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:57,000
But conflict emerged immediately
between military commanders and 

1556
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,300
me. 
A teenage girl claiming Divine 

1557
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:02,200
guidance. 
The Army's veteran captains 

1558
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:06,500
genre and Etienne de vignole. 
Regarded me with open 

1559
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:09,300
skepticism. 
They had the years of defeats 

1560
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:12,500
and developed cautious. 
Strategies avoid confrontation 

1561
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:16,200
preserve remaining forces and 
accept that Allie on would 

1562
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:19,500
eventually fall like other 
strongholds before it God did 

1563
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:21,100
not send me to follow cautious 
men. 

1564
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:23,300
I informed them during our first
Council. 

1565
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:27,000
On will not fall. 
We will not merely deliver 

1566
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:28,900
supplies. 
We will break The Siege 

1567
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:31,300
entirely. 
La here. 

1568
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:36,200
A notorious Soldier known for 
Creative profanity stared at me 

1569
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,700
and disbelief. 
With what divine win to blow the

1570
01:20:39,700 --> 01:20:42,400
English away. 
They outnumber us, they have 

1571
01:20:42,400 --> 01:20:45,300
secure their positions. 
They outnumbered David against 

1572
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:48,100
Goliath. 
I replied numbers mean nothing 

1573
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:52,300
against God's will. 
These exchanges established our 

1574
01:20:52,300 --> 01:20:54,700
working relationship. 
They planned according to 

1575
01:20:54,708 --> 01:20:57,800
military experience and I 
insisted on more aggressive 

1576
01:20:57,800 --> 01:21:01,100
action than conventional wisdom 
suggested was prudent, the 

1577
01:21:01,100 --> 01:21:03,800
compromise that emerged 
involved, approaching all they 

1578
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,600
are from an unexpected 
Direction, crossing the Loire, 

1579
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:08,800
rather than confronting the 
stronger English positions 

1580
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:11,600
directly. 
This decision portrayed in 

1581
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:14,800
Chronicles as my strategic 
Brilliance actually resulted 

1582
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,700
from practical necessity 
combined with fortunate timing. 

1583
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,600
Spring rains had made the river 
higher than usual, limiting 

1584
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:24,200
Crossing points, but also 
focusing English defensive 

1585
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:27,700
positions. 
My inspiration to approach from 

1586
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,400
the East, simply utilized 
terrain the English a deemed too

1587
01:21:31,400 --> 01:21:34,700
difficult to defend heavily. 
We reached the laws, Southern 

1588
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:38,200
Bank, on, April 29th, where I 
dictated another letter to the 

1589
01:21:38,200 --> 01:21:40,700
English commanders. 
This one delivered, by Harold 

1590
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:44,200
directly to their Line's. 
You may have England who have no

1591
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:47,600
right in this Kingdom of France.
Go away into your country, in 

1592
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:50,300
God's name. 
And if you do not do this, a 

1593
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,700
waiting from the maid who will 
come to see you shortly to your 

1594
01:21:53,700 --> 01:21:57,200
very great injury. 
The English soldiers who heard 

1595
01:21:57,200 --> 01:22:00,000
this message? 
Reportedly laughed asking if the

1596
01:22:00,000 --> 01:22:03,300
French had grown so desperate, 
they now sent girls to fight 

1597
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:05,300
their battles, William 
glaisdale. 

1598
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:08,200
Their Commander sent back, a 
message, threatening to burn me 

1599
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,400
as a witch, and hang those who 
followed me as Heretics. 

1600
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:14,200
If captured fear clenched, my 
stomach upon hearing this not of

1601
01:22:14,200 --> 01:22:17,400
burning specifically, but a 
failure of leading others to 

1602
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:19,000
death, through misplaced 
confidence. 

1603
01:22:20,500 --> 01:22:23,700
That night, I prayed longer than
usual seeking reassurance from 

1604
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,200
my voices, who had grown 
somewhat quietest. 

1605
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:29,500
Since my departure from The 
English threatened fire. 

1606
01:22:29,500 --> 01:22:31,600
I whispered to the darkness of 
my tent. 

1607
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,700
All human flesh. 
Fears Flames Margaret answered 

1608
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:39,100
compassionately. 
But remember, the true fire is 

1609
01:22:39,100 --> 01:22:42,500
God's purpose burning through. 
You it consumes doubt and 

1610
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:46,600
illuminates the path. 
On April 30th, we successfully 

1611
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,100
transported supplies into all 
Leon via river barges bringing 

1612
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:52,400
desperately needed Provisions to
the city's Defenders. 

1613
01:22:53,400 --> 01:22:56,800
I entered that evening during a 
rainstorm soaked and physically 

1614
01:22:56,800 --> 01:23:00,800
exhausted, but filled with 
strange exhilaration citizens 

1615
01:23:00,800 --> 01:23:03,700
line, the narrow streets, 
despite the weather, reaching to

1616
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:07,200
touch my armor or standard as if
I carry a tangible blessing. 

1617
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,000
Jacques Bouchee the city 
treasurer offered his home for 

1618
01:23:11,000 --> 01:23:13,900
my lodging. 
His daughter, Charlotte closest 

1619
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:17,600
to my age among the household 
helped remove my armor that the 

1620
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,600
first evening. 
She gasped, sing bruises already

1621
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,300
forming Where Metal had pressed 
against my skin during the long 

1622
01:23:23,300 --> 01:23:25,600
ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

1623
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:28,800
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

1624
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:33,100
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered the truth was. 

1625
01:23:33,100 --> 01:23:35,000
I barely noticed physical 
discomfort. 

1626
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:37,700
My focus had narrowed to a 
single purpose. 

1627
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:39,800
Fulfilling. 
What the voice is promised. 

1628
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:42,900
Following days brought 
increasing frustration. 

1629
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:48,400
Military commanders insisted on 
gradual approaches small gains 

1630
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:50,000
and careful conservation of 
resources. 

1631
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:54,700
I demanded immediate decisive 
action against key English 

1632
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,600
fortifications. 
Each war council became a battle

1633
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:01,500
itself, me against experienced 
soldiers, who saw my urgency as 

1634
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:06,100
naivete On May 4th while 
commanders deliberated yet, 

1635
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:10,600
another cautious plan a briefly 
in the chamber within dream-like

1636
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:12,600
moments. 
Michael appeared with unusual 

1637
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:15,100
clarity. 
They attack the Eastern Gate. 

1638
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:21,000
He stated without Preamble now. 
I woke instantly calling for my 

1639
01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:23,900
Squire to help with armor. 
Charlotte who had been mending 

1640
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:26,000
nearby looked startled. 
At my sudden urgency. 

1641
01:24:26,700 --> 01:24:28,100
What happens? 
She asked. 

1642
01:24:28,800 --> 01:24:31,900
Eastern Gate was all. 
I managed while struggling 

1643
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:34,900
through my padded undergarment 
fighting has begun. 

1644
01:24:34,900 --> 01:24:38,200
Indeed, while commanders planned
English forces, had launched a 

1645
01:24:38,200 --> 01:24:41,200
surprise assault against Saint 
Luke, one of the Cities Eastern 

1646
01:24:41,200 --> 01:24:44,400
fortifications. 
By the time I reached the area 

1647
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,000
French Defenders were already 
retreating in disarray. 

1648
01:24:47,900 --> 01:24:49,300
Without waiting for formal 
orders. 

1649
01:24:49,300 --> 01:24:52,500
I rode directly to the conflict 
with the standard raised High 

1650
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:54,900
soldiers. 
Later described the events, as 

1651
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:58,100
miraculous noting, how 
retreating men turned back upon 

1652
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:01,700
seeing me and how their broken 
courage transformed into a 

1653
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:04,600
determined Advance. 
The reality was less mystical, 

1654
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:08,100
but no, less effective. 
In the confusion of battle. 

1655
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:09,900
A symbolic. 
Vocal Point. 

1656
01:25:10,800 --> 01:25:13,800
Stink of figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakable Banner, 

1657
01:25:13,800 --> 01:25:16,700
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

1658
01:25:17,600 --> 01:25:20,100
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

1659
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:22,700
I called my voice caring 
surprisingly. 

1660
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:25,100
Well, across the dinner of 
combat forward. 

1661
01:25:25,100 --> 01:25:27,500
God has delivered them into our 
hands. 

1662
01:25:29,200 --> 01:25:32,700
The battle turned by evening. 
Saint Luke had fallen to our 

1663
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:36,300
forces this Victory while modest
and strategic terms. 

1664
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:40,100
Transformed perceptions 
soldiers, who were doubted began

1665
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:41,900
viewing me with superstitious 
ore? 

1666
01:25:42,400 --> 01:25:44,900
Commanders who had dismissed my 
Council became more willing to 

1667
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:48,100
listen yet challenges to 
Authority continued. 

1668
01:25:48,700 --> 01:25:51,800
On May the 5th. 
June attempted to exclude me 

1669
01:25:51,800 --> 01:25:53,800
from councils planning 
operations, without my 

1670
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:55,900
knowledge. 
Upon discovering this I 

1671
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,200
confronted him directly. 
Do you believe you can conceal 

1672
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:02,600
God's battle from his messenger?
I demanded interrupting their 

1673
01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:05,200
clothes meeting. 
Why do you plot in Shadows When 

1674
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,100
Heaven watches were guards? 
Do you are intelligent 

1675
01:26:08,100 --> 01:26:11,600
politically astute recognized 
the changing mood among troops. 

1676
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:14,900
We sought only to spare you, the
technical details, your 

1677
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:19,700
diplomatically Spare me nothing.
I counted, I was not sent to be 

1678
01:26:19,708 --> 01:26:23,800
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

1679
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:26,400
on Sanjay, LeBlanc, and the 
Augustana Fortress took place, 

1680
01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:29,700
this incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

1681
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:31,300
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

1682
01:26:31,300 --> 01:26:34,500
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

1683
01:26:34,500 --> 01:26:37,300
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

1684
01:26:37,300 --> 01:26:40,900
the deadly reign of arrows. 
I rode forward alone standard 

1685
01:26:40,900 --> 01:26:43,400
Held High. 
An arrow struck. 

1686
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:45,100
Her armor Witnesses later, 
reported. 

1687
01:26:45,100 --> 01:26:47,400
Yet she continued as if 
untouched. 

1688
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,300
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate, bruising but 

1689
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:54,600
not penetrating. more 
significant than this, minor 

1690
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:59,400
miracle was the psychological 
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 

1691
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,100
Shame by a girl's courage, 
surged forward, the 

1692
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:06,000
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought the decisive 

1693
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:09,500
assault against lateral. 
The main Fortress controls River

1694
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:13,000
Crossing Here my Legend and 
reality most dramatically 

1695
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:16,700
intercept historical accounts 
described me, taking an arrow to

1696
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,700
the shoulder have been predicted
this injury the previous day, 

1697
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,700
the wounded was real and English
Longbow Arrow. 

1698
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,000
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

1699
01:27:26,000 --> 01:27:29,800
had been more General Blood will
be drawn to Morrow but not all 

1700
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:32,500
of it, French. 
The pain nearly caused 

1701
01:27:32,500 --> 01:27:35,100
unconsciousness. 
I was pulled from Battle briefly

1702
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,400
while the arrow was removed, not
ceremoniously, as depicted in 

1703
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:41,700
romantic painting's but with 
brutal efficiency by a field 

1704
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:45,200
surgeon who feared wound fever 
would set in if the barbed head 

1705
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:48,600
remained embedded. 
Boiling oil into the wound to 

1706
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:51,500
quartus, the bleeding pain that 
exceeded the original injury. 

1707
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:54,200
Wine. 
I gasped afterward. 

1708
01:27:54,900 --> 01:27:58,800
Just a little. 
Instead of wine, they gave me 

1709
01:27:58,800 --> 01:28:02,100
consecrated bread communion 
without formal ceremony 

1710
01:28:02,100 --> 01:28:06,100
Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

1711
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:08,800
could stand again though using 
my right arm remained 

1712
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:11,000
impossible. 
Military commanders. 

1713
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:13,100
Seeing my condition, ordered a 
retreat for the day. 

1714
01:28:13,100 --> 01:28:15,100
The assault would resume 
tomorrow. 

1715
01:28:15,100 --> 01:28:17,000
They decided without consulting 
me. 

1716
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:20,200
I heard this decision while 
having my wound bandaged. 

1717
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:24,800
Know I can't demanded struggling
back into partial armor despite 

1718
01:28:24,800 --> 01:28:27,900
Charlotte's protests. 
We finished today English 

1719
01:28:27,900 --> 01:28:31,200
resolved dwindles with each 
passing hour returning to battle

1720
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:33,000
with the wound. 
Still fresh became the defining 

1721
01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:36,000
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 
the injured made refusing 

1722
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,200
Retreat. 
Standard transfer to my left 

1723
01:28:38,200 --> 01:28:40,000
hand. 
While my right arm hung useless 

1724
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,200
rallying troops for the final 
push as daylight began fading 

1725
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:46,900
What's rarely recorded is how 
fever already began clouding. 

1726
01:28:46,900 --> 01:28:50,100
My thoughts, how each movement 
sent waves of nausea through me 

1727
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:52,900
and how the voices seemed to 
speak from an increasingly 

1728
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,100
enormous distance? 
Yep. 

1729
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:57,800
Purpose carried me forward, when
physical strength should have 

1730
01:28:57,808 --> 01:29:01,500
fail, the English Commander 
glass, Dale, who had promised to

1731
01:29:01,508 --> 01:29:04,700
burn me as a witch die during 
this finalist salt. 

1732
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:07,700
When a makeshift Bridge 
collapsed beneath him, he 

1733
01:29:07,700 --> 01:29:10,800
drowned in the Loire way down by
the very armored meant to 

1734
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:13,500
protect him. 
Soldiers on both sides viewed, 

1735
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:16,500
his death as Divine judgment. 
Superstitious fear spreading 

1736
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:20,500
through remaining, English 
forces by Nightfall, later L had

1737
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:24,000
fallen, The Siege that had 
strangled all the offer seven 

1738
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:26,400
months broken, just four days of
concerted action. 

1739
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:30,300
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

1740
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:32,700
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

1741
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:35,500
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

1742
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:39,400
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells. 

1743
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,400
Rang continuously citizens who 
had expected either the 

1744
01:29:42,408 --> 01:29:44,700
starvation or mastercorp instead
found themselves. 

1745
01:29:44,700 --> 01:29:48,300
Liberated, they credited the 
maid The Peasant girl from 

1746
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:50,900
Dahmer me who had promised 
deliverance and against all 

1747
01:29:50,900 --> 01:29:52,500
rational, expectation delivered 
it. 

1748
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:56,100
That night fevered and weak from
blood loss. 

1749
01:29:56,100 --> 01:29:59,000
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

1750
01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:03,200
Had God performed Miracles 
through me had my presence, 

1751
01:30:03,200 --> 01:30:06,500
simply catalyzed human courage 
that already existed waiting 

1752
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:08,800
only for symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

1753
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:13,300
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1754
01:30:13,300 --> 01:30:16,100
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1755
01:30:16,100 --> 01:30:18,300
through natural channels not to 
fight them. 

1756
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:24,300
Citizens began calling me lepus.
El Doral, the maid of Orleans a 

1757
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:25,700
title that would follow me 
through history. 

1758
01:30:26,700 --> 01:30:31,100
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jean aching. 

1759
01:30:31,100 --> 01:30:34,800
Feverish wondering what further 
price, fulfilling Heaven's 

1760
01:30:34,800 --> 01:30:38,900
commands might require by 
Nightfall, later L had fallen 

1761
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:42,500
The Siege that had strangled all
the offer seven months broken, 

1762
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:44,300
just four days of concerted 
action. 

1763
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:48,200
The following morning, May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

1764
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:50,600
retreated from positions. 
They held since October, 

1765
01:30:50,600 --> 01:30:53,400
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

1766
01:30:54,300 --> 01:30:57,300
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells. 

1767
01:30:57,300 --> 01:31:00,900
Rang continuously citizens who 
had expected either starvation 

1768
01:31:00,900 --> 01:31:02,700
or master in Stead found 
themselves. 

1769
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:06,200
Liberated, they credited, the 
maid The Peasant girl, from 

1770
01:31:06,200 --> 01:31:08,800
domini who had promised to 
deliverance and against all 

1771
01:31:08,800 --> 01:31:10,500
rational, expectation delivered 
it. 

1772
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:14,100
That night fevered and weak from
blood loss. 

1773
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:17,000
I struggled to understand what a
truly happened. 

1774
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:21,100
Had God performed Miracles 
through me or had my presence. 

1775
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:24,400
Simply catalyzed, human courage 
that already existed waiting 

1776
01:31:24,400 --> 01:31:26,700
only for symbol and purpose to 
crystallize action. 

1777
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:31,200
Both Catherine whispered as I 
drifted between Consciousness 

1778
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:34,000
and dream. 
The greatest Miracles work 

1779
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:36,300
through natural channels not to 
fight them. 

1780
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,100
Citizens began calling me lepus 
El door. 

1781
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:43,400
Leon the maid of Orleans a title
that would follow me through 

1782
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:46,700
history. 
Yet alone in prayer that night I

1783
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:51,500
remained simply Jean aching. 
Feverish wondering what further 

1784
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:53,800
price for filling Heaven's 
commands might require 

1785
01:31:53,800 --> 01:31:57,300
throughout this journey. 
I maintained my male attire and 

1786
01:31:57,300 --> 01:32:00,400
slept fully armored most nights 
surrounded by guards. 

1787
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:04,000
His practice later used as 
evidence of impropriety during 

1788
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:06,700
my trial. 
Served practical purposes beyond

1789
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,800
the voices, commands traveling 
with thousands of soldiers. 

1790
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,000
While identifiably female 
invited dangers, obvious to any 

1791
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:17,400
woman Divine protection, not 
withstanding, The armor provided

1792
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:19,400
a physical barrier against 
casual assault. 

1793
01:32:19,400 --> 01:32:22,300
Male clothing, minimized on 
wanted attention during 

1794
01:32:22,300 --> 01:32:26,400
necessary activities. 
We reached ways on July 16th. 

1795
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:30,200
The city, welcome Charles 
without resistance its citizens,

1796
01:32:30,200 --> 01:32:32,900
lining streets to witness, what 
many had thought impossible 

1797
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:35,600
months early. 
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 

1798
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:38,400
that same day urging 
reconciliation with Charles 

1799
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,600
calling on him to make good 
piece that will last with the 

1800
01:32:41,600 --> 01:32:44,200
rightful King. 
This letter received no 

1801
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:46,800
immediate response but 
represented my growing political

1802
01:32:46,800 --> 01:32:48,900
involvement Beyond Battlefield 
leadership. 

1803
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:52,900
The coronation ceremony on July.
The 17th exists in popular 

1804
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:54,900
imagination. 
As a triumphant Coleman Nation, 

1805
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:58,900
the maid standing proudly beside
her King as Divine prophecy is 

1806
01:32:58,900 --> 01:33:02,300
fulfilled. 
Reality contained more nuanced. 

1807
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:05,300
I indeed stood near the altar 
holding my standard, but 

1808
01:33:05,300 --> 01:33:09,100
experience the ceremony with 
complicated emotions, initially 

1809
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:11,800
relief. 
Predominated, I had accomplished

1810
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:13,800
the primary Mission. 
The voices had given me. 

1811
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,200
Charles knelt before the 
Archbishop received sacred 

1812
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:20,100
anointing from the holy ampulla 
and Rose as King. 

1813
01:33:20,108 --> 01:33:22,700
Charles the seventh, his 
legitimacy, no longer 

1814
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:25,200
questionable. 
As the Archbishop placed, the 

1815
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:28,400
crown on his head, I 
spontaneously broke into tears. 

1816
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:32,700
Now God's work is accomplished. 
I told him afterward during the 

1817
01:33:32,700 --> 01:33:35,200
celebration Feast where I was 
granted a position of Honor. 

1818
01:33:35,900 --> 01:33:38,900
You are the true king of France 
by holy coronation as well as by

1819
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:41,500
birth. 
Charles and emotionally moved. 

1820
01:33:41,500 --> 01:33:44,200
Despite his typically. 
Reserved nature asked, what 

1821
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:48,200
reward I desired for my service,
courtiers leaned forward and 

1822
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,700
anticipating requests for titles
lands and wealth, the normal 

1823
01:33:51,700 --> 01:33:55,800
currency of Royal gratitude. 
Grant tax exemption to Don Remy,

1824
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:59,300
I requested in Stead, my people 
are poor and of suffered much 

1825
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:03,300
from the wars Passage. 
This modest request enhance my 

1826
01:34:03,300 --> 01:34:06,600
reputation for saintly 
disinterest in worldly gain as 

1827
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:08,900
it costs the crown, almost 
nothing and showed my lack of 

1828
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,400
personal ambition. 
The voice is never promised a 

1829
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:14,400
personal reward for completing 
Heaven's tasks. 

1830
01:34:14,400 --> 01:34:18,000
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

1831
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,600
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

1832
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:23,100
palace. 
I experienced something 

1833
01:34:23,100 --> 01:34:26,900
unprecedented Silence from the 
voices that had guided me since 

1834
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:31,300
age 13 I prayed for hours, 
seeking their familiar presence 

1835
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:33,600
but encountered only ordinary 
Stillness. 

1836
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:38,000
Have I failed in some manner. 
I finally asked aloud desperate 

1837
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,400
for a response. 
Catherine's voice when it 

1838
01:34:40,408 --> 01:34:43,800
finally came sounded distant, as
if speaking across enormous 

1839
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:46,100
separation. 
The path, divides. 

1840
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:49,100
Before You One Direction, leads 
to Earthly Glory. 

1841
01:34:49,100 --> 01:34:52,500
But spiritual Peril the other as
bodily suffering, but Heavenly 

1842
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:55,900
Triumph. 
Which should I choose I begged, 

1843
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:58,700
but received no answer. 
The voice is diminishing 

1844
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:00,800
Clarity. 
Troubled, me deeply as we 

1845
01:35:00,800 --> 01:35:03,800
departed Rams on July 20th for 
years. 

1846
01:35:03,800 --> 01:35:06,000
They had provided unmistakable 
Direction. 

1847
01:35:06,000 --> 01:35:10,300
Now at the moment of greatest 
public Acclaim, their guidance, 

1848
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,700
grew and ambiguous precisely 
when political complexity 

1849
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:16,900
demanded, the clearest 
understanding Charles and his 

1850
01:35:16,900 --> 01:35:20,900
advisors favored consolidating 
recent gains negotiating with 

1851
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:23,500
Bergen and avoiding 
confrontation with primary 

1852
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:26,500
English forces. 
I advocated for an immediate 

1853
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:28,800
Advance on Paris aiming to 
strike. 

1854
01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:31,900
While our momentum remained 
strong and English Authority 

1855
01:35:31,900 --> 01:35:34,100
appeared. 
Weakest these Divergent 

1856
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:37,300
strategies reflected fundamental
different perspective. 

1857
01:35:38,100 --> 01:35:40,500
Charles thinking in political 
terms of alliances and 

1858
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:43,600
sustainable power. 
And me still operating from a 

1859
01:35:43,600 --> 01:35:46,500
Divine mandate to drive foreign 
forces from France entirely. 

1860
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,600
God did not deliver victory at 
all so you could stop halfway to

1861
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:53,900
complete Liberation. 
I argued during councils Paris 

1862
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,500
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 
it and the English position 

1863
01:35:56,500 --> 01:36:00,500
collapses. what I couldn't share
was my growing fear that time 

1864
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:03,500
was running out, and that the 
fading of the voices signaled 

1865
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:07,600
and impending end to Divine 
favor, This created urgency, I 

1866
01:36:07,600 --> 01:36:09,500
couldn't fully explain to 
military commanders. 

1867
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:11,200
A custom to deliberate 
campaigns. 

1868
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:14,800
As we travel through recently, 
liberated territories, common 

1869
01:36:14,800 --> 01:36:17,900
people flocked to see me, 
reaching to touch my armor 

1870
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:20,700
begging blessings for children 
and offering tokens of 

1871
01:36:20,700 --> 01:36:24,200
appreciation. 
Women wept openly seeing in me. 

1872
01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:26,800
Something that transcended 
conventional limitations placed 

1873
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:30,600
on our gender men removed caps. 
Respectfully, as if he were in 

1874
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:32,800
the presence of something 
wholly, this veneration 

1875
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:35,900
discomforted me, increasingly, I
am not a saint. 

1876
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:39,700
I told Charlotte Dale breathable
woman, who joined our traveling 

1877
01:36:39,700 --> 01:36:42,700
Court in attempted to collect my
discarded garments, as relics. 

1878
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:45,400
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in myself. 

1879
01:36:46,200 --> 01:36:49,500
Yet, God chose you. 
She countered that distinction 

1880
01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:53,800
itself, makes you extraordinary.
This growing Cult of Personality

1881
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:57,100
served immediate political 
purposes, rallying support, for 

1882
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:01,000
Charles, demonstrating Divine, 
favor, for his rule, but created

1883
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,000
complications, I was 
ill-equipped to navigate each 

1884
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:08,400
miraculous attribution each 
story embellished in retelling 

1885
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,500
placed me further from the 
simple girl who had left on Remy

1886
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:13,700
believing Heavens. 
Instructions were 

1887
01:37:13,700 --> 01:37:16,700
straightforward. 
By Late July Charles had begun 

1888
01:37:16,700 --> 01:37:19,500
secret negotiations with 
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 

1889
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:22,300
resolution, while publicly 
maintaining military pressure. 

1890
01:37:23,200 --> 01:37:24,900
This strategy made political 
sense. 

1891
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:27,400
But contradicted, the voices 
increasingly sporadic. 

1892
01:37:27,400 --> 01:37:30,200
Instructions for complete 
Liberation through direct 

1893
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:33,400
action. 
The resulting tension manifested

1894
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:36,600
and Council debate where my 
previously decisive guide, and 

1895
01:37:36,600 --> 01:37:40,100
now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

1896
01:37:40,100 --> 01:37:44,000
conventional alternatives. 
You are not sent to negotiate 

1897
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:47,600
half measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

1898
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:49,700
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presence. 

1899
01:37:51,300 --> 01:37:53,600
Yet when I repeated such 
sentiments to Charles and his 

1900
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:56,400
counselors, they increasingly 
regarded them as military 

1901
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:58,100
unrealistic and politically 
naive. 

1902
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:01,100
The maid had served her purpose 
in delivering coronation. 

1903
01:38:01,100 --> 01:38:04,500
Now, practical governance 
required copies, is heaven 

1904
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:06,600
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 
this. 

1905
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:10,100
Divergence, would soon lead to 
Paris and decisions that would 

1906
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:13,100
alter my path. 
Irrevocably August found us 

1907
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:15,400
advancing incrementally toward 
Paris while Charles 

1908
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:19,300
simultaneously pursued 
negotiation, with burgundy Is 

1909
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,200
contradictory approach, military
pressure, paired with diplomatic

1910
01:38:22,200 --> 01:38:24,300
Outreach created, strategic 
confusion. 

1911
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:28,300
Where we truly attempting to 
recapture Paris or merely 

1912
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,600
demonstrating military 
capability to strengthen 

1913
01:38:30,600 --> 01:38:34,500
Charles's negotiating position. 
The Duke of Bedford English 

1914
01:38:34,500 --> 01:38:37,900
Regent for their child, King 
Henry, the sick recognized our 

1915
01:38:37,900 --> 01:38:42,100
momentum and retreated from 
direct confrontation reinforcing

1916
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:43,600
Paris. 
While yielding smaller 

1917
01:38:43,600 --> 01:38:46,800
surrounding territories. 
On August 14th. 

1918
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:50,600
Charles signed a 15-day truce 
with burgundy, supposedly, 

1919
01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:53,700
creating space for peace 
negotiations, while actually 

1920
01:38:53,700 --> 01:38:56,200
providing English forces. 
Critical time to strengthen 

1921
01:38:56,200 --> 01:38:59,700
paris's defenses. 
I oppose this truth sentencing 

1922
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,500
opportunity slipping away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

1923
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:06,400
messages or enemies, rebuild 
walls and restore courage. 

1924
01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:10,300
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

1925
01:39:10,300 --> 01:39:15,400
day of delay, The voices. 
The less frequent reinforced. 

1926
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:18,900
This urgency. 
Paris must not remain in enemy 

1927
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,100
hands, Margaret insisted during 
prayer. 

1928
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:24,300
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

1929
01:39:24,300 --> 01:39:28,400
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

1930
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,400
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

1931
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:34,200
reality. 
The compromise that emerged 

1932
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:37,000
satisfied. 
No one our forces would advance 

1933
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:39,400
to paris's outskirts but avoid 
full of salt. 

1934
01:39:39,400 --> 01:39:43,000
While negotiations continued by 
late August, we established 

1935
01:39:43,000 --> 01:39:46,800
positions at sandini within 
sight of paris's Northern walls.

1936
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,200
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

1937
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:52,100
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

1938
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:55,900
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spiers created an 

1939
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:58,500
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voice is had 

1940
01:39:58,500 --> 01:40:01,300
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

1941
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:04,700
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planning 

1942
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,600
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

1943
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,400
decreasing reliability. 
The truce with burgundy expired 

1944
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:13,900
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

1945
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:16,500
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt in assault against 

1946
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:19,700
paris's defenses near the 
Santorini gate despite Charles 

1947
01:40:19,700 --> 01:40:21,800
with holding full support for 
the operation. 

1948
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:25,200
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

1949
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:28,200
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

1950
01:40:28,200 --> 01:40:30,500
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

1951
01:40:30,500 --> 01:40:33,600
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

1952
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,800
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

1953
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:40,200
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

1954
01:40:40,200 --> 01:40:44,600
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

1955
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:47,700
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 

1956
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:50,600
We reached the outer moat with 
minimal casualties and 

1957
01:40:50,600 --> 01:40:52,400
established positions within 
bow. 

1958
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:55,700
Range of the walls. 
I led a contingent testing depth

1959
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:58,500
that the inner moat seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

1960
01:40:58,500 --> 01:41:00,700
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

1961
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:05,300
Then reality asserted itself 
brutally paris's Defenders had 

1962
01:41:05,300 --> 01:41:06,500
prepared. 
Thoroughly during the 

1963
01:41:06,500 --> 01:41:10,700
negotiation delays Canon and 
crossbow fire rained down upon 

1964
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:14,600
exposed positions the moat 
proved deeper than expected is 

1965
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,700
bottom studded with sharp and 
Stakes, invisible beneath, muddy

1966
01:41:17,700 --> 01:41:21,000
water, men died, attempting, 
crossings that proved impossible

1967
01:41:21,000 --> 01:41:24,900
without proper equipment. 
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 

1968
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:27,100
bolt. 
Struck my thigh penetrating 

1969
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:30,000
deeply. 
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 

1970
01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:32,000
wound immediately incapacitated 
me. 

1971
01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:35,400
A continued shouting 
encouragement from where I fell.

1972
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:39,100
Insisting the attack continued 
despite my condition but 

1973
01:41:39,100 --> 01:41:41,900
commanders ordered Retreat upon 
seeing the standard Bearer down.

1974
01:41:42,700 --> 01:41:46,100
Soldiers carried me from the 
battlefield as Darkness fell our

1975
01:41:46,100 --> 01:41:47,700
forces with drawing in 
frustration. 

1976
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,300
Rather than defeat we had never 
established positions from which

1977
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:54,700
Victory was possible. 
The wound itself, while painful 

1978
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:57,700
would heal cleanly. 
The spiritual injury proved more

1979
01:41:57,708 --> 01:42:01,300
significant for the first time I
had promised divine intervention

1980
01:42:01,300 --> 01:42:05,800
that fail to materialize. why I 
whispered that night, while 

1981
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,500
surgeons extracted the bolt 
using methodical cruelty 

1982
01:42:08,500 --> 01:42:12,500
necessary to prevent festering, 
Why was Paris denied to us when 

1983
01:42:12,500 --> 01:42:15,900
all Leon was granted? 
The voices remained silent 

1984
01:42:15,900 --> 01:42:19,200
through hours of pain. 
Their absence felt more painful 

1985
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:22,000
than physical harm had. 
They abandoned me due to some 

1986
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:25,000
failure, had I misunderstood 
Heaven's intent all along. 

1987
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,800
Charles receiving news of the 
failed, assault ordered 

1988
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:31,900
immediate withdrawal from 
paris's vicinity. 

1989
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:35,700
In my view, this sensible 
military decision, represented a

1990
01:42:35,700 --> 01:42:38,600
personal betrayal. 
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 

1991
01:42:38,600 --> 01:42:42,000
in favor of political 
convenience, when I was finally 

1992
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:45,100
permitted an audience, three 
days later, I found that he was 

1993
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:47,500
already reframing recent events 
for the courtiers. 

1994
01:42:48,400 --> 01:42:51,200
The maid accomplished what God 
sent her to do, he explained 

1995
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:54,500
smoothly? 
Orleans liberated coronation 

1996
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:56,900
achieved. 
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 

1997
01:42:56,900 --> 01:43:00,500
paris's immediate recovery You 
speak for heaven. 

1998
01:43:00,500 --> 01:43:03,600
Now a challenge to him 
struggling to stand straight. 

1999
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:06,000
Despite the pain. 
In my bandaged leg, the mission 

2000
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:09,000
remains incomplete while 
Englishman occupy, French soil. 

2001
01:43:09,000 --> 01:43:12,900
Charles regarded me with the 
complex emotion, gratitude for 

2002
01:43:12,900 --> 01:43:16,200
past service tempered by growing
political inconvenience of my 

2003
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:19,400
unyielding position. 
France's restoration will 

2004
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:23,600
require years, not months. 
He said, gently Even Heaven, 

2005
01:43:23,600 --> 01:43:26,500
Must recognize Earthly 
limitations this exchange 

2006
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:28,000
marked. 
A fundamental shift in our 

2007
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,300
relationship where Charles had 
once needed my perceived Divine 

2008
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:35,200
sanction to legitimize his rule 
successful coronation. 

2009
01:43:35,200 --> 01:43:37,000
Now provided independent 
Authority. 

2010
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,000
The maid remained useful 
symbolically that increasingly 

2011
01:43:40,000 --> 01:43:43,300
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

2012
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:46,500
toward diplomatic Solutions, 
requiring compromise and voices 

2013
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,700
prohibited. 
Through Autumn, I accompanied 

2014
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:52,300
the Royal Court as it withdrew 
to safer territories along the 

2015
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:54,700
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually. 

2016
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,600
While my position diminished 
subtly, Still honored 

2017
01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:00,300
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

2018
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:03,000
councils. 
Charles granted me Noble. 

2019
01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:05,700
Status in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

2020
01:44:05,700 --> 01:44:07,700
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the flood. 

2021
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:11,800
Elise recognition that pacified 
my supporters while effectively 

2022
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:13,900
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

2023
01:44:15,000 --> 01:44:17,600
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

2024
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:20,800
the voice is returned in 
totally, but spoke with 

2025
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:25,100
disturbing and consistency, 
Michael demanded, aggressive 

2026
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:27,200
action. 
While Catherine Council 

2027
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:30,700
patients, Margaret sometimes 
suggested accepting, a 

2028
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:34,000
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

2029
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:35,500
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

2030
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:38,500
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

2031
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:41,400
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of earlier missions.

2032
01:44:41,400 --> 01:44:44,500
Had some of the voices. 
I heard been false all along 

2033
01:44:44,500 --> 01:44:46,700
was. 
I now miss hearing Divine 

2034
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:49,100
instruction, or was Heaven 
itself. 

2035
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:51,300
Divided on France's proper path 
forward. 

2036
01:44:52,100 --> 01:44:55,900
Christmas 1429 found me in 
ceremonial attendance at court 

2037
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,300
celebrations, outwardly honored,
but inwardly conflicted. 

2038
01:44:59,300 --> 01:45:02,800
I watched elaborate pageantry 
commemorating, Charles's 

2039
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:06,100
coronation performance. 
Is that already Incorporated 

2040
01:45:06,100 --> 01:45:09,100
stylized depiction of the maid 
as a semi-mythical figure, 

2041
01:45:09,100 --> 01:45:13,400
guiding France's research and 
the actual jahani still banded, 

2042
01:45:13,400 --> 01:45:18,000
increasingly isolated observed, 
her transformation into a symbol

2043
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:21,400
with growing discomfort, That 
night neiling alone in the 

2044
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:25,000
castle Chapel long after formal 
Services concluded, experience 

2045
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:27,900
the voices with unusual Clarity 
after months of ambiguity. 

2046
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:32,600
Your time, gross short, Michael 
stated without Preamble, you 

2047
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:35,100
must continue the fight, while 
Freedom remains yours. 

2048
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:38,200
The king no longer heeds my 
counselor, I protested 

2049
01:45:38,200 --> 01:45:40,700
commanders, follow his 
Direction, not mine. 

2050
01:45:41,400 --> 01:45:45,200
Then you must act independently 
Viera came the reply better 

2051
01:45:45,200 --> 01:45:47,500
capture by enemies than 
surrender to comfortable 

2052
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:50,400
irrelevance though. 
Troubling this guidance, offered

2053
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:52,200
direction that I had been 
lacking for months. 

2054
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:57,200
As 1429 ended I resolved to 
escape the increasingly gilded 

2055
01:45:57,200 --> 01:45:59,500
constraints of Court life and 
returned to direct action. 

2056
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:03,400
Even without Royal sanction, 
this decision tactically 

2057
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:06,900
questionable politically naive 
would determine my fate in ways.

2058
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:10,200
The voices, never clearly 
revealed the New Year began with

2059
01:46:10,200 --> 01:46:11,800
me. 
Effectively sidelined at court 

2060
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,500
while Charles pursued diplomatic
arrangements with burgundy. 

2061
01:46:15,200 --> 01:46:19,200
I chafed at inactivity sensing 
precious time wasting while the 

2062
01:46:19,200 --> 01:46:22,100
voices grow increasingly urgent 
about continuing France's 

2063
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:27,000
liberation By March 1430. 
I could bear ceremonial 

2064
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:29,800
confinement. 
No longer Without Royal 

2065
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,400
permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

2066
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:35,800
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

2067
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:39,000
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for compensation 

2068
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:42,400
strategically, vital Town, 
threatened by the Bergen forces 

2069
01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:45,300
north of Paris. 
This decision reflected, both 

2070
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:48,500
military logic and the voices, 
and systems that action could 

2071
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:52,200
not wait will convenience. 
My departure created political 

2072
01:46:52,200 --> 01:46:55,600
complications for Charles who 
neither officially command nor 

2073
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:58,600
endorsed by independent 
operation, this ambiguity, 

2074
01:46:58,600 --> 01:47:01,600
proved ultimately fatal had I 
remained clearly under Royal 

2075
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:03,800
protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

2076
01:47:03,800 --> 01:47:08,700
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean April, where 

2077
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,100
the town's Governor Gilliam de 
flavie welcome to reinforcement.

2078
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:16,300
Despite its unofficial nature 
Burgundian forces, under Jean. 

2079
01:47:16,300 --> 01:47:18,200
De Luxembourg had been 
methodically isolating. 

2080
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:22,800
The town capturing surrounding 
positions Our arrival boosted 

2081
01:47:22,800 --> 01:47:25,900
Defender, morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

2082
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,500
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd. 

2083
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:32,300
I led a sortie against burgundy 
and positions at Margie 

2084
01:47:32,300 --> 01:47:36,400
initially achieving surprise. 
However, enemy reinforcements 

2085
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:38,500
arrived quickly. 
Forcing retirement toward the 

2086
01:47:38,500 --> 01:47:42,000
town, as our forces retreated 
across the single Bridge into 

2087
01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:45,100
comprehend disaster. 
Struck the drawbridge raised. 

2088
01:47:45,100 --> 01:47:48,700
Prematurely stranding. 
Rear guard Defenders, including 

2089
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:52,800
my sea of outside the walls. 
Accounts of this moment. 

2090
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:55,800
Very dramatically. 
Some claimed deliberate betrayal

2091
01:47:55,800 --> 01:47:59,100
by flavy who supposedly ordered 
early closure knowing I would be

2092
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:03,300
captured others suggested simple
miscommunication during confused

2093
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:05,600
withdrawal. 
The voices had warned of 

2094
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:10,200
betrayal for months, trust Only 
Heaven not changeable, men like 

2095
01:48:10,200 --> 01:48:13,600
a caution repeatedly, but 
provided no specific protection 

2096
01:48:13,600 --> 01:48:16,600
against this development. 
The gandhian soldiers, 

2097
01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:20,100
surrounded me and after a brief 
battle, they pulled me from my 

2098
01:48:20,100 --> 01:48:23,600
horse. 
A minor nobleman Lionel of one 

2099
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:27,000
Donnie claimed, my surrender. 
Technically capturing Me by 

2100
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:29,500
laying hand on my leg. 
According to contemporary 

2101
01:48:29,500 --> 01:48:32,000
accounts. 
My sword raised to continue 

2102
01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:33,800
resistance lowered, upon 
recognition. 

2103
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:37,100
That futile struggle would only 
result in unnecessary deaths 

2104
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:39,300
among my few remaining 
companions. 

2105
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:42,400
I am worth more alive for ransom
than dead. 

2106
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:45,700
I told one Dawn in a practical 
manner, even though I knew that 

2107
01:48:45,700 --> 01:48:49,000
the ransom would likely never 
materialized, The voices had 

2108
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:50,900
never specifically predicted 
capture. 

2109
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:54,000
That had indicated, great 
suffering, lay ahead as part of 

2110
01:48:54,008 --> 01:48:57,500
Heaven's plan, Initially 
captivity seemed relatively 

2111
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:01,200
benign, Luxembourg treated me as
a valuable prisoner rather than 

2112
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:04,200
a criminal housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

2113
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:06,500
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

2114
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:09,800
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

2115
01:49:09,800 --> 01:49:13,100
recaptured and transferred to 
more secure confinement of war 

2116
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:16,100
castle. 
There Luxembourg aren't Jan and 

2117
01:49:16,100 --> 01:49:19,000
wife Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

2118
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:21,800
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentling 

2119
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:25,000
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

2120
01:49:26,200 --> 01:49:28,500
Their compassion. 
The first feminine 

2121
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:30,400
companionship. 
I'd experienced since leaving 

2122
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:34,000
Dahmer me, tempted me toward 
compromise on the voices, would 

2123
01:49:34,000 --> 01:49:36,800
forbid. 
Why must I maintain a male 

2124
01:49:36,800 --> 01:49:38,600
appearance now that fighting has
ended? 

2125
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:42,400
I asked during prayer, receiving
Catherine's uncompromising 

2126
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:46,400
response, your mission hasn't 
changed, with capture male 

2127
01:49:46,400 --> 01:49:50,000
attire remains both practical 
protection and a visible sign of

2128
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:52,100
a Divine exception to worldly 
constraints. 

2129
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:56,300
News reached me at borova the 
company in your situation, 

2130
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:58,600
worsen daily. 
In desperation. 

2131
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:02,400
I attempted a second Escape in 
October, this time jumping from 

2132
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:06,200
the tower window, approximately 
70 feet above ground, the fall 

2133
01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,600
should have proof fatal that I 
survived with only bruising and 

2134
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:11,500
temporary. 
Unconsciousness was later 

2135
01:50:11,500 --> 01:50:15,500
presented as either a miracle or
evidence of demonic protection. 

2136
01:50:15,500 --> 01:50:19,600
Depending on The Interpreter. 
I know November political 

2137
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:22,400
machination surrounding my 
captivity clarified horribly. 

2138
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:26,300
The English, recognizing my 
symbolic value arranged a 

2139
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:28,400
purchase from Luxembourg for 
10,000. 

2140
01:50:28,400 --> 01:50:31,300
Levers. 
A substantial sum indicating my 

2141
01:50:31,300 --> 01:50:34,600
important to their strategy. 
Charles made no counter offer. 

2142
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:37,100
Effectively abandoning me to the
enemies judgment. 

2143
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:40,400
The English faced a dilemma 
regarding my disposition. 

2144
01:50:41,100 --> 01:50:43,800
Simple, execution of a captured 
enemy combatant would risk. 

2145
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,200
Martyred him potentially 
strengthening French Resistance 

2146
01:50:46,200 --> 01:50:50,100
rather than weakening it. 
A more complex strategy emerged,

2147
01:50:50,100 --> 01:50:53,100
systematic, destruction of my 
Divine claims through 

2148
01:50:53,100 --> 01:50:55,600
ecclesiastical condemnation for 
heresy. 

2149
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:59,300
This approach would not only 
eliminate me physically but more

2150
01:50:59,300 --> 01:51:03,800
importantly, delegitimize. 
Everything I represented, Divine

2151
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:06,800
sanction for Charles's Rule and 
Heaven, support for French 

2152
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:08,700
Resurgence against English 
occupation. 

2153
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:12,300
In December 1430. 
They transferred me to rule 

2154
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:15,100
firmly within English, 
controlled territory conditions,

2155
01:51:15,100 --> 01:51:18,100
deteriorated immediately. 
I was placed in secular prison 

2156
01:51:18,100 --> 01:51:21,700
rather than ecclesiastical 
custody normally accorded, those

2157
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:25,700
facing religious charges 
confined in Iron shackles and 

2158
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:28,600
guarded continuously by Common 
soldiers, whose Behavior range 

2159
01:51:28,600 --> 01:51:31,100
from verbal abuse to attempted 
assault. 

2160
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:33,400
Why does heaven permit such 
treatment? 

2161
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:36,000
I asked during increasingly. 
Desperate prayers. 

2162
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:38,300
What purpose does this suffering
serve? 

2163
01:51:39,400 --> 01:51:42,100
Remember Christ, before Pilate 
Margaret answered. 

2164
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:46,500
Truth remains truth, even when 
power condemns it. 

2165
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:52,400
The trial officially began. 
February 21st 1431, and a bishop

2166
01:51:52,408 --> 01:51:55,700
Pierre, who's appointment 
revealed the proceedings 

2167
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,800
predetermined nature. 
He was a known English 

2168
01:51:58,800 --> 01:52:02,900
sympathizer, with personal 
animosity toward me, assessors, 

2169
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:05,400
and judges were carefully 
selected to ensure the desired 

2170
01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:07,900
outcome. 
Although it was technically an 

2171
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:10,100
ecclesiastical Court. 
The proceedings were entirely 

2172
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:12,200
controlled by English 
authorities. 

2173
01:52:13,100 --> 01:52:16,200
Looking Back Now across times 
distance, I see legal 

2174
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,700
complexities, I couldn't 
recognize then my request for 

2175
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:22,100
balanced representation from 
both English, and French. 

2176
01:52:22,100 --> 01:52:25,000
Clerics was denied my appeal to 
the pope. 

2177
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:28,500
Technically my right, under 
Church law was ignored most 

2178
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:30,300
crawly. 
Highly Educated theologians 

2179
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,800
denied me, counsel twisting, 
simple, statements into 

2180
01:52:33,800 --> 01:52:37,800
heretical formulations. 
Do you believe yourself to be in

2181
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,100
God's grace or Sean asked 
earlier in the proceedings? 

2182
01:52:40,100 --> 01:52:43,800
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

2183
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,200
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering? 

2184
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:49,100
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

2185
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:52,600
If I am not, may God put me 
there. 

2186
01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:54,700
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

2187
01:52:54,700 --> 01:53:00,300
If I am may God keep me there. 
This answer frustrated the 

2188
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:02,900
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

2189
01:53:02,900 --> 01:53:05,400
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

2190
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:09,300
sophistication, Grace remained, 
God's Province, not mind to 

2191
01:53:09,308 --> 01:53:11,900
claim. 
Absolutely For five months 

2192
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:15,900
interrogation, continued, 
sometimes publicly before a full

2193
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:19,400
tribunal sometimes in private 
prison questioning why male 

2194
01:53:19,400 --> 01:53:22,800
attire became the central Focus 
providing tangible evidence of 

2195
01:53:22,800 --> 01:53:26,900
defiance against Natural order. 
Voices were dissected endlessly,

2196
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:30,700
where they Angels or demons. 
Why did they speak to an 

2197
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,600
uneducated girl rather than 
through the established church 

2198
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,800
hierarchy? 
I recorded an examined each of 

2199
01:53:36,800 --> 01:53:40,000
my answers for inconsistencies 
and potential heresies. 

2200
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:44,100
What records don't capture the 
physical deterioration During 

2201
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:46,100
the period. 
Prison conditions. 

2202
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:50,200
Continuous shackling, poor 
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 

2203
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:53,000
God's harassment, gradually 
weakened a body already 

2204
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:55,200
compromised by previous wounds 
and hardship. 

2205
01:53:55,900 --> 01:53:58,900
By may, I suffered recurring, 
fevers dramatic weight loss and 

2206
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:01,300
periods of confusion during 
longer integration's. 

2207
01:54:01,300 --> 01:54:05,000
The voice is remained present 
but changed character, less 

2208
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:08,500
commanding more comforting, a 
smoking increasingly of heavenly

2209
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:11,700
reward rather than Earthly 
Victory preparing me for an 

2210
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:13,600
outcome that seemed increasingly
inevitable. 

2211
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:17,400
While I burn, I asked directly 
during one night's prayer. 

2212
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:20,000
The body is temporary. 
Catherine answered. 

2213
01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:23,600
Gently what matters is, truth 
maintained and till the end. 

2214
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:28,000
On May the 24th I was taking to 
the rule on Cemetery where 

2215
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,000
scaffolded been erected one 
holding officials who would 

2216
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,400
witness my anticipated? 
Recantation another displaying 

2217
01:54:34,400 --> 01:54:36,400
instruments of execution should 
I refuse? 

2218
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:40,100
Exhausted physically and 
isolated completely. 

2219
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:43,500
I briefly wavered when presented
with a document, I was told 

2220
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,600
contained a simple app, duration
of male clothing and independent

2221
01:54:46,600 --> 01:54:50,000
interpretation of voices. 
What I was unaware of was that 

2222
01:54:50,000 --> 01:54:53,000
the actual document contained, a
comprehensive admission of fraud

2223
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,000
demonic influence and heretical 
intent. 

2224
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:59,500
Completely repudiating. 
Everything I had experienced and

2225
01:54:59,500 --> 01:55:03,300
represented Unable to read, I 
trusted partial translations 

2226
01:55:03,300 --> 01:55:06,000
provided by clerics whose 
deception serve their 

2227
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:09,400
predetermined purpose. 
I signed with a simple Crossmark

2228
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:11,900
unaware that I was giving my 
enemies exactly what they 

2229
01:55:11,900 --> 01:55:15,400
needed, and apparent mission 
that everything I had claimed 

2230
01:55:15,400 --> 01:55:18,100
about Divine. 
Guidance was false this 

2231
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:21,600
temporary weakness, a product of
extreme duress rather than a 

2232
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,800
genuine change of heart provided
legal justification For What 

2233
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:28,100
followed Return to prison rather
than transferred to 

2234
01:55:28,100 --> 01:55:29,800
ecclesiastical custody as 
promised. 

2235
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:32,800
I found myself still surrounded 
by hostile guards. 

2236
01:55:32,800 --> 01:55:35,000
Still denied female 
companionship. 

2237
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,000
That would have made feminine 
clothing, practically 

2238
01:55:37,000 --> 01:55:39,900
sustainable. 
When my clothes were taken while

2239
01:55:39,900 --> 01:55:42,200
I stepped and only male attire 
was left available. 

2240
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:46,600
I faced an impossible Choice 
remain naked among male guards 

2241
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:50,200
or Don forbidden garments. 
The voice is spoke with unusual 

2242
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:53,700
Clarity that morning. 
Better modest impropriety than 

2243
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:57,400
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

2244
01:55:57,400 --> 01:56:00,800
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemies 

2245
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:03,200
sort. 
When judges returned to document

2246
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:06,600
this transgression, I formally 
recanted my previous app 

2247
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:09,000
duration. 
Stating clearly, that voices 

2248
01:56:09,000 --> 01:56:12,800
were indeed Divine, that the 
mission had been Heaven Sent and

2249
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:14,500
that temporary weakness had 
betrayed truth. 

2250
01:56:15,500 --> 01:56:19,500
I would rather do Penance once 
with death, the bear 

2251
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:21,800
imprisonment suffering 
continuously. 

2252
01:56:21,800 --> 01:56:25,100
I told them with renewed Clarity
despite knowing the consequence 

2253
01:56:26,100 --> 01:56:29,800
On May the 30th 1431. 
The final sentence was announced

2254
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:34,200
declared a relapsed heretic. 
I would face public execution, 

2255
01:56:34,200 --> 01:56:37,000
by burning the most painful 
death authorities could legally.

2256
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:40,800
Impose, deliberately chosen to 
create maximum suffering, they 

2257
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:44,700
hoped would produce a final 
public confession that morning, 

2258
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:47,500
I made a final confession to a 
sympathetic priest and received 

2259
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:51,000
communion, despite being 
formally excommunicated, a small

2260
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:54,000
Act of compassionate Defiance by
a cleric who recognized in 

2261
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:57,700
Justice unfolding Wearing the 
traditional long, white garment 

2262
01:56:57,700 --> 01:57:00,800
for heresy. 
Executioners a cart transported 

2263
01:57:00,800 --> 01:57:03,400
me through on streets toward the
old marketplace where 

2264
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:06,900
executional waited The crowds 
mood surprised me. 

2265
01:57:06,908 --> 01:57:11,100
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. 

2266
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:14,900
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

2267
01:57:14,900 --> 01:57:17,700
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

2268
01:57:17,700 --> 01:57:21,600
transcended, political loyalty. 
Later accounts would claim 

2269
01:57:21,600 --> 01:57:24,100
English authorities, grew 
concerned that sympathy might 

2270
01:57:24,100 --> 01:57:27,300
transform into riots and that 
martyrdom was being created. 

2271
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:31,000
Despite their carefully, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

2272
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:34,100
Ground officials had me a final 
opportunity to recount before. 

2273
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:36,900
Tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

2274
01:57:36,900 --> 01:57:40,600
pyre, the method was deliberate.
Slow death by Suffocation and 

2275
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,100
burning rather than quicker, 
execution, methods of available.

2276
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:46,500
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

2277
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:49,800
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

2278
01:57:49,800 --> 01:57:52,200
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

2279
01:57:52,208 --> 01:57:54,400
name that had died in my journey
from its beginning. 

2280
01:57:55,500 --> 01:57:58,500
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

2281
01:57:59,300 --> 01:58:02,700
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

2282
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,400
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

2283
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:10,800
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

2284
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:13,700
ashes afterward. 
A symbolic detail probably 

2285
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:16,500
invented by later Chronicles 
seeking miraculous elements for 

2286
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:20,600
potential canonized initiation, 
What mattered wasn't physical 

2287
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:23,400
preservation, but the truth 
maintained until the end. 

2288
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:26,900
That simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

2289
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:30,100
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, worked through unlikely

2290
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:34,400
instruments. 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

2291
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:37,700
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

2292
01:58:37,700 --> 01:58:40,100
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

2293
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:45,500
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

2294
01:58:45,500 --> 01:58:48,100
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

2295
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:50,500
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited. 

2296
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:54,100
Nearly 5 centuries until May the
16th 1920. 

2297
01:58:54,100 --> 01:58:57,500
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

2298
01:58:57,500 --> 01:59:00,000
recognition that voices, 
condemned, his demonic had 

2299
01:59:00,000 --> 01:59:04,000
indeed, been Divine history. 
Remembers outcomes early on 

2300
01:59:04,000 --> 01:59:06,700
relieved. 
Charles, crowned France of 

2301
01:59:06,700 --> 01:59:08,900
eventually liberated from the 
English occupational. 

2302
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:13,100
These visible victories obscure,
the internal Journey that began 

2303
01:59:13,100 --> 01:59:16,500
with a garden whisper and ended 
in Marketplace, Flames. 

2304
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:19,700
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

2305
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:23,300
Glory, they offered only purpose
Direction and the chance to 

2306
01:59:23,300 --> 01:59:25,900
serve as an instrument for 
something larger than myself. 

2307
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:28,800
They called me made of all 
dubbed. 

2308
01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:31,600
Me a miracle. 
Worker labeled me a witch and a 

2309
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:35,100
heretic and eventually 
recognized me as a saint. yet 

2310
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:40,000
through all transformations, I 
remained Johannes from dhanori a

2311
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:43,500
simple girl, who answered when 
voices called who held to truth 

2312
01:59:43,500 --> 01:59:47,500
heard within more firmly than to
comfort offered without Perhaps 

2313
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,200
that represents the most 
enduring Legacy that 

2314
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:53,100
extraordinary purpose May 
inhabit ordinary lives. 

2315
01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:56,700
That Divine participation in 
human history rarely follows 

2316
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,500
expected channels, but in Stead 
Works through unlikely vessels 

2317
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:03,100
willing to say simply here. 
Am I send me? 

2318
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,000
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair with a warm 

2319
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:13,900
cup of tea because we're about 
to embark on one of the most 

2320
02:00:13,900 --> 02:00:16,800
extraordinary. 
Detective stories nature as ever

2321
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:19,500
served up. 
This isn't your typical who done

2322
02:00:19,500 --> 02:00:21,800
it. 
It's a who was it that took over

2323
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:25,400
5,000 years to solve it All 
Began on a perfectly ordinary, 

2324
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:29,200
September Day in 1991. 
When two German hikers, decided 

2325
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:32,500
to take what they thought would 
be a pleasant stroll, through 

2326
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:34,600
the UT style Alps between 
Austria and Italy. 

2327
02:00:35,700 --> 02:00:38,500
Helmet and Erica Simon were the 
kind of people who probably 

2328
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:41,200
packed extra sandwiches and 
checked the weather forecast 

2329
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:45,300
three times before leaving home.
They certainly weren't expecting

2330
02:00:45,300 --> 02:00:47,100
to stumble upon what would 
become one of the most 

2331
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:49,800
significant archaeological 
discoveries of the 20th century.

2332
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:52,900
You know how sometimes your 
cleaning out, your attic and 

2333
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,000
find something unexpected behind
an old box. 

2334
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,400
Well, imagine that. 
But instead of finding your 

2335
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:03,200
college yearbook, you discover a
perfectly preserved 5,300 year 

2336
02:01:03,200 --> 02:01:06,100
old human being. 
That's essentially what happened

2337
02:01:06,100 --> 02:01:08,700
when the Simon's noticed 
something odd poking out of the 

2338
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,800
melting ice. 
At first glance, they figured 

2339
02:01:11,800 --> 02:01:14,600
they'd found some poor modern 
hiker, who'd gotten lost in a 

2340
02:01:14,608 --> 02:01:17,600
blizzard. 
The Alps after all of claimed, 

2341
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:19,300
their share of adventurers over 
the years. 

2342
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:22,300
But the specimen wasn't just any
Frozen traveler. 

2343
02:01:22,300 --> 02:01:25,100
This was yutzy though. 
He wouldn't get his catchy 

2344
02:01:25,100 --> 02:01:28,500
nickname until much later. 
The Simons were looking at the 

2345
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:31,000
oldest naturally. 
Mummified, human ever discovered

2346
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:34,100
in Europe, A man who'd been 
flashed Frozen in Time. 

2347
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:36,700
Like the world's most, 
incredible historical, snapshot,

2348
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,200
The discovery sent ripples 
through the scientific Community

2349
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:42,500
faster than gossip at a Small 
Town Coffee Shop. 

2350
02:01:43,200 --> 02:01:45,800
Here was a window in the copper 
age, a time. 

2351
02:01:45,808 --> 02:01:48,400
When humans were just figuring 
out that banging rocks together 

2352
02:01:48,400 --> 02:01:50,000
could produce more than just 
noise. 

2353
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:53,700
Otzi live during a period when 
your biggest life decisions 

2354
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:56,700
involved whether to hunt, 
mammoths, or gather berries and 

2355
02:01:56,700 --> 02:01:59,300
the most advanced technology was
a sharp stick. 

2356
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:00,900
What made this? 
Fine? 

2357
02:02:00,900 --> 02:02:02,700
So remarkable wasn't just his 
age. 

2358
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:07,000
A 5,300 years is certainly 
nothing to sneeze at but is 

2359
02:02:07,008 --> 02:02:08,500
incredible. 
State of preservation. 

2360
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:13,000
A high altitude constant 
freezing temperatures and dry 

2361
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:15,800
Mountain, are had turned him 
into Nature's, Own Time Capsule,

2362
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:19,300
While most people from his era, 
had long since returned to dust.

2363
02:02:19,900 --> 02:02:22,700
Etsy looked like he could wake 
up at any moment and ask for 

2364
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:24,300
directions to the nearest 
Starbucks. 

2365
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:27,000
The initial recovery was 
something like a carefully, 

2366
02:02:27,000 --> 02:02:29,900
choreographed dance between 
excitement, and Extreme Caution.

2367
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:34,200
Scientists descended on the site
like bibliophiles at a rare book

2368
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:36,600
sale. 
Each one more thrilled than the 

2369
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:38,500
last. 
They knew they were handling 

2370
02:02:38,500 --> 02:02:42,600
something precious, not just 
scientifically but humanly The 

2371
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:46,000
subject wasn't just a specimen. 
This was someone's ancestor. 

2372
02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:50,300
A person who had lived loved and
ultimately met his end on a 

2373
02:02:50,300 --> 02:02:53,900
Lonely, Mountain Pass. 
As you drift off tonight, and 

2374
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:56,500
imagine the moment when 
researchers first laid eyes on 

2375
02:02:56,500 --> 02:03:00,000
Nazis, belonging scattered 
around the ice, his copper axe 

2376
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:03,400
gleamed dully in the Alpine sun 
while his leather quiver held 

2377
02:03:03,400 --> 02:03:06,400
arrows that had been ready for 
action since before the pyramids

2378
02:03:06,400 --> 02:03:09,000
were built. 
It was like discovering a Bronze

2379
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:11,700
Age, Swiss army knife complete 
with everything. 

2380
02:03:11,700 --> 02:03:14,700
A well-prepared traveler might 
need for a journey through the 

2381
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:18,700
ancient world, the mountains, at
his secret for over five 

2382
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:21,900
Millennia waiting patiently for 
the right moment to reveal their

2383
02:03:21,900 --> 02:03:24,200
treasure and On That September 
Day. 

2384
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:28,100
In 1991, they finally decided it
was time to let their ancient 

2385
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:29,200
Guardian. 
Tell his story. 

2386
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:32,500
Now that you're comfortable and 
ready to learn more about our 

2387
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:36,200
icebound friend, let's dive into
what scientists discovered when 

2388
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:39,700
they began their careful 
examination of utsi think of it 

2389
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:42,800
as reading the world's oldest 
autobiography written not in 

2390
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:45,800
words but in skin bones and 
belongings. 

2391
02:03:45,800 --> 02:03:49,200
First things first, let's see 
wasn't exactly what you'd call 

2392
02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:52,100
imposing standing at. 
About five feet, three inches 

2393
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:54,400
tall and weighing roughly 110 
pounds. 

2394
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,400
He was built more like a 
marathon runner than a 

2395
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:00,300
linebacker, but don't let his 
modest stature fool you. 

2396
02:04:00,300 --> 02:04:03,700
This was clearly a man who knew 
his way around the mountains. 

2397
02:04:03,700 --> 02:04:08,400
His legs were muscles from years
of climbing, steep terrain, and 

2398
02:04:08,400 --> 02:04:11,400
his lungs had adapted to the 
thin air of high altitudes. 

2399
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:14,300
Whose was essentially the 
ancient world's equivalent of 

2400
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,800
those annoyingly fit people who 
post photos from their weekend 

2401
02:04:17,800 --> 02:04:21,400
hikes the scientists examining 
him were like detectives with 

2402
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:25,400
the ultimate Cold Case, 
literally every inch of otzi's, 

2403
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,300
body told a story and these 
researchers were determined to 

2404
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:30,500
read every chapter they 
discovered. 

2405
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:33,000
He had brown eyes, and brown 
hair though, the hair was more 

2406
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:34,600
of a memory. 
By the time he was found. 

2407
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:37,600
He also sported. 
What Might Have Been Europe's 

2408
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:41,000
first man bun because apparently
some fashion choices are truly 

2409
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:43,400
timeless. 
Here's where things, get really 

2410
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:45,700
interesting and slightly 
uncomfortable. 

2411
02:04:45,700 --> 02:04:48,500
If you happen to be squeamish 
about ancient medical procedures

2412
02:04:49,400 --> 02:04:51,000
Let's see was covered in 
tattoos. 

2413
02:04:51,000 --> 02:04:53,600
Not the kind. 
You might get after a few too 

2414
02:04:53,600 --> 02:04:57,100
many drinks in college but 
deliberate purposeful These 

2415
02:04:57,100 --> 02:04:58,800
markings served a very different
function. 

2416
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:01,800
These weren't artistic 
expressions or symbols of 

2417
02:05:01,808 --> 02:05:03,700
rebellion, they were 
therapeutic. 

2418
02:05:03,700 --> 02:05:07,300
Tattoos placed precisely over 
areas where you see suffered 

2419
02:05:07,300 --> 02:05:08,600
from arthritis and other 
ailments. 

2420
02:05:08,600 --> 02:05:13,900
Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 
people were already practicing a

2421
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:16,000
form of acupuncture that 
involved permanent body 

2422
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:19,600
modification. 
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic

2423
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:23,500
tattoos created by making small 
Cuts in his skin and rubbing 

2424
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:26,800
charcoal into the wounds. 
It's like ancient pain 

2425
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:30,300
management with a permanent 
reminder of every ache and pain 

2426
02:05:30,300 --> 02:05:33,600
you've ever had. 
Modern medicine cannot match. 

2427
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:35,900
The commitment level found in 
corporation Healthcare. 

2428
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,800
The contents of etsy stomach 
read like a prehistoric meal 

2429
02:05:39,800 --> 02:05:41,100
plan. 
That would make modern 

2430
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:42,700
nutritionist. 
Weep With Envy. 

2431
02:05:43,300 --> 02:05:47,500
His last meal included, Ibex 
meat, Red Deer grains and 

2432
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:50,400
various plants. 
Basically, he was eating organic

2433
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,000
free range locally sourced food 
long before it became trendy. 

2434
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:57,100
No processed foods. 
No, artificial preservatives, 

2435
02:05:57,100 --> 02:05:59,700
just pure Mountain to table 
dining. 

2436
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:02,800
Considering the circumstances of
his death. 

2437
02:06:02,800 --> 02:06:06,100
One could argue that his final 
meal, resembled a Last Supper 

2438
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:08,600
more than a carefully planned. 
Nutritional Choice. 

2439
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:12,200
Scientists also discovered that 
Otzi wasn't just a random 

2440
02:06:12,200 --> 02:06:13,900
Wanderer who got caught in bad 
weather. 

2441
02:06:13,900 --> 02:06:17,800
The man had serious gear. 
His equipment list reads, like 

2442
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:21,300
the inventory of a well-prepared
outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe 

2443
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:24,900
with the you handle a flint 
knife, a bow made of you would a

2444
02:06:24,900 --> 02:06:28,200
quiver full of arrows and a fire
starting kit complete with 

2445
02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:31,500
Tinder fungus. 
He even had a first aid kit of 

2446
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:34,200
sorts, including what appears to
be prehistoric. 

2447
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:38,200
Aspirin made from Birch, fungus.
Most remarkably atsu was 

2448
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:40,600
wearing, what can only be 
described as the ancient world's

2449
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:42,600
most sophisticated Outdoor 
Clothing system? 

2450
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:47,200
His outfit included, a leather 
loin cloth leather leggings a 

2451
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:50,800
coat made of woven grass and 
bare skin cap and waterproof 

2452
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:52,600
shoes stuffed with grass for 
insulation. 

2453
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:56,900
It was essentially a 5,300 year 
old version of high-tech 

2454
02:06:56,900 --> 02:06:59,900
mountaineering gear, designed by
someone who understood that 

2455
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:02,500
staying warm and dry was the 
difference between life and 

2456
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:06,000
death in the mountains. 
As you settled deeper into your 

2457
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:08,600
evening routine, consider this 
otsu's. 

2458
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:11,900
Belongings represent some of 
Humanity's earliest examples of 

2459
02:07:11,900 --> 02:07:14,400
specialized tools and clothing 
designed for extreme 

2460
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,100
environments. 
He wasn't just surviving in the 

2461
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:20,600
mountains, he was thriving, 
there equipped with everything. 

2462
02:07:20,600 --> 02:07:23,100
He needed to navigate one of the
world's most challenging 

2463
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:26,500
terrains, pull that blanket a 
little closer because we're 

2464
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:29,200
about to discuss the darker side
of uzi's story. 

2465
02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:34,000
What started as a remarkable 
tale of preservation became 

2466
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,300
something much more Sinister 
when scientists began to examine

2467
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:39,600
exactly how our mountain man met
his end. 

2468
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:41,800
For years. 
Following his Discovery 

2469
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:45,200
researchers believed, he had 
succumbed to exposure due to a 

2470
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:48,800
sudden storm, it seemed like a 
reasonable explanation, the 

2471
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:51,900
mountains are unpredictable, and
even experienced Travelers can 

2472
02:07:51,900 --> 02:07:54,500
find themselves in deadly 
situations, when the weather 

2473
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:58,000
turns nasty. 
But as technology advanced and 

2474
02:07:58,000 --> 02:08:01,500
scientists could examine 
thoroughly, they discovered 

2475
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,800
something that changed, 
everything an arrowhead lodged. 

2476
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:07,700
Beneath his left shoulder blade,
this wasnt death by 

2477
02:08:07,700 --> 02:08:11,500
misadventure, this was murder. 
Someone had shot at the back 

2478
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:13,600
with an arrow and that shooter 
done. 

2479
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:17,200
So with deadly Precision, the 
arrowhead severed a major artery

2480
02:08:17,200 --> 02:08:20,300
causing Otzi to bleed to death 
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 

2481
02:08:21,200 --> 02:08:24,200
Suddenly the find wasn't just an
archaeological Discovery. 

2482
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:27,800
It was a 5,300 year old homicide
case. 

2483
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,800
The plot thickened when 
scientists examined otsus hands 

2484
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:34,500
and found Fresh Cuts on his 
palms and fingers. 

2485
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:38,000
These weren't old scars from 
years of mountain living they 

2486
02:08:38,000 --> 02:08:41,100
were recent wounds suggesting 
that Otzi had been in a fight 

2487
02:08:41,108 --> 02:08:43,700
shortly before his death, 
someone had attacked him. 

2488
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:46,500
He had fought back and 
ultimately he had lost. 

2489
02:08:46,500 --> 02:08:49,200
The evidence painted. 
A picture of a man who had been 

2490
02:08:49,208 --> 02:08:52,200
running for his life through the
mountains, only to be cornered 

2491
02:08:52,200 --> 02:08:54,900
and killed by his pursuer. 
But who would want to kill 

2492
02:08:54,900 --> 02:08:56,200
artsy? 
And why? 

2493
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,000
At this point, the narrative 
becomes as intricate as a Mist 

2494
02:09:00,000 --> 02:09:03,700
covered Mountain Trail. 
Scientists discovered that sees 

2495
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:06,000
copper acts was remarkably 
Advanced for its time. 

2496
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:09,300
The kind of tool that would have
been extremely valuable in the 

2497
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:11,900
copper age. 
Some researchers theorize that 

2498
02:09:11,900 --> 02:09:15,000
Etsy might have been a Trader 
carrying precious Goods across 

2499
02:09:15,000 --> 02:09:17,500
the mountain passes, that 
connected different communities,

2500
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:20,700
perhaps he was robbed and killed
for his valuable possessions 

2501
02:09:20,700 --> 02:09:23,900
other suggests that she might 
have been fleeing from tribal 

2502
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:26,300
conflict. 
The copper age wasn't exactly 

2503
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,200
known for its peaceful dispute, 
resolution methods and 

2504
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:32,100
territorial battles were as 
common as modern traffic jams. 

2505
02:09:32,800 --> 02:09:35,900
Maybe Etsy belong to a group 
that had lost a war and he was 

2506
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:38,500
trying to escape to safety when 
his enemies caught up with him. 

2507
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,400
There's even a theory that don't
see, might have been some kind 

2508
02:09:41,400 --> 02:09:44,700
of Shaman, or spiritual leader, 
targeted, because of his special

2509
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:48,500
status in society. 
Those therapeutic tattoos and 

2510
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:49,900
his knowledge of medicinal 
plants. 

2511
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:51,800
Suggest someone who understood 
Healing Arts. 

2512
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:55,100
Making him a person of 
significant importance in his 

2513
02:09:55,100 --> 02:09:58,000
community. 
Political conflicts, often 

2514
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:01,100
caught spiritual leaders in the 
crossfire in ancient societies. 

2515
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:04,500
The most intriguing aspect of 
Utz is murder, is what happened 

2516
02:10:04,500 --> 02:10:06,800
after? 
He died, whoever killed him made

2517
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:09,400
no attempt to retrieve the 
valuable copper Acts or any of 

2518
02:10:09,400 --> 02:10:12,500
his other possessions. 
Suggests either that the killer 

2519
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:15,500
was interrupted or that the 
murder was not motivated by 

2520
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:19,800
robbery, maybe it was personal, 
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 

2521
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:23,200
was just being in the wrong 
place at the wrong time, 5,300 

2522
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:25,900
years ago. 
What's particularly haunted is 

2523
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:28,800
how quickly was covered by snow 
and ice after his death. 

2524
02:10:29,600 --> 02:10:32,400
The mounting conditions, 
essentially freeze dried him 

2525
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,300
within hours or days of his 
shooting preserving him 

2526
02:10:35,300 --> 02:10:38,800
perfectly for over 5 Millennia. 
His killer probably never 

2527
02:10:38,800 --> 02:10:42,200
imagined that their victim Would
One Day become famous studied by

2528
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,100
scientists around the world and 
featured in museums and 

2529
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:48,500
documentaries. 
The ancient crime scene also 

2530
02:10:48,500 --> 02:10:50,900
revealed something else. 
Intriguing Etsy had been 

2531
02:10:50,908 --> 02:10:52,500
positioned carefully after his 
death. 

2532
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:55,900
His body was found lying on its 
stomach with his left arm, 

2533
02:10:55,900 --> 02:10:58,800
extended almost as if someone 
had arrived in that way. 

2534
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:02,200
Whether the arranging was done 
by his killer or by natural 

2535
02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:05,800
processes, as he fell remains a 
mystery that adds another layer 

2536
02:11:05,800 --> 02:11:09,400
to an already complex story. 
As you contemplate, this ancient

2537
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:11,300
mystery from the comfort of your
modern world. 

2538
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:14,200
Remember that human nature 
hasn't changed much over the 

2539
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:16,900
Millennia. 
The same emotions that drive 

2540
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:19,600
conflict, today, greed jealousy,
fear. 

2541
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:23,500
And revenge were just as 
powerful 5,300 years ago. 

2542
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:27,600
Otzi's story reminds us that 
even in the most remote and 

2543
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:31,300
beautiful places on Earth. 
Human drama has always found a 

2544
02:11:31,300 --> 02:11:34,200
way to unfold. 
Let's take a break from the 

2545
02:11:34,200 --> 02:11:36,900
mystery and travel back in time 
to understand what life was 

2546
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:40,900
actually like during otzi's era.
Imagine waking up tomorrow 

2547
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:44,200
morning instead of reaching for 
your phone to verify the weather

2548
02:11:44,200 --> 02:11:48,000
you step outside and read the 
sky, like an open book because 

2549
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:50,900
your life literally depends on 
getting the Four cast, right? 

2550
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:54,000
At Sea lived during what 
archaeologists called, The 

2551
02:11:54,008 --> 02:11:56,700
Copper age, a time. 
When humans were just beginning 

2552
02:11:56,700 --> 02:11:59,900
to figure out that certain 
rocks, when heated just write 

2553
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:03,900
could produce shiny malleable 
metal, it was like the early 

2554
02:12:03,900 --> 02:12:08,000
days of any new technology, 
exciting experimental and 

2555
02:12:08,000 --> 02:12:11,200
occasionally explosive. 
While most people were still 

2556
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:15,000
using stone tools, the copper 
axe found with yutzy represented

2557
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:18,000
cutting-edge technology. 
He was essentially carrying 

2558
02:12:18,000 --> 02:12:20,800
around the iPhone of his era. 
If iPhones were made of copper 

2559
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,900
and use primarily for chopping 
wood and defending yourself from

2560
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:25,900
both, wild animals and 
unfriendly Neighbors. 

2561
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:28,600
The world. 
Etsy inhabited was 

2562
02:12:28,600 --> 02:12:31,300
simultaneously more dangerous 
and more beautiful than anything

2563
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:35,800
we can easily imagine today. 
There were no roads, no Maps, no

2564
02:12:35,800 --> 02:12:39,300
GPS systems. 
Just animal Trails Word of Mouth

2565
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:42,400
directions, and an intimate. 
Knowledge of natural landmarks 

2566
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,800
passed down through generations.
Getting lost wasn't just 

2567
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:47,800
inconvenient. 
It could be fatal. 

2568
02:12:48,900 --> 02:12:50,600
Yet, people like utsey 
regularly. 

2569
02:12:50,600 --> 02:12:52,600
Traveled, hundreds of miles 
through some of the most 

2570
02:12:52,600 --> 02:12:55,500
challenging terrain on Earth, 
Guided by nothing more than 

2571
02:12:55,500 --> 02:12:58,700
experience Instinct, and 
probably a healthy dose of 

2572
02:12:58,708 --> 02:13:01,000
courage. 
His community would have been 

2573
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,400
small, perhaps no, more than a 
few dozen people living together

2574
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,700
in a settlement that might 
relocate seasonally, depending 

2575
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:09,400
on food, availability, and 
weather conditions. 

2576
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:13,500
Everyone knew everyone else and 
privacy was probably about as 

2577
02:13:13,500 --> 02:13:16,200
rare as a hot shower. 
Your neighbor's were not just 

2578
02:13:16,208 --> 02:13:19,600
the people next door, they were 
your survival Network, Your 

2579
02:13:19,600 --> 02:13:23,100
Entertainment System, your 
medical team, and your security 

2580
02:13:23,100 --> 02:13:24,600
force. 
All rolled in to one 

2581
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,800
occasionally irritating, but 
absolutely essential package. 

2582
02:13:28,600 --> 02:13:32,400
Food was whatever you could hunt
gather grow or trade for and 

2583
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:35,400
meal, planning required skills, 
that would make Modern Survival 

2584
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:39,400
show, contestants weep. 
But his people are domesticated,

2585
02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:43,500
some animals sheep goats and 
cattle but hunting still 

2586
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:47,000
provided much of their protein. 
They cultivated grains such as 

2587
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:51,100
iron corn wheat, and barley and 
they collected wild fruits nuts 

2588
02:13:51,100 --> 02:13:53,400
and medicinal plants with the 
depth of knowledge. 

2589
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:57,800
That would embarrass modernists.
Every plant had a purpose every 

2590
02:13:57,800 --> 02:14:00,900
season, brought different 
opportunities and nothing edible

2591
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:04,100
was ever wasted. 
Clothing was entirely handmade 

2592
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:06,300
from materials. 
You either raised hunted or 

2593
02:14:06,300 --> 02:14:09,500
gathered yourself, To see 
sophisticated outfit 

2594
02:14:09,500 --> 02:14:13,300
represented, countless hours of 
work by skilled craftspeople who

2595
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:16,100
understood exactly what was 
needed to survive in harsh 

2596
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:19,500
Mountain conditions. 
His grass cloak alone would have

2597
02:14:19,500 --> 02:14:21,300
required. 
Specialized knowledge of which 

2598
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:23,700
grasses provide the best 
insulation and waterproofing. 

2599
02:14:23,700 --> 02:14:27,700
Plus the weaving skills to turn 
raw materials into functional 

2600
02:14:27,700 --> 02:14:29,800
garments. 
It was like wearing a 

2601
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:33,300
custom-made technical climbing 
suit, except it took months to 

2602
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,500
create and couldn't be replaced 
with a quick trip to the outdoor

2603
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,300
gear store. 
Medicine was a combination of 

2604
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:42,300
practical, knowledge, 
plant-based remedies, and what 

2605
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:45,000
we might charitably call 
experimental procedures. 

2606
02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:47,900
Those therapeutic tattoos 
covering otsu's. 

2607
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:49,700
Body works, just ancient 
acupuncture. 

2608
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:53,500
They represented a sophisticated
understanding of pain management

2609
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:56,800
and the willingness to try 
permanent body modification as 

2610
02:14:56,800 --> 02:14:59,200
treatment. 
When you're back ached from 

2611
02:14:59,208 --> 02:15:02,300
years of carrying heavy loads, 
over Mountain terrain, you 

2612
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:05,400
didn't pop an ibuprofen, you had
someone cut patterns into your 

2613
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:07,400
skin and rub charcoal into the 
wounds. 

2614
02:15:07,400 --> 02:15:11,700
Hoping it would provide relief. 
Spiritual world was as real and 

2615
02:15:11,708 --> 02:15:15,200
immediate as the physical one. 
Stories rituals and 

2616
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:18,500
relationships with Supernatural 
forces helped us, understand 

2617
02:15:18,500 --> 02:15:22,700
natural phenomena that we 
explained with science mountains

2618
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:25,800
rivers weather patterns and 
animal behaviors all held 

2619
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:27,700
meaning beyond their practical 
implications. 

2620
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:31,100
Journey through the mountains, 
wasn't just a physical 

2621
02:15:31,100 --> 02:15:33,500
Expedition. 
It was a spiritual Passage 

2622
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:36,300
through a landscape alive with 
powers and presences that 

2623
02:15:36,300 --> 02:15:38,200
demanded respect and careful 
navigation. 

2624
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:42,000
Perhaps most remarkably people 
like Otzi possessed a kind of 

2625
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:45,100
environmental literacy that was 
almost extinct in our modern 

2626
02:15:45,100 --> 02:15:47,600
world. 
They could read animal tracks 

2627
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:51,000
like stories, predict weather 
changes from subtle shifts in 

2628
02:15:51,000 --> 02:15:54,600
wind direction, identify edible,
and medicinal plants by touch 

2629
02:15:54,600 --> 02:15:57,700
and complete darkness and 
navigate vast distances. 

2630
02:15:57,700 --> 02:16:01,700
Using only natural landmarks 
Their minds were library of 

2631
02:16:01,700 --> 02:16:05,000
practical, knowledge accumulated
over lifetimes of careful 

2632
02:16:05,000 --> 02:16:08,000
observation and passed down 
through generation of oral 

2633
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:10,900
tradition. 
As you rest in your comfortable,

2634
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,400
climate controlled environment 
tonight, consider what, it must 

2635
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:17,100
have been like to live. 
So, intimately connected to the 

2636
02:16:17,100 --> 02:16:19,600
natural world, that your 
survival depended on 

2637
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:21,800
understanding, its every mood 
and movement. 

2638
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:24,800
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 
more and explore. 

2639
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:28,100
How modern science transformed. 
Etsy from a curious Discovery 

2640
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:31,400
into a treasure Trove of 
information about ancient life. 

2641
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,600
It's like having a conversation 
with someone from 5,300 years 

2642
02:16:35,600 --> 02:16:41,000
ago in words they're speaking 
through DNA Isotopes, and 

2643
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:44,799
microscopic traces of pollen. 
When scientists began studying 

2644
02:16:44,799 --> 02:16:48,100
at Sea, they had to invent in 
entirely new ways of extracting 

2645
02:16:48,100 --> 02:16:50,900
information from ancient remains
without destroying them. 

2646
02:16:51,600 --> 02:16:54,200
Imagine trying to read a book 
that so fragile, it might 

2647
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:55,799
crumble if you look at it too 
hard. 

2648
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:58,400
But you know, it contains 
secrets that could rewrite 

2649
02:16:58,400 --> 02:17:02,400
history, every test had to be 
planned meticulously every 

2650
02:17:02,400 --> 02:17:04,200
sample pressure and 
irreplaceable. 

2651
02:17:05,200 --> 02:17:07,799
The first breakthrough came from
studying the contents of its 

2652
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:11,500
digestive system, essentially 
giving him a posthumous medical 

2653
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,200
exam that would make even the 
most thorough doctor jealous. 

2654
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:17,500
Scientists could identify 
exactly what he had eaten. 

2655
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:21,299
And when creating a timeline of 
his final hours that read like a

2656
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:25,500
prehistoric travel itinerary. 
His last meal of Ibex meat and 

2657
02:17:25,500 --> 02:17:27,500
unleavened bread. 
Told them he had stopped to eat 

2658
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:31,200
in The Valleys before climbing 
to the past where he died even 

2659
02:17:31,200 --> 02:17:33,600
more remarkably. 
They found hop hornbeam pollen 

2660
02:17:33,600 --> 02:17:36,700
in his stomach which only 
flowers in Spring helping to 

2661
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:38,400
pinpoint not just where he had 
been. 

2662
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:42,700
But when he had been there, 
isotope analysis opened up 

2663
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:45,299
another dimension of detective 
work that would make Sherlock 

2664
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,500
Holmes Green With Envy. 
I studying the ratios of 

2665
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,900
different chemical elements in 
notes his teeth bones and hair. 

2666
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:55,100
Scientists could map out his 
movements over the years and 

2667
02:17:55,100 --> 02:17:58,500
months before his death like a 
GPS tracking system that worked 

2668
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,900
across millennia They 
discovered, he had spent his 

2669
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:06,000
childhood in one Valley lived as
an adult in another and a 

2670
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:07,700
traveled extensively throughout 
the region. 

2671
02:18:07,700 --> 02:18:10,600
His body was essentially a 
chemical passport. 

2672
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:14,100
Stamped, with the signature of 
every place, he'd lived and 

2673
02:18:14,100 --> 02:18:17,700
every source of water. 
He had drunk DNA analysis 

2674
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:20,400
revealed even more personal 
details about our ancient 

2675
02:18:20,400 --> 02:18:23,400
Mountain Man. 
Scientists determined that Etsy 

2676
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:27,200
had brown eyes and type O blood,
and that he was probably lactose

2677
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:30,100
intolerant, meaning, he couldn't
drink milk without some 

2678
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,500
uncomfortable consequences. 
They also discovered he carried 

2679
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,600
genetic markers associated with 
increased risk of heart disease,

2680
02:18:36,600 --> 02:18:39,500
which might explain why his 
arteries showed signs of 

2681
02:18:39,508 --> 02:18:41,799
atherosclerosis despite his 
active lifestyle. 

2682
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:46,900
Even 5,300 years ago, genetics 
was playing its role in human 

2683
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:49,200
health. 
Perhaps most fascinatingly 

2684
02:18:49,200 --> 02:18:52,799
researchers were able to extract
and study bacteria from Etsy 

2685
02:18:52,799 --> 02:18:55,100
stomach. 
Discovering that he carried a 

2686
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:58,200
strain of helicobacter pylori, 
that's most closely related to 

2687
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:01,500
Asian populations. 
This tiny detail provided 

2688
02:19:01,500 --> 02:19:04,200
evidence for ancient migration 
patterns and trade connections 

2689
02:19:04,200 --> 02:19:07,500
that linked Europe to Asia, 
thousands of years before the 

2690
02:19:07,500 --> 02:19:11,400
Silk Road became famous. 
At his gut bacteria were telling

2691
02:19:11,400 --> 02:19:14,700
a story about human movement and
cultural exchange that spanned 

2692
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:17,600
continents. 
The analysis of etsy's clothing 

2693
02:19:17,600 --> 02:19:20,600
and equipment to revealed 
sophisticated technologies that 

2694
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:23,000
challenge assumptions about 
corporate capabilities. 

2695
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:26,799
His leather was processed. 
Using complex taning methods, 

2696
02:19:26,799 --> 02:19:30,799
his textiles showed Advanced 
weaving techniques and his tools

2697
02:19:30,799 --> 02:19:33,700
demonstrated metalworking skills
that were more sophisticated 

2698
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:35,900
than previously thought possible
for the time period. 

2699
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:39,799
Each item represented not just 
individual craftsmanship book, 

2700
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,700
complex Supply chains and 
specialized knowledge networks 

2701
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:45,000
that connected communities 
across vast distances. 

2702
02:19:46,200 --> 02:19:50,100
CT scans and 3D imaging allowed 
scientists to examine otsu's, 

2703
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:52,600
internal structure without 
causing any damage to his 

2704
02:19:52,600 --> 02:19:55,300
remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

2705
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:58,800
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

2706
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:00,700
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

2707
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:03,600
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

2708
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:06,600
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

2709
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:10,800
before the invention of writing.
The forensic analysis of his 

2710
02:20:10,800 --> 02:20:13,700
murder became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

2711
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:16,200
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

2712
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:19,400
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction, from which the 

2713
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:22,400
arrow came, and even estimate, 
how long, he survived after 

2714
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:25,200
being wounded. 
They found traces of blood from 

2715
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:27,500
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

2716
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:31,100
Suggesting that at Sea had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

2717
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:34,200
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

2718
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:37,800
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

2719
02:20:37,800 --> 02:20:41,000
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

2720
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:44,200
and killed. 
Most remarkably Advanced is in 

2721
02:20:44,200 --> 02:20:47,000
ancient DNA, research, have 
allowed scientists to identify, 

2722
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:50,400
living relatives of Etsy. 
Through genetic analysis of 

2723
02:20:50,400 --> 02:20:53,600
modern populations in the Alps. 
They found people who shared 

2724
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:57,608
genetic markers with our 5,300 
year old Iceman. it's as if 

2725
02:20:57,616 --> 02:21:00,300
Bootsy reached across five 
Millennia to tap, someone on the

2726
02:21:00,308 --> 02:21:04,600
shoulder and say, hey, we're 
family, As you settle into sleep

2727
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:07,500
tonight, consider how this 
intersection of cutting-edge 

2728
02:21:07,500 --> 02:21:11,000
Science and ancient mystery has 
allowed us to know, Etsy more 

2729
02:21:11,000 --> 02:21:13,500
intimately than we know most 
people from just a few centuries

2730
02:21:13,500 --> 02:21:16,100
ago. 
Modern technology has made it 

2731
02:21:16,100 --> 02:21:19,500
more real more human and more 
relatable than any historical. 

2732
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:21,600
Figure who left behind only 
written records. 

2733
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,300
As we near the end of our 
journey with otsi. 

2734
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:26,800
Let's explore. 
How this ancient mountain man 

2735
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:29,900
has become one of the most 
famous people who never lived to

2736
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:34,000
see his celebrity status. from 
his refrigerated home in an 

2737
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:36,200
Italian Museum to his 
appearances in documentaries 

2738
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:40,000
books and even video games at 
she has achieved a kind of 

2739
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:42,900
immortality that would probably 
bewilder him, if he could 

2740
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:47,600
understand it, the South tyrol 
Museum of archaeology in Bolzano

2741
02:21:47,600 --> 02:21:52,300
Italy, has become etsy's 
permanent address, Far Cry from 

2742
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:54,000
the nomadic lifestyle, he wants 
new. 

2743
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:58,700
He rests in a specially designed
cold chamber that maintains the 

2744
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:01,700
exact temperature, and humidity 
conditions needed to preserve 

2745
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:05,000
his remains essentially living 
in a high-tech version of the 

2746
02:22:05,000 --> 02:22:07,800
glacial conditions that saved 
him for over five millennia. 

2747
02:22:09,000 --> 02:22:12,000
Visitors from around the world 
line up to peer through a small 

2748
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,300
window at this ancient celebrity
making Otzi. 

2749
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:18,200
Probably the most viewed person 
who died before the invention of

2750
02:22:18,200 --> 02:22:21,200
agriculture. 
Products is influence extends 

2751
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:24,500
far beyond Museum walls. 
He has revolutionized our 

2752
02:22:24,500 --> 02:22:28,000
understanding of corporate life 
proving that our ancestors were 

2753
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:31,900
far more sophisticated mobile 
and technologically, advanced 

2754
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:36,500
than previously, imagined Before
Otzi many archaeologists assumed

2755
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:38,900
that people from his era. 
Lived in small isolated 

2756
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:42,200
communities with limited 
technology, and little 

2757
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:45,200
long-distance travel. 
At Sea shattered, those 

2758
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:48,800
assumptions with his Advanced 
Equipment evidence of extensive 

2759
02:22:48,800 --> 02:22:53,200
travel and sophisticated Medical
Treatments his impact on medical

2760
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:55,400
research has been particularly 
profound. 

2761
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:59,000
Those therapeutic tattoos of 
inspired modern studies of the 

2762
02:22:59,000 --> 02:23:02,300
relationship between acupuncture
points and areas of chronic 

2763
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:05,300
pain. 
Some researchers believe, odds, 

2764
02:23:05,300 --> 02:23:07,200
his tattoos corresponder 
remarkably, well with 

2765
02:23:07,200 --> 02:23:10,700
traditional Chinese acupuncture 
Maps suggesting that ancient 

2766
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:13,100
healing Traditions might have 
been more wide-spread and 

2767
02:23:13,100 --> 02:23:14,800
sophisticated than previously 
thought. 

2768
02:23:15,700 --> 02:23:19,400
It was as if you was carrying 
around a 5,300 year old medical 

2769
02:23:19,400 --> 02:23:22,700
textbook written on his skin. 
The forensic techniques 

2770
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:25,800
developed to study at Sea have 
advanced archaeological methods 

2771
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,500
worldwide. 
The careful non-destructive 

2772
02:23:28,500 --> 02:23:31,900
analysis, methods pioneered with
his remains and now standard 

2773
02:23:31,900 --> 02:23:34,200
practice for examining other 
ancient discoveries. 

2774
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:38,100
Every mummy, every preserved 
remain and every ancient 

2775
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:40,500
artifact that gets discovered 
today benefits from the 

2776
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:43,700
scientific techniques. 
Refined through Decades of utzi 

2777
02:23:43,700 --> 02:23:47,100
research, he pioneered an entire
field of study and his 

2778
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:49,400
contributions to archaeological 
methodology. 

2779
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:51,800
Continued to yield benefits with
each new discovery. 

2780
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:55,800
Environmental scientists have 
used Otzi story to understand 

2781
02:23:55,800 --> 02:23:58,100
ancient climate patterns and 
Glacier Behavior. 

2782
02:23:58,100 --> 02:24:02,200
His Discovery site has become a 
natural laboratory for studying,

2783
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:04,900
how climate change affect Alpine
environments. 

2784
02:24:04,900 --> 02:24:08,000
The fact that emerged from the 
ice in 1991. 

2785
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:11,100
After being hidden for over 5, 
Millennia tells us something 

2786
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:13,600
significant about warming 
temperatures and changing 

2787
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:17,100
Glacier patterns. 
Strangely sees emergence from 

2788
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:19,900
the ice serves as a dramatic 
illustration of environmental 

2789
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:22,800
change making him a spokesman 
for climate awareness. 

2790
02:24:22,800 --> 02:24:26,300
The legal implications of Oats 
is Discovery created. 

2791
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:29,600
International precedence for 
handling archaeological finds 

2792
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,600
that cross National borders. 
Found on the border between 

2793
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:34,900
Austria and Italy. 
Otsu's ownership became a 

2794
02:24:34,900 --> 02:24:37,500
diplomatic issue that required 
careful negotiation. 

2795
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:40,400
The resolution that he belongs 
to Italy. 

2796
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:42,800
But with special Provisions for 
international research, 

2797
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:45,800
collaboration has become a model
for managing similar, 

2798
02:24:45,800 --> 02:24:48,900
discoveries around the world. 
Etsy has also become a cultural 

2799
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:52,400
icon, inspiring everything from 
novels and documentaries, to 

2800
02:24:52,400 --> 02:24:55,700
children's books, and video 
games, National Geographic 

2801
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:59,900
specials, BBC documentaries and 
numerous educational programs 

2802
02:24:59,900 --> 02:25:02,300
have featured him. 
There's something about his 

2803
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:05,400
story that captures the 
imagination, perhaps, because he

2804
02:25:05,408 --> 02:25:08,700
represents both our connection 
to the ancient world and our 

2805
02:25:08,700 --> 02:25:11,700
fascination with Mysteries that 
can be solved through science. 

2806
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:16,400
The ethical question surrounding
at his display and study have 

2807
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:19,100
sparked important discussions 
about the treatment of human 

2808
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:22,300
remains in archaeological. 
Research, how do we balance 

2809
02:25:22,300 --> 02:25:24,600
scientific inquiry with respect 
for the Dead? 

2810
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:28,000
What rights do ancient people 
have in our modern world? 

2811
02:25:28,000 --> 02:25:32,200
These questions don't have easy 
answers but UT's case has helped

2812
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:34,900
to establish guidelines that now
influence how archaeologists 

2813
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:36,700
approach, similar discoveries 
worldwide. 

2814
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:40,400
Perhaps most significantly. 
Etsy has made the ancient world 

2815
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:43,500
feel accessible and human in 
ways that Pottery shards and 

2816
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:47,600
stone tools never could Through 
him, we can imagine what it felt

2817
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:51,800
like to live 5,300 years ago. 
The daily challenges the 

2818
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:55,100
sophisticated knowledge required
for survival, the dangers of 

2819
02:25:55,108 --> 02:25:58,100
travel and the ever-present 
reality that life could end 

2820
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:01,500
suddenly and violently. 
He's not just a specimen. 

2821
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:04,700
Is a person whose story 
resonates across the Millennia 

2822
02:26:04,700 --> 02:26:07,100
educational programs around the 
world. 

2823
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:10,300
Use Oxys story to teach 
everything from ancient history,

2824
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:13,900
to Modern forensic science. 
Students who might perceive 

2825
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:17,300
archeology dry and Dusty 
suddenly becoming engaged when 

2826
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,300
they learn about the man who 
emerged from the ice with a full

2827
02:26:20,308 --> 02:26:23,500
complement of gear and a mystery
that scientists are still 

2828
02:26:23,508 --> 02:26:25,900
solving. 
He's become the ultimate 

2829
02:26:25,900 --> 02:26:29,400
teaching tool for demonstrating 
how much we can learn from 

2830
02:26:29,400 --> 02:26:32,800
careful, scientific analysis. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

2831
02:26:32,800 --> 02:26:36,800
consider how has Bridge the vast
gap between the ancient and 

2832
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:40,100
modern worlds, making the 
distant Past film immediate and 

2833
02:26:40,108 --> 02:26:43,800
personal in ways that few 
archaeological discoveries ever 

2834
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:47,600
achieve as our evening Journey 
with Etsy, draws to a close. 

2835
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:50,700
Let's settle in for some final 
Reflections on what his 

2836
02:26:50,700 --> 02:26:52,500
remarkable story means for us 
today. 

2837
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:56,300
And how this ancient Mountain 
Man continues to whisper secrets

2838
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,200
about human nature across the 
vast expanse of time. 

2839
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:03,800
There's something profoundly 
moving about otsu's story, that 

2840
02:27:03,800 --> 02:27:06,200
goes beyond the scientific 
discoveries and forensic 

2841
02:27:06,200 --> 02:27:09,600
Mysteries. 
This man lived and died in a 

2842
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:11,400
world. 
So different from ours that it 

2843
02:27:11,400 --> 02:27:13,400
might as well have been another 
planet yet. 

2844
02:27:13,400 --> 02:27:16,100
His remains show that the 
fundamental experience of being 

2845
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:18,100
human have not changed as much 
as we think. 

2846
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,200
He felt pain and sought relief 
through those therapeutic 

2847
02:27:22,200 --> 02:27:24,700
tattoos. 
He prepared carefully for 

2848
02:27:24,700 --> 02:27:28,000
Dangerous Journeys, carrying 
everything, he might need to 

2849
02:27:28,008 --> 02:27:31,000
survive, he faced violence and 
fought back. 

2850
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:35,600
He died far from home alone on a
mountain pass but his story 

2851
02:27:35,600 --> 02:27:38,500
would eventually reach millions 
of people who would come to know

2852
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,500
him more intimately than they 
know most of their 

2853
02:27:40,500 --> 02:27:43,400
contemporaries. 
The mountains that preserved at 

2854
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:46,200
sea for over 5 Millennia serve 
as a poignant metaphor for the 

2855
02:27:46,200 --> 02:27:49,500
relationship between human 
ambition and natural forces. 

2856
02:27:49,500 --> 02:27:52,400
He was traveling through some of
the most spectacular and 

2857
02:27:52,400 --> 02:27:55,400
dangerous terrain on Earth armed
with nothing more than copper 

2858
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:59,000
aged technology and accumulated 
wisdom about survival and 

2859
02:27:59,000 --> 02:28:02,100
extreme conditions. 
The same mountains that killed 

2860
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:04,600
him also saved his story for 
posterity. 

2861
02:28:04,600 --> 02:28:08,300
Turning him into an accidental 
time traveler, who could teach 

2862
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,100
us about both ancient life and 
our own human nature. 

2863
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:15,200
Modern visitors to the uttar 
Alps often follow hiking routes 

2864
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:18,100
that pass near. 
Where was discovered they carry 

2865
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,700
GPS devices where high-tech 
clothing and have emergency 

2866
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:24,900
Rescue Services available. 
If things go wrong yet their 

2867
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,600
essentially doing the same thing
as he was doing 5,300 years ago.

2868
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:32,200
Challenging themselves against 
the mountains seeking adventure 

2869
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:35,100
and perhaps seeking some deeper 
connection with the natural 

2870
02:28:35,100 --> 02:28:39,300
world, the technology changes, 
but the human impulse to explore

2871
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:43,000
and test ourselves remains 
constant Scientists continue to 

2872
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:45,700
study Otzi, a new discoveries 
emerge. 

2873
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:49,100
Regularly as technology 
advances, each new discovery 

2874
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:52,300
enriches, his story and 
contributes to the understanding

2875
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:55,600
of ancient life. 
Recent researchers revealed more

2876
02:28:55,600 --> 02:28:58,700
about his diet, his travels, his
health, and even his family 

2877
02:28:58,700 --> 02:29:01,700
relationships. 
It's as if we're slowly getting 

2878
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:05,400
to know him better year by year 
building, a relationship with 

2879
02:29:05,400 --> 02:29:08,600
someone who died 53 centuries 
ago, but whose story grows more 

2880
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:10,100
complete with each passing 
season. 

2881
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:14,500
The mystery of etsy's murder may
never be completely sold and 

2882
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:18,000
perhaps that's fitting Some 
questions are more powerful than

2883
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:20,500
their answers. 
The uncertainty surrounding his 

2884
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:23,800
death, allows us to project our 
understanding of human nature 

2885
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:26,700
onto his story. 
Was he a victim of random 

2886
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:29,300
violence? 
A casualty of Ancient Warfare, 

2887
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:31,500
all the target of a personal 
Vendetta. 

2888
02:29:32,500 --> 02:29:34,800
Each possibility reveals 
something different about how we

2889
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:38,100
understand conflict survival and
the challenge is of life in 

2890
02:29:38,100 --> 02:29:40,900
harsh environments. 
What remains constant is 

2891
02:29:40,900 --> 02:29:44,700
Humanity through all the 
scientific analysis and to 

2892
02:29:44,700 --> 02:29:48,000
investigation what emerges most 
clearly is the portrait of a 

2893
02:29:48,008 --> 02:29:51,200
real person who face real 
challenges with intelligence 

2894
02:29:51,200 --> 02:29:54,800
preparation and courage. 
His meticulous attention to 

2895
02:29:54,800 --> 02:29:57,000
equipment and clothing 
demonstrates. 

2896
02:29:57,000 --> 02:30:00,000
A person who understands the 
importance of details when 

2897
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:03,700
survival hinges on preparation, 
His willingness to travel 

2898
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:06,400
through dangerous terrain 
suggests you the necessity or 

2899
02:30:06,400 --> 02:30:09,500
adventure-seeking that would be 
familiar to anyone who's ever 

2900
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:13,200
taken a calculated risk. 
His evidence of past injuries 

2901
02:30:13,200 --> 02:30:16,300
and ongoing health problems, 
reveal someone who persevered 

2902
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:18,400
through pain and physical 
challenges. 

2903
02:30:19,200 --> 02:30:22,200
The therapeutic tattoos covering
his body tell, perhaps the most 

2904
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:25,200
human story of all. 
The Eternal Quest to obtain 

2905
02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:27,000
relief from chronic pain and 
discomfort. 

2906
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:31,000
In our modern world of advanced 
Pharmaceuticals and medical 

2907
02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:32,600
procedures. 
We sometimes. 

2908
02:30:32,600 --> 02:30:35,500
Forget that humans have always 
sought ways to be suffering and 

2909
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:39,000
improve quality of life. 
That sees tattoos represent a 

2910
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:42,300
kind of ancient hope the belief 
that marking and treating the 

2911
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:45,000
body could provide relief from 
the aches and pains of a 

2912
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:47,900
physically demanding life. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2913
02:30:47,900 --> 02:30:51,100
tonight, imagine not see on his 
final journey through the 

2914
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:53,500
mountains. 
Carrying his carefully crafted 

2915
02:30:53,500 --> 02:30:57,900
tools and wearing his precisely 
designed clothing unaware that 

2916
02:30:57,900 --> 02:31:00,700
he was about to become one of 
the most famous people in human 

2917
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:03,600
history. 
Picture him pausing to rest in 

2918
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:06,700
the high Alpine Meadows, perhaps
sharing a meal with fellow 

2919
02:31:06,700 --> 02:31:10,800
Travelers, maybe gazing at the 
same stars that shine down on us

2920
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:14,500
today, even with the most 
advanced technology, we can't 

2921
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,700
fully understand the Mysteries 
and complexities of every human 

2922
02:31:17,700 --> 02:31:20,100
life. 
As his story reminds us. 

2923
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:25,000
We know more about UT's daily 
life, his health, his diet and 

2924
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:27,800
his movements than we know about
most people who live just a few 

2925
02:31:27,808 --> 02:31:30,700
hundred years ago. 
Yet the essential mystery of who

2926
02:31:30,700 --> 02:31:34,900
he was. 
Thoughts, his dreams his fears, 

2927
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:38,300
his hopes. 
Remains as unknowable as ever. 

2928
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:41,500
In the end. 
But his greatest gift to us 

2929
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:43,200
might not be the scientific 
knowledge. 

2930
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:46,200
He's provided or the 
archaeological methods is study.

2931
02:31:46,200 --> 02:31:49,900
Has advanced, it might simply be
the reminder that human stories 

2932
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:53,200
matter that individual lives 
have meaning that can Echo 

2933
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:55,300
across Millennia. 
And that sometimes the most 

2934
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:58,300
profound discoveries come from 
the most unexpected places. 

2935
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:02,500
A chance encounter with melting 
ice revealed, a man, whose story

2936
02:32:02,500 --> 02:32:05,400
would Captivate the world 
proving that history isn't just 

2937
02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:07,400
about Kings and battles and 
monuments. 

2938
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:11,000
It's about real people facing 
real challenges with whatever 

2939
02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:13,600
tools and wisdom they could 
gather Sleep. 

2940
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:17,200
Well knowing that somewhere in 
the Italian Alps what's he rests

2941
02:32:17,200 --> 02:32:20,100
in his climate controlled 
chamber still guarding secrets. 

2942
02:32:20,100 --> 02:32:23,100
We haven't yet learned to ask 
about still teaching us what it 

2943
02:32:23,108 --> 02:32:25,800
means to be human in a world 
that is both dangerous and 

2944
02:32:25,800 --> 02:32:29,100
beautiful, still wandering the 
mountains in our imagination, as

2945
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:37,500
surely as he once, wandered them
in life, Imagine spending the 

2946
02:32:37,500 --> 02:32:40,300
night in that ideal position 
where your mattress has adapted 

2947
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,300
to your unique shape over the 
years, pulling your covers up to

2948
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:47,000
your chin, you sigh with 
satisfaction after stretching 

2949
02:32:47,000 --> 02:32:50,300
out and possibly wriggling a 
little, to find a cool spot on 

2950
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:53,100
your pillow. 
Isn't this nightly routine as 

2951
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:55,900
instinctive as breathing? 
Here's something that might 

2952
02:32:55,900 --> 02:32:59,300
literally make you sit up in bed
for the majority of human 

2953
02:32:59,300 --> 02:33:01,300
history. 
People would have assumed you 

2954
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:04,100
were either dead or insane based
on your horizontal sleeping 

2955
02:33:04,100 --> 02:33:08,800
position you heard correctly. 
Centuries are ancestors. 

2956
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:12,900
Slept upright leaning against 
headboards walls or specialty 

2957
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:15,300
made sleep chairs, that 
resembled medieval torture 

2958
02:33:15,300 --> 02:33:18,500
devices, more than Furniture. 
Imagine attempting to explain 

2959
02:33:18,500 --> 02:33:21,500
your memory foam, pillow and 
California, King mattress, to a 

2960
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,500
person from the 1600s. 
They would most likely start 

2961
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:26,900
organizing your funeral by 
calling the local physician. 

2962
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:30,200
Now before you start to feel 
proud of your contemporary 

2963
02:33:30,200 --> 02:33:33,200
sleeping Arrangements, keep in 
mind that these were not 

2964
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:36,600
primitive people who had not yet
mastered, the art of flying down

2965
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:38,400
the issues. 
They were facing. 

2966
02:33:38,400 --> 02:33:41,000
Would make your worst Monday 
morning seemed like a day at the

2967
02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:43,800
spa. 
When you realize what they had 

2968
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:46,900
to contend with, you may come to
Value their resourcefulness, 

2969
02:33:46,900 --> 02:33:49,900
they had good reasons for 
staying up all night. 

2970
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:53,500
It wasn't an overnight change 
from sitting to lying down. 

2971
02:33:54,300 --> 02:33:57,800
Superstitions medical theories 
that would make a fortune teller

2972
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:02,000
blush and social Customs. 
So deeply embedded that shifting

2973
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:04,900
sleep positions was practically 
revolutionary were all part of 

2974
02:34:04,908 --> 02:34:08,700
this slow centuries long shift, 
consider it the slowest 

2975
02:34:08,700 --> 02:34:12,500
rebellion in history. 
Waged 1 pillow at a time you see

2976
02:34:12,500 --> 02:34:15,000
back then sleep was more than 
just rest. 

2977
02:34:15,000 --> 02:34:18,600
It was linked to beliefs about 
health religion, social 

2978
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:22,600
standing, and even survival. 
Depending on where you slept, 

2979
02:34:22,600 --> 02:34:27,200
you might be viewed as well for 
impoverished healthy or ill or 

2980
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:30,900
virtuous or sinful. 
It was similar to social media, 

2981
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:34,800
except that instead of sharing 
photos of your breakfast people 

2982
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:38,000
were making snap judgments about
how you spent your unconscious 

2983
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:41,000
hours. 
The rules that govern the 

2984
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:43,700
Medieval World were entirely 
different from those that govern

2985
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:47,500
us today. 
Play plague infection starvation

2986
02:34:47,500 --> 02:34:50,600
or even, just your neighbor's 
goat running loose and trampling

2987
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:53,200
on your turnip Garden were all 
potential causes of death. 

2988
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:57,400
Every choice, including how you 
position your body for those 

2989
02:34:57,400 --> 02:35:00,600
valuable few hours of rest, 
carried weight in such a 

2990
02:35:00,600 --> 02:35:03,600
precarious world. 
They were being realistic in 

2991
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:05,900
ways we can hardly fathom now, 
not being dramatic. 

2992
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,500
The interesting part is that 
sleeping upright, wasn't a 

2993
02:35:09,500 --> 02:35:12,500
peculiarity of Europeans. 
Similar Customs were 

2994
02:35:12,500 --> 02:35:15,300
independently developed by 
cultures in Asia, Africa, and 

2995
02:35:15,300 --> 02:35:17,700
the Americas. 
This implies that the 

2996
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:20,200
difficulties are ancestors 
encountered were Universal, 

2997
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:23,500
which is why sitting up at night
seemed like the sensible option.

2998
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:27,600
It was adaptation to conditions 
that we are grateful to have 

2999
02:35:27,600 --> 02:35:29,100
left behind. 
Not ignorance. 

3000
02:35:29,100 --> 02:35:32,500
You're taking part in a 
relatively new human experiment,

3001
02:35:32,500 --> 02:35:35,400
as you lie, there to night, 
horizontal and comfortable. 

3002
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:39,500
As a result of centuries of 
incremental, change, medical 

3003
02:35:39,500 --> 02:35:43,400
progress, and social Evolution, 
your sleeping habits are truly 

3004
02:35:43,400 --> 02:35:46,200
revolutionary. 
Your living, the kind of luxury 

3005
02:35:46,200 --> 02:35:48,600
that ancient kings. 
And queens could only imagine 

3006
02:35:48,600 --> 02:35:52,500
every time you turn your pillow 
to the cool side or change your 

3007
02:35:52,508 --> 02:35:55,500
blanket, indeed. 
Sweet dreams. 

3008
02:35:56,600 --> 02:35:58,900
Let's take a moment to explore 
the medieval mind. 

3009
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:02,100
Suppose you lived in a world 
where the only thing you knew 

3010
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:04,300
about medicine was how to 
balance your humors. 

3011
02:36:04,300 --> 02:36:06,500
Not the kind that make you 
laugh. 

3012
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:10,100
But the enigmatic bodily fluids 
that were supposed to regulate 

3013
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,400
your health. 
The Four Horsemen of medieval 

3014
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:17,400
medicine blood, phlegm yellow, 
bile and black bile. 

3015
02:36:17,400 --> 02:36:20,700
Were more difficult to balance 
than putting together Ikea 

3016
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:23,800
furniture without the manual. 
The Learned Physicians of the 

3017
02:36:23,800 --> 02:36:26,500
day, believe that lying flat 
dangerously Disturbed. 

3018
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:29,700
These humors, they held that 
horizontal stretching cause 

3019
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,800
blood to pool in the wrong 
places, causing imbalances that 

3020
02:36:32,800 --> 02:36:34,300
could cause disease or even 
death. 

3021
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:38,300
It was similar to the medieval 
game of operation except that 

3022
02:36:38,300 --> 02:36:40,600
you might actually die in place 
of a buzzer going off. 

3023
02:36:41,900 --> 02:36:45,100
According to the doctors sitting
upright, maintain the delicate 

3024
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:47,900
balance required for Life, by 
allowing your humans to flow 

3025
02:36:47,900 --> 02:36:50,700
correctly. 
However, the medical issues 

3026
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:54,300
extended beyond the enigmatic 
fluid management, medical 

3027
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:57,300
professionals actually thought 
that line flat exposed one to 

3028
02:36:57,300 --> 02:37:00,300
night Vapors which were 
poisonous gases that were said 

3029
02:37:00,300 --> 02:37:02,900
to rise from the earth and enter
houses through floor cracks. 

3030
02:37:03,700 --> 02:37:05,900
Since these Vapors were believed
to be heavier than air. 

3031
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:09,800
They gathered close to the 
ground, like a human Periscope 

3032
02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:13,000
of avoiding toxic clouds, 
sleeping upright, literally 

3033
02:37:13,000 --> 02:37:14,600
lifted. 
You above the dangers Zone. 

3034
02:37:14,600 --> 02:37:17,900
Not that this was all 
Superstition Holmes from the 

3035
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:20,200
Middle Ages, were not exactly 
ventilation Marvels. 

3036
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:24,200
Imagine sharing your living 
space with animals for warmth in

3037
02:37:24,200 --> 02:37:26,500
a building. 
That is a combination of a house

3038
02:37:26,500 --> 02:37:30,100
and a barn. 
With fumes from animal feces 

3039
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:34,200
smoke from poorly, ventilated 
fires and the general mustiness 

3040
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:36,700
of damp stone walls. 
The air quality was likely 

3041
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:40,400
suspect Even though the 
justification for setting up was

3042
02:37:40,400 --> 02:37:43,800
wildly incorrect, it's possible 
that it improved breathing and 

3043
02:37:43,800 --> 02:37:46,700
air circulation. 
The implications for religion 

3044
02:37:46,700 --> 02:37:49,200
were just as strong. 
According to Medieval 

3045
02:37:49,200 --> 02:37:52,700
Christianity, the deadly flat 
and imitating death. 

3046
02:37:52,700 --> 02:37:56,400
While you slept was a sign of 
tempting Fate by implying that 

3047
02:37:56,400 --> 02:37:58,000
you were prepared for Eternal 
rest. 

3048
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:00,700
You are effectively inviting the
Grim Reaper. 

3049
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:04,700
According to church doctrine, 
the righteous should always be 

3050
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:08,400
on guard even when they are 
sleeping prepared to pray or run

3051
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:11,800
at any time lying down was 
regarded as spiritually 

3052
02:38:11,800 --> 02:38:14,600
hazardous because it suggested a
state of vulnerability and 

3053
02:38:14,600 --> 02:38:17,100
relaxation. 
Additionally think about the 

3054
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:20,000
practicality or lack thereof of 
medieval bedrooms. 

3055
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:23,800
Unlike you most people did not 
have private sleeping quarters 

3056
02:38:23,800 --> 02:38:27,700
guests, servants and families, 
shared a room and frequently a 

3057
02:38:27,700 --> 02:38:31,200
bed, only the very well. 
He could afford privacy and even

3058
02:38:31,208 --> 02:38:34,500
then it was a luxury. 
Assisting up in such crowded. 

3059
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:37,900
Conditions was a matter of space
management, not merely health or

3060
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:40,900
religion. 
If everyone slept upright leaned

3061
02:38:40,900 --> 02:38:43,500
against walls or shared big 
chairs made for several people, 

3062
02:38:43,500 --> 02:38:45,300
you could fit more people in a 
room. 

3063
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:48,400
Additionally, the fear of 
Unexpected death while. 

3064
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:52,300
Sleeping was incredibly useful, 
people died suddenly and often 

3065
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:55,400
in a time before modern medicine
the sick and dying. 

3066
02:38:55,400 --> 02:38:58,300
Those two weak to sit up. 
Were thought to lie down. 

3067
02:38:59,100 --> 02:39:01,600
By sleeping, upright, healthy 
individuals showed that they 

3068
02:39:01,600 --> 02:39:03,800
were still strong enough to keep
their posture while they were 

3069
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:06,400
unconscious demonstrating their 
vitality. 

3070
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:09,300
It served as a nightly 
affirmation that. 

3071
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:13,500
I'm still here, still fighting 
still ready for whatever Dawn 

3072
02:39:13,500 --> 02:39:16,800
might bring as you unconsciously
sink into your horizontal 

3073
02:39:16,800 --> 02:39:19,700
position tonight. 
Keep in mind that you are doing 

3074
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:22,200
something that your forefathers 
would have regarded as either 

3075
02:39:22,200 --> 02:39:26,000
courageous or foolish or 
perhaps, both your Readiness to 

3076
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:28,800
lie down demonstrates how much 
we've learned about safety 

3077
02:39:28,800 --> 02:39:31,800
health, and the basic art of 
getting a decent night's sleep. 

3078
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,800
You may be asking yourself what 
exactly were they sitting on? 

3079
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:38,700
If everyone was sleeping 
upright, depending on your 

3080
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,900
stance on Comfort vs 
functionality, the medieval 

3081
02:39:41,900 --> 02:39:44,500
Furniture industry had to get 
inventive in ways that would 

3082
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:47,900
make contemporary ergonomic 
designers cry with Envy or 

3083
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,400
horror. 
The Sleep chair is the 

3084
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:52,400
equivalent of a recliner in 
medieval Europe. 

3085
02:39:53,100 --> 02:39:56,300
But it lacks the cup holders, 
the reclining feature, and 

3086
02:39:56,300 --> 02:39:57,900
pretty much. 
Every other feature, that makes 

3087
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:00,900
modern furniture. 
Bearable, these devices have the

3088
02:40:00,900 --> 02:40:04,000
appearance of someone marketing 
them as bedroom furniture after 

3089
02:40:04,000 --> 02:40:06,000
crossing a church pew with the 
torture device. 

3090
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:09,700
A high straight back. 
Armrests are precisely, 

3091
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:11,800
uncomfortable, angles, and 
occasionally. 

3092
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:14,500
A tiny ledge or platform to 
place your feet on were all 

3093
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:17,400
features of the basic design. 
Obviously Comfort was not the 

3094
02:40:17,408 --> 02:40:20,500
main issue, of course, fancier, 
versions were owned by the 

3095
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:22,900
wealthy. 
In addition to being upholstered

3096
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:25,300
with Fabrics that cost more than
the average person's yearly 

3097
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:29,200
income, their sleep chairs were 
carved from pricey woods and 

3098
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:31,900
occasionally had tiny storage 
space for personal belongings. 

3099
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:35,600
Consider them the luxury 
vehicles of the world of sitting

3100
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:37,200
sleep. 
They are still essentially 

3101
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:41,000
uncomfortable, but they do. 
So in a stylish way in a time 

3102
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:43,800
when one size fits all was the 
norm, some had a adjustable 

3103
02:40:43,800 --> 02:40:46,700
backs that could tilt slightly 
providing what amounted to 

3104
02:40:46,708 --> 02:40:50,400
customization. 
The interesting part though is 

3105
02:40:50,400 --> 02:40:53,100
that these chairs served as 
status symbols in addition to 

3106
02:40:53,100 --> 02:40:54,600
being useful pieces of 
furniture. 

3107
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:59,500
Your sleep, chairs design and 
quality major social standing as

3108
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:01,200
obvious as driving a Ferrari 
today. 

3109
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:04,700
Nobility displayed or Nate 
pieces that looked more like 

3110
02:41:04,700 --> 02:41:08,300
Thrones than sleeping Furniture.
While wealthy merchants might 

3111
02:41:08,300 --> 02:41:10,900
have chairs with modest carving 
and comfortable padding. 

3112
02:41:11,700 --> 02:41:15,000
The impoverished on the other 
hand used crude wooden stools or

3113
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:18,300
simply leaned against walls 
transforming any level surface 

3114
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:22,000
into a makeshift bed. 
The extremely wealthy slept in 

3115
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:23,700
rooms made a specially for 
standing. 

3116
02:41:24,400 --> 02:41:28,200
Imagine, hallways, with built-in
benches, walls with tapestries, 

3117
02:41:28,200 --> 02:41:32,000
and cushions for leaning against
and unique, alcoves carved into 

3118
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:33,700
the stone. 
That would allow several people 

3119
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:37,400
to sit and sleep comfortably. 
They resembled human parking 

3120
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,700
garages made to hold bodies in 
their vertical resting position 

3121
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:42,900
rather than bedrooms as we know 
them. 

3122
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:46,700
Some clever furniture makers. 
Made communal sleep benches 

3123
02:41:46,700 --> 02:41:50,300
which are long church pew style 
seats that can hold whole 

3124
02:41:50,300 --> 02:41:53,900
families or groups of tourists. 
Picture yourself arriving at a 

3125
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:55,800
medieval in finding yourself 
Seated. 

3126
02:41:55,800 --> 02:41:59,000
On a bench beside total 
strangers and spending the night

3127
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:02,900
together like birds on a Wire. 
It was obvious that personal 

3128
02:42:02,900 --> 02:42:06,900
space was an unimagined luxury. 
In fact, these pieces were 

3129
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:10,600
incredibly well-crafted in the 
absence of power tools or 

3130
02:42:10,600 --> 02:42:14,000
contemporary methods, medieval 
Woodworkers produced elaborate 

3131
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,500
supports precisely measured 
angles and joints that could 

3132
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:19,900
sustain human bodies for decades
at a time. 

3133
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,000
They had a deeper understanding 
of structural Integrity, 

3134
02:42:23,000 --> 02:42:25,900
balance, and weight 
distribution, and some 

3135
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:29,300
contemporary furniture. 
Even though they slept on pieces

3136
02:42:29,300 --> 02:42:31,800
made to last for centuries, your
ancestors may have slept 

3137
02:42:31,800 --> 02:42:35,100
upright. it's interesting to 
note that some sleep chairs had 

3138
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:37,500
clever features that 
contemporary furniture designers

3139
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:41,100
might find appealing Attachable.
Cushions allowed for seasonal 

3140
02:42:41,100 --> 02:42:43,700
Comfort adjustments, adjustable 
footrests. 

3141
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:46,700
Accommodated, varying leg 
lengths and hidden compartments,

3142
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:50,000
protected valuables while you 
slept. some even had a little 

3143
02:42:50,008 --> 02:42:52,500
tables attached so that you 
could easily access prayer, 

3144
02:42:52,500 --> 02:42:57,200
books, candles or water at 
night, The wealthy, you could 

3145
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:00,200
afford to try out new Sleeping 
arrangements with the first to 

3146
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:01,800
gradually, move away from sleep 
chairs. 

3147
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:05,700
Sleep chairs, did not vanish 
overnight as lying down, beds 

3148
02:43:05,700 --> 02:43:09,000
gained popularity, some families
kept them as emergencies 

3149
02:43:09,000 --> 02:43:12,600
furniture for visitors or in 
case of illness and many were 

3150
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:15,900
repurposed as every day. 
Seating, Relics of an alien 

3151
02:43:15,900 --> 02:43:18,300
civilization, that somehow 
managed to sleep while 

3152
02:43:18,300 --> 02:43:22,000
simultaneously defying comfort, 
and gravity can be found in 

3153
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:25,500
museums today. you may be 
horrified to learn that for the 

3154
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:29,100
majority of human history proven
C while sleeping was practically

3155
02:43:29,100 --> 02:43:32,800
unheard of Your ancestors lived 
in a world where sleeping was a 

3156
02:43:32,808 --> 02:43:36,200
social activity similar to 
eating dinner or going to church

3157
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:37,800
except that everyone was 
unconscious. 

3158
02:43:37,800 --> 02:43:40,900
This contrasts with your own 
luxury of having your own room 

3159
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:45,100
bed and space to school. 
However you like Imagine a 

3160
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:48,100
normal medieval home. 
In addition to sharing houses 

3161
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,100
families also shared, sleeping 
quarters with apprentices 

3162
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:55,100
servants, extended family, and 
frequently, overnight Travelers 

3163
02:43:55,100 --> 02:43:58,000
every evening. 
The Great Hall of a manor house 

3164
02:43:58,008 --> 02:44:00,000
would be transformed into a 
human dormitory. 

3165
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:03,100
With people lining up along 
benches and walls in a manner 

3166
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:05,700
reminiscent of medieval airport,
seating during flight delays, 

3167
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,000
However, the delay persisted 
each and every night. 

3168
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:12,400
Sitting upright was not only 
morally or medically right in 

3169
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:14,800
these crowded sleeping 
Arrangements, but it was also 

3170
02:44:14,800 --> 02:44:17,800
practically required. 
You'll see why lying down. 

3171
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:20,700
Wasn't an option. 
If you try to picture cramming 

3172
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:24,100
15 people in to an area meant 
for 8:00, everyone had to make 

3173
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:27,300
the most of their vertical space
which made Sleeping a human 

3174
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:30,700
geometry exercise. 
Like knowing how to fix clothes 

3175
02:44:30,700 --> 02:44:34,300
or preserve meat the ability to 
sleep while seated evolved into 

3176
02:44:34,300 --> 02:44:37,800
a survival skill. 
The social dynamics of sharing a

3177
02:44:37,800 --> 02:44:40,600
bed were intriguing and 
intricate Unwritten rules 

3178
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:43,900
dictated who was allowed to lean
against which walls who was 

3179
02:44:43,900 --> 02:44:47,100
given priority near the fire and
who was forced to make do with 

3180
02:44:47,100 --> 02:44:50,800
the drafty spots by windows. 
Nightly seating arrangements, 

3181
02:44:50,800 --> 02:44:54,000
were influenced by physical 
condition, age, and social 

3182
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:56,800
standing. 
It was similar to musical chairs

3183
02:44:56,800 --> 02:45:00,300
in the Middle Ages except that 
no one won and everyone had to 

3184
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:03,500
sleep where they ended up. 
Taverns and Inns elevated 

3185
02:45:03,500 --> 02:45:05,300
communal sleeping to a whole new
level. 

3186
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:09,200
People from various towns, 
social classes and backgrounds 

3187
02:45:09,200 --> 02:45:12,700
would spend the night next to 
each other sharing body heat and

3188
02:45:12,700 --> 02:45:15,000
likely more germs than anyone 
would want to consider. 

3189
02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:18,300
It was simply good business to 
pack as many upright sleepers as

3190
02:45:18,308 --> 02:45:21,300
possible into each room. 
Because in Keepers charge by the

3191
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:25,100
space rather than the person, 
You didn't pay for privacy or 

3192
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:28,200
comfort, you paid for a place on
a bench or against a wall. 

3193
02:45:28,200 --> 02:45:31,500
In fact, this system produced 
his own social mores, and 

3194
02:45:31,508 --> 02:45:34,700
manners rules about snoring 
changing positions. 

3195
02:45:34,700 --> 02:45:37,500
And what to do, if your sleeping
neighbor began talking in their 

3196
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:41,200
sleep, or having nightmares were
developed, Protocols for sharing

3197
02:45:41,200 --> 02:45:45,000
blankets, keeping modest in 
close quarters and handling, the

3198
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:48,600
inevitable personality conflicts
that occur when strangers are 

3199
02:45:48,600 --> 02:45:51,800
compelled to spend night after 
night and close quarters for all

3200
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:53,900
in place. 
Even though they're sleeping 

3201
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:55,500
Arrangements, were far more 
comfortable. 

3202
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,700
The wealthy were not completely 
immune to communal sleeping 

3203
02:45:58,700 --> 02:46:00,900
either. 
For convenience and security 

3204
02:46:00,900 --> 02:46:03,100
reasons. 
Noble households continued to 

3205
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:05,300
have servants sleep in the same 
rooms as their masters. 

3206
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:08,300
Even a fluent families 
frequently, shared sleeping 

3207
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:12,100
quarters with parents kids, and 
occasionally grandparents. 

3208
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:14,300
Each finding a place in the 
family sleeping chamber. 

3209
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:17,700
These Arrangements were made 
even more complex by seasonal 

3210
02:46:17,700 --> 02:46:20,800
variations. 
People naturally huddled closer 

3211
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:22,300
together in the winter to stay 
warm. 

3212
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:24,500
But in the summer they 
positioned themselves. 

3213
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:27,700
Strategically close to Windows 
and Doors to take advantage of 

3214
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,700
any breezes. 
Most people had to make due with

3215
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,400
the same space year, round 
changing their positions and 

3216
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:35,100
Arrangements. 
According to whether and 

3217
02:46:35,100 --> 02:46:37,600
temperature, while the wealthy 
might have had the luxury of 

3218
02:46:37,600 --> 02:46:40,500
seasonal sleeping Chambers 
different rooms for different 

3219
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:43,200
times of the year. 
Although germ theory was not 

3220
02:46:43,200 --> 02:46:44,600
yet. 
Sufficiently understood for 

3221
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:47,000
people to be concerned about it 
disease. 

3222
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,600
Transmission in these settings 
must have been spectacular 

3223
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:53,400
Everyone in the sleeping chamber
was likely to get a cold after 

3224
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:56,800
someone else did well, though, 
people blame illness on bad air 

3225
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,600
or Divine punishment rather than
the obvious problem of dozens of

3226
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:01,100
people breathing, on each other 
all night? 

3227
02:47:01,800 --> 02:47:04,200
Played outbreaks, most likely 
spread through communal, 

3228
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:06,000
sleeping Arrangements, like 
wildfire. 

3229
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:09,200
The wealthy were the first to 
gradually transition to private 

3230
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:11,700
sleeping. 
Family started to divide 

3231
02:47:11,700 --> 02:47:15,000
sleeping Arrangements by 
generation, then by gender and 

3232
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:18,200
finally, by personal preference 
as wealth and homes grew. 

3233
02:47:19,000 --> 02:47:22,400
A fact that you can sleep by 
yourself in your own room and in

3234
02:47:22,400 --> 02:47:25,700
your own bed is a testament to 
centuries of economic and social

3235
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:28,100
advancement. 
That your forefathers could 

3236
02:47:28,100 --> 02:47:31,400
hardly have dreamed of How then 
did people go from sleeping 

3237
02:47:31,400 --> 02:47:34,200
upright, for centuries to the 
horizontal free-for-all you see 

3238
02:47:34,208 --> 02:47:37,200
today? 
Everyone deciding to roll over 

3239
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:40,100
and try lying down. 
At the same time wasn't a sudden

3240
02:47:40,100 --> 02:47:43,300
Revelation the gradual change 
from a communal survival 

3241
02:47:43,300 --> 02:47:46,200
strategy to the private 
comfortable experience. 

3242
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:49,400
You know today was fueled by 
advancements in architecture 

3243
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:53,000
medicine and social attitudes 
like most revolutions. 

3244
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:56,300
This one started with the rich, 
some Aristocrats and Rich, 

3245
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:58,800
Merchants had started 
experimenting with lying down 

3246
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:02,500
sleep by the late Medieval Era. 
But first, it was considered a 

3247
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:06,100
luxury rather than a common 
practice these early adopters 

3248
02:48:06,100 --> 02:48:09,100
who were prepared to forgo, the 
purported, spiritual and medical

3249
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:12,400
risks in favor of comfort and 
Novelty were essentially the 

3250
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:14,300
beta testers of horizontal 
sleeping. 

3251
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:17,900
Think of them like the original 
smartphone buyers, who were 

3252
02:48:17,900 --> 02:48:20,500
initially viewed as crazy until 
everyone wanted one. 

3253
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,800
The ancient theories of humors 
and night Vapors were gradually 

3254
02:48:23,800 --> 02:48:27,300
disproved by new Concepts about 
medicine and the human body that

3255
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:30,600
emerged during the Renaissance. 
When doctors noticed that 

3256
02:48:30,600 --> 02:48:33,100
wealthy people who slept on 
their backs were dying and 

3257
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:35,700
frightening numbers. 
They started to wander if 

3258
02:48:35,700 --> 02:48:38,100
sitting up straight was really 
necessary for good health. 

3259
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:41,800
Medical texts began to imply 
that flying flat, might be 

3260
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:44,800
helpful for some ailments 
specially for those with back 

3261
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:48,300
pain or respiratory issues. 
It took decades for the radical 

3262
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:51,900
idea to become widely accepted. 
This transition was made 

3263
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:53,900
possible in large part by 
architecture. 

3264
02:48:53,900 --> 02:48:58,000
Families, could now afford to 
use entire rooms for sleeping as

3265
02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:01,600
Holmes, grew, bigger and more. 
Upscale people no longer had to 

3266
02:49:01,600 --> 02:49:05,400
share, sleeping quarters with 
strangers, servants and extended

3267
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:06,800
families. 
Thanks, to the invention of 

3268
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,800
separate bed Chambers. 
Experimenting with various 

3269
02:49:09,800 --> 02:49:12,300
sleeping positions without 
social scrutiny or space 

3270
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:16,000
constraints was made possible by
privacy at last. 

3271
02:49:16,000 --> 02:49:18,500
You were able to extend your 
body without pushing your 

3272
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:21,300
neighbor in the ribs. 
Equally significant was the 

3273
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:23,900
development and enhancement of 
appropriate beds. 

3274
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:26,500
When there were beds in the 
Middle Ages, they were 

3275
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:29,500
frequently just mattresses with 
straw on wooden frames. 

3276
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:32,500
The fact that these were not 
very comfortable for line down, 

3277
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:34,900
like he contributed to the 
preference for sleeping upright.

3278
02:49:36,000 --> 02:49:39,300
However, lying down became more 
and more desirable as mattress 

3279
02:49:39,300 --> 02:49:42,500
technology developed. 
Yes, there was such a thing as 

3280
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:44,600
mattress technology and the 
pre-industrial world. 

3281
02:49:45,500 --> 02:49:48,500
Horizontal sleeping became not 
only feasible but also 

3282
02:49:48,500 --> 02:49:50,000
enjoyable. 
Thanks to feather beds. 

3283
02:49:50,000 --> 02:49:52,700
Better textiles. 
And enhance to frame 

3284
02:49:52,700 --> 02:49:55,800
Construction. 
During this time, religious 

3285
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:59,200
views also changed many medieval
Catholic teachings. 

3286
02:49:59,200 --> 02:50:01,500
Including some of the 
Superstition surrounding 

3287
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:04,300
sleeping positions were 
contested by the Protestant 

3288
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:07,500
Reformation. 
Protestant theologians were more

3289
02:50:07,500 --> 02:50:10,500
interested in the pragmatic 
issues of rest and health than 

3290
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:13,000
they were in the symbolic, 
meaning of lying flat. 

3291
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:16,500
This change in religion allowed 
people to try different sleeping

3292
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:20,000
positions without worrying about
endangering their Eternal Souls.

3293
02:50:20,700 --> 02:50:23,300
These changes were hastened by 
the printing press, which 

3294
02:50:23,300 --> 02:50:26,300
disseminated novel Concepts 
regarding health and sleep, more

3295
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:30,400
rapidly than in the past. 
Advice, regarding appropriate, 

3296
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,700
sleep positioning started to 
appear in medical texts, home 

3297
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:36,300
management manuals and even 
popular literature. 

3298
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:39,800
For the first time in history, 
written information about 

3299
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:43,400
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene 
and the advantages of various 

3300
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:45,900
sleeping positions was available
to the general public 

3301
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:48,900
informations, that had 
previously only been accessible 

3302
02:50:48,900 --> 02:50:52,800
to academics and doctors became 
widely accessible during the 

3303
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:55,600
time social perceptions of rest 
and vulnerability. 

3304
02:50:55,600 --> 02:50:59,400
Also changed New Perspectives on
the significance of adequate 

3305
02:50:59,400 --> 02:51:02,400
sleep for well-being and 
productivity started to replace 

3306
02:51:02,400 --> 02:51:06,400
the medieval emphasis on ongoing
alertness and preparedness over 

3307
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:09,800
time, lying down once 
interpreted as a sign of 

3308
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,500
spiritual, laxity or weakness 
became linked to wisdom and 

3309
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:17,300
self-care. people started to 
realize that getting enough 

3310
02:51:17,300 --> 02:51:21,200
sleep was not a luxury or an 
Indulgence, but rather necessary

3311
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:24,800
for both physical and mental 
well-being, Not every social 

3312
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:27,800
class or geographical area 
experience, the shift in the 

3313
02:51:27,800 --> 02:51:31,100
same way compared to rural 
Farmers or the urban poor 

3314
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:34,400
wealthy urban populations 
adopted horizontal sleeping much

3315
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:36,400
earlier. 
Because they lacked the 

3316
02:51:36,408 --> 02:51:38,100
resources to alter their 
sleeping habits. 

3317
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:41,800
Some remote communities continue
to practice, upright, sleeping 

3318
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:44,600
well into the modern era, not 
because they liked it. 

3319
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:48,600
Sleeping positions have changed 
over time reflecting larger 

3320
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:51,500
Trends in Social and economic 
development that still influence

3321
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:55,500
our way of life today. 
Horizontal sleeping had become 

3322
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:58,200
so commonplace by the time. 
Your grandparents were born that

3323
02:51:58,200 --> 02:52:01,000
most people had forgotten, it 
had ever been a topic of debate.

3324
02:52:02,100 --> 02:52:05,000
The medieval worlds, communal 
sleeping arrangements and sleep 

3325
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,200
chairs appeared as Antiquated as
any other historical Oddity. 

3326
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:11,200
Sneaking, but unrelated to 
contemporary living. 

3327
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:14,900
Given that for the majority of 
History owning, a bed was 

3328
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:16,600
equivalent to owning a luxury 
car. 

3329
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:19,800
Something that unmistakably 
indicated that you were not 

3330
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:23,200
struggling to survive. 
The evolution of beds from basic

3331
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:25,900
sleeping Platforms in to the 
ornate kingdoms of comfort. 

3332
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:27,700
You know, today as a tale worth 
telling. 

3333
02:52:28,600 --> 02:52:31,200
The development of bed 
technology, reflects the larger 

3334
02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:35,200
changes in privacy comfort and 
our evolving relationship with 

3335
02:52:35,200 --> 02:52:37,700
sleep in general. 
When there were early beds at 

3336
02:52:37,700 --> 02:52:40,600
all, they were basically raised 
platforms made to keep people 

3337
02:52:40,600 --> 02:52:44,300
off of damp cold floors and away
from different animals that like

3338
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,300
to live on the ground. 
These were useful answers to 

3339
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:50,300
environmental problems. 
Not the comfortable Havens, you 

3340
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,900
hide away to every night. 
A wooden frame, any available 

3341
02:52:53,900 --> 02:52:56,400
stuffing material straw 
feathers. 

3342
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:59,800
If you were lucky or just extra 
blankets, folded for padding and

3343
02:52:59,800 --> 02:53:01,600
some rope or leather strapping 
for support. 

3344
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:05,100
Comfort wasn't a design 
objective, it was a happy 

3345
02:53:05,100 --> 02:53:08,100
accident. 
Naturally long before, beds were

3346
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:10,100
comfortable. 
The wealthy used them as status 

3347
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:14,500
symbols with intricately carved 
posts pricey fabrics and 

3348
02:53:14,500 --> 02:53:17,300
curtains that could outstrip the
cost of most people's homes. 

3349
02:53:17,300 --> 02:53:20,800
Medieval Noble beds were symbols
of craftsmanship and wealth. 

3350
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:24,100
These beds were Furniture pieces
intended to both rest and 

3351
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:27,600
impress guests. 
The curtains also known as bed 

3352
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,900
hangings, had several uses. 
They kept body heat during 

3353
02:53:30,900 --> 02:53:33,800
Chilli, evening's offered 
seclusion in shared sleeping, 

3354
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:36,400
quarters and showcased. 
The owners wealth through their 

3355
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:39,200
design and quality. 
The interesting thing is that 

3356
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:42,100
even these ornate beds were made
with lying down in mind. 

3357
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:45,900
Assuming that people would sleep
sitting up or at least somewhat 

3358
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:49,900
upright supported by pillows and
bolsters, many medieval beds 

3359
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:52,400
were built. 
Compared to more recent models, 

3360
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:55,500
the mattresses were frequently 
fairly firm and the pillows were

3361
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:58,900
smaller and less flexible. 
Although technically feasible 

3362
02:53:58,900 --> 02:54:02,500
lying flat on these early beds, 
would have been uninviting a 

3363
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:04,700
kind of camping on a wooden 
platform with little padding. 

3364
02:54:05,500 --> 02:54:08,300
A key factor in the lying down 
Revolution was the advancement 

3365
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:12,400
of mattress technology. 
From basic sax filled with straw

3366
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:15,700
medieval mattresses developed 
into increasingly complex 

3367
02:54:15,700 --> 02:54:20,300
structures made of feathers down
and even early spring systems. 

3368
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:23,800
A single bed in a wealthy home. 
May have several layers of 

3369
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:26,500
mattresses on it. 
Providing a sleeping surface 

3370
02:54:26,500 --> 02:54:29,200
that is sufficiently soft to 
allow for truly comfortable, 

3371
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:33,400
horizontal rest, In reality, the
term sleep tight refers to the 

3372
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:36,600
practice of tightening the Rope 
supports beneath mattresses in 

3373
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,900
order to maintain the right 
firmness, imagine having to tune

3374
02:54:39,900 --> 02:54:41,900
your bed like a guitar every 
night before bed. 

3375
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,300
The first private sleeping areas
in history were made possible by

3376
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:49,500
privacy Kurt and surrounding 
Beds which served as more than 

3377
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:52,200
just decorative accents. 
Couples and families. 

3378
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,200
Could finally enjoy the luxury 
of sleeping in privacy inside 

3379
02:54:55,200 --> 02:54:58,500
these curtained beds, free from 
the prying eyes of guests 

3380
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:03,400
servants and extended family. 
Because of this privacy people 

3381
02:55:03,400 --> 02:55:06,600
could try out variously sleeping
positions, including the radical

3382
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:09,700
idea of lying down without 
worrying about being judged by 

3383
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:13,000
others beds, turned into private
Realms where people could 

3384
02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:14,900
disregard the Norms of social 
conduct. 

3385
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:18,900
The Renaissance introduced fresh
concepts for Designing bedrooms 

3386
02:55:18,900 --> 02:55:20,800
that prioritize, privacy and 
comfort. 

3387
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:24,900
Instead of serving several 
purposes, bedrooms started to be

3388
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:28,500
designed with sleep in mind and 
beds took center stage in these 

3389
02:55:28,500 --> 02:55:30,900
spaces. 
With better proportions, 

3390
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:34,400
enhanced support systems and 
accessories made, especially for

3391
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:37,400
horizontal sleep. 
Furniture manufacturers created 

3392
02:55:37,400 --> 02:55:40,500
specialty bed designs that were 
optimized for lying down. 

3393
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:44,200
The entire sleeping environment 
was redesigned around the idea 

3394
02:55:44,200 --> 02:55:47,600
of cozy, private, rest and 
pillows, got bigger and softer 

3395
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:51,700
blankets, also got more elegant,
the art of making beds was 

3396
02:55:51,700 --> 02:55:54,200
turned into a mass production 
industry during the Industrial 

3397
02:55:54,200 --> 02:55:56,800
Revolution. 
For the first time in history, 

3398
02:55:56,800 --> 02:55:59,700
middle class, families could 
afford comfortable beds. 

3399
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:03,600
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 
and standardized sizes, the 

3400
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:05,500
modern bedroom. 
As you know, it started to take 

3401
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,400
shape as what had been luxury 
items turned into Necessities 

3402
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:11,200
for the home. 
For the first time people could 

3403
02:56:11,200 --> 02:56:13,800
afford beds made specially for 
sleeping on their backs. 

3404
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:18,100
Complete with cozy surfaces and 
appropriate support systems to 

3405
02:56:18,100 --> 02:56:20,600
your ancestors. 
Modern mattress technology would

3406
02:56:20,600 --> 02:56:24,200
have seemed like magic Beds are 
now, highly engineered Comfort 

3407
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:25,700
devices. 
Thanks to Memory Foam, 

3408
02:56:25,700 --> 02:56:29,400
temperature control, adjustable 
firmness, and specialized 

3409
02:56:29,400 --> 02:56:32,200
support systems. 
It's likely that your mattress 

3410
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:34,700
has more technology than whole 
medieval homes. 

3411
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:37,800
Medieval kings, could never have
dreamed of the degree of 

3412
02:56:37,808 --> 02:56:40,300
personal luxury that comes with 
being able to alter the 

3413
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:42,900
temperature and firmness of your
sleeping surface. 

3414
02:56:42,900 --> 02:56:46,200
To suit your own tastes your 
savoring, the result of 

3415
02:56:46,200 --> 02:56:49,600
centuries of human Ingenuity in 
the Quest, for better sleep. 

3416
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:52,500
When you get into your bed 
tonight with its precisely 

3417
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:56,400
calibrated firmness, climate 
controlled comfort and private 

3418
02:56:56,400 --> 02:57:00,000
Sanctuary atmosphere. 
Your bedroom is more than just a

3419
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:02,700
place to sleep. 
It's a private Haven furnished 

3420
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:05,300
with extravagance. 
Is that no king or queen has had

3421
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:07,300
access to for the majority of 
human history. 

3422
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:11,700
And now at the conclusion of our
exploration of the strange 

3423
02:57:11,700 --> 02:57:14,800
history of human sleeping 
positions, you are lying, 

3424
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:17,700
comfortably horizontal and 
learning about ancestors. 

3425
02:57:17,700 --> 02:57:20,000
Who would have viewed, your 
current position as either 

3426
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:22,000
morally dubious or medically 
dangerous? 

3427
02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:26,400
Isn't that quite a change? 
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 

3428
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,400
Across a king size mattress 
without giving a thought to 

3429
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:33,300
humors night, Vapors will 
spiritual vulnerability as 

3430
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:35,100
replaced. 
Centuries of sleeping upright. 

3431
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:39,000
When you consider the irony of 
our current sleeping conditions,

3432
02:57:39,000 --> 02:57:41,900
it's delicious. 
The majority of the issues that 

3433
02:57:41,900 --> 02:57:44,400
necessitated upright sleeping 
have been resolved. 

3434
02:57:44,400 --> 02:57:47,800
We have comfortable mattresses, 
clean are private bedrooms, and 

3435
02:57:47,800 --> 02:57:49,900
medical knowledge. 
That would have amazed medieval 

3436
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:53,100
doctors, but we have also 
created completely new sleep 

3437
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:56,300
problems while your ancestors 
were concerned about spiritual 

3438
02:57:56,300 --> 02:57:59,200
threats and night Vapors. 
Your concerned about screen 

3439
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,300
time, caffeine consumption, the 
ideal temperature of your room 

3440
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:05,300
and whether the final episode of
your favorite show will keep you

3441
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:08,300
up with plot twists. 
Additionally, we've developed 

3442
02:58:08,300 --> 02:58:11,100
sleep issues, that would have 
completely perplexed, medieval 

3443
02:58:11,100 --> 02:58:13,000
people. 
Millions of people who have 

3444
02:58:13,000 --> 02:58:15,600
access to the most comfortable 
sleeping conditions in history 

3445
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:19,600
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 
like sleep apnea restless legs 

3446
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:23,500
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 
The hardware issues of sleep 

3447
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:27,300
such as Furniture, privacy, and 
safety seem to have been 

3448
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:30,400
resolved, but new software 
issues relating to stress 

3449
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:33,500
lifestyle, and the fast-paced 
nature of contemporary life have

3450
02:58:33,500 --> 02:58:35,500
been introduced, you might be 
lying. 

3451
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:38,300
Awake wondering, whether you 
remember to set your alarm or 

3452
02:58:38,300 --> 02:58:40,700
whether that working male was 
important enough to reply to 

3453
02:58:40,700 --> 02:58:43,800
write away just as your 
ancestors fell asleep from 

3454
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:47,000
physical exhaustion. 
The economic power of the Sleep 

3455
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,500
industry today would have 
astounded medieval furniture 

3456
02:58:49,500 --> 02:58:52,100
makers. 
We've transformed rest into a 

3457
02:58:52,100 --> 02:58:55,900
consumer category with countless
sub-categories, including memory

3458
02:58:55,900 --> 02:59:00,300
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 
tracking devices customized 

3459
02:59:00,300 --> 02:59:01,800
pillows for all possible. 
Needs. 

3460
02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:06,000
White Noise, machines blackout 
curtains, and even apps that 

3461
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,800
optimize your sleep cycles. 
While medieval people only had 

3462
02:59:09,800 --> 02:59:13,100
one sleep chair, you now have 
hundreds of mattress options to 

3463
02:59:13,100 --> 02:59:15,600
choose from all of which 
promised to transform your 

3464
02:59:15,600 --> 02:59:19,400
sleeping experience. 
Some medieval practices have 

3465
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,600
been validated by modern sleep 
science While others have been 

3466
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:24,700
refuted. 
It turns out that some 

3467
02:59:24,700 --> 02:59:28,400
conditions, especially acid 
reflux, and sleep apnea can 

3468
02:59:28,400 --> 02:59:30,100
benefit from sleeping, a little 
higher. 

3469
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:34,000
Some people sleeping in 
adjustable beds or recline as 

3470
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:35,800
relieves back pain or breathing 
issues. 

3471
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:39,300
Your ancestors were not wholly. 
Incorrect about the advantages 

3472
02:59:39,300 --> 02:59:41,900
of sleeping upright. 
They simply lack the medical 

3473
02:59:41,900 --> 02:59:44,800
knowledge to comprehend Wyatt. 
Occasionally worked all the 

3474
02:59:44,808 --> 02:59:47,300
Alternatives that would have 
made lying down more secure and 

3475
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:49,800
comfortable. 
Intriguingly the social 

3476
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:52,700
dimensions of sleep. 
Have also resurfaced, even 

3477
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:55,100
though we now have privacy and 
separate sleeping areas 

3478
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,400
loneliness and isolation related
to sleep, are still problems 

3479
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:01,200
from many people, medieval 
communal sleeping Arrangements, 

3480
03:00:01,200 --> 03:00:03,900
automatically met the human need
for comfort and connection 

3481
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:07,300
during sleep, which is reflected
in costly sleeping with Partners

3482
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:12,200
pets or even weighted blankets. 
We now have more control over 

3483
03:00:12,200 --> 03:00:14,600
where we sleep. 
We occasionally miss the social 

3484
03:00:14,600 --> 03:00:17,700
aspects of sharing a bed. 
While sleeping habits are still 

3485
03:00:17,708 --> 03:00:20,600
being altered by technology in 
ways that medieval observers 

3486
03:00:20,600 --> 03:00:23,800
would find Enchanted a level of 
individualized, sleep 

3487
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:25,800
optimization. 
Never before seen in human 

3488
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:29,600
history is represented by smart 
mattresses, that automatically 

3489
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:33,000
change their firmness, sleep 
tracking devices that keep an 

3490
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:35,400
eye on everything from heart 
rate to room temperature and 

3491
03:00:35,400 --> 03:00:37,500
apps that wake you up during the
best times to sleep. 

3492
03:00:38,700 --> 03:00:40,900
You are interacting with an 
advanced technological 

3493
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:43,800
ecosystem, that is intended to 
improve your quality of sleep, 

3494
03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:48,000
not just lying down to sleep. 
Think about the amazing journey 

3495
03:00:48,000 --> 03:00:51,600
that led Humanity from, upright 
communal sleeping to your own 

3496
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:55,300
private, horizontal luxury, as 
you get ready for bed tonight, 

3497
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:59,700
your private bedroom, your cozy 
mattress and your freedom lie 

3498
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:02,400
down without worrying about 
dying or receiving a punishment 

3499
03:01:02,400 --> 03:01:05,900
from God, or all symbols of 
centuries of human development, 

3500
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:11,100
invention and shifting societal 
perceptions of leisure privacy 

3501
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:13,900
and comfort. 
In fact, one of the most 

3502
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:16,900
revolutionary human behaviors of
the last Millennium is the 

3503
03:01:16,900 --> 03:01:20,500
simple Act of falling asleep. 
Something you do without 

3504
03:01:20,500 --> 03:01:24,300
thinking Your horizontal 
position, symbolizes freedom, 

3505
03:01:24,300 --> 03:01:28,200
from social restraints, freedom 
from medieval anxieties and 

3506
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:30,500
access to Comforts, that have 
been Out Of Reach for the 

3507
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:33,400
wealthiest people for the 
majority of human history 

3508
03:01:33,400 --> 03:01:37,300
dreams, sweet dreams, sleeper of
revolution. 

3509
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:41,200
Your ancestors would undoubtedly
be impressed by your mattress 

3510
03:01:41,200 --> 03:01:44,600
jealous and perhaps a little 
concerned about your soul. 

3511
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:51,900
George Washington's, formative 
years, unfolded Against The 

3512
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:54,100
Rustic backdrop of mid-18th 
century Virginia. 

3513
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:57,500
While popular culture, might 
depict him as an almost Mythic 

3514
03:01:57,500 --> 03:02:02,400
hero from the start, he was in 
reality shaped by the day-to-day

3515
03:02:02,400 --> 03:02:05,700
concerns of a frontier society 
and a family struggling for 

3516
03:02:05,700 --> 03:02:10,700
greater prosperity. 
Born on February 22nd. 1732 in 

3517
03:02:10,700 --> 03:02:14,300
Westmoreland County, he was part
of a sprawling network of half 

3518
03:02:14,300 --> 03:02:18,100
siblings, uncles aren't and 
cousins, who formed a 

3519
03:02:18,100 --> 03:02:19,600
complicated social web in the 
colony. 

3520
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:23,600
His father Augustine sought to 
expand the family's holding 

3521
03:02:23,600 --> 03:02:27,200
through tobacco farming, land 
speculation, and the occasional 

3522
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:30,900
foray into iron mining. 
These early, Pursuits carved out

3523
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:33,300
the environment where young 
George would learn about risk, 

3524
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,800
reward to and the challenges of 
shaping one's Destiny in a new 

3525
03:02:36,808 --> 03:02:39,600
world. 
Contrary to apocryphal stories 

3526
03:02:39,600 --> 03:02:42,100
Washington's. 
Childhood was not defined by 

3527
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:44,400
toppling cherry trees or 
sporting wooden teeth. 

3528
03:02:44,408 --> 03:02:49,000
It was however marked by loss 
his father died, when George was

3529
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:52,700
only 11, throwing the family's 
finances into uncertainty, his 

3530
03:02:52,700 --> 03:02:56,100
half-brother Lawrence 
considerably older stepped in as

3531
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,200
a paternal figure. 
It was Lawrence who introduced 

3532
03:02:59,200 --> 03:03:02,800
George to polite Society in 
Virginia and instilled in him an

3533
03:03:02,800 --> 03:03:04,200
admiration for military 
achievement. 

3534
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:08,300
Lawrence had served under the 
British flag in the Caribbean a 

3535
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,300
detail that quietly stoked 
George's aspirations towards 

3536
03:03:11,300 --> 03:03:13,400
soldiering. 
Through Lawrence. 

3537
03:03:13,400 --> 03:03:16,900
He was exposed to the idea that 
honor discipline and loyalty 

3538
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:19,500
could earn a young man. 
Respect in the British colonies.

3539
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:22,800
Despite these influences, 
necessity often guided 

3540
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:26,200
Washington's early path. 
Formal schooling, was peace meal

3541
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:29,100
at best tutors came and went 
young George's. 

3542
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:32,500
Mother, Mary Ball washing strove
to keep the family float. 

3543
03:03:33,300 --> 03:03:35,800
But educational opportunities, 
remain sporadic. 

3544
03:03:35,800 --> 03:03:40,200
This patchy instruction did not 
deter him, it forced him to 

3545
03:03:40,200 --> 03:03:42,800
become largely self-taught and 
approach. 

3546
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:44,300
That would define his later 
life. 

3547
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:49,500
He was from his teenage years 
onward, a various Note Taker and

3548
03:03:49,508 --> 03:03:51,600
letter writer constantly 
refining. 

3549
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:54,000
His penmanship grammar and 
mathematical skills. 

3550
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:57,400
Writing itself became a window 
into the adult world. 

3551
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,300
He hoped to master. 
One of his initial breakthroughs

3552
03:04:00,300 --> 03:04:04,300
came in the realm of surveying, 
a skill, both profitable and 

3553
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:05,900
adventurous and colonial 
Virginia. 

3554
03:04:06,600 --> 03:04:09,900
Land in those days, was currency
an individuals who could map 

3555
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:12,000
Uncharted territories were in 
high demand. 

3556
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:16,100
Washington's early forays into 
the wild Frontiers often. 

3557
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:19,000
In the company of rugged 
backwoodsman introduced him to 

3558
03:04:19,008 --> 03:04:22,200
the complexities of dealing with
Native American tribes and 

3559
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:25,200
scrupulous land. 
Speculators and the raw 

3560
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,500
challenges of nature. 
These Expeditions were no mere 

3561
03:04:28,500 --> 03:04:32,200
camping trips night. 
Spent in crude shelters rainy 

3562
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:34,100
days. 
Measuring difficult to Reign and

3563
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:36,600
the ever-present threat of 
disease, built up his resilience

3564
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:41,200
By the time, he turned 17, he 
had already secured a points to 

3565
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:44,700
serve a large tracts of land, in
the Shenandoah Valley, a 

3566
03:04:44,700 --> 03:04:47,000
testament to his growing 
reputation for diligence. 

3567
03:04:47,900 --> 03:04:51,000
During this phase, Washington, 
observed first-hand, the 

3568
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,900
tension's Brewing between French
British and Native interests. 

3569
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:58,500
The Ohio Valley to the West Was 
a patchwork of claims and 

3570
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:02,500
counterclaims with British 
colonists, French Trappers and 

3571
03:05:02,500 --> 03:05:04,800
Indigenous peoples. 
All jostling for control. 

3572
03:05:05,900 --> 03:05:09,200
The Washington was only a 
teenager these experiences 

3573
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:12,000
litter spark. 
If he could prove himself an 

3574
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:15,200
effective leader, especially in 
regions where boundaries were 

3575
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:17,900
contested. 
He might Ascend socially and 

3576
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:20,600
financially. 
Colonial Virginia had its share 

3577
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:23,900
of privileged families but 
upward Mobility was possible for

3578
03:05:23,900 --> 03:05:27,300
those who possessed skill 
connections and an unrelenting 

3579
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:31,200
work ethic. 
Beyond surveying Washington's, 

3580
03:05:31,200 --> 03:05:33,500
adolescent years were also a 
period of subtle, social 

3581
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:35,500
schooling. 
He learned the art of 

3582
03:05:35,500 --> 03:05:38,800
conversation and manners. 
So important in an era, governed

3583
03:05:38,800 --> 03:05:41,600
by strict code of Honor by 
memorizing, The Rules of 

3584
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:45,900
Civility and Decent Behavior. 
This pamphlet copied diligently 

3585
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:48,600
in his youthful. 
Handwriting offered guidelines 

3586
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:51,500
for everything from posture and 
polite company to showing 

3587
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:54,600
respect for superiors though. 
It might seem quaint. 

3588
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:58,100
Now these rules exemplified the 
polished veneer that colonial 

3589
03:05:58,100 --> 03:06:02,300
society, demanded of any young 
man aiming to rise in Rank by 

3590
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:05,300
the time Washington approached 
adulthood he was neither a 

3591
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:07,400
wide-eyed Farm Boy nor a 
Pampered Aristocrat. 

3592
03:06:07,400 --> 03:06:11,100
He was a tall physically strong 
young man, comfortable on 

3593
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:14,800
Horseback capable with a musket 
Adept at mathematics. 

3594
03:06:14,800 --> 03:06:17,500
And cognizant of how crucial 
alliances could be. 

3595
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:21,800
He held quite Ambitions that 
revolved around land, local 

3596
03:06:21,800 --> 03:06:24,700
military distinction and 
acceptance among the elite. 

3597
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:28,400
But events on the horizon 
Imperial rivalries that would 

3598
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:32,000
ignite the frontier would soon 
catapult him onto a larger 

3599
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,200
stage. 
In that transitional zone 

3600
03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:36,900
between surveying in the 
wilderness and attending Gentile

3601
03:06:36,900 --> 03:06:40,500
dances along the Potomac, George
Washington was preparing without

3602
03:06:40,500 --> 03:06:43,600
fully knowing it for trials that
would define his future and 

3603
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:47,800
reshape a continents destiny. 
Washington's transformation from

3604
03:06:47,800 --> 03:06:51,400
a surveyor to a soldier was not 
the result of random events or 

3605
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:55,900
meticulously planned strategy. 
It was instead triggered by the 

3606
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:58,400
turbulent geopolitics of the 
mid-18th century. 

3607
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:01,900
At the time, the British and 
French Empires vied for 

3608
03:07:01,900 --> 03:07:04,300
dominance over North America's 
lucrative territories. 

3609
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:08,700
The frontier regions of the Ohio
Valley, thick with forests and 

3610
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:12,100
fur bearing Wildlife came a 
Flashpoint for competing claims 

3611
03:07:12,100 --> 03:07:16,000
in indigenous Nations far, from 
passive, onlookers, leverage, 

3612
03:07:16,000 --> 03:07:18,300
these rivalries and pursuit of 
their interests. 

3613
03:07:19,100 --> 03:07:21,900
Forging and breaking Alliance is
a circumstances demanded. 

3614
03:07:22,800 --> 03:07:27,000
In 1753 Virginia's lieutenant 
governor Robert Dinwiddie 

3615
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:30,000
sought, someone Intrepid and 
resourceful to deliver a warning

3616
03:07:30,008 --> 03:07:32,100
to French forces. 
Building forts near the forts of

3617
03:07:32,108 --> 03:07:35,400
the Ohio, the young, George 
Washington, then just 21 

3618
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:38,900
volunteers. 
This Mission would catapult him 

3619
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:41,600
into International Intrigue and 
for which he had limited formal 

3620
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:44,600
training. 
Undeterred he set off with a 

3621
03:07:44,608 --> 03:07:47,300
small party in wintry 
conditions, navigating 

3622
03:07:47,300 --> 03:07:49,700
difficult, terrain and uncertain
receptions. 

3623
03:07:49,700 --> 03:07:53,000
He reached the French Outpost 
and handed over dinwiddie's 

3624
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:54,600
demand, that they abandoned 
their incursion. 

3625
03:07:55,300 --> 03:07:58,200
The French officers responded 
politely but refused to budge. 

3626
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:01,600
Wash Washington's. 
Return Journey was harrowing, he

3627
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:03,400
nearly drowned across an icy 
River. 

3628
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:07,000
Only surviving by grabbing onto 
a piece of Driftwood and Hauling

3629
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:10,500
himself onto a small island, yet
that near fatal ordeal did 

3630
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:14,200
little to shake his resolve Upon
returning to Williamsburg, he 

3631
03:08:14,200 --> 03:08:17,200
penned a report detailing his 
observations, the account 

3632
03:08:17,200 --> 03:08:21,100
published and widely distributed
burnished Washington's name. 

3633
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:24,500
His straightforward prose 
describing the hazards of the 

3634
03:08:24,508 --> 03:08:28,200
journey and the French refusal 
to retreat resonated with 

3635
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:31,400
colonists hungry for news and 
British officials eager for 

3636
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:34,500
evidence of French Defiance 
Washington emerged from 

3637
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,500
anonymity suddenly recognized as
a figure capable of undertaking 

3638
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:41,600
difficult assignments. 
At the Empire's margins, not 

3639
03:08:41,600 --> 03:08:44,900
long afterward, Dinwiddie 
promoted him and dispatched him.

3640
03:08:44,908 --> 03:08:47,600
Back to the frontier. 
With a modest Force to secure 

3641
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:52,400
strategic points in 1754 
tensions, erupted into outright 

3642
03:08:52,400 --> 03:08:56,000
Conflict at Washington, hastily 
fortified and named Fort 

3643
03:08:56,000 --> 03:08:59,900
Necessity and attacked by French
and Indigenous allies forced him

3644
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:04,000
to surrender under humiliating 
conditions, the engagement while

3645
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:07,300
a setback militarily talked, 
Washington, sobering lessons 

3646
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:11,700
about leadership, discipline and
the unpredictability of War, The

3647
03:09:11,700 --> 03:09:14,300
British press Twisted, the 
episode in contradictory ways, 

3648
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:17,600
some painted him as a Plucky, 
Colonial undone by minimal 

3649
03:09:17,600 --> 03:09:21,000
support others, as a full Hardy 
officer, stumbling into a larger

3650
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:25,400
conflict amid this swirl of 
opinions, Washington's, internal

3651
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:28,300
drive to prove himself only 
intensified soon. 

3652
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:31,500
The conflict, expanded into what
Europeans would call, the Seven 

3653
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:34,100
Years War and Americans were 
dubbed, the French and Indian 

3654
03:09:34,100 --> 03:09:36,600
War. 
Washington, served as provincial

3655
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:39,500
officer and a general, Edward 
Braddock, a British commander 

3656
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:42,500
charged with seasoning french. 
Forts French troops and their 

3657
03:09:42,500 --> 03:09:45,300
indigenous allies ambushed 
British forces during the 

3658
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:48,700
disastrous Braddock Expedition 
near the Monongahela River in. 

3659
03:09:48,700 --> 03:09:53,300
1755 decimating them. 
In the chaos Washington, 

3660
03:09:53,300 --> 03:09:55,800
distinguished himself by 
rallying survivors and 

3661
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:57,900
organizing a fighting withdrawal
though. 

3662
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:00,800
He was beset by illness and 
almost had multiple horses shot 

3663
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:03,000
from under him. 
He emerged from the Carnage with

3664
03:10:03,000 --> 03:10:04,600
a reputation for courage Under 
Fire. 

3665
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:08,800
Yet for all his Valor 
Washington, grew frustrated with

3666
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,800
British arrogance toward 
Colonial officers he witnessed 

3667
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:14,800
British regulars, disregarding 
local intelligence and ignoring,

3668
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:17,500
suggestions from men, like 
himself, who knew the frontier 

3669
03:10:17,500 --> 03:10:22,200
this snobbery combined with 
logistical incompetence fuel 

3670
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,700
deep, resentments, he realized 
that Colonial troops often 

3671
03:10:25,700 --> 03:10:29,500
received second-class treatment,
lesser pay and fewer Provisions.

3672
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:32,500
This personal exposure to 
British condescension, would 

3673
03:10:32,500 --> 03:10:35,200
later shape, his willingness to 
challenge Imperial Authority 

3674
03:10:35,200 --> 03:10:37,700
though. 
That moment, layer years ahead 

3675
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:41,700
by the war's end Washington, had
resigned his commission and 

3676
03:10:41,700 --> 03:10:44,200
returned to Mount Vernon. 
The estate, he inherited 

3677
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:48,100
following Lawrence's death. 
The war had left him with real 

3678
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,700
Combat experience and the seeds 
of an emerging identity part 

3679
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:55,300
loyal, British subject Park 
Colonial leader, increasingly 

3680
03:10:55,300 --> 03:11:00,000
skeptical of Imperial attitudes 
over the ensuing decade, or he 

3681
03:11:00,000 --> 03:11:04,000
would focus on his plantations 
dabble in local politics and 

3682
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:07,300
Mary Martha downridge custis a 
wealthy Widow whose Fortune 

3683
03:11:07,300 --> 03:11:10,700
helped Shore up his finance's. 
Washington transformed. 

3684
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:12,500
Mount Vernon into a profitable 
Enterprise. 

3685
03:11:13,700 --> 03:11:17,900
Barry with new crops analyzing 
agricultural techniques and 

3686
03:11:17,900 --> 03:11:20,300
exerting influence in 
Virginia's, House of Burgesses 

3687
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:23,700
yet, the memory of the frontier 
battles never fully dimmed. 

3688
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:27,200
He had seen how tenuous British 
Authority could be on American 

3689
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:30,000
soil. 
How Alliance is shifted and how 

3690
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,700
local knowledge often out 
stripped distant orders. 

3691
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:35,900
He also observed the subtle 
changes stirring among 

3692
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:39,300
colonists, growing populations 
expanding Commerce. 

3693
03:11:39,300 --> 03:11:42,600
And a sense of collective 
identity, not solely, anchored 

3694
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:45,000
to Britain. 
While Washington did not yet 

3695
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:46,800
foresee a complete break with 
the crown. 

3696
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:50,000
The stage was quite quietly, 
being set for a more profound 

3697
03:11:50,000 --> 03:11:53,200
Clash. 
Looking back, his French and 

3698
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:55,600
Indian War experience was 
something of a dress rehearsal. 

3699
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:58,300
Granting him. 
The on-the-ground insights that 

3700
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:00,500
were proven dispensable in the 
larger crisis. 

3701
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:03,500
Looming on the horizon. 
Following the French and Indian 

3702
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:06,000
War. 
Washington, spent the 1760s and 

3703
03:12:06,000 --> 03:12:09,600
early 1770s deeply immersed, in 
The rhythms of Plantation life 

3704
03:12:09,600 --> 03:12:13,500
at Mount Vernon managing labor, 
maintaining his reputation as a 

3705
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:17,000
local Squire and serving in. 
Totally in the Virginia House of

3706
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:19,400
Burgesses occupied much of his 
time. 

3707
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:23,500
He meticulously oversaw the 
cultivation of crops initially 

3708
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:26,700
to backhoe later diversifying 
into wheat and other Staples 

3709
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:30,600
adapting to market trends and 
soil conditions, but Economic 

3710
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:33,400
Security. 
Remain tenuous British, trade 

3711
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,800
regulations shiping monopolies 
and Mercantile, restrictions 

3712
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:38,500
often pinched, Colonial 
Planters. 

3713
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:42,100
Washington found himself 
confronting deaths currently 

3714
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:45,500
shortages and a constraining 
imperial bureaucracy that 

3715
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:49,600
dictated how Goods could be 
exported or imported Emit these 

3716
03:12:49,600 --> 03:12:51,900
challenges, Washington's 
perspective on British 

3717
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:54,400
Authority, gradually evolved 
early on. 

3718
03:12:54,400 --> 03:12:56,900
He had desired, nothing more 
than to climb in status within 

3719
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,200
the British Imperial framework. 
He'd admired British military 

3720
03:13:00,200 --> 03:13:03,300
traditions and social Customs, 
but he began to see the 

3721
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:06,400
Practical constraints that came 
with living under a distant 

3722
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:08,100
Parliament. 
That issued edicts without 

3723
03:13:08,100 --> 03:13:13,400
consulting Colonial, assemblies.
The Stamp Act of 1765, imposing 

3724
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:16,800
taxes on printed materials 
galvanized discontent among 

3725
03:13:16,800 --> 03:13:19,500
colonists. 
Washington who used legal 

3726
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:21,500
documents frequently for land 
transactions. 

3727
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,800
Saw the actors as a direct front
to local autonomy. 

3728
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:28,700
While not the most fiery 
rhetorician in Virginia figures 

3729
03:13:28,700 --> 03:13:31,700
like Patrick Henry captured that
honor Washington, expressed, 

3730
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:35,300
measured indignation. 
He argued that taxation without 

3731
03:13:35,300 --> 03:13:38,800
representation violated the 
rights of Englishmen, a stance 

3732
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:42,400
that resonated among fellow 
Planters merchants and small 

3733
03:13:42,400 --> 03:13:45,400
farmers alike. 
In 17169. 

3734
03:13:45,400 --> 03:13:48,600
The Virginia House of Burgesses 
responded, to new British taxes,

3735
03:13:48,600 --> 03:13:52,400
on glass paper, paint, and tea 
by passing resolves, condemning 

3736
03:13:52,400 --> 03:13:54,700
these impositions. 
When the Royal Governor 

3737
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:57,700
dissolved, the assembly, the 
delegates Washington included 

3738
03:13:57,700 --> 03:14:01,400
met informally at the rally. 
Tavern in Williamsburg, drafting

3739
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,500
non-importation agreements. 
These packs valdi, not to 

3740
03:14:04,500 --> 03:14:06,700
purchase British goods until 
colonial grievances were 

3741
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:10,100
addressed Though not as 
flamboyant, as protests in 

3742
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:13,200
Boston, these Virginian measures
underscored How Deeply 

3743
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:15,800
resentment had taken root among 
even, the more conservative 

3744
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:18,900
landholding class. 
Washington's letters from this 

3745
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:21,300
period, reveal a measured, but 
firm tone. 

3746
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:24,700
He spoke of the encroachments of
Parliament and the need for 

3747
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:27,900
Unity among the colonies. 
Not one to relish public 

3748
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:29,700
speaking. 
He employed his reputation as a 

3749
03:14:29,700 --> 03:14:33,200
balanced pragmatic figure. 
He will listened when Washington

3750
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:35,900
spoke because they trusted his 
sense of responsibility and 

3751
03:14:35,900 --> 03:14:38,100
fairness. 
Privately he worried about 

3752
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:41,000
violence escalating yet. 
He also felt that the colonies 

3753
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:44,100
should not yield to intimidation
this blend of caution and 

3754
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:45,700
resolve was a Hallmark of his 
character. 

3755
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:49,500
Tension escalated to a critical 
level by 1774. 

3756
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:52,700
The Boston Tea Party and 
subsequent punitive British 

3757
03:14:52,700 --> 03:14:55,300
measures prompted the formation 
of the First Continental 

3758
03:14:55,300 --> 03:14:58,200
Congress. 
Washing was chosen as one of 

3759
03:14:58,208 --> 03:15:00,900
Virginia's, delegates, 
solidifying, his role as a 

3760
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,200
national figure rather than just
a regional voice, he traveled to

3761
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:06,400
Philadelphia where 
representatives from across the 

3762
03:15:06,400 --> 03:15:09,100
colonies debate at how far to 
push back against British 

3763
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:11,700
months. 
While radicals like Samuel 

3764
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:15,000
Adams, advocated more Extreme 
Measures other sort of 

3765
03:15:15,000 --> 03:15:17,300
compromise or hoped. 
For a restoration of harmonious,

3766
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:19,700
relationships, Washington's 
presence, signaled, that 

3767
03:15:19,708 --> 03:15:23,500
Virginia, the largest and most 
populous colony was prepared to 

3768
03:15:23,508 --> 03:15:25,000
stand. 
Alongside New England, in 

3769
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:29,000
protesting Imperial overreach. 
Washington's military background

3770
03:15:29,000 --> 03:15:32,200
was not overlooked during those 
Congress sessions, he was one of

3771
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:35,300
the few delegates with firsthand
experience in large-scale combat

3772
03:15:35,300 --> 03:15:38,800
operations though, over shadowed
by the fiery, oratory of John 

3773
03:15:38,800 --> 03:15:42,300
Adams or Patrick Henry, he 
projected a quiet confidence 

3774
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:44,000
that could unify disparate 
factions. 

3775
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:48,000
He seldom took the floor for 
dramatic speeches, but in 

3776
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,100
committee meetings, delegates 
consulted him about potential 

3777
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:53,500
military scenarios of the 
standoff with Britain. 

3778
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:55,900
Escalated. 
How might a ragtag colonial 

3779
03:15:55,900 --> 03:15:58,300
militia, confront the most 
formidable army in the world, 

3780
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:03,500
Events soon compelled everyone 
to take action in April 1775, 

3781
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,700
the battles at Lexington and 
Concord Unleashed. 

3782
03:16:06,700 --> 03:16:09,500
Open conflict, British soldiers 
and Colonial. 

3783
03:16:09,500 --> 03:16:13,000
Militiamen exchanged shots. 
The war was effectively underway

3784
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:15,400
by the time the second 
continental congress. 

3785
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:18,300
Convened, the question was no 
longer whether to resist 

3786
03:16:18,300 --> 03:16:22,800
military but how John Adams 
recognizing this. 

3787
03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:24,700
Need to draw the southern 
colonies. 

3788
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:26,900
More tightly Into The Corrs 
nominated. 

3789
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:29,400
Washington, to lead the newly 
formed, Continental Army. 

3790
03:16:30,300 --> 03:16:33,600
With a reluctant Washington. 
Accepted declaring, he would 

3791
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:37,000
serve without pay. he stressed 
that he was neither the most 

3792
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:40,600
qualified nor seeking personal 
Glory, yet he would do his duty 

3793
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:44,800
of called upon In that moment, 
the diligent Virginia planter 

3794
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:48,200
and local politician found 
himself thrust onto a stage with

3795
03:16:48,200 --> 03:16:51,000
no script. 
Leading a revolution against the

3796
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:54,600
crown seemed audacious even 
Reckless, but Washington 

3797
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:57,100
believed the colonies had 
reached an irreversible point. 

3798
03:16:58,100 --> 03:16:59,900
He saddled his horse and 
departed for Massachusetts. 

3799
03:16:59,900 --> 03:17:04,500
Determined, if unsure about the 
trials, that lay ahead his 

3800
03:17:04,500 --> 03:17:06,200
leadership, would soon be tested
in ways. 

3801
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:09,900
Few could have imagined both by 
the might of British forces and 

3802
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:12,300
by the fractious nature of a 
fledgling Nation, still 

3803
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:15,600
discovering its Collective 
identity, Washington's 

3804
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:17,000
appointment as the 
commander-in-chief of the 

3805
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:19,800
Continental Army, paved the way 
for a challenging battle against

3806
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:23,100
the most formidable military 
force of the era arriving in 

3807
03:17:23,100 --> 03:17:27,300
Cambridge. 
Massachusetts in July 1775, he 

3808
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:30,200
took command of a collection of 
militias besieging British held 

3809
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,800
Boston. what he found was a 
disorganized Force lacking 

3810
03:17:33,800 --> 03:17:38,300
supplies uniforms, and 
consistent discipline militias 

3811
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:41,200
from different colonies, held 
different loyalties, very 

3812
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:44,200
drastically and training and 
often viewed each other with 

3813
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:48,400
suspicion, Washing realized that
to stand any chance against the 

3814
03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:52,400
British yet, to forge these 
disparate units into a cohesive 

3815
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:56,200
army with a shared purpose. 
Early on Washington faced, a 

3816
03:17:56,200 --> 03:17:59,800
series of strategic dilemmas. 
Despite the often romanticized 

3817
03:17:59,800 --> 03:18:03,500
notion of the Continental Army's
Underdog Valor the reality was 

3818
03:18:03,500 --> 03:18:08,700
messy disease desertions and 
short-term enlistments undercut.

3819
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:10,600
The stable Force he desperately 
needed. 

3820
03:18:11,300 --> 03:18:13,400
British troops in. 
Boston were well, supplied by 

3821
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:15,500
sea. 
So direct assault seemed 

3822
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,300
suicidal. 
Instead Washington imposed 

3823
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:22,300
discipline, orchestrated Siege 
lines and introduced stricter 

3824
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:26,500
regulations over time. 
He acquired Canon from Fort toje

3825
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:29,400
famously, transporting them 
across difficult winter, 

3826
03:18:29,400 --> 03:18:33,600
terrain, under Henry Knox, 
oversight by March 76, artillery

3827
03:18:33,600 --> 03:18:36,400
on Dorchester Heights, forced 
the British to evacuate Boston. 

3828
03:18:37,300 --> 03:18:39,500
Well, though it was a bloodless 
victory for the Americans 

3829
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:42,300
Washington, understood that the 
war had barely begun. 

3830
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:45,800
The British Navy and army could 
and would strike at more 

3831
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:49,000
critical ports. 
Washington's next trials. 

3832
03:18:49,000 --> 03:18:52,100
Unfolded in New York, 
anticipating a major British 

3833
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:54,500
offensive. 
He shifted his army to defend 

3834
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:58,400
Manhattan and its surroundings. 
The British arrived in force 

3835
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:02,000
under General, William Howe and 
by late summer in 1776 

3836
03:19:02,000 --> 03:19:05,200
Washington's men, endured a 
crushing defeat at the Battle of

3837
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:09,100
Long Island, a series of 
Retreats followed culminating in

3838
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:11,900
the British season. 
New York City, morale plummeted,

3839
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:15,600
many soldiers deserted others, 
questioned, Washington's 

3840
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:19,200
competence yet in a bold move, 
Washington ordered a stealth 

3841
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:20,900
evacuation across the East 
River. 

3842
03:19:20,900 --> 03:19:24,100
During the night fairing, 
thousands of troops and avoiding

3843
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:27,500
total annihilation. 
That partial salvation became an

3844
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:31,000
early example of his knack for 
improvisational, Retreats a 

3845
03:19:31,000 --> 03:19:32,900
skilled that may lack. 
The glamour of offense of 

3846
03:19:32,900 --> 03:19:35,100
Victories. 
It was crucial for the survival 

3847
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:39,900
of the cause In late 1776 with 
enlistments expiring and 

3848
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:42,600
temperatures. 
Dropping washing orchestrated, 

3849
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:45,900
one of the revolution's, most 
dramatic Strokes crossing the 

3850
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:48,800
icy Delaware River on Christmas 
night to surprise Hessian 

3851
03:19:48,800 --> 03:19:52,400
mercenaries at Trenton the 
success at Trenton followed by 

3852
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:56,300
another victory at Prince tan 
rejuvenated, the Patriot cause 

3853
03:19:57,200 --> 03:19:59,500
Washington's leadership style in
these moments combined 

3854
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:01,600
particular planning with 
personal bravery. 

3855
03:20:02,300 --> 03:20:06,200
He rode at the front encouraging
his men proving that cunning and

3856
03:20:06,200 --> 03:20:09,200
audacity could offset numerical 
or logistical disadvantages. 

3857
03:20:09,200 --> 03:20:13,900
The morale boost was enormous 
coaxing recruits to stay in new 

3858
03:20:13,900 --> 03:20:16,800
volunteers to join. 
Yet the Continental Army's 

3859
03:20:16,800 --> 03:20:20,100
tribulations remained abundant 
the British sought to isolate 

3860
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:23,100
New England by seizing. 
The Hudson River Corridor while 

3861
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:24,900
smaller armies. 
Skirmish in the interior. 

3862
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:28,100
Washington clashed repeatedly 
with delegates in the 

3863
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,100
Continental Congress Who 
provided inconsistent funding 

3864
03:20:31,100 --> 03:20:34,300
and supplies reflecting the 
fragile, nature of the young 

3865
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:36,800
Confederation. 
He wrote endless letters 

3866
03:20:36,800 --> 03:20:39,800
pleading for shoes, blankets and
rationals. 

3867
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:43,000
Meanwhile British raids and 
Loyalists sympathizers. 

3868
03:20:43,000 --> 03:20:45,100
So to confusion behind American 
lines. 

3869
03:20:46,000 --> 03:20:50,100
In 1777, Washington lost a key 
engagement at Brandywine, 

3870
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:53,100
allowing the British to capture 
Philadelphia, the Patriot 

3871
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:57,000
Capital, another setback at 
Germantown, followed critics and

3872
03:20:57,008 --> 03:21:00,100
Congress grew louder questioning
whether a different General 

3873
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:03,300
might fare better yet. 
Washington retained the Loyalty 

3874
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:06,000
of many officers. 
Forging a sense of unity that 

3875
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:09,700
transcended, local affiliations 
at Valley Forge during the cruel

3876
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:14,000
winter of 1777 to 1778. 
The Army, endured starvation, 

3877
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:18,100
disease and freezing conditions.
Thanks to the drilling expertise

3878
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:20,500
of Baron von Steuben. 
And next Prussian, officer 

3879
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:24,300
Washington's troops emerged. 
More disciplined able to engage 

3880
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:28,200
British regulars, on nearly 
equal terms at Valley Forge, the

3881
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,600
Continental Army underwent, a 
significant transformation 

3882
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:34,000
transitioning from an unruly 
collection of militias to a 

3883
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:36,300
functional fighting force 
Washington. 

3884
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:39,900
Also learned the delicate art of
balancing alliance's, the French

3885
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:42,100
persuaded by the American 
victory. 

3886
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,400
At Saratoga were Horatio Gates. 
Led the effort not Washington 

3887
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:49,200
Direct Lee join the conflict, 
providing Naval strength and 

3888
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:51,900
additional Ground Forces 
coordinating with French 

3889
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,200
officers like the Marquis De 
Lafayette, demanded diplomatic 

3890
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:59,400
finesse Washington adapted, 
forging trust with these foreign

3891
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,900
allies even as intercalary 
tensions threatened to fracture 

3892
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:05,100
the American side through it 
all. 

3893
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:07,900
Washington, displayed, a 
steadiness that became Central 

3894
03:22:07,900 --> 03:22:12,000
to the Army's identity. 
His men might groan about scarce

3895
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:15,300
supplies or ragged uniforms but 
they trusted their General to 

3896
03:22:15,300 --> 03:22:18,900
hold them together. 
By the wars midpoint Washington 

3897
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:21,500
had solidified his role as the 
Lynch pin of American 

3898
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,900
resistance, his direct 
Battlefield successes varied. 

3899
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:28,100
Some were brilliant, others, 
disappointing, but his 

3900
03:22:28,100 --> 03:22:31,300
unshakeable commitment to the 
cause combined with an ability 

3901
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:33,300
to Pivot tactic and maintain 
Unity. 

3902
03:22:33,300 --> 03:22:37,000
Kept the Rebellion alive. 
Emerging from these years of 

3903
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:40,300
hardship was a sense that 
whether revered or criticized, 

3904
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:43,700
Washington was indispensable. 
He was no mere figurehead. 

3905
03:22:44,700 --> 03:22:47,000
The political operator and the 
Army itself needed. 

3906
03:22:47,000 --> 03:22:49,900
His Steady Hand at the Helm of 
the Revolution was to stand a 

3907
03:22:49,900 --> 03:22:53,100
chance of seeing final victory. 
As the Revolutionary War 

3908
03:22:53,100 --> 03:22:56,400
entered, its latest stages, 
washing face to new set of 

3909
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:59,200
challenges that tested his 
leadership on multiple fronts. 

3910
03:23:00,100 --> 03:23:03,200
The conflict had become more 
sprawling with battles in the 

3911
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:05,600
South intensifying British 
forces. 

3912
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:09,100
Hoping to exploit loyalists 
sentiment launched campaigns in 

3913
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:10,400
Georgia. 
And the Carolinas. 

3914
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:14,000
Meanwhile the Continental Army 
in the north still had to guard 

3915
03:23:14,000 --> 03:23:15,600
against renewed offensives from 
New York. 

3916
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:19,200
Washington, found himself 
juggling resource allocations 

3917
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:21,300
and strategic oversight across a
vast territory. 

3918
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:24,300
All with limited Manpower and 
meager finances. 

3919
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:28,200
One of his core strengths lay an
understanding that Victory did 

3920
03:23:28,200 --> 03:23:30,900
not necessarily require 
defeating every British unit on 

3921
03:23:30,908 --> 03:23:34,100
the battlefield. 
Over years of warfare Washington

3922
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:37,200
recognized that prolonging the 
conflict, making it too costly 

3923
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:41,400
for Britain to sustain could be 
enough to force negotiations as 

3924
03:23:41,400 --> 03:23:44,100
British public support for the 
war waned and the conflict 

3925
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:46,200
strained. 
The Empire's coffers this 

3926
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:50,200
strategy of endurance gained 
traction He coordinated partisan

3927
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,100
Warfare in the southern states 
where generals like Nathanael 

3928
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:55,700
Greene used hidden run tactics 
and forced the British to 

3929
03:23:55,700 --> 03:23:58,900
overextend their supply line. 
Washington might not have 

3930
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:01,800
designed every maneuver 
personally, but his overarching 

3931
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:04,700
directive emphasized wearing 
down the opponent, rather than 

3932
03:24:04,700 --> 03:24:08,100
seeking a single Grand trial for
all costs. 

3933
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:12,300
Yet, frustration still mounted 
the Continental Congress, 

3934
03:24:12,300 --> 03:24:16,300
perennially short, on funds, 
struggled to pay or Supply the 

3935
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:19,200
troops inflation. 
Ran rampant and the paper 

3936
03:24:19,200 --> 03:24:21,000
currency. 
They issued known as 

3937
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:22,900
Continentals lost much of its 
value. 

3938
03:24:23,600 --> 03:24:26,800
Sometimes entire regiments, 
threatened Mutiny over unpaid 

3939
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:30,100
wages, and lack of food. 
Washington wrote urgent letters 

3940
03:24:30,100 --> 03:24:33,700
balancing please and warnings 
desertion could unravel the 

3941
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:38,400
entire Revolution, but the men's
hardships were genuine He 

3942
03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:40,600
balanced his empathy for his 
soldiers, suffering with the 

3943
03:24:40,608 --> 03:24:43,800
need to uphold discipline 
against this turbulent. 

3944
03:24:43,800 --> 03:24:46,600
Backdrop, French assistance, 
played a decisive role. 

3945
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,700
Following France's official 
entry into the war. 

3946
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,000
Spain and the Dutch Republic 
also offered varying degrees of 

3947
03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:55,900
support to America. 
Broadening the conflict into a 

3948
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:57,600
larger Global struggle against 
Britain. 

3949
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:01,200
Washington worked with French 
Admirals and Generals who like 

3950
03:25:01,200 --> 03:25:03,500
Admiral Degrassi and general 
Rochambeau. 

3951
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:06,400
Brought Naval superiority and 
well-trained troops. 

3952
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:10,800
Diplomatic Synergy was crucial 
washing never fluent in French 

3953
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:13,700
relied on interpreters and the 
Goodwill of allies like 

3954
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:15,800
Lafayette to maintain strong 
communication. 

3955
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:19,100
Joint operations, required, 
patience and compromise. 

3956
03:25:19,100 --> 03:25:22,200
The French navy schedule and 
European political priorities, 

3957
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:25,500
often constrained, quick action.
The culmination of these 

3958
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:28,600
alliances and strategies took 
shape in 1781 at Yorktown. 

3959
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:31,700
Virginia British General 
Cornwallis had entrenched. 

3960
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:35,600
His forces there, hoping for 
resupply, by sea, Washington 

3961
03:25:35,600 --> 03:25:39,300
seized the moment. 
He feigned moves toward New York

3962
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:41,800
but then swiftly marched. 
A major portion of his army, 

3963
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:45,600
South The French Fleet under the
grass blocked, the chest Peak, 

3964
03:25:45,600 --> 03:25:47,700
preventing a British Naval 
evacuation. 

3965
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:51,800
Trapped and under constant 
bombardment Cornwallis 

3966
03:25:51,800 --> 03:25:55,600
surrendered in October. 7081 the
Victory at Yorktown did not 

3967
03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:58,700
instantly end the war but it was
the decisive blow that 

3968
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:02,100
shattered, Britain's willingness
to continue negotiations in 

3969
03:26:02,100 --> 03:26:04,700
Europe soon. 
Began leading to the 70 of May 

3970
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:08,100
33, Treaty of Paris, recognizing
American independence. 

3971
03:26:09,000 --> 03:26:10,700
Washington's role in the final 
phase. 

3972
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:14,100
Showcased, two defining traits 
of his leadership adaptability 

3973
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:17,600
and a knack for collaboration. 
He was not a tactical genius in 

3974
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:20,500
the mold of Napoleon, but he 
excelled in forging. 

3975
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,800
Unity among diverse groups with 
clashing ego's and conflicting 

3976
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:26,500
interests. 
He also grasped the cycle 

3977
03:26:26,500 --> 03:26:29,700
dimension of War Victory. 
Could be achieved as much 

3978
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:32,400
through morale and diplomatic 
pressure as through Battlefield 

3979
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,300
conquests. 
Under his guidance, the 

3980
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:39,100
Continental Army endured for 
eight grueling years Coleman in 

3981
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:41,300
a capitulation that many had 
deemed impossible. 

3982
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,700
When peace was finally secured 
Washington stunned. 

3983
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:48,400
The World by resigning his 
commission and returning to 

3984
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:50,300
private life, rather than 
seizing power. 

3985
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:53,600
In a time when Victorious 
Generals in Europe, often 

3986
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:56,500
leveraged military success to 
become dictators or monarchs. 

3987
03:26:56,500 --> 03:26:58,500
His gesture was nearly 
unprecedented. 

3988
03:26:59,500 --> 03:27:02,500
He sent a farewell address to 
the Army bidding, an emotional 

3989
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,100
goodbye to the officers who had 
become like, family through 

3990
03:27:05,100 --> 03:27:09,400
shared hardships. 
Then he returned to Mount Vernon

3991
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:13,500
longing for quiet days. 
Overseeing his estate, In the 

3992
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:16,900
public imagination. 
Became the embodiment of Roman 

3993
03:27:16,900 --> 03:27:21,100
Republican virtue, akin to since
a natus, leaving his plow to 

3994
03:27:21,100 --> 03:27:23,700
defend the nation and then 
returning to his farm. 

3995
03:27:23,700 --> 03:27:26,200
Yet the young Republic soon, 
discovered that Independence 

3996
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:29,700
would not solve every problem 
War debts disputes, among the 

3997
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:32,800
states, and a weak central 
government under the Articles of

3998
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:35,400
Confederation threatened, the 
stability of the new nation 

3999
03:27:35,400 --> 03:27:38,200
calls for a stronger National 
framework grew louder. 

4000
03:27:38,200 --> 03:27:42,300
And once again, the Gaze of the 
fledgling country turned to 

4001
03:27:42,308 --> 03:27:45,200
Washington, would he remain a 
private citizen? 

4002
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:47,800
Or would he use his stature to 
help shape? 

4003
03:27:47,800 --> 03:27:50,900
The governance of the country? 
He had been so instrumental in 

4004
03:27:50,900 --> 03:27:54,900
forging, The next chapter of his
life and In Deed of the nation's

4005
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,800
would hinge on how he answered 
that question after returning to

4006
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:02,900
Mount Vernon and 1783 Washington
tried to refocus on his 

4007
03:28:02,900 --> 03:28:07,200
Plantation, hoping for a respite
from public affairs yet, the 

4008
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,200
fragile state of the post-war 
union soon, pulled him back into

4009
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:12,600
the spotlight. 
Under the article's affair 

4010
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,200
Confederation, the federal 
government lacked authority to 

4011
03:28:16,200 --> 03:28:20,000
tax regulate commerce, 
affectively settle disputes 

4012
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:23,600
among states. 
Economic turmoil, loomed, large 

4013
03:28:23,600 --> 03:28:27,900
debts from the war weighed on 
every state and the absence of a

4014
03:28:27,900 --> 03:28:32,000
cohesive National policy bred 
friction insurrections such as 

4015
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:33,400
Shays Rebellion in 
Massachusetts. 

4016
03:28:33,400 --> 03:28:35,900
Highlighted how easily? 
Unrest might spiral. 

4017
03:28:35,900 --> 03:28:39,600
If the central government could 
not act decisively leaders, 

4018
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:42,600
across the state's recognize, 
the dire need for reforms and 

4019
03:28:42,600 --> 03:28:45,100
Washington was a natural figure 
to help spearhead them. 

4020
03:28:45,700 --> 03:28:47,300
Though. 
Initially hesitant, he feared 

4021
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:50,500
Public Service would once again,
swallow his private life, he 

4022
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:52,300
came around to the idea that a 
stronger. 

4023
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:54,500
Government framework was 
essential to preserve the Union.

4024
03:28:55,300 --> 03:28:58,700
In 1787, he agreed to preside 
over the Constitutional 

4025
03:28:58,700 --> 03:29:02,600
Convention in Philadelphia this 
Gathering intended, first to 

4026
03:29:02,600 --> 03:29:06,000
revise the Articles soon morphed
into a wholesale creation of a 

4027
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:09,000
new constitution. 
Washington did not speak off and

4028
03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:12,100
during the debate but his mere 
presence lent, gravity to the 

4029
03:29:12,100 --> 03:29:13,900
proceedings. 
Delegates. 

4030
03:29:13,900 --> 03:29:16,000
Disagreed, vigorously over 
representation. 

4031
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:20,200
Slavery and executive power. 
Yet most recognized that 

4032
03:29:20,200 --> 03:29:22,900
Washington's approval would be 
critical for winning public 

4033
03:29:22,900 --> 03:29:25,300
acceptance of any proposed 
Constitution. 

4034
03:29:25,300 --> 03:29:30,000
His role was largely that of 
mediator and symbol of unity, he

4035
03:29:30,000 --> 03:29:33,800
allowed men like James Madison, 
Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin

4036
03:29:33,800 --> 03:29:36,000
Franklin to articulate competing
ideas. 

4037
03:29:37,000 --> 03:29:39,600
But whenever debate grew 
contentious, the image of 

4038
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:43,000
Washington seated at the front 
reminded them that the 

4039
03:29:43,008 --> 03:29:46,600
revolutions integrity and the 
future of Republican governance 

4040
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:51,100
were at stake. 
By September 1787, the delegates

4041
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,200
crafted a new Constitution that 
incorporated a more robust 

4042
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:57,300
federal government, tempered by 
system of checks and balances 

4043
03:29:57,300 --> 03:30:00,000
although not perfect. 
It was a revolutionary 

4044
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:01,600
experiment in structured 
Liberty. 

4045
03:30:02,400 --> 03:30:03,900
Washington's endorsement 
carried. 

4046
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:06,800
Enormous weight during the 
ratification process, especially

4047
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:10,300
in the Virginia reluctant and 
Anti-Federalists found. 

4048
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:13,400
It difficult to argue that the 
Constitution must tyranny when 

4049
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:17,000
Washington vouched for it. 
Once the Constitution became law

4050
03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:20,100
calls for Washington to serve as
the first president were 

4051
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:23,500
unanimous in their intensity. 
He was the linchpin who could 

4052
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:27,200
lend immediately legitimacy to 
the new system despite personals

4053
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:30,200
reservations. 
He was aging and the toll of 

4054
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:33,500
public life was no small burden.
He reluctantly accepted the 

4055
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,600
role, the Electoral College 
elected him, unanimously in 

4056
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:39,600
1789. 
In April, of that year, he 

4057
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:42,000
journeyed to New York City. 
The temporary capital to take 

4058
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:44,700
the oath of office is 
inauguration was a subdued 

4059
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:48,200
ceremony reflecting a new 
nation's blend of optimism and 

4060
03:30:48,200 --> 03:30:50,300
anxiety. 
He stood on a balcony, 

4061
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:52,300
overlooking. 
Throngs of cheering citizens, 

4062
03:30:52,300 --> 03:30:56,000
placing in his hand, on a Bible 
and swearing to preserve protect

4063
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:59,700
and defend the Constitution. 
Shaping the executive branch, 

4064
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:05,200
Washington faced a blank slate. 
There was no blueprint for how a

4065
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:07,900
president should behave. 
He believed in setting, careful 

4066
03:31:07,900 --> 03:31:09,500
precedence, that would guide 
successors. 

4067
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:12,300
And this cautious approach 
colored, his every decision. 

4068
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:17,400
He formed a cabinet of advisors,
including Thomas Jefferson as 

4069
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:21,200
Secretary of State and Alexander
Hamilton a Secretary of the 

4070
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:24,900
Treasury, the ideological 
clashes between Jefferson who 

4071
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:28,500
championed agrarian democracy 
and Hamilton, who pushed for a 

4072
03:31:28,508 --> 03:31:31,900
robust, federal government, and 
Industrial growth forced 

4073
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:34,900
Washington to navigate to 
delicate balance balancing. 

4074
03:31:34,900 --> 03:31:37,500
These factions, he aimed to 
prevent the country from 

4075
03:31:37,500 --> 03:31:39,300
splitting into parties and 
camps. 

4076
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:44,100
Still, the seeds of political 
rivalry were planted eventually,

4077
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:46,800
sprouting into the Federalists 
and Democratic Republican 

4078
03:31:46,800 --> 03:31:49,200
parties. 
Washington's presidency. 

4079
03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:52,400
Also, navigated foreign policy 
dilemmas the young. 

4080
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:56,400
United States was military, 
weak, financially, indebted, and

4081
03:31:56,400 --> 03:32:00,500
overshadowed by European powers.
When the French Revolution 

4082
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,400
erupted many Americans felt they
owed France. 

4083
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:05,700
A debt of gratitude for its 
wartime support. 

4084
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:09,500
Yet Washington believed in 
neutrality was crucial in 

4085
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:12,700
tangling, the fragile Republic. 
In Europe's Wars, could spell 

4086
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:15,200
disaster. 
His proclamation of neutrality 

4087
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:18,600
in 1793 Drew ire from those who 
wanted to Aid France. 

4088
03:32:19,400 --> 03:32:22,100
But it shielded the new nation 
from a catastrophic conflict. 

4089
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:25,900
It was ill-prepared to handle. 
Domestic issues also tested, the

4090
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:29,500
new Administration, Hamilton's 
financial plan, which included, 

4091
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:31,100
Federal Assumption of State 
debts. 

4092
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:34,200
And the creation of a National 
Bank sparked, Fierce debates, 

4093
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:37,700
Washington, backed Hamilton, 
believing that fiscal stability,

4094
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,100
was essential for National 
respectability but Jefferson's 

4095
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:43,800
faction decried. 
These measures as threats to 

4096
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:47,200
states rights. 
Then in 1794 the Whiskey 

4097
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,000
Rebellion flared in Western 
Pennsylvania. 

4098
03:32:50,000 --> 03:32:53,200
Where Farmers violently opposed 
to federal tax on distilled 

4099
03:32:53,200 --> 03:32:55,800
spirits. 
Washington alarmed by the 

4100
03:32:55,800 --> 03:32:58,700
prospect of an armed 
Insurrection, personally, LED 

4101
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:00,700
troops to quell. 
The Rebellion, an act that 

4102
03:33:00,708 --> 03:33:03,600
showcase his Federal Authority, 
but also raise fears about 

4103
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:07,700
militarism responses to dissent 
throughout these trials, washing

4104
03:33:07,700 --> 03:33:11,300
labor to maintain Austria above 
partisan squabbles, though that 

4105
03:33:11,300 --> 03:33:15,100
position grew increasingly 
difficult newspapers reflecting 

4106
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:18,400
the rise of party driven 
journalism attacked or praised 

4107
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:22,100
him depending on their tutorial 
leaning criticisms, stung the 

4108
03:33:22,100 --> 03:33:25,500
once revered hero but he 
remained steadfast convinced 

4109
03:33:25,500 --> 03:33:27,300
that the survival of 
constitutional governance 

4110
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:30,200
required robust debate. 
Even if it's sometimes, 

4111
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,900
descended into vitriol. 
By the end of his second term, 

4112
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:36,100
he yearned for retirement more 
earnestly than ever. 

4113
03:33:36,100 --> 03:33:39,100
The question was whether the 
country could sustain itself 

4114
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:42,100
without him or if his moral 
Authority and balanced 

4115
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:46,200
leadership remained 
indispensable By 1796 Washington

4116
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:48,500
had served two terms as 
president and felt strongly. 

4117
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:51,200
That rotating leadership was 
essential to the Republic's 

4118
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:55,300
Health unanimously, re-elected 
in 1792, he could likely have 

4119
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:57,200
secured a third term, but he 
declined. 

4120
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:00,300
In doing so he established a 
precedent of voluntary 

4121
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:03,700
executive, turnover later, 
codified by the 22nd amendment. 

4122
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:06,800
That would profoundly influence 
American political culture. 

4123
03:34:07,700 --> 03:34:11,000
recognizing the young nation's 
precariousness, offered parting 

4124
03:34:11,000 --> 03:34:14,100
guidance in his farewell 
address, Published rather than 

4125
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:17,700
delivered orally, it warned 
against the dangers of permanent

4126
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:20,200
foreign alliances, and excessive
parties and ship. 

4127
03:34:20,900 --> 03:34:24,900
He urged Americans to cherish, 
Unity keep religion and morality

4128
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:28,200
as public pillars and remain 
where of ideological factions 

4129
03:34:28,200 --> 03:34:29,800
that could fracture National 
cohesion. 

4130
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:34,900
After leaving office, in March 
1797, Washington returned to 

4131
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:37,700
Mount Vernon. 
A sense of relief washed over 

4132
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:40,700
him tempered by ongoing concerns
about the fledgling. 

4133
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:45,500
Nation's trajectory oversaw 
expanded his estate experimented

4134
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:48,600
with different crop, rotations 
and dabbled in various 

4135
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:52,100
manufacturing Ventures on site, 
such as a Grist Mill, and a 

4136
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:54,700
Distillery. 
However, retirement did not 

4137
03:34:54,708 --> 03:34:58,500
provide an escape from moral 
dilemmas, Washington's wealth, 

4138
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:00,200
and Plantation. 
Lifestyle had always hinged on 

4139
03:35:00,208 --> 03:35:02,600
enslaved. 
Labor While he had privately 

4140
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:06,600
expressed ambivalence about 
slavery, calling it repugnant in

4141
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:09,100
certain correspondences. 
He never publicly championed 

4142
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:11,900
abolition. 
Only in his welded he arranged 

4143
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:13,600
for the emancipation of his 
enslaved. 

4144
03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:16,800
People after Martha's death. 
A move that became one of the 

4145
03:35:16,800 --> 03:35:19,300
most significant private amounts
of patients of that era. 

4146
03:35:20,000 --> 03:35:22,900
But the structural system of 
slavery continued unabated 

4147
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:26,400
across the South highlighting. 
The contradictions embedded in 

4148
03:35:26,408 --> 03:35:30,000
the new Republic increasingly 
foreign tensions threatened to 

4149
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:31,800
pull Washington back in to 
public life. 

4150
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:34,300
Relationships with revolutionary
France. 

4151
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:38,100
Deteriorated under John Adams's,
presidency culminating in the 

4152
03:35:38,108 --> 03:35:42,500
Quasi War at sea. 
In 1798 Adams asked, Washington 

4153
03:35:42,500 --> 03:35:44,500
to serve as commander of 
provisional Army. 

4154
03:35:44,500 --> 03:35:48,200
Should full scale War break out.
Washington, agreed though he 

4155
03:35:48,200 --> 03:35:49,700
delegated most duties to 
Hamilton. 

4156
03:35:49,700 --> 03:35:53,100
He remained on standby, hoping 
conflict could be averted. 

4157
03:35:54,100 --> 03:35:58,900
By 1799 immediate threat passed 
and Washington settled again in 

4158
03:35:58,900 --> 03:36:01,700
the routine at Mount Vernon that
same year. 

4159
03:36:01,700 --> 03:36:04,400
On December, the 12th, 
Washington braved, a cold wet 

4160
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:07,000
ride around, his estate, 
checking fence lines, and 

4161
03:36:07,000 --> 03:36:11,100
farmland later that evening, he 
developed a sore throat within 

4162
03:36:11,100 --> 03:36:13,800
days, his conditional worse and 
into what many now? 

4163
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:15,500
Believe was acute. 
Epic Titus. 

4164
03:36:16,300 --> 03:36:19,300
Medical Treatments of the time 
bleeding, blistering and 

4165
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:21,500
gargling only weakened him 
further. 

4166
03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:26,700
On the night of December 14th. 
1799 George Washington passed 

4167
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:28,900
away. 
Surrounded by close friends and 

4168
03:36:28,900 --> 03:36:31,200
family. 
The new sent shockwaves 

4169
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:34,500
throughout the country bells 
tolled in distant cities, 

4170
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:38,600
eulogies poured in from a cross 
political, divides reflecting 

4171
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:40,800
the universal respect. 
American felt for his 

4172
03:36:40,808 --> 03:36:43,500
leadership. 
Even in Europe figures like 

4173
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:47,100
Napoleon ordered tributes, 
Washington's death brought a 

4174
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:49,200
collective Reckoning. 
The man who had guided the 

4175
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,900
nation through Revolution 
constitutional formation and 

4176
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,100
early governance was gone. 
But his legacy was already 

4177
03:36:56,100 --> 03:37:00,600
enshrined over subsequent 
decades and centuries Americans 

4178
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:04,700
would build monuments, mint 
coins and compose Hagia graphic 

4179
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:08,100
stories, that sometimes obscure 
the complexity of his life. 

4180
03:37:08,800 --> 03:37:11,800
Myths, multiplied. 
The cherry tree, legend by 

4181
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:14,300
Parson Weems became a fixture in
school primers. 

4182
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:17,100
Overshadowing, the more 
instructive lessons of 

4183
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:20,300
Washington's, real struggles. 
And ethical, dilemmas the wooden

4184
03:37:20,300 --> 03:37:23,700
teeth Trope over shadowed, the 
details of his expensive painful

4185
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,700
dental operators made from 
various materials, including 

4186
03:37:26,700 --> 03:37:30,800
human or animal teeth and Metal.
Yet Behind The Shining marble 

4187
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:31,900
statues. 
Stands. 

4188
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:35,000
A more nuanced figure. 
Washington was a man of his 

4189
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:38,800
times shaped by its limitations,
particularly regarding slavery 

4190
03:37:38,800 --> 03:37:42,600
and class structures but also 
capable of transcending narrow 

4191
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:45,400
self-interest. 
He recognized the fragility of 

4192
03:37:45,400 --> 03:37:48,500
the American experiment and 
acted repeatedly to keep it 

4193
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:53,200
intact, resigning his military 
Commission in 1783 presiding 

4194
03:37:53,200 --> 03:37:56,800
over the Constitution's, 
drafting in 1787 and stepping 

4195
03:37:56,800 --> 03:38:00,400
down as president after two 
terms, each decision sent an 

4196
03:38:00,408 --> 03:38:03,600
unmistakable message that the 
Republic's longevity depended on

4197
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:05,200
checks against personal 
ambition. 

4198
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:08,100
Washing Washington's examples, 
stood out for a nation. 

4199
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:09,900
Still refining, its democratic 
values. 

4200
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:13,500
He was neither a flamboyant 
speaker or a philosophical 

4201
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:18,700
theory of rest, but he possessed
a calm gravitas that could unify

4202
03:38:18,700 --> 03:38:21,700
corals from State's. 
He understood how to maintain 

4203
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:24,300
moral legitimacy in the eyes of 
both Elite and ordinary 

4204
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:26,500
citizens. 
And though he was not without 

4205
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:30,100
flaws the ownership of enslaved,
individuals being Chief among 

4206
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:32,900
them, he helped lay the 
groundwork for a political 

4207
03:38:32,900 --> 03:38:36,000
system capable of evolving 
Beyond its Founders limitations.

4208
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,500
Today more than two centuries, 
after his passing, George 

4209
03:38:40,500 --> 03:38:43,400
Washington remains an essential 
symbol for an America that 

4210
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:45,600
struggles with its historical 
contradictions. 

4211
03:38:45,600 --> 03:38:49,400
If we look beyond the simplified
school book portrayals, we find 

4212
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:52,800
a person who navigated immense 
pressures with perseverance and 

4213
03:38:52,800 --> 03:38:55,800
humility, whose quiet strength 
and deliberate choice to 

4214
03:38:55,800 --> 03:38:58,000
relinquish power. 
Set a tone for Republican 

4215
03:38:58,000 --> 03:39:00,500
governance. 
The complexity of his legacy, 

4216
03:39:00,500 --> 03:39:03,000
invites us to reflect on both 
the grand achievements, and the 

4217
03:39:03,000 --> 03:39:05,900
unresolved tensions that were 
woven into the nation's birth. 

4218
03:39:06,600 --> 03:39:08,600
A poignant reminder that even 
foundational. 

4219
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:10,300
Heroes. 
Stand on shifting terrain. 

4220
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:12,900
Forging a path for future 
generations. 

4221
03:39:12,900 --> 03:39:22,800
To walk upon In 1158 a 7 year 
old Noble boy, named Conrad 

4222
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:26,000
leaves, his family, Manor to 
serve as a page, in the cast of 

4223
03:39:26,000 --> 03:39:27,800
Duke, Otto in the Holy Roman 
Empire. 

4224
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:31,300
This experience is the beginning
of his path to Knight Hood. 

4225
03:39:32,000 --> 03:39:35,600
Wide-eyed and anxious Conrad 
enters, the Castle's enormous 

4226
03:39:35,600 --> 03:39:37,900
Hall and quickly becomes 
immersed in Castle life. 

4227
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:41,500
As a page, he is kept busy from 
dawn until dusk. 

4228
03:39:41,500 --> 03:39:45,300
He must learn to sing him serve 
at table with proper etiquette 

4229
03:39:45,300 --> 03:39:48,500
and even assist in the Castle's 
hunts and falconry session's. 

4230
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:52,500
Under the tutelage of the Master
at Arms Conrad and the other 

4231
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:55,700
Pages practice swordplay with 
wooden weapons and learn to ride

4232
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:58,500
ponies. 
The castle Chaplin also guides 

4233
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:01,500
their spiritual upbringing. 
So Conrad grows in piety 

4234
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:05,400
alongside prowess. 
Nothing is wasted even playtime 

4235
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:07,600
in the courtyard. 
Mock battles on stick horses. 

4236
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:10,700
And playful jousts with 
broomsticks is training in 

4237
03:40:10,700 --> 03:40:12,600
Disguise building the boys 
strength and coordination. 

4238
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:16,400
Conrad idolizes. 
The knights, he serves one 

4239
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:19,200
friendly Knights or Reinhart. 
Sometimes shares Tales from the 

4240
03:40:19,200 --> 03:40:21,100
halves of legendary Warriors and
battles. 

4241
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:23,300
Fueling Conrad's dreams of 
Valor. 

4242
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:27,400
Through hard work and key 
observation Conrad grows in both

4243
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:30,600
body and character. 
By age 14, he graduates to the 

4244
03:40:30,608 --> 03:40:33,500
rank of Squire. 
He is now assigned as Serene 

4245
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:38,200
hards, personal attend, and 
protege, his duties intensify 

4246
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:42,600
Conrad Rises at dawn to help 
Ryan hard on his male armor and 

4247
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:47,400
Spurs. 10s to the knights horse 
and a company's him everywhere, 

4248
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:50,100
being a squire, resembled an 
apprenticeship. 

4249
03:40:51,000 --> 03:40:54,600
Conrad learns by doing cleaning 
armor sharpening swords, and 

4250
03:40:54,600 --> 03:40:57,600
practicing jousts with real 
answers under reinhardt's 

4251
03:40:57,600 --> 03:41:01,300
guidance in the afternoons. 
He practices, falconry were 

4252
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:04,300
joined in weapons training, 
aiming his Lance, at the 

4253
03:41:04,308 --> 03:41:08,200
quintain, a spinning Target to 
hone his accuracy on horseback. 

4254
03:41:09,000 --> 03:41:11,800
Mistakes earned, Stone 
correction but also patient 

4255
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:15,700
instruction in Quiet Moments sir
Reinhart stresses the code of 

4256
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,400
chivalry. 
A knight must be brave but also 

4257
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:22,500
just and merciful Conrad takes 
these lessons to Heart determine

4258
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:24,300
to one day. 
Embody those ideals. 

4259
03:41:25,100 --> 03:41:28,800
His first taste of real. 
Conflict comes at 16 while 

4260
03:41:28,800 --> 03:41:30,800
escorting, a Supply Convoy 
through a forest. 

4261
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:34,100
So reinhard's party is ambushed 
by Bandits. 

4262
03:41:34,700 --> 03:41:36,600
Conrad's heart pounds as he 
sticks. 

4263
03:41:36,608 --> 03:41:40,500
Close to his mentor. 
Amid the chaos, he uses his 

4264
03:41:40,500 --> 03:41:44,500
training reflexively at one 
point, even knocks a bandit off 

4265
03:41:44,500 --> 03:41:46,700
a horse with a well-timed. 
Lance thrust. 

4266
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:49,700
So Reinhard proudly claps Conrad
shoulder. 

4267
03:41:49,700 --> 03:41:52,700
After driving the bandits off. 
The young Squire has 

4268
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:54,900
demonstrated his bravery in the 
face of danger. 

4269
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:58,600
This brief, Skirmish shows 
Conrad the Stark reality of 

4270
03:41:58,600 --> 03:42:02,600
combat terrifying and brutal. 
Yet his duty as to face it with 

4271
03:42:02,600 --> 03:42:06,100
courage. 
By age, 21 Conrad has spent 

4272
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:09,200
years and Service Learning the 
Arts of Knight Hood and the 

4273
03:42:09,208 --> 03:42:10,700
responsibilities that come with 
it. 

4274
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,800
He has tended to Sir, Ryan in 
tournaments, on minor campaigns.

4275
03:42:14,800 --> 03:42:17,300
Steadily growing and skill and 
maturity. 

4276
03:42:17,300 --> 03:42:20,700
Now he stands on the brink of 
achieving his lifelong dream. 

4277
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:24,100
All the years of training, 
mastering horsemanship honing, 

4278
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,500
his sword arm and learning's 
courtesy and strategy of shaped 

4279
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:29,700
Conrad in to a worthy candidate 
for Knight Hood. 

4280
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:33,300
He helps her Reinhard prepare 
for a winter Feast where several

4281
03:42:33,300 --> 03:42:36,600
Squires will be honored Conrad 
cannot help but feel a mix of 

4282
03:42:36,608 --> 03:42:39,900
excitement and nerves the dawn 
of his Knighthood approaches. 

4283
03:42:39,900 --> 03:42:42,400
And with it, the life of honor 
and Adventure that he has 

4284
03:42:42,400 --> 03:42:45,100
envisioned it. 
Since that day, he first arrived

4285
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:48,000
at Duke Otto's Castle. 
As a wide-eyed boy, the winter 

4286
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:51,900
of 11 to 75 brings Conrad to a 
grand celebration at Duke, 

4287
03:42:51,900 --> 03:42:55,600
Otto's castle at 21, after years
of training, he is to be 

4288
03:42:55,608 --> 03:42:58,200
knighted. 
The Magnificent Hall is decked 

4289
03:42:58,200 --> 03:43:01,400
with Evergreen bowels and with 
hundreds of candles in honor of 

4290
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:03,000
Christmas and the knighting 
ceremony. 

4291
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:07,800
Dressed in a simple white tunic 
symbolizing Purity Conrad stands

4292
03:43:07,800 --> 03:43:11,100
alongside other Squires awaiting
the right he feels his heart 

4293
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:13,300
pounding with a mix of 
excitement and nerves. 

4294
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:16,800
So Reinhard squeezes his 
shoulder and support recalling 

4295
03:43:16,800 --> 03:43:19,200
his Knight hood and assuring 
Conrad that he is ready. 

4296
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:22,400
On the eve of the ceremony 
Conrad undergoes, the 

4297
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:25,700
traditional of arms. 
He bathes and owns a clean white

4298
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:28,300
robe and a Red Cloak for the 
blood of Martyrs and courage of 

4299
03:43:28,308 --> 03:43:31,400
a night all night. 
He kneels in the castle Chapel, 

4300
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:33,700
his sword and armor placed on 
the altar before him. 

4301
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:37,800
By flickering Candlelight he 
prays reflecting on the solemn, 

4302
03:43:37,800 --> 03:43:41,200
vows, he will take a dawn. 
Despite aching knees and little 

4303
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:45,000
sleep Conrad remains focused, 
this vigil is a spiritual 

4304
03:43:45,000 --> 03:43:48,300
purification. 
Time to seek God's blessing and 

4305
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:51,900
contemplate the chivalry code. 
He must uphold He promises 

4306
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:56,200
himself to be a just loyal and 
pious night devoted to 

4307
03:43:56,200 --> 03:43:58,000
protecting the weak and serving 
the church. 

4308
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:02,100
At first light masses 
celebrated, the squires 

4309
03:44:02,100 --> 03:44:03,900
confessed their sins and hear a 
final blessing. 

4310
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:08,000
Then comes the oath. 
Swearing one by one each Square 

4311
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:09,600
stands. 
Before the gathered Nobles. 

4312
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,900
In the chapel, when Conrad's 
turn arrives, he declares his 

4313
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:16,200
Knightly vows in a clear voice 
He will speak truth. 

4314
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:22,100
Uphold the faith obey his Lord 
defend the helpless and be 

4315
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:27,200
honorable in all her things. 
Each promise rings out in the 

4316
03:44:27,200 --> 03:44:30,000
cold morning, air, sealing 
Conrad's commitment to the 

4317
03:44:30,008 --> 03:44:33,300
ideals of Knight Hood. 
Even before the sword touches 

4318
03:44:33,300 --> 03:44:36,400
his shoulders, he feels the 
weight of responsibility settle 

4319
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:40,000
on his shoulders that evening, a
formal knighting ceremony, the 

4320
03:44:40,000 --> 03:44:42,400
Accolade takes place in the 
Great Hall. 

4321
03:44:43,100 --> 03:44:46,600
Duke Otto respondent in fur 
trimmed robes calls Conrad 

4322
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:49,600
forward. 
Conrad kneels on the rush. 

4323
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,200
Soon floor before his Lord in 
the hushed. 

4324
03:44:52,200 --> 03:44:55,800
Hall the Duke gently Taps Conrad
shoulders with the flat of a 

4325
03:44:55,800 --> 03:45:00,800
sword and proclaims in French 
soyuz Chevalier being a knight. 

4326
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,300
Conrad bows, his head overcome 
with emotion as those words. 

4327
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:07,400
Transformed him from Squire to 
Sir Conrad. 

4328
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:12,100
Applause breaks out among this 
assembled Lords and Ladies so 

4329
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:15,600
Conrad Rises heart, swelling 
with pride and humility. 

4330
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:18,500
All his years of hard work of 
led to this moment. 

4331
03:45:18,500 --> 03:45:22,900
He is now a knight of the realm 
following, the Accolade Conrad 

4332
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:24,600
is bad to the symbols of 
Knighthood. 

4333
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:27,800
So Reinhard fastened Spurs to 
his boots. 

4334
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:31,300
The sign that Conrad is now a 
night of the spur, another 

4335
03:45:31,300 --> 03:45:33,800
attendant buckles on a sword. 
Belt holding a finely crafted 

4336
03:45:33,800 --> 03:45:36,900
sword. 
Conrad Don's family's coat of 

4337
03:45:36,900 --> 03:45:39,300
arms, over his male and a 
Herald, and announces his new 

4338
03:45:39,300 --> 03:45:42,800
title. 
So Conrad of dornburg, Cheers 

4339
03:45:42,800 --> 03:45:45,300
echo in the hall. 
Conrad's father, who traveled 

4340
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:47,500
here for the occasion. 
White's. 

4341
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:51,100
Proud tears from his eyes. 
Duke Otto then presents Conrad 

4342
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:52,700
with the final symbol of Knight 
Hood. 

4343
03:45:52,700 --> 03:45:57,400
A heavy sword belted at his side
fully clad in male and armed. 

4344
03:45:57,400 --> 03:45:59,500
So Conrad mounts a waiting 
charger. 

4345
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:02,900
In the courtyard for the Pod, 
damn, a ritual display of 

4346
03:46:02,900 --> 03:46:06,000
Martial skill. 
It is customary that after being

4347
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:09,000
dubbed, the United demonstrate 
their prowess in jousts or mock 

4348
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:13,100
combat Conrad guides the horse, 
feeling the strange yet, 

4349
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:16,600
empowering weight of his armor. 
He salutes the crowd lining the 

4350
03:46:16,608 --> 03:46:20,000
yard together with the other 
fresh Knights, he participates 

4351
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:23,100
in a friendly joust. 
His Lance shatters against 

4352
03:46:23,100 --> 03:46:25,300
another knight's shield in a 
thunderous hit. 

4353
03:46:26,000 --> 03:46:29,700
And although unhorsed in a later
round, he remounts, a mid 

4354
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:32,900
Applause. 
The exercise is proved to all 

4355
03:46:32,900 --> 03:46:35,500
that these young men have the 
skill and courage befitting 

4356
03:46:35,500 --> 03:46:39,100
their new station. 
Conrad's face flushes with joy 

4357
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:42,200
beneath his visors, he realizes 
his achievement is not training 

4358
03:46:42,200 --> 03:46:46,300
or pretend it is real Knight 
Hood his Knight Hood, one by 

4359
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:48,400
Merit and blessed by God and 
Lord. 

4360
03:46:49,700 --> 03:46:52,500
That night, the castle is a 
light with the celebration. 

4361
03:46:53,600 --> 03:46:56,200
At the bank in the hall. 
So Conrad sits in a place of 

4362
03:46:56,200 --> 03:47:00,400
honor at reinhardt's side. 
No longer does he serve instead 

4363
03:47:00,400 --> 03:47:02,800
Pages, poor wine for him and the
other nights. 

4364
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:06,300
He toasts his mentors and shares
in the comradery of the 

4365
03:47:06,300 --> 03:47:08,800
chivalric Brotherhood. 
Gifts are bestowed. 

4366
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,900
The Duke grants Conrad a fine 
destroyer warhorse from his 

4367
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:14,000
stables and a new sword of 
Toledo Steel. 

4368
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:17,900
Minstrels compose a few witty 
Rhymes in of the newly dubbed, 

4369
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:21,700
Knights eliciting laughter. 
Amidst, the revelry Conrad 

4370
03:47:21,700 --> 03:47:25,200
remains humble and grateful. 
He recalls the sacred vows from 

4371
03:47:25,200 --> 03:47:27,400
that morning and steals himself 
to live by them. 

4372
03:47:28,200 --> 03:47:31,000
When the Duke Stewart offers 
him, a purse of coins is the 

4373
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,300
traditional nightly gift Conrad 
quietly resolves, to use some of

4374
03:47:34,308 --> 03:47:37,100
it in arms for the poor. 
His First Act of Charity as a 

4375
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,200
knight. 
Late at night Conrad reflects on

4376
03:47:40,208 --> 03:47:43,100
the transformation of this day. 
As he dof's, his armor and 

4377
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:44,800
prepares to rest in a guest 
chamber. 

4378
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:48,100
Feeling strange, without his 
usual, place by Sir reinhard's 

4379
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:51,900
door, he entered the morning as 
a squire, and now retires as a 

4380
03:47:51,900 --> 03:47:54,400
knight with all the Privileges 
and responsibilities that 

4381
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:57,300
entails. 
With Knighthood come privileges 

4382
03:47:57,300 --> 03:48:00,400
the right to wear armor, and 
bear arms publicly to hold land 

4383
03:48:00,400 --> 03:48:03,000
in fifth and to sit at the high 
table with Lourdes. 

4384
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:07,200
However, there are also duties 
Leading Men in battle if called 

4385
03:48:07,200 --> 03:48:10,400
dispensing Justice on one's land
and serving loyally. 

4386
03:48:11,200 --> 03:48:14,000
The weight of his sword on the 
bedside rack as a reminder of 

4387
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:16,800
both. 
So Conrad sleeps deeply that 

4388
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:21,000
night, the Vigilant excitement, 
having exhausted him, unaware of

4389
03:48:21,008 --> 03:48:24,000
just how soon his nightly ideals
will be tested in the harsh 

4390
03:48:24,000 --> 03:48:27,500
reality of medieval warfare and 
politics by 1177. 

4391
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:30,400
So Conrad is serving at the 
Imperial Court of Emperor. 

4392
03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:34,000
Frederick Barbarossa here amidst
glittering, Banquets and 

4393
03:48:34,000 --> 03:48:36,000
tournaments. 
He experienced is the Pinnacle 

4394
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:39,700
of courtly civil Reece minstrels
sing of Brave Knights, and pure 

4395
03:48:39,700 --> 03:48:43,300
ladies and Conrad strives to 
exemplify those ideals. 

4396
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:47,000
He's unfailingly courteous 
Rising when Noble. 

4397
03:48:47,000 --> 03:48:50,400
Women enter speaking. 
Only with respectful words and 

4398
03:48:50,400 --> 03:48:54,100
behaving as the perfect night in
every social setting, The older 

4399
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:56,700
courtiers sometimes, chuckle 
that sir Conrad still sees the 

4400
03:48:56,700 --> 03:49:00,300
world through rose-colored 
lenses of chivalry, but they 

4401
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:03,600
admire his earnestness. at a 
grand tournament held in 

4402
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:08,000
Wurzburg Conrad has a chance to 
prove his Valor clad in shining 

4403
03:49:08,000 --> 03:49:09,800
armor. 
He rides into the lists under 

4404
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:12,100
Duke. 
Otto's Banner in one joust. 

4405
03:49:12,100 --> 03:49:13,800
He on horses. 
A seasoned opponent with a 

4406
03:49:13,800 --> 03:49:16,700
well-placed lance strike. 
Earning cheers from the crowd 

4407
03:49:16,700 --> 03:49:18,800
later. 
He restrained himself in the 

4408
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:22,400
melee, the mock battle showing 
Mercy by not striking a fall in 

4409
03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:24,700
opponent. 
His skill and honor, win him 

4410
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:27,000
recognition, the presiding 
Duchess Awards. 

4411
03:49:27,000 --> 03:49:30,400
Him a silk favoring a ribbon on 
his arm as a token of his team. 

4412
03:49:31,400 --> 03:49:35,000
Flashed with pride Conrad 
Fields, he is living the very 

4413
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:39,000
romances heard as a boy. 
Yet beneath the pageantry Conrad

4414
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:41,500
begins to notice troubling 
cracks in nightly Behavior. 

4415
03:49:42,200 --> 03:49:44,900
In whispered corners of the hall
he overhears Petty jealousies 

4416
03:49:44,900 --> 03:49:48,400
nights arguing over who deserves
more credit for a minor Skirmish

4417
03:49:48,400 --> 03:49:50,400
or who should sit closer to the 
emperor. 

4418
03:49:51,100 --> 03:49:53,700
One night, he Witnesses, two 
renowned Knights nearly draw 

4419
03:49:53,700 --> 03:49:55,400
swords at a banquet over an 
insult. 

4420
03:49:55,400 --> 03:49:59,200
Only stopping when the emperor 
himself intervenes, This 

4421
03:49:59,200 --> 03:50:02,400
bickering disappoints Conrad 
were, they not all sworn to 

4422
03:50:02,400 --> 03:50:05,500
Brotherhood and honor worse 
Conrad, learns of outright 

4423
03:50:05,500 --> 03:50:07,200
violations of the chivalric 
code. 

4424
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:11,400
A lady in waiting confides, that
a famous knight who publicly 

4425
03:50:11,400 --> 03:50:15,100
boasts of defending, the 
innocent once forced himself on 

4426
03:50:15,100 --> 03:50:17,000
a peasant girl during a past 
campaign. 

4427
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,400
Conrad is horrified. 
He realizes that not all nights 

4428
03:50:21,400 --> 03:50:24,200
live up to the high ideals, they
Proclaim chivalry. 

4429
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:28,000
He sees his often more praise 
than practiced, this realization

4430
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:30,300
hits hardest on a journey 
through the countryside. 

4431
03:50:31,100 --> 03:50:35,000
Riding between Imperial Castle's
Conrad's party passes through a 

4432
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:37,800
village recently. 
Raided by Robert Knights, the 

4433
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:40,900
houses are charred and The 
Villages mostly peasants a 

4434
03:50:40,900 --> 03:50:44,100
destitute and terrified. 
Conrad is moved to compassion 

4435
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:46,900
and urges immediate help. 
But one of his fellow, Knights 

4436
03:50:46,900 --> 03:50:49,900
merely scoffs. 
This is none of our concern and 

4437
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:51,800
suggest the peasants likely 
provoke. 

4438
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,500
The attack by withholding taxes 
and other night tosses, a few 

4439
03:50:55,508 --> 03:50:59,700
coins and rides on in different 
Conrad cannot fathom such 

4440
03:50:59,700 --> 03:51:02,700
callousness. 
He lingers to distribute food 

4441
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:04,600
from his pack and Promises The 
Villages. 

4442
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:07,300
He will report this outrage 
Catching up. 

4443
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:10,400
He challenges the other nights. 
How can they ignore their duty 

4444
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:13,500
to protect the defenseless? 
They shrug off his idealism 

4445
03:51:13,500 --> 03:51:16,700
saying a knight's first loyalty 
as to his prophet and Lord 

4446
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:20,100
Conrad rides on. 
In angry silents, his faith in 

4447
03:51:20,108 --> 03:51:24,200
the Brotherhood of nights deeply
shaken, Back at court Conrad 

4448
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:25,900
confides his worries to his 
mentor. 

4449
03:51:25,900 --> 03:51:29,600
Sir, Reinhart the older night. 
Now retired from Battle smiled. 

4450
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:33,200
Sadly and says the world is 
flawed lad be the night that 

4451
03:51:33,200 --> 03:51:36,600
others fail to be, hold yourself
to the code even if others fall 

4452
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:39,100
short. 
Taking this advice to Heart 

4453
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:43,000
Conrad intensifies, his virtue, 
he gains a quiet reputation as a

4454
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:46,400
true and gentle night. 
When other nights mock a servant

4455
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:49,200
or a gesture Conrad intervenes 
to stop the bullying. 

4456
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:53,600
When a dispute arises over a 
contested inheritance, he speaks

4457
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,400
up for a fair compromise rather 
than citing blindly with a 

4458
03:51:56,408 --> 03:51:59,300
powerful Lord. 
Summit Court, respect him for 

4459
03:51:59,300 --> 03:52:02,500
his actions While others mock 
his Scruples, but Conrad is 

4460
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:05,500
unaffected by popularity. 
He is determined to practice 

4461
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:08,200
what a piece only preached 
during this time. 

4462
03:52:08,200 --> 03:52:11,700
Conrad also experiences, the 
tenderness of courtly love, he 

4463
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:15,600
becomes enamored of Lady Adeline
a kind and gracious Noble woman.

4464
03:52:16,200 --> 03:52:18,200
There are affection is never 
openly declared. 

4465
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,900
She has promised to another but 
through exchange glance is and 

4466
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:25,400
secret Smiles, Conrad finds 
inspiration in her presence. 

4467
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:28,900
Carries her silk favor on his 
arm during jousts. 

4468
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:32,600
And imagine himself her Champion
though, their Love Remains 

4469
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:35,900
chased and unfulfilled it 
deepens Conrad's resolve to 

4470
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:39,600
uphold the Knightly virtues that
lady Adeline admirers in him. 

4471
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:43,800
The drums of War inevitably 
replaced the songs and dances of

4472
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:47,600
court. 
By the later 1170s Emperor. 

4473
03:52:47,600 --> 03:52:50,800
Barbarossa calls his vassals to 
March into Italy aiming to 

4474
03:52:50,800 --> 03:52:54,100
subdue, rebellious city-states. 
So Conrad must leave. 

4475
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:56,300
The comfort of court and test 
his principles on the 

4476
03:52:56,300 --> 03:52:59,600
battlefield. 
On the eve of departure lady 

4477
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:02,600
Adeline quietly ties. 
A small embroidered token to his

4478
03:53:02,608 --> 03:53:06,400
arm for luck Conrad bows and 
Promises to return with honor. 

4479
03:53:07,100 --> 03:53:09,800
As he rides South with the 
Imperial host, he braces himself

4480
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:13,300
for real Siege and battle. 
A place where many Knights 

4481
03:53:13,300 --> 03:53:17,000
ideals crumble Conrad prays, 
that he can carry the light of 

4482
03:53:17,000 --> 03:53:20,100
chivalry with him, into the 
coming storm, not knowing how 

4483
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:23,000
severely those ideals will be 
tried in The Crucible of war. 

4484
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:27,400
The year 1178 finds the Conrad 
engulfed in the brutal reality 

4485
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:31,000
of warfare Emperor Barbarossa 
campaign in Northern Italy, 

4486
03:53:31,000 --> 03:53:35,300
drags on and Conrad experiences.
Siege Warfare first-hand the 

4487
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:39,100
Imperial Army lays Siege to a 
rebellious Lombard City one of 

4488
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:42,500
the many Fortress 5 towns 
defying the emperor Conrad 

4489
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:45,500
stands for hours in mud and 
blood before the city walls 

4490
03:53:45,500 --> 03:53:49,600
ducking arrows and dodging 
Stones hurled by CJ engines. 

4491
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:52,600
He is exchanged. 
The silk and songs of court for 

4492
03:53:52,600 --> 03:53:55,900
the iron and screams of the 
battlefield, nothing in his 

4493
03:53:55,900 --> 03:53:59,300
training, fully prepared him for
the brutality of a protracted 

4494
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:02,300
Siege. 
The Defenders, desperate and 

4495
03:54:02,308 --> 03:54:06,200
fears rained down bolts and 
boiling water, Conrad Witnesses,

4496
03:54:06,200 --> 03:54:09,700
comrade struck down beside him. 
One night falls with a crossbow 

4497
03:54:09,700 --> 03:54:13,100
bolt through his eye and another
is crushed by a holder. 

4498
03:54:14,000 --> 03:54:17,400
Each day brings new Horrors 
under orders Conrad takes his 

4499
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:20,200
turn in the assault. 
Rotations in one attack. 

4500
03:54:20,200 --> 03:54:23,100
He climbs a Lodi amid, a storm 
of arrows and briefly. 

4501
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:26,500
Breaches The battlements Sword 
in her hair and face to face 

4502
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:29,900
with an enemy militiamen Conrad 
Perry's, a blow and would 

4503
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:32,500
reflect born of years of 
training drives his sword, into 

4504
03:54:32,500 --> 03:54:35,300
the man's side. 
The militiamen crumples. 

4505
03:54:35,300 --> 03:54:38,400
So Conrad has killed his first 
foe in single combat. 

4506
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:42,900
There is no glory in it. 
Only a numb shock as the dying 

4507
03:54:42,900 --> 03:54:46,800
man's blood spills on his male. 
Conrad remembers his vows of 

4508
03:54:46,800 --> 03:54:49,600
Mercy, but in the frenzy of 
battle there is little chance to

4509
03:54:49,600 --> 03:54:51,200
spare opponents who fight to the
death. 

4510
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:55,100
He fights on to survive and 
protect his fellow Knights all 

4511
03:54:55,100 --> 03:54:57,800
while praying quietly for the 
souls lost on both sides. 

4512
03:54:59,200 --> 03:55:02,200
After months of Siege, the 
starving City finally 

4513
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,800
surrenders. 
But instead of chivalrous 

4514
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:09,700
clemency, a Grimm spectacle 
unfolds, Despite Promises of 

4515
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:13,300
Mercy, the Victorious Imperial 
troops Loot and raise the city 

4516
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:17,000
in a frenzy of vengeance. 
Conrad watches in dismay as 

4517
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:20,100
discipline breaks down soldiers,
Rampage through the streets, 

4518
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,500
looting tormenting and burning 
everything in their path 

4519
03:55:23,500 --> 03:55:26,500
civilians. 
The very people Conrad swatted 

4520
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:30,400
fend, and not spared Conrad 
does, what little he can he 

4521
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:32,100
strikes down? 
A moral order who was about to 

4522
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:34,100
hurt. 
A trembling old man, and he 

4523
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:36,200
Shields a terrified. 
Young woman is ushering. 

4524
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:38,600
Someone into a church but so 
Conrad alone. 

4525
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,800
Cannot halt, the tide of 
Cruelty, the site's pierce, his 

4526
03:55:41,808 --> 03:55:46,100
soul families, slain in 
doorways, Holmes, in flames, and

4527
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:48,600
wounded individuals, Desperately
Seeking water. 

4528
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:51,900
The scene is not the noble 
combat of nightly romances. 

4529
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:55,200
It's a vision. 
No one should see Conrad Treads 

4530
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:58,100
over the corpses of both 
soldiers and townsfolk the City 

4531
03:55:58,100 --> 03:56:00,900
of smoking ruin. 
He Witnesses some Imperial 

4532
03:56:00,900 --> 03:56:03,900
Knights executing captive 
townspeople under the pretext of

4533
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,900
teaching a lesson Conrad feels 
more kinship with the frightened

4534
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:09,700
survivors than with these 
rampaging victors. 

4535
03:56:10,500 --> 03:56:14,100
That night Conrad tends to the 
wounded enemy and friend alike 

4536
03:56:14,100 --> 03:56:17,700
in a makeshift Camp hospital. 
He offers water to a dying 

4537
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:21,000
Italian footman, who clasps, 
Conrad's hand, weekly, and 

4538
03:56:21,000 --> 03:56:22,800
Whispers, a graze before passing
away. 

4539
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:27,100
Conrad ensures the man receives 
last rites treating him as a 

4540
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:29,200
fellow human soul, rather than a
foe. 

4541
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:33,400
Such acts of compassion stand in
stark contrast to the savagery 

4542
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:36,700
he witnessed By the end of this 
campaign, sir Conrad has 

4543
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:40,000
undergone a transformation. 
His once polished armor is 

4544
03:56:40,008 --> 03:56:43,000
dented and scarred. 
He himself Bears, a deep cut on 

4545
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:46,700
his thigh and a burn scar on his
forearm, lasting reminders of 

4546
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:49,600
these brutal campaigns. 
More profoundly. 

4547
03:56:49,600 --> 03:56:52,900
A sober understanding of the 
true nature of War has tempered 

4548
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:57,300
the idealism of his youth even. 
So Conrad's core values persist 

4549
03:56:58,100 --> 03:56:59,900
He did not descend into wanton 
cruelty. 

4550
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:03,900
He maintained honor where he 
could sparing those who yielded 

4551
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:05,900
and aiding the helpless amid 
chaos. 

4552
03:57:06,700 --> 03:57:08,400
Among the Knights Inn Barbara 
Ross was host. 

4553
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:11,300
He becomes known sometimes 
mockingly, sometimes admirably 

4554
03:57:11,300 --> 03:57:14,600
as the one who will treat a 
wounded enemy or protect a 

4555
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:17,000
peasant child. 
In an age of Terror. 

4556
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:19,700
So Conrad manages to keep a 
spark of chivalry alive. 

4557
03:57:20,500 --> 03:57:23,100
When Barbarossa finally makes 
peace with the Lombard League, 

4558
03:57:23,100 --> 03:57:26,700
Conrad is relieved. 
He survives the Italian Wars, 

4559
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:30,400
but a normal cost to his spirit.
Returning to Camp after the 

4560
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:33,100
final Siege Conrad Neal's in 
private prayer. 

4561
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:36,700
He asked God to forgive the 
atrocities committed and to 

4562
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:39,900
guide him moving forward. 
He realizes that being a true 

4563
03:57:39,900 --> 03:57:42,600
Knight in Wartime is far more 
difficult than he ever imagined.

4564
03:57:42,600 --> 03:57:45,600
It means doing what is right. 
Even when surrounded by 

4565
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:49,600
Darkness, And though he is 
scarred and weary Conrad's 

4566
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:52,400
silently, vows that he will not 
let the brutality of War 

4567
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:55,000
extinguish, the values that 
Define his Knight Hood. 

4568
03:57:55,000 --> 03:57:58,100
The third Crusades soon, gives a
Conrad a chance to seek 

4569
03:57:58,100 --> 03:57:59,600
spiritual Redemption for the 
blood. 

4570
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:04,100
He has shared In 1188, new 
spreads that Jerusalem has 

4571
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:07,100
fallen to Saladin calls for 
Crusade echo through 

4572
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:09,900
Christendom. 
Despite his exhaustion from 

4573
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:13,800
Decades of fighting Conrad takes
the cross, swearing to Journey 

4574
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:17,300
to the Holy Land to liberate the
sacred site, his both the duty, 

4575
03:58:17,300 --> 03:58:18,900
and a deeply personal 
pilgrimage. 

4576
03:58:20,500 --> 03:58:22,400
Like many nights Conrad hopes 
this. 

4577
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:24,400
Holy Endeavor will atone for 
past sins. 

4578
03:58:24,400 --> 03:58:28,400
The pope promises remission of 
sins for those who Crusade and 

4579
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:30,500
Conrad haunted by the S of the 
Lombard. 

4580
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:34,500
City craves forgiveness and in a
piece, he joins Emperor Frederic

4581
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,300
Barbara's, Mighty Army of 
Crusaders, tracking Overland 

4582
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:40,500
toward Jerusalem. 
The journey is arduous but Also 

4583
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:43,300
spiritually. 
Uplifting, the Crusaders into 

4584
03:58:43,300 --> 03:58:45,400
your hunger. 
Harsh, desert heat and 

4585
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:48,900
skirmishes with hostile forces 
which creates a challenging 

4586
03:58:48,900 --> 03:58:52,300
environment. 
Through it all Conrad acts as a 

4587
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:55,200
model of nightly piety. 
He leads evening prayers and 

4588
03:58:55,200 --> 03:58:57,400
Camp shares. 
His water with those thirstier 

4589
03:58:57,400 --> 03:59:00,400
than he and keeps the Crusades 
holy purpose in his heart. 

4590
03:59:01,600 --> 03:59:05,700
Tragedy strikes in June 11 to 90
when Emperor Barbarossa himself,

4591
03:59:05,700 --> 03:59:09,900
drowns while crossing a river in
cilicia the shock of losing 

4592
03:59:09,900 --> 03:59:13,000
their legendary leader sends 
ripples of Despair through the 

4593
03:59:13,000 --> 03:59:15,400
army. 
Conrad Mourns the emperor. 

4594
03:59:15,400 --> 03:59:18,100
Deeply, this was the same 
Frederick who had knighted him 

4595
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:19,800
and led him through so many 
battles. 

4596
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:24,400
Many disheartened Crusaders turn
back after Barbara's death, but 

4597
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:26,700
Conrad resolves to continue, on 
to the Holy Land. 

4598
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:29,900
He has sworn a sacred vow and 
will not abandon it. 

4599
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:32,400
Taking up the banner of his 
fallen and Emperor. 

4600
03:59:32,400 --> 03:59:35,700
He presses on with the remaining
German Knights and they finally 

4601
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:39,900
reach the walls of Accra on the 
coast of Palestine in mid 1191, 

4602
03:59:39,900 --> 03:59:43,200
in the siege of akara Conrad 
faces battle again. 

4603
03:59:43,200 --> 03:59:47,300
But this time in a distinctly 
religious context, the 

4604
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:49,300
atmosphere among the Crusaders 
is penitential. 

4605
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:53,100
They fight, not for Conquest, 
but in their view, for God's 

4606
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:55,300
justice. 
Conrad. 

4607
03:59:55,300 --> 03:59:57,900
Now one of the older Knights 
distinguishes himself by both 

4608
03:59:57,900 --> 04:00:01,800
courage and compassion during 
assaults on actress walls, he 

4609
04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:05,000
protects unarmed camp followers 
from enemy arrows and lifts a 

4610
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:06,900
wounded. 
Fellow Crusade onto his horse to

4611
04:00:06,900 --> 04:00:10,000
carry him out of danger. 
He also shows Mercy to defeated 

4612
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:14,200
foes, After acara capitulates. 
He prevent some vengeful 

4613
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:18,100
Crusaders from massacre in 
captive Muslim soldiers, arguing

4614
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:20,700
that killing prisoners would 
dishonor their Christian cause 

4615
04:00:20,700 --> 04:00:24,600
some nights near at Conrad's 
leniency, but others, including 

4616
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:28,000
a devout Hospital, a brother 
Praises consistency with the 

4617
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,300
Chevelle, Rick, and Christian 
ideal of Mercy, with acre taken 

4618
04:00:31,300 --> 04:00:34,700
in 1191, The Crusade largely 
succeeds in re-establishing 

4619
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:36,900
Christian control of coastal 
strongholds. 

4620
04:00:37,700 --> 04:00:40,200
Conrad finally has the 
opportunity to fulfill his 

4621
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,700
pilgrims vow to visit the holy 
city of Jerusalem, which through

4622
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:46,600
diplomacy is open to Christian 
pilgrims, even though it remains

4623
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:50,700
under Muslim control, dressed in
Humble Pilgrim, roads, rather 

4624
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:53,300
than an armor. 
So Conrad travels to Jerusalem. 

4625
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:57,100
Alongside other Knights turned 
pilgrims entering the Church of 

4626
04:00:57,100 --> 04:01:00,000
the Holy Sepulchre. 
He falls to his knees before the

4627
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:03,000
tomb of Christ. 
All the violence and hardship of

4628
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,100
his life, seemed to melt away in
that Sacred Space tears. 

4629
04:01:06,100 --> 04:01:08,100
Streamed down his face as he 
prays for forgiveness. 

4630
04:01:08,100 --> 04:01:11,500
For any innocent bloody spilled 
and for all the comrades and 

4631
04:01:11,500 --> 04:01:14,800
even enemies who lost their 
lives, he feels a profound sense

4632
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,600
of Peace wash over him. 
The burden of guilt that he has 

4633
04:01:17,608 --> 04:01:20,900
carried Lightning's. 
Conrad reverently touches what 

4634
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:24,400
is believed to be the Nativity 
site in Bethlehem each holy 

4635
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:26,200
place. 
He visits is like bar on his 

4636
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:27,700
Warrior's Soul. 
Assuring him. 

4637
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:29,300
That God's grace is still 
attainable. 

4638
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:33,200
Throughout his time in the Holy 
Land Conrad also interacts with 

4639
04:01:33,200 --> 04:01:35,000
the church's, clergy and 
Military orders. 

4640
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:38,700
He befriends a Franciscan Friar 
who serves as a Chaplain for the

4641
04:01:38,708 --> 04:01:41,900
Crusaders confessing to him the 
nightmares, that still haunt his

4642
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:44,400
Knights. 
The friar in turn gives Conrad 

4643
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:48,600
Absolution and Council violence.
Leaves scars on the soul tonight

4644
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:51,500
but acts of love and Penance 
will heal them. 

4645
04:01:52,500 --> 04:01:55,500
Conrad reflects deeply on these 
words, he spends part of his 

4646
04:01:55,500 --> 04:01:57,900
Crusader days, helping set a 
field Hospital, run by the 

4647
04:01:57,900 --> 04:02:01,800
knights, hospitaler, tending 
Sikh, pilgrims all though, this 

4648
04:02:01,800 --> 04:02:05,100
humble service of Washington's 
and distributing bread is far 

4649
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:07,500
from the glory of battle Conrad 
finds. 

4650
04:02:07,500 --> 04:02:10,300
It deeply fulfilling in caring 
for others. 

4651
04:02:10,300 --> 04:02:13,300
He reconnects with the core 
Christian virtues of Charity and

4652
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:15,600
humility that are sometimes lost
in a night scythe. 

4653
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:19,900
By 1192 so Conrad begins his 
journey home to Germany 

4654
04:02:19,900 --> 04:02:23,600
spiritually, renewed. 
He returns with a few keepsakes 

4655
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,300
from the holy land and more 
importantly with a heart that 

4656
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:29,800
feels cleansed Through the 
trials of crusade and pilgrimage

4657
04:02:29,800 --> 04:02:33,200
he believes, God has granted him
forgiveness and a chance to live

4658
04:02:33,200 --> 04:02:35,700
in you. 
The Aging Knight rides back to 

4659
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:38,500
his homeland, not in Triumph, 
but in quiet, contemplation 

4660
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:41,400
determined to spend his 
remaining years living out the 

4661
04:02:41,408 --> 04:02:44,700
lessons of mercy and devotion. 
He learned on this, holy Journey

4662
04:02:44,700 --> 04:02:47,100
returning home to Germany in the
1190. 

4663
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:49,900
So Conrad finds a realm in 
political turmoil. 

4664
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:53,400
Emperor, Barbara Ross's death 
has been followed by disputes 

4665
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,500
over the crown rival. 
Factions of Noble support 

4666
04:02:56,500 --> 04:03:00,000
different claimants, one side 
backs, Barber of his son, the 

4667
04:03:00,000 --> 04:03:03,000
hohenstein are and another backs
are wealth Prince. 

4668
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:05,500
The once. 
United Empire fractures into 

4669
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:09,100
camps as a knight, who served 
the Empire Faithfully for 

4670
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:11,800
decades Conrad is dismayed to 
see former comrades prepared to 

4671
04:03:11,808 --> 04:03:15,100
fight each other for power. 
Conrad's loyalty is tested when 

4672
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:18,600
his Lord pressures him to 
support rival, claimant, Conrad 

4673
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,100
refuses. 
He will not betray the oath he 

4674
04:03:21,100 --> 04:03:22,800
swore to what he sees as the 
rightful King. 

4675
04:03:23,500 --> 04:03:26,400
His principled, Stan, nearly 
cost him his lands and makes him

4676
04:03:26,400 --> 04:03:28,700
powerful enemies, but Conrad 
holds fast. 

4677
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:32,100
While men are other Knights 
compromise, their honor, The 

4678
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,800
conflict that ensues a brief 
Civil War plungers, the land 

4679
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:38,300
into chaos. 
Without a strong central 

4680
04:03:38,300 --> 04:03:41,700
Authority, Robert Barron spring 
upper cross Germany, taking 

4681
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:45,600
advantage of the disorder, bands
of Rogue Knights fortified 

4682
04:03:45,600 --> 04:03:49,400
castle and extort travels and 
peasants. people say that 

4683
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:53,100
Germany descends into a state of
near Anarchy, where robber 

4684
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,600
barons operate without 
opposition So Conrad, now, in 

4685
04:03:56,600 --> 04:03:59,100
his 50s can do little to 
influence Imperial politics. 

4686
04:03:59,100 --> 04:04:01,800
But he becomes a pillar of 
stability in his district. 

4687
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:05,700
When local Knights viewed or 
prey on Merchant, Caravans 

4688
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:09,600
Conrad intervenes as a mediator,
his reputation for honesty as 

4689
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:13,100
well established, by this point,
both commoners and Nobles trust 

4690
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:16,100
his counsel. 
On more than one occasion Conrad

4691
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:17,700
rides out to confront a 
marauding. 

4692
04:04:17,700 --> 04:04:22,000
Rao Brita, Robert Knight, who 
has been terrorizing villages on

4693
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:23,900
one occasion a rush young. 
Robin Knight challenges. 

4694
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,500
Him only to be swiftly disarmed 
and shamed into repentance by 

4695
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:30,800
the veteran. 
Word of so Conrad Fearless stand

4696
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:34,300
against lawlessness. 
Spreads to peasants, he become 

4697
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:37,500
something of a folk hero, the 
Aging night to still protects 

4698
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:41,500
them when others exploit them. 
Despite the chaos Conrad never 

4699
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:45,400
loses sight of the chivalric 
code, he advises the local Abbey

4700
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:48,900
and Town Council on how to 
fortify against brigands without

4701
04:04:48,900 --> 04:04:52,700
the cells committing excess. 
He hosts peace talks between 

4702
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:56,400
quarreling minor Lords invoking.
The old ideals of Knighthood to 

4703
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:58,700
shame them for shedding the 
blood of fellow Christians. 

4704
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:01,600
While heathens nearly conquered 
the Holy Land, not long ago. 

4705
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:06,400
Some heed his words others do 
not Nevertheless Conrad's 

4706
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:10,000
presence is a stabilizing Force.
So Conrad's conduct shines. 

4707
04:05:10,000 --> 04:05:12,700
All the more brightly in an era 
where many nights tarnish their 

4708
04:05:12,700 --> 04:05:16,800
name with greed or cruelty, 
civil Strife, subsides by 12:00 

4709
04:05:16,800 --> 04:05:18,800
marking, the recognition of a 
new emperor. 

4710
04:05:18,800 --> 04:05:22,700
The young Frederick the second 
tired of war and intrigues a 

4711
04:05:22,700 --> 04:05:24,800
Conrad finally retires from 
Royal Service. 

4712
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,400
He formally resigned his command
turning over his duties to 

4713
04:05:28,408 --> 04:05:31,100
younger Knights. 
Many of those younger men grew 

4714
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:32,900
up. 
Idolizing Conrad's Deeds. 

4715
04:05:32,900 --> 04:05:34,700
He spends. 
Time, teaching them. 

4716
04:05:34,700 --> 04:05:37,600
The true Knight hood is not 
about ambition or ruthlessness 

4717
04:05:37,600 --> 04:05:41,100
but about loyalty Justice and 
restraint. 

4718
04:05:42,100 --> 04:05:46,400
Now in his early 60s, an old man
by medieval standards Conrad 

4719
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:50,100
feels the weight of years. 
His joints ache from Old Wounds 

4720
04:05:50,100 --> 04:05:52,700
and long rides. 
He walks with a slight limp. 

4721
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:55,900
A crusader Turks Arrow owned 
that never fully healed. 

4722
04:05:56,800 --> 04:06:00,100
Yet his mind remained sharp, and
his Spirit Resolute in these 

4723
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:03,000
Twilight years. 
Conrad focuses on his legacy. 

4724
04:06:03,700 --> 04:06:06,300
He strengthens the management of
his estate to ensure his 

4725
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:08,000
peasants are protected and 
prosperous. 

4726
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:11,800
He quietly find out his, the 
rebuilding of a village church. 

4727
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:14,000
That was burned by Raiders 
during the dark times 

4728
04:06:14,000 --> 04:06:16,600
considering at an act of 
Thanksgiving for his survival. 

4729
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:20,800
With Imperial peace, restored, 
Conrad can at last laid down his

4730
04:06:20,800 --> 04:06:23,300
sword. 
He spends his days quietly over 

4731
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:26,300
seeing his lands, defending the 
weak in his jurisdiction and 

4732
04:06:26,300 --> 04:06:28,400
Advising his neighbors in 
matters of Justice. 

4733
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:31,400
The younger knights in the 
region often seek his counsel 

4734
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:34,900
and many saluting respectful, 
whenever he appears a living 

4735
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:36,900
legend of integration in their 
midst. 

4736
04:06:36,900 --> 04:06:40,200
Looking Back, Sir Conrad 
realizes that his life's true 

4737
04:06:40,200 --> 04:06:42,100
battles. 
Were often not determined by 

4738
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:45,700
swords, but by the moral 
decisions, he made, He is 

4739
04:06:45,700 --> 04:06:47,700
outlived most of his 
contemporaries and witnessed the

4740
04:06:47,708 --> 04:06:51,000
worst and best of Knight Hood. 
Though, the Holy Roman Empire 

4741
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:55,000
will always have its Strife, 
Conrad steadfast example as 

4742
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:57,200
influenced a generation in his 
corner of the world. 

4743
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:01,000
And as he settles into a 
well-deserved, retirement, he 

4744
04:07:01,000 --> 04:07:02,500
does. 
So with his honor intact. 

4745
04:07:02,500 --> 04:07:05,500
And his conscience, clear, 
having navigated, the shifting 

4746
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:08,600
tides of politics and War 
without compromising the 

4747
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:13,000
Knightly virtues that Define his
very being in the year 1215, sir

4748
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:15,900
Conrad a venerable night of 
about 70 seats by the half of 

4749
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:18,500
his manner. 
His hair is white and His Hands 

4750
04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:21,300
tremble slightly but his gazes 
warm and clear. 

4751
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:25,100
He spends his days in peaceful 
routine, walking among his 

4752
04:07:25,100 --> 04:07:28,700
Fields, praying in the small 
Chapel Hill years ago and 

4753
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:31,000
sharing stories with his 
grandchildren and Squires. 

4754
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:35,300
He has become a beloved 
patriarch in his community, With

4755
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,600
his legacy in mind Conrad makes 
sure to transmit the values he 

4756
04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:41,500
upheld. 
He has trained his only son now 

4757
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,200
a night in his prime to be just 
and compassionate. 

4758
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:48,300
In a small private ceremony 
Conrad even had the honor of 

4759
04:07:48,308 --> 04:07:51,100
dubbing his son a night tapping.
The young man's shoulder with 

4760
04:07:51,100 --> 04:07:54,700
the same sword Duke Otto had 
once placed on him, the circle 

4761
04:07:54,700 --> 04:07:57,700
of Knighthood, from father to 
son gives Conrad immense 

4762
04:07:57,700 --> 04:08:00,900
satisfaction. 
As the years press on Conrad 

4763
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:04,000
feels his strength. 
Fading one, winter persistent 

4764
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:06,900
cough, lays him low. 
He takes a bed in the sun where 

4765
04:08:06,900 --> 04:08:09,800
sunlight Falls, gently on 
tapestries depicting, saintly 

4766
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:13,400
nights, sensing that his final 
days are near Conrad arranges 

4767
04:08:13,400 --> 04:08:17,000
his affairs with calm Clarity. 
He sends messages of farewell 

4768
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:19,300
and forgiveness to his old 
friends and even to his old 

4769
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:23,000
rivals, wishing that. 
No bitterness remain a fryer, 

4770
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:26,200
comes to administer the last 
rites Conrad confesses, whatever

4771
04:08:26,200 --> 04:08:29,600
ways on his soul mercifully 
little for he has lived up 

4772
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:34,000
rightly and receives absolution.
His family and a few Brothers in

4773
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:39,100
Arms gather at his bedside son. 
Now an Old Knight himself is 

4774
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:42,500
there holding Conrad's hand in 
his last hours. 

4775
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,400
So Conrad addresses. 
His son and the young Squires 

4776
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:49,800
present His voice is weak but 
Resolute, he reminds them that 

4777
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,200
Knighthood is not about Glory, 
but Duty. 

4778
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,700
Remember, he rasped softly, a 
knight's honor is worth more 

4779
04:08:56,700 --> 04:08:59,900
than his sword. 
Protect the innocent be devout 

4780
04:08:59,900 --> 04:09:02,600
and true, and you will have a 
life worthy of praise. 

4781
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:06,800
Tears glisten, in many eyes as 
the dying night in Parts. 

4782
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:10,600
This wisdom with a faint smile 
Conrad asks his son to bring him

4783
04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:12,500
his old sword and shield one 
last time. 

4784
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:17,500
Despite his inability to lift 
them Conrad gazes proudly at The

4785
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:21,400
Familiar arms in his hands. 
He's battered pieces of Steel 

4786
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:23,400
and wood. 
Other Witnesses of his long 

4787
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:25,600
journey. 
From the eager page, who first 

4788
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:28,400
polished that Shield to the 
seasoned Warrior, Who Bore it 

4789
04:09:28,408 --> 04:09:31,900
through, countless trials. 
So Conrad breathes, a final 

4790
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:33,400
prayer. 
He thanks. 

4791
04:09:33,400 --> 04:09:37,200
God for guiding him and humbly 
prays that he might be welcomed 

4792
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:39,200
into heaven. 
Not by my Deeds Lord. 

4793
04:09:39,900 --> 04:09:43,700
But by thy mercy. 
As his family, murmurs amen, 

4794
04:09:43,700 --> 04:09:48,200
Conrad closes his eyes, a final 
breath escapes, his lips, and 

4795
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:51,900
the life of this good night, 
quietly ends, he passes away 

4796
04:09:51,900 --> 04:09:55,200
surrounded by love and respect 
with his sword still resting in 

4797
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:57,700
his hand. 
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 

4798
04:09:57,700 --> 04:09:59,600
Spreads through the region 
though. 

4799
04:09:59,600 --> 04:10:02,000
He was not a prince or famous 
General the morning as 

4800
04:10:02,000 --> 04:10:05,300
widespread peasants liked 
candles for the night, to 

4801
04:10:05,300 --> 04:10:08,400
defended them, the local Abbott 
ordered the church bells tolled 

4802
04:10:08,400 --> 04:10:13,500
at midday in Conrad's on a at 
his modest funeral Villages and 

4803
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,200
Nobles stand side, by side in 
the small church, he helped 

4804
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:19,800
rebuild The choir's, final 
Requiem leaves, no one unmoved 

4805
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:23,500
as his custom Conrad shield, 
emblazoned with his coat of 

4806
04:10:23,508 --> 04:10:26,600
arms, is hung high on a pillow 
inside the church to commemorate

4807
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:28,600
him. 
Those who attend the service 

4808
04:10:28,600 --> 04:10:31,400
whisper that the world feels 
poorer without sir, Conrad 

4809
04:10:31,400 --> 04:10:34,200
steady presence. 
Yet his legacy lives on in the 

4810
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:36,300
lives. 
He touched his son carries 

4811
04:10:36,300 --> 04:10:37,800
forward, his lineage and his 
principles. 

4812
04:10:37,800 --> 04:10:42,500
Governing their lands kindly. 
The squires trained under Conrad

4813
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:45,400
were called his teachings. 
When they themselves face moral 

4814
04:10:45,400 --> 04:10:48,500
dilemmas in taverns and great 
Halls alike. 

4815
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:52,600
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse
about Conrad the constant, the 

4816
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:55,700
gentle night, who remain true 
from youth to old age? 

4817
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,400
The tale of his life full of 
hardship and triumphed out and 

4818
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,000
Faith War and Peace becomes an 
example to others. 

4819
04:11:02,000 --> 04:11:06,200
Thus ends at Conrad's story. 
He journeyed from a bright-eyed 

4820
04:11:06,200 --> 04:11:09,100
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom, navigating a changing 

4821
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,600
world without forsaking his 
ideals, in an age of violence 

4822
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:15,000
and uncertainty. 
He proved that a knight's true. 

4823
04:11:15,000 --> 04:11:16,800
Greatness lies, not in the 
battles, he wins. 

4824
04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:20,400
But in the honor, compassion and
faithfulness with which he lives

4825
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:24,400
and dies in the year 1215, sir 
Conrad a venerable night of 

4826
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:26,600
about 76 by the half of his 
manner. 

4827
04:11:26,600 --> 04:11:29,500
His hair is white and His Hands 
tremble slightly. 

4828
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:33,700
But his gaze is warm and clear, 
he spends his days and peaceful 

4829
04:11:33,700 --> 04:11:37,100
routine walking among his 
Fields, praying in the small 

4830
04:11:37,100 --> 04:11:39,900
Chapel Hill years ago and 
sharing stories with his 

4831
04:11:39,900 --> 04:11:42,700
grandchildren and Squires. 
He has become a beloved 

4832
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:47,100
patriarch in his community, with
his legacy in mind Conrad, make 

4833
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:49,000
sure to transmit the values he 
upheld. 

4834
04:11:49,700 --> 04:11:53,600
He has trained his only son now 
a night in his prime to be just 

4835
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:56,800
and compassionate. 
In a small private ceremony 

4836
04:11:56,800 --> 04:11:59,500
Conrad even had the honor of 
dubbing his son, a knight 

4837
04:11:59,500 --> 04:12:01,400
tapping. 
The young man shoulder with the 

4838
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:04,900
same sword Duke Otto had. 
Once placed on him, the circle 

4839
04:12:04,900 --> 04:12:07,800
of Knight Hood from father to 
son, gives Conrad immense 

4840
04:12:07,800 --> 04:12:11,200
satisfaction. 
As the years press on Conrad 

4841
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:14,200
feels his strength. 
Fading one winter, a persistent 

4842
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,100
cough, lays him low. 
He takes a bed in the sun where 

4843
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:20,100
sunlight Falls, gently on 
tapestries depicting, saintly 

4844
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:23,600
nights, sensing that his final 
days are near Conrad arranges 

4845
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:27,300
his affairs with calm Clarity. 
He sends messages of farewell 

4846
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:29,500
and forgiveness to his old 
friends and even to his old 

4847
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,100
rivals, wishing that. 
No bitterness remain. 

4848
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:36,100
A fryer, comes to administer. 
The last rites Conrad confesses,

4849
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:39,700
whatever ways on his soul 
mercifully, little for his lived

4850
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:41,700
up rightly and receives 
absolution. 

4851
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:45,600
His family and a few Brothers in
Arms gather at his bedside. 

4852
04:12:45,600 --> 04:12:50,200
So reinhardt's son now an Old 
Knight himself is there holding 

4853
04:12:50,200 --> 04:12:54,100
Conrad's hand in his last hours 
a Conrad addresses. 

4854
04:12:54,100 --> 04:12:57,700
His son and the young Squires 
present His voice is weak but 

4855
04:12:57,700 --> 04:13:01,500
Resolute he reminds them that 
night hood is not about Glory, 

4856
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:05,800
but Duty. 
Remember you asked softly, a 

4857
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:07,500
knight's honor is worth more 
than his sword. 

4858
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:11,600
Protect the innocent we devout 
and true and you will have a 

4859
04:13:11,600 --> 04:13:15,800
life worthy of praise Tears 
glisten in many eyes as the 

4860
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,000
dying Knight in Parts. 
This wizard with a faint smile 

4861
04:13:19,000 --> 04:13:22,200
Conrad asks his son to bring him
his old sword and shield one 

4862
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:25,200
last time. 
Despite his inability to lift 

4863
04:13:25,200 --> 04:13:29,200
them Conrad gazes proudly at The
Familiar arms in his hands. 

4864
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:33,300
These battered pieces of Steel 
and wood are the witnesses of 

4865
04:13:33,300 --> 04:13:35,800
his long journey. 
From the eager page, who first 

4866
04:13:35,800 --> 04:13:38,600
polished that Shield to the 
seasoned Warrior Who Bore it 

4867
04:13:38,600 --> 04:13:42,200
through countless trials. 
So Conrad breathes, a final 

4868
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:43,700
prayer. 
He thanks. 

4869
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:47,300
God for guiding him and humbly 
prays that he might be welcomed 

4870
04:13:47,300 --> 04:13:49,500
into heaven. 
Not by my Deeds Lord. 

4871
04:13:50,100 --> 04:13:53,900
But by thy mercy. 
As his family, murmurs amen, 

4872
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:58,400
Conrad closes his eyes, a final 
breath escapes, his lips, and 

4873
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:02,100
the life of this good night, 
quietly ends, he passes away 

4874
04:14:02,100 --> 04:14:05,400
surrounded by love and respect 
with his sword still resting in 

4875
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:07,900
his hand. 
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 

4876
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:09,800
Spreads through the region 
though. 

4877
04:14:09,800 --> 04:14:12,400
He was not a prince or famous 
General the morning as white 

4878
04:14:12,400 --> 04:14:14,900
bread. 
Peasants light candles for the 

4879
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:18,000
night, to defended them, the 
local Abbott ordered the church 

4880
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:20,200
bells. 
Hold it at midday in Conrad's on

4881
04:14:20,200 --> 04:14:23,500
her. 
At his modest funeral villagers 

4882
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:26,300
and Nobles stand side by side in
the small church he helped 

4883
04:14:26,300 --> 04:14:29,100
rebuild the quiet final Requiem 
leaves. 

4884
04:14:29,100 --> 04:14:33,000
No one on moved as his custom 
Conrad shield in blazoned with 

4885
04:14:33,008 --> 04:14:35,400
his coat. 
Of arms is hung high on a pillow

4886
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:37,000
inside the church to commemorate
him. 

4887
04:14:37,600 --> 04:14:40,100
Those who attend the service 
whisper that the world feels 

4888
04:14:40,100 --> 04:14:42,300
poorer without sir, Conrad 
steady presence. 

4889
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:44,800
Yet his legacy lives on in the 
lives. 

4890
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:47,500
He touched his son carries 
forward, his lineage and his 

4891
04:14:47,500 --> 04:14:50,000
principles. 
Governing their lands kindly. 

4892
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:53,600
The squires trained under Conrad
recalled his teachings. 

4893
04:14:53,600 --> 04:14:58,000
When they themselves face moral 
dilemmas, In taverns and great 

4894
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:00,900
Halls alike. 
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse

4895
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,500
about Conrad. 
The constant, the gentle night, 

4896
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:06,000
who remain true from youth to 
old age? 

4897
04:15:06,800 --> 04:15:09,400
The tale of his life full of 
hardship and Triumph doubt and 

4898
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:12,200
Faith War and Peace becomes an 
example to others. 

4899
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:16,300
Thus ends are Conrad story he 
journeyed from a bright-eyed 

4900
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:18,000
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom. 

4901
04:15:18,000 --> 04:15:21,900
Navigating a changing world 
without forsaking his ideals, in

4902
04:15:21,900 --> 04:15:23,400
an age of violence and 
uncertainty. 

4903
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,000
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

4904
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:28,900
battles, he wins. 
But in the honor, compassion, 

4905
04:15:28,900 --> 04:15:31,100
and faithfulness with which he 
lives and dies. 

4906
04:15:36,100 --> 04:15:38,900
The first thing you notice about
waking up in Old Kyoto's, the 

4907
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,400
quality of light. 
Your lie on to Tammy mats in a 

4908
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:44,700
room where the morning sun 
filters through Shoji screens. 

4909
04:15:45,500 --> 04:15:48,300
Those ingenious paper windows, 
that transform harsh daylight 

4910
04:15:48,300 --> 04:15:52,300
into something, soft and golden 
like honey being poor through 

4911
04:15:52,300 --> 04:15:55,200
cheese cloth. 
The light doesn't burst into 

4912
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:59,800
your room demanding attention. 
Instead it seeps in gradually 

4913
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:02,100
encouraging, you to wake up 
slowly. 

4914
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:05,600
And naturally the way humans did
for thousands of years before 

4915
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:08,200
alarm clocks came along to jolta
into Consciousness. 

4916
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:11,700
Your bed isn't really a bed at 
all, but a collection of thick 

4917
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,900
cotton mattresses called futon 
that you spread out each night 

4918
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:18,000
and fold away each morning. 
It surprisingly comfortable. 

4919
04:16:18,000 --> 04:16:21,100
Once you get used to it though, 
you might find yourself missing 

4920
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:22,800
your box spring for the first 
few nights. 

4921
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:26,400
The Japanese have this wonderful
philosophy that you're living. 

4922
04:16:26,408 --> 04:16:29,600
Space should be flexible 
transforming from bedroom to 

4923
04:16:29,600 --> 04:16:32,000
sitting room to dining room as 
needed throughout the day. 

4924
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:35,700
It's like living in a very Zen 
Swiss army knife where every 

4925
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:38,500
surface serves multiple purposes
and nothing is wasted. 

4926
04:16:38,500 --> 04:16:40,800
The tatami mats beneath your 
futon. 

4927
04:16:40,800 --> 04:16:44,600
Feel cool and slightly springy 
under your feet woven from Rush.

4928
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:46,800
Grass, that still carries the 
faintest center of the 

4929
04:16:46,800 --> 04:16:50,600
countryside where it grew These 
maps are works of art in their 

4930
04:16:50,600 --> 04:16:53,400
own right. 
Each one precisely measured and 

4931
04:16:53,400 --> 04:16:56,100
fitted to create perfect 
geometric patterns on the floor.

4932
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:00,900
They're also natural air 
purifiers absorbing humidity in 

4933
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:04,300
summer and releasing it in 
winter, helping to regulate the 

4934
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:07,400
temperature and air quality in 
your room without any mechanical

4935
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:10,000
systems at all. 
As you fold your bedding and 

4936
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:13,000
store it in the built-in closets
and other Marvel of efficient 

4937
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:15,700
design, you can hear your 
neighbor's beginning their day. 

4938
04:17:15,700 --> 04:17:19,100
The sound of wooden shutters 
sliding open, Echoes down the 

4939
04:17:19,100 --> 04:17:22,600
street like a gentle percussion 
section warming up followed by 

4940
04:17:22,600 --> 04:17:25,200
the soft splash of water. 
As people wash, their faces, in 

4941
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:28,100
wooden basins, there's no 
turning on a faucet here. 

4942
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:31,400
Water has to be drawn from 
Wells, or carried, from nearby 

4943
04:17:31,400 --> 04:17:34,700
streams in wooden buckets that 
have been worn Smooth by 

4944
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:37,200
countless hands. 
Over the years, the morning air 

4945
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:40,000
carries the center of charcoal 
fires, being letting clay 

4946
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:41,200
braziers throughout the 
neighborhood. 

4947
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:44,700
You'll need to light your own 
soon because there's no Central 

4948
04:17:44,700 --> 04:17:48,400
Heating in Old Kyoto, just small
Hibachi heaters that provide 

4949
04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:51,100
concentrated warmth exactly 
where you need it. 

4950
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,700
In Winter people become 
connoisseurs of charcoal, 

4951
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:58,000
learning to distinguish between 
different types and how to 

4952
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:00,600
arrange them for maximum heat 
with minimum smoke. 

4953
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:03,600
Its cozy in the way that camping
can be cozy. 

4954
04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:05,500
Except this is your everyday 
life. 

4955
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:08,200
And you've gotten quite good at 
the delicate art of fire 

4956
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:11,400
management, the ritual of 
lighting, your Hibachi becomes a

4957
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:14,800
meditation in itself. 
First, you arrange, the charcoal

4958
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:17,700
pieces, like a small 
architectural project creating 

4959
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:20,000
channels for airflow and heat 
distribution. 

4960
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:23,800
Then comes the careful 
application of flame watching as

4961
04:18:23,800 --> 04:18:26,600
the charcoal catches and begins 
to Glow with that distinctive, 

4962
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:29,100
red, orange color. 
That means warmth and comfort. 

4963
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:33,500
The whole process requires 
patience and attention qualities

4964
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,300
that Modern Life doesn't often 
demand, but which were essential

4965
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:39,300
skills in Old Kyoto. 
Your clothing for the day is 

4966
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:42,100
laid out in neat, piles layers 
upon layers. 

4967
04:18:42,100 --> 04:18:44,600
That would make an onion jealous
in Old. 

4968
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:46,700
Kyoto. 
Fashion was all about, layering 

4969
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:50,400
partly for warmth and partly to 
show off your taste and wealth 

4970
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:53,500
through the subtle interplay of 
colors, peeking out of the 

4971
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:56,200
sleeves and hem. 
If you're a woman, you might 

4972
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:58,200
wear up to 12 layers of silk 
robes. 

4973
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,500
Each one carefully, chosen to 
complement the others in 

4974
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:04,800
combinations that have poetic 
names like evening, cherry 

4975
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:09,300
blossoms, or Autumn mountain or 
first snow on Pine the art of 

4976
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:11,100
layering. 
These robes is incredibly 

4977
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:13,600
sophisticated. 
Requiring, not just an 

4978
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,700
understanding of color theory 
but also knowledge of seasonal, 

4979
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:18,400
appropriateness and social 
context. 

4980
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:22,100
He wouldn't wear spring 
combinations in Autumn any more 

4981
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:25,100
than you'd wear summer colors in
Winter and the way the layers 

4982
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:28,300
are arranged which colors show 
at the wrists, how much of each 

4983
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:31,700
layer is visible at the Hem, 
communicates subtle messages 

4984
04:19:31,700 --> 04:19:35,000
about your education, your 
family background, and your 

4985
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:37,500
understanding of aesthetic 
principles that were as complex 

4986
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:41,100
as any modern dress code. 
If you're a man, your outfit is 

4987
04:19:41,100 --> 04:19:42,900
somewhat simpler, but no less 
thoughtful. 

4988
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:45,700
You'll wear a suit. 
A simple robe. 

4989
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:48,900
That's the ancestor of the 
modern kimono under a hakama 

4990
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:51,800
wide leg trousers that look, 
remarkably like a very 

4991
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:55,200
sophisticated skirt and perhaps 
a hairy jacket over the top. 

4992
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:58,400
The whole ensemble is held 
together with various chords and

4993
04:19:58,408 --> 04:20:01,700
sashes and getting dressed feels
a bit like wrapping yourself in 

4994
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,300
a very elegant origami project 
that somehow manages to be both 

4995
04:20:05,300 --> 04:20:06,900
formal and comfortable at the 
same time. 

4996
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:10,500
But here's the thing about all 
these layers, they're not just 

4997
04:20:10,500 --> 04:20:14,400
for show or Traditions sake old.
Kyoto can be brutally cold in 

4998
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:17,500
winter with temperatures that 
drop below freezing and 

4999
04:20:17,500 --> 04:20:20,900
sweltering, humid in summer when
the heat seems to press down on 

5000
04:20:20,900 --> 04:20:24,900
the city like a wet blanket. 
These loose layered, garments 

5001
04:20:24,900 --> 04:20:26,200
are actually brilliant at 
helping. 

5002
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:28,300
You regulate your body 
temperature throughout the day, 

5003
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:32,700
you can add or remove layers as 
needed open or closed, various 

5004
04:20:32,700 --> 04:20:36,300
gaps to let air flow through and
the natural fibers breathe in 

5005
04:20:36,300 --> 04:20:37,800
away. 
That makes even the summer heat 

5006
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:40,900
bearable. 
Well, mostly bearable, the 

5007
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:44,000
Fabrics themselves are marvels 
of traditional technology. 

5008
04:20:44,000 --> 04:20:47,200
The silk is so fine. 
It feels like liquid between 

5009
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:50,400
your fingers, died with colors. 
That seem to glow from within 

5010
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:55,000
The cotton is woven so tightly, 
it's almost windproof yet. 

5011
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:56,900
It still allows moisture to pass
through. 

5012
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:00,500
And the hemp used for every day.
Clothing is surprisingly soft 

5013
04:21:00,500 --> 04:21:03,800
and durable getting better with 
each washing and it develops a 

5014
04:21:03,800 --> 04:21:06,100
texture that's almost sensual 
against your skin. 

5015
04:21:06,100 --> 04:21:10,200
Once your dressed, it's time for
breakfast which an old Kyoto was

5016
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:12,200
a much simpler Affair than you 
might expect. 

5017
04:21:12,200 --> 04:21:15,300
But no less. 
Satisfying Rice, of course, 

5018
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:19,200
forms, the foundation of every 
meal, but not the fluffy white 

5019
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:21,200
rice. 
You might be thinking of, this 

5020
04:21:21,200 --> 04:21:24,400
is a hearty slightly sticky 
variety that fills you up and 

5021
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:26,700
gives you energy for the 
physical demands of the day 

5022
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,000
ahead. 
The rice is cooked in wooden 

5023
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:32,500
Steamers, over charcoal fires 
and the process fills your house

5024
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:35,600
with a warm nutty Aroma that is 
better than any breakfast 

5025
04:21:35,600 --> 04:21:36,900
advertisement. 
You've ever smelled. 

5026
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:40,200
Alongside the rice, you might 
have some pickled vegetables 

5027
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:43,800
cucumbers or radishes that have 
been sitting in salt and rice 

5028
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:46,900
bran for days or even weeks 
until they've developed that 

5029
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,300
perfect. 
Sour crunch that wakes up your 

5030
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:51,200
taste buds better than any cup 
of coffee. 

5031
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:53,700
These pickles aren't just 
condiments. 

5032
04:21:53,700 --> 04:21:56,700
They're essential sources of 
probiotics and vitamins. 

5033
04:21:56,700 --> 04:21:59,900
This during the winter months. 
When fresh vegetables are 

5034
04:21:59,900 --> 04:22:03,700
scarce, each family has their 
own pickle recipes passed down 

5035
04:22:03,700 --> 04:22:06,700
through generations and guarded 
as carefully as any trade 

5036
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:08,700
secret. 
There might be some miso soup 

5037
04:22:08,700 --> 04:22:10,400
made from fermented soybean 
paste. 

5038
04:22:10,400 --> 04:22:12,800
That tastes nothing like what 
you'd expect from its rather 

5039
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:16,300
unpromising description. 
It's deeply Savory and warming 

5040
04:22:16,300 --> 04:22:20,100
with bits of seaweed or tofu 
floating in the broth like tiny 

5041
04:22:20,100 --> 04:22:23,300
islands of flavor. 
The Miso itself is aged in 

5042
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:26,600
wooden barrels for months or 
even years, developing complex 

5043
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:30,000
flavors that range from sweet 
and Mild to Rich and almost 

5044
04:22:30,000 --> 04:22:32,700
cheese. 
Like a good miso soup is like a 

5045
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:35,400
warm hug in a bowl. 
Providing, both comfort and 

5046
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:37,100
nourishment. 
As you prepare for the day 

5047
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:39,900
ahead, and if you're lucky, 
there might be some grilled 

5048
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:42,300
fish. 
Probably caught from Lake biwa 

5049
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:45,400
about an hour's walk to the east
or from the rivers that wine 

5050
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:46,800
through the surrounding 
mountains. 

5051
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:50,100
The fish is grilled over 
charcoal until the skin is 

5052
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:53,000
crispy and the Flash flakes 
apart with your chopsticks. 

5053
04:22:53,000 --> 04:22:56,700
Releasing delicate flavors that 
speak of clean water and careful

5054
04:22:56,700 --> 04:22:58,700
preparation. 
The interesting thing about 

5055
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:02,400
meals in Old Kyoto is that their
eating on the floor around a low

5056
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:05,300
table called a szabadi with 
everyone using Chopsticks. 

5057
04:23:05,300 --> 04:23:07,900
That feel surprisingly natural 
in your hands after a few days 

5058
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:11,200
of practice, There's something 
meditative about eating this 

5059
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:13,100
way. 
Something that makes you slow 

5060
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:15,800
down and actually taste your 
food instead of mindlessly 

5061
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:18,600
consuming it while distracted by
other activities. 

5062
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:22,200
The low table creates an 
intimate atmosphere where 

5063
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:25,200
conversations flow naturally and
everyone feels equally included 

5064
04:23:25,200 --> 04:23:27,900
in the meal. 
The Chopsticks themselves a 

5065
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:31,700
works of art carved from bamboo 
or fine, would perfectly 

5066
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:34,600
balanced in your hand and 
surprisingly versatile. 

5067
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:37,800
Once you learn how to use them 
properly, they can pick up a 

5068
04:23:37,808 --> 04:23:41,300
single grain of rice or grasp. 
A slippery piece of fish with 

5069
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:44,700
equal ease and using them 
becomes almost automatic after a

5070
04:23:44,700 --> 04:23:46,800
while. 
Like anywhere designed tool that

5071
04:23:46,800 --> 04:23:49,100
eventually feels like an 
extension of your own body. 

5072
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:52,500
After breakfast, you step 
outside into the Maze of Kyoto 

5073
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:55,300
streets, and this is where the 
real Adventure begins. 

5074
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,400
The city is laid out in a grid 
pattern borrowed from the 

5075
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:03,100
Chinese capital of changa, but 
unlike modern cities with their 

5076
04:24:03,100 --> 04:24:06,300
wide boulevards and traffic 
lights, these streets are narrow

5077
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:08,900
and intimate. 
The main thoroughfares are wide 

5078
04:24:08,900 --> 04:24:12,000
enough for Oxnard carts and the 
occasional procession of nobles.

5079
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,000
But many of the residential 
streets are barely wide enough 

5080
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:16,600
for two people to pass 
comfortably. 

5081
04:24:16,600 --> 04:24:20,300
Creating a sense of coziness 
that both welcoming and slightly

5082
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:22,700
mysterious. 
The house is line up along the 

5083
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:26,400
streets like books on a shelf. 
Each one sharing walls with its 

5084
04:24:26,400 --> 04:24:29,400
neighbors but maintaining its 
own distinct character through 

5085
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:33,100
subtle differences. 
In roofline entrance design all 

5086
04:24:33,100 --> 04:24:37,100
the arrangement of small 
Guardians Privacy isn't achieved

5087
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,000
through distance as it might be 
in more spread out places. 

5088
04:24:40,000 --> 04:24:44,000
But through clever architecture 
and an intricate social code 

5089
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:47,400
that allows people to live cheek
by jowl without driving each 

5090
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:49,800
other crazy. 
You'll notice that most houses 

5091
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:53,500
present a fairly modest face to 
the street, wooden facades with 

5092
04:24:53,500 --> 04:24:56,300
small windows and simple 
doorways that give little hint 

5093
04:24:56,300 --> 04:24:59,900
of what lies within This isn't 
because the residents are 

5094
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:03,600
unfriendly, but because in 
Japanese Aesthetics, true beauty

5095
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:06,600
is often hidden revealed only to
those who are invited in. 

5096
04:25:06,600 --> 04:25:10,100
Its like the city is full of 
people who understand the 

5097
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:12,500
difference between being 
mysterious and being standoffish

5098
04:25:12,500 --> 04:25:16,600
between privacy and secrecy the 
wooden walls of these houses 

5099
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:19,200
have whether to a soft gray, 
that seems to Glow in certain 

5100
04:25:19,200 --> 04:25:22,900
lights and the natural aging 
process has given them a patina 

5101
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:25,400
that, no amount of artificial 
treatment could replicate. 

5102
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:28,900
The wood itself comes from 
ancient forests. 

5103
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:32,400
In the surrounding mountains, 
Cedar Cyprus and pine That Grew 

5104
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,300
slowly in the mountain are 
developing the tight grain and 

5105
04:25:35,300 --> 04:25:38,300
natural oils that make them 
resistant to weather an insects.

5106
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:41,500
The sounds of the city begin to 
build as the day, progresses, 

5107
04:25:41,500 --> 04:25:44,800
creating a symphony that is 
completely different from any 

5108
04:25:44,800 --> 04:25:47,800
Modern urban environment. 
You'll hear the rhythmic 

5109
04:25:47,800 --> 04:25:50,000
thought. 
Thought of someone splitting 

5110
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:54,000
bamboo for baskets or screens, 
the scrape of wooden sandals on 

5111
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:56,600
Stone paths. 
One Smooth by centuries of foot 

5112
04:25:56,600 --> 04:26:00,000
traffic and the melodic calls of
merchants advertising their 

5113
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:02,200
Wares, as they make their rounds
through the neighborhoods. 

5114
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:06,000
Fresh fish from Lake biwa, 
called one Merchant, his voice, 

5115
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:08,700
rising and falling in a musical 
pattern that carries clearly 

5116
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:12,600
through the morning are Tofu 
still warm from the Press calls.

5117
04:26:12,600 --> 04:26:15,500
Another pushing a wooden cart 
loaded with blocks of fresh 

5118
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:17,600
soybean, curd wrapped in clean, 
white cloth. 

5119
04:26:18,500 --> 04:26:21,000
These Merchants don't have 
storefronts as you might expect.

5120
04:26:21,000 --> 04:26:24,300
Instead, they carry their goods 
through the streets on their 

5121
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:27,200
backs or in carts. 
Bringing the market directly to 

5122
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:29,900
people's doorsteps in a system. 
That's both efficient and 

5123
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:32,000
personal. 
The merchant calls are almost 

5124
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:34,800
like folk songs. 
Each one with its own Rhythm and

5125
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:37,600
Melody that identifies not just 
what's being sold, but who 

5126
04:26:37,600 --> 04:26:40,300
selling it. 
Regular customers, learn to 

5127
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:43,000
recognize their favorite vendors
by sound alone. 

5128
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:46,000
The way you might recognize a 
friend's laugh in a crowded 

5129
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:48,600
room. 
There's something wonderfully 

5130
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:50,400
personal about this mobile 
marketplace. 

5131
04:26:50,400 --> 04:26:54,100
Where Commerce is conducted 
face-to-face and reputation 

5132
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:57,500
matters more than advertising. 
Some Merchants specialized in 

5133
04:26:57,508 --> 04:27:01,000
just one or two items becoming 
true experts in their narrow 

5134
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:04,500
Fields, the vegetable seller 
knows which I can radishes are 

5135
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:07,300
best for pickling and which are 
better for grating fresh over 

5136
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:09,600
rice. 
The fish Merchant can tell you 

5137
04:27:09,608 --> 04:27:12,500
not just where each fish was 
caught, but what the weather was

5138
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:15,200
like that day and how it might 
affect the flavor. 

5139
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:18,400
This kind of specialized 
knowledge creates relationships 

5140
04:27:18,400 --> 04:27:21,800
between buyers and sellers that 
go far beyond simple 

5141
04:27:21,800 --> 04:27:24,200
transactions. 
As you make your way through the

5142
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:26,600
streets, you might decide to 
visit one of Kyoto's, many 

5143
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:29,900
temples or shrines. 
This isn't necessarily because 

5144
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:31,500
you're feeling particularly 
religious. 

5145
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:34,900
But because these sacred spaces 
servers community, centers 

5146
04:27:34,900 --> 04:27:38,500
meeting places and peaceful 
Retreats from the bustle of 

5147
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:41,900
daily life, The temples are 
scattered throughout the city 

5148
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:45,600
like jewels on velvet. 
Each one occupying a small Oasis

5149
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:49,100
of carefully, tended Gardens and
ancient trees that provide cool 

5150
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,400
shade in summer and shelter from
wind, in Winter, approaching a 

5151
04:27:52,408 --> 04:27:54,100
temple. 
You'll notice how the very Act 

5152
04:27:54,100 --> 04:27:57,500
of entering requires you to slow
down and become more mindful of 

5153
04:27:57,500 --> 04:28:00,500
your surroundings. 
There's often a stone path that 

5154
04:28:00,500 --> 04:28:03,600
wine slightly forcing you to 
meander, rather than Rush, 

5155
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:07,000
straight to your destination, 
the path might lead you past a 

5156
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:09,600
small waterfall or a Grove of 
bamboo, creating a sense of 

5157
04:28:09,600 --> 04:28:12,800
Journey and Discovery even in 
the heart of the city you'll 

5158
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:15,500
pass under a Torii gate or 
through a temple entrance, that 

5159
04:28:15,500 --> 04:28:18,300
frames your view of what lies 
ahead like a living painting. 

5160
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:21,600
The architecture designed to 
create specific visual 

5161
04:28:21,600 --> 04:28:23,600
experience as you move through 
the space. 

5162
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:27,500
The transition from the bustling
Street to the quiet Temple. 

5163
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:31,600
Grounds happens, gradually like 
sinking slowly into a warm bath,

5164
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:34,700
allowing your mind to adjust to 
the different pace and 

5165
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:37,700
atmosphere of the Sacred Space. 
The temple buildings themselves 

5166
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:40,600
are marvels of wooden 
architecture held together 

5167
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:43,900
without a single nail through an
intricate system of interlocking

5168
04:28:43,900 --> 04:28:46,600
joints that allows the 
structures to flex during 

5169
04:28:46,600 --> 04:28:48,500
earthquakes rather than breaking
apart. 

5170
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,300
This building technique 
developed over centuries of 

5171
04:28:52,300 --> 04:28:55,500
trial and error in a seismically
active region, creates 

5172
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:57,400
structures that can last for 
hundreds of years. 

5173
04:28:57,400 --> 04:29:00,200
While remaining beautiful and 
functional, the wood has 

5174
04:29:00,200 --> 04:29:02,800
weathered to a soft gray. 
That seems to Glow in certain 

5175
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:05,800
lights and the curved roof 
lines, create graceful 

5176
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:09,200
silhouette against the sky, the 
change dramatically, depending 

5177
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,900
on the time of day and season. 
Everything is designed to work 

5178
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:16,400
with nature rather than against 
it from the way rainwater is 

5179
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,700
channeled through decorative 
chains, and stead of being 

5180
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:22,000
hidden in gutters, to the way 
buildings are positioned to 

5181
04:29:22,000 --> 04:29:25,900
catch cooling breezes in summer 
and shelter from cold winds in 

5182
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:27,800
Winter. 
The roofs themselves are 

5183
04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:30,600
architectural, poetry covered 
with Clay tiles. 

5184
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:34,100
That were fired in kills, heated
with Pinewood giving them subtle

5185
04:29:34,100 --> 04:29:36,800
color, variations that create 
beautiful patterns when seen 

5186
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:40,500
from above The tiles are 
arranged in overlapping rows 

5187
04:29:40,500 --> 04:29:43,200
that shed rain efficiently, 
while creating interesting plays

5188
04:29:43,200 --> 04:29:45,700
of light and Shadow that changed
throughout the day. 

5189
04:29:46,500 --> 04:29:49,800
In winter when snow accumulates 
on these roofs, they look like 

5190
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,800
something from a fairy tale with
white caps that emphasize every 

5191
04:29:53,800 --> 04:29:56,400
curve and angle inside the 
temple grounds. 

5192
04:29:56,400 --> 04:29:59,500
You might encounter monks going 
about their daily routines, with

5193
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:03,000
a particular kind of purposeful 
calm as if they have all the 

5194
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:05,300
time in the world and yet never 
waste a moment. 

5195
04:30:06,200 --> 04:30:09,200
Their robes Russell softly as 
they walk and their wooden 

5196
04:30:09,200 --> 04:30:11,200
sandals. 
Make gentle, clicking sounds on 

5197
04:30:11,200 --> 04:30:13,300
the stone paths. 
That seemed to Echo in harmony 

5198
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:15,500
with the natural sounds of the 
garden. 

5199
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:17,800
The trickle of water over 
Stones. 

5200
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:21,500
The Whisper Of Wind Through 
leaves, the distance, chime of 

5201
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:25,000
temple bells, some monks might 
be tending Gardens with the kind

5202
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:28,400
of focused attention that makes 
even weeding seem like a form of

5203
04:30:28,408 --> 04:30:31,400
meditation. 
Others might be copying Sutra as

5204
04:30:31,408 --> 04:30:34,300
with brushes and ink. 
Their movements flowing, and 

5205
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:36,100
rhythmic. 
As they create characters that 

5206
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:38,100
are both spiritual practice and 
visual art. 

5207
04:30:38,100 --> 04:30:41,200
And still, others might be 
sitting in meditation with the 

5208
04:30:41,208 --> 04:30:44,000
Stillness, that makes them seem 
like part of the temple 

5209
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:47,600
architecture itself as permanent
and peaceful as the wooden 

5210
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:49,500
pillars and stone lanterns 
around them. 

5211
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:52,400
The garden's Within These 
Temple, complexes are works of 

5212
04:30:52,400 --> 04:30:55,100
art in their own, right, but 
they're not the kind of art, you

5213
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:58,500
hang on a wall and forget about.
These are living compositions 

5214
04:30:58,500 --> 04:31:01,800
that change with the seasons 
with the weather, even with the 

5215
04:31:01,800 --> 04:31:03,700
time of day. 
A garden. 

5216
04:31:03,708 --> 04:31:06,500
Might feature a perfectly placed
stone, that catches the Morning 

5217
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:10,300
Light in Winter and provides a 
shady resting spot for a bird in

5218
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:13,000
summer. 
Or a Grove of bamboo positioned.

5219
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:15,900
So that the sound of Wind 
Through the leaves masks, the 

5220
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:19,000
noise from the street creating a
pocket of Tranquility in the 

5221
04:31:19,008 --> 04:31:21,500
Heart of the City. 
These Gardens follow principles 

5222
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:23,900
that seem almost magical in 
their Simplicity and 

5223
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:27,000
Effectiveness. 
Empty spaces are as important as

5224
04:31:27,000 --> 04:31:30,900
filled ones creating areas for 
the eye and mine to rest. 

5225
04:31:30,900 --> 04:31:34,200
Asymmetrical Arrangements, feel 
more natural and interesting 

5226
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:37,800
than perfectly balanced designs,
and everything is scaled to 

5227
04:31:37,808 --> 04:31:40,700
human proportions. 
So that even the smallest Garden

5228
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:43,700
feels spacious and complete, 
rather than cramped or 

5229
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:45,900
incomplete. 
You might spend some time 

5230
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:48,500
sitting on a wooden bench or 
stones in these Garden's 

5231
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,400
watching koi fish lazy. 
Their way around a pond or 

5232
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:54,200
following the path of a single 
leaf as it falls from a maple 

5233
04:31:54,200 --> 04:31:56,800
tree. 
Time moves differently in these 

5234
04:31:56,800 --> 04:31:59,000
spaces expanding and 
Contracting. 

5235
04:31:59,000 --> 04:32:01,500
In ways that seem to have 
nothing to do with clocks or 

5236
04:32:01,500 --> 04:32:05,100
schedules. 
Minutes can feel like ours but 

5237
04:32:05,100 --> 04:32:07,000
somehow you never feel bored or 
Restless. 

5238
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:10,800
It's as if the garden teaches 
you how to simply be present. 

5239
04:32:11,400 --> 04:32:14,400
Something that's increasingly 
difficult in our modern world of

5240
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:16,600
constant notifications and 
endless. 

5241
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:19,300
To-do lists, the water features 
in these Gardens are 

5242
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:23,000
particularly mesmerizing a small
stream might wind through the 

5243
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,300
space sometimes disappearing. 
Underground only to emerge again

5244
04:32:26,300 --> 04:32:29,300
in a different location. 
Creating the illusion of a much 

5245
04:32:29,300 --> 04:32:31,400
larger water system than 
actually exists. 

5246
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:34,400
The sound of water. 
Moving over carefully, placed 

5247
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:38,000
Stones creates a natural sound 
track that musk's Urban noise 

5248
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:41,100
while providing the kind of 
white noise that helps the Mind 

5249
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,300
relax and focus when you 
eventually leave the temple and 

5250
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:47,200
return to the streets, the 
contrast helps you notice 

5251
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:50,100
details. 
You might have missed before the

5252
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:53,000
waist sunlight filters through 
the wooden slats of a shop front

5253
04:32:53,000 --> 04:32:57,000
creating patterns, that shift 
and dance as the day progresses.

5254
04:32:57,000 --> 04:33:00,600
The careful arrangement of 
stones around a tree planted, in

5255
04:33:00,600 --> 04:33:04,200
the street, each one place not 
just to protect the roots but to

5256
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,400
create a small moment of Beauty.
For anyone who happens to notice

5257
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:12,700
the shop fronts themselves are 
studies in understated of bright

5258
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:16,900
signs and flashy displays, most 
shops, are identified by simple.

5259
04:33:16,900 --> 04:33:20,500
Wooden signs with elegant 
calligraphy or buy the goods, 

5260
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:21,900
displayed in their front 
windows. 

5261
04:33:23,000 --> 04:33:26,200
Sake Brewery might be marked by 
a ball of Cedar branches hanging

5262
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:28,800
from the eaves. 
While a textile shop might 

5263
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:32,300
display bolts of silk, in subtle
gradations of color, that catch 

5264
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:34,700
the Light, like captured 
rainbows by now. 

5265
04:33:34,700 --> 04:33:38,000
It's probably time to think 
about lunch and this is where 

5266
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:40,200
you'll discover one of the great
pleasures of life. 

5267
04:33:40,200 --> 04:33:44,400
In Old Kyoto, the neighborhood 
sober shop, These small 

5268
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:46,900
restaurants are tucked into 
buildings that might once have 

5269
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:50,200
been someone's home with low 
ceilings blackened by Decades of

5270
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,700
cooking, smoked wooden, floors, 
worn, Smooth by countless feet. 

5271
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:56,700
And the kind of atmosphere that 
makes you want to settle in and 

5272
04:33:56,700 --> 04:33:58,900
Stay Awhile. 
The sober Noodle's are made 

5273
04:33:58,908 --> 04:34:01,099
fresh daily. 
By the shop owner, who starts 

5274
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:03,500
work before, Dawn to have 
everything, ready for the lunch 

5275
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:07,400
rush, The process begins with 
grinding buckwheat flour in a 

5276
04:34:07,408 --> 04:34:09,900
Stone Mill. 
Creating a course meal as then 

5277
04:34:09,900 --> 04:34:11,900
mixed with just enough water to 
hold together. 

5278
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:15,700
The dough is rolled out thin and
cut by hand with a knife that 

5279
04:34:15,700 --> 04:34:18,800
has been sharpened to raise a 
Precision, creating new noodles 

5280
04:34:18,800 --> 04:34:21,500
that have the perfect thickness 
and texture to hold onto the 

5281
04:34:21,500 --> 04:34:24,400
broth without becoming mushy. 
The prophet self is a 

5282
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:27,400
masterpiece of subtlety made 
from combo sea weed that has 

5283
04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:30,400
been dried until it's almost 
black and Bonito flakes that 

5284
04:34:30,400 --> 04:34:32,500
have been shaved. 
So thin, they look like wood 

5285
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:36,800
shaving from a master Carpenters
plane When hot water hits these 

5286
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:39,800
flakes, they dance and curl in 
the pot like tiny sea creatures 

5287
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:43,500
before settling into the depth 
to release their Smoky Oceanic 

5288
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,099
flavor. 
The art is in knowing exactly 

5289
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:49,400
how long to steep these 
ingredients too little and the 

5290
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:52,800
broth lacks depth too much and 
it becomes bitter. 

5291
04:34:52,800 --> 04:34:56,800
The shop might also serve 
tempura made from vegetables or 

5292
04:34:56,800 --> 04:34:59,800
prawns that Adept in the 
lightest possible batter and 

5293
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:02,599
fried in oil, that's been heated
to exactly the right 

5294
04:35:02,599 --> 04:35:05,599
temperature. 
The result is crispy and light, 

5295
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:09,700
almost ethereal with the natural
flavors of the ingredients in 

5296
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:12,300
hands rather than masked by the 
cooking process. 

5297
04:35:12,300 --> 04:35:16,300
The oil used for frying is often
sesame oil which adds its own 

5298
04:35:16,300 --> 04:35:18,900
subtle. 
Nutty flavor to the Finish dish.

5299
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,500
You sit at a low table, probably
sharing the space with a few 

5300
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,300
other customers, maybe a 
merchant taking a break from his

5301
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:27,700
rounds. 
His wooden cart parked outside 

5302
04:35:27,700 --> 04:35:30,300
loaded with bolts of fabric or a
Craftsman. 

5303
04:35:30,300 --> 04:35:32,400
Grabbing a quick meal between 
projects. 

5304
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:35,599
His hands still bearing traces 
of the materials he works with. 

5305
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:39,700
The conversations are quiet and 
comfortable the kind, you might 

5306
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:42,200
overhear in any Neighborhood 
Restaurant anywhere in the world

5307
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,400
full of local gossip. 
Gentle complaints about the 

5308
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:47,700
weather and discussions of 
family news. 

5309
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:50,400
The sober arrives in a simple 
ceramic Bowl. 

5310
04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:53,200
Handmade by a local Potter, 
whose family has been making 

5311
04:35:53,200 --> 04:35:57,000
dishes for Generations. 
The noodles and nestled in clear

5312
04:35:57,000 --> 04:36:00,099
fragrant broth with, perhaps a 
few slices of green onion. 

5313
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:04,000
Floating on top, like tiny lily,
pads, or a piece of camo, Boko 

5314
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:07,300
processed fish cake, cut into 
decorative, shapes that add both

5315
04:36:07,300 --> 04:36:09,099
flavor and visual interest to 
the dish. 

5316
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:11,900
You lift the noodles with 
chopsticks and slurp them 

5317
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:15,599
enthusiastically, and yes, 
slurping is not just acceptable 

5318
04:36:15,599 --> 04:36:18,099
here. 
It's encouraged and practically 

5319
04:36:18,099 --> 04:36:21,099
required. 
The sound helps cool the noodles

5320
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,300
as they enter your mouth and 
actually enhances the flavor by 

5321
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:25,800
drawing air across your taste 
buds. 

5322
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:28,000
As you eat. 
It's like having a built-in 

5323
04:36:28,000 --> 04:36:29,800
cooling system and flavor 
amplifier. 

5324
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:31,900
All in one. 
And once you get over any 

5325
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:34,900
initial self-consciousness, it 
becomes a natural part of 

5326
04:36:34,900 --> 04:36:37,500
enjoying the meal. 
The broth that remains after you

5327
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:39,900
finish, the noodles is often 
mixed with the hot water that 

5328
04:36:39,900 --> 04:36:43,200
was used to cook. 
The sober called sabiu, creating

5329
04:36:43,200 --> 04:36:46,000
a lighter more delicate suit 
that helps you digest the meal 

5330
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:48,800
and provides additional 
nutrients from the buckwheat. 

5331
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:51,800
It's the kind of practical 
wisdom that makes perfect sense.

5332
04:36:51,800 --> 04:36:55,200
Once you understand it turning, 
what might seem like waste into 

5333
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:58,700
an additional course that both 
healthy and satisfying after 

5334
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:00,200
lunch? 
You might take a stroll through 

5335
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,400
one of Kyoto's markets and this 
is where you really begin to 

5336
04:37:03,400 --> 04:37:05,500
understand how different 
commerce was in Old Japan. 

5337
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:08,500
These aren't the sprawling 
supermarkets. 

5338
04:37:08,500 --> 04:37:11,800
You might be used to with their 
fluorescent lights and endless 

5339
04:37:11,800 --> 04:37:14,300
aisles of packaged Goods 
instead. 

5340
04:37:14,300 --> 04:37:17,099
They're intimate collections of 
small, stalls and shops. 

5341
04:37:17,099 --> 04:37:20,300
Each one specializing in just a 
few items but doing them 

5342
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:23,200
exceptionally. 
Well, the fishmonger knows every

5343
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,200
fish in his display case, like, 
old friends able to tell you, 

5344
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:29,300
not only where each one was 
caught and when, but how best to

5345
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:30,800
prepare it for your family's 
dinner? 

5346
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,200
He might recommend grilling the 
small River Fish Hole over 

5347
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:37,400
charcoal or suggest that the 
larger sea bass would be perfect

5348
04:37:37,400 --> 04:37:40,000
for making a clear soup with 
just a few drops of soy sauce 

5349
04:37:40,000 --> 04:37:43,200
and some fresh herbs. 
The vegetable seller can tell 

5350
04:37:43,200 --> 04:37:45,900
you, which I can radishes are 
best for pickling and which are 

5351
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:47,599
better for grating fresh over 
rice. 

5352
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,700
Simmons are sweet enough to eat 
out of hand and which need to be

5353
04:37:51,700 --> 04:37:53,800
dried first to concentrate their
flavors. 

5354
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,300
Her knowledge comes from years, 
of handling these products, but 

5355
04:37:57,300 --> 04:38:00,000
also from close relationships 
with the farmers who grow them 

5356
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:02,599
often in small plots, just 
outside the city. 

5357
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:06,000
The market is a feast for all 
your senses but in a gentle way 

5358
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,599
that doesn't overwhelm. 
The colors are incredible. 

5359
04:38:08,599 --> 04:38:11,400
Deep Purple eggplants that 
seemed to glow from within 

5360
04:38:11,400 --> 04:38:13,700
bright. 
Orange Persimmons hanging like 

5361
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:16,200
lanterns from wooden stands and 
greens. 

5362
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:19,099
In more shades than you knew 
existed from the pale silver. 

5363
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:22,200
Green of young bamboo shoots to 
the deep forest green of mature 

5364
04:38:22,200 --> 04:38:24,099
vegetables that have absorbed 
some sunshine. 

5365
04:38:24,099 --> 04:38:27,700
The Sounds blend together into a
gentle Symphony of Commerce 

5366
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:30,300
vendors. 
Calling their Wares in musical 

5367
04:38:30,300 --> 04:38:32,900
voices. 
Customers asking questions about

5368
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:35,000
preparation methods or seasonal 
availability. 

5369
04:38:35,000 --> 04:38:38,900
Wooden crates being moved and 
stacked with Halo thuds that 

5370
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:42,400
Echo off the covered walkways. 
And Underneath It All, the 

5371
04:38:42,400 --> 04:38:46,099
constant soft shuffling of feet 
in wooden sandals or cloth soled

5372
04:38:46,099 --> 04:38:49,500
shoes, creating a rhythm that 
seems to Match the heartbeat of 

5373
04:38:49,500 --> 04:38:52,000
the city itself. 
The smells are something else 

5374
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:55,599
entirely a complex layering of a
Roma's that would be impossible 

5375
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:59,200
to replicate artificially. 
Fresh fish mingles with 

5376
04:38:59,200 --> 04:39:02,500
fermented soybeans. 
Flowering herbs blend with wood 

5377
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:05,500
smoke from cooking fires. 
And Underneath It, All is the 

5378
04:39:05,500 --> 04:39:08,900
Clean Center of well, swept 
wooden floors and bamboo baskets

5379
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:11,500
that have been scrubbed until 
they're almost white. 

5380
04:39:11,500 --> 04:39:13,800
You might stop to watch a 
Craftsman at work. 

5381
04:39:13,800 --> 04:39:17,000
Perhaps someone making 
traditional brushes Binding 

5382
04:39:17,000 --> 04:39:19,900
Together, animal hairs, with 
silk thread in combinations that

5383
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:22,000
have been perfected over 
centuries of experimentation. 

5384
04:39:23,400 --> 04:39:26,300
His hands move with the kind of 
automatic Precision that only 

5385
04:39:26,308 --> 04:39:29,599
comes from years of repetition, 
but his eyes stay focused and 

5386
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:32,000
alert checking each brush for 
balance and spring. 

5387
04:39:33,300 --> 04:39:35,599
There's something deeply 
satisfying about watching 

5388
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:38,800
someone who has mastered their 
craft, who can create something,

5389
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:41,800
both beautiful and functional 
with nothing but simple, tools 

5390
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:44,500
and practice skill. 
All you might encounter a Potter

5391
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:47,500
working at a wheel. 
His hands covered in clay as he 

5392
04:39:47,500 --> 04:39:49,400
shapes a bowl or vase with 
movements. 

5393
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:53,700
That seem almost like dancing. 
Clay responds to his touch 

5394
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:56,400
growing taller or wide as he 
guides it. 

5395
04:39:56,400 --> 04:39:59,500
And you can see how the final 
former merges not from a 

5396
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:01,900
predetermined plan, but from a 
conversation between the 

5397
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:06,500
Craftsman and his material, each
PC creates his unique bearing, 

5398
04:40:06,500 --> 04:40:09,400
the subtle marks of his hands 
and the particular qualities of 

5399
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:11,600
the clay. 
He's working with the textile 

5400
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,500
workers at equally, fascinating 
to watch, whether they're 

5401
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:16,100
spinning thread on wooden 
Wheels. 

5402
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,000
Weaving fabric on looms. 
That click and clatter in 

5403
04:40:19,008 --> 04:40:23,000
rhythmic patterns or dying cloth
in Vats of indigo that turn the 

5404
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:26,600
water almost black The colors 
they achieve are subtle and 

5405
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:30,300
complex created using natural 
materials, like plants minerals,

5406
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,100
and even insects, and the 
results have a depth and 

5407
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:36,400
richness, that synthetic dies, 
can't match as the afternoon 

5408
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:38,200
wears on the light begins to 
change. 

5409
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:41,300
Taking on that golden quality 
that photographers love and 

5410
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:43,000
Painters. 
Try their whole lives to capture

5411
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:47,400
this is when Kyoto reveals some 
of its most magical moments as 

5412
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:50,500
the low angled Sun transforms, 
ordinary scenes into something 

5413
04:40:50,500 --> 04:40:52,500
that looks like a wood block 
print come to life. 

5414
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:56,900
Shadows grow longer and more 
dramatic turning narrow alleys 

5415
04:40:56,900 --> 04:40:59,900
into mysterious corridors and 
making even the simplest 

5416
04:40:59,900 --> 04:41:03,200
buildings look like subjects for
poetry, the paper Windows of 

5417
04:41:03,200 --> 04:41:06,600
houses begin to glow from within
as people like their oil lamps 

5418
04:41:06,600 --> 04:41:09,800
and candles creating warm, 
rectangles of light that seem to

5419
04:41:09,800 --> 04:41:13,700
float in the Gathering dust. 
These windows don't provide the 

5420
04:41:13,700 --> 04:41:17,300
harsh illumination of electric 
lights, but rather a soft honey 

5421
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:20,000
colored glow that makes every 
building look welcoming and 

5422
04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:22,200
mysterious at the same time, 
this is all. 

5423
04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:25,000
So when many of the Cities 
Craftsmen and artists and emerge

5424
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:28,000
from their workshops, either 
heading home for the day or 

5425
04:41:28,000 --> 04:41:30,000
making deliveries of finished 
goods to their customers. 

5426
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:33,600
You might encounter a Potter 
carrying a wooden box of freshly

5427
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:37,300
fired, Tebow's, each one wrapped
in silk and nestled in rice 

5428
04:41:37,300 --> 04:41:40,700
husks for protection. 
For textile, worker heading home

5429
04:41:40,700 --> 04:41:42,500
with arms. 
Full of silk that catches the 

5430
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:45,600
afternoon light, like, captured 
rainbows the Fabrics. 

5431
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:48,500
So fine, it seems to float 
rather than hang from her arms. 

5432
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:51,800
These aren't people producing 
goods for some distant Market or

5433
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:54,800
Anonymous consumers, they're 
creating things that will be 

5434
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:57,500
used by their neighbors. 
Their friends people. 

5435
04:41:57,500 --> 04:42:01,200
They see every day at the market
or the temple or in the narrow 

5436
04:42:01,200 --> 04:42:03,900
streets of their neighborhood. 
There's something profoundly 

5437
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:06,500
satisfying about living in a 
place where so many of the 

5438
04:42:06,500 --> 04:42:10,300
things you use daily are made by
people, you know, or at least 

5439
04:42:10,300 --> 04:42:12,700
people, you could know if you 
wanted to your rice. 

5440
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:15,200
Bowls were shaped by someone who
lives three streets over. 

5441
04:42:16,100 --> 04:42:18,400
Hotter, whose family has been 
working with clay for six 

5442
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:21,200
Generations. 
Your wooden sandals were carved 

5443
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:23,900
by a Craftsman who buys his 
vegetables from the same. 

5444
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:26,300
Vendor you do and who knows your
preferences? 

5445
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:30,000
Well enough to adjust the fit 
without being asked Silca be 

5446
04:42:30,008 --> 04:42:31,400
that? 
Hold your robes in place was 

5447
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:34,800
woven by a woman who sits in the
sun outside her shop in the 

5448
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:38,100
afternoons, working on pieces 
that will take months to 

5449
04:42:38,100 --> 04:42:40,300
complete. 
There's also something deeply 

5450
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:43,500
reassuring about the continuity 
of these Traditions, the way 

5451
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:46,800
Knowledge and Skills are passed 
down from parent to child, from 

5452
04:42:46,800 --> 04:42:49,900
Master, to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain that stretches 

5453
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:53,300
back centuries. 
The wooden comb you use each 

5454
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:55,900
morning was carved using the 
same techniques that were 

5455
04:42:55,900 --> 04:42:59,200
perfected, hundreds of years ago
by Craftsman, whose names are 

5456
04:42:59,200 --> 04:43:02,300
forgotten, but whose Innovations
live on in every tool that's 

5457
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:05,000
made today as evening 
approaches, you begin to think 

5458
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,300
about dinner, which an old Kyoto
is often a more elaborate Affair

5459
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:11,900
than breakfast or lunch. 
This is when families gather to 

5460
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:15,400
share the dais news and enjoy 
more complex dishes that require

5461
04:43:15,400 --> 04:43:18,500
longer preparation and more 
careful attention to detail. 

5462
04:43:19,300 --> 04:43:22,400
The rice is still the foundation
of the meal but now it might be 

5463
04:43:22,400 --> 04:43:24,100
accompanied by simmered 
vegetables. 

5464
04:43:24,100 --> 04:43:27,600
In delicate, broths grilled fish
sees seasoned with just enough 

5465
04:43:27,600 --> 04:43:30,300
salt to enhance their natural 
flavors delicate. 

5466
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:33,600
Egg custards that are more like 
Savory puddings and an array of 

5467
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:36,400
small dishes that turn the meal 
into a kind of edible landscape.

5468
04:43:36,400 --> 04:43:40,200
The preparation of dinner is 
often a community activity with 

5469
04:43:40,200 --> 04:43:42,100
family members working together 
in the kitchen. 

5470
04:43:42,100 --> 04:43:45,500
Each taking responsibility for 
different dishes, according to 

5471
04:43:45,500 --> 04:43:48,800
their skills and preferences. 
There's something meditative 

5472
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,100
about the rhythmic, chopping of 
vegetables, the gentle bubbling 

5473
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:55,500
of simmering broths and the 
careful arrangement of food in 

5474
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:58,100
serving dishes that are chosen 
as much for their beauty as 

5475
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,800
their functionality. 
No one is rushing to get dinner 

5476
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:04,500
on the table by a certain time. 
Instead the meal develops 

5477
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,700
organically with dishes 
appearing when they're ready and

5478
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:09,800
people Gathering as they finish 
their days work. 

5479
04:44:10,600 --> 04:44:13,200
Children might help by washing 
vegetables or setting out the 

5480
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:16,300
dishes, learning The rhythms of 
meal preparation, that they'll 

5481
04:44:16,300 --> 04:44:18,200
carry with them into their own 
adult lives. 

5482
04:44:18,200 --> 04:44:21,600
The kitchen itself is a model of
efficiency with everything 

5483
04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:23,900
designed to make the most of 
limited space and simple 

5484
04:44:23,900 --> 04:44:27,300
equipment. 
So, kept razor sharp and are 

5485
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:29,300
treated with the respect due to 
Precision Tools. 

5486
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:33,200
Cutting boards are made from 
single pieces of wood and a 

5487
04:44:33,200 --> 04:44:35,400
scrubbed clean after each use 
pots. 

5488
04:44:35,400 --> 04:44:39,000
And pans are made from clay or 
iron materials that heat evenly 

5489
04:44:39,000 --> 04:44:42,200
and retain warmth long after 
their removal from the fire. 

5490
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:45,500
The clay pots used for cooking 
rice are particularly ingenious.

5491
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:49,400
They create steam pressure that 
cooks the grains perfectly while

5492
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:52,600
the clay itself adds subtle 
mineral flavors that enhance the

5493
04:44:52,600 --> 04:44:56,200
taste of the Finnish dish. 
These pots often develop a 

5494
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,500
patina over years of use, that 
makes them more effective and 

5495
04:44:59,500 --> 04:45:01,900
gives each family's rice. 
A slightly different character. 

5496
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:05,100
When you finally sit down to eat
the low table is covered with 

5497
04:45:05,100 --> 04:45:07,500
small dishes. 
Each one can containing just a 

5498
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:11,100
few bites of different foods 
There might be tiny hole, fish, 

5499
04:45:11,100 --> 04:45:14,400
grilled until their skin is 
crispy and their fresh sweet and

5500
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:17,400
Flaky. 
Vegetables, simmered in Dashie 

5501
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:19,700
until they're tender but still 
retain their shape and bright 

5502
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:23,200
color pickles that provide sharp
acidic notes to balance the 

5503
04:45:23,200 --> 04:45:26,700
gentler flavors of the other 
dishes and always somewhere on 

5504
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:29,800
the table, a small dish of 
grated Daikon radish mixed with 

5505
04:45:29,800 --> 04:45:32,900
a DOT of fiery Wasabi that will 
clear your sinuses and wake up 

5506
04:45:32,900 --> 04:45:36,300
every taste bud in your mouth. 
The meal proceeds slowly with 

5507
04:45:36,300 --> 04:45:38,800
conversation flowing between 
bites and pauses for 

5508
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:42,400
appreciation of particularly, 
well, prepared dishes people 

5509
04:45:42,400 --> 04:45:45,500
take turns serving each other 
and there's a complex etiquette 

5510
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:48,200
around who pours whose tea and 
when to offer the choices 

5511
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:51,900
morsels to others at the table. 
It's not stuffy etiquette though

5512
04:45:51,900 --> 04:45:54,700
it's the kind of gracious 
behavior that makes everyone 

5513
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:58,000
feel cared for and included. 
The social lubrication, that 

5514
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:01,900
allows groups of people to share
food, harmoniously tears served 

5515
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:04,300
throughout the meal, not the 
strong black tea, you might be 

5516
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:07,900
expecting, but delicate green 
tea that cleanses the palate and

5517
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:11,400
AIDS digestion. 
The Tea Ceremony while not 

5518
04:46:11,400 --> 04:46:14,400
always formal follows certain 
principles of mindfulness and 

5519
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,600
respect that turned even casual 
tea, drinking into a meditative 

5520
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:20,200
practice. 
The teapot is warmed before. 

5521
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,100
The leaves are added. 
The water is heated to exactly 

5522
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:25,400
the right temperature for the 
type of T being served. 

5523
04:46:25,400 --> 04:46:29,000
And the first pour is discarded 
to awaken the leaves before the 

5524
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,200
actual tea is prepared. 
After dinner, as the last flight

5525
04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:35,400
Fades from the sky, the city 
begins to transform once again. 

5526
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:39,000
Paper lanterns are lit and hung 
outside shops and houses 

5527
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:41,900
creating pools of warm light 
along the dark streets. 

5528
04:46:42,700 --> 04:46:45,200
The lanterns don't provide much 
illumination by modern 

5529
04:46:45,200 --> 04:46:47,300
standards. 
You certainly couldn't read by 

5530
04:46:47,300 --> 04:46:49,400
their light, but they're not 
really meant to. 

5531
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:53,000
They're more like beacons, 
marking human presence and 

5532
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:55,100
activity. 
In the darkness, creating a 

5533
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:57,500
sense of community and safety 
without banishing. 

5534
04:46:57,500 --> 04:46:59,500
The night entirely the lanterns 
themselves. 

5535
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:03,400
A works of art made from bamboo 
frames covered with handmade 

5536
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:06,500
paper that's often decorated, 
with painted designs or 

5537
04:47:06,500 --> 04:47:09,300
calligraphy. 
The light from the candles or 

5538
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:12,300
oil lamps, in side creates 
beautiful patterns on the paper.

5539
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,100
And the gentle flicker of the 
Flames, makes the whole 

5540
04:47:15,100 --> 04:47:17,500
neighborhood seem alive and 
breathing in the darkness. 

5541
04:47:17,500 --> 04:47:20,600
This is when you might take an 
evening stroll, something that's

5542
04:47:20,600 --> 04:47:24,100
both practical and pleasant in 
Old Kyoto, the narrow streets 

5543
04:47:24,100 --> 04:47:27,000
that seemed intimate during the 
day become mysterious and almost

5544
04:47:27,000 --> 04:47:30,400
magical in the lantern Light 
Shadows deeper and shift. 

5545
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:33,700
As you walk past them, you can 
hear the sounds of family. 

5546
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,700
Life filtering out through the 
paper Windows, the clink of 

5547
04:47:36,700 --> 04:47:39,500
dishes being washed children, 
children's voices, raised in 

5548
04:47:39,500 --> 04:47:43,200
play or protest and the soft 
murmur of adult conversation 

5549
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:45,600
punctuated. 
By occasional laughter, the 

5550
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:48,600
night air carries different 
sense than the day, the 

5551
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:52,100
lingering Aromas of dinner 
preparation Clean smell of 

5552
04:47:52,108 --> 04:47:55,600
water, being used for washing, 
and the faint incense smoke that

5553
04:47:55,600 --> 04:47:58,500
drifts from household shrines, 
where families make their 

5554
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:01,800
evening offerings. 
There's also the earthy smell of

5555
04:48:01,808 --> 04:48:05,800
the city settling down for the 
night, a mixture of wood Stone 

5556
04:48:05,800 --> 04:48:09,500
and the indefinable center of 
human habitation that somehow 

5557
04:48:09,500 --> 04:48:12,500
comforting rather than 
unpleasant, you might pass a 

5558
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:14,900
Teahouse where the sound of a 
Sheamus and drifts out into the 

5559
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:17,000
night. 
It's three strings, creating 

5560
04:48:17,000 --> 04:48:19,300
Melodies that seemed to capture 
something essential about 

5561
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:23,500
Japanese Aesthetics. 
Spare elegant and somehow both 

5562
04:48:23,500 --> 04:48:25,600
Melancholy and hopeful at the 
same time. 

5563
04:48:25,600 --> 04:48:27,700
The music doesn't dominate the 
night. 

5564
04:48:27,700 --> 04:48:30,700
Sounds but weaves through them. 
Adding another layer to the 

5565
04:48:30,700 --> 04:48:33,400
evening's gentle Symphony of 
human activity and natural 

5566
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:35,700
sounds. 
The shamisen music is often 

5567
04:48:35,700 --> 04:48:39,400
accompanied by singing voices 
that rise and fall in patterns, 

5568
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:43,500
that mirror the inflections of 
spoken Japanese creating a form 

5569
04:48:43,500 --> 04:48:45,600
of musical storytelling. 
That doesn't require 

5570
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,100
understanding the words to 
appreciate the emotions. 

5571
04:48:48,100 --> 04:48:51,500
Being conveyed, the songs might 
tell of separated lovers 

5572
04:48:51,500 --> 04:48:55,000
changing seasons, all the Simple
Pleasures of daily life. 

5573
04:48:55,000 --> 04:48:58,200
The themes that a universal, 
even when the musical Traditions

5574
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:00,400
that carry them a specifically 
Japanese. 

5575
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,500
Well, you might encounter a 
group of people returning from a

5576
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:06,800
festival at one of the, local 
shrines still dressed in their 

5577
04:49:06,800 --> 04:49:09,900
Festival clothes and carrying 
small souvenirs or treats, 

5578
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:14,100
perhaps paper fans, decorated 
with the shrines, emblem or 

5579
04:49:14,100 --> 04:49:16,900
small Clay figurines that are 
supposed to bring good luck in 

5580
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:19,300
the coming year. 
Their voices carry the 

5581
04:49:19,308 --> 04:49:22,600
particular happiness that comes 
from shared celebration and they

5582
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:25,200
move through the streets with 
the loose, relaxed. 

5583
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:28,000
Gait of people who have spent 
the day among friends and 

5584
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:31,800
neighbors Festival days in Old 
Kyoto, a community events that 

5585
04:49:31,800 --> 04:49:34,700
break the normal rhythms of 
daily life bringing people 

5586
04:49:34,700 --> 04:49:37,100
together for shared rituals, 
that connect them to their 

5587
04:49:37,100 --> 04:49:40,300
history, their neighbors, and 
the changing seasons. 

5588
04:49:41,100 --> 04:49:43,500
Even if you don't participate 
directly in the religious 

5589
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:46,900
aspects of these festivals, they
provide a sense of belonging to 

5590
04:49:46,900 --> 04:49:48,900
something larger than your 
individual life. 

5591
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:51,800
A reminder that your part of a 
community that has been 

5592
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:54,000
celebrating. 
These same events for hundreds 

5593
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:56,600
of years, the festival foods are
special too. 

5594
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:00,600
Treats that are only made on 
certain occasions using recipes 

5595
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:03,200
that require skills and 
ingredients that aren't part of 

5596
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:06,800
everyday cooking. 
There might be Mochi rice cakes 

5597
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:10,300
pounded by hand in wooden 
mortars, their texture. 

5598
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:12,700
Completely different from 
anything made by machine. 

5599
04:50:13,400 --> 04:50:16,900
Well, special sweets made from 
Beans and sugar molded into 

5600
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:18,900
shapes. 
That represent, seasonal themes,

5601
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:22,000
like cherry blossoms in spring 
or maple leaves in Autumn. 

5602
04:50:22,000 --> 04:50:24,600
As you make your way home 
through the quiet streets. 

5603
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:27,800
You begin to notice how 
different night feels in a place

5604
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:31,200
without electric lights. 
The darkness is deeper and more 

5605
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:33,500
complete than anything you 
experience in the modern world. 

5606
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:35,700
But it's not frightening or 
uncomfortable. 

5607
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:39,400
Instead, it feels natural and 
restful like, a soft blanket 

5608
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:41,900
settling over the city after a 
day of activity and 

5609
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:45,100
productivity, the Stars when 
they're visible between the roof

5610
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:48,700
lines seem brighter and closer 
than they do in our modern world

5611
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:51,500
of light pollution. 
You can actually see the Milky 

5612
04:50:51,500 --> 04:50:54,800
Way stretching across the sky, 
like a river of light and the 

5613
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:58,200
moon, when it's visible provides
enough light to navigate by 

5614
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:01,400
casting everything in silver and
black, that makes even familiar 

5615
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,400
streets, seem mysterious and 
beautiful back in your house. 

5616
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:07,200
You like a small oil lamp, that 
provides just enough light to 

5617
04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:09,900
see by without destroying the 
peaceful atmosphere of evening. 

5618
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:13,700
Flame flicker slightly and 
whatever, Breeze managers to 

5619
04:51:13,708 --> 04:51:16,100
find, its way through the 
building's, gaps and Joints 

5620
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:19,300
creating dancing Shadows on the 
wooden walls that seemed almost 

5621
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:23,700
alive in their constant motion. 
The lamp itself is a simple clay

5622
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:26,900
vessel filled with vegetable oil
and fitted with a cotton wick. 

5623
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:30,700
But in its Simplicity lies, a 
kind of perfection, it does 

5624
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:33,500
exactly what it needs to do with
that waste or complication. 

5625
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:36,600
You begin the process of 
preparing for Sleep, which 

5626
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:39,300
involves spreading out your food
on again and arranging your 

5627
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:42,600
clothes for the next day. 
But this isn't the rushed 

5628
04:51:42,600 --> 04:51:46,100
routine of modern bedtime where 
you're already thinking about 

5629
04:51:46,100 --> 04:51:48,800
tomorrow's obligations, while 
going through the motions of 

5630
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:51,800
getting ready for bed. 
Instead, it's a deliberate 

5631
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:55,100
winding down a conscious 
transition from the active 

5632
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,200
energy of day to the 
restorative, quiet of night, the

5633
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:00,700
ritual of laying out, your food,
on becomes a meditation in 

5634
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,300
itself. 
You smooth, the tatami mats 

5635
04:52:03,300 --> 04:52:05,900
checking for any irregularities.
That might make sleeping 

5636
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:09,200
uncomfortable your range, the 
cotton mattresses and exactly 

5637
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:12,100
the right configuration for your
body in the season, more layers 

5638
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:14,800
in Winter for warmth fewer in 
summer for cooling. 

5639
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:18,300
You position your wooden pillow 
filled with buckwheat hulls. 

5640
04:52:18,300 --> 04:52:21,200
That can formed the shape of 
your head while providing Firm 

5641
04:52:21,200 --> 04:52:23,900
support for your neck. 
Your clothes for tomorrow are 

5642
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,700
folded and arranged according to
a system that makes perfect 

5643
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,000
sense. 
Once you understand it, the 

5644
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:31,600
innermost layers go on the 
bottom, the outer layers on top 

5645
04:52:31,600 --> 04:52:34,700
so you can dress efficiently in 
the morning without having to 

5646
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:37,600
sort through everything. 
The colors are, chosen, not just

5647
04:52:37,600 --> 04:52:40,500
for their aesthetic appeal, but 
for their appropriateness to the

5648
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:43,500
season, the whether you expect 
and the activities you have 

5649
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:45,600
planned. 
But before you settle in for the

5650
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:48,600
night, you might spend a few 
minutes sitting quietly in your 

5651
04:52:48,608 --> 04:52:50,700
room. 
Perhaps looking out through your

5652
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:53,400
paper windows, at the gentle 
glow of your neighbor's lamps, 

5653
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:56,300
creating warm rectangles of 
light in the Darkness. 

5654
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,200
Something profoundly peaceful 
about this time of day and old 

5655
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,800
Kyoto, when the busyness of 
daily life gives way to quiet a 

5656
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:07,400
rhythms and the mind naturally 
begins to slow down and reflect 

5657
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:10,700
on the day's experiences, you 
can hear the settling sounds of 

5658
04:53:10,700 --> 04:53:13,100
wooden houses cooling after the 
day's warmth. 

5659
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:17,000
Creeks and size that speak of 
natural materials responding to 

5660
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:18,800
changes in temperature and 
humidity. 

5661
04:53:19,700 --> 04:53:22,400
There's the distance splash of 
someone washing dishes in a 

5662
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:25,600
wooden Basin the sound carrying 
clearly through the still night 

5663
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:29,100
air and occasionally, the soft 
Russell of fabric as people move

5664
04:53:29,100 --> 04:53:32,700
about their evening routines, 
preparing for sleep in dozens of

5665
04:53:32,708 --> 04:53:34,200
households throughout your 
neighborhood. 

5666
04:53:34,200 --> 04:53:37,500
This is when you really begin to
understand what life was like in

5667
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:41,100
Old Kyoto, not just the external
details of clothing and food and

5668
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:44,300
architecture, but the internal 
Rhythm that governed people's 

5669
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:46,200
days and gave structure to their
lives. 

5670
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:49,000
Without electric light's 
extending the day. 

5671
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,700
After officially people's 
activities had natural 

5672
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:53,500
boundaries. 
That Modern Life has largely 

5673
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:56,300
erased. 
Work began with sunrise and 

5674
04:53:56,300 --> 04:53:59,700
wound down with sunset, energy 
levels, followed these natural 

5675
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:02,400
cycles, rising and falling. 
With the light in ways that 

5676
04:54:02,400 --> 04:54:05,300
probably made people feel more 
connected to the natural world 

5677
04:54:05,300 --> 04:54:08,500
and more attuned to their own 
biological rhythms. 

5678
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:11,500
The absence of artificial 
lighting also meant that sleep 

5679
04:54:11,500 --> 04:54:14,200
came more naturally and was 
probably deeper and more 

5680
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:16,400
restorative than what many 
people experience today. 

5681
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:20,300
Without the stimulation of 
bright lights and electronic 

5682
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:23,700
screens, the body's production 
of melatonin followed its 

5683
04:54:23,700 --> 04:54:26,900
natural patterns preparing the 
mind and body for rest as 

5684
04:54:26,900 --> 04:54:30,200
Darkness fell without television
or radio or Internet. 

5685
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,300
Entertainment was more 
participatory and social than 

5686
04:54:33,300 --> 04:54:36,400
the passive consumption that 
characterizes much of modern 

5687
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:40,600
Leisure Time, people told 
stories, played games made music

5688
04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:43,300
and talk to each other. 
In ways that required active 

5689
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:47,000
engagement and creativity, 
children learn traditional songs

5690
04:54:47,000 --> 04:54:50,300
and stories from their parents 
and grandparents creating links 

5691
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:53,300
between Generations, that helped
preserve cultural knowledge and 

5692
04:54:53,300 --> 04:54:55,600
values. 
The game's people played were 

5693
04:54:55,600 --> 04:54:59,000
often simple but surprisingly 
sophisticated, requiring skill 

5694
04:54:59,000 --> 04:55:01,900
strategy, and social awareness. 
Go. 

5695
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,000
The ancient board game that 
still popular, today was a 

5696
04:55:05,008 --> 04:55:07,800
favorite among adults. 
It's complex strategies, 

5697
04:55:07,800 --> 04:55:09,800
providing hours of mental 
challenge. 

5698
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,600
Children played with tops Stills
and various ballgames that 

5699
04:55:13,600 --> 04:55:16,600
coordination and social skills 
while providing physical 

5700
04:55:16,600 --> 04:55:20,200
exercise and fun music was an 
integral part of daily life. 

5701
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:23,600
Not something that happened. 
Only at special events or in 

5702
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:25,600
dedicated. 
Venues people sang. 

5703
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:28,700
While they worked played 
instruments in their homes and 

5704
04:55:28,700 --> 04:55:32,500
gathered informally to share 
songs and stories, the shamisen 

5705
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,300
Koto and various flutes and 
drums were common household 

5706
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:38,600
instruments and learning to play
them was considered an important

5707
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:42,200
part of a well-rounded Education
Without automobiles or other 

5708
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:45,500
mechanized Transportation. 
The physical scale of life was 

5709
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:48,100
more human and intimate than 
what we experienced today. 

5710
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:51,800
People walked everywhere, which 
meant they knew their 

5711
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:54,200
neighborhoods. 
Intimately every shot, every 

5712
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,900
house, every tree along their 
regular routes, they ran into 

5713
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:01,000
the same people regularly 
creating a web of casual 

5714
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:02,600
relationships and daily 
interactions. 

5715
04:56:02,600 --> 04:56:05,500
That gave texture and meaning to
ordinary activities. 

5716
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:08,700
This walking bass lifestyle, 
also meant that people were 

5717
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:10,900
generally in better physical 
condition than many modern 

5718
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:13,600
urbanites. 
Daily activities like fetching 

5719
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:17,300
water chopping wood and walking 
to markets provided natural 

5720
04:56:17,300 --> 04:56:19,500
exercise that kept bodies strong
and healthy. 

5721
04:56:20,500 --> 04:56:23,200
The physical demands of daily 
life, were integrated into 

5722
04:56:23,200 --> 04:56:26,100
normal routines rather than 
requiring separate time and 

5723
04:56:26,100 --> 04:56:27,300
facilities. 
For exercise. 

5724
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:30,200
The pace of information and 
communication was also 

5725
04:56:30,200 --> 04:56:34,500
fundamentally different from our
modern experience, News traveled

5726
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:36,900
slowly allowing time for 
reflection and consideration 

5727
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:39,200
before forming opinions or 
making decisions. 

5728
04:56:40,200 --> 04:56:42,900
Rumors and gossips spread 
through personal networks rather

5729
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:45,400
than mass media. 
Which meant that information 

5730
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:49,100
often came with context and 
interpretation from people, you 

5731
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:51,400
knew. 
And trusted this slower pace of 

5732
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,300
information flow had both 
advantages and disadvantages. 

5733
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:57,800
People were less likely to be 
overmeld by distant crises they 

5734
04:56:57,800 --> 04:57:01,000
could do nothing about But they 
were also less aware of events 

5735
04:57:01,000 --> 04:57:03,400
and opportunities beyond their 
immediate community. 

5736
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:06,400
Trade-off was between depth and 
breadth. 

5737
04:57:07,400 --> 04:57:10,300
Between knowing your local World
intimately, and being connected 

5738
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:12,600
to, a Global Network of 
information and relationships. 

5739
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:15,800
Perhaps most importantly, 
without the constant pressure, 

5740
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:18,600
to optimize and improve and 
Achieve that characterizes much 

5741
04:57:18,600 --> 04:57:22,600
of Modern Life people could find
satisfaction and dignity and 

5742
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:25,700
simple competence and consistent
contribution to their 

5743
04:57:25,700 --> 04:57:28,600
communities. 
The sober maker, who could 

5744
04:57:28,600 --> 04:57:31,200
produce consistently? 
Excellent noodles, the 

5745
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:32,900
carpenter? 
Who could join wood without 

5746
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:35,100
nails? 
The Gardener who could coax 

5747
04:57:35,100 --> 04:57:38,700
Beauty from a tiny plot of land.
These people had a kind of 

5748
04:57:38,708 --> 04:57:42,300
purpose and fulfillment that 
came from mastering their chosen

5749
04:57:42,300 --> 04:57:43,700
crafts and serving their 
neighbors. 

5750
04:57:43,700 --> 04:57:47,500
Daily needs the social structure
of old Kyoto while not without 

5751
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:51,000
its problems and limitations 
provided a kind of security and 

5752
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,500
belonging that many. 
Modern people struggle to find 

5753
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:56,700
everyone had a place in the 
community higher Archie. 

5754
04:57:56,700 --> 04:57:59,300
Everyone had roles and 
responsibilities that were 

5755
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:02,200
recognized and valued and 
everyone was connected to 

5756
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:04,900
networks of mutual obligation 
and support that helped them 

5757
04:58:04,900 --> 04:58:07,900
through difficult times. 
As you finally settle into your 

5758
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:11,100
futon for the night, pulling the
cotton covers up to your chin. 

5759
04:58:11,100 --> 04:58:14,100
You might reflect on how 
different this life feels from 

5760
04:58:14,100 --> 04:58:16,400
our modern existence. 
It's slower. 

5761
04:58:16,400 --> 04:58:19,600
So certainly and in many ways, 
more physically demanding and 

5762
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:23,000
less convenient. 
But it's also more connected to 

5763
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:26,500
neighbors to Seasons to the 
simple rhythms of sleeping and 

5764
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:29,900
waking working and resting 
eating and sharing food with 

5765
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:32,200
others. 
The bedding itself tells a story

5766
04:58:32,200 --> 04:58:35,300
about this different way of 
life, the cotton has been grown,

5767
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:39,000
processed and woven by hand, 
probably by people who lived 

5768
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:42,500
within a day's walk of where 
your sleeping The dyes used to 

5769
04:58:42,508 --> 04:58:45,200
color the fabric came from 
plants that grew in local 

5770
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:48,500
Gardens or were gathered from 
Wild places in the surrounding 

5771
04:58:48,500 --> 04:58:51,400
mountains. 
Even the threads used to sew the

5772
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:53,300
bedding. 
Together were spun from fibers 

5773
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:56,600
that were produced locally using
traditional methods that had 

5774
04:58:56,600 --> 04:59:00,000
been refined over centuries. 
Your wooden pillow, while it 

5775
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:02,700
might seem uncomfortable to 
someone used to Modern foam and 

5776
04:59:02,700 --> 04:59:05,900
springs is actually perfectly 
designed for the climate and 

5777
04:59:05,900 --> 04:59:10,100
sleeping style of old Japan. 
The buckwheat hulls inside 

5778
04:59:10,100 --> 04:59:13,500
provide Firm support that keeps 
your neck aligned while allowing

5779
04:59:13,500 --> 04:59:16,500
air to circulate preventing the 
build-up of heat and moisture 

5780
04:59:16,500 --> 04:59:18,600
that could make sleep 
uncomfortable in the humid 

5781
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:21,100
Summers. 
The hulls all so conformed to 

5782
04:59:21,108 --> 04:59:24,100
the shape of your head and neck,
creating a custom fit, that's 

5783
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:26,000
more supportive than it 
initially appears. 

5784
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:29,500
The sounds of the night in Old 
Kyoto are gentle and reassuring.

5785
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:32,700
Creating a soundscape that 
promotes rather than disturbs 

5786
04:59:32,700 --> 04:59:35,900
sleep no traffic noise. 
No, air conditioners. 

5787
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:38,200
No electronics. 
Buzzing in the background. 

5788
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:42,000
Just the soft sounds of a 
community settling in for the 

5789
04:59:42,000 --> 04:59:44,900
night, the rustle of bed 
clothes, The Creeks of wooden 

5790
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,900
floors and occasionally. 
The distant sound of someone's 

5791
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:51,100
wooden sandals on Stone as they 
make their way home from some 

5792
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:53,900
later and you might hear a 
temple Bell in the distance, 

5793
04:59:53,900 --> 04:59:56,600
marking one of the traditional 
divisions of the night with his 

5794
04:59:56,600 --> 05:00:00,500
bronze rolling across the city's
tiled, roofs before, settling 

5795
05:00:00,500 --> 05:00:03,500
into silence. 
These bells serve not just as 

5796
05:00:03,500 --> 05:00:06,800
timepieces but as reminders of 
the spiritual dimension of daily

5797
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:10,100
life, marking the passage of 
hours with sounds that have been

5798
05:00:10,108 --> 05:00:11,600
heard in this place for 
centuries. 

5799
05:00:11,600 --> 05:00:15,200
Or you might hear the call of a 
night bird, perhaps an owl 

5800
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:18,200
hunting in one of the temple, 
Groves or a Nighthawk diving 

5801
05:00:18,200 --> 05:00:22,100
through the air of the rooftops.
These sounds connect you to the 

5802
05:00:22,100 --> 05:00:25,400
natural world that still exists 
within and around the city. 

5803
05:00:25,400 --> 05:00:29,300
Reminding you that human 
habitation is just one part of a

5804
05:00:29,308 --> 05:00:32,900
larger ecological community. 
That includes plants and animals

5805
05:00:32,900 --> 05:00:37,000
streams and mountains changing 
weather and cycling Seasons. 

5806
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:40,600
The air in your room is fresh 
and clean flowing freely through

5807
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:42,800
the gaps in the wooden 
construction that Modern 

5808
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:46,300
Builders would consider flaws 
but which actually help regulate

5809
05:00:46,300 --> 05:00:47,800
temperature and humidity 
naturally. 

5810
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:51,600
In some summer, these gaps, 
allow cooling breezes to flow 

5811
05:00:51,600 --> 05:00:53,400
through the house while in 
Winter. 

5812
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:56,200
They prevent the build-up of 
stale humid, air, that could 

5813
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,100
lead to mold or other problems. 
Your cotton futon is 

5814
05:00:59,100 --> 05:01:01,800
surprisingly comfortable. 
Once you get used to it, molding

5815
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,200
to your body in a way that feels
supportive without being too 

5816
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:07,100
soft. 
The tatami mats beneath provide 

5817
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,500
just the right amount of 
cushioning and their faint 

5818
05:01:09,500 --> 05:01:12,600
grassy sent his. 
Oddly soothing like, sleeping in

5819
05:01:12,600 --> 05:01:15,200
a meadow that has been perfectly
prepared for human comfort. 

5820
05:01:15,900 --> 05:01:18,700
The natural materials, breathe 
and adjust your body 

5821
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,300
temperature, keeping you 
comfortable throughout the night

5822
05:01:21,300 --> 05:01:23,500
without the need for mechanical 
climate control. 

5823
05:01:23,500 --> 05:01:26,700
As you drift towards sleep. 
Your mind, might Wander Over the

5824
05:01:26,700 --> 05:01:28,500
days. 
Small pleasures and encounters. 

5825
05:01:28,500 --> 05:01:31,800
Each one taking on a particular 
Sweetness in the peaceful 

5826
05:01:31,800 --> 05:01:35,200
darkness of your room, Perfect 
temperature of your morning. 

5827
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:38,600
Tea served in a ceramic cup. 
That was warm to the touch and 

5828
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:42,400
perfectly shaped for your hands.
The way sunlight fell across a 

5829
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:45,900
temple Garden, creating patterns
of light and Shadow, that seemed

5830
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:47,900
to shift and dance with each 
passing Cloud. 

5831
05:01:47,900 --> 05:01:50,900
The smile of the tofu seller. 
When you complimented his 

5832
05:01:50,900 --> 05:01:54,100
product, a moment of human 
connection that brighten both 

5833
05:01:54,100 --> 05:01:57,700
your days and created the kind 
of small social bond, that makes

5834
05:01:57,700 --> 05:01:59,500
communities feel friendly, and 
welcome. 

5835
05:02:00,400 --> 05:02:04,000
The satisfaction of a simple but
perfectly prepared meal shared 

5836
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:06,700
with others, where every 
ingredient was fresh and 

5837
05:02:06,700 --> 05:02:10,100
carefully chosen every dish was 
prepared with attention to both 

5838
05:02:10,100 --> 05:02:13,400
flavor and appearance. 
These aren't the dramatic highs 

5839
05:02:13,400 --> 05:02:16,000
and lows of modern 
entertainment, the artificial 

5840
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:18,800
excitement of movies and 
television and video games 

5841
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:22,800
instead, they have a different 
kind of richness the Deep 

5842
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:24,600
satisfaction that comes from a 
life. 

5843
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:28,600
Lived at a human Pace in harmony
with natural rhythms and in 

5844
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:31,100
connection with the community of
people who know and care about 

5845
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:34,000
each other, in Old Kyoto, you 
were never Anonymous. 

5846
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:37,600
Never just another face in the 
crowd, or another customer in a 

5847
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:39,500
long line. 
You were someone's neighbor. 

5848
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:42,500
Someone's customer. 
Someone's fellowship at the 

5849
05:02:42,500 --> 05:02:44,900
local Shrine, your daily 
choices. 

5850
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,300
What to buy, how to dress, how 
to treat. 

5851
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,100
Others mattered? 
Not just to you, but to the web 

5852
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:53,300
of relationships that made up 
your community, it was a kind of

5853
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:56,900
accountability that Modern Life 
has largely lost, but also a 

5854
05:02:56,900 --> 05:02:59,400
kind of support and meaning that
many of us are still searching 

5855
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,800
for the Craftsman who made your 
household goods, knew their work

5856
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:06,600
would be used by real people. 
Not sold to Anonymous consumers 

5857
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:10,100
in distant markets. the farmers 
who grew your food, lived close 

5858
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:13,200
enough that you might know their
names, their families, their 

5859
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:17,000
challenges and successes, The 
merchants who brought goods to 

5860
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:18,900
your neighborhood, had 
reputations to maintain and 

5861
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:22,200
relationships to preserve, which
meant that quality and honesty 

5862
05:03:22,200 --> 05:03:23,900
were essential to their 
long-term success. 

5863
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:27,900
This interconnectedness, created
a kind of economic system that 

5864
05:03:27,900 --> 05:03:30,600
was both more personal and more 
sustainable than what we know 

5865
05:03:30,600 --> 05:03:34,600
today. goods were built to last 
because the people who made them

5866
05:03:34,600 --> 05:03:38,000
had to stand behind their 
quality, waste was minimized 

5867
05:03:38,000 --> 05:03:40,800
because resources were precious 
and had to be used efficiently. 

5868
05:03:41,700 --> 05:03:44,300
And economic relationships were 
embedded in Social 

5869
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:47,500
relationships, which meant the 
commerce was conducted with 

5870
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:51,200
attention to fairness and 
Community welfare, not just 

5871
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:53,700
individual profit. 
The last thing you might notice 

5872
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:56,300
before sleep takes, you 
completely as how quiet your 

5873
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:59,400
mind has become in this peaceful
environment, Without the 

5874
05:03:59,400 --> 05:04:02,400
constant input of news and 
entertainment and advertising, 

5875
05:04:02,400 --> 05:04:06,000
without the pressure of endless 
choices and opportunities, your 

5876
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:08,900
thoughts have space to settle 
and clarify like sediment 

5877
05:04:08,900 --> 05:04:11,700
settling to the bottom of a 
Still Pond problems. 

5878
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:14,300
That seemed overwhelming in our 
modern context of information 

5879
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:17,500
overload and constant 
stimulation become manageable 

5880
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:19,900
when viewed from the perspective
of a life. 

5881
05:04:19,908 --> 05:04:24,600
Lived one day at a time, one 
task at a time, one season at a 

5882
05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:27,200
time. 
The human mind, it turns out is 

5883
05:04:27,200 --> 05:04:30,000
much better at dealing with 
immediate concrete challenges 

5884
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:34,000
than with abstract worries about
distant possibilities or complex

5885
05:04:34,000 --> 05:04:36,500
Global issues that are Beyond 
individual control. 

5886
05:04:36,500 --> 05:04:40,200
And so you fall asleep in Old 
Kyoto, surrounded by The Gentle 

5887
05:04:40,200 --> 05:04:43,300
sounds of a community at rest. 
Breathing are centered with 

5888
05:04:43,300 --> 05:04:46,300
wood, smoke and Temple. 
Incense, your body relaxed on 

5889
05:04:46,308 --> 05:04:48,400
simple bedding. 
That has served countless 

5890
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:52,300
Generations before you The 
darkness is complete and restful

5891
05:04:52,300 --> 05:04:55,900
broken, only by the occasional 
flicker of a neighbor's lamp or 

5892
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:59,400
the distant, glow of a temple 
Lantern marking a Sacred Space. 

5893
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:02,300
In the sleeping city tomorrow 
will bring its own rhythms and 

5894
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:05,300
Pleasures the morning Tea 
Ceremony that starts each day 

5895
05:05:05,300 --> 05:05:08,000
with mindfulness and gratitude. 
A friendly. 

5896
05:05:08,000 --> 05:05:10,500
Merchants making their rounds 
through neighborhoods where 

5897
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:11,800
everyone knows. 
Everyone else. 

5898
05:05:11,800 --> 05:05:15,500
The beautiful temples with their
peaceful gardeners providing 

5899
05:05:15,500 --> 05:05:19,200
Refuge from the world's demands,
the satisfying work, that 

5900
05:05:19,200 --> 05:05:22,500
connects you directly to your 
community's needs and the shared

5901
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,600
meals that turn eating from Mere
consumption into social ritual 

5902
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:29,900
and cultural expression. 
It will bring the evening walk 

5903
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:33,200
home through Lantern lit streets
where every house glows with 

5904
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:37,600
warm light and human activity. 
Where the sounds of family, life

5905
05:05:37,600 --> 05:05:39,700
created, gentle Symphony of 
community. 

5906
05:05:40,400 --> 05:05:43,300
Where the darkness is welcoming 
rather than threatening because 

5907
05:05:43,300 --> 05:05:46,100
it's populated with neighbors 
and Friends rather than 

5908
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:48,700
strangers and threats. 
It's a life that might seem 

5909
05:05:48,700 --> 05:05:52,300
simple by our standards, limited
by lack of technology and modern

5910
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:55,600
conveniences, constrained by 
social expectations and 

5911
05:05:55,600 --> 05:05:58,900
traditional roles. 
But in that Simplicity lies, a 

5912
05:05:58,900 --> 05:06:02,000
richness that are complicated 
modern world sometimes struggles

5913
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:05,200
to provide The richness of 
knowing your place in a 

5914
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:10,100
community of mastering skills 
that serve real human needs of 

5915
05:06:10,100 --> 05:06:13,800
living in harmony with natural 
cycles and finding joy and 

5916
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:17,300
meaning in the small daily 
encounters that make up a truly 

5917
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:20,500
human existence. 
And perhaps, as you settle into 

5918
05:06:20,500 --> 05:06:23,800
sleep, in this imagined past, 
you carry some of that wisdom 

5919
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:26,300
with you back to whatever time 
and place you call home. 

5920
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,900
The understanding that happiness
often comes not from having more

5921
05:06:29,900 --> 05:06:33,300
choices or more stimulation, but
from paying closer attention to 

5922
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,700
the choice, you have from 
finding Beauty and simple things

5923
05:06:36,700 --> 05:06:39,700
and from creating meaningful 
connections with the people and 

5924
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:41,200
places that surround you every 
day. 

5925
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:48,600
You know, that neighbor who 
always seems to have everything 

5926
05:06:48,600 --> 05:06:51,500
together. 
Despite having a Perfect Lawn, a

5927
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:53,800
shiny car and kids who seem to 
never fight. 

5928
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:57,100
They still managed to find time 
to make cookies for the entire 

5929
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,300
neighborhood. 
Then one day as you drive, by 

5930
05:07:00,300 --> 05:07:04,300
you notice a for sale. 
Sign on the lawn weeds emerging 

5931
05:07:04,300 --> 05:07:06,900
through the cracks in the 
driveway, you find yourself 

5932
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:12,400
thinking what transpired Ancient
empires were a lot like that 

5933
05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:14,600
neighbor. 
From the outside, everything 

5934
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:18,400
looked magnificent, sprawling 
cities, impressive, armies and 

5935
05:07:18,400 --> 05:07:20,300
trade routes stretching across 
continents. 

5936
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:24,100
But underneath all that marble 
and Military might the same 

5937
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:26,600
kinds of problems were quietly 
eating away at the foundation 

5938
05:07:26,600 --> 05:07:29,100
that eventually brings down any 
household. 

5939
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:32,300
Just on a scale that would make 
your mortgage broker weep. 

5940
05:07:33,200 --> 05:07:36,400
Think about empire collapse is 
that it's never really sudden 

5941
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:38,800
despite what the history books 
might tell you. 

5942
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:41,900
It's more like watching your 
favorite sweater slowly unravel.

5943
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:45,800
One observes a loose thread 
here, a small hole there, yet 

5944
05:07:45,800 --> 05:07:49,600
one continues to wear it because
after all it remains largely 

5945
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:54,000
functional as a sweater. until 
one day, you donate and your arm

5946
05:07:54,000 --> 05:07:57,900
passes through what was once a 
sleeve One day, you put it on 

5947
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:00,700
and your arm pierces through 
what was once a sleeve? 

5948
05:08:00,700 --> 05:08:04,700
Take the Western Roman Empire. 
For instance, everyone talks 

5949
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:07,700
about how it fell informed 76 
CE. 

5950
05:08:07,700 --> 05:08:10,200
But that's like saying your 
marriage ended the day, you 

5951
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,800
signed the divorce papers The 
real breakdown had been 

5952
05:08:13,808 --> 05:08:17,600
happening for decades centuries,
even the Romans had been dealing

5953
05:08:17,600 --> 05:08:19,700
with inflation. 
That would make today's grocery 

5954
05:08:19,700 --> 05:08:23,600
prices look reasonable Barbarian
groups moving in like relatives 

5955
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:26,600
who come for a weekend visit and
never leave and an army that was

5956
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:28,500
increasingly made up of the very
people. 

5957
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:30,000
They were supposed to be 
fighting against. 

5958
05:08:30,800 --> 05:08:33,800
But here's what's fascinating. 
None of these problems were 

5959
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:36,900
secret Roman writers were 
complaining about the same 

5960
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:40,100
issues your local newspaper. 
Editorial section gripes about 

5961
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:43,200
today. 
Corrupt politicians, economic 

5962
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:45,600
inequality infrastructure, 
falling apart. 

5963
05:08:45,600 --> 05:08:49,400
And young people who didn't 
respect Traditional Values sound

5964
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:51,900
familiar. 
The Romans had their own version

5965
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:53,700
of kids. 
These days don't know how good 

5966
05:08:53,700 --> 05:08:56,100
they have it. 
The real mystery isn't why 

5967
05:08:56,100 --> 05:08:59,000
Empires collapsed, but why they 
held together as long as they 

5968
05:08:59,000 --> 05:09:00,500
did. 
Think about it. 

5969
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,200
You're trying to manage 
territories that span thousands 

5970
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,200
of miles dozens of different 
cultures languages. 

5971
05:09:06,200 --> 05:09:09,300
You can't pronounce and local 
Customs that range from 

5972
05:09:09,300 --> 05:09:12,500
perfectly reasonable to wait 
they sacrifice. 

5973
05:09:12,500 --> 05:09:15,700
What to which God? 
All of this occurred with 

5974
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:18,400
communication technology that 
made smoke signals appear 

5975
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,200
advanced. 
Imagine trying to run a modern 

5976
05:09:21,200 --> 05:09:23,800
Corporation where messages 
between the CEO and branch 

5977
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:27,800
managers took months to deliver 
where half your employees spoke 

5978
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:30,900
different languages and where 
your biggest competitors were 

5979
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:32,900
nomadic groups. 
Who could pack up their entire 

5980
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:36,500
civilization and disappear into 
the step faster than you could 

5981
05:09:36,508 --> 05:09:40,700
say, quarterly earnings report. 
Yet somehow these ancient 

5982
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,500
empires managed to keep the 
lights on metaphorically 

5983
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:45,600
speaking. 
They hadn't quite figured out 

5984
05:09:45,600 --> 05:09:49,800
electricity yet the centuries. 
If you consider both halves of 

5985
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:52,600
the Empire, the Romans alone 
managed to sustain their 

5986
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:54,100
operations for over a 
millennium. 

5987
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:57,600
That's longer than most Fortune.
500 companies stay in business 

5988
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,200
and they don't have to worry 
about Visigoths raids or 

5989
05:10:00,200 --> 05:10:02,500
volcanic eruptions that block 
out the Sun for months. 

5990
05:10:02,500 --> 05:10:05,500
The secret wasn't the ancient 
people's was somehow more 

5991
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,200
competent than us. 
Though, they definitely knew how

5992
05:10:08,200 --> 05:10:10,200
to build things that lasted 
longer than your average 

5993
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:12,600
smartphone. 
The secret was that they 

5994
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:16,500
understood something, we 
sometimes forget, Empires aren't

5995
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:19,300
just political entities. 
They're basically giant 

5996
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:23,200
ecosystems with all the 
complexity that implies just 

5997
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:26,300
like in nature when one part of 
the system starts failing, it 

5998
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:29,500
affects everything else, a 
drought in Egypt, meant less 

5999
05:10:29,500 --> 05:10:32,800
grain for Rome which meant 
higher bread prices, which meant

6000
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:36,200
angry cities, which meant 
nervous politicians, which meant

6001
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:39,100
higher taxes to pay for more 
soldiers, which meant even 

6002
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,600
angrier citizens. 
It's the ancient equivalent of a

6003
05:10:42,608 --> 05:10:45,800
supply chain crisis except 
instead of waiting longer for 

6004
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:49,200
your Amazon package, people 
starved, perhaps, you've never 

6005
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:51,700
considered the extent to which 
the weather influences your 

6006
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,300
mood, but ancient empires were 
essentially subject to the whims

6007
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:59,400
of every passing cloud. 
Bad weather wasn't just about 

6008
05:10:59,400 --> 05:11:02,300
canceling picnics. 
It could literally topple 

6009
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:05,700
civilizations, the Maya, for 
instance, built one of the most 

6010
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:08,000
sophisticated civilizations in 
the Americas. 

6011
05:11:08,000 --> 05:11:11,100
We're talking about people who 
calculated the movement of 

6012
05:11:11,100 --> 05:11:14,000
Venus, more accurately, the 
Europeans would manage for 

6013
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:17,200
another Thousand Years who 
invented the concept of zero 

6014
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,400
independently, and who built 
cities that made medieval 

6015
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:22,800
European towns look like 
Suburban strip malls. 

6016
05:11:22,800 --> 05:11:26,600
These weren't people who gave up
easily, but then the rain 

6017
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:28,800
stopped coming, they didn't stop
abruptly. 

6018
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:30,200
That would have been too 
visible. 

6019
05:11:30,200 --> 05:11:33,600
Instead, the situation, 
resembled a restaurant gradually

6020
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,500
cutting costs. 
First, they watered down the 

6021
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:39,200
super little then they start 
using cheaper ingredients. 

6022
05:11:40,200 --> 05:11:42,200
Before, you know, it you're 
wondering why you ever thought 

6023
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:45,100
this place was special, but it 
happened so gradually. 

6024
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:49,300
You barely noticed each step. 
The Maya face, what climate just

6025
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,300
called the terminal classic 
drought which sounds like the 

6026
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,000
kind of thing that should come 
with dramatic music and special 

6027
05:11:55,000 --> 05:11:58,600
effects in reality. 
It was probably just a series of

6028
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:00,800
years where people looked up at 
the sky and muttered. 

6029
05:12:00,800 --> 05:12:04,500
Come on, not again. 
But when your entire 

6030
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:08,400
civilization depends on rainfed,
agriculture, not again can 

6031
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:12,000
quickly become not ever again. 
What's particularly 

6032
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:16,000
heartbreaking is that the Maya, 
saw it, coming their records 

6033
05:12:16,000 --> 05:12:17,200
show. 
They were deeply worried about 

6034
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:19,800
the relationship between their 
kings and the rain gods. 

6035
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:24,700
Tried everything more, elaborate
ceremonies bigger sacrifices and

6036
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:27,500
constructing additional temples.
It's like, turning up the 

6037
05:12:27,500 --> 05:12:31,000
thermostat when you're heating 
system is broken your addressing

6038
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:33,900
the symptoms, not the problem. 
But when you don't understand 

6039
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:36,300
the problem, the symptoms are 
all you have to work with. 

6040
05:12:37,400 --> 05:12:38,900
The drought didn't just mean 
less food. 

6041
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:42,100
It meant cities that had 
supported hundreds of thousands 

6042
05:12:42,100 --> 05:12:46,100
of people suddenly couldn't 
support, tens of thousands, it 

6043
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:49,100
meant trade networks, that had 
connected regions across Central

6044
05:12:49,100 --> 05:12:52,200
America, started to fray as 
everyone focused on their 

6045
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:54,800
survival. 
It meant the elaborate political

6046
05:12:54,800 --> 05:12:58,100
alliances that had held Maya 
civilization together, began to 

6047
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:02,100
crack like dried mud. 
Meanwhile, Halfway Around The 

6048
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:04,000
World. 
The Bronze Age was ending in 

6049
05:13:04,000 --> 05:13:07,000
what historians dramatically 
call the Bronze Age collapse. 

6050
05:13:07,700 --> 05:13:11,900
Picture this at some point 
around 1200 BC Advanced 

6051
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,400
civilizations across the 
Mediterranean and near East 

6052
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:18,300
started falling like dominoes. 
The Mycenaeans in Greece, the 

6053
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:22,200
Hittites, and turkey and cities 
in Syria, and Palestine, all of 

6054
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:24,400
them, either destroyed or 
abandoned within a few 

6055
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:26,800
Generations. 
For the longest time. 

6056
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:29,900
Historians blamed, mysterious 
sea people's for this collapse. 

6057
05:13:29,900 --> 05:13:33,200
As if a number of ancient 
Pirates, had decided to tour the

6058
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,200
Mediterranean and trash every 
major city they came across. 

6059
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:39,800
It's a compelling story 
mysterious, Raiders appearing 

6060
05:13:39,800 --> 05:13:43,200
from nowhere, bringing chaos and
destruction, then Vanishing back

6061
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,000
into Legend. 
However, the reality likely 

6062
05:13:46,000 --> 05:13:48,500
amounted, to a combination of 
unfavorable circumstances 

6063
05:13:48,500 --> 05:13:53,300
unfavorable weather patterns and
unfortunate timing Recent 

6064
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:56,000
research suggests that the 
Mediterranean region experienced

6065
05:13:56,000 --> 05:13:58,200
a significant climate shift 
around this time. 

6066
05:13:59,000 --> 05:14:01,900
Cooler drier conditions would 
have meant crop failures, which 

6067
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:04,700
meant hungry people, which meant
social unrest, which meant 

6068
05:14:04,700 --> 05:14:07,600
political instability under such
pressure. 

6069
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:10,400
It doesn't take mysterious sea, 
Raiders to escalate the 

6070
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:13,100
situation. 
Sometimes the Raiders are just 

6071
05:14:13,100 --> 05:14:15,900
your people desperately looking 
for somewhere better to live. 

6072
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:19,700
A sneaking thing is, how quickly
complex society is, can unravel.

6073
05:14:19,700 --> 05:14:23,300
Once the process starts, the 
Bronze Age civilizations had 

6074
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,500
taken centuries to develop 
writing systems complex, trade 

6075
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:29,900
networks, specialized crafts and
sophisticated government 

6076
05:14:29,900 --> 05:14:32,900
structures. 
However, they lost much of this 

6077
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:34,400
knowledge within a few 
Generations. 

6078
05:14:34,400 --> 05:14:39,000
All that meticulous construction
vanishes in mere moments akin to

6079
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:42,700
a wave striking a sandcastle. 
This scenario is where climate 

6080
05:14:42,700 --> 05:14:46,000
change becomes particularly 
scary for modern civilizations. 

6081
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:48,900
We think we're tougher than 
ancient people because we have 

6082
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:51,700
better technology, but we're 
also more connected and 

6083
05:14:51,700 --> 05:14:54,900
specialized when ancient Farmers
had a poor harvest, they might 

6084
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:57,300
starve, but they still knew how 
to grow food. 

6085
05:14:57,300 --> 05:15:01,100
If our complex Supply chains 
break down how many of us 

6086
05:15:01,100 --> 05:15:03,100
actually know how to produce the
basics. 

6087
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:05,500
We need to survive. 
Let's talk about money because 

6088
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:08,200
nothing brings down an Empire, 
quite like financial problems. 

6089
05:15:08,200 --> 05:15:10,600
And, before you start thinking, 
this doesn't apply to. 

6090
05:15:10,600 --> 05:15:14,400
You remember, the empires are 
really just very large, very old

6091
05:15:14,400 --> 05:15:17,100
versions, of households, trying 
to balance their budgets while 

6092
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:20,000
maintaining their Lifestyles, 
the Roman Empire had, what you 

6093
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:21,800
might call the world's first 
credit crisis. 

6094
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:26,000
By the third Century CE, they 
were facing inflation. 

6095
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:27,800
That would make modern 
economists reach for the 

6096
05:15:27,808 --> 05:15:29,500
Antiques. 
The issue began. 

6097
05:15:29,500 --> 05:15:32,500
Innocuously as the Romans had 
been gradually decreasing. 

6098
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:35,200
The silver content in their 
coins to extend their resources.

6099
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:38,600
It's the ancient equivalent of 
watering down the milk to make 

6100
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:41,800
it last longer, accept everyone 
in the Empire eventually 

6101
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:44,500
noticed. 
When people lose trust in the 

6102
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,200
currency things on Revell, 
remarkably quickly. 

6103
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:50,900
Imagine if you woke up tomorrow 
and everyone suddenly decided 

6104
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:54,100
that your dollars were only 
worth 50 cents, not just you 

6105
05:15:54,100 --> 05:15:58,200
everyone overnight your savings,
your salary, your mortgage and 

6106
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:00,100
everything would be thrown into 
chaos. 

6107
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:03,500
That's essentially what happened
to Rome except they didn't have 

6108
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:05,000
Economist on television 
explaining. 

6109
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:07,700
What was going wrong. 
Roman soldiers, who were the 

6110
05:16:07,700 --> 05:16:10,200
backbone of the Empire? 
Started demanding payment and 

6111
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:13,500
goods rather than coins. 
When the Army loses faith in the

6112
05:16:13,500 --> 05:16:15,800
currency, you're essentially 
paying for protection with 

6113
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:18,900
groceries. 
It works for a while but it's 

6114
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:21,200
not exactly sustainable. 
When you're trying to project 

6115
05:16:21,200 --> 05:16:24,800
power across three continents, 
but Rome's financial troubles 

6116
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:26,900
were just about bad monetary 
policy. 

6117
05:16:26,900 --> 05:16:30,200
They were also dealing with what
economists call Imperial 

6118
05:16:30,200 --> 05:16:33,400
overstretch basically, they had 
taken on more responsibilities 

6119
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,600
than they could afford. 
It's like buying a house that's 

6120
05:16:36,600 --> 05:16:39,200
technically within your budget. 
If you don't eat much and never 

6121
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:42,200
get sick, your car never breaks 
down and you never want to 

6122
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:45,200
vacation. 
The Romans had committed to 

6123
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,400
defending thousands of miles of 
Frontier against neighbors who 

6124
05:16:48,400 --> 05:16:50,300
kept getting more organized and 
more aggressive. 

6125
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:54,400
They had to maintain roads 
aqueducts and public buildings 

6126
05:16:54,400 --> 05:16:56,600
across an area larger than the 
United States. 

6127
05:16:57,500 --> 05:16:59,800
They had to keep grain flowing 
to cities that couldn't feed 

6128
05:16:59,800 --> 05:17:02,700
themselves because Hungary 
citizens, have a tendency to 

6129
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:04,500
Riot and riots are bad for 
business. 

6130
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:07,100
Meanwhile the tax base was 
shrinking. 

6131
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:11,800
Constant Warfare had devastated 
agricultural regions, plague had

6132
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,900
reduced the population. 
In many areas, the wealthy had 

6133
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,800
become expert at avoiding taxes.
Some things never change which 

6134
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:20,900
meant the burden fell 
increasingly on people who were 

6135
05:17:20,900 --> 05:17:23,400
already struggling. 
It's a well-known phenomenon 

6136
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:25,600
that during difficult times 
those with the greatest 

6137
05:17:25,600 --> 05:17:28,400
financial means tend to avoid 
providing assistance. 

6138
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:31,800
The hand dynasty in China, faced
similar problems around the same

6139
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:34,900
time, they had expanded to 
control territory, stretching 

6140
05:17:34,900 --> 05:17:38,200
from Korea to Central Asia, 
which sounds impressive Until 

6141
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:40,400
you realize they were trying to 
govern it with horses and 

6142
05:17:40,400 --> 05:17:43,600
handwritten messages. 
The Silk Road, trade networks 

6143
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,900
brought wealth, but they all 
brought enormous administrative 

6144
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:51,000
costs and Military commitments. 
Han Emperors found themselves 

6145
05:17:51,000 --> 05:17:53,900
trapped in what modern Economist
called the resource curse. 

6146
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,100
The wealthier, their empire 
became the more expensive. 

6147
05:17:57,100 --> 05:18:01,400
It was to maintain success 
bread, obligation and obligation

6148
05:18:01,400 --> 05:18:03,600
bread, expense and expense 
bread. 

6149
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:05,600
The need for more success to pay
for it all. 

6150
05:18:05,600 --> 05:18:07,800
It's like getting promoted to a 
job. 

6151
05:18:07,808 --> 05:18:11,100
That pays more, but requires you
to spend so much on professional

6152
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:14,100
clothes and longer commutes you 
end up with less money than 

6153
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:18,100
before. what's particularly 
tragic is that many of these 

6154
05:18:18,100 --> 05:18:21,100
Empires are understood their 
financial problems and tried to 

6155
05:18:21,100 --> 05:18:25,900
solve them, The Romans attempted
currency reforms tax reforms and

6156
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:29,300
administrative reforms the hand 
tried to reduce military 

6157
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:31,300
commitments, and streamlined, 
the bureaucracy. 

6158
05:18:31,900 --> 05:18:34,300
But by the time, the problems 
were obvious enough to demand 

6159
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:36,200
action. 
They were often too deeply 

6160
05:18:36,200 --> 05:18:38,600
embedded in the system to 
resolve without causing even 

6161
05:18:38,600 --> 05:18:41,100
more disruption. 
It's like trying to renovate 

6162
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:42,900
your house, while you're still 
living in it. 

6163
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:47,600
In theory, you can do it but in 
practice every fix reveals three

6164
05:18:47,600 --> 05:18:50,100
more problems. 
And meanwhile you're living with

6165
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:52,900
plastic sheeting instead of 
walls and wondering why you 

6166
05:18:52,900 --> 05:18:55,400
didn't just move somewhere else.
The lesson here. 

6167
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:59,100
Isn't that expansion is always 
bad or the empires are doomed to

6168
05:18:59,108 --> 05:19:02,000
fail? 
Success create its own problems 

6169
05:19:02,000 --> 05:19:05,100
which must be handled as 
carefully as the original issues

6170
05:19:05,100 --> 05:19:08,700
growth without planning, is just
another word for crisis waiting 

6171
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:10,800
to happen. 
You might be surprised to learn 

6172
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:13,600
that foreign armies did not 
conquer the majority of ancient 

6173
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,100
empires. 
They were brought down by their 

6174
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:19,100
own military forces, or by the 
very people, they had hired to 

6175
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:21,300
protect them. 
It's like finding out your 

6176
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:24,200
security system has been helping
burglars case your house. 

6177
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,400
The late Roman Empire is the 
classic example of this 

6178
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:31,300
phenomenon by the fourth and 5th
Century is the Roman army was 

6179
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:34,100
increasingly made up of what 
they called Federalists. 

6180
05:19:34,100 --> 05:19:37,900
Basically entire Barbarian 
tribes who had been hired as 

6181
05:19:37,900 --> 05:19:41,200
mercenaries or allowed to settle
within Roman territory in 

6182
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:45,300
exchange for military service. 
On paper, it was a brilliant 

6183
05:19:45,300 --> 05:19:49,300
solution to two problems, the 
Romans needed soldiers and the 

6184
05:19:49,300 --> 05:19:51,500
Barbarian tribes needed land and
steady. 

6185
05:19:51,500 --> 05:19:55,300
Pay in practice, it was like 
hiring your teenagers friends to

6186
05:19:55,300 --> 05:19:56,700
babysit while you're out of 
town. 

6187
05:19:57,500 --> 05:20:00,100
Sure, they know the house rules 
and they seem responsible 

6188
05:20:00,100 --> 05:20:03,000
enough, but their ultimate 
loyalty is to their interests, 

6189
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:05,500
not yours. 
And when things go wrong, you 

6190
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:07,600
might come home to discover. 
They've invited all their 

6191
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:10,400
friends over and decided they 
liked your house better than 

6192
05:20:10,400 --> 05:20:14,700
their own. 
The Visigoths ostrogoths vandals

6193
05:20:14,700 --> 05:20:17,200
and other groups, didn't set out
to destroy the Roman Empire. 

6194
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:21,300
Many of their leaders had Roman 
military ranks War, Roman 

6195
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:24,300
uniforms and genuinely 
considered themselves part of 

6196
05:20:24,308 --> 05:20:27,200
the Roman system. 
But when the Empire couldnt pay 

6197
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:30,200
them regularly when better 
opportunities present themselves

6198
05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:34,000
their priorities shifted in 
perfectly understandable ways. 

6199
05:20:34,000 --> 05:20:37,300
It's important to understand 
that these were not Savage raids

6200
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,200
by uncivilized hordes. 
These were organized political 

6201
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:42,900
entities, making rational 
decisions about their survival 

6202
05:20:42,900 --> 05:20:46,600
and prosperity. 
Alaric a former Roman general 

6203
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:51,500
led the Visigoths who sacked 
Rome in 410 CE, Howrah attacked 

6204
05:20:51,500 --> 05:20:54,600
Rome, not out of hatred for 
Roman civilization but because 

6205
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:57,200
the Roman government owed his 
people money and refused to 

6206
05:20:57,200 --> 05:21:00,700
repay it. 
The Tang Dynasty in China faced 

6207
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,700
a remarkably, similar problem 
during the Andalusian rebellion 

6208
05:21:03,700 --> 05:21:07,700
in the 8th century and Lucian a 
general of Central Asian origin 

6209
05:21:07,700 --> 05:21:10,000
held in mental authority. 
Over the northeastern Frontier, 

6210
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:12,400
he was precisely the kind of 
person. 

6211
05:21:12,400 --> 05:21:15,400
The Tang needed, someone who 
understood both Chinese 

6212
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:18,200
administrative systems, and the 
nomadic peoples they were trying

6213
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:20,400
to control. 
But here's the thing about 

6214
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:23,600
giving someone that much power. 
Start to realize they don't 

6215
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:26,900
actually need you anymore. 
And Russian commanded armies 

6216
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,000
that were larger and better 
trained than the forces of 

6217
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:31,700
available to the emperor. 
He controlled territory that was

6218
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:34,500
wealthier and more productive 
than many entire kingdoms. 

6219
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:38,300
When political tensions arose, 
he had the resources to do 

6220
05:21:38,300 --> 05:21:40,900
something about it. 
The Rebellion lost in eight 

6221
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:43,500
years and devastated much of 
northern China. 

6222
05:21:43,500 --> 05:21:47,400
Even though the Tang Dynasty. 
Technically survived, it never 

6223
05:21:47,400 --> 05:21:49,800
fully recovered its previous 
strength or Unity. 

6224
05:21:49,800 --> 05:21:51,900
It's like surviving a heart 
attack. 

6225
05:21:51,900 --> 05:21:55,200
You'll still alive, but you'll 
never quite the same afterward. 

6226
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:59,500
What's particularly intriguing 
is how these military problems 

6227
05:21:59,500 --> 05:22:01,500
were often the result of 
previous successes. 

6228
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:05,500
The Romans recruited Barbarian 
Federalists because their early 

6229
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:08,900
conquests had made traditional 
Roman military, service less 

6230
05:22:08,900 --> 05:22:12,300
attractive to Roman citizens. 
Why risk your life on the 

6231
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:14,300
frontier? 
When you could make money and 

6232
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,400
trade or Administration in the 
comfortable interior provinces 

6233
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:21,400
Similarly, the Tang Dynasty. 
Relied on non-chinese, generals 

6234
05:22:21,400 --> 05:22:23,800
like an ocean because they're 
expansion into Central. 

6235
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:26,800
Asia required people who 
understood local conditions and 

6236
05:22:26,800 --> 05:22:29,800
cultures Chinese. 
Generals from the Heartland were

6237
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:32,800
often ineffective in Frontier 
regions, where the rules of 

6238
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,000
warfare and diplomacy were 
entirely different. 

6239
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:38,800
But success, in solving one 
problem, often creates new ones 

6240
05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:41,800
that are harder to solve. 
Once you've hired foreign 

6241
05:22:41,800 --> 05:22:44,400
troops, you have to keep them 
happy, which usually means 

6242
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:46,800
paying them more than your 
citizens are willing to accept 

6243
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:49,700
for the same work. 
Once you've given Frontier, 

6244
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:53,100
generals autonomy, you have to 
trust that they'll continue to 

6245
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:55,200
use it in your interests rather 
than their own. 

6246
05:22:56,700 --> 05:22:59,300
The most sobering aspect of 
these military collapses is how 

6247
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:01,300
reasonable they look from 
everyone's perspective? 

6248
05:23:02,300 --> 05:23:04,800
The central government was 
trying to maintain control over 

6249
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:07,100
vast territories with limited 
resources. 

6250
05:23:08,100 --> 05:23:10,700
The foreign allies were trying 
to secure Better Lives for their

6251
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:12,800
people. 
The individual generals were 

6252
05:23:12,800 --> 05:23:15,200
trying to advance their careers 
and protect their soldiers. 

6253
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:18,800
Nobody was trying to destroy 
civilization and they were all 

6254
05:23:18,808 --> 05:23:20,900
just trying to make the best of 
difficult circumstances. 

6255
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:24,800
Yet the cumulative effect of all
these rational decisions was the

6256
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:28,000
collapse of political systems 
that had maintained peace and 

6257
05:23:28,000 --> 05:23:32,200
prosperity for centuries. 
It's a reminder that beneficial 

6258
05:23:32,200 --> 05:23:35,400
intentions and rational Behavior
don't always lead to 

6259
05:23:35,400 --> 05:23:38,500
advantageous outcomes, 
especially in complex systems 

6260
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,600
where individual decisions can 
have far-reaching unintended 

6261
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,400
consequences. 
Nothing, quite puts life in 

6262
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:45,600
perspective like a good 
pandemic. 

6263
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:48,300
Ancient empires had more than 
their share of both. 

6264
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,400
But unlike modern disease, 
outbreaks, ancient plagues 

6265
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:55,700
didn't just kill people, they 
unraveled the entire social 

6266
05:23:55,700 --> 05:23:57,800
fabric that held civilizations 
together. 

6267
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,800
The antonine plague, hit the 
Roman Empire and 165 CE and 

6268
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:04,800
basically didn't stop for 15 
years. 

6269
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:08,700
While some Modern historians 
believe it was smallpox others 

6270
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:11,700
argue, it was measles 
demonstrating the long-standing 

6271
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,100
tradition of academics, debating
deadly diseases. 

6272
05:24:15,300 --> 05:24:17,900
What we do know is that it 
killed somewhere between five 

6273
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:21,400
and 10% of the entire Roman 
population, which is, like, 

6274
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:24,500
wiping out every person in 
California and Texas combined. 

6275
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:28,200
But here's what makes ancient 
plagues particularly 

6276
05:24:28,200 --> 05:24:31,000
devastating. 
Ancient economies were almost 

6277
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:34,800
entirely based on human labor. 
When you lose 10% of your 

6278
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:38,300
Workforce overnight, you don't 
just have 10% less productivity.

6279
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:41,700
You have a complete breakdown of
the systems that depend on 

6280
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:43,300
having enough people to make 
them work. 

6281
05:24:44,000 --> 05:24:47,400
Think about your workplace. 
If half your co-workers suddenly

6282
05:24:47,400 --> 05:24:49,700
disappeared, you wouldn't just 
be doing more work. 

6283
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:51,700
You'd be doing completely 
different work. 

6284
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,700
Probably badly while also trying
to figure out which of their 

6285
05:24:54,700 --> 05:24:57,700
responsibilities were actually 
important and which were just 

6286
05:24:57,700 --> 05:25:00,100
bureaucratic busy work that 
nobody will miss. 

6287
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:03,500
Now, imagine that scenario 
playing out across an entire 

6288
05:25:03,500 --> 05:25:06,400
Empire in every town on every 
farm and in every Workshop. 

6289
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:09,800
The plague hit roam, just as 
Marcus, Aurelius was trying to 

6290
05:25:09,808 --> 05:25:12,900
combat major Barbarian 
incursions along the Danube 

6291
05:25:12,900 --> 05:25:15,200
Frontier. 
Instead of having the resources 

6292
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:18,400
to mount an effective military 
response, he found himself 

6293
05:25:18,400 --> 05:25:21,600
managing a civilization that was
quite literally dying. 

6294
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:25,200
Tax revenues collapsed because 
there were fewer people to tax. 

6295
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:28,300
And many of the survivors were 
too busy dealing with immediate 

6296
05:25:28,300 --> 05:25:30,000
survival to worry about paying 
taxes. 

6297
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:33,600
The military recruitment system 
broke down because the 

6298
05:25:33,600 --> 05:25:37,500
traditional sources of soldiers,
young men from rural areas had 

6299
05:25:37,500 --> 05:25:39,700
been hit particularly hard by 
the disease. 

6300
05:25:40,800 --> 05:25:43,600
As Merchants died or decided 
that traveling to potentially 

6301
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:45,700
infected cities was a poor 
business strategy. 

6302
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:49,900
Trade networks frayed it's like 
watching a complex machine lose 

6303
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:53,500
crucial Parts, one by one until 
it finally just stops working 

6304
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:57,100
entirely. 
Meanwhile, across the Empire. 

6305
05:25:57,100 --> 05:25:59,800
People were trying to make sense
of why they're Gods had 

6306
05:25:59,800 --> 05:26:03,300
apparently abandon them. 
The Roman State religion was 

6307
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,200
based on the idea that proper 
rituals and sacrifices would 

6308
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:09,700
ensure Divine favor and 
protection. when plague 

6309
05:26:09,700 --> 05:26:12,400
devastated the Empire, despite 
all the appropriate ceremonies, 

6310
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:15,700
it raised uncomfortable 
questions about whether the old 

6311
05:26:15,700 --> 05:26:18,500
gods were still paying 
attention, This spiritual 

6312
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:21,900
crisis, paved the way for new 
religious movements, especially 

6313
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:25,400
Christianity, which provided 
alternative explanations for 

6314
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,000
suffering, and diverse forms of 
Hope for the future. 

6315
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:32,100
The plague didn't create 
Christianity but it certainly 

6316
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:34,800
helped create conditions where 
Christian ideas about Divine 

6317
05:26:34,800 --> 05:26:36,700
Justice and eternal life became 
more. 

6318
05:26:36,700 --> 05:26:39,100
Appealing to people who are 
watching their world, literally 

6319
05:26:39,100 --> 05:26:42,100
die around them. 
The Justinian plague which hit 

6320
05:26:42,100 --> 05:26:45,000
the Byzantine empire in the 
sixth century was even more 

6321
05:26:45,000 --> 05:26:47,800
devastating. 
This was probably Bubonic 

6322
05:26:47,800 --> 05:26:51,500
plague, the same disease that 
would later become famous as the

6323
05:26:51,500 --> 05:26:54,400
Black Death. 
It arrived in Constantinople 

6324
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:57,900
aboard grain ships from Egypt, 
which is a reminder that trade 

6325
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:01,000
networks that bring Prosperity 
can also bring catastrophe. 

6326
05:27:01,700 --> 05:27:04,800
The plague killed an estimated 
25 million people across the 

6327
05:27:04,800 --> 05:27:09,000
Byzantine Empire and surrounding
regions Emperor, Justinian 

6328
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:12,100
himself, contracted the plague 
but survived, although he was 

6329
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:14,100
reportedly never quite the same 
afterward. 

6330
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,900
Emperor Justinian had to 
drastically scale. 

6331
05:27:16,900 --> 05:27:19,500
Back his Grand plans to 
reconquer the Western Roman 

6332
05:27:19,500 --> 05:27:22,600
territories as the Empire 
focused on simply Staying Alive.

6333
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,200
What's particularly striking 
about the Justinian plague is 

6334
05:27:26,200 --> 05:27:28,700
how it changed the entire 
trajectory of European and 

6335
05:27:28,700 --> 05:27:32,100
Middle Eastern history. 
Before the plague, the Byzantine

6336
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:34,600
Empire was probably strong 
enough to reclaim much of the 

6337
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:37,600
former Roman territories and 
re-establish a unified 

6338
05:27:37,600 --> 05:27:40,800
Mediterranean world. 
After the plague that 

6339
05:27:40,800 --> 05:27:44,400
possibility disappeared forever.
The demographic collapse. 

6340
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:46,900
Also shifted the balance of 
power between the Byzantine 

6341
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:50,700
Empire and the rising Islamic 
states to the South A healthy 

6342
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:54,200
populist present in Empire might
have been able to stop or at 

6343
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:57,300
least significantly slow the 
Arab conquests of the seventh 

6344
05:27:57,300 --> 05:27:59,800
century. 
The plague weekend Empire could 

6345
05:27:59,800 --> 05:28:03,100
barely defend its Heartland, but
plates didn't just affect 

6346
05:28:03,100 --> 05:28:06,100
Empires directly through death 
in economic disruption. 

6347
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:09,200
They also changed how people 
thought about, government 

6348
05:28:09,200 --> 05:28:11,600
religion and social 
organization. 

6349
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:14,600
When established authorities 
can't protect people from 

6350
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:17,200
invisible threats. 
Those authorities lose 

6351
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:20,200
legitimacy. 
When traditional explanations 

6352
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:22,100
for how the world Works fail to 
account. 

6353
05:28:22,100 --> 05:28:25,900
For catastrophic events, people 
become more open to new ideas 

6354
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:27,500
and new forms of social 
organization. 

6355
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:31,300
In this context plagues often 
acted as Catalyst. 

6356
05:28:31,300 --> 05:28:33,600
That accelerated changes already
in progress. 

6357
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:37,300
The Roman Empire was already 
dealing with military economic, 

6358
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:39,600
and political pressures. 
When the antonine plague hit 

6359
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:43,500
While the plague didn't initiate
these issues, it intensified 

6360
05:28:43,500 --> 05:28:47,100
their complexity and spawned new
challenges that overextended the

6361
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:49,900
system sometimes Empires. 
Don't collapse gradually, 

6362
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:54,000
sometimes they just disappear. 
The Maya cities of the Southern 

6363
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:55,600
lowlands were abandoned so 
quickly. 

6364
05:28:55,600 --> 05:28:58,000
That archaeologists observed 
dinner plates. 

6365
05:28:58,000 --> 05:29:01,200
Still sitting on tables as if 
people just stepped out for a 

6366
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:04,200
moment and never came back. 
It's like finding a ghost town 

6367
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:07,200
where the ghost forgot to take 
their belongings, the speed of 

6368
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:10,200
these Southern collapses is what
makes them so mysterious and so 

6369
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,400
frightening, we often believe 
that complex societies are 

6370
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:16,900
resilient capable of bending 
without breaking that. 

6371
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:19,000
There is a plan in place for 
when things go wrong. 

6372
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:23,300
But the archaeological record is
full of civilizations that 

6373
05:29:23,300 --> 05:29:26,600
seemed perfectly fine. 
One day and were empty ruins the

6374
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:29,300
next Anchor. 
The capital of the Khmer Empire 

6375
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:32,700
in Cambodia supported over a 
million people at its height in 

6376
05:29:32,700 --> 05:29:35,600
the 12th century. 
The temple complex at Angkor. 

6377
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:38,000
Wat remains one of the most 
impressive architectural 

6378
05:29:38,000 --> 05:29:42,400
achievements in human history. 
The Hydraulic Engineering system

6379
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:45,800
that supported the city was so 
sophisticated that modern 

6380
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:48,100
Engineers are still figuring out
how it worked. 

6381
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:51,900
This was not a civilization that
seemed likely to just pack up 

6382
05:29:51,900 --> 05:29:55,200
and leave yet. 
By the 15th century ankle, was 

6383
05:29:55,200 --> 05:29:57,800
largely abandoned. 
The jungle was already beginning

6384
05:29:57,800 --> 05:30:01,000
to reclaim the temples and 
palaces the elaborate Canal 

6385
05:30:01,000 --> 05:30:03,700
system that had supported. 
The massive population was 

6386
05:30:03,700 --> 05:30:07,100
falling into disrepair. 
What had been one of the world's

6387
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:10,400
largest cities became a ruined. 
So, overgrown that European 

6388
05:30:10,400 --> 05:30:13,100
explorers in the 19th century 
initially. 

6389
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:14,600
Thought the temples were natural
rock. 

6390
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:19,300
Formations what happened? 
The truth is, we are unsure of 

6391
05:30:19,308 --> 05:30:22,500
the exact cause which adds to 
the tarot of the Southern 

6392
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:24,900
collapse. 
Current theories, focus on 

6393
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:27,500
climate change. 
Specifically a shift from the 

6394
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:30,700
medieval warm period to the 
little ice age that disrupted 

6395
05:30:30,700 --> 05:30:32,900
the monsoon patterns, the 
premiere depended on for their 

6396
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:36,100
water management system. 
The climate change alone doesn't

6397
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:37,600
explain the speed of the 
abandonment. 

6398
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:40,900
After all, the Khmer had dealt 
with variable where, the 

6399
05:30:40,908 --> 05:30:44,200
patterns for centuries, they had
built redundancy into their 

6400
05:30:44,200 --> 05:30:47,200
water systems precisely because 
they understood that droughts 

6401
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:50,500
and floods were inevitable. 
Something must have shifted, the

6402
05:30:50,500 --> 05:30:54,300
perspective from difficult, but 
manageable to abandon everything

6403
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:57,800
and flea The most likely 
explanation is that ankle 

6404
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:00,200
suffered from what systems 
theorist called, cascading 

6405
05:31:00,200 --> 05:31:02,900
failure. 
The water management system was 

6406
05:31:02,900 --> 05:31:06,100
incredibly sophisticated, but 
that sophistication made it 

6407
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:09,600
fragile in unexpected ways. 
When one part of the system 

6408
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:12,800
failed its stressed the others 
which then filed and so on. 

6409
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:15,000
It's like when your computer 
crashes. 

6410
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:19,100
Usually it's not because of one 
catastrophic error, but because 

6411
05:31:19,100 --> 05:31:22,400
a series of small problems, 
interact in ways that overwhelm 

6412
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:25,100
the systems ability to cope the 
difference. 

6413
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:28,300
Is that when your computer 
crashes, you can restart it when

6414
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:31,400
a civilization crashes, the 
knowledge of how to restart it 

6415
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:33,800
often dies. 
With the people who flee the 

6416
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:36,700
Bronze Age collapse provides. 
Another example of sudden 

6417
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:41,500
widespread system failure, 
Around 1200 BCE the entire 

6418
05:31:41,500 --> 05:31:44,400
Eastern Mediterranean World 
seemed to fall apart within a 

6419
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:47,800
generation or two. cities that 
had flourished for centuries 

6420
05:31:47,800 --> 05:31:51,200
were destroyed or abandoned 
trade networks that are 

6421
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:53,800
connected regions from Greece to
Mesopotamia, simply stopped 

6422
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:57,500
functioning Writing systems were
forgotten in some areas for 

6423
05:31:57,500 --> 05:31:59,900
centuries. 
What makes this collapse 

6424
05:31:59,900 --> 05:32:03,100
particularly puzzling is that it
affected regions with very 

6425
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:06,100
different, political systems, 
economies, and cultures. 

6426
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:09,700
The Mycenaean palaces in Greece,
had little in common, with the 

6427
05:32:09,700 --> 05:32:13,100
Hittites cities in Turkey yet. 
They both collapsed at roughly 

6428
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:16,100
the same time, it seemed as 
though someone had abruptly 

6429
05:32:16,100 --> 05:32:19,700
ended, an entire civilization 
yet, no one have the authority 

6430
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:22,500
to do so. 
Recent archaeological evidence 

6431
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:24,700
suggests that the Bronze Age 
world was much more 

6432
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:26,400
interconnected than previously 
thought. 

6433
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:30,200
The palace at pylos in Greece, 
contained, records of trade 

6434
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:32,000
relationship, stretching across 
the Mediterranean. 

6435
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:35,900
Egyptian tombs contain objects 
made from materials that. 

6436
05:32:35,900 --> 05:32:38,600
Could only have come from 
Scandinavia or Afghanistan. 

6437
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:42,900
The uluburun Shipwreck off the 
coast of turkey contained goods 

6438
05:32:42,900 --> 05:32:44,500
from at least seven different 
regions. 

6439
05:32:45,500 --> 05:32:48,100
This interconnectedness was a 
source of strength during 

6440
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:50,800
productive times. 
It allowed for specialized 

6441
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:53,900
production, efficient resource 
allocation, and the spread of 

6442
05:32:53,908 --> 05:32:55,600
beneficial Technologies and 
ideas. 

6443
05:32:56,500 --> 05:32:58,100
But it also created 
vulnerability. 

6444
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:02,000
When one part of the network 
failed, the failure could 

6445
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:05,600
Cascade through the entire 
system faster than anyone could 

6446
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,400
respond. 
Economist, increasingly believed

6447
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,300
that supply chain, failure. 
Caused the Bronze Age collapse. 

6448
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:14,900
When the network of trade 
relationships that supported 

6449
05:33:14,900 --> 05:33:18,400
Bronze Age, civilization was 
disrupted by climate change 

6450
05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:22,500
political instability, or simple
overextension, the entire system

6451
05:33:22,500 --> 05:33:25,100
collapse, because no single 
region could produce everything 

6452
05:33:25,100 --> 05:33:28,400
it needed locally. 
The implications for our own 

6453
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,700
interconnected World sobering. 
We depend on Global Supply 

6454
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:33,200
chains that are far more 
complex. 

6455
05:33:33,200 --> 05:33:36,200
And extensive than anything, the
Bronze Age civilization could 

6456
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:40,800
have imagined Our food, our 
energy, our technology, our 

6457
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:44,500
medicines almost everything we 
need for Modern Life, depends on

6458
05:33:44,508 --> 05:33:47,400
systems that span the globe. 
And involve millions of people 

6459
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:50,800
will never meet what happens if 
those systems fail. 

6460
05:33:52,200 --> 05:33:55,300
The Bronze Age collapse suggests
that the failure might be sudden

6461
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:59,100
comprehensive and very difficult
to reverse once it begins. 

6462
05:33:59,100 --> 05:34:02,200
After spending thousands of 
years studying, why ancient 

6463
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:04,500
empires collapsed? 
You'd think we'd have learned 

6464
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:07,600
something useful. 
Instead, we keep making the same

6465
05:34:07,600 --> 05:34:10,700
mistakes, just with better 
technology and more 

6466
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:12,700
sophisticated ways of justifying
them. 

6467
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:16,000
The most dangerous myth. 
We tell ourselves, is that 

6468
05:34:16,000 --> 05:34:18,100
collapse is always someone 
else's fault. 

6469
05:34:18,800 --> 05:34:22,000
When we study ancient empires, 
we focus on external threats, 

6470
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:26,200
Barbarian invasions foreign 
conquests and natural disasters,

6471
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:30,000
Comforting to think that 
civilizations fail because of 

6472
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:32,900
forces beyond their control 
because that means our 

6473
05:34:32,900 --> 05:34:35,400
civilization's problems are 
temporary setbacks rather than 

6474
05:34:35,400 --> 05:34:39,000
systemic flaws. 
But the truth is Messier and 

6475
05:34:39,000 --> 05:34:42,400
more uncomfortable, most Empires
collapse because they couldn't 

6476
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:44,400
solve problems. 
That were entirely predictable 

6477
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:48,200
and largely self-inflicted. 
The Romans knew their currency 

6478
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:51,300
was being debased. 
The mayor knew their cities were

6479
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:53,300
growing beyond what their 
agricultural system could 

6480
05:34:53,300 --> 05:34:56,700
support the Tang Dynasty. 
Knew that giving too much power 

6481
05:34:56,700 --> 05:34:58,400
to Frontier. 
Generals was risky. 

6482
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:02,300
They knew that they couldn't act
on what they knew because acting

6483
05:35:02,300 --> 05:35:04,700
would have required short-term 
sacrifices for long-term 

6484
05:35:04,700 --> 05:35:08,700
benefits and political systems 
are notoriously poor at making 

6485
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:11,800
those kinds of trade-offs. 
It is more convenient to 

6486
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:14,900
postpone problems and rely on 
future solutions from others. 

6487
05:35:15,800 --> 05:35:19,000
Sound familiar. 
We know that climate change is 

6488
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:21,900
real and dangerous. 
We know that economic inequality

6489
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:24,500
is reaching levels that 
historically lead to social 

6490
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,000
instability. 
We know that our political 

6491
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,000
institutions are under stress 
and that public trust in 

6492
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:33,000
government is declining. 
We know that our infrastructure 

6493
05:35:33,000 --> 05:35:36,300
is aging and that our social 
safety nets are underfunded but 

6494
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:39,400
knowing an acting a different 
things especially when acting 

6495
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:42,000
requires admitting that some of 
our most cherished assumptions 

6496
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:44,400
about how the world Works might 
be wrong. 

6497
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:48,000
The Romans never admitted that 
their empire had grown too large

6498
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,300
to govern effectively the mayor.
Never acknowledged that their 

6499
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:52,900
agricultural system was 
unsustainable. 

6500
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,800
We have our own blind spots that
future historians will probably 

6501
05:35:56,800 --> 05:35:58,900
find equally obvious and equally
frustrating. 

6502
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:01,800
The second myth is that 
technology will save us. 

6503
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:04,700
We assume that because we have 
better tools than ancient 

6504
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:07,700
peoples, will be able to solve 
problems that defeated them. 

6505
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:11,100
However, technology can have 
both positive and negative 

6506
05:36:11,100 --> 05:36:14,800
effects, it can solve problems, 
but it can also create new 

6507
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,400
problems that are harder to 
solve than the original ones. 

6508
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:21,700
The Romans possess Superior 
military technology compared to 

6509
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:24,300
their enemies. 
But this Advantage allowed them 

6510
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:27,300
to conquer more territory 
leading to administrative and 

6511
05:36:27,300 --> 05:36:30,200
economic problems that 
ultimately overwhelmed their 

6512
05:36:30,200 --> 05:36:33,800
ability to manage these issues. 
The Maya developed 

6513
05:36:33,800 --> 05:36:37,200
sophisticated, astronomical and 
mathematical knowledge, but they

6514
05:36:37,200 --> 05:36:39,800
used it to build cities that 
were ultimately unsustainable 

6515
05:36:39,800 --> 05:36:41,800
given their environmental 
constraints. 

6516
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,500
Our technology is far more 
advanced than anything, ancient 

6517
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:48,800
people could have imagined, but 
it's also created dependencies 

6518
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:52,400
and vulnerabilities that they 
never had to worry about when 

6519
05:36:52,400 --> 05:36:54,300
Roman communication systems 
fail. 

6520
05:36:54,300 --> 05:36:58,500
Messages took longer to deliver.
When our communication systems 

6521
05:36:58,500 --> 05:37:00,700
fail, Global Financial markets 
can crash. 

6522
05:37:00,700 --> 05:37:03,100
In minutes. 
The third myth is the collapse 

6523
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:06,100
means the end of everything in 
reality collapses. 

6524
05:37:06,100 --> 05:37:08,000
Usually, a process of 
simplification and 

6525
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:10,900
reorganization rather than total
Destruction. 

6526
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:14,600
When the Western Roman Empire 
fell, the people didn't 

6527
05:37:14,600 --> 05:37:16,900
disappear. 
They adapted to new political 

6528
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:20,400
Arrangements, developed new 
economic systems and found new 

6529
05:37:20,400 --> 05:37:22,000
ways to organize their 
communities. 

6530
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,900
The Dark Ages weren't actually 
that dark people continued to 

6531
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:29,600
farm to trade to build to learn 
and to create art. 

6532
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:33,200
They just did it in different 
ways and at smaller scales than 

6533
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:36,800
their Imperial predecessors. 
Often the end of Empire meant 

6534
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:38,900
the beginning of more, 
sustainable and more responsive 

6535
05:37:38,900 --> 05:37:42,500
forms of social organization. 
This isn't meant to minimize the

6536
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:45,600
genuine suffering that often 
accompanies collapse, or to 

6537
05:37:45,608 --> 05:37:47,800
suggest that we should welcome. 
The end of our own civilization.

6538
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,100
But it is meant to point out 
that humans Society is a 

6539
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:55,200
remarkably adaptable and that 
the end of one way of doing 

6540
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:58,200
things, often opens up space for
better ways of doing things. 

6541
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:01,900
Final myth is that we can 
prevent Collapse by learning 

6542
05:38:01,900 --> 05:38:05,200
from history. 
The uncomfortable truth is that 

6543
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:08,200
knowing how Empires collapse 
doesn't necessarily help you 

6544
05:38:08,200 --> 05:38:10,000
prevent your own Empire from 
collapsing. 

6545
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:13,500
The problems that bring down 
civilization are usually obvious

6546
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,500
to people living through them, 
but they're all usually embedded

6547
05:38:16,500 --> 05:38:19,400
so deeply in the system that 
solving them would require 

6548
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,100
changing the very things that 
make the system successful in 

6549
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:25,100
the first place. 
The Romans couldn't solve their 

6550
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:27,700
military problems without giving
up the territories that made 

6551
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:29,600
them wealthy enough to pay for 
their military. 

6552
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:32,900
The Maya couldn't solve their 
environmental problems without 

6553
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:35,700
abandoning the Intensive 
agriculture that supported their

6554
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:38,700
large populations. 
We can't solve our climate 

6555
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:41,400
problems without changing the 
Industrial Systems that provide 

6556
05:38:41,400 --> 05:38:44,500
our standard of living This 
doesn't mean that collapses 

6557
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,200
inevitable or that we should 
give up trying to solve our 

6558
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:49,900
problems. 
It means that Solutions require 

6559
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:52,800
us to be honest about the 
trade-offs involved and willing 

6560
05:38:52,800 --> 05:38:55,200
to accept that. 
Some changes might make us less 

6561
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:58,200
powerful or less. 
Well in the short term to make 

6562
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:01,300
us more sustainable in the 
long-term, the real lesson from 

6563
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:05,000
the collapse of ancient empires.
Isn't the tall civilizations are

6564
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:07,500
doomed to fail. 
It's that civilizations that 

6565
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:10,500
refuse to adapt to changing 
circumstances and do to fail. 

6566
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:14,100
While those that can find ways 
to transform themselves, have a 

6567
05:39:14,100 --> 05:39:17,100
chance to survive. 
And even Thrive the question 

6568
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:19,600
isn't, whether our civilization 
will face existential 

6569
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:23,100
challenges. 
It will the question is whether 

6570
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:26,200
we'll be wise enough to change 
before changes forced upon us 

6571
05:39:26,200 --> 05:39:29,500
and humble enough to learn from 
the mistakes of the past, while 

6572
05:39:29,500 --> 05:39:31,300
we still have time to avoid 
repeating them. 

6573
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:34,300
Sleep. 
Well, tomorrow is another day to

6574
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:44,100
build something better. 
Over 2000 years ago, in 469 BCE 

6575
05:39:44,100 --> 05:39:46,600
Socrates was born in Athens 
Greece. 

6576
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,600
Athens was a city at the heart 
of the ancient world, a center 

6577
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:55,300
of art culture and intellectual 
thought Socrates early life. 

6578
05:39:55,300 --> 05:40:00,800
However, was modest his father 
Suffern was a stonemason and his

6579
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:05,200
mother Faina, reti was a midwife
From these humble beginnings, 

6580
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:07,800
Socrates would grow to become 
one of the most profound 

6581
05:40:07,800 --> 05:40:11,500
thinkers in human history as a 
Young Man Socrates likely 

6582
05:40:11,500 --> 05:40:13,400
followed in his Father's 
Footsteps, as a stonemason 

6583
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:16,700
learning, the craft of shaping 
Stone and building structures 

6584
05:40:16,700 --> 05:40:20,000
yet. 
Even then his curiosity about 

6585
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,000
the world and human nature set 
him apart. 

6586
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,000
Socrates was not drawn to wealth
or power. 

6587
05:40:25,000 --> 05:40:29,600
Instead he found fulfillment in 
observing life questioning 

6588
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:33,300
beliefs and seeking wisdom. 
Unlike many of his 

6589
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,700
contemporaries Socrates, did not
write books or Leave Behind 

6590
05:40:36,700 --> 05:40:38,300
written records of his 
teachings. 

6591
05:40:39,100 --> 05:40:42,100
Instead we know about his life 
and philosophy through the 

6592
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:44,300
writing of his students, 
particularly Plato. 

6593
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:49,000
Through these accounts we gain 
insight into Socrates unique 

6594
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:52,300
method of teaching, and his 
Relentless Pursuit Of Truth. 

6595
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:57,400
Socrates to philosophy was 
deeply rooted in dialogue and 

6596
05:40:57,400 --> 05:41:00,000
inquiry. 
He believed that wisdom began 

6597
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:01,800
with recognizing one's own 
ignorance. 

6598
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:06,100
To him admitting that. 
We do not know everything, open 

6599
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:09,800
the door to learning and growth.
This idea became the foundation 

6600
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:13,200
of the Socratic method, a 
process of asking and answering 

6601
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:16,700
questions to stimulate critical 
thinking and uncover underlying 

6602
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:19,900
truths. 
Socrates spent much of his life,

6603
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:23,300
walking the streets of Athens. 
Engaging in conversations with 

6604
05:41:23,300 --> 05:41:27,000
people, from all walks of life, 
he would approach artists 

6605
05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:30,400
politicians and everyday 
citizens asking probing 

6606
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:33,000
questions that challenge their 
assumptions and beliefs. 

6607
05:41:33,700 --> 05:41:36,900
These discussions were not meant
to humiliate, or demean, but to 

6608
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:42,000
encourage reflection and deeper 
understanding Despite his humble

6609
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:46,100
appearance, Barefoot dressed, 
simply and often unkempt 

6610
05:41:46,100 --> 05:41:49,600
Socrates intellect and Charisma 
Drew people to him. 

6611
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,500
Many young Athenians admired, 
his wisdom, and became his 

6612
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:58,200
students eager to learn from his
insights, however, his habit of 

6613
05:41:58,208 --> 05:42:00,900
questioning Authority, and 
exposing contradictions, and 

6614
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:03,700
people's beliefs all, so earned 
him, powerful enemies. 

6615
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:07,500
Socrates, believe that, a life 
worth living was one dedicated 

6616
05:42:07,500 --> 05:42:09,600
to Virtue and the pursuit of 
Truth. 

6617
05:42:10,700 --> 05:42:13,900
He often spoke of the importance
of the soul and the need to care

6618
05:42:13,900 --> 05:42:17,900
for it, through ethical living 
to Socrates, material wealth, 

6619
05:42:17,900 --> 05:42:20,600
and social status were 
insignificant compared to the 

6620
05:42:20,600 --> 05:42:22,700
value of living just and 
honorable life. 

6621
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:26,500
Thins, during Socrates lifetime 
was a city in flux. 

6622
05:42:26,500 --> 05:42:30,200
It faced political turmoil, 
military conflicts and shifting 

6623
05:42:30,200 --> 05:42:33,400
cultural values. 
Socrates teachings, which 

6624
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:36,100
encouraged critical thinking and
challenged traditional Norms 

6625
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:39,100
were seen by some as a threat to
the stability of society. 

6626
05:42:40,100 --> 05:42:42,600
His questioning of the status 
quo, made him a controversial 

6627
05:42:42,600 --> 05:42:44,800
figure. 
He admired by many, but also 

6628
05:42:44,800 --> 05:42:47,000
viewed with suspicion and 
hostility by others. 

6629
05:42:47,800 --> 05:42:53,400
In 399, BC E, when Socrates was 
70 years old, he was brought to 

6630
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:56,000
trial on charges of corrupting 
the youth and Empire piety 

6631
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:59,500
essentially for not recognizing 
the gods of Athens. 

6632
05:42:59,500 --> 05:43:02,700
And introducing new ones is 
Accused as painted him as a 

6633
05:43:02,700 --> 05:43:05,000
dangerous in Florence who 
undermined the fabric of 

6634
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:08,600
society. during his trial 
Socrates stood firm in his 

6635
05:43:08,600 --> 05:43:12,500
beliefs rather than plead for 
his life or announces teaching, 

6636
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:15,700
he used the opportunity to 
defend the principles he held 

6637
05:43:15,700 --> 05:43:19,300
dear He argued that his 
questioning and discussions were

6638
05:43:19,300 --> 05:43:22,100
a service to Athens. 
Pushing its citizens to think 

6639
05:43:22,100 --> 05:43:26,500
critically and live virtuously. 
Trial was both a demonstration 

6640
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:29,700
of Socrates unwavering 
commitment to truth and a 

6641
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:32,300
reflection of the political 
tensions in Athens. 

6642
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:36,300
Despite his eloquence and 
integrity the jury found him 

6643
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:38,700
guilty. 
He was sentenced to death by 

6644
05:43:38,700 --> 05:43:41,900
drinking a cup of Hemlock, a 
poison that would end his life. 

6645
05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:45,600
In the days, leading up to his 
execution, Socrates remained, 

6646
05:43:45,600 --> 05:43:49,000
calm and composed, surrounded by
his closest friends and 

6647
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:51,000
students. 
He continued to discuss 

6648
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:52,900
philosophy in the nature of life
and death. 

6649
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:55,900
He viewed death, not as 
something to fear, but as a 

6650
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,200
transition to another state of 
existence with the soul might 

6651
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:03,200
find true knowledge, on the day 
of his execution, Socrates 

6652
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:06,800
drank, the hemlock with dignity 
and courage accepting his fate 

6653
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:08,100
without bitterness or 
resentment. 

6654
05:44:09,000 --> 05:44:11,000
His final moments were spent in 
conversation. 

6655
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:14,800
A testament is belief that the 
pursuit of wisdom and truth 

6656
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:17,700
transcended even the boundaries 
of life itself. 

6657
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:21,300
So Socrates death marked the end
of his physical presence in 

6658
05:44:21,300 --> 05:44:23,700
Athens. 
But his ideas lived on through 

6659
05:44:23,700 --> 05:44:27,800
his students and their writings 
Plato in particular dedicated 

6660
05:44:27,800 --> 05:44:30,800
much of his work to preserving 
and expanding upon Socrates 

6661
05:44:30,800 --> 05:44:34,700
teaching that his philosophy 
would endure for generations to 

6662
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:38,500
come Today, Socrates is 
remembered as the father of 

6663
05:44:38,500 --> 05:44:41,400
Western philosophy. 
A thinker whose commitment to 

6664
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:45,500
truth and virtue continues to 
inspire his life, teaches us, 

6665
05:44:45,500 --> 05:44:49,200
the importance of questioning of
seeking knowledge and of living 

6666
05:44:49,200 --> 05:44:52,200
with integrity. 
As you reflect on Socrates 

6667
05:44:52,200 --> 05:44:55,400
Journey, let his story guide you
into a state of relaxation and 

6668
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:58,100
peace. 
His dedication to wisdom reminds

6669
05:44:58,100 --> 05:45:00,500
us that the pursuit of 
understanding is a lifelong 

6670
05:45:00,500 --> 05:45:02,500
journey. 
One that brings meaning and 

6671
05:45:02,500 --> 05:45:06,100
purpose to our lives. 
Imagine the streets of ancient 

6672
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:09,100
Athens, the soft light of the 
Setting Sun, casting Long 

6673
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:11,900
Shadows on the stone. 
Building's hear the murmur of 

6674
05:45:11,908 --> 05:45:14,400
conversations as Socrates walks 
among the people. 

6675
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:17,300
His questions sparking, thought,
and introspection. 

6676
05:45:17,300 --> 05:45:20,500
Let this image fill your mind 
with the sense of calm and 

6677
05:45:20,500 --> 05:45:23,600
wonder. 
As you drift into sleep, let the

6678
05:45:23,608 --> 05:45:26,300
wisdom of Socrates life, Inspire
your dreams. 

6679
05:45:26,300 --> 05:45:30,500
His legacy reminds us that even 
in the face of adversity, The 

6680
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:33,400
Pursuit Of Truth and the care of
the solar Endeavors worth 

6681
05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:37,300
striving for let the story of 
Socrates settled gently in your 

6682
05:45:37,300 --> 05:45:41,200
mind, as you relax, deeper into 
rest, His life though lived so 

6683
05:45:41,200 --> 05:45:44,400
many centuries ago, carries 
Timeless lessons that resonate 

6684
05:45:44,400 --> 05:45:46,400
in every moment of reflection 
and inquiry. 

6685
05:45:46,400 --> 05:45:49,800
Socrates reminds us that the 
simplest question can lead to 

6686
05:45:49,808 --> 05:45:53,300
the most profound discoveries 
and that truth, even when 

6687
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:57,300
difficult is worth pursuing, 
picture Socrates standing in the

6688
05:45:57,300 --> 05:46:01,400
Agora, the bustling Marketplace 
of Athens, the air hums with 

6689
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:05,000
activity, Merchants calling out,
their Wares philosophers, 

6690
05:46:05,000 --> 05:46:08,600
debating ideas, and citizens 
discussing the Affairs of the 

6691
05:46:08,600 --> 05:46:12,000
city. 
Amid this Lively scene, Socrates

6692
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:15,200
stands calmly engaging, those 
around him with his thoughtful 

6693
05:46:15,200 --> 05:46:18,800
questions, his unassuming 
presence and sharpen to elect 

6694
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,200
Captivate those who stopped to 
listen, drawing them into 

6695
05:46:22,200 --> 05:46:24,900
conversations that challenge 
their deepest beliefs. 

6696
05:46:25,600 --> 05:46:29,400
As the sun sets over Athens, the
city quiet and Socrates 

6697
05:46:29,400 --> 05:46:32,100
continues his discussion under 
the glow of oil lamps. 

6698
05:46:33,000 --> 05:46:36,900
Stars above twinkle faintly. 
A reminder of the vast universe 

6699
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:40,600
beyond as his voice, carries the
gentle rhythm of inquiry and 

6700
05:46:40,600 --> 05:46:44,700
understanding, Socrates believed
that philosophy was not just an 

6701
05:46:44,700 --> 05:46:46,200
intellectual Pursuit but a way 
of life. 

6702
05:46:47,000 --> 05:46:49,800
A commitment to questioning 
learning and living with 

6703
05:46:49,800 --> 05:46:52,900
integrity. 
Imagine his students gathered 

6704
05:46:52,900 --> 05:46:56,300
around him, their faces 
illuminated by the soft light as

6705
05:46:56,300 --> 05:46:58,400
they listened intently among 
them. 

6706
05:46:58,400 --> 05:47:02,200
A young minds who would carry 
his teachings, forward shaping 

6707
05:47:02,200 --> 05:47:05,300
the future of philosophy and 
ensuring that his legacy would 

6708
05:47:05,300 --> 05:47:08,700
endure. 
The scene is Serene filled with 

6709
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:11,700
the Quiet Joy of shared 
knowledge and the Timeless 

6710
05:47:11,700 --> 05:47:15,900
beauty of human connection. 
Socrates belief in the power of 

6711
05:47:15,900 --> 05:47:19,000
dialogue teaches us the 
importance of listening as well 

6712
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:21,900
as questioning. 
In a world often filled with 

6713
05:47:21,900 --> 05:47:24,600
noise and haste. 
His approaching encourages us to

6714
05:47:24,600 --> 05:47:28,400
slow down to reflect and to seek
Clarity in our thoughts and 

6715
05:47:28,400 --> 05:47:31,400
interactions. 
His humility, his willingness 

6716
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,400
to, admit his own ignorance, and
his tireless pursuit of 

6717
05:47:34,400 --> 05:47:37,700
understanding a qualities that 
Inspire us to approach life with

6718
05:47:37,700 --> 05:47:42,100
openness and curiosity. 
Now, as you drift closer to 

6719
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:44,800
sleep, pick your Socrates 
walking along the quiet shores 

6720
05:47:44,800 --> 05:47:48,800
of ancient Greece, the ways 
gently lapping at the Sam, the 

6721
05:47:48,800 --> 05:47:51,900
moon cast of Silverlight Over 
the Sea and the Cool Breeze 

6722
05:47:51,900 --> 05:47:53,700
carries the scent of salt and 
Earth. 

6723
05:47:54,800 --> 05:47:58,400
Socrates walk slowly his 
thoughts as calm and steady as 

6724
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:02,400
the rhythm of the waves. 
In this peaceful moment, his 

6725
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:05,100
dedication to truth and wisdom 
feels as vast. 

6726
05:48:05,100 --> 05:48:09,000
And eternal as the ocean itself 
Feel the serenity of this image 

6727
05:48:09,000 --> 05:48:11,700
envelope. 
You as you rest, Socrates life 

6728
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:15,100
reminds us that even in moments 
of uncertainty, the search for 

6729
05:48:15,100 --> 05:48:18,300
meaning and understanding brings
us closer to the essence of Who 

6730
05:48:18,300 --> 05:48:20,800
We Are. 
His courage to stand by his 

6731
05:48:20,800 --> 05:48:23,000
principles. 
Even in the face of great 

6732
05:48:23,000 --> 05:48:26,300
adversity is a gentle reminder 
to live with integrity and 

6733
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:30,100
purpose. 
As you relax further, imagine 

6734
05:48:30,100 --> 05:48:32,400
the soft sound of sandals on 
Stone as. 

6735
05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:34,500
Socrates ascends the steps of a 
temple. 

6736
05:48:34,500 --> 05:48:37,600
The sky painted with the warm 
Hughes of dawn. 

6737
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:40,800
The first of sunlight 
illuminates, the ancient city. 

6738
05:48:41,400 --> 05:48:44,400
A symbol of renewal, and the 
endless possibilities that come 

6739
05:48:44,400 --> 05:48:47,400
with each new day. 
Let this image fill you with a 

6740
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:50,300
sense of hope and calm. 
A quiet. 

6741
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:53,600
Reassurance, that the pursuit of
Truth is always worth the 

6742
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:56,400
effort. 
As you drift into a deep and 

6743
05:48:56,400 --> 05:49:00,100
restful sleep carry with you the
wisdom and spirit of Socrates 

6744
05:49:00,100 --> 05:49:03,700
his life teaches us that even 
the simplest questions. 

6745
05:49:03,700 --> 05:49:07,300
Can open the door to profound 
insights and that the search for

6746
05:49:07,300 --> 05:49:09,000
understanding is a journey 
Without End. 

6747
05:49:09,700 --> 05:49:13,100
As the gentle rhythm of Socrates
life story echoes in your mind, 

6748
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:18,000
allow yourself to relax, even 
further his life dedicated to 

6749
05:49:18,000 --> 05:49:21,200
the pursuit of wisdom, and the 
betterment of the human soul, is

6750
05:49:21,200 --> 05:49:24,600
a profound reminder, that every 
question we ask is a step toward

6751
05:49:24,600 --> 05:49:26,500
understanding the world and 
ourselves. 

6752
05:49:27,300 --> 05:49:30,100
Socrates believed that knowledge
was not about having answers, 

6753
05:49:30,100 --> 05:49:34,200
but about the courage to ask and
to seek Picture, the calm 

6754
05:49:34,200 --> 05:49:38,100
Stillness of ancient Athens at 
night, the soft glow of lanterns

6755
05:49:38,100 --> 05:49:41,900
lining narrow streets. 
Socrates with his simple, cloak 

6756
05:49:41,900 --> 05:49:44,100
draped over. 
His shoulders moves quietly 

6757
05:49:44,100 --> 05:49:47,800
among the people, his presence 
as humble as it is impactful 

6758
05:49:47,800 --> 05:49:50,800
each conversation. 
He Sparks is a journey into 

6759
05:49:50,800 --> 05:49:53,300
thought a reminder to those 
around him. 

6760
05:49:53,300 --> 05:49:57,400
That wisdom begins with Wonder. 
Socrates approach to life was 

6761
05:49:57,400 --> 05:49:59,900
marked by an unshakable 
commitment, to Virtue. 

6762
05:49:59,900 --> 05:50:03,100
He often spoke of the importance
of living a life in harmony, 

6763
05:50:03,100 --> 05:50:06,100
with one's values of aligning 
actions with Prince of 

6764
05:50:06,100 --> 05:50:09,100
principles to him. 
The care of the Soul was the 

6765
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:13,300
highest purpose far more 
important than wealth fame or 

6766
05:50:13,300 --> 05:50:16,900
material success. 
This philosophy reminds us. 

6767
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:19,500
That truth fulfillment comes, 
not from external achievements, 

6768
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:24,100
but from in a growth and ethical
living as you rest that the 

6769
05:50:24,108 --> 05:50:27,800
wisdom of this teaching, soothe 
your thoughts The idea that our 

6770
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:30,500
choices shape, not just our 
lives, but the essence of who we

6771
05:50:30,500 --> 05:50:34,200
are encourages us to approach 
each moment with intention and 

6772
05:50:34,200 --> 05:50:36,800
care. 
Socrates belief in the 

6773
05:50:36,808 --> 05:50:38,900
transformative power of 
self-reflection. 

6774
05:50:38,900 --> 05:50:43,100
Invites us to look inward to 
nurture our inner lives with the

6775
05:50:43,100 --> 05:50:45,100
same dedication. 
And compassion, we offer to 

6776
05:50:45,100 --> 05:50:48,000
others. 
Now imagine the gentle breeze of

6777
05:50:48,000 --> 05:50:49,600
a spring morning in ancient 
Greece. 

6778
05:50:49,600 --> 05:50:52,600
The hills around Athens. 
Bathed in Golden Light. 

6779
05:50:53,500 --> 05:50:56,100
Socrates walks with his 
students, along a quiet path. 

6780
05:50:56,100 --> 05:50:59,100
The sounds of Birdsong and 
rustling leaves creating a 

6781
05:50:59,100 --> 05:51:01,800
peaceful Symphony. 
Their conversation, flows 

6782
05:51:01,800 --> 05:51:05,200
naturally, filled with questions
and ideas that challenge and 

6783
05:51:05,200 --> 05:51:07,900
Inspire this a dilek scene 
captures. 

6784
05:51:07,900 --> 05:51:11,100
The essence of Socrates 
philosophy, a life lived in 

6785
05:51:11,108 --> 05:51:14,700
connection with nature community
and the endless pursuit of 

6786
05:51:14,700 --> 05:51:17,000
knowledge. 
As you drift deeper into 

6787
05:51:17,000 --> 05:51:20,600
relaxation, think of Socrates 
courage in facing the end of his

6788
05:51:20,600 --> 05:51:23,300
life. 
His calm acceptance of his fate,

6789
05:51:23,300 --> 05:51:27,000
his willingness to stand by his 
beliefs, even in the face of 

6790
05:51:27,008 --> 05:51:29,900
death is a Testament of the 
strength of his character. 

6791
05:51:29,900 --> 05:51:33,400
He talked to students, not to 
fear death, but to view it as a 

6792
05:51:33,400 --> 05:51:37,300
natural part of existence. 
Transition that like life 

6793
05:51:37,300 --> 05:51:40,400
itself, holds the potential for 
learning and growth. 

6794
05:51:41,500 --> 05:51:44,400
Feel the serenity of Socrates 
perspective as it envelops. 

6795
05:51:44,400 --> 05:51:45,400
You like you like a warm 
blanket. 

6796
05:51:46,300 --> 05:51:48,700
His unwavering faith in the 
value of a life. 

6797
05:51:48,700 --> 05:51:51,300
Well, lived reminds us, that 
even in moments of uncertainty, 

6798
05:51:51,300 --> 05:51:55,200
we can find Peace by staying 
true, to our values, and seeking

6799
05:51:55,200 --> 05:51:58,700
the truth within ourselves. 
His life though, marked by 

6800
05:51:58,700 --> 05:52:02,400
challenges was ultimately, one 
of profound purpose and enduring

6801
05:52:02,400 --> 05:52:05,700
Legacy. 
As the night, deepens imagined 

6802
05:52:05,700 --> 05:52:09,000
Socrates standing on a hill. 
Overlooking Athens, the city 

6803
05:52:09,000 --> 05:52:11,600
lights twinkling below like 
stars fall in to Earth. 

6804
05:52:12,500 --> 05:52:14,900
The wind carries with it, the 
faint sound of laughter and 

6805
05:52:14,900 --> 05:52:17,600
conversation. 
The Echoes of a city alive with 

6806
05:52:17,600 --> 05:52:21,900
thought and creativity. 
In this quiet moment, Socrates 

6807
05:52:21,900 --> 05:52:24,700
reflect on the beauty of a world
filled with questions and 

6808
05:52:24,700 --> 05:52:28,200
possibilities. 
Let this image guide you into a 

6809
05:52:28,200 --> 05:52:32,200
deep restful sleep. 
The story of Socrates reminds us

6810
05:52:32,200 --> 05:52:35,600
that life's greatest Journeys 
are not measured by distance, 

6811
05:52:35,600 --> 05:52:39,400
but by the depth of our 
exploration, his commitment to 

6812
05:52:39,400 --> 05:52:43,100
wisdom is humility in the face 
of the unknown and his courage 

6813
05:52:43,100 --> 05:52:46,700
to challenge convention Inspire 
us to live with authenticity and

6814
05:52:46,700 --> 05:52:49,200
purpose. 
As the soothing story of 

6815
05:52:49,208 --> 05:52:53,300
Socrates you further into 
relaxation, let the timelessness

6816
05:52:53,300 --> 05:52:55,500
of his teachings resonate deeply
within you. 

6817
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:58,900
His belief in the transformative
power of questioning and 

6818
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:02,500
reflection is a reminder that 
growth begins when we dare to 

6819
05:53:02,508 --> 05:53:06,200
examine Our Lives. 
Socrates once said, the 

6820
05:53:06,200 --> 05:53:08,100
unexamined life is not worth 
living. 

6821
05:53:08,900 --> 05:53:11,900
A sentiment that invites us to 
seek meaning and purpose in even

6822
05:53:11,900 --> 05:53:15,400
the smallest moments. 
Picture the Serene landscape of 

6823
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:18,600
ancient Athens at dawn. 
The first light of the sun's 

6824
05:53:18,600 --> 05:53:21,700
spills over the Acropolis 
painting, the marble temples in 

6825
05:53:21,700 --> 05:53:24,300
soft Hues of pink, and gold 
soccer. 

6826
05:53:24,300 --> 05:53:27,400
Tees stands with his students. 
In the quiet morning are his 

6827
05:53:27,400 --> 05:53:29,500
voice, calm and steady as he 
shares his thoughts. 

6828
05:53:30,600 --> 05:53:33,500
The city begins to wait its 
streets, gradually filling with 

6829
05:53:33,500 --> 05:53:37,100
life, but in this tranquil 
moment, the exchange of ideas 

6830
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:41,000
feels Timeless as if the wisdom 
being shared is as Eternal as 

6831
05:53:41,000 --> 05:53:44,300
the Sun's light. 
Socrates method of teaching was 

6832
05:53:44,300 --> 05:53:47,500
not about providing answers, but
about encouraging others to 

6833
05:53:47,500 --> 05:53:50,100
think for themselves. 
He believed that through 

6834
05:53:50,100 --> 05:53:52,600
dialogue. 
One could uncover deeper truths 

6835
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:55,700
and challenge assumptions. 
His way of guiding others with 

6836
05:53:55,700 --> 05:53:59,300
questions was both gentle and 
profound a reminder that 

6837
05:53:59,300 --> 05:54:02,400
sometimes the best teachers are 
those who help us find our own 

6838
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:04,600
way? 
As you let these thoughts 

6839
05:54:04,600 --> 05:54:07,400
settle. 
Imagine the peaceful Simplicity 

6840
05:54:07,400 --> 05:54:10,700
of Socrates life. 
Despite living in a city known 

6841
05:54:10,700 --> 05:54:14,500
for its Grandeur, Socrates 
valued, humility and lived with 

6842
05:54:14,500 --> 05:54:17,800
few possessions. 
He found joy, not in material 

6843
05:54:17,800 --> 05:54:21,000
wealth, but in the richness of 
thought and the connections, he 

6844
05:54:21,000 --> 05:54:24,100
forged with others. 
This Simplicity is a reminder 

6845
05:54:24,108 --> 05:54:27,600
that contentment often lies, not
in having more, but in 

6846
05:54:27,600 --> 05:54:32,400
appreciating what truly matters.
Now, as you drift deeper into 

6847
05:54:32,400 --> 05:54:35,500
rest, imagine the stars above 
Athens, twinkling.