How the Vikings Quietly Shaped the World We Live In | History for Sleep

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Imagine a world quietly changing
while no, one is really watching

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Coastline. 
Shifting towns growing languages

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blending We begin with the story
on how the Vikings quietly 

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shaped the world we live in. 
They weren't just Raiders in 

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Long ships. 
They were Traders, settlers 

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lawmakers, and explorers who had
a lasting impact on borders, 

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place, names shipbuilding. 
And even everyday words, we 

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still use Their influence spread
slowly often unnoticed but it 

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never truly faded. 
Before we begin, take a moment 

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to like the video and follow the
channel. 

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If calm history helps you 
unwind. 

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And let me know in the comments 
where you're tuning in from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, get comfortable and let's 

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drift into the hidden Legacy of 
the Vikings. 

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There is a version of the 
Vikings that lives in your head 

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already horned. 
Helmets burning ships. 

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Is swinging through fog. 
It is a vivid picture and it has

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been there so long that most 
people never stopped to wonder 

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where it came from. 
The truth is almost none of it 

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is accurate and the real story 
is so much more interesting that

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once you see it, the old one 
starts to feel like a costume 

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someone else picked out for 
them. 

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Let us start at the very 
beginning before any of it 

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happened. 
Before the raids before the 

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Legends before the fear. 
In the Years leading up to 

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roughly the late 700 CE. 
Scandinavia was not a land of 

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Warriors, waiting to be 
Unleashed on the world. 

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It was a land of farmers 
fishermen and crafts. 

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People living in one of the 
harsher climates in northern 

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Europe. 
The winters were brutal, the 

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growing seasons were short. 
The soil in many places was 

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thin, Rocky and stubborn. 
This was not a paradise, it was 

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a place where people had to be 
clever just to get through the 

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year. 
And they were clever 

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extraordinarily. 
So think about what it actually 

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takes to survive in a place like
that, you cannot rely on a 

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single crop. 
You cannot assume the sea will 

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be generous, you cannot afford 
to waste anything because there 

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is no margin for error, every 
household operated like a small 

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quiet machine with moving Parts.
Each one doing something 

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essential the people who lived 
here did not think of themselves

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as Vikings by the way. 
That word came later and it only

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applied to a small number of 
people who went on Expeditions, 

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most of them never left home. 
Most of them lived in died 

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within a few miles of where they
were born and they build a world

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there. 
That worked What makes this so 

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fascinating? 
Is that the skills they 

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developed during those long, 
cold years of survival are the 

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same skills that would later 
make them some of the most 

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effective Traders, settlers and 
Navigators, in human history. 

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It was not that they woke up one
morning and decided to conquer 

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the Seas. 
It was that they had already 

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spent Generations learning 
exactly what they needed to 

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know. 
The land itself, shape them in 

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ways that are easy to overlook. 
Scandinavia is not flat. 

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It is carved up by fjords broken
into islands and divided by 

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mountains and rivers. 
This means that even traveling 

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short distances required, an 
intimate understanding of water.

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You could not simply walk from 
one Valley to the next. 

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You have to go around or you had
to go across boat was not a 

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luxury. 
It was the basic unit of 

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Transportation. 
The way a road or a path might 

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be in a flatter country. 
Children grew up watching their 

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parents navigate inlets and 
channels the way you might watch

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yours. 
Parallel park. 

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It was ordinary, it was 
necessary and it made them 

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extraordinarily good at it. 
There is something worth pausing

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on here, because it changes the 
way you understand, everything 

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that comes off after. 
The Vikings did not arrive in 

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history as conquerors. 
They arrived as people who had 

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already mastered a set of skills
that happened to be enormously 

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useful in a world, where Rivers,
coastlines, and open water for 

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the main highways of trade and 
travel. 

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When the rest of Europe looked 
at them, they saw Raiders. 

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But what they were really 
looking at was the product of 

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centuries of quiet. 
I'm glamorous adaptation. 

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The early Norse Society was also
far less militaristic than the 

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reputation suggests. 
Yes, there were weapons. 

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And yes, there were conflicts 
between communities, but Warfare

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was not the organizing principle
of daily life. 

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It was one activity, among many.
And for most people, it was 

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something that happened rarely 
if the tool The majority of 

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Norsemen were farmers first and 
everything else. 

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Second. 
They grew barley and Rye. 

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They kept cattle and sheep. 
And goats they fished, they 

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traded, they built things, they 
argued with their neighbor's 

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over boundary lines and grazing 
rights. 

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The way neighbors of argued over
property since the first person 

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drew a line in the dirt, what is
particularly striking is how 

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egalitarian nor Society was 
compared to much of the rest of 

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the world. 
At that time, there were 

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distinctions certainly, there 
were thralls who were enslaved 

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people and that is a dark and 
important part of the history 

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that deserves acknowledgment. 
There were also y'alls, who were

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something like local Lords and 
Carl's who were free farmers and

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thralls, who occupied various 
positions in between. 

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But the gap between the top and 
the bottom was not nearly as 

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vast as it was in say feudal, 
France, or Anglo-Saxon England, 

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a successful farmer could 
accumulate enough wealth and 

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influence to stand in a long 
house and speak with genuine 

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Authority. 
The system was stratified, but 

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it was not rigid in the way that
many other European societies 

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were at the time. 
This matters because it meant 

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that a wider range of people had
a stake in making things work, 

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you did not need Royal 
permission to build a boat or 

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sale to a new fishing ground. 
You did not need a king's 

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blessing to trade with a 
neighboring Community initiative

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was not. 
Punished Ingenuity was rewarded 

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and in a landscape that demanded
both this created a culture of 

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people who were used to figuring
things out on their own. 

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So before you picture the Viking
in battle picture, the Viking in

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a workshop shaping, a piece of 
walrus, Ivory into a game piece 

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picture the Viking on a roof top
patching a sword roof before the

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first hard Frost. 
Picture the Viking knee, deep in

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a river, checking a fishing 
line. 

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These are the images that should
come first because they are the 

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ones that are true, most of the 
time and they are the 

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foundation. 
Everything else was built on the

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reputation. 
Came later, the skills came 

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first and the skills are the 
story. 

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There is one more thing worth 
noting about life. 

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Before the reputation took hold,
the Norse were not isolated even

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before the age of expansion they
were trading with their 

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neighbors. 
Furs and Amber and dried fish 

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moved. 
South Iron and grain an 

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occasionally silver moved. 
North The network was already 

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there. 
Already functioning already 

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connecting, Scandinavia to the 
rest of Europe in quiet 

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unglamorous ways. 
What changed in the late 700s 

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was not that the Norse suddenly 
became connected to the world. 

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It was that the world suddenly 
noticed them, and once it 

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noticed them, it had a very hard
time looking away. 

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But that is getting ahead of 
ourselves. 

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For now, let us stay with the 
land of the water because that 

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is where the next piece of the 
story lives. 

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And it is a piece that most 
people never think about at all.

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There is a reason for that. 
And the reason is simply that 

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the quiet part of History do not
compete. 

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Well with the loud parts A 
farmer mending. 

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A fence does not make for the 
kind of story that gets retold 

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around a fire. 
But the fence still needed 

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mending and someone still did it
and the farm still stood because

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of it. 
Most of Norse history is like 

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that fence unglamorous necessary
and holding everything else up. 

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If you have ever lived near the 
ocean you know that it changes 

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the way you think about 
distance, a town that is 40 

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miles away by Road, might feel 
closer than one that is 10 miles

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away on the other side of a hill
because the water offers a 

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straight unobstructed path. 
The Norse understood this better

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than almost anyone in the 
medieval world. 

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Water was not an obstacle to 
them. 

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It was an Invitational. 
The coastline of Norway alone is

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staggering in its complexity. if
you straightened every Fjord, 

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Inlet Ireland and Peninsula, the
coastline would be 10s of 

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thousands of miles long This is 
not a place where the land meets

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the sea in a clean line, it is a
place where their Tangled 

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together interwoven, an almost 
impossible to separate. 

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And the people who lived along 
that Coastline did not 

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experience it as chaos. 
Experienced it as home the new, 

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which channels were navigable in
which Seasons, they knew where 

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the currents ran fast and where 
they slowed, they knew the rocks

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by feel the way you might know 
the layout of your own Kitchen 

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in the dark. 
This intimacy with water shaped 

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everything about Norse daily 
life. 

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Fishing was not a weekend 
activity or a hobby, it was a 

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fundamental source of food and 
income. 

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The waters off, Scandinavia were
Rich teeming with coding and 

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salmon among other species. 
Cod in particular became 

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enormously important, not just 
as a food source, but as a trade

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good. dried Cod could last for 
months even years and it could 

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be carried long distance as 
without spoiling It was 

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lightweight Cal dents and 
portable. in many ways, dried 

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Cod was to the Norse, what grain
was to agricultural 

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civilizations, elsewhere in 
Europe, Store durable, tradable 

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Foundation upon which everything
else could be billed. 

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Fishing itself required a level 
of skill and knowledge. 

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That is hard to overstate. 
You had to know the Tide's, you 

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have to know the weather, not 
just today's weather but the way

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the atmosphere behaved in your 
particular stretch of Coast 

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which could be entirely 
different from what was 

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happening, just a few miles 
away. 

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You have to know where the fish 
were at different times of year,

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which meant understanding the 
water temperature, the currents,

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and the behavior of the species 
you are. 

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After this was not knowledge, 
you could read in a book. 

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It was knowledge passed down 
through, practice observation 

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and years of quiet attention, 
And it extended far beyond 

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fishing. 
The Norse relationship with 

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water also shaped how they 
thought about community. 

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Settlements tended to Cluster 
along, coastlines and River 

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mouths. 
Not because the Land There was 

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necessarily the best for 
farming, but because the water 

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provided access to everything 
else, a village at the mouth of 

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a river could send Goods 
upstream and receive goods from 

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the interior. the settlement on 
a sheltered Bay could launch 

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boats and calm weather and haul 
them up on shore When Storms 

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came The water was the reason 
people lived where they lived 

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and it determined who they could
trade with who they could reach 

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and how quickly they could move 
when they needed to. 

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Rivers were just as important as
the sea and in some ways more. 

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So for the interior of 
Scandinavia, Rivers were 

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highways and they were used to 
such Goods. 

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Moved along the constantly 
carried by small boats and rafts

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The north was skilled at reading
Rivers, the way a sailor reads, 

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the open ocean, understanding 
where the water moved fast, 

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where it pooled where it was 
shallow enough to Wade and where

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it dropped suddenly into depth. 
This knowledge of river systems 

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were proven enormously valuable 
later when Norse Traders and 

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settlers began pushing into the 
interior of what is now Russia 

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and Eastern Europe. 
But that is a story for another 

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segment. 
For now, the point is simply 

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this, The Norse did not stumble 
into their relationship with 

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water. 
They cultivated it. 

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Generation after generation 
until it became As Natural as 

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breathing. 
There is also something worth 

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considering about this cycle 
effect of living in a landscape 

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like this. 
When the water is always there, 

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always visible always part of 
your daily routine. 

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It becomes part of the way you 
see the world, The north did not

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think of Travelers, something 
extraordinary. 

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They thought of it to something 
you did when you needed to get 

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somewhere. 
Idea of staying in one place 

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your entire life, never 
venturing, beyond the next 

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Valley would have struck many of
them as unusual, perhaps, even a

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little sad. 
Movement was normal. 

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Exploration was not an act of 
heroism. 

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It was simply what you did when 
the water offered you away 

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forward and you had a reason to 
take it. 

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This is one of the things that 
makes the north so different, 

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from many of the other cultures 
you read about in medieval 

231
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:18,700
European history. 
In a world where most people's 

232
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,100
lives were bounded by the 
nearest market town. 

233
00:13:21,100 --> 00:13:24,400
The Norse were already thinking,
in terms of coastlines and River

234
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,200
networks, that stretched across 
of Miles. 

235
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:30,900
Not because they were braver, 
but because their geography made

236
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:34,600
it possible and their skills 
made it practical, The boats 

237
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,900
themselves deserve a mention 
here even though we are not 

238
00:13:37,908 --> 00:13:39,900
focusing on shipbuilding as a 
separate topic. 

239
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:43,800
The Norse longship is one of the
most celebrated pieces of 

240
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:47,400
engineering and history. 
And for good reason, It was 

241
00:13:47,408 --> 00:13:50,100
shallow enough to navigate 
rivers and Coastal shallows. 

242
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:53,900
It was flexible enough to ride 
over ways rather than fighting 

243
00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:55,800
them. 
It was light enough to be 

244
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:59,100
carried, Overland, when 
necessary, and it was fast. 

245
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:03,600
Remarkably fast for its size. 
But the thing that is often 

246
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,100
overlooked is how much of that 
design was the product of 

247
00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:10,400
practical necessity, rather than
ambition the Norse did not build

248
00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:12,900
those boats because they wanted 
to sail, across the Atlantic. 

249
00:14:12,900 --> 00:14:16,400
They built them because they 
needed to get from one fuel to 

250
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:18,900
the next, to haul fish to 
Market. 

251
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,100
And to visit a trading partner 
on the other side of an island. 

252
00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:27,500
The ocean Crossings came later. 
The daily usefulness came first.

253
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,800
There is a quiet satisfaction in
thinking about this most 

254
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,700
impressive Feats of North 
seafaring were not planned 

255
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:38,700
centuries in advance. 
They were the natural extension 

256
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,400
of skills that have been honed 
for Generations in the service 

257
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,300
of ordinary life. 
The Norse did not set out to 

258
00:14:44,308 --> 00:14:48,000
change the world. 
They set out to fish to trade 

259
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,900
and to move goods and people 
from one place to another and in

260
00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:54,200
doing. 
So they ended up touching almost

261
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,400
every corner of the Known World.
The water gave them access their

262
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:00,600
skills. 
Gave them the ability to use it.

263
00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,600
And the combination of the two 
created, something that no 

264
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,100
single generation could have 
planned or predicted. 

265
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,800
It simply grew the way, a river 
grows, when tributaries feed 

266
00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,000
into it. 
Each one adding a little more 

267
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,700
until the whole thing is 
something much larger than any 

268
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:21,400
of its partners, Tonight, as you
drift towards sleep, it is worth

269
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,400
holding that image for a moment.
The image is not a viking on the

270
00:15:25,408 --> 00:15:29,100
proud of a warship but rather of
a Norse fisherman checking his 

271
00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:33,800
lines at dawn a Trader loading 
dried, Cod onto a small boat and

272
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:36,900
a mother instructing her child 
on which channel to take When 

273
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:40,100
the tide is running out. 
These are the people who built 

274
00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:42,200
the world. 
The Vikings are remembered for 

275
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,400
one quiet trip across the water 
at a time. 

276
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,000
There is one more detail about 
water-oriented living that is 

277
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,100
worth mentioning before we move 
on, and it has to do with the 

278
00:15:52,100 --> 00:15:54,100
way the Norse thought about 
seasons. 

279
00:15:54,900 --> 00:15:58,600
In a land, where the days shrink
to almost nothing in Winter and 

280
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:01,400
then expand to almost continuous
daylight in summer. 

281
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:04,100
The rhythm of the year is not 
subtle. 

282
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:08,100
It is dramatic and it Demands. 
A kind of flexibility that 

283
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:09,700
people. 
In more temperate climates 

284
00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:14,200
rarely have to develop The Norse
fish differently in some of them

285
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,400
in Winter. 
They travel differently. 

286
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:20,000
They worked differently. 
They even thought about time 

287
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,600
differently measuring it. 
Not by clocks or calendars, but 

288
00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,300
by the behavior of the land and 
the water around them. 

289
00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:30,900
The first Thor was a landmark. 
The arrival of certain fish 

290
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:34,700
species was a landmark the 
longest day and the shortest day

291
00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:38,400
were landmarks. 
Life moved in cycles and the 

292
00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:41,900
Norse moved with them, not 
fighting the Rhythm, but riding 

293
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:45,600
it the way, a boat rides away, 
wave rather than trying to cut 

294
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,300
through it. 
This attentiveness to seasonal 

295
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:50,900
change made the Norse from Mark 
of the adaptable. 

296
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:55,500
When conditions shifted, whether
due to a bad winter, an unusual 

297
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:59,300
storm or a change in the local 
ecosystem, they could adjust. 

298
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:02,800
They were not locked into a 
single strategy for survival, 

299
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:06,800
they had dozens of them and they
switched between them as the 

300
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:10,400
situation required. 
This flexibility was one of the 

301
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:12,800
reasons Norse communities were 
so durable. 

302
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,200
They did not Thrive. 
Only in good years, they 

303
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:19,900
survived in bad ones, too 
bending rather than Breaking the

304
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:23,000
way the longship bent with the 
waves rather than resisting 

305
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,300
them. 
And now let us talk about what 

306
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:29,400
they did when they got there 
because the skills they brought 

307
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,700
with them were remarkable in 
ways that have nothing to do 

308
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,600
with fighting. 
There is a particular kind of 

309
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:38,400
competence that does not make 
for exciting headlines. 

310
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:43,200
It does not involve swords or 
fire or dramatic lust Downs. 

311
00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:48,200
It is the competence of people 
who know, how to make things fix

312
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:51,600
things, and keep things running 
in a climate that does not 

313
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:55,100
forgive mistake's. 
The North had this competence in

314
00:17:55,100 --> 00:17:58,900
abundance and this is one of the
least celebrated parts of their 

315
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:01,800
story. 
Woodworking as a good place to 

316
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:05,100
start because wood was 
everywhere in Scandinavia and 

317
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:07,000
the Norse used it for almost 
everything. 

318
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:11,500
The Norse used wood for building
structures boats, furniture 

319
00:18:11,500 --> 00:18:17,500
tools, sled Runners fence posts 
cooking implements and children 

320
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:20,800
toys. 
The forests of Northern 

321
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:25,000
Scandinavia were vast and dense 
filled with pine, Birch, and 

322
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,600
Spruce. 
And the Norse knew how to read a

323
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:29,000
tree. 
The way a butcher, knows how to 

324
00:18:29,008 --> 00:18:32,500
read a cut of meat, They 
understood which would was best 

325
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,600
for which purpose Oak for 
structural Timbers. 

326
00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:39,300
Where strength, matted? 
Most Pine for boat planking 

327
00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:42,000
where flexibility and 
lightweight were more important.

328
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,700
Birch for smaller items, where 
the wood needed to be easy to 

329
00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:50,200
shape and quick to work. 
The actual craft of woodworking 

330
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:53,400
was passed down through 
apprenticeship through watching 

331
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:57,800
and doing and through years of 
handling tools and learning the 

332
00:18:57,800 --> 00:18:59,700
feel of the grain. 
Beneath your fingers. 

333
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:05,200
Skilled North Carpenter could 
shape a whole plank so precisely

334
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,500
that it fit against its neighbor
with almost no Gap. 

335
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:12,400
Relying not on nails or 
caulking, but on the accuracy of

336
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:16,300
the cut itself. 
This was not magic, it was 

337
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,800
practiced and patience and a 
deep familiarity with the 

338
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:22,400
material. 
It was the kind of skill that 

339
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,400
took a lifetime to fully develop
and it showed in everything the 

340
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,200
Norse billed. 
Textile work was equally 

341
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,800
important and it occupied a 
significant portion of daily 

342
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:34,700
life for women in North 
households. 

343
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:38,400
Spinning and weaving. 
We're not minor tasks squeezed 

344
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,800
into the margins of the day. 
They were Central activities and

345
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,500
the cloth, they produced was 
both a practical necessity and a

346
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:49,200
source of genuine Pride. 
Norse wool cloth was known for 

347
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:52,500
its quality. 
It was warm durable, and 

348
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:56,100
well-made, and it traveled. 
Well, as a trade, good, the 

349
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,400
process of producing it from 
shearing, the Sheep to carding 

350
00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,600
the wall to spinning it, into 
thread, to weaving it into 

351
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:05,400
fabric was long and labor 
intensive. 

352
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:09,600
It required skill at every stage
and the women who did it were 

353
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,400
not performing a lesser role in 
the household. 

354
00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,600
They were producing one of the 
most valuable things that 

355
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,900
household had. 
Metal work was another area 

356
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:20,200
where the Norse showed 
remarkable ability. 

357
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,800
Iron smelting and forging were 
practiced throughout 

358
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:26,900
Scandinavia. 
A Norse myths were capable of 

359
00:20:26,908 --> 00:20:29,800
producing tools and weapons of 
high quality. 

360
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:35,100
A good Smith was a valued member
of any Community, the work 

361
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:37,500
required, both technical 
knowledge, and a kind of 

362
00:20:37,508 --> 00:20:41,600
intuitive feel for the material.
You had to know how to heat. 

363
00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:45,400
Strike and quench the iron. 
So it held an edge without 

364
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,000
becoming brittle. 
These were not skills. 

365
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,700
You could learn from a written 
guide. 

366
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:53,100
They were learned at the forge 
through repetition and failure 

367
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:56,500
and gradual mastery. 
But here is, what is worth 

368
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:58,600
noticing about all of the 
skills? 

369
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:02,300
They were not specialized in the
way that skills tend to be in 

370
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:04,400
Modern Life. 
A Norse farmer. 

371
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,400
Might also be a passable 
Carpenter, a competent 

372
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:11,200
woodworker and someone who could
mend a tool or patch a roof 

373
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:15,400
without needing to hire anyone. 
Women manage complex households 

374
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:20,000
that involved cooking preserving
food, producing cloth, raising 

375
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,800
children, and keeping the 
domestic economy running. 

376
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,200
There was overlap everywhere. 
People wore. 

377
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,300
Multiple hats not because they 
were trying to impress anyone 

378
00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:33,400
but because the scale of Life 
demanded it this generalist 

379
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:37,900
quality made Norse communities, 
remarkably resilient If one 

380
00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:41,400
person got sick or was injured 
or simply Had a Bad season, 

381
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:43,900
others could step in and cover 
the gap. 

382
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,400
There were no single points of 
failure, nowhere replaceable 

383
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:51,200
specialist, without whom the 
whole system would collapse. 

384
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,900
Everyone knew enough to keep 
things moving and that shared 

385
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:59,300
competence created a kind of 
quiet stability that outside as 

386
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:02,300
rarely noticed, but that was 
essential to survival. 

387
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,300
Cooking and food preservation 
deserves special attention here.

388
00:22:07,300 --> 00:22:10,100
Because they reveal a great deal
about how the Norse actually 

389
00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:12,900
lived. 
The diet was practical and 

390
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,100
varied built around, what the 
land and water could provide. 

391
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:19,200
Fish. 
As we have already discussed was

392
00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:21,800
a staple. 
So were dairy products. 

393
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:26,700
Cattle and sheep provided milk, 
which was consumed fresh and 

394
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:31,200
also fermented into buttermilk 
and skier a thick Tangy, 

395
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:34,500
cultured, dairy product, that is
still eaten in Iceland today. 

396
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:37,500
Eggs came from chickens and 
ducks. 

397
00:22:38,500 --> 00:22:42,300
Game was hunted when available. 
Berries and nuts were gathered 

398
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:45,900
In Summer and Autumn when the 
landscape briefly exploded with 

399
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:48,500
food. 
Fred was made from barley and 

400
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:52,300
Rye, the grains that actually 
grew in Scandinavian climate's. 

401
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,700
It was dense and heavy, nothing 
like the soft white bread that 

402
00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:58,700
would become common in warmer 
parts of Europe. 

403
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:02,700
But it was nutritious and 
filling, and it kept well which 

404
00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:05,800
mattered in a place where Winter
could last for months. 

405
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,000
Preservation of food was a 
critical skill and the Norse 

406
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,500
were good at it. 
Drying smoking and fermenting 

407
00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:17,000
with the main methods, and they 
used each one with care and 

408
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,000
precision. 
Dried fish could last for years.

409
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,300
Fermented dairy, products. 
Provided nutrition Through The 

410
00:23:23,308 --> 00:23:28,200
Long Winter. smoked meat and 
fish, added variety, and could 

411
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,900
be carried on Long Journeys, 
without spoiling The Norse did 

412
00:23:31,908 --> 00:23:35,900
not waste food. 
In a climate where a single bad 

413
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:38,000
Harvest could mean genuine 
hardship. 

414
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:41,900
Every scrap was accounted for 
there is something almost 

415
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:44,500
meditative about the rhythm of 
Norse daily life. 

416
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:48,600
When you think about it in these
terms, wake up ten, the animals,

417
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:52,600
work the land or the water 
craft, something preserve 

418
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:56,900
something, feed the household 
repair, what needs repairing do 

419
00:23:56,900 --> 00:23:59,000
it again? 
The next day it was not 

420
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:03,400
glamorous but it was purposeful 
and it worked and It produced a 

421
00:24:03,408 --> 00:24:06,600
people who were capable of 
extraordinary things precisely 

422
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:09,600
because they had spent so long. 
Mastering the ordinary ones 

423
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:13,400
animal husbandry was another 
Cornerstone of Norse daily life,

424
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:15,500
and it deserves a moment of 
attention. 

425
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,300
At all, were prized possessions,
symbols of wealth and stability 

426
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:23,600
and caring for them was a 
serious responsibility. 

427
00:24:24,900 --> 00:24:28,800
North cattle was smaller than 
modern breeds Hardy and well 

428
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:32,400
adapted the cold, but they still
required constant attention. 

429
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:36,300
They had to be fed through the 
winter, which meant that enough 

430
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:39,200
hay had to be harvested and 
stored during the brief growing 

431
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:41,600
season to sustain the herd until
spring. 

432
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:45,400
Calculating how much hey, you 
needed and making sure you 

433
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,500
actually cut and dried. 
Enough of it was one of the more

434
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,800
consequential decisions and 
Norse farmer. 

435
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:55,600
Made each year, get it wrong and
animals died, get it right and 

436
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,800
the household survived. 
Sheep were equally important and

437
00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:03,500
in some ways more so because 
they provided not only meat and 

438
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:07,000
milk, but also wool the raw 
material for the textile 

439
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,300
production that kept North 
households clothed and that 

440
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,100
generated one of their most 
valuable trade goods. 

441
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:15,900
Nor sheep were tough Scrappy 
animals. 

442
00:25:15,900 --> 00:25:18,800
Well, suited to the harsh 
grazing conditions of 

443
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:22,800
Scandinavia and they required 
less intensive, care and Cattle.

444
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:27,900
But they still had to be watched
sheered and fed and the 

445
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:29,400
knowledge of how to manage a 
flock. 

446
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:32,400
Well, was passed down through 
generations of careful, 

447
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:36,100
observation and practice. 
One more skilled deserves 

448
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,100
mention, before we move on and 
that is navigation. 

449
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:43,000
We touched on this earlier in 
the context of water oriented 

450
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,500
living. but it Bears repeating 
because it was so Central to 

451
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:50,400
everything the Norse did and 
eventually became Norse 

452
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,500
navigational was not dependent 
on a single tool or technique. 

453
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:57,000
There was no compass in 
Scandinavia until centuries 

454
00:25:57,000 --> 00:26:00,600
later. 
Instead Norse Navigators relied 

455
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,500
on a combination of knowledge 
that was almost staggeringly 

456
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:06,400
Broad. 
They read the Stars tracking 

457
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:10,000
their positions across the sky 
with a Precision that allowed 

458
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,300
them to determine their latitude
even on clear nights far from 

459
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:16,700
Shore. 
They read the sun using devices 

460
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,600
called Sunstone Stones, which 
could look at the sun's 

461
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:21,500
position. 
Even on overcast Days by 

462
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:23,400
detecting, the polarization of 
light. 

463
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:26,400
They read the wave's 
understanding. 

464
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,500
How ocean swells behave 
differently depending on their 

465
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:31,300
relationship to the wind and the
land. 

466
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:35,800
They read the birds knowing that
certain species flew toward land

467
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,800
in the evening and away from it.
In the morning, they read the 

468
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,900
color of the water, the 
temperature, the clouds, and the

469
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:45,800
wind, no single one of these 
methods was sufficient on its 

470
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,600
own. 
But taken together, they formed 

471
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:52,400
a navigational system of 
remarkable sophistication, one 

472
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:55,700
that allowed North Sailors to 
cross, open, ocean, and arrive, 

473
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:59,500
within sight of their intended 
destination with a regularity 

474
00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:02,100
that impressed and sometimes 
terrified the people they 

475
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:06,900
visited. this was not luck, it 
was knowledge accumulated over 

476
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:11,300
generations and refined through 
constant use and it is worth 

477
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:13,000
remembering that all of these 
skills. 

478
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:16,500
The Woodworking the textile 
work, the metal work, the 

479
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:20,400
cooking and the navigation were 
not the province of a warrior 

480
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:22,400
class. 
They were the province of 

481
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:24,600
ordinary people doing ordinary 
things. 

482
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,500
The Norse did not become 
remarkable because they were 

483
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:31,100
born remarkable, they became 
remarkable because they spent 

484
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,800
centuries getting very, very 
good at the things that 

485
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,000
mattered. 
Now, all of that competence had 

486
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,300
to go somewhere and in the 
centuries after the Norse began 

487
00:27:40,300 --> 00:27:43,300
expanding their reach. 
It went into one of the most 

488
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:47,600
impressive Feats of peaceful 
human activity in the medieval 

489
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,500
world. 
Trade and settlement. 

490
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:55,100
Let us follow that thread. 
Because it leads, somewhere 

491
00:27:55,100 --> 00:27:58,300
surprising. 
The image of the Viking is a 

492
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,600
Raiders, so deeply embedded in 
the popular imagination that it 

493
00:28:01,608 --> 00:28:03,900
can be genuinely difficult to 
see past it. 

494
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:08,000
But here's a fact Worth City 
with for a moment, the Norse 

495
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:12,400
were first and foremost Traders.
Raiding was one activity among 

496
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:14,500
many. 
And for a large portion of the 

497
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:18,000
Norse population, it was not 
something they ever participated

498
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,400
in. 
What drew the Norse outward into

499
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,600
the wider world was not 
primarily a desire to plunder. 

500
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:29,900
It was a desire to trade to find
new land and to build something 

501
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:33,300
in places where the old land 
could no longer support everyone

502
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,600
who needed it. 
The Norse trading Network at its

503
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,800
height stretched from the Frozen
shores of what is now Canada, 

504
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:43,700
all the way to the Byzantine 
Empire and the markets of the 

505
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:47,600
Islamic world. 
This is an almost absurdist when

506
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:51,300
you think about it. 
Constantinople and Baghdad were 

507
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:53,300
not exactly neighbors of 
Scandinavia. 

508
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:58,700
And yet Norse traders made it 
there, not once, but regularly 

509
00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:01,000
over a period of several 
centuries. 

510
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:06,600
They Carried first Ivory Amber 
and dried fish south and east. 

511
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:11,300
They brought back, silver silk 
spice's and occasionally exotic 

512
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,400
Curiosities. 
The exchange was substantial 

513
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:16,500
enough that nor silver from his 
hammock. 

514
00:29:16,500 --> 00:29:19,500
Mints has been found in 
archaeological site across 

515
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:22,200
northern Europe. 
A testament to just how far the 

516
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:24,900
money flowed. 
Trading routes through what is 

517
00:29:24,900 --> 00:29:27,600
now Russia and Eastern Europe 
are particularly fascinating 

518
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:31,600
because they reveal a side of 
Norse activity that is almost 

519
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:34,200
entirely absent from the popular
narrative. 

520
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:38,500
Norse Traders known in the 
Byzantine and Islamic sources as

521
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:42,100
the varangians or the roofs 
travelled South along, the 

522
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:47,000
massive river systems of Eastern
Europe, the vulgar the NEPA, and

523
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:51,300
the Western Davina among others.
These Rivers connected, the 

524
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:55,000
Baltic Sea, to the Caspian, and 
black seas, and the Norse used 

525
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:58,700
them as highways portaging their
boats, Overland between river 

526
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:02,000
systems where necessary. 
The settlements, they 

527
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:04,500
established along these routes 
were not conquests in the 

528
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:07,900
traditional sense. 
The settlement served as trading

529
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:12,600
posts waypoints and hubs for the
exchange storage and subsequent 

530
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,000
movement of goods. 
The Norse who settled in what is

531
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:31,900
now kievan? 
The result was something 

532
00:30:31,900 --> 00:30:36,200
genuinely new a hybrid culture 
that Drew on both Norse and 

533
00:30:36,208 --> 00:30:39,700
Slavic traditions and it became 
the foundation of what would 

534
00:30:39,700 --> 00:30:42,200
eventually become the state of 
kievan Rus. 

535
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,500
One of the most important 
political entities in medieval 

536
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:48,600
Eastern Europe. 
This is not a story of Conquest,

537
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,400
it is a story of integration and
it is one of the most 

538
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,000
underappreciated aspects of 
Norse history. 

539
00:30:56,300 --> 00:31:01,100
Closer to home the Norse also 
settled Iceland Greenland and 

540
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:04,500
briefly a settlement in what is 
now North America. 

541
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:08,600
Hundreds of years before 
Columbus made his famous voyage 

542
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,100
across the Atlantic. 
The settlement of Iceland is 

543
00:31:12,100 --> 00:31:16,100
particularly instructive because
it illustrates how Norse 

544
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:18,300
expansion actually worked in 
practice. 

545
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:22,100
Iceland was uninhabited. 
When the Norse arrived in the 

546
00:31:22,108 --> 00:31:26,400
late 800s, which meant there was
no one to conquer and no one to 

547
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:29,400
displace. 
The settlers simply showed up 

548
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:31,600
divided the land among 
themselves. 

549
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:35,100
According to a system that was 
remarkably fair by the standards

550
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,800
of the time and set about 
building a society from scratch.

551
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:42,400
They brought their livestock 
their tools, their language and 

552
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:43,800
their legal Traditions with 
them. 

553
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:47,200
They built long house houses, 
they farmed sheep and cattle. 

554
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,500
They fished the rich Waters 
around the island and they 

555
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:52,600
created something that would 
become one of the most 

556
00:31:52,608 --> 00:31:55,400
culturally productive Societies 
in medieval Europe. 

557
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,700
But that is a story for a later 
segment. 

558
00:31:59,300 --> 00:32:03,500
For now, the point is simply 
that the Norse did not need to 

559
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:06,000
take land from someone else in 
order to expand. 

560
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:10,200
When uninhabited land was 
available, they took it settled 

561
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:13,600
it and made it work. 
Greenland followed a similar 

562
00:32:13,608 --> 00:32:16,700
pattern, though, the conditions 
there were far harsher. 

563
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,700
Nor settlers arrived in the late
900s and established two main 

564
00:32:21,708 --> 00:32:24,200
communities on the Western and 
Eastern coasts. 

565
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,300
They raise sheep and cattle 
hunted marine, mammals and 

566
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:32,100
traded with the Inuit people. 
They encountered the settlements

567
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:35,100
of survived for roughly 500 
years before disappearing 

568
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:39,200
likely, due to a combination of 
climate change shifting trade 

569
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,200
routes, and a failure to adapt 
to increase in harsh. 

570
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:44,700
Conditions, it is sobering 
story. 

571
00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:49,300
A reminder that Norse expansion 
was not always successful and 

572
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:51,600
that even a skilled and 
resilient people could be 

573
00:32:51,608 --> 00:32:54,200
defeated by circumstances beyond
their control. 

574
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:59,000
But the trading itself, the 
movement of goods and ideas 

575
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,700
across vast distances is what 
deserves the most attention 

576
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:04,800
here. 
The Norse were not, the only 

577
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,200
trade in the Medieval World. 
Of course, the Vikings were 

578
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,000
operating in a network that 
included Arab Merchants 

579
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,000
bizantine Traders and many 
others. 

580
00:33:14,900 --> 00:33:17,600
But the Norse brought something 
distinctive to this network, 

581
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:21,200
their ability to navigate rivers
and coastlines that other 

582
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:23,400
Traders found difficult or 
impossible. 

583
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:27,000
They could reach places that 
were simply not accessible to 

584
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,600
people without their seafaring 
skills and this gave them a 

585
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:32,400
natural advantage in the 
exchange of goods. 

586
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:35,800
The goods themselves, tell an 
interesting story. 

587
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,900
Furs were enormously valuable in
the medieval world and 

588
00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:43,600
Scandinavia and Northern Russia 
were among the richest sources 

589
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:49,100
of high-quality Furs in Europe. 
Beaver, pelts, Fox skins ermine 

590
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:52,600
and Sable all moved through 
North trading networks. 

591
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:56,400
In large quantities. 
Walrus Ivory was another 

592
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:59,500
important Norse. 
Export used to make everything 

593
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:02,400
from chess pieces, to religious 
carving in the churches of 

594
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:04,900
Western Europe. 
And dried cod. 

595
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:08,699
As we have already discussed was
a trade, good of remarkable, 

596
00:34:08,699 --> 00:34:13,100
durability, and portability One 
that could sustain long voyages 

597
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:15,900
and survive months in a cargo 
hold with without spoiling. 

598
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:19,500
In return, the Norse brought 
back Goods that enriched their 

599
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:24,300
own societies and connected them
to distant cultures. silver from

600
00:34:24,300 --> 00:34:27,900
Islamic mints tells us that 
Norse Traders reach, the markets

601
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,400
of the Middle East, silk from 
Byzantine or Chinese sources 

602
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,199
tells us that luxury goods, 
traveled all the way North to 

603
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:39,300
scan Avia, And the coins beads 
and small objects found in North

604
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:42,300
archaeological sites. 
Paint a picture of a people who 

605
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:46,500
are far more Cosmopolitan than 
their reputation suggests There 

606
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:49,400
is a quietness to trade that 
makes it easy to overlook in the

607
00:34:49,408 --> 00:34:52,400
sweep of History. 
It does not produce the dramatic

608
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,800
moments that fill textbooks and 
movies. 

609
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:59,200
No one writes epic poems about a
successful negotiation at a 

610
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:03,300
Market Fair or about a cargo of 
dried, coding safely and 

611
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,200
Constantinople. 
But trade is how civilizations 

612
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:10,900
actually grow. 
It is how ideas spread how 

613
00:35:10,900 --> 00:35:14,100
Technologies move from one 
culture to another and how 

614
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:17,900
economies develop enough Surplus
to support art law and learning.

615
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,800
And the Norse for all their 
famous Raiders were among the 

616
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,100
most effective traders in the 
medieval world. 

617
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,300
The economics of Norse trade 
were not simple barter though. 

618
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:31,700
Barter certainly played a role 
in smaller local exchanges. 

619
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:36,000
For larger transactions. 
Killing those involving distant 

620
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,000
trading partners. 
The north use silver as a medium

621
00:35:39,008 --> 00:35:42,600
of Exchange. 
Nor silver coins have been found

622
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,400
across an enormous. 
Geographic range from 

623
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:49,200
Scandinavia to the British 
Isles, to the Baltic states, to 

624
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,500
the heart of Russia. 
Many of these coins were not 

625
00:35:52,508 --> 00:35:56,800
minted in Scandinavia at all. 
They were Islamic silver Dirhams

626
00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:00,300
minted in cities across the 
Middle East and Central Asia. 

627
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:03,900
And they made their way North 
through the trading networks, 

628
00:36:03,900 --> 00:36:06,800
that connected the Norse world 
to the rest of the known world. 

629
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:11,200
The sheer volume of Islamic 
silver found in Scandinavian 

630
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:15,300
archaeological site is striking.
It tells us that the Norse 

631
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:18,100
trading networks were not 
occasional or opportunistic. 

632
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:22,800
They were sustained, systematic 
and enormously profitable. 

633
00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:26,800
Norse Merchants made repeated 
trips along the same routes 

634
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:30,200
building relationships with 
trading partners over years and 

635
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:33,600
decades, developing the trust 
and the reputation that 

636
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:37,200
long-distance trade required. 
This was not a world of a 

637
00:36:37,208 --> 00:36:40,200
Anonymous transactions. 
It was a world of relationships 

638
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:43,900
and the Norse was skilled at 
building and maintaining them. 

639
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:48,100
So when you think about the 
Vikings tonight, try to see past

640
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:52,000
the longships and the axes, try 
to see the merchant, calculating

641
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,900
the value of a bundle of furze 
against a handful of silver 

642
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:57,700
coins. 
Try to see the settler loading, 

643
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:00,700
a boat with livestock and Seed, 
grain heading for an island. 

644
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:04,100
He's never seen. 
Try to see the trade on a river 

645
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:07,600
in what is now Russia, 
negotiating with the local Chief

646
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,700
over the price of honey and 
beeswax. these are the Vikings 

647
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:15,200
who shape, the world not through
violence, but through the 

648
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,000
patient unglamorous work of 
moving things from one place to 

649
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,500
another, And the world. 
They helped build through trade 

650
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:26,200
and settlement and quiet. 
Integration was more complex and

651
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:28,400
more connected than most people 
realize. 

652
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:31,500
It is time. 
Now to look at another part of 

653
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:35,500
that world, one, that lived not 
on the water, but in the homes 

654
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:39,000
and communities where the Norse 
spent most of their time, It is 

655
00:37:39,008 --> 00:37:41,300
time to talk about law and 
language. 

656
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:45,300
And the way they organize the 
societies, they build, one of 

657
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:47,900
the things that separates a 
collection of people from a 

658
00:37:47,900 --> 00:37:52,000
civilization is law, Not the 
idea of it that the actual 

659
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,500
practice of it, the shared 
agreement that certain rules 

660
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:59,300
exist and that everyone is bound
by the even the powerful. 

661
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,700
The Norse had this and they had 
it earlier and more thoroughly 

662
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:05,500
than many of the societies 
around them. 

663
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:09,400
Their legal Traditions were not 
imposed from above by a king or 

664
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,000
a priest. 
They Grew From Below from the 

665
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,800
community's themselves and they 
reflected a set of values that 

666
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:20,000
once you understand them, reveal
a great deal about how the Norse

667
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:21,200
actually thought about the 
world. 

668
00:38:22,700 --> 00:38:26,400
The basic unit of Norse legal 
life was the thing, which was a 

669
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,400
regional assembly where three 
men gathered to settle disputes,

670
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:33,500
make decisions that affected the
community and conduct the 

671
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:36,600
business of governance. 
The word thing is in fact the 

672
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,400
origin of our Modern English 
word thing though. 

673
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:42,300
Its meaning has drifted 
enormously over the centuries. 

674
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:45,700
In the Norse World. 
A thing was not an object. 

675
00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:50,200
It was a gathering a forum a 
place where the community came 

676
00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:54,100
together to talk things through 
these assemblies met at regular 

677
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:57,300
intervals, usually in the spring
and sometimes a gain in the 

678
00:38:57,308 --> 00:39:01,600
Autumn men travel to attend. 
The sometimes from considerable 

679
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:04,700
distance is and the meetings 
could last for days. 

680
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,300
The proceedings were conducted 
according to established 

681
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:12,300
procedures with speakers, taking
turns evidence being presented 

682
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,100
and decisions being reached 
through a process that while not

683
00:39:16,100 --> 00:39:20,100
identical to Modern democracy 
shared certain features with it.

684
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:24,200
Free men have the right to speak
decisions were made 

685
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:28,100
collectively. 
And the outcomes once reached. 

686
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:30,900
Carried the weight of the 
community behind them. 

687
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:35,500
This is worth pausing on because
it is genuinely remarkable for 

688
00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:38,400
the time period in much of 
medieval Europe. 

689
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,800
Justice was the province of 
kings and Nobles, if you had a 

690
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,400
grievance, you brought it to 
your lord and your lord decided.

691
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:50,300
The north system was different. 
It was decentralized. 

692
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:54,700
It was participatory And it 
placed a significant amount of 

693
00:39:54,708 --> 00:39:58,600
power in the hands of ordinary 
farmers and landowners, not just

694
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:00,100
the wealthy or the 
well-connected. 

695
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,500
The law itself was not written 
down for a long time. 

696
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:07,600
It existed in the memories of 
the community passed from one 

697
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:10,000
generation to the next through 
oral tradition. 

698
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:12,800
Certain individuals known as 
Luxor. 

699
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:16,400
In Iceland were charged with 
memorizing and reciting the law 

700
00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:19,400
of the thing serving as a kind 
of living legal Library. 

701
00:40:20,200 --> 00:40:24,100
This was not an imprecise or 
unreliable system. oral 

702
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,500
Traditions can be remarkably 
accurate when they are 

703
00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:29,500
maintained with care and 
repeated regularly, and the 

704
00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:31,800
north took, their legal 
knowledge, seriously enough to 

705
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:36,000
do both, The content of the lore
covered in enormous range of 

706
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:40,000
everyday, concerns property 
disputes were common and the law

707
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,400
provided details Frameworks for 
resolving them. 

708
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:46,500
Inheritance was carefully 
regulated with rules governing, 

709
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,700
how a dead man's property should
be divided among his heirs. 

710
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:54,600
Crime against the person from 
theft to assault to more serious

711
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:58,400
offense, is each carried 
specific penalties and the 

712
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:01,100
penalties were often find 
Financial rather than physical. 

713
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:05,100
The north system, relied heavily
on compensation rather than 

714
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:08,000
punishment. 
If you injured, someone you owed

715
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:12,400
them or their family, a specific
amount calculated according to 

716
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:14,700
the severity of the harm. 
Pay it. 

717
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:18,200
And the matter was settled 
refused to pay. 

718
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:21,400
And you could be declared an 
outlaw, which meant that anyone 

719
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,700
was free to kill you without 
legal consequence. 

720
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:25,700
This last Point. 
Sounds harsh. 

721
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:30,000
And in some ways it was But it 
also reflects a pragmatic 

722
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:33,300
understanding of how to maintain
order in a society without a 

723
00:41:33,308 --> 00:41:36,400
standing police force or a 
professional judiciary. 

724
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:40,900
The threat of outlawry was a 
powerful incentive to settle 

725
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:43,500
disputes peacefully and most 
people did. 

726
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:48,400
The system was not perfect. 
Wealthy men could sometimes use 

727
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,700
their influence to tip 
proceedings in their favor. 

728
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:54,800
Feuds could escalate when one 
side, the other had not been 

729
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:59,400
adequately compensated. 
But on balance it worked and it 

730
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:01,700
worked better than the 
Alternatives available at the 

731
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:04,700
time. 
Language is the other thread 

732
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,000
worth pulling here. 
Because the Norse language 

733
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,900
itself is one of the quietest 
and most lasting contributions 

734
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:16,600
the Vikings made to the world. 
Gold Norse the language spoken 

735
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:19,600
across, Scandinavia and Iceland 
during the Viking age. 

736
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:24,400
Was a North Germanic language. 
Related to but distinct from the

737
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:27,800
languages spoken by the Saxons 
and the angles in England. 

738
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:32,200
And when the north settled in 
England, Ireland, Scotland, and 

739
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:34,600
other parts of the British 
Isles, they brought their 

740
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:37,200
language with them. 
The result was not the 

741
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,800
replacement of one language by 
another, it was something more 

742
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:44,400
interesting than that. 
Old Norse and Old English. 

743
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:47,300
Were similar enough that 
speakers of each could with some

744
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:51,800
effort, understand the other 
They were not identical, but 

745
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:55,000
they shared enough common ground
that communication was possible 

746
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:59,100
without a translator. 
And in the areas where North 

747
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:01,500
settlers lived, alongside 
English-speaking populations, 

748
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,800
the two languages began to blend
together in ways that shape the 

749
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:09,500
English we speak today. 
The number of words, in Modern 

750
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:12,900
English that come directly from 
Old Norse is staggering, and 

751
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:16,300
many of them are so fundamental 
that you use them without ever 

752
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:21,800
thinking about their Origins. 
The words Sky egg give take. 

753
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:29,300
They them their want wrong. 
Ugly and hundreds of others. 

754
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:32,800
All entered English through 
Norse influence, But the 

755
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:37,000
contribution goes beyond 
individual words, nor settlers 

756
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,800
also influence the grammar and 
syntax of English in ways that 

757
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:44,600
linguists are still studying. 
The simplification of English 

758
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,100
verb endings. 
For instance, may have been 

759
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:50,400
partly driven by the need for 
Norse and English speakers to 

760
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,300
communicate with each other. 
Using a shared simplified 

761
00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:57,700
grammar, This is one of the most
fascinating aspects of Norse 

762
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:00,700
influence on the world. 
Because it is so invisible. 

763
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:04,200
You cannot see it. 
You cannot point to it on a map.

764
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:08,500
but every time you speak 
English, you are using words and

765
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:13,000
structures that were shaped in 
part by people who sailed across

766
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:17,300
the North Sea, a thousand years 
ago and settled in a new land. 

767
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:21,500
The Vikings did not just change 
the political landscape of 

768
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:24,700
medieval Europe. 
Changed the way in an entire 

769
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:28,100
language grew and evolved and 
through that language, the way 

770
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:30,400
millions of people think and 
communicate today. 

771
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:34,700
There is something almost poetic
about this though, it is worth 

772
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:37,700
being careful with that word 
because the Norse themselves 

773
00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:41,000
were deeply invested in the 
power of language and would have

774
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:45,000
understood its significant 
better than most Words mattered 

775
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:49,600
enormously in North culture. 
The ability to speak well to 

776
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:52,300
compose verses that were 
memorable and striking. 

777
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:56,200
And to tell a story that held an
audience was a valued skill, 

778
00:44:56,200 --> 00:45:00,500
almost as valued as physical 
courage or practical competence,

779
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:05,300
The north sagas which we will 
touch on briefly later are in 

780
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:07,400
part a testament to this 
reverence for language. 

781
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:11,000
They are among the finest. 
Works of narrative, prose 

782
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:14,000
produced anywhere in the 
medieval world and they were 

783
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:17,400
written in Old Norse. 
The language, the Vikings spoke 

784
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:21,200
at home, The lore and the 
language taken together, reveal 

785
00:45:21,200 --> 00:45:24,200
a people who are far more 
sophisticated than the popular 

786
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:27,400
image suggests. 
They were not simply worriers 

787
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:31,100
who happened to say, they were a
society with a functioning legal

788
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:35,100
system, a rich literary 
tradition and a language that 

789
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:37,900
would go on to shape one of the 
most widely spoken tongues in 

790
00:45:37,908 --> 00:45:40,400
the world. 
These are not the 

791
00:45:40,400 --> 00:45:44,000
accomplishments of Barbarians. 
These are the accomplishments of

792
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:47,200
a civilization, one that 
happened to be located at the 

793
00:45:47,208 --> 00:45:50,500
edge of the known world. 
And one that for reasons, both 

794
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:54,900
fair and unfair got a reputation
that obscured almost everything 

795
00:45:54,900 --> 00:45:59,200
interesting about it. 
The thing assemblies, the oral 

796
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:02,700
legal Traditions, the blending 
of Northern English into 

797
00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:06,200
something new and the words you 
use every single day without 

798
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:10,500
knowing where they came from. 
these are the quiet, legacies, 

799
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:14,300
the ones that do not make for 
dramatic television, but that 

800
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:19,000
have lasted, 1000 years and show
no sign of fading, Now, let us 

801
00:46:19,008 --> 00:46:23,200
step inside, literally, and talk
about the homes, the Norse 

802
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:24,800
build, and the lives. 
They lived within them. 

803
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:28,300
Because the domestic world of 
the Vikings is one of the most 

804
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:32,500
under explored parts of their 
story and it is full of details 

805
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:34,900
that are both surprising and 
oddly comforting. 

806
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,500
There is a warmth to thinking 
about how people actually live 

807
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:42,600
their daily lives as a supposed 
to, how they fought or conquered

808
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:45,800
or explored. 
The Norse long house is one of 

809
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:48,100
the best Windows we have in to 
that warmth. 

810
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:51,800
And it is worth spending some 
time inside it because the 

811
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,900
picture it reveals is one of a 
people who cared deeply about 

812
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:59,200
Comfort family and the small 
Pleasures that make a hard life 

813
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:03,000
bearable. 
The long house was the basic 

814
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:06,900
unit of Northern domestic 
architecture and it came in many

815
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:09,500
sizes and variations. 
Depending on the region. 

816
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:14,000
The wealth of the family and the
local climate In its simplest 

817
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:15,600
form. 
It was a large rectangular 

818
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:20,100
building, sometimes remarkably 
large with thick walls made of 

819
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:24,800
wood, stone or turf depending on
what was available locally. 

820
00:47:25,700 --> 00:47:28,100
In Iceland, where trees were 
scarce? 

821
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:31,800
Longhouses were often built 
primarily of stone and Turf. 

822
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:35,500
In Norway, where Timber was 
plentiful, would was the 

823
00:47:35,500 --> 00:47:38,400
dominant material. 
The roof was typically covered 

824
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:42,100
with sod, which provided 
excellent insulation, keeping 

825
00:47:42,100 --> 00:47:44,000
the interior, surprisingly, 
warm. 

826
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:47,700
Even in the coldest months in 
the long house was organized 

827
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:51,500
around a central fire pit or 
half which served as the source 

828
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:55,600
of both heat and light. 
There was no chimney The smoke 

829
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:58,400
drifted upward and escaped 
through a hole or Gap in the 

830
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,400
roof, which also let in a shaft 
of daylight. 

831
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:05,400
This meant that the interior of 
a long house was often hazy with

832
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:09,200
smoke and the walls and ceiling 
were perpetually darkened by it.

833
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:12,800
But it also meant that the fire 
could be kept burning almost 

834
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,400
continuously Through The Long 
Winter and the smoke itself, 

835
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:20,600
served a practical purpose. 
It helped preserve the dried 

836
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:22,600
fishing meet that hung from the 
rafters above. 

837
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:26,900
The sleeping Arrangements were 
along the walls on raised 

838
00:48:26,900 --> 00:48:28,900
platforms or benches. 
That ran the length of the 

839
00:48:28,900 --> 00:48:30,500
building on either side of the 
half. 

840
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,100
These were not beds in the 
modern sense. 

841
00:48:33,100 --> 00:48:36,400
They were wooden platforms, 
covered with Furs and woven 

842
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:38,700
blankets. 
And they served as both sleeping

843
00:48:38,700 --> 00:48:41,900
surfaces during the night and 
seating during the day. 

844
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:47,000
The family slept together. 
Close to the fire wrapped in 

845
00:48:47,008 --> 00:48:51,200
layers of wool and animal skin. 
In the coldest months, this 

846
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:53,700
communal warmth was not a matter
of preference. 

847
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:58,200
It was a matter of survival. 
The center of the long house, 

848
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:01,400
the area around the fire was 
where the family spent most of 

849
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,200
its waking hours. 
This was where meals were 

850
00:49:04,200 --> 00:49:07,500
prepared. 
Cooking was Donna over the Open 

851
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:12,100
Fire, or in a pit beside it 
using iron pots that held stews 

852
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:13,900
and soups made from whatever was
available. 

853
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:19,500
A typical Norse meal, might 
include fishery greed and 

854
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:21,500
perhaps and greens or berries in
season. 

855
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:25,400
The meals were not elaborate but
they were substantial and they 

856
00:49:25,408 --> 00:49:28,500
were eaten together as a family,
which gave them a social 

857
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:30,400
Dimension. 
That went beyond, simple 

858
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,000
nutrition. 
Harley was brewed in most 

859
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:36,400
households made from barley or 
other available grains. 

860
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:39,600
And it was a daily part of the 
diet for adults and often for 

861
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:43,200
older children as well. 
This was not unusual for the 

862
00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:46,300
Medieval World. 
Water sources were often 

863
00:49:46,300 --> 00:49:49,800
unreliable and fermented 
beverages were both safer, to 

864
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:51,600
drink and more calorie dense 
than water. 

865
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:56,000
Or sale was not particularly 
Strong by modern standards but 

866
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,100
it was a staple and Brewing. 
It was another of the many 

867
00:49:59,100 --> 00:50:02,000
domestic skills that women in 
North households managed 

868
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:05,600
alongside everything else. 
The Longhouse was also a 

869
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:08,300
workspace. 
Textile production as we 

870
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,400
discussed earlier happened here,
often in the evenings when the 

871
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:15,600
days outdoor work was done. 
Women spun on drops bindles, 

872
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:19,200
which could be worked while 
walking or sitting and wove it 

873
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:21,600
on upright, looms that were set 
up near the fire. 

874
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:26,300
The rhythmic of the Loom and the
quiet pool of the spindle was 

875
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:29,100
found that filmed Norse 
evening's and they were 

876
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:33,200
accompanied by conversation 
storytelling and the occasional 

877
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:37,500
song Children grew up in this 
environment, surrounded by the 

878
00:50:37,500 --> 00:50:40,700
work of the household and 
absorbing its rhythms from a 

879
00:50:40,700 --> 00:50:44,000
very young age. 
Norse childhood was not a 

880
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:47,000
prolonged period of play and 
Leisure as it might be in 

881
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,600
wealthiest societies. 
Children were expected to 

882
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:52,500
contribute to the household from
an early age. 

883
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:56,200
Helping with tasks that match 
their size and strength. 

884
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,300
But they were also valued and 
their well-being mattered to 

885
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:03,200
their parents in ways that are 
evident from the archaeological 

886
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:06,800
and textual record. 
Children's Graves have been 

887
00:51:06,808 --> 00:51:11,000
found with care and attention 
buried with small possessions 

888
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:13,000
that suggests they were mourned 
and remembered. 

889
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:16,800
Norse law provided specific 
protections for children 

890
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:19,000
including penalties for harming 
them. 

891
00:51:19,900 --> 00:51:22,700
The Norse were not sentimental 
about childhood in the way that 

892
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:25,600
modern Western cultures tend to 
be, but they were not 

893
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:29,800
indifferent to it either. 
The Longhouse housed in many 

894
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:34,000
cases more than one family, 
extended family groups, often 

895
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,100
lived together, sharing the 
space and the work. 

896
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:40,900
Grandparents parents children 
and sometimes siblings in their 

897
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:45,200
spouse's all Under One Roof. 
This was partly practical a 

898
00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:48,400
matter of shared labor and 
shared warmth and partly 

899
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:52,000
cultural her reflection of the 
Norse value placed on family, 

900
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:56,800
bonds and mutual obligation. 
The long house was not just a 

901
00:51:56,800 --> 00:52:00,700
shelter, it was a social 
structure, a place where 

902
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,900
relationships were maintained 
and obligations were fulfilled 

903
00:52:03,900 --> 00:52:07,200
on a daily basis. 
There is a detail about North 

904
00:52:07,200 --> 00:52:09,300
domestic life. 
That is worth lingering on 

905
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:12,300
because it reveals something 
about the texture of everyday 

906
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:17,200
existence that larger historical
narratives tend to miss the 

907
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,000
Norse kept animals inside the 
long house during the winter 

908
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:24,100
months, At all sheep and goats 
share the building with the 

909
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:27,900
Human family separated, by a 
partition, but close enough that

910
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:30,500
their warmth contributed to the 
overall temperature of the 

911
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:34,600
space, this sounds uncomfortable
by modern standards and it 

912
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:38,300
probably was in certain ways but
it also meant that the long 

913
00:52:38,300 --> 00:52:42,400
house was never truly cold even 
on the darkest winter nights. 

914
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:47,000
The combined body heat of dozens
of animals and a human family, 

915
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:50,200
contained within thick walls of 
stone or turf. 

916
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:53,600
Created an environment that was 
surprisingly livable. 

917
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:56,200
The smell presumably was 
something. 

918
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,500
You got used to. 
The Norse like people in many 

919
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:03,300
pre-modern societies lived in 
much closer contact with animals

920
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:05,700
than we do. 
And they did not find it 

921
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:09,300
particularly remarkable hygiene 
and cleanliness were not 

922
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:11,200
neglected. 
Despite what the popular image 

923
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:14,800
of Vikings might suggest. 
The Norse bathed regularly 

924
00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:18,500
particularly in areas where Hot 
Springs were available as they 

925
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:20,300
are in part of Iceland and 
Norway. 

926
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:24,500
Archaeological evidence from 
North site to turned up Combs 

927
00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:28,800
tweezers, razors and other 
grooming, implements suggesting 

928
00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:30,500
that personal appearance 
mattered to them. 

929
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:33,400
They were not the unwashed 
Savages of Legend. 

930
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:37,100
They were people who took pride 
in how they looked and felt 

931
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:41,300
within the constraints of their 
environment and resources. the 

932
00:53:41,300 --> 00:53:44,600
home also reflected Norse 
aesthetic sensibilities which 

933
00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:48,400
were more refined than the 
popular image allows Norse art 

934
00:53:48,408 --> 00:53:50,600
known as the art style of the 
Viking. 

935
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:54,200
Age was characterized by 
intricate interlocking patterns 

936
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:58,500
stylized, animal forms, and a 
level of decorative detail. 

937
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:01,400
That suggests a genuine 
appreciation for beauty and 

938
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:04,700
everyday objects. 
Longhouse doorposts, were 

939
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:06,800
sometimes carved with elaborate 
designs. 

940
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:10,900
Wooden furniture and household. 
Implements were decorated with 

941
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:14,400
patterns that served no 
practical purpose other than to 

942
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:18,000
make them beautiful. 
The Norse did not live in Bear, 

943
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:22,400
utilitarian spaces, they lived 
in spaces that reflected their 

944
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:24,100
scents of what the world should 
look like. 

945
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:29,200
And that sense, included Beauty 
alongside Funk Shun an evening 

946
00:54:29,208 --> 00:54:32,200
in a Norse long house. 
When the days work was done and 

947
00:54:32,200 --> 00:54:35,500
the fire was burning steadily 
and the ale was poor and the 

948
00:54:35,508 --> 00:54:38,500
family was gathered. 
Close must have been one of the 

949
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:41,300
most Pleasant environments. 
The Medieval World had to offer.

950
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:46,600
The warmth, the light the smell 
of cooking food, the quiet 

951
00:54:46,600 --> 00:54:49,700
conversation, the occasional 
burst of laughter. 

952
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:55,200
It was not glamorous but it was 
real and it was human and it was

953
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:57,700
the place where the Norse spent 
most of their lives. 

954
00:54:58,700 --> 00:55:02,300
Hospitality was another value 
that shaped Norse domestic life 

955
00:55:02,300 --> 00:55:04,400
in ways that went beyond simple 
politeness. 

956
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:08,600
In a world where travel was 
common, but Inns and hotels did 

957
00:55:08,600 --> 00:55:11,500
not exist. 
The obligation to feed and 

958
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:13,300
shelter, a traveler was taken 
seriously. 

959
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:17,200
Norse law and custom. 
Both supported this expectation.

960
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:21,800
A host was expected to offer 
food drink and a place to sleep 

961
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:25,300
to anyone who arrived at the 
long house and failing to do. 

962
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,300
So was considered a serious 
breach of social norms. 

963
00:55:29,100 --> 00:55:33,000
This was not purely altruistic. 
Of course, in a society where 

964
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:35,700
anyone might find themselves far
from home and in need of 

965
00:55:35,708 --> 00:55:39,800
shelter, the custom of 
hospitality was a form of Mutual

966
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:42,900
Insurance. 
You offered it to others because

967
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:44,200
you might one day, need it 
yourself. 

968
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:48,200
The result was that, Norse long 
houses were often more socially 

969
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:49,900
active than a single family 
dwelling. 

970
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:54,300
In the modern world might be 
Travelers passed through Trader 

971
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:57,900
stopped to rest and resupply. 
Relatives visited from 

972
00:55:57,900 --> 00:56:01,600
neighboring settlements. 
The household was not a closed 

973
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:05,600
system, it was open Connected To
The Wider community. 

974
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,600
In ways that made isolation 
nearly impossible and 

975
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:11,400
loneliness. 
At least the sustained kind 

976
00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:15,600
relatively rare. 
And it is from this domestic 

977
00:56:15,600 --> 00:56:20,200
world, this warm and busy and 
slightly Smoky Center of Norse 

978
00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:23,500
existence that we should draw 
our final thread. 

979
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,500
Because the story of how the 
Vikings quietly shaped the world

980
00:56:27,500 --> 00:56:30,900
does not end with trade or law 
or language. 

981
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:34,900
It ends with a legacy that is 
quieter, still one that 

982
00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:37,900
stretches from those long house,
halves all the way into the 

983
00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:41,400
present, day touching things. 
You might never have thought to 

984
00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:44,400
connect to a people who lived 
1000 years ago on the edge of 

985
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:47,900
the Northern sea. 
The most lasting contributions. 

986
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:51,000
Any civilization makes a rarely 
the ones that intended. 

987
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:54,500
The north did not set out to 
change the English language. 

988
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:58,700
They did not plan centuries in 
advance to help lay the 

989
00:56:58,708 --> 00:57:01,400
groundwork for the political 
development of Eastern Europe. 

990
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:05,300
They did not wake up one morning
and decide that their legal 

991
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:07,000
Traditions would influence the 
way. 

992
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:11,200
Iceland organized its Society 
for the next Thousand Years. 

993
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:15,400
These things happened because 
the Norse were a particular kind

994
00:57:15,400 --> 00:57:19,100
of people living in a particular
kind of place at a particular 

995
00:57:19,100 --> 00:57:22,500
moment in history and the 
combination produced effects 

996
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,700
that rippled out wood in ways. 
No single generation could have 

997
00:57:25,700 --> 00:57:29,900
predicted or controlled This is 
what a quiet Legacy. 

998
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:34,100
Looks like not a monument or a 
conquest or a grand declaration.

999
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:38,700
Slow gradual, almost 
imperceptible shift in how the 

1000
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:42,300
world Works driven by the 
ordinary activities of ordinary 

1001
00:57:42,300 --> 00:57:44,100
people who are simply trying to 
live. 

1002
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:47,100
Well, Let us trace a few of 
those threads because they are 

1003
00:57:47,108 --> 00:57:49,400
worth following the legal 
traditions. 

1004
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:52,900
We discussed earlier didn't not 
disappear when the Viking age 

1005
00:57:52,900 --> 00:57:56,600
ended. 
They evolved adapted and in some

1006
00:57:56,600 --> 00:58:00,000
cases survived remarkably intact
into the modern era. 

1007
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:06,000
Iceland is the clearest example.
The alfing Iceland's Parliament 

1008
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:11,700
was established in 9360 CE and 
is still in operation today. 

1009
00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:15,100
Making it one of the oldest 
continuously functioning 

1010
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:19,800
legislative bodies in the world.
It is not the same institution, 

1011
00:58:19,800 --> 00:58:24,100
it was a 1000 years ago of 
core's changed enormously 

1012
00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:28,400
adapting to new circumstances 
and new ideas about governments.

1013
00:58:29,300 --> 00:58:33,100
But its roots are Norse and the 
basic principle behind it. 

1014
00:58:33,100 --> 00:58:36,600
That free people have the right 
to gather and make decisions 

1015
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:40,500
about their own Affairs is a 
principle that traces directly 

1016
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:43,200
back to the thing. 
Assemblies of the Viking age, 

1017
00:58:43,200 --> 00:58:47,000
this is not a small thing. 
The idea that governance should 

1018
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,200
be participatory that it should 
involve the consent of the 

1019
00:58:50,200 --> 00:58:53,500
governed rather than simply the 
will of the powerful is one of 

1020
00:58:53,508 --> 00:58:56,400
the most important ideas in the 
history of human civilization. 

1021
00:58:56,400 --> 00:59:01,000
And while it did not originate 
exclusively with the Norse, they

1022
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:04,000
were among the earliest and most
consistent practitioners of it 

1023
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:06,700
in northern Europe. 
The thing assemblies were not 

1024
00:59:06,708 --> 00:59:11,300
perfect democracies, they 
excluded women, thralls, and in 

1025
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:13,600
many cases people without 
sufficient property. 

1026
00:59:14,600 --> 00:59:19,100
But they were for their time and
place remarkably open systems 

1027
00:59:19,100 --> 00:59:21,800
and the traditionally 
established in Iceland has 

1028
00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:25,100
endured in one former another 
for over 1000 years. 

1029
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:29,600
The North Stars, are another 
Legacy worth considering because

1030
00:59:29,600 --> 00:59:32,200
they represent something 
genuinely unusual in the 

1031
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:37,100
medieval literary, landscape the
sargas along details, realistic 

1032
00:59:37,100 --> 00:59:40,100
narrative. 
Often based on historical events

1033
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,100
or real people. 
Written in Old Norse between 

1034
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:45,200
roughly the 12th and 14th 
centuries. 

1035
00:59:46,100 --> 00:59:48,400
They're not myths or Legends 
though. 

1036
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:50,800
They sometimes incorporate 
mythological elements. 

1037
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:54,900
They are in many ways closer to 
what we would Now, call novels 

1038
00:59:54,900 --> 00:59:57,900
or historical fiction, and they 
are remarkable for their 

1039
00:59:57,900 --> 01:00:01,800
psychological depth. 
Their attention to character and

1040
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,900
their unflinching willingness to
portray human beings in all 

1041
01:00:04,900 --> 01:00:08,100
their complexity. 
The Icelandic sagas in 

1042
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:10,300
particular. 
Are considered masterpieces of 

1043
01:00:10,300 --> 01:00:13,700
world literature by Scholars who
have studied them carefully and 

1044
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:17,800
they deserve that reputation. 
They portray nor Society with a 

1045
01:00:17,808 --> 01:00:21,700
frankness and a Nuance that is 
rare in any era of literary 

1046
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:24,300
history. 
Characters are not heroes or 

1047
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,900
villains. 
They are people flawed and 

1048
01:00:26,900 --> 01:00:30,500
complicated and sometimes 
surprising navigating a world 

1049
01:00:30,508 --> 01:00:33,900
that does not always make sense.
The sargas are funny, 

1050
01:00:33,900 --> 01:00:38,000
occasionally very funny in a dry
and understated way. 

1051
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:42,300
That feels remarkably modern 
They're all so sad and violent 

1052
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,600
and tender sometimes all within 
the same paragraph. 

1053
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:50,500
What makes them relevant to a 
discussion of Norse Legacy is 

1054
01:00:50,500 --> 01:00:53,500
that they represent a tradition 
of Storytelling and record 

1055
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:56,600
keeping that shape how 
subsequent Generations 

1056
01:00:56,600 --> 01:01:00,500
understood the Norse world. many
of the things we know about 

1057
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:05,200
Viking age Society its Customs 
its values and its daily 

1058
01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:09,700
rhythms, come from the sagas 
They are not perfectly reliable.

1059
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:13,300
Historical sources of course, 
They were written centuries 

1060
01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:16,800
after many of the events they 
describe and they reflect the 

1061
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:19,000
perspectives and biases of their
authors. 

1062
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:23,100
But they are extraordinary 
documents and they demonstrate 

1063
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:24,600
that the north took their own 
story. 

1064
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,600
Seriously enough to write it 
down with care and skill. 

1065
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:33,200
The cultural Legacy extends into
Art and Design as well Norse. 

1066
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,300
Decorative art with its 
intricate interlocking patterns 

1067
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,700
and stylized. 
Animal forms influenced, the art

1068
01:01:39,700 --> 01:01:43,800
of every culture, the north 
touched, you can see Norse 

1069
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:46,600
influence in the illuminated 
manuscripts of Irish and English

1070
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:51,100
monks in the carved, doorways of
Scandinavian churches and in the

1071
01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:54,300
metal work and jewelry of 
medieval Europe more, broadly 

1072
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:58,100
The style travel traveled with 
the Norse wherever they went, 

1073
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:01,400
and it left traces that 
persisted long after the 

1074
01:02:01,400 --> 01:02:04,400
northern themselves of blended 
into the population's around 

1075
01:02:04,400 --> 01:02:07,500
them. 
Those are a geographical Legacy 

1076
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:11,300
that is easy to overlook. place 
names across the British Isles, 

1077
01:02:11,300 --> 01:02:14,500
particularly in areas where 
North settlers lived in 

1078
01:02:14,508 --> 01:02:19,000
significant numbers are of Norse
origin, in the north of England 

1079
01:02:19,000 --> 01:02:22,900
in Scotland in Ireland and of 
course in Iceland and the other 

1080
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:26,400
North settled lands, the 
landscape itself carries the 

1081
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:30,600
imprint of Norse presence in the
names of towns, Rivers, Hills 

1082
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:35,300
and Farms These names are 
fossils linguistic, traces of a 

1083
01:02:35,300 --> 01:02:38,300
people who lived in these places
a thousand years ago and who 

1084
01:02:38,300 --> 01:02:41,200
left their mark on the land, in 
a way that no amount of 

1085
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:43,100
subsequent habitation has 
arrays. 

1086
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:47,400
The word Friday, for instance, 
derives from the north Scotts 

1087
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:52,400
frig. word, Wednesday comes from
Odin known in Norse as woden 

1088
01:02:53,000 --> 01:02:56,500
Thursday is Thor's day. 
These connections are well-known

1089
01:02:56,500 --> 01:02:59,600
but they are worth stating 
plainly because they illustrate 

1090
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:03,200
how thoroughly Norse culture 
woven itself into the fabric of 

1091
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:05,000
everyday life in northern 
Europe. 

1092
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:08,500
You cannot get through a single 
week without using words that 

1093
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:12,100
Trace back to Norse mythology 
and Norse language And then 

1094
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:15,000
there is the matter of 
exploration, which is perhaps 

1095
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:18,200
the north Legacy that has 
received the most attention. 

1096
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,900
Even if the attention has often 
been focused on the wrong aspect

1097
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:27,300
of it, The Norse reached North 
America roughly 500 years before

1098
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:30,700
Columbus establishing a 
settlement at a place called 

1099
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:34,500
Vinland which is now believed to
have been located on the island 

1100
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:36,600
of Newfoundland in what is now 
Canada. 

1101
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:41,400
The settlement known from 
archaeological evidence at a 

1102
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:43,900
site called Lonesome Meadows did
not last long. 

1103
01:03:45,100 --> 01:03:48,700
The Norse abandoned it within a 
few decades, likely due to 

1104
01:03:48,708 --> 01:03:52,000
conflicts with the indigenous 
peoples of the region and the 

1105
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:54,500
difficulty of maintaining a 
settlement so far from their 

1106
01:03:54,500 --> 01:03:57,400
Homeland. 
The fact that they got their at 

1107
01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:00,300
all is extraordinary. 
It was not the result of a grand

1108
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:04,400
Expedition organized by a king 
or funded by a wealthy sponsor. 

1109
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:07,700
It was the result of Norse 
settlers in Iceland and 

1110
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:10,800
Greenland, hearing stories about
land visible to the west and 

1111
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:14,300
then sailing out to find it. 
The Norse reached North America 

1112
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:18,800
not through heroic determination
but through the same quiet habit

1113
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:21,500
of following the water that had 
driven their expansion for 

1114
01:04:21,500 --> 01:04:24,900
centuries. 
They saw an opportunity, they 

1115
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:27,200
had the skills to take it and 
they did. 

1116
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:30,900
The settlement at Vineland did 
not change the course of world 

1117
01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:34,100
history in the way that 
Columbus's voyages did the 

1118
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:36,700
North, did not establish a 
permanent presence in North 

1119
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:40,200
America and their contact. 
With the continent did not lead 

1120
01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:44,100
to sustained exchange between 
the old world and the new But it

1121
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:47,700
does tell us something important
about the Norse character about 

1122
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:51,500
their restlessness, their 
curiosity and their willingness 

1123
01:04:51,500 --> 01:04:55,100
to sail, into the unknown simply
because the unknown was there 

1124
01:04:55,100 --> 01:04:56,600
and they had the means to reach 
it. 

1125
01:04:57,400 --> 01:05:00,600
There is a thread connecting all
of these legacies and it is 

1126
01:05:00,608 --> 01:05:02,600
worth naming before we let it 
go. 

1127
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:06,700
The Norse shaped the world, not 
primarily through conquest or 

1128
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:11,200
violence, but through contact. 
They touch so many cultures. 

1129
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:15,000
So many places so many languages
and legal systems, and artistic 

1130
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:19,700
Traditions, that their influence
spread like water finding its 

1131
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:25,900
way through cracks and Stone. 
Slowly, quietly persistently not

1132
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,700
always notice not always 
acknowledged but always there. 

1133
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:31,900
The English words, you use every
day. 

1134
01:05:31,900 --> 01:05:35,400
The Parliamentary Traditions 
that Iceland still practice is 

1135
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:39,300
the sargas remained masterpieces
of world literature. 

1136
01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:43,300
A place named a cross the 
northern landscape of Europe. 

1137
01:05:44,300 --> 01:05:46,700
The knowledge that someone 
walked on the shores of North 

1138
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,600
America a 1000 years before the 
history books. 

1139
01:05:49,600 --> 01:05:52,400
Say it happened. 
These are not the legacies of 

1140
01:05:52,400 --> 01:05:56,000
conquerors the other legacies of
a people who are extraordinarily

1141
01:05:56,000 --> 01:06:00,200
good at being in the world at 
moving through it, a connecting 

1142
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:03,400
with the people and places they 
encountered and at leaving 

1143
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:07,000
something behind that lasted. 
There is also a strand of 

1144
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,200
cultural influence that connects
the Norse to Traditions many 

1145
01:06:10,200 --> 01:06:13,600
people celebrate today without 
realizing the connection. 

1146
01:06:13,600 --> 01:06:18,000
The midwinter Festival known as 
Yule which the north celebrated 

1147
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:21,000
around the winter. 
Solstice shared certain features

1148
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:23,200
with what would eventually 
become Christmas as it was 

1149
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,900
practiced in northern Europe. 
The Yule Log, the Gathering of 

1150
01:06:26,908 --> 01:06:29,500
family around a fire during the 
darkest time of year. 

1151
01:06:30,400 --> 01:06:35,200
Feasting and the storytelling. 
These were Norse Traditions long

1152
01:06:35,200 --> 01:06:39,000
before they were Christian ones 
and they Blended so thoroughly 

1153
01:06:39,000 --> 01:06:42,800
and to the fabric of northern 
European culture that separating

1154
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:46,200
them is nearly impossible. 
Whether you celebrate Christmas 

1155
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:50,000
or simply enjoy the idea of a 
warm fire and a family gather 

1156
01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:53,500
close on a dark winter night. 
You are participating in 

1157
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:57,400
something that has Norse Roots 
even if the connection has been 

1158
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:01,000
buried under centuries of other 
influences, the NorCal. 

1159
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:04,000
So left their mark on the way 
Northern Europeans thought about

1160
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:08,300
the natural world. 
Norse mythology populated the 

1161
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,400
landscape with meaning rivers 
mountains. 

1162
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:15,200
Forests and seas were not simply
physical features. 

1163
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:20,900
They were inhabited in the Norse
imagination by being and forces 

1164
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:23,100
that demanded respect and 
attention. 

1165
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:27,400
This way of seeing the world, 
which anthropologists sometimes 

1166
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:32,500
call animistic, persisted in 
Scandinavian, folk belief long, 

1167
01:07:32,500 --> 01:07:36,100
after the official conversion to
Christianity, and it shaped the 

1168
01:07:36,108 --> 01:07:40,400
relationship between people and 
Landscape in ways that are still

1169
01:07:40,408 --> 01:07:42,900
felt in the cultures of Northern
Europe today. 

1170
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:47,500
Tonight as you settle in to 
sleep, it might be worth 

1171
01:07:47,500 --> 01:07:49,200
carrying one last image with 
you. 

1172
01:07:49,800 --> 01:07:52,900
Not the Viking, on the warship. 
Not the burning Village. 

1173
01:07:52,900 --> 01:07:58,400
Not the axe raised in battle. 
Instead picture a Norse Trader 

1174
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:00,500
on a river somewhere, in what is
now Russia? 

1175
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:05,200
Sitting in a small boat at dusk 
watching the water, catch the 

1176
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:08,600
last of the light. 
He has Goods to sell and a long 

1177
01:08:08,608 --> 01:08:11,800
way still to go. 
He is not thinking about history

1178
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:13,700
or Legacy, or the shape of the 
world. 

1179
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:17,100
He is thinking about the current
and the weather, and whether he 

1180
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:19,200
will make it to the next 
settlement, before dark. 

1181
01:08:19,200 --> 01:08:22,899
He will make it. 
He is very good at this and 

1182
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:27,200
somewhere 1000 years from now, a
person speaking a language, he 

1183
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:29,800
helped to shape will use a word.
He brought with him on that boat

1184
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:32,000
without ever knowing where it 
came from. 

1185
01:08:32,700 --> 01:08:36,200
The river will still be flowing,
the water will still be catching

1186
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:39,700
the light and the quiet work of 
connecting one place to another 

1187
01:08:39,700 --> 01:08:43,500
one person to another. 
And one idea to another will 

1188
01:08:43,500 --> 01:08:46,200
still be going on the way it has
been going on. 

1189
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:48,899
Since the first North sailor 
looked out at the water and 

1190
01:08:48,899 --> 01:08:50,700
decided to see what was on the 
other side. 

1191
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:55,100
Sleep. 
Well, the Vikings the real ones 

1192
01:08:55,100 --> 01:09:04,800
have earned it and so have you 
Zeus did not become the ruler of

1193
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:08,100
Olympus by chance. 
His story began in the womb of 

1194
01:09:08,100 --> 01:09:10,700
rear. 
A titaness straining under the 

1195
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:15,300
brutal reign of her consort 
Cronos driven by a grim prophecy

1196
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:18,600
that one of his offspring would 
throw him Cronus swallowed each 

1197
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:23,600
child at Birth Hestia Demeter 
Hera Hades and Poseidon fell 

1198
01:09:23,600 --> 01:09:28,000
victim to his paranoid appetite.
his cunning seemed absolute his 

1199
01:09:28,000 --> 01:09:32,600
hold on, the cosmos unshakeable 
Yet, Rhea mourning the Lost of 

1200
01:09:32,600 --> 01:09:35,800
her children. 
Devised, a hidden plan to save 

1201
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:40,100
her newborn She gave birth to 
Zeus on the island of Crete far 

1202
01:09:40,100 --> 01:09:43,700
from Corona's suspicious gaze in
a desperate ruse. 

1203
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:46,600
She wrapped a stone in, 
swaddling cloth, and offered it 

1204
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:48,600
to Cronos. 
Who devoured it without 

1205
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,600
question. 
Thus, Zeus spent his infancy in 

1206
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:55,600
a secret cave on Crete, nurtured
by nymphs and guarded by 

1207
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,800
Warriors who clashed this Spears
to muffle his cries This 

1208
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:02,200
upbringing was less about 
comfort and more about survival.

1209
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:06,000
Boy learned watchfulness 
forging, a sharp mind, that 

1210
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,900
weighed every possibility, 
unlike many later, Tales no 

1211
01:10:09,900 --> 01:10:13,200
glimmering cradle, or immediate 
worship, surrounded him, his 

1212
01:10:13,200 --> 01:10:16,100
environment was damp Stone and 
echoing Darkness. 

1213
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:19,500
He heard the nymphs whispered, 
fears of Cronus, discovering 

1214
01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:24,200
them, fueling a quiet resolve in
the boy, each day he fed on the 

1215
01:10:24,208 --> 01:10:27,800
Milk of the goat and Althea, an 
extraordinary creature fated for

1216
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:31,000
the stars and gained a robust 
Constitution, that lied. 

1217
01:10:31,000 --> 01:10:35,000
His infant form. 
As he grew into adolescents rear

1218
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:38,500
revealed his true lineage. 
Zeus discovered the horrifying 

1219
01:10:38,500 --> 01:10:41,300
truth. 
Five siblings, languished within

1220
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:44,700
kronos's belly each a captive 
soul in the Gloom. 

1221
01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:47,100
It was then that he vowed to 
free them. 

1222
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:51,400
A vow that shaped his destiny. 
Under the Council of the earth 

1223
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:53,500
herself. 
Gaia Zeus. 

1224
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:57,000
Secured in a medication to 
force, Kronos to disgorge the 

1225
01:10:57,000 --> 01:10:59,800
swallowed Gods. 
But accomplishing that required 

1226
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:03,000
cunning steps. 
He first infiltrated kronos's 

1227
01:11:03,000 --> 01:11:06,000
domain in Disguise playing the 
role of a new cup Bearer? 

1228
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:10,100
Kronos, ironically found a 
musement in this young figure 

1229
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:12,900
who served him nectar and 
listened to his ghosts of 

1230
01:11:12,900 --> 01:11:16,000
invincibility. 
During a feast, Zeus slip, the 

1231
01:11:16,008 --> 01:11:19,400
potion in his cup. 
The effect was violent and 

1232
01:11:19,400 --> 01:11:23,200
immediate in a torrent of 
convulsions, Cronus wretched out

1233
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:26,500
the five imprisoned, siblings, 
fully grown, and burning with 

1234
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:28,800
resentment, they emerged into 
the light. 

1235
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:32,000
That moment sparked the 
beginning of the titanomachy, 

1236
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:35,200
the apical war between the 
Titans and the newly freed 

1237
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:39,600
Olympians at kronos's side, 
stood, the Elder Titans ancient,

1238
01:11:39,600 --> 01:11:42,800
and formidable controlling 
Primal forces that predated 

1239
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:45,800
mortal memory. 
Zeus, rallied, his siblings 

1240
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:49,400
Poseidon and Hades among them 
along with allies such as the 

1241
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:54,000
Cyclops and the heck on chairs. 
These monstrous beings once 

1242
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:58,100
locked in Tartarus by kronos's, 
cruelty joined, the rebellion in

1243
01:11:58,100 --> 01:12:00,500
gratitude for their release for 
years. 

1244
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:03,600
The cosmos rattled with 
thunderclaps and quaking Earth. 

1245
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:06,500
Sees raged under Poseidon's 
Fury. 

1246
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,300
And the underworld itself 
trembled, whenever Hades 

1247
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:12,300
Unleashed his Gloom upon Enemy 
Lines. 

1248
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:16,400
Zeus forging lightning bolts, 
gifted by the cyclopes. 

1249
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:19,900
Hulled searing Arts, that 
blinded and scorched, Titan 

1250
01:12:19,900 --> 01:12:22,700
armies. 
The war war on each mild 

1251
01:12:22,700 --> 01:12:26,400
refusing to yield Legends say 
that mountains were sundered. 

1252
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:31,100
Rivers, reversed course and the 
sky wept flame Chronos. 

1253
01:12:31,100 --> 01:12:34,500
LED Titan Legions with 
unwavering rage but cracks 

1254
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:37,900
formed in the Titan ranks. 
Some disliked chronosis, brutal 

1255
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:42,400
rule, or resented their father 
or an old curses in a final 

1256
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:45,800
cataclysmic. 
Confrontation The Olympians 

1257
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:49,100
cornered Kronos and his 
staunchest supporters with a 

1258
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:52,700
Thunderbolts, final strike, 
Kronos collapsed dethroned by 

1259
01:12:52,700 --> 01:12:57,400
his son, Zeus battered and 
bloodied recognized that simply 

1260
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:01,100
winning the war solved little, 
unless he established a new 

1261
01:13:01,108 --> 01:13:03,900
cosmic order. 
He heard the defeated Titans 

1262
01:13:03,900 --> 01:13:07,700
into Tartarus, depths appointing
the heck and chairs as internal 

1263
01:13:07,700 --> 01:13:11,300
wardens Victorious. 
Zeus and his siblings ascended 

1264
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:13,000
to Mount. 
Olympus staking claim to 

1265
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:16,500
governance of the world yet even
amid Applause from gods and 

1266
01:13:16,500 --> 01:13:19,500
lesser divinities. 
Zeus sensed complexities looming

1267
01:13:19,500 --> 01:13:22,600
freed from Titan. 
Oppression the cosmos demanded 

1268
01:13:22,600 --> 01:13:26,500
guidance, The Mortals fragile as
they were looked for stability. 

1269
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,600
The gods themselves. 
Harbored aspirations for power? 

1270
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:32,400
No, single lightning bolt could 
ensure Harmony. 

1271
01:13:33,300 --> 01:13:35,600
In this nascent age. 
The newly minted King of the 

1272
01:13:35,608 --> 01:13:38,600
Gods recognized that to preserve
what the technique had won. 

1273
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:42,300
He must balance generality with 
the Steely, grass of authority, 

1274
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:45,600
the era in which is Zeus reigned
from Olympus. 

1275
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:49,500
Forging the pantheons laws. 
He allocated domains to each 

1276
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:53,600
sibling Poseidon for Seas, Hades
for the underworld and hero for 

1277
01:13:53,600 --> 01:13:56,800
marriage and childbirth. 
The cosmos found structure in 

1278
01:13:56,808 --> 01:14:00,700
these new boundaries, even sow 
the seeds of conflict with other

1279
01:14:00,700 --> 01:14:03,500
forces Giants, monstrous 
creatures. 

1280
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:07,000
And the Ambitions of lesser gods
were sown Zeus. 

1281
01:14:07,000 --> 01:14:10,500
The crowned, by Thunder knew 
that an eternal vigilance was 

1282
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:14,300
the price of cosmic piece. 
The boy once raised in a hidden 

1283
01:14:14,300 --> 01:14:16,600
cave. 
Now stood at the Pinnacle gazing

1284
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:20,600
down from cloud Reed Peaks, a 
king determined to shape the 

1285
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:25,700
fate of gods and Mortals alike. 
After toppling Kronos Zeus 

1286
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:28,100
faced, the challenge of 
consolidating, his authority 

1287
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:30,100
among Gods. 
Who still carried vestiges of 

1288
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:32,100
Titan. 
Born chaos, though. 

1289
01:14:32,100 --> 01:14:33,800
He had proven his might on the 
battlefield. 

1290
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:37,400
The daily governance of a 
cosmos, demanded more than raw 

1291
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:40,100
power. 
He established accounts on Mount

1292
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:43,800
Olympus seating, his siblings 
children and chosen allies 

1293
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:47,600
around a grand marble table. 
Each voice carried weight but 

1294
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:49,800
Zeus's, final word guided 
decisions. 

1295
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:53,300
Hisense of a Divine Senate 
introduced a measure of 

1296
01:14:53,308 --> 01:14:57,200
collaboration, unseen in the old
Titan regime. where Kronos had 

1297
01:14:57,200 --> 01:15:01,300
ruled by fear Zeus Champion 
debate and occasionally yielded 

1298
01:15:01,300 --> 01:15:04,700
to majority sentiment though, 
only if it didn't undermine his 

1299
01:15:04,700 --> 01:15:07,400
vision of order, One, early test
came. 

1300
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:11,500
When the Giants monstrous 
children of Gaia Rose to avenge.

1301
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:15,300
The Titans convinced, the 
Olympians had gone too far in 

1302
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:17,300
sealing Cronus, is brewed within
Tartarus. 

1303
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:20,000
Gaia incited, these Giants to 
assault. 

1304
01:15:20,000 --> 01:15:23,500
Olympus the Giants, boasted 
colossal strength and cunning 

1305
01:15:23,500 --> 01:15:25,800
leaving only a mortal could kill
them. 

1306
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:29,400
Alarmed, Zeus recognized. 
He needed mortal Aid. 

1307
01:15:29,400 --> 01:15:33,100
He enlisted Heracles a heroic 
demigod forging. 

1308
01:15:33,100 --> 01:15:36,900
A crucial alliance between human
endeavor and godly might in a 

1309
01:15:36,900 --> 01:15:40,200
ferocious battle remembered. 
As the Gigan tomoki Thunderbolts

1310
01:15:40,200 --> 01:15:43,200
clashed with monstrous clubs and
Heracles is arrows. 

1311
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,900
Found their marks together, gods
and heroes repel the Giants 

1312
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:49,000
reaffirming Olympus is 
ascendancy. 

1313
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:53,000
The moral lesson, resounded 
Zeus's rule Thrive not merely 

1314
01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:56,500
from isolation, but from forging
ties across mortal and Immortal 

1315
01:15:56,500 --> 01:15:58,700
lines yet. 
There was no glorious Unity. 

1316
01:15:58,700 --> 01:16:03,200
Hera Zeus's, sister wife 
realized her consort's roving, I

1317
01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:07,100
threatened stability, indeed, 
Zeus, Is mortal and divinely 

1318
01:16:07,100 --> 01:16:10,000
Azan so jealousy. 
Across the pantheon where the 

1319
01:16:10,000 --> 01:16:13,800
disguised as a swan or showering
gold to whom more Mortal Queens.

1320
01:16:13,800 --> 01:16:17,700
He further children of 
extraordinary might Apollo 

1321
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:21,800
Artemis. 
Hermes Dionysus, Perseus Moore, 

1322
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:26,200
each child's birth, complicated,
family politics here, as wrath 

1323
01:16:26,200 --> 01:16:30,800
fueled by heartbreak erupted in 
cunning retrovision punishing 

1324
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:33,900
the mothers or offspring, the 
rarely able to harm Zeus 

1325
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:37,000
directly. 
Her storms of anger, introduced 

1326
01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:40,700
Strife among Gods leading to 
cunning ploys and alliances in 

1327
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:43,600
the shadows of Olympus. 
However, even while they 

1328
01:16:43,600 --> 01:16:46,600
quarreled Zeus and Hera 
recognize, they formed the 

1329
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:48,200
Bedrock of the pantheon 
stability. 

1330
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:52,200
Forging, an uneasy equilibrium 
that shaped centuries of myth. 

1331
01:16:53,000 --> 01:16:55,800
And underexplored dimension of 
Zeus's rule lies in his 

1332
01:16:55,800 --> 01:16:58,900
transformation, from a 
rebellious, son, to a paternal 

1333
01:16:58,900 --> 01:17:02,700
figure Vigilant of cosmic laws. 
He introduced the concept of 

1334
01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:06,500
Zinnia, sacred Hospitality 
enforcing it through strict 

1335
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:08,400
punishments. 
For those who violated guests 

1336
01:17:08,400 --> 01:17:12,300
writes, this emphasis on moral 
codes extended to Mortals 

1337
01:17:12,300 --> 01:17:14,500
weaving. 
A sense that the Divine realm 

1338
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:18,900
supervised human ethics, Tales 
of Zeus's disguises typically 

1339
01:17:18,900 --> 01:17:21,800
underscore how he tested Mortals
generosity or honesty. 

1340
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:25,300
Those who welcomed strangers, 
received blessings, those who 

1341
01:17:25,300 --> 01:17:28,200
scorned or harm Travelers Rest 
in his lightning. 

1342
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:31,800
Over time, these moral fables 
spread across city states, 

1343
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:35,400
prompting worshipers to build 
temples and shrines dedicated to

1344
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:39,300
Zeus, not just for his Thunder. 
But for his role, as guardian of

1345
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:43,200
justice and oath, keeping 
Olympus itself, grew more 

1346
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:47,800
structured, Hestia tended, the 
communal half, Forging, a sense 

1347
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:51,500
of family among our gods. 
Bridging, the Gap between Divine

1348
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:54,800
blessings and Mortal survival 
Demeter kept watch over 

1349
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:57,200
harvests. 
The younger Gods, displayed 

1350
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:02,000
diverse Powers Apollo's, oracles
artemis's wild hunts and 

1351
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:05,800
Athena's wisdom forging cities. 
While each deity cherished 

1352
01:18:05,800 --> 01:18:10,400
autonomy the final Arbiter of 
quarrels remains Zeus Single 

1353
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:13,200
harsh, glance from the cloud 
gatherer, could quell dissent, 

1354
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:16,700
this did not mean a pressure. 
It was more like a father, 

1355
01:18:16,700 --> 01:18:20,100
controlling fractious children. 
He settled disputes between 

1356
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:25,400
Poseidon and Athena resolved 
matters of mortal and 

1357
01:18:25,400 --> 01:18:28,000
occasionally granted immortality
to Heroes. 

1358
01:18:28,800 --> 01:18:31,900
The pantheons fluid into play 
reveals how effectively Zeus 

1359
01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:33,600
balanced freedoms with 
constraints. 

1360
01:18:34,600 --> 01:18:38,100
During these stable centuries, 
Mortals experience in Era of 

1361
01:18:38,100 --> 01:18:40,700
relative calm while plagues or 
local Wars. 

1362
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:45,300
Still erupted Cosmic scale 
cataclysms were rarer Mortals. 

1363
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:49,400
Praised in festivals offering 
sacrifices of bulls or Rams. 

1364
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:53,200
Priests interpreted Omens from 
flights of Eagles or cracks of 

1365
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:56,500
thunder. 
The oracle's specially at doona 

1366
01:18:56,500 --> 01:18:59,000
delivered. 
Cryptic pronouncements said to 

1367
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:00,600
come from the father of God's 
himself. 

1368
01:19:01,300 --> 01:19:04,300
Kings or city councils might 
consult these oracles before. 

1369
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:06,300
Crucial battles or founding new 
colonies. 

1370
01:19:07,000 --> 01:19:10,500
Trusting that the Invisible Hand
of Zeus guided the larger fate. 

1371
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:14,600
This Synergy between Mortal 
devotion and divine oversight. 

1372
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:18,700
Reinforced Zeus's station, faith
in his paternal guardianship 

1373
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:22,400
reigned across the Greek World 
from the ionian seized to the 

1374
01:19:22,400 --> 01:19:25,000
mountains of thessaly. 
Yet calm. 

1375
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:30,000
Never lasts forever among the 
gods smaller feuds brood. 

1376
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:34,100
Aerys, lusted for conflict. 
Teasing the boundaries of the 

1377
01:19:34,100 --> 01:19:36,700
peace. 
Olympus, claymed, Aphrodite is 

1378
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:40,300
manipulation of Desire caused 
Scandal among gods and Mortals 

1379
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,400
alike. 
Even the wise Athena often found

1380
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:45,800
herself at odds with her 
father's impulsive judgments. 

1381
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:49,900
In a well of Immortals boredom, 
sometimes drove them to meddle 

1382
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:53,600
in Mortal Affairs, forging 
ephemeral, alliance's or 

1383
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:57,000
starting Petty Vendetta's. 
Although each incident seemed 

1384
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,900
trivial compared to the Titan 
Wars, they risked eroding trust,

1385
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:04,200
Zeus recognized that to sustain 
Cosmic equilibrium, he must 

1386
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:07,400
remain vigilant. 
So while Banquets on a Limpus 

1387
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,700
roared with laughter the Kings, 
stormi eyes always scan the 

1388
01:20:10,708 --> 01:20:13,100
Horizon prepare to quell any 
spark. 

1389
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:16,400
That might ignite fresh chaos 
Zeus's relationships with 

1390
01:20:16,400 --> 01:20:19,000
Mortals. 
While often described as casual 

1391
01:20:19,000 --> 01:20:22,100
or lustful carried deeper 
political significance within 

1392
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:25,300
the Greek Cosmos. 
Ancient city-states, boasted 

1393
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:27,000
genealogies tracing their 
Founders. 

1394
01:20:27,000 --> 01:20:30,500
Back to a union with Zeus 
solidifying, local claims of 

1395
01:20:30,500 --> 01:20:34,100
divine favor. 
In Arcadia the Mythic King Leon 

1396
01:20:34,100 --> 01:20:37,500
tested Zeus or authority by 
offering him a Grizzly Feast of 

1397
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:39,800
human flesh. 
Hoping to prove the gods 

1398
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:43,700
ignorance or gullibility. 
Outraged, Zeus. 

1399
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:47,400
Unleashed a deluge that drowned 
much of the land, an echo of 

1400
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:51,300
older flood myths. 
Like Kayon himself was 

1401
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:54,600
transformed into a wolf. 
This unsettling incident 

1402
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,300
demonstrated. 
The boundaries one can amuse the

1403
01:20:57,300 --> 01:21:00,300
father of gods, but straying 
into sacrilege invites 

1404
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:02,800
retributive. 
Storms and floods, one 

1405
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:05,700
frequently, overlooked tail. 
Recounts Zeus's, fleeting 

1406
01:21:05,700 --> 01:21:09,200
connection with the Mortal 
Alchemy mother to Hercules. 

1407
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:12,100
Most people are familiar with 
the general details. 

1408
01:21:12,100 --> 01:21:15,000
Zeus assumed the identity of 
alkane's husband. 

1409
01:21:15,008 --> 01:21:19,900
Father, the future hero and so 
on, but lesson known as how 

1410
01:21:19,900 --> 01:21:22,000
meticulously he orchestrated 
that Union. 

1411
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:25,900
Employing, Illusions and a night
stretched unnaturally long. 

1412
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:30,000
The reason intended Heracles to 
be the Champions, who would 

1413
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:34,000
eventually protect Gods and Men 
from re-emerging Titan, or giant

1414
01:21:34,000 --> 01:21:36,600
threats. 
The goal wasn't mere lust. 

1415
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:39,000
It was a pragmatic investment in
a demigod. 

1416
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:41,800
Bridging mortal tenacity, and 
divine lineage. 

1417
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:45,400
Heracles, subsequent Feats 
validated, the cosmic insurance 

1418
01:21:45,400 --> 01:21:47,800
plan. 
The Heracles, eventually joined 

1419
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:49,900
Olympus. 
As an immortal was proof. 

1420
01:21:49,900 --> 01:21:53,000
That Zeus's paternal ties. 
Could transcend typical mortal 

1421
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:55,600
boundaries. 
Zeus's interactions with 

1422
01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:58,700
powerful female figures formed 
another dimension of his storied

1423
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,900
existence metis. 
The tightness of clever Council 

1424
01:22:01,900 --> 01:22:05,400
was at one point his Confidant 
but a prophecy said her child 

1425
01:22:05,400 --> 01:22:09,000
would surpass its father Fearing
a recurrence of Cronus. 

1426
01:22:09,000 --> 01:22:13,500
Is predicament, Zeus consumed. 
Mate is in its entirety yet from

1427
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:18,000
within him a council remained. 
Culminating in Athena's birth 

1428
01:22:18,000 --> 01:22:21,100
from his head, some interpret 
the event as an allegory. 

1429
01:22:21,100 --> 01:22:24,600
Wisdom must dwell within 
leadership Inseparable but not 

1430
01:22:24,600 --> 01:22:26,500
overshadowing, the paternal seat
of power. 

1431
01:22:27,300 --> 01:22:30,200
Meanwhile, with famous the 
embodiment of Divine Law. 

1432
01:22:30,200 --> 01:22:33,700
He fathered the hurray and the 
moirai, Guardians of cosmic 

1433
01:22:33,700 --> 01:22:36,400
order and fate. 
Such coupling is underscored 

1434
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,100
that the paternal authority of 
Zeus encompassed. 

1435
01:22:39,100 --> 01:22:43,000
Fundamental principles, wisdom, 
Justice and Order. 

1436
01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:47,600
Enabling a balanced realm, where
not even Gods might easily defy 

1437
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:50,600
destiny. 
The revered as the supreme god 

1438
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:54,600
Zeus was not immune to drama. 
Among lesser Immortals, for 

1439
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:56,300
instance. 
The cunning firebringer 

1440
01:22:56,300 --> 01:23:00,600
Prometheus defied him by gifting
Humanity with knowledge incensed

1441
01:23:00,600 --> 01:23:04,700
by mortimer's Parliament. 
Zeus bound Prometheus to a Crag.

1442
01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:08,100
Subjecting him to Perpetual 
torment by an eagle devouring. 

1443
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:12,400
His regenerating liver While 
severe this punishment revealed 

1444
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:16,200
Zeus's stance on disobedience. 
The father of God's championed 

1445
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:20,000
progress under Divine sanction 
but unapproved leaps in Mortal 

1446
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:24,400
capacity threatened to upend the
cosmic hierarchy over epochs 

1447
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:27,100
empathy for Prometheus grew 
prompting. 

1448
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,700
Some deities to question. 
If the punishment overshadowed 

1449
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:33,400
the offends Yet Zeus remained 
Resolute, seeing it. 

1450
01:23:33,400 --> 01:23:36,300
As a cautionary, tale, The 
Olympian order could not endure.

1451
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,500
If rebellious acts by demigods 
or lesser Gods chipped away at 

1452
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:42,700
the established order. 
In Daily worship across the 

1453
01:23:42,700 --> 01:23:45,400
Greek. 
World temples to Zeus sword from

1454
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:48,700
hilltops olympius Temple for 
instance, hosted the famous, 

1455
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:52,400
statue by phidias, pilgrims 
Journey to the sanctuary's 

1456
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,100
bearing sacrifices. 
Hoping for Reigns to bless 

1457
01:23:55,100 --> 01:23:58,200
harvests or for oracles to 
confirm success in Commerce or 

1458
01:23:58,200 --> 01:24:00,900
Warfare. 
The intangible link between 

1459
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:04,400
worshiper and deity manifested 
and fleeting signs. 

1460
01:24:04,400 --> 01:24:08,600
A Thunderclap at dawn, an eagle 
overhead branch of oak leaves 

1461
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:12,300
stirring with no wind 
interpreted as endorsement or 

1462
01:24:12,300 --> 01:24:15,400
warning such Omens, guided Civic
decisions. 

1463
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:19,300
This interplay reinforced, the 
sense that Zeus's watchful eye 

1464
01:24:19,300 --> 01:24:23,100
overshadowed every domain of 
Greek life from wedding vows to 

1465
01:24:23,108 --> 01:24:26,100
boundary treaties, even 
criminals and vote him. 

1466
01:24:26,100 --> 01:24:29,200
In Oaths to prove innocence 
ironically tempting a 

1467
01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:32,800
thunderbolt, if they dared lie. 
God sometimes attempted minor. 

1468
01:24:32,800 --> 01:24:34,700
Insurrections during internal 
disputes. 

1469
01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:39,500
One Legend claims per side and 
Hera and Athena conspired to 

1470
01:24:39,500 --> 01:24:41,400
bind Zeus in Chains to curb his 
tyranny. 

1471
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:44,800
The hundred-handed Brea's 
rescued him at the last moment, 

1472
01:24:44,800 --> 01:24:48,600
freeing the enraged father who 
then swiftly put the 

1473
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:50,900
conspirators in their place 
without to throwing them. 

1474
01:24:51,700 --> 01:24:56,100
It underscored an enduring 
theme, Olympus might chafe under

1475
01:24:56,100 --> 01:24:59,200
Zoo's Authority. 
But no viable, alternative 

1476
01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:03,600
emerged, the intangible fear of 
Unleashed chaos should Zeus 

1477
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:05,800
fall. 
Overshadowed any dissatisfaction

1478
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:09,900
the pantheon learned to cope 
with or exploit the status quo, 

1479
01:25:09,900 --> 01:25:13,500
weaving smaller, rivalries 
around the solid core of Zeus's 

1480
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:17,100
monarchy, By fostering alliances
with Mortal Heroes. 

1481
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:21,100
Forging, beneficial unions with 
other deities and demonstrating 

1482
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:24,600
unwavering might. 
When tested Zeus's Dominion 

1483
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:27,900
seemed unassailable on the 
surface, he was The Smiling 

1484
01:25:27,900 --> 01:25:32,200
father of the heavens bestowing 
blessings beneath. 

1485
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,500
He was a Vigilant, Sentinel 
ready to subdue any threat with 

1486
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:39,500
the storms unrelenting power. 
This blend of paternal care and 

1487
01:25:39,500 --> 01:25:42,200
War, retribution, shaped and 
abiding, equilibrium in the 

1488
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:45,400
cosmos. 
Yet a centuries turned new 

1489
01:25:45,400 --> 01:25:48,300
philosophies like the rise of 
rational inquiry. 

1490
01:25:48,300 --> 01:25:51,300
And Athens would question the 
literal portrayal of Gods. 

1491
01:25:52,200 --> 01:25:55,500
Still as long as Thunder rumbled
Over Greek mountains Hearts 

1492
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:59,500
recalled, the might of Zeus, the
Regal orchestrator of Storms and

1493
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:01,800
destinies. 
As classical Greek, 

1494
01:26:01,800 --> 01:26:05,400
civilization, expanded local 
variations of Zeus worship. 

1495
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:09,400
Evolved each adding Nuance to 
his nature in dodonna. 

1496
01:26:09,400 --> 01:26:13,200
The older Oracle in Greece. 
Priests interpreted Zeus's will 

1497
01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:16,300
through the rustling of Oakleys.
A mysterious whisper that 

1498
01:26:16,300 --> 01:26:20,300
Believers swore held truth. 
Here, the deity appeared as a 

1499
01:26:20,308 --> 01:26:22,100
somber figure of wisdom and 
prophecy. 

1500
01:26:22,100 --> 01:26:27,600
Bridging Primal Earth energy is,
meanwhile in Olympia sight of 

1501
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:30,600
the panhellenic games Zeus. 
Reigned as the Pinnacle of 

1502
01:26:30,608 --> 01:26:33,400
athletic virtue and unity among 
warring city states. 

1503
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:36,200
Athletes. 
Dedicated their triumphs to him 

1504
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:39,000
seeking Divine favor for pure 
competition. 

1505
01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:43,900
The famous statue of Zeus at 
Olympia towering in Ivory and 

1506
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:45,800
gold Drew Pilgrims from distant 
lands. 

1507
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:49,500
Embodying. 
The gods benevolent Majesty even

1508
01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:52,700
as these diverse Cults thrived, 
pockets of intellectual 

1509
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:56,800
challenge emerged Philosophers 
like zeniths or the latest 

1510
01:26:56,800 --> 01:27:00,200
stoics, questioned. 
The morality of a God who in 

1511
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:04,100
myths engaged in trickery, or 
seduction did the cosmic ruler 

1512
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:07,200
truly lower himself to these 
mortal vices or with such 

1513
01:27:07,208 --> 01:27:11,300
stories symbolic the more 
rationalistic became, the more 

1514
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:15,500
old myths met with allegorical, 
reinterpretations Some insisted 

1515
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,300
that Zeus was better. 
Personification of natural law 

1516
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,500
or the cosmic mind and the 
scandalous episodes were 

1517
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:25,400
poetical flairs others clung to 
literal Faith offering an 

1518
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:28,400
unwavering vow for Thunderbolt. 
Could render giant Astra? 

1519
01:27:28,400 --> 01:27:31,500
No more Mortal intellect. 
Should downplay the father of 

1520
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:35,500
Gods, When Alexander the Great's
Conquest spread Greek culture 

1521
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:38,300
across Egypt Persia and parts of
India. 

1522
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:43,700
New fusions are rose Egyptians 
equated Zeus with Ammon forging.

1523
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:47,600
The syncretic deities, Allen 
Even Alexander visited the 

1524
01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:51,000
Oracle of sea in the Libyan 
Desert seeking confirmation of 

1525
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:54,800
his semi-divine paternity. 
Legends Farish that the Oracle 

1526
01:27:54,800 --> 01:27:56,600
addressed him as son of Zeus 
Ammon. 

1527
01:27:56,600 --> 01:28:00,800
Fueling his claim to Destiny. 
This cross-pollination indicated

1528
01:28:00,800 --> 01:28:03,600
that Zeus's Persona could adapt 
Beyond The Aegean. 

1529
01:28:03,600 --> 01:28:08,000
Integrating foreign traits to 
sustain Cosmic Supremacy people 

1530
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,600
in far-flung Hellenistic Realms 
recognized his lightning symbol 

1531
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:16,000
Linking it to local storm Gods, 
forging a mosaic of worship that

1532
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:18,000
stretched from the Nile to the 
Indus. 

1533
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:21,300
Within Greek heartlands, 
political upheavals or 

1534
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:24,300
city-states overshadowed by 
Macedonian and later Roman 

1535
01:28:24,300 --> 01:28:27,700
Dominion. 
Under Roman rule Zeus found an 

1536
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:31,600
equivalent in Jupiter Mythic 
Cycles into mingles with Roman 

1537
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:33,300
temples. 
Adopting Greek iconography. 

1538
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:37,700
Even as the old city state 
system faded the name of Zeus 

1539
01:28:37,700 --> 01:28:41,100
injured philosophers in the 
Roman era like the stoics 

1540
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,200
advance to Universal 
interpretation of the God as the

1541
01:28:44,200 --> 01:28:47,600
Supreme Cosmic reason. 
They taught that the Zeus, 

1542
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:50,900
principal guided all nature, 
from the swirl of galaxies. 

1543
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,600
To the growth of Vine's, this 
intellectually charged views, 

1544
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:57,700
smooth to contradictions in 
older myths, positing that 

1545
01:28:57,700 --> 01:29:00,600
comedic or tragic stories. 
About Zeus's, escapades were 

1546
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:02,500
mere, allegri's for Universal 
truths. 

1547
01:29:03,200 --> 01:29:07,200
Yet not all worshipers cared for
philosophical nuances festivals 

1548
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:10,200
continued with communal, 
sacrifices and vibrant 

1549
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:15,000
processions, dramas performed in
amphitheaters retold, epic sagas

1550
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:19,100
of Titan Wars or comedic spoons.
Some meat exclusive uses 

1551
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:22,100
Transformations. 
Even Romans traveling to Greek, 

1552
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:25,400
sanctuaries could sense the 
abiding Aura of an ancient 

1553
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:28,200
presence. 
Pilgrims bearing offerings to 

1554
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:31,100
the shrines still believed 
wholeheartedly that a bolt from 

1555
01:29:31,100 --> 01:29:33,000
the sky signaled Zeus's. 
Judgment. 

1556
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:36,200
Peasants, at Harvest Time, 
prayed for gentle rains rather 

1557
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,100
than hail trusting. 
The sky father's Goodwill. 

1558
01:29:39,100 --> 01:29:41,900
Indeed, the link between daily 
life. 

1559
01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:45,500
Rainfall storms, the fertility 
of fields and the overarching 

1560
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:50,800
force of Zeus underpinned, 
stable, devotion, However, a 

1561
01:29:50,800 --> 01:29:53,100
centuries progressed the 
Unstoppable wave of 

1562
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:55,000
Christianity. 
Swept across the Mediterranean 

1563
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:59,800
The early, Christian apologist, 
targeted, Pagan pantheons citing

1564
01:29:59,800 --> 01:30:02,700
moral, Tales of Zeus's 
adulteries or Roth as evidence 

1565
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:06,500
of polytheism corruption in an 
evolving Empire that embraced 

1566
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:10,700
monotheism Olympian shrines, 
lost official support their 

1567
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:14,600
clergy overshadowed by Bishops. 
By the fourth Century CE 

1568
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:18,600
Emperor, theodosius edicts, 
effectively, banned public and 

1569
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:22,000
rights. 
Once dedicated to Zeus Temple's 

1570
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:25,700
fell sent repurposed to store 
rooms or churches or left in 

1571
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:28,400
ruin. 
The cultural tapestry that wants

1572
01:30:28,400 --> 01:30:32,300
places. 
Apex unraveled replaced by a new

1573
01:30:32,308 --> 01:30:35,800
theological framework. 
Despite this institutional 

1574
01:30:35,800 --> 01:30:38,900
decline, the memory of Zeus 
never fully vanished. 

1575
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,000
Philosophical manuscripts, 
survived in monastic. 

1576
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:45,200
Libraries rural. 
Folk in remote Highlands still 

1577
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:47,900
whispered of Thunder as the old 
father's voice. 

1578
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:51,500
Renaissance Scholars. 
Rediscovered classical texts 

1579
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:55,500
resurrecting the image of Zeus 
in art and literature painters. 

1580
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:58,500
Like Raphael or later near 
classical artists depicted him 

1581
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:02,000
in throne with an eagle by his 
side, celebrating the Mythic 

1582
01:31:02,000 --> 01:31:05,600
Grandeur of antiquity in 
lightning thinkers, who 

1583
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:08,100
pioneered modern science 
referenced lightning? 

1584
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:12,300
Rods that subdued Zeus's Thunder
by paradoxical redefining his 

1585
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,700
realm, through rational 
explanation, Today, The 

1586
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:18,900
Narrative of zusa stands as a 
symbolic Testament to house 

1587
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,000
Society is conceived, ultimate 
Authority. 

1588
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:25,000
He encapsulates, the interplay 
of power and Justice, paternal 

1589
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:27,500
care, and Fierce, and 
Punishment, spiritual 

1590
01:31:27,500 --> 01:31:29,800
significance, and political 
utility. 

1591
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:33,700
Tales of him, remain vital in 
popular culture from Modern. 

1592
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:36,900
Retellings of Greek myths, in 
novels films and games to The 

1593
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:40,900
Echoes of Thunder associated 
with unstoppable, Cosmic Force 

1594
01:31:42,100 --> 01:31:44,900
Scholarly inquiries reveal a 
figure who morphed from a local 

1595
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:48,200
father of the sky to a global 
emblem of Mythology. 

1596
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:52,200
Bridging Greek Hellenistic, 
Roman and even later cultural 

1597
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:54,600
spheres. 
Observing how a figure. 

1598
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,300
So Primal adapted to evolving 
civilizations. 

1599
01:31:57,300 --> 01:32:01,200
Underscores the elasticity of 
myth If one listens carefully 

1600
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:04,900
during a thunderstorm, one might
recall that ancient war for the 

1601
01:32:04,908 --> 01:32:06,800
sky. 
Father flickering in the 

1602
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:10,300
electric arcs overhead Zeus's 
role as a father figure in 

1603
01:32:10,300 --> 01:32:13,800
Greek, myth extends Beyond 
genealogical ties, the ancient 

1604
01:32:13,800 --> 01:32:16,100
Greeks often portrayed him 
intervening in moral dilemmas 

1605
01:32:16,100 --> 01:32:19,700
defending the social order and 
meeting out Justice to Mortals 

1606
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:23,000
and gods alike. 
One lesson known tale 

1607
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:24,800
underscores, his capacity for 
empathy. 

1608
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:29,700
When Salman Khan mortal King 
boasted he could equal Zeus by 

1609
01:32:29,700 --> 01:32:31,800
mimicking thunder with bronze 
chariots. 

1610
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,600
Zeus first, let him indulge the 
fast before unleashing a 

1611
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:39,700
thunderbolt to expose his 
arrogance. yet once the city's 

1612
01:32:39,700 --> 01:32:44,300
people cowered in fear records, 
hint that Zeus sent favorable 

1613
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:47,900
Reigns The Following season, as 
if to ensure that misguided 

1614
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:52,000
worshipers didn't starve from 
their kings hubris, this story 

1615
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:56,500
overshadowed by more famous 
myths, reveals, a paternal 

1616
01:32:56,500 --> 01:33:00,300
Dimension punishing blasphemy, 
but sparing the innocent from 

1617
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:02,900
famine. 
Likewise the story of King 

1618
01:33:02,900 --> 01:33:06,100
leagues, who spurned Dionysus 
and scorned. 

1619
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:08,400
The new wine rights ended with 
Zeus. 

1620
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:11,800
Confining liquor to a cave in a 
Labyrinthian punishment. 

1621
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,700
Many retail, only the 
punishments horror The nearly 

1622
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:18,800
lost variant suggests that 
afterwards Zeus made the 

1623
01:33:18,808 --> 01:33:22,700
Farmland around that Kingdom 
flourish unexpectedly implying 

1624
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:25,200
that the paternal Gods. 
Softened the blow for ordinary 

1625
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:27,600
people who were not involved in 
their rulers arrogance. 

1626
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,000
Such glimpses though, 
overshadowed highlight the 

1627
01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:33,500
tension between wrath and 
compassion in Zeus's. 

1628
01:33:33,500 --> 01:33:36,500
Cosmic guardianship. 
Another dimension of Zeus's 

1629
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:40,000
paternal Persona is his 
willingness to Champion Synergy 

1630
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:44,400
among various Gods indeed. 
After the titanomachy, the 

1631
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:46,700
pantheon was Rife with 
strong-willed deities. 

1632
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:51,500
Such as Poseidon Artemis and 
Aphrodite each with distinct 

1633
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:55,200
Realms and temperaments, It was 
under Zeus's oversight that the 

1634
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:59,200
collectively shaped mortal 
existence range from Zeus sees 

1635
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:01,200
from Poseidon hunts from 
Artemis. 

1636
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:03,700
Love from Aphrodite harvests 
from Demeter. 

1637
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:07,800
And so, on the father's role 
wasn't micro-management, but 

1638
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:10,300
balancing these Powers. 
So none overshadowed the 

1639
01:34:10,300 --> 01:34:13,700
broader, Cosmic order. 
That said, friction remained 

1640
01:34:13,700 --> 01:34:17,000
inevitable witness, Poseidon's 
quarrels, with Athena over 

1641
01:34:17,000 --> 01:34:20,300
patronage of Athens or 
Aphrodite's, Mischief stirring, 

1642
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:24,800
conflicts among Mortals. 
Each time Zeus either calmly 

1643
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:27,300
arbitrated or thunder, the final
verdict. 

1644
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:31,000
If reason failed, Zeus's 
paternal role extended to 

1645
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:35,400
dispensing Fates while the 
moirai fates had the ultimate 

1646
01:34:35,400 --> 01:34:40,100
say on Mortal lifespans Zeus 
sometimes intervened for beloved

1647
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:44,400
Heroes, like sarpedon in the 
Trojan War, he felt fatherly 

1648
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:47,800
sorrow yet recognized that 
interfering with fate upset, the

1649
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:51,600
moral and Cosmic fabric. 
The Iliad captures a poignant 

1650
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:55,100
moment where Zeus contemplates 
saving sapped on, but relents 

1651
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:58,100
reflecting an internal conflict 
paternal. 

1652
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:01,700
Love clashing with the demands 
of cosmic law, this acceptance 

1653
01:35:01,700 --> 01:35:04,300
of the greater tapestry, 
underlying, how Zeus didn't 

1654
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:07,200
interpret absolute rule as 
licensed to break fundamental 

1655
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:10,600
rules. 
Contrary lesser Gods at times 

1656
01:35:10,600 --> 01:35:14,200
Twisted, mortal Destinies for 
personal vendettas, but for the 

1657
01:35:14,200 --> 01:35:17,200
father of gods, the big picture 
over shadowed personal 

1658
01:35:17,200 --> 01:35:20,200
yearnings. 
Meanwhile, mortal worship 

1659
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:23,900
evolved with each Polaris. 
Weaving unique, local epithets 

1660
01:35:23,900 --> 01:35:28,500
for Zeus in Athens became zoo, 
elephants, champion of Freedom, 

1661
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:33,000
after battles, with tyranny. 
In Argos, they held him as Zeus,

1662
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:35,400
Larissa iOS, a protector of 
Farmland. 

1663
01:35:35,400 --> 01:35:39,200
Shepard communities in Arcadian 
Highlands revered him a Zeus, 

1664
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:43,300
Luka OS associated with the 
ancient wolfish rights Thus 

1665
01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:46,400
Universal. 
Father splintered into Myriad. 

1666
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:50,700
Local faces each reflecting a 
slice of daily existence grain 

1667
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:54,200
Harvest communal festivals 
protective watch over Frontiers 

1668
01:35:54,200 --> 01:35:57,500
over centuries. 
These local Cults interlinked 

1669
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:00,500
preserving an overarching. 
Unity within the Greek world 

1670
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:02,800
view. 
One God, many facets. 

1671
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,500
Bridging city state diversity 
with a sense of shared Hellenic 

1672
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:09,200
identity. 
Though, paternal benevolence 

1673
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:11,200
forms a large part of his Mythic
identity. 

1674
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:14,600
The Greek tradition, never let 
that overshadow his capacity for

1675
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:18,500
cunning, even after enthroned, 
Zeus used guile, if it served 

1676
01:36:18,500 --> 01:36:21,700
Cosmic stability one, anecdote 
recalls, how he tricked the 

1677
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:25,700
giant Typhon by fainting defeat 
luring the Monstrous foe into a 

1678
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:28,400
complacent moment before. 
Unleashing, a surprise 

1679
01:36:28,400 --> 01:36:31,300
Thunderbolt that pin typhoon 
beneath mounted. 

1680
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:36,000
This Sly approach reaffirmed 
that while direct brute force 

1681
01:36:36,000 --> 01:36:39,400
was an option cunning often 
staved off prolonged conflict. 

1682
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:44,100
In a cyclical Cosmos prone to 
Rebellion the father needed more

1683
01:36:44,100 --> 01:36:47,600
than just a Thunderbolts blast. 
Cunning ensured foes fell 

1684
01:36:47,600 --> 01:36:52,200
swiftly before they multiplied. 
Among the pantheon Hermes, 

1685
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,300
admired such cunning. 
It said, Hermes often joked that

1686
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:57,400
he inherited his trickery from 
the father of gods. 

1687
01:36:57,400 --> 01:37:01,900
Indeed, Hermes is earliest 
Feats, stealing Apollo's cattle 

1688
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:06,100
parallel Zeus's own youthful, 
escapades to thrown in Kronos 

1689
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:08,800
The father recognized a 
reflection of his own early 

1690
01:37:08,800 --> 01:37:11,700
rebellious spirit in Hermes 
forging upon Bond. 

1691
01:37:12,500 --> 01:37:16,000
This father child Dynamic added 
comedic undertones to Olympus 

1692
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:19,300
Gatherings with Hermes pulling 
pranks and Zeus looking on half 

1693
01:37:19,300 --> 01:37:23,900
amused half Stern mindful that 
chaos had boundaries even in the

1694
01:37:23,900 --> 01:37:27,900
comedic realm paternal Guidance,
the lines God's dead, not cross 

1695
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:31,700
dust, the father of gods stands,
as a figure who never let go of 

1696
01:37:31,700 --> 01:37:34,400
cunning. 
Preserving Cosmic order through 

1697
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:38,000
Thunder but also harnessing 
paternal wisdom to rectify 

1698
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:39,900
potential storms before they 
escalated. 

1699
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,500
This paternal Persona was not 
static, it adapted across 

1700
01:37:44,500 --> 01:37:47,700
centuries, and local Customs 
from Punisher of hubris. 

1701
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:51,400
To sponsor of Civic festivals 
from cunning conspirator to 

1702
01:37:51,400 --> 01:37:53,800
moral anchor. 
If the Greek cosmos had a 

1703
01:37:53,800 --> 01:37:59,300
pillar, it was Zeus, Father 
Judge in caretaker Weaving an 

1704
01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:02,700
evolving, a textbook of myths. 
That recognize the complexity of

1705
01:38:02,700 --> 01:38:06,200
divine Authority, while the 
classical Greek World revered, 

1706
01:38:06,200 --> 01:38:09,600
Zeus the Hellenistic and Roman 
eras reframed, his legacy for 

1707
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,500
broader Imperial audiences under
the Hellenistic kingdoms, after 

1708
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:16,700
Alexander's conquests. 
Zeus frequently merged with 

1709
01:38:16,708 --> 01:38:20,500
local Gods. 
Zeus Ammon in Egypt, balsham in 

1710
01:38:20,500 --> 01:38:23,800
the Levant allowing different 
cultures to claim an aspect of 

1711
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:27,200
the mighty father. 
This Fusion introduced exotic 

1712
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:31,100
iconography Temple reliefs 
showing Zeus with ram horns or 

1713
01:38:31,100 --> 01:38:34,600
Greek inscriptions praising. 
A composite deity, bridging 

1714
01:38:34,600 --> 01:38:37,700
Greek and Native Traditions. 
It was a practical strategy. 

1715
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:41,900
Smoothing the governance of 
diverse Realms by anchoring them

1716
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:46,800
under a universal Cosmic father.
In Rome as mentioned Zeus was 

1717
01:38:46,808 --> 01:38:49,900
equated to Jupiter. 
The Roman appropriation was not 

1718
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:53,100
a mere rename. 
It recontextualized him within a

1719
01:38:53,100 --> 01:38:59,200
martial legalistic culture. 
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter

1720
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:02,000
the best and greatest presided 
over the capitals Temple 

1721
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:07,600
overshadowing Roman Civic life, 
Roman generals before campaigns 

1722
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:09,700
sacrificed to Jupiter for 
victory. 

1723
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:13,300
Mirroring the old Greek pattern,
but with more structured State 

1724
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:17,500
rituals Roman arrested told 
stories of Jupiter's paternal 

1725
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:22,100
oversight, mixing it with Roman 
virtues of Gravitas and pieters.

1726
01:39:22,100 --> 01:39:25,800
The Synergy was so tight that by
the time, the Empire spanned 

1727
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:29,600
from Britain to Mesopotamia, the
name Jupiter replaced Zeus in 

1728
01:39:29,600 --> 01:39:32,500
official contexts though. 
Greek Enclave still whispered 

1729
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:33,900
the original name in 
devotionals. 

1730
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:37,900
The fatherly Aura. 
Persisted bridging an Empire of 

1731
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:42,400
colossal cultural variety. 
however, in the centuries after 

1732
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:46,600
Christ birth As Christianity, 
spread worship of the old 

1733
01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:50,100
Pantheon eroded. 
The Christian critique of pagan 

1734
01:39:50,100 --> 01:39:53,800
gods, labeling them either 
fantasies or demonic Illusions 

1735
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:57,200
gained official favor. 
Once Emperors, like Constantine 

1736
01:39:57,200 --> 01:40:00,700
pivoted to the new faith. 
By theodosius is reign in the 

1737
01:40:00,700 --> 01:40:03,400
late. 
Fourth Century CE Evert worship 

1738
01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:07,100
of Zeus or Jupiter was banned in
the Roman Realm. 

1739
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:11,100
Temples were repurposed or 
abandoned and oracles were 

1740
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:14,600
speaking on East. 
Only in rural Pockets where 

1741
01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:17,100
peasants clung to old ways did 
faint. 

1742
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:19,600
Echoes of thunderbase 
superstition, linger. 

1743
01:40:19,600 --> 01:40:23,500
And as Christian theology 
matured, the paternal figure of 

1744
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:27,000
the Christian God overshadowed 
old father, Zeus in the public 

1745
01:40:27,000 --> 01:40:30,600
sphere. 
Ancient myths, slid into Legend 

1746
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:34,900
sustaining itself primarily in 
Poetic retelling or amongst 

1747
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:36,600
Scholars preserving classical 
texts. 

1748
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:40,500
Remarkably the medieval Islamic 
World, helped preserve Greek 

1749
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:42,700
knowledge. 
Arabic translation of 

1750
01:40:42,700 --> 01:40:44,600
philosophers who reference Zeus 
allowed. 

1751
01:40:44,600 --> 01:40:48,300
Some trace of the old theology 
to survive academically, albeit 

1752
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:50,700
overshadowed by monotheistic 
Frameworks. 

1753
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:54,300
Than the European Renaissance 
resurrected, classical Greek, 

1754
01:40:54,300 --> 01:40:57,600
and Roman sources. 
Artists like Michelangelo or 

1755
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:03,200
Titian depicted Zeus or Jupiter 
with powerful imagery, lightning

1756
01:41:03,200 --> 01:41:07,200
in homework and their hand. 
Regal posture applied more as an

1757
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:09,000
artistic Motif than a subject of
worship. 

1758
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:12,900
The father of gods became an 
emblem of classical Antiquities 

1759
01:41:12,900 --> 01:41:15,200
grandeur. 
Fueling the imagination of 

1760
01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:18,800
sculptors poets and dramatists 
tapestries. 

1761
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,600
Displayed, the Titanic as an 
allegory for good governance, 

1762
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:24,800
triumphing over tyranny or 
Reason best in chaos. 

1763
01:41:25,600 --> 01:41:28,600
The enlightenment intellectuals 
grappling with rationalist 

1764
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:32,100
skepticism saw in Zeus and 
anthropomorphic concept. 

1765
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:35,800
One, the early cultures used to 
explain natural phenomena like 

1766
01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:39,000
lightning and storms 
philosophers, like Voltaire, or 

1767
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:41,700
Dido occasionally cited him in 
satirical Jabs. 

1768
01:41:41,700 --> 01:41:45,700
Highlighting the contradictions 
in Pagan religion yet. 

1769
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:49,000
Ironically the notion of a 
father God, punishing hubris or 

1770
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:52,000
awarding virtue, found Echoes In
Enlightenment, moral thought, 

1771
01:41:52,000 --> 01:41:55,800
only now couched in secular 
concepts of Justice or universal

1772
01:41:55,800 --> 01:42:00,000
law. 
Hidden among esoteric circles, a

1773
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:02,700
mystical fascination with 
ancient Pantheon's, persisted 

1774
01:42:02,700 --> 01:42:05,300
forging. 
Secret societies that revered 

1775
01:42:05,300 --> 01:42:07,700
old deities as archetypes of 
cosmic forces. 

1776
01:42:08,600 --> 01:42:12,600
In that Zeus was studied less 
for worship and more as a 

1777
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:14,700
symbolic template for leadership
or paternal Authority. 

1778
01:42:15,900 --> 01:42:19,600
By the 19th and 20th, centuries,
archaeologists rediscovered. 

1779
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:23,300
The physical traces of Zeus's, 
worship, the scattered Columns 

1780
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:24,900
of the Temple of Zeus at 
Olympia. 

1781
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:29,100
The Doric remains at nimir and 
the ravaged altars on Crete. 

1782
01:42:29,100 --> 01:42:32,600
Where legend said he was born. 
scholarly Works meticulously 

1783
01:42:32,600 --> 01:42:35,800
catalogued myths, comparing them
with parallels, from other 

1784
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:39,900
European traditions, They found 
that far the ski motifs recurred

1785
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:43,200
across cultures suggesting a 
proto-indo-european root of 

1786
01:42:43,200 --> 01:42:46,200
skyfathers. 
Zeus thus became a testament to 

1787
01:42:46,200 --> 01:42:49,900
How Deeply Humanity has craved. 
A paternal Guardian to quell 

1788
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:53,500
Nature's Fury and social 
Discord, modern, pop culture 

1789
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:56,000
frame. 
Zeus in Myriad ways Hollywood 

1790
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:59,100
depicts him as a bearded. 
Giant hurling Thunder wrestling 

1791
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:01,100
with moral ambiguities or 
comedic. 

1792
01:43:01,100 --> 01:43:04,500
Hijinks video games harnesses 
iconography for immersive 

1793
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,200
mythical worlds, letting players
channel lightning. 

1794
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:11,300
As they battle, monstrous, foes 
Children books, distill him to a

1795
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:14,100
wise, or sometimes comedic. 
Father, Figure ignoring the 

1796
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:17,200
complexities of old Greek 
traditional even New Age. 

1797
01:43:17,200 --> 01:43:20,200
Spiritual movements interpret 
him as an architect of masculine

1798
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:22,700
power. 
Balancing energies of creation 

1799
01:43:22,700 --> 01:43:25,700
and destruction. 
This cultural elasticity under 

1800
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:29,200
schools that while formal 
worship ended centuries ago, the

1801
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:33,700
archetype of Zeus remains 
culturally potent at its core. 

1802
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:37,100
The father of gods stands as a 
reflection of Primal forces 

1803
01:43:37,700 --> 01:43:41,800
Thunder sky paternal law and the
evolution of society's 

1804
01:43:41,800 --> 01:43:46,200
relationship to Authority 
tradition and Cosmic Wonder from

1805
01:43:46,200 --> 01:43:50,000
Titan battles to philosophical, 
allegories from Roman Imperial 

1806
01:43:50,000 --> 01:43:53,900
rights to 21st century. 
Entertainment Zeus's Saga 

1807
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:56,900
endures as one of the grand 
narratives, Bridging the archaic

1808
01:43:56,900 --> 01:43:59,900
to the modern, Once a living 
deity in the eyes of countless 

1809
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:02,300
worshipers, the man with the 
Thunderbolt. 

1810
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:05,600
Now stands at the intersection 
of myth history and cultural 

1811
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:08,400
memory embodying. 
The Timeless dialogue between 

1812
01:44:08,400 --> 01:44:11,800
divine power, and human 
aspiration in reflecting on 

1813
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:15,000
Zeus's story spanning, from 
Secret infancy on Crete to the 

1814
01:44:15,008 --> 01:44:17,900
apex of the Olympian Pantheon 
and eventually morphing through.

1815
01:44:17,900 --> 01:44:21,500
Centuries of reinterpretation, 
we confront the essence of 

1816
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:26,600
mythmaking if God's mirror human
longings and anxieties, Zeus 

1817
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:29,800
exemplifies this principle 
supremely He is the father who 

1818
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,600
both punishes and protects the 
Conqueror. 

1819
01:44:32,600 --> 01:44:35,500
Who Fosters cunning alliance's 
rather than mere brute 

1820
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:37,700
subjugation. 
And the divine presence, 

1821
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:41,500
bridging Primal storms with 
moral codes, like exploring the 

1822
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:44,300
lesson known threads, like how 
cunning sometimes out, Sean 

1823
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:48,400
lightning blasts, how politics 
shaped mortal alliances and how 

1824
01:44:48,400 --> 01:44:51,100
paternal warmth sometimes 
tempered Cosmic judgments. 

1825
01:44:51,100 --> 01:44:54,800
We see a figure woven from 
complexities far beyond cliche. 

1826
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:58,200
Part of Zeus's perennial grip on
the human imagination. 

1827
01:44:58,200 --> 01:45:00,400
Arises from his contradictory 
facets. 

1828
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:04,500
He is simultaneously a figure of
absolute might brandishing 

1829
01:45:04,500 --> 01:45:07,900
thunder in rebellious battles 
and a moral guide championing 

1830
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:11,100
Hospitality or punishing 
oathbreakers in a sense. 

1831
01:45:11,100 --> 01:45:14,800
He is the sky incarnate 
luminous, and generous and calm 

1832
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:17,400
weather, ferocious and 
destructive in storms. 

1833
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:20,800
The Greeks harness that Duality 
and their everyday worship. 

1834
01:45:20,800 --> 01:45:24,200
Never Letting themselves wholly,
trust, or doubt his paternal 

1835
01:45:24,200 --> 01:45:26,600
watch. 
Devotees recognized that under 

1836
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:29,600
certain circumstances, the 
kindly father might unleash 

1837
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:31,400
Havoc. 
If Cosmic order was threatened 

1838
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:35,200
nor is used static. 
The early arcade poems, like, 

1839
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:38,400
he's had the organy stressed, 
his monstrous battles with the 

1840
01:45:38,400 --> 01:45:42,600
Titans, crowning him as champion
of cosmic stability over time 

1841
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:45,700
dramatists wove comedic or 
tragic angles. 

1842
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:49,400
Aristophanes might Lampoon the 
father of gods and comedic riffs

1843
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:53,100
while Sophocles or a Scholars 
probe the tension between Divine

1844
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:56,400
edicts and Mortal free will the 
expansion of Greek culture under

1845
01:45:56,400 --> 01:45:59,700
Alexander the Great, reposition,
Zeus as a universal father 

1846
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,900
bridging cultural. 
Divides the Roman era conflated 

1847
01:46:02,900 --> 01:46:06,500
him with Jupiter adding layers 
of bureaucratic or legal nuance.

1848
01:46:07,200 --> 01:46:10,200
Then Christianity, relegated him
to the realm of pagan memory. 

1849
01:46:10,200 --> 01:46:15,300
Each chapter redefines him yet. 
The core remains father, Thunder

1850
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:18,600
Cosmic law. 
Such transformation, testifies 

1851
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:21,700
to the power of myth to adapt 
with civilizations. 

1852
01:46:21,700 --> 01:46:25,200
The Greek pantheon, no longer 
draws The Devout worship of old,

1853
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,300
but it's narrative remain potent
Frameworks for how people see 

1854
01:46:28,300 --> 01:46:32,700
leadership Rebellion loyalty or 
the interplay between fate and 

1855
01:46:32,700 --> 01:46:37,200
free choice. in times of moral 
crisis, the references to uses 

1856
01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:40,500
unyielding stance on Earth 
breaking or Hospitality might 

1857
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:44,600
surface in academic or literary 
discourse in times of scientific

1858
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:46,600
Marvel. 
The lightning once considered 

1859
01:46:46,600 --> 01:46:50,200
his direct manifestation becomes
a symbol of electricity's 

1860
01:46:50,200 --> 01:46:54,100
harnessing highlighting how even
rational Society can't fully 

1861
01:46:54,100 --> 01:46:57,900
discard the poetic Resonance of 
Thunder as the voice of a mighty

1862
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:00,800
a presence. 
Modern authors, particularly 

1863
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:05,400
fantasy novelists resurrect Zeus
in new guys's, they blend Greek 

1864
01:47:05,400 --> 01:47:07,500
tradition with modern moral 
query. 

1865
01:47:07,500 --> 01:47:11,200
Sometimes recurs to him as a 
flawed Father Figure grappling 

1866
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:13,900
with immortalities. 
Wait others draw attention to 

1867
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:17,200
lessen known details such as the
placement of the mother goat and

1868
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:20,300
more theater Among the Stars 
which sheds light on obscure 

1869
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:23,400
constellation myth. 
The line between reverence and 

1870
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:25,500
critique becomes blurred in 
those retellings. 

1871
01:47:25,500 --> 01:47:29,200
We see a father who might care 
deeply but is trapped by Cosmic 

1872
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:33,200
demands forced to impose harsh 
sentences on rebellious deities.

1873
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:38,000
This Fosters empathy for a deity
who ironically once seen the 

1874
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:42,500
Apex of Unstoppable power. in 
today's world that complexity 

1875
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:46,900
resonates life's experiences 
career arcs, family 

1876
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:51,100
responsibilities, moral, Tangles
mirror, aspects of Zeus's 

1877
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,800
paternal guardianship We 
appreciate the Nuance that 

1878
01:47:54,800 --> 01:47:57,400
leadership and paternal roles 
aren't about infallibility. 

1879
01:47:57,400 --> 01:47:59,900
There are about balancing 
multiple tensions with 

1880
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:03,700
unwavering determination. 
The hidden corners of Zeus's 

1881
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:05,600
myths. 
Remind us that even the 

1882
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:08,400
mightiest faced personal 
heartbreak like losing children,

1883
01:48:08,400 --> 01:48:12,100
or confronting sibling betrayal,
and that progress often arises 

1884
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:14,200
from forging alliances or 
employing cunning. 

1885
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:19,100
Not raw, might alone. 
Zeus's domain extends Beyond his

1886
01:48:19,100 --> 01:48:22,700
immediate Mythic narrative. 
He influences are from classical

1887
01:48:22,700 --> 01:48:25,500
sculptures that once towered in 
Temple, precincts to Modern 

1888
01:48:25,500 --> 01:48:27,500
digital Renditions in gaming 
worlds. 

1889
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,200
He influences language with 
frasers like under the Aegis 

1890
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,400
referencing, his protective 
shield or Olympia. 

1891
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:39,500
Connoting Majestic Supremacy, 
even in outer space, star names 

1892
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:44,100
and Cosmic structures of vote. 
The Greek pantheon Subtle nod, 

1893
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:47,000
that the father of gods endures 
in astronomers catalogs. 

1894
01:48:47,000 --> 01:48:50,200
This intangible presence 
underscores that while formal 

1895
01:48:50,200 --> 01:48:53,800
worship ceased cultural, memory 
found new avenues to keep his 

1896
01:48:53,800 --> 01:48:57,500
Thunder echoing across time. 
Thus the final reflection on 

1897
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:01,100
Zeus is one of metamorphosis 
born in secrecy to overthrow 

1898
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:03,800
tyranny. 
He orchestrated a new Pantheon 

1899
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:07,200
that shaped Greek religion for 
centuries over thousands of 

1900
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:09,700
years. 
He adapted to shifting societal 

1901
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:13,100
Morris from a local goat, 
nurtured child to a universal. 

1902
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:16,200
Father spanning Empires, 
heathered philosophical 

1903
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:18,800
reinterpretations Roman 
assimilation, Christian 

1904
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,700
condemnation and modern Revival 
in culture and accademia. 

1905
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:25,500
In the swirl of these 
Transformations, one thread 

1906
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,300
remains consistent. 
The fundamental idea that the 

1907
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:31,800
cosmos Demands a paternal figure
to unify the swirl of chaotic 

1908
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:34,100
forces, binding them into 
something. 

1909
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:38,000
At least partially benevolent at
times frightening and always 

1910
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:42,100
vital to existence. 
That is the continuing Legacy of

1911
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:47,200
Zeus, King of the Gods, weaving 
Thunder, fatherhood cunning and 

1912
01:49:47,200 --> 01:49:49,800
Cosmic order into an everlasting
tapestry of myth. 

1913
01:49:56,700 --> 01:50:00,400
Really was born into a world 
that prized lineage of all else.

1914
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:04,800
It was the second century ad. 
And though Rome's Empire seemed 

1915
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:07,700
Invincible, quiet. 
Fishers ran through its 

1916
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:10,300
foundations, Whispers of unrest.
Sprayed. 

1917
01:50:10,300 --> 01:50:13,900
From remote, from tears. 
Contradicting, the grand arches 

1918
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:15,600
and bustling avenues that 
proclaimed. 

1919
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:19,800
Rome, superiority, opulent, 
Banquets clashed with the daily 

1920
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:23,300
struggles of the poor. 
This was a realm of paradox, 

1921
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:26,700
where marble monuments, Stood 
Beside rickety, shacks and 

1922
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:29,900
philosophers debated, lofty, 
ideals while Gladiators fought 

1923
01:50:29,900 --> 01:50:33,600
for public amusement. 
Aurelius family occupied a 

1924
01:50:33,600 --> 01:50:37,300
respected but modest position, 
they were historians and scribes

1925
01:50:37,300 --> 01:50:39,300
known for capturing events with 
honesty. 

1926
01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:42,700
A Pursuit that could be 
dangerous in a city where power 

1927
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:44,600
thrived on carefully polished 
images. 

1928
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:49,900
Her father Marcus, Fabius 
Crispus meticulously documented 

1929
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:54,400
senatorial proceedings while her
mother Tulia emerged from a 

1930
01:50:54,400 --> 01:50:57,500
lineage renowned for skillful 
mediation behind closed doors. 

1931
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:00,200
Both parents nurtured. 
Aurelius Keen. 

1932
01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:03,400
Sense of observation. 
Teaching her that true influence

1933
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:05,000
often came from knowing what 
others? 

1934
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:08,900
Overlooked From a young age, 
really found magic in small 

1935
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:12,100
details while other children 
lost themselves and Street 

1936
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:15,500
games, she lingered in corners 
of the atrium, listening to 

1937
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,600
visitors subdued remarks. 
A twitch of a Senators. 

1938
01:51:18,600 --> 01:51:21,900
Eyebrow might betray political 
tension just as an offhand 

1939
01:51:21,900 --> 01:51:24,600
remark from a merchant could 
reveal bigger undercurrents. 

1940
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:27,200
Tully encouraged such 
watchfulness. 

1941
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:30,200
Stressing that words are 
surfaced truth. 

1942
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:34,400
Often swims beneath. 
Adorn Aurelia, took to wandering

1943
01:51:34,400 --> 01:51:36,800
The Forum. 
Her stole a simple enough to let

1944
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:39,100
her blend with the throngs. 
There. 

1945
01:51:39,100 --> 01:51:41,900
She gathered tidbits from 
Merchants Hawking, produce and 

1946
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:43,900
strangers. 
Carrying rumors from distant. 

1947
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:47,000
Provinces Traders. 
Spoke of uprisings in the North 

1948
01:51:47,000 --> 01:51:50,500
or shortages long trade routes. 
The cacophony of voices, painted

1949
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:53,300
Rome as a mighty tapestry 
stitched together, by 

1950
01:51:53,300 --> 01:51:57,000
precarious, alliances and quiet 
Bargains on her 16th. 

1951
01:51:57,000 --> 01:52:00,500
Birthday Aurelia was gifted a 
small study room in the family. 

1952
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:04,200
Villa, Stacks of Scrolls wax. 
Tablets and half finished 

1953
01:52:04,200 --> 01:52:05,900
transcripts filled. 
The cramped space. 

1954
01:52:05,900 --> 01:52:09,400
She reveled in sifting through 
tax records, legionary 

1955
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,800
petitions, and memorandum from 
minor officials each scroll. 

1956
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:16,300
Hinted at how carefully Rome 
balanced its Grandeur soldiers. 

1957
01:52:16,300 --> 01:52:19,200
Complained of late pay border 
Governors, requested 

1958
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:22,400
reinforcements and farmland 
disputes dragged on for years. 

1959
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:26,400
Aurelius father, commanded her 
diligence, but warned that too 

1960
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:28,900
much curiosity. 
Can cast unwelcome light on 

1961
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:32,400
things meant to stay in Shadow. 
It wasn't long before she 

1962
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:35,200
noticed the difference between 
the cities officially image and 

1963
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:38,400
its underlying truths. 
Public building's, boasted 

1964
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:40,700
inscriptions praising the 
emperor's benevolent. 

1965
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:44,900
But in the margins of her 
father's notes, Aurelius or 

1966
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:48,000
hints of legionary discontent 
and Senators pushing private 

1967
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:50,800
agendas. 
She learned that roam for all 

1968
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:53,200
its Majesty. 
Sustained itself through a 

1969
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:56,100
thousand unacknowledged 
compromises Tulia. 

1970
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:58,700
Meanwhile, introduced her 
daughter to the subtleties of 

1971
01:52:58,708 --> 01:53:01,200
social dance at dinner 
Gatherings. 

1972
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:04,300
She guided all really as gazed 
toward how swiftly the tone of 

1973
01:53:04,300 --> 01:53:07,900
conversation changed, when 
influential guests arrived, a 

1974
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:09,800
stray remark could be retracted 
in seconds. 

1975
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:13,100
If it threatened the delicate 
web of alliances, See how they 

1976
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:16,900
pivot to whisper. 
That's where real power lies in 

1977
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:19,100
the shift between what's said 
and what's implied. 

1978
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:24,100
Still a really a loved Rome. 
She admired the Feats of 

1979
01:53:24,108 --> 01:53:27,900
engineering, the traditions of 
debate and the vast spectrum of 

1980
01:53:27,908 --> 01:53:31,500
cultural influences, streaming 
through the city, Gates She 

1981
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:34,000
believed that beneath the 
politics and strict hierarchies.

1982
01:53:34,000 --> 01:53:37,500
There was genuine Excellence, a 
civilization yearning for 

1983
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,100
wisdom. 
If only its protectors were not 

1984
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:42,600
so quick to silence inconvenient
voices. 

1985
01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:46,800
One hazy morning, as she 
strolled toward the Forum 

1986
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:49,300
Aurelia, noticed a disquieting 
hush. 

1987
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:53,800
A handful of vendors had set up 
stalls, but the usual clamor was

1988
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,400
missing. 
People stood in small knots 

1989
01:53:56,400 --> 01:53:59,300
murmuring, about Legion 
commander, who had refused in 

1990
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,000
Imperial edict, though. 
One confirmed. 

1991
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:04,800
The rumor Caster Paul lingered 
in every doorway. 

1992
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:09,700
Really, I felt a chill even idle
speculation carried weight, in 

1993
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:12,000
an Empire where fear could bloom
instantly. 

1994
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:15,500
She hurried home intending to 
share her observations with 

1995
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:17,900
Marcus. 
He listened intently his 

1996
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:21,300
stylist, paused over a fresh 
scroll, then he gave her a 

1997
01:54:21,300 --> 01:54:23,600
solemn look. 
We must be certain before 

1998
01:54:23,600 --> 01:54:27,600
recording rumors. 
He said unchecked talk can stir 

1999
01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:29,600
Panic or invite unwelcome 
attention. 

2000
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:33,400
Aurelia nodded. 
But her curiosity wouldn't rest 

2001
01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:36,700
that very evening. 
She opened her private journal 

2002
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:38,900
and wrote Every scrap of 
hearsay. 

2003
01:54:38,900 --> 01:54:42,200
She had gathered She sensed a 
reckoning forming at Rome's 

2004
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:43,700
edges. 
Like a distant Thunder. 

2005
01:54:43,700 --> 01:54:47,200
That might soon reverberate 
through marble halls, even then 

2006
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:49,900
she had no inkling of how 
personal the storm would become.

2007
01:54:51,200 --> 01:54:53,900
The tensional really had sent 
soon, took shape in a single 

2008
01:54:53,900 --> 01:54:57,200
event Nicea. 
The Greek born Olive merchants 

2009
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:00,200
and one of Aurelius most 
treasured confidants, vanished 

2010
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:03,500
overnight Gossip whispered that 
the praetorian guard had 

2011
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:07,400
arrested her before, Dawn, 
unsubstantiated, talk claimed 

2012
01:55:07,400 --> 01:55:10,300
initiate possessed letters, 
challenging Rome's, supposedly 

2013
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:14,100
Divine Authority, an accusation 
severe enough to crush anyone 

2014
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:18,200
caught in his net. 
Alarm course through Aurelia. 

2015
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:22,100
Nature had always been 
inquisitive reading Scrolls on 

2016
01:55:22,100 --> 01:55:24,700
Eastern, philosophies and 
debating Plato's teachings with 

2017
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:27,900
anyone who would listen, Aurelia
couldn't imagine her as a 

2018
01:55:27,908 --> 01:55:32,500
threat, but in Rome's charged 
climate curiosity, often boarded

2019
01:55:32,500 --> 01:55:37,500
on sedition. sprit to learn more
Aurelia, combed the forums edges

2020
01:55:37,500 --> 01:55:40,700
interrogating acquaintances who 
might have glimpsed the arrest 

2021
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:44,200
Most Merchants lowered their 
voices at the guards mentioned, 

2022
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:46,700
wary of drawing scrutiny 
themselves. 

2023
01:55:47,700 --> 01:55:52,200
At home Tulia observed, Aurelius
distress rather than scold her 

2024
01:55:52,200 --> 01:55:55,600
she murmured. 
Prudence is our life line, 

2025
01:55:55,600 --> 01:56:00,600
inquired gently yet Tulia 
herself covertly sought leads 

2026
01:56:00,600 --> 01:56:02,700
through acquaintances in minor 
governmental posts. 

2027
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:06,900
Markus on the other hand reacted
with carefully measured concern.

2028
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:09,700
He understood the stakes but one
or really. 

2029
01:56:09,700 --> 01:56:12,000
That intervention might place 
the family Under Suspicion 

2030
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:14,600
though. 
Well, intentioned his caution 

2031
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,600
left to feeling powerless. 
Determined not to stand idle, a 

2032
01:56:18,600 --> 01:56:21,700
really a visited petronius, 
elderly, scribe rumored to have 

2033
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:23,700
ties within the pretorian 
Administration. 

2034
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:29,200
His cramped, Workshop smelled of
ink and musty parchment Scrolls,

2035
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:33,000
spilling off the shelves after a
furtive glance at the door. 

2036
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:35,600
Petronius conceded that a woman 
matching. 

2037
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,500
This year's description had been
held for questioning. 

2038
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:41,600
He claimed that certain 
documents have been confiscated,

2039
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:46,900
referencing ideas unfit, for 
Rome's ears, A really felt her 

2040
01:56:46,900 --> 01:56:49,500
blood chill. 
She recalled how nisia? 

2041
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,700
Once Muse that no Empire should 
claim at a divine right to rule 

2042
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:57,500
in a sensitive era that might be
enough to Brand her treasonous. 

2043
01:56:58,000 --> 01:57:01,600
At dinner Tulia, calmly 
explained, her plan, quite 

2044
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:04,000
quietly, leveraged, the family's
modest connections. 

2045
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,600
They had distant cousins who 
dabbled in bureaucratic circles.

2046
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:11,900
Perhaps able to clean nicias 
whereabouts, Aurelia brimmed 

2047
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:13,400
with a mix of gratitude and 
Dread. 

2048
01:57:14,300 --> 01:57:17,000
She knew that every whisper to 
the guard was fraught with risk.

2049
01:57:17,700 --> 01:57:21,100
Still, she nodded agreement 
silence would only Doom her 

2050
01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:25,000
friend days stretched into a 
week, with no official word 

2051
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:29,700
arilia, Restless slip, back into
the forum each morning. 

2052
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:33,900
Bend designed her, where Lee 
even the ordinarily Gregorius 

2053
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:35,800
fruit seller. 
Offered only strange shrugs. 

2054
01:57:35,800 --> 01:57:38,800
When asked if he'd heard of 
necia fear, was contagious, 

2055
01:57:38,800 --> 01:57:41,900
Aurelia, felt its cold grip in 
every interaction. 

2056
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:45,700
Each half uttered sentence 
trailing off as though, a hidden

2057
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:49,400
listeners, stood nearby, Late 
one evening Tully. 

2058
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:51,200
Attacked likely on, aurelia's 
chamber door. 

2059
01:57:51,800 --> 01:57:54,100
Carrying a note from an obscure 
caught scribe. 

2060
01:57:54,800 --> 01:57:58,900
Nisia might still be alive, but 
faced indefinite detainment that

2061
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:01,100
single line. 
Central really a reeling. 

2062
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,600
She realized that in Rome 
indefinite detainment could 

2063
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:06,600
easily stretch into months or 
years. 

2064
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:10,300
Those who stepped into the guard
cells vanished from sight. 

2065
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:14,400
Outraged a really argued that 
they should confront the 

2066
01:58:14,400 --> 01:58:17,600
authorities directly. 
Marcus quickly, admonished her 

2067
01:58:17,608 --> 01:58:20,900
reminding her that the guards 
power, extended Beyond 

2068
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:24,900
senatorial oversight. 
Yet Tulia metal as anger with 

2069
01:58:24,900 --> 01:58:28,700
tempered resolve. 
Will find a path, but it must be

2070
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:31,100
carefully. 
Walked charging in blindly 

2071
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:34,100
helps. 
No one Aurelia took a steadying 

2072
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:38,200
breath, trying to absorb the 
lesson in a City built on the 

2073
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:42,000
negotiations. 
Often led to ruin her next move 

2074
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:44,300
was to visit a respected Senator
known for supporting 

2075
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,700
intellectual Pursuits. 
The senator received Aurelia in 

2076
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:50,500
a private Courtyard, The Columns
draped in Ivy. 

2077
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:52,100
Offered seclusion from crying 
ears. 

2078
01:58:52,100 --> 01:58:56,500
He listened hands folded as a 
really described nasir's passion

2079
01:58:56,500 --> 01:58:59,600
for knowledge rather than 
sedition those sympathetic. 

2080
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:01,600
He admitted that direct pleased 
to the guard. 

2081
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:03,700
Rarely succeeded without 
formidable backing. 

2082
01:59:04,500 --> 01:59:08,400
He promised discreet inquiries 
but cautioned that Rome's storms

2083
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:11,000
can swallow lone voices, one 
morning. 

2084
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:13,800
Soon after tullier informed or 
really of a breakthrough. 

2085
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:16,900
Their distant cousin had 
arranged a preliminary hearing 

2086
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:20,500
regarding the sea as a rest, the
praetorians would permit a 

2087
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:24,200
minimal review of her case. 
For Aurelia felt like breathing.

2088
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:27,700
Again, after suffocating in 
dread, she entirely spent long 

2089
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:30,300
hours preparing arguments to 
cast, necia, not as a 

2090
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:32,400
subversive. 
But as a scholar enamored with 

2091
01:59:32,408 --> 01:59:35,400
the world's breath of thought, 
when the day of the hearing 

2092
01:59:35,400 --> 01:59:38,300
arrived, they were ushered into 
a demonic near the palace. 

2093
01:59:39,300 --> 01:59:41,500
The junior officer studied the 
coldly. 

2094
01:59:41,500 --> 01:59:45,400
Talia spoke with measured 
reference emphasizing Rome's, 

2095
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:48,400
proud, tradition of wisdom 
Aurelia, added hot. 

2096
01:59:48,400 --> 01:59:52,400
Felt descriptions of nice as 
harmless curiosity, the officers

2097
01:59:52,400 --> 01:59:54,700
expression remained as still as 
a marble bust. 

2098
01:59:55,600 --> 01:59:58,100
He finally mumbled that he would
review the matter. 

2099
01:59:58,100 --> 02:00:01,200
Oh hardly reassuring. 
It was a door left slightly. 

2100
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:06,400
Ajar that night as mine teamed 
with both apprehension and Hope.

2101
02:00:07,100 --> 02:00:10,800
She realized that roam for all 
its shining achievements could 

2102
02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:12,700
be brittle. 
When threatened by unorthodox 

2103
02:00:12,700 --> 02:00:15,400
ideas. 
Determine not to lose her friend

2104
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:18,700
to that brittle machinery. 
A really a clung to the faint 

2105
02:00:18,700 --> 02:00:21,800
promise of another day. 
Another chance to pry open the 

2106
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:25,100
iron walls of secrecy. 
Though, the hearing had been 

2107
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:28,200
minimal word of its spread 
quietly among those who knew 

2108
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,900
this year, Whispers arose, 
mostly from hollers and minor 

2109
02:00:31,900 --> 02:00:34,200
officials who Harbor doubts 
about the guard, sweeping 

2110
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,800
Powers, the city itself, however
offered little comfort. 

2111
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:41,600
Fear, permeated the streets, 
heightened by rumors of 

2112
02:00:41,608 --> 02:00:44,800
legionary unrest. 
In the provinces more arrests 

2113
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:47,500
took place. 
Each one generating an echo of 

2114
02:00:47,508 --> 02:00:50,300
anxiety that reverberated in 
every Tavern in an alleyway. 

2115
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:52,900
Aurelia. 
Redoubled her efforts to glean 

2116
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,900
information. 
She spoke in hushed tones with a

2117
02:00:55,900 --> 02:00:59,800
Taven near the circus Maximus. 
Who said that soldiers returning

2118
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:02,500
from campaigns complained of 
harsh discipline and uncertain 

2119
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:05,000
pay. 
A Freedman who worked in the 

2120
02:01:05,000 --> 02:01:07,500
Palatine Stables, reported over 
here in fragments of 

2121
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:09,300
conversation. 
Suggesting the emperor was 

2122
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:13,000
deeply troubled by murmurs of 
disloyalty piece by piece 

2123
02:01:13,000 --> 02:01:16,300
Aurelius sense, that Rome's 
outwards blender concealed, a 

2124
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:19,400
precarious balance ready to 
topple under the slightest 

2125
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:22,600
strain. 
Meanwhile Tulia continued. 

2126
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:25,900
Her shadow in negotiation. 
She attended Gathering where 

2127
02:01:25,900 --> 02:01:28,600
influential matrons exchange 
gossip like currency. 

2128
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:31,500
Over measured sets of wine 
tally. 

2129
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:34,200
I would mention this year's 
plate, emphasizing that 

2130
02:01:34,200 --> 02:01:37,000
punishing harmless curiosity 
stained Rome's Legacy of 

2131
02:01:37,000 --> 02:01:40,500
cultural tolerance. 
Some nodded politely, a few 

2132
02:01:40,508 --> 02:01:43,200
frowned, but no one leapt up to 
intercede. 

2133
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:47,800
Fear Aurelia realized had a 
suffocating grip on them all. 

2134
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,300
One day, occurred message, 
arrived nisia had been 

2135
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:54,800
transferred to a different 
holding facility on the city's. 

2136
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:58,600
Outskirts, alarmed Tully 
explained that such transfers 

2137
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:00,100
often meant increasing 
isolation. 

2138
02:02:01,300 --> 02:02:04,600
We must accelerate our approach.
She told her earlier her eyes 

2139
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:09,500
tight with worry. if they 
failure would sink deeper into a

2140
02:02:09,500 --> 02:02:13,000
Labyrinth of cells and 
bureaucratic silence hoping to 

2141
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:17,600
muster support Tulia hosted, a 
modest salon at their Villa, a 

2142
02:02:17,600 --> 02:02:20,000
handful of guests who Pride 
themselves on patronage of the 

2143
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:22,000
Arts and letters accepted the 
Invitational. 

2144
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:25,300
The plan was to steer the 
conversation toward Rome's, 

2145
02:02:25,300 --> 02:02:28,600
intellectual Heritage and then 
segue in to see his predicament,

2146
02:02:28,600 --> 02:02:32,400
aelius circulated, bringing 
mold, wine, and listening for 

2147
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:36,300
any sign of genuine concern. 
Yet most visitors offered only 

2148
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,500
lukewarm platitudes. 
When talk group, two specific, 

2149
02:02:39,500 --> 02:02:43,400
they retreated behind polite, 
Smiles, afterward, tolia 

2150
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:47,500
confessed, her frustration. 
Ideas Captivate them, right? 

2151
02:02:47,500 --> 02:02:51,800
Until they realize those ideas. 
Threaten the status quo, Days 

2152
02:02:51,800 --> 02:02:54,900
Later an urgent request, 
beckoned them to Lucius. 

2153
02:02:54,900 --> 02:02:58,700
Cassius long, genuses Villa, the
old lawyers hair, Sean White in 

2154
02:02:58,708 --> 02:03:02,000
the afternoon sun as he paced 
beneath olive trees. without 

2155
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:05,300
Preamble, he explained that the 
God had intensified its 

2156
02:03:05,300 --> 02:03:09,000
Crackdown spurred by the recent 
reports of rebellion in a 

2157
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:11,400
distant Province, any whiff of 
subversion. 

2158
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:15,400
He said, would now be met with 
swift unforgiving action. 

2159
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:19,700
Aurelia felt a surge of panic. 
If the texts found with necia 

2160
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:22,700
would deemed radical the entire 
case could vanish into a black 

2161
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:25,700
hole of Suspicion. 
Lucius proposed a daring 

2162
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:28,600
Solution Direct petition to the 
emperor's counselors. 

2163
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:32,200
He believed that by Framing 
nissi's release as a testament 

2164
02:03:32,200 --> 02:03:36,000
to Rome's, enlightened grandeur.
They might circumvent the guards

2165
02:03:36,000 --> 02:03:39,000
hostility. 
Flatter the Empire's self-image.

2166
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:42,400
He advised show them. 
This is an opportunity to 

2167
02:03:42,400 --> 02:03:47,200
display magnanimity. though it, 
stung reel to consider placating

2168
02:03:47,200 --> 02:03:51,700
those who prayed on fear, she 
saw no alternative That night 

2169
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:56,500
Tulia oralia. 
And even Markus painstakingly, 

2170
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:59,500
drafted of the appeal. 
They cited historical 

2171
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:01,600
precedence. 
Where Rome had pardoned Scholars

2172
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:04,000
to Champion its reputation for 
intellectual openness. 

2173
02:04:04,000 --> 02:04:08,300
Every phrase was calculated 
tiptoeing around any hint of 

2174
02:04:08,300 --> 02:04:12,400
challenging Imperial Authority. 
Marcus looked older than his 

2175
02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:15,500
years when he finally folded. 
The parchment, we Risk 

2176
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:17,900
Everything by The Shining a 
light into these Shadows. 

2177
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:22,000
He murdered They dispatched The 
Plea at dawn, then settled into 

2178
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:26,700
an uneasy weight days stretched,
each rumor of unrest striking or

2179
02:04:26,700 --> 02:04:29,800
really as Heart Like a hammer. 
She imagined this year in a 

2180
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:33,400
cramped cell uncertain where the
hopes still flickered beyond the

2181
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,200
iron bars. 
Tally, a paste later at night. 

2182
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:38,300
Her footsteps, echoing and 
Silent. 

2183
02:04:38,300 --> 02:04:40,900
Corridors. 
Marcus tried to focus on his 

2184
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:44,200
historical transcripts, but he 
kept pausing to rub his temples 

2185
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:48,200
at last a small note arrived. 
They had been granted a brief 

2186
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:49,800
audience with the emperor's 
counselors. 

2187
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:54,000
Aurelius, heart lurched. 
She knew enough of Roman power 

2188
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:56,000
to realize how dangerous it was 
to stand. 

2189
02:04:56,000 --> 02:04:59,400
So close to the throne. 
One misstep, could brand them 

2190
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:04,200
traitors still, it was a glimmer
of possibility if they presented

2191
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:07,900
their case skillfully, perhaps 
nicias fate could be reversed. 

2192
02:05:08,900 --> 02:05:11,100
Dealing herself. 
A really a recalled. 

2193
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:14,700
How necia once spoke of Truth 
needing many voices to survive 

2194
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:16,700
in a world that preferred 
illusions. 

2195
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:20,700
As she prepared for the audience
Aurelia vowed that if Rome 

2196
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:23,600
demanded flattery, she would 
give just enough to open the 

2197
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:26,900
door. 
Beneath that veneer her Devotion

2198
02:05:26,900 --> 02:05:30,400
to honesty and to her friend 
would remain Unbroken. 

2199
02:05:31,400 --> 02:05:34,300
This moment might be the final 
chance to Prime This Year free 

2200
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:38,000
from the jaws of secrecy. 
Weeks of waiting brought, no 

2201
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:41,400
definitive answer rumors 
circulated that the guard grew 

2202
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:45,000
more Vigilant each day, 
suspecting conspiracies in every

2203
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:49,500
shadow unsettled, by the silents
Aurelia pressed on scouring 

2204
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:52,600
corners of the forum, for any 
news, a fruit, vendor claimed 

2205
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:54,700
someone matching. 
This is description, had been 

2206
02:05:54,708 --> 02:05:57,200
moved to a windowless cell near 
the city's out a wall. 

2207
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,600
Another insisted he'd seen her 
on a prison cart heading. 

2208
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:04,400
North Conflicting, Tales only 
Amplified or really as anguish. 

2209
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:08,800
Tullier determined to avoid, 
stasis, scheduled another round 

2210
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:11,900
of discrete visits. 
She met with a senatorial wife, 

2211
02:06:11,900 --> 02:06:15,400
whose husband dabbled, in legal 
reforms, She reconvened with an 

2212
02:06:15,408 --> 02:06:18,100
elderly Diplomat known for 
bridging factions during prior 

2213
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:21,300
unrest. 
At each meeting Tulia deployed, 

2214
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:24,600
her signature attacked reminding
people of Rome's, vaunted, 

2215
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:27,800
tradition of wisdom. 
If an inquisitive mind can be 

2216
02:06:27,808 --> 02:06:30,700
silent so easily. 
How does that reflect on our 

2217
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:32,200
civilization? 
She would Muse. 

2218
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:35,400
A few listeners showed sympathy 
yet. 

2219
02:06:35,400 --> 02:06:39,300
None had the clout or courage to
confront the guard directly 

2220
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:41,900
Marcus. 
Meanwhile, hovered at the edge 

2221
02:06:41,900 --> 02:06:45,200
of involvement torn between 
paternal concern and a 

2222
02:06:45,200 --> 02:06:48,300
historians in eight caution. 
He warned Aurelia, not to speak 

2223
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:51,700
to boldly in public. 
The city crackles with tension, 

2224
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:54,200
he said tapping his stylus on a 
half-filled. 

2225
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:58,000
Scroll one misplaced phrase 
could label you an agitator. 

2226
02:06:59,300 --> 02:07:01,900
A really a seeded at the 
constraints, but forced herself 

2227
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:04,500
to comply. 
She recognized that their window

2228
02:07:04,500 --> 02:07:06,500
of opportunity to save nishio 
was shrinking. 

2229
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:10,100
A breakthrough arrived via a 
faded letter from Lucius Cassius

2230
02:07:10,100 --> 02:07:12,400
longinus. 
He advised that the empress 

2231
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:14,700
counselors had, at least 
acknowledged the family's 

2232
02:07:14,700 --> 02:07:16,800
petition though, they offered no
commitment. 

2233
02:07:16,800 --> 02:07:20,900
They requested more details 
about niches background, Lucius 

2234
02:07:20,900 --> 02:07:24,500
suggested, that Aurelia herself 
compiled, a short dossier, an 

2235
02:07:24,500 --> 02:07:27,700
account of, who necia was her 
upbringing and her intellectual 

2236
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:32,300
Pursuits. 
Virtues, he wrote an emphasize 

2237
02:07:32,300 --> 02:07:34,800
how her interests are aligned 
with Rome's, cultural mosaic. 

2238
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:40,200
Over the next two days Aurelia 
toiled in her study, she 

2239
02:07:40,200 --> 02:07:43,300
recalled how nessia discovered 
her first Greek manuscripts as a

2240
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:45,300
child. 
Reading them by Lamplight in her

2241
02:07:45,308 --> 02:07:48,700
uncles cramped attic She wrote 
of nicias fascination with 

2242
02:07:48,700 --> 02:07:52,600
comparing stoic ideas to Eastern
thought, never out of malice 

2243
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:54,800
toward Rome. 
But rather an eagerness to 

2244
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:58,300
understand The Human Condition 
Talia reviewed each sentence, 

2245
02:07:58,300 --> 02:08:01,900
gently rephrasing any hint that 
could be misconstrued as 

2246
02:08:01,908 --> 02:08:06,100
undermining Imperial Authority, 
On the third morning, a courier 

2247
02:08:06,100 --> 02:08:09,300
arrived to deliver the dossier 
to the counselors Aurelia. 

2248
02:08:09,300 --> 02:08:12,100
Felt a Pang of helplessness as 
she watched the parchment vanish

2249
02:08:12,100 --> 02:08:14,400
in his satchel. 
They had done their best to 

2250
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:18,100
paint this year as a curious 
mind, not a threat, but would it

2251
02:08:18,100 --> 02:08:20,600
suffice for those who saw 
Shadows of rosselli and 

2252
02:08:20,600 --> 02:08:23,700
everywhere? 
That after noon Tulia hosted, 

2253
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:26,200
the subdued gathering for a 
handful of respected. 

2254
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:30,300
Scholars, hoping to quietly must
a more support a stooped. 

2255
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:33,700
Rhetorically famed for his 
speeches on civic virtue. 

2256
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:37,800
Listened attentively. 
After a moment of reflection, he

2257
02:08:37,800 --> 02:08:39,300
admitted that he admired their 
stand. 

2258
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:43,000
But dead, not provoke powerful 
figures, a really a bit back for

2259
02:08:43,000 --> 02:08:44,600
frustration. 
Reminding herself. 

2260
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:47,600
That fear was a rational 
response in a city where the 

2261
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:51,000
centers could vanish overnight. 
Surprisingly, it was a younger 

2262
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:53,000
philosopher who approached 
orally after the Gathering. 

2263
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:56,900
His brow furrowed with concern, 
he confided that he'd heard 

2264
02:08:56,900 --> 02:08:58,200
about foreign troops on the 
Move. 

2265
02:08:58,200 --> 02:09:01,300
Possibly quelling Uprising in 
Northern Territories. 

2266
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:03,700
Each rumor of insurrection 
Titans. 

2267
02:09:03,700 --> 02:09:07,900
The guards grip at home, he said
voice trembling, I feel your 

2268
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:10,400
friends case might be lost in 
the shuffle of bigger events. 

2269
02:09:11,400 --> 02:09:14,600
A really thanked him, heart 
pounding at the possibility that

2270
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:17,200
nissa's fate might be 
overshadowed by empire-wide 

2271
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:19,600
anxieties late that evening 
mother. 

2272
02:09:19,600 --> 02:09:22,600
And daughter, sat beneath a 
flickering, oil lamp rereading 

2273
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,600
every letter every note, every 
snippet of progress, Tully, a 

2274
02:09:26,608 --> 02:09:28,500
rubbed, her temples exhaustion 
evident. 

2275
02:09:29,200 --> 02:09:31,200
We've tried appealing to reason 
and honor. 

2276
02:09:31,200 --> 02:09:35,100
She said, Softly. yet reason 
often surrenders, when paranoia 

2277
02:09:35,100 --> 02:09:38,700
sets in Aurelia, offered quiet. 
Reassurance. 

2278
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:42,800
Even though her own, hope dimmed
she refused to betrayed her 

2279
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:45,800
feet. 
A new summons arrived the next 

2280
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:48,800
day. 
One of the Emperors counselors a

2281
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:51,900
figure named Albia saturnus 
requested, a meeting. 

2282
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:54,400
The Messengers words carried no 
warmth. 

2283
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,000
Only that further clarification 
was required. 

2284
02:09:57,900 --> 02:10:01,400
Aurelius heartbeat quickened, 
this could be the pivotal 

2285
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:03,800
moment. 
If saturnine is found their 

2286
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:07,000
arguments lacking, necia could 
disappear from all records. 

2287
02:10:07,900 --> 02:10:11,500
If he chose leniently, perhaps a
door would open Guided by 

2288
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:15,600
tulia's Karma, resolve Aurelius 
steady herself, they dressed in 

2289
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:18,700
subdued finery mindful of 
appearances outside. 

2290
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:22,300
Rome's ever shifting, tapestry 
of rumor and spectacle buzzed 

2291
02:10:22,300 --> 02:10:26,000
with energy yet, a really could 
only think of necia behind Cold 

2292
02:10:26,000 --> 02:10:28,300
bars. 
She followed her mother into the

2293
02:10:28,308 --> 02:10:30,500
street. 
She silently vowed that she 

2294
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:33,000
would bend every rule of 
flattery and caution. 

2295
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:35,908
If it meant freeing her friend 
from the darkest corners of the 

2296
02:10:35,916 --> 02:10:38,700
Empire's fear. 
Their meeting with Albia 

2297
02:10:38,700 --> 02:10:41,600
saturnus took place in a 
cramped, Annex near the Imperial

2298
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:44,300
offices. 
Two prior Torreon, guards flank,

2299
02:10:44,300 --> 02:10:47,000
the door as tulear and Aurelia 
entered, a sparsely furnished 

2300
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:49,400
room, a single torch flickered 
on the wall. 

2301
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:53,100
Casting elongated Shadows that 
danced across of Scrolls. 

2302
02:10:53,800 --> 02:10:57,200
Seated at a wooden desk saturnus
glanced up with cool. 

2303
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:01,400
Detachment Aurelia felt an 
instinctive chill sensing, he 

2304
02:11:01,400 --> 02:11:04,500
was no mere bureaucrat but 
someone accustomed to wielding 

2305
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:08,100
real power. 
He gestured for them to sit till

2306
02:11:08,100 --> 02:11:10,700
he opened by the thanking him 
for a green to hear their case. 

2307
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:14,100
She spoke calmly of Rome's 
Legacy as a cradle of ideas 

2308
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:17,100
explaining how her family 
believed that preserving 

2309
02:11:17,100 --> 02:11:20,200
intellectual curiosity. 
Only strengthened the empire 

2310
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:24,800
saturnine us listed in passively
occasionally, making a note on a

2311
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:28,800
wax tablet. 
When finished Aurelia offered a 

2312
02:11:28,800 --> 02:11:31,100
brief testimony about passion 
for scholarship. 

2313
02:11:32,100 --> 02:11:35,000
She sees knowledge, not as 
Rebellion, but as a way to 

2314
02:11:35,008 --> 02:11:38,700
celebrate Rome's greatness, 
Aurelius said, each word 

2315
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:42,800
carefully chosen to flatter the 
regime Saturnine is tapped the 

2316
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:46,100
tip of his stylus on the desk. 
You paint a virtuous picture. 

2317
02:11:46,100 --> 02:11:49,600
He said, however, the text found
with this nisia were not 

2318
02:11:49,608 --> 02:11:53,700
standard fare, they questioned 
the notion of divine, right? 

2319
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:58,600
Do they not? 
Aurelia's heart pounded. she 

2320
02:11:58,600 --> 02:12:01,400
admitted nesia once read Scrolls
that contemplated, whether any 

2321
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:05,000
ruler should claim, sacred 
authority, Saturnus frowned. 

2322
02:12:05,700 --> 02:12:08,600
Dangerous territory with rumors 
of descent. 

2323
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:13,800
Roiling, our Frontiers Tulia 
calmly, pivoted indeed but we 

2324
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,800
must distinguish between 
abstract philosophical debate 

2325
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,100
and genuine sedition. 
My daughter can attest that 

2326
02:12:20,100 --> 02:12:22,800
nitya has always shown respect 
for the emperor's role. 

2327
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:27,200
Aurelia, nodded vigorously 
emphasizing that nastya's 

2328
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:29,900
inquisitiveness and more aimed 
at broadening Horizons. 

2329
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:33,500
Not toppling regimes. 
Continued. 

2330
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:35,200
Scribbling his expression 
unreadable. 

2331
02:12:36,200 --> 02:12:38,900
After what felt like an 
eternity, he lifted his gaze. 

2332
02:12:39,600 --> 02:12:43,900
I will conduct a personal review
if I find reason to believe her 

2333
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:47,600
curiosity is harmless. 
I may recommend leniency, but if

2334
02:12:47,600 --> 02:12:51,300
these ideas have spread Beyond 
her personal Circle, Clemente 

2335
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:54,800
grows, unlike Lee Tully inclined
her head. 

2336
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:58,900
We appreciate your fairness. 
She spoke the words with 

2337
02:12:58,900 --> 02:13:00,600
carefully. 
Measured gratitude. 

2338
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,000
There were really a suspected. 
It was only the faintest glimmer

2339
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,900
of hope. 
Returning home, they relayed, 

2340
02:13:06,900 --> 02:13:10,000
the conversation to Marcus who 
exhaled in relief, that at least

2341
02:13:10,008 --> 02:13:12,200
the door remained a jar. 
Still. 

2342
02:13:12,900 --> 02:13:14,400
A tightness clung to the 
household. 

2343
02:13:15,200 --> 02:13:19,400
Aurelia found herself plagued, 
by nightmares images of nisia 

2344
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:22,800
lost in a torch-lit, corridor of
cells, she spent her days 

2345
02:13:22,800 --> 02:13:26,400
editing each draft, they'd 
written searching for any 

2346
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:28,300
detail. 
That might strengthen Saturn 

2347
02:13:28,300 --> 02:13:32,400
Isis, inclination toward Mercy, 
one of new and unexpected 

2348
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:35,700
visitor arrived, the young 
philosopher who had once worn 

2349
02:13:35,700 --> 02:13:37,300
Orly are about the rising 
clamped down. 

2350
02:13:37,308 --> 02:13:41,900
He carried a slim scroll. 
Eyes are like with urgency I 

2351
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:44,000
managed to speak with a contact 
in the praetorian guard. 

2352
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:46,400
He whispered they say Saturn 
nine. 

2353
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:49,800
Us is truly deliberating the 
pressure's from above a 

2354
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:52,100
mounting. 
Another wave of arrests could 

2355
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:56,000
come at any moment. 
Aurelia thanked him heart heavy 

2356
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:58,600
with the knowledge that nicias 
life hung by a thread. 

2357
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:01,900
The days that followed were 
filled with confusion. 

2358
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:05,900
Talia arranged small, Gatherings
subtly reminding attendees of 

2359
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:07,700
Rome's alleged commitment to 
enlightenment. 

2360
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:12,100
She recounted the city's storied
history of the absorbing foreign

2361
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:14,700
traditions. 
If we punish those who explore 

2362
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:18,200
New Perspectives, do we not 
undermine centuries of proud 

2363
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:21,900
Heritage, she would ask voice 
wavering just enough to stir 

2364
02:14:21,900 --> 02:14:24,200
emotion. 
Some listeners offered 

2365
02:14:24,200 --> 02:14:27,900
sympathetic, murmurs others 
averted their eyes unwilling to 

2366
02:14:27,908 --> 02:14:30,600
align themselves against the 
growing tide of Suspicion. 

2367
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:34,600
Aurelia found solace in 
revisiting old notes from nitia.

2368
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:38,200
Who had scribbled translations 
of Greek vs about the pursuit of

2369
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:40,700
Truth. 
Reading those lines by the lamp 

2370
02:14:40,700 --> 02:14:43,000
light. 
A really a vowed. 

2371
02:14:43,000 --> 02:14:45,500
She would not abandon her friend
to the Machinery of fear. 

2372
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:49,700
Even so the Unstoppable churn of
Roman politics loomed over them.

2373
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:52,300
Each morning arrived with fresh 
rumors. 

2374
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:55,800
A new rebellion in Gaul. 
A senator rumored to be 

2375
02:14:55,808 --> 02:14:59,000
conspiring against Imperial 
Authority, all the guard, 

2376
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:01,400
arresting someone for uttering 
heretical clays. 

2377
02:15:02,100 --> 02:15:05,100
The city's mood felt like a 
drawn both string ready to snap.

2378
02:15:05,900 --> 02:15:09,500
Finally, on a cloudy. 
After noon, a pale face Courier 

2379
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:13,800
arrived with a sealed message. 
Trembling really broke the wax 

2380
02:15:13,800 --> 02:15:17,200
seal, Saturn is summer them for 
a final verdict. 

2381
02:15:17,900 --> 02:15:20,900
Marx's hand gripped. 
Aurelius shoulder as she read 

2382
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:24,900
the words aloud, Tulia said 
nothing, but her eyes were dark 

2383
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,400
with both fear and resolve. 
The next morning, they dressed 

2384
02:15:28,400 --> 02:15:32,300
carefully and subdued garments. 
Stepping into the street Aurelia

2385
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:35,200
noticed how the city seemed 
caught in a hush as though. 

2386
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:38,800
Bracing, for some unseen impact,
the approach to the Imperial 

2387
02:15:38,800 --> 02:15:42,200
Annex felt endless as they 
neared, the guarded doors. 

2388
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:45,600
A really a prayed that every 
subtle argument, every measured 

2389
02:15:45,600 --> 02:15:48,700
phrase, every small gesture of 
respect, they'd offered would 

2390
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:51,700
count for something. 
And above all, she prayed that 

2391
02:15:51,700 --> 02:15:55,400
necia might yet walk free rather
than dissolve into the silence 

2392
02:15:55,400 --> 02:15:58,000
that swallowed. 
So many fragile voices in Rome. 

2393
02:15:58,800 --> 02:16:02,000
Saturnus received them in the 
same start chamber with two, new

2394
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:04,900
guards posted at the entrance, 
his expression remained 

2395
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:08,300
inscrutable as he motioned them.
Forward Tulia bowed, politely 

2396
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:12,800
years tried to steady her 
breathing Aurelia. 

2397
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:15,200
Caught a glimpse of a neat stack
of documents on the desk. 

2398
02:16:15,900 --> 02:16:19,900
Wandering if those silent Pages 
summarized nicias life. without 

2399
02:16:19,900 --> 02:16:24,100
Preamble saturnine, a Spoke I've
reviewed the materials and 

2400
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:26,300
considered your arguments by all
accounts. 

2401
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:32,000
This nisia is intellectually 
curious, not openly seditious A 

2402
02:16:32,000 --> 02:16:34,400
really a clutch, the edge of her
cloak struggling to remain 

2403
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:37,900
composed. 
However, saturninus continued 

2404
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:41,200
The presence of anti-imperial 
rhetoric in her possession, 

2405
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:45,900
cannot be dismissed, the Empire 
stands on uncertain ground, any 

2406
02:16:45,900 --> 02:16:48,000
perceived challenge to its 
Divine Authority. 

2407
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:53,100
Risks igniting greater Discord 
Attempt silence, followed Tulia,

2408
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:56,000
inclined her head. 
We understand the Peril yet. 

2409
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:58,400
We maintain the curiosity is not
conspiracy. 

2410
02:16:59,400 --> 02:17:01,799
Saturnine is tapped a finger on 
the scroll before him. 

2411
02:17:02,700 --> 02:17:06,600
I mean, to believe your friend 
poses, no immediate threat under

2412
02:17:06,600 --> 02:17:09,900
ordinary circumstances, I might 
recommend her release with a 

2413
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:12,500
warning. 
He sighed sounding 

2414
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:16,100
uncharacteristically weary and 
these are not ordinary times. 

2415
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:19,600
The provinces Grumble, the 
legions grow restless and 

2416
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:21,700
paranoia seeps from the highest 
ranks. 

2417
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:24,400
A really felt her Hope's waiver 
her. 

2418
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:26,700
Is there truly no room for 
Clemente? 

2419
02:17:26,700 --> 02:17:31,799
She asked voice trembling 
Saturnina studied her then spoke

2420
02:17:31,799 --> 02:17:34,600
slowly. 
I can arrange for niches 

2421
02:17:34,600 --> 02:17:38,000
transfer into a supervised. 
Residence, house arrest 

2422
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:40,500
essentially under two 
conditions. 

2423
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:44,200
First, she must renounce any 
texts that question Rome 

2424
02:17:44,200 --> 02:17:47,000
sanctity. 
Second, someone must vouch for 

2425
02:17:47,000 --> 02:17:48,400
her continued. 
Good Conduct. 

2426
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:53,000
Tulia glanced Aurelia relief 
mixing with apprehension. 

2427
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,100
We will gladly vouch for her 
tolia said. 

2428
02:17:56,799 --> 02:17:59,900
Saturninus leaned forward voice 
dropping low. 

2429
02:18:00,600 --> 02:18:03,400
Be aware. 
If anything else incriminating 

2430
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:07,799
surfaces your family's name will
be forfeit, alongside hers. 

2431
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:11,799
He let the warning hang in the 
stale air, Aurelius chest 

2432
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,600
tightened, but she would not 
abandonia now, Tulia spoke with 

2433
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:19,600
forced calm, we accept the 
responsibility, he gave a Curt 

2434
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:21,799
nod and scribbled instructions 
on a small tablet. 

2435
02:18:21,799 --> 02:18:25,200
I'll expedite the transfer 
expect to be notified when she 

2436
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:29,500
arrives under guard with that. 
He dismissed them Aurelia 

2437
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:31,500
managed to murmur thanks, 
though. 

2438
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:35,500
Her pulse hammered in her ears. 
Once outside Tulia, squeezed her

2439
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:38,900
hand, we did it. 
She whispered a really took a 

2440
02:18:38,900 --> 02:18:42,000
deep breath in relief. 
They hadn't truly won but at 

2441
02:18:42,008 --> 02:18:45,500
least Nasir was spared a grim 
fate in Hidden cells days 

2442
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:47,500
passed. 
Each one stretching with 

2443
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:52,400
agonizing slowly and Tulia 
prepared, a modest chamber and 

2444
02:18:52,400 --> 02:18:54,900
anticipating the sea as arrival 
in guarded custody. 

2445
02:18:55,600 --> 02:18:59,100
Markers wrestled with anxiety is
placing a cross, the atrium at 

2446
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:01,600
odd hours. 
We've taken a wrist if the 

2447
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:04,200
climate worse and we could face 
the guards Wrath. 

2448
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:07,600
The really recognize the danger,
but clung to the thought of 

2449
02:19:07,600 --> 02:19:10,700
reuniting. 
With her friend, finally, on a 

2450
02:19:10,700 --> 02:19:13,200
bright afternoon, the clang of 
iron at the Villas gate 

2451
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:16,100
signaled, the guards presence 
Aurelia, rushed to the entry 

2452
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:18,799
finding two Stern. 
Soldiers, flanking a figure 

2453
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:22,100
whose wrists were Bound by a 
simple leather strap necia 

2454
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:25,200
looked thinner, her eyes 
shadowed with fatigue yet. 

2455
02:19:25,200 --> 02:19:28,500
When she recognized Orelia a 
flicker of relief, litter 

2456
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,700
features, the lead guard stated 
that nishio was now under house 

2457
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:36,200
arrest, pending further a 
review. any attempt to escape or

2458
02:19:36,200 --> 02:19:39,500
spread subversive, materials 
will void the arrangement, he 

2459
02:19:39,500 --> 02:19:43,700
warned Once the soldiers left or
Aliya died in issue inside 

2460
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,299
Tulia, hurried forward with 
water and fruit. 

2461
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:50,200
Her voice, gentle tears. 
Sean initials eyes though, she 

2462
02:19:50,208 --> 02:19:52,800
tried to maintain composure. 
Thank you. 

2463
02:19:52,800 --> 02:19:56,000
She asked, I didn't think I 
wasn't sure. 

2464
02:19:56,000 --> 02:20:00,100
I would ever leave that place. 
Aurelia fought back, her own 

2465
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:02,500
tears. 
Certain that the moment demanded

2466
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,800
steadiness. 
Your safe here a safe. 

2467
02:20:05,800 --> 02:20:10,200
As any of us can be she replied.
She over the next hour, 

2468
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:12,800
recounted her ordeal in halting 
tones. 

2469
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:16,200
She had been integrated 
repeatedly pressed to name 

2470
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:18,800
others who shared her. 
Dangerous viewpoints. 

2471
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:23,500
She insisted, she had none to 
name A really felt a swell of 

2472
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,200
admiration. 
Nieces loyalty to the truth that

2473
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:29,500
outweighed, her fear yet, the 
cost was evident in every 

2474
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:33,700
exhausted breath. 
She took as dusk settled, Tully,

2475
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:36,500
insisted that Nicha, rest 
Aurelia, remained by her, 

2476
02:20:36,500 --> 02:20:39,500
bedside grappling, with an odd, 
blend of elation and worry. 

2477
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:42,600
Though freed from the dungeon 
nisia. 

2478
02:20:42,600 --> 02:20:45,600
Now lived under Perpetual 
threat, the looming presence of 

2479
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:48,800
the God was real one misstep. 
Could hurl them all into ruin. 

2480
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:52,000
We must be careful. 
A really said her voice 

2481
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:54,800
trembling. 
House arrest is a precarious, 

2482
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:58,300
Mercy. 
Nisia nodded wincing at some 

2483
02:20:58,300 --> 02:20:59,200
unseen. 
Brews. 

2484
02:21:00,000 --> 02:21:02,900
I won't give them a reason to 
lock me away again, but I can't 

2485
02:21:02,900 --> 02:21:05,400
lie. 
I still believe what I believe. 

2486
02:21:07,000 --> 02:21:09,700
A really reached for her 
friend's hand, heart, pounding 

2487
02:21:09,700 --> 02:21:12,700
with the realization that this 
fragile bite might be the 

2488
02:21:12,708 --> 02:21:16,200
closest thing to Victory. 
They would find for now, at 

2489
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:19,600
least he had rested necia from 
the Empire's deeper Shadows. 

2490
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:23,200
Tomorrow would bring fresh 
challenges, niches presents in 

2491
02:21:23,208 --> 02:21:26,600
the Villa introduced both Hope 
and New Peril day by day. 

2492
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:30,500
She regained strength, although 
she remained pale and Silent at 

2493
02:21:30,508 --> 02:21:33,400
times. 
Aurelia noticed, how nisia 

2494
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:36,600
jumped at minor sounds as though
it expecting the guard to burst 

2495
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:39,700
in at any moment? 
House arrest meant the Empire 

2496
02:21:39,700 --> 02:21:42,600
still held on a leash ready to 
yank tight? 

2497
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:46,700
If any hint of forbidden inquiry
resurfaced Talia took pains to 

2498
02:21:46,708 --> 02:21:48,300
comply with the guard 
stipulations. 

2499
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:52,400
She dismissed most servants to 
avoid rumors, limiting Outsiders

2500
02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:53,900
knowledge of Niecy as 
whereabouts. 

2501
02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:57,500
Family acquaintances who came 
calling were informed that the 

2502
02:21:57,500 --> 02:21:59,600
household required privacy due 
to an illness. 

2503
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:02,500
Marcus withdrew further into his
study. 

2504
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:04,900
Wary of inadvertently drawing 
attention. 

2505
02:22:05,700 --> 02:22:08,900
Meanwhile Aurelia felt herself 
teetering, between relief and 

2506
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:11,200
anxiety, free issue was to 
wander. 

2507
02:22:11,200 --> 02:22:14,100
She knew that one slip of the 
tongue could bring disaster 

2508
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,800
crashing down as necia 
recovered, they spoke in hushed 

2509
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:21,200
tones about her prison or deal. 
Guards had demanded names, 

2510
02:22:21,200 --> 02:22:25,200
twisting every conversation into
a potential confession. they 

2511
02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:30,100
wanted me to admit a conspiracy 
said, voice, strained that I had

2512
02:22:30,100 --> 02:22:34,400
none to give A really a bit her 
lip recalling. 

2513
02:22:34,400 --> 02:22:37,100
How dangerously close Rome was 
paranoia had come to 

2514
02:22:37,100 --> 02:22:41,500
extinguishing her friend's life.
That same, paranoia still loomed

2515
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:45,000
ready to stifle any criticisms 
of Imperial might. 

2516
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:50,000
One after noon Julian formed or 
really of that Lucius Cassius 

2517
02:22:50,000 --> 02:22:52,700
longinus had invited them to a 
private supper. 

2518
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:56,200
He wished to discuss a path to 
concluding this year's case 

2519
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:59,300
permanently, ideally, by 
persuading the authorities to 

2520
02:22:59,308 --> 02:23:02,200
close the file. 
He believes that with the right 

2521
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:05,000
approach, we might seal this 
matter, totally explained. 

2522
02:23:05,900 --> 02:23:11,200
No more indefinite, limbo. 
aurelia's heart lifted though 

2523
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:14,900
she feared illusions of finality
She had learned that in Rome 

2524
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:19,200
Solutions were often temporary 
compromised by hidden agendas. 

2525
02:23:20,700 --> 02:23:23,400
They left nicer in Marcus's 
care, and traveled to Lucius 

2526
02:23:23,400 --> 02:23:28,300
Villa, undercover of dusk. 
Soft lamp light glowed in The 

2527
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:32,800
Colonnade where he waited a 
discreet of bread, Olive and 

2528
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:36,600
watered wine laid out. 
After greeting them Lucius Dove 

2529
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:39,700
straight into the matter. 
Saturn is Arrangement, is 

2530
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:42,500
conditional. 
We must convince the Imperial 

2531
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:45,600
counselors that your friend is 
no longer a subject of concern. 

2532
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:49,200
He paused choosing his words. 
A formal statement. 

2533
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:52,400
Disavowing any anti-imperial 
Notions might suffice. 

2534
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,500
A really attempts to new. 
Nissi has stance on the Empire's

2535
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,600
Divinity, wooden change yet 
Tulia ever. 

2536
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:03,000
Pragmatic asked if the statement
could be phrased to avoid direct

2537
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:07,000
falsehood, Lucius nodded. 
We can craft something that 

2538
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:10,200
emphasizes loyalty to Rome 
stability without forcing her to

2539
02:24:10,200 --> 02:24:12,600
recant. 
Every idea she's ever held. 

2540
02:24:13,500 --> 02:24:17,400
Still a really a sense. 
The moral quandary necia would 

2541
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:20,100
essentially have to tiptoe 
around her beliefs to survive. 

2542
02:24:21,000 --> 02:24:25,000
They agreed that Tulio would 
draft a declaration referencing 

2543
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:28,400
how house arrested clarified. 
Niches respect for Roman law. 

2544
02:24:29,400 --> 02:24:32,400
The next day, a really 
represented the idea to nisia 

2545
02:24:32,400 --> 02:24:35,500
bracing for conflict to her 
relief nisia. 

2546
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:38,500
Gave a weary nod. 
I won't lie about my conviction,

2547
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:41,500
but if there's a form of words 
that satisfies them without 

2548
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:43,600
trampling the truth. 
Let's try. 

2549
02:24:43,600 --> 02:24:49,300
I can't return to that sell 
Within two days, they produced a

2550
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:52,200
carefully. 
Honed statement Aurelia, wrote 

2551
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,700
it by hand, ensuring each Clause
under scored compliance with 

2552
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:58,900
Rome's order, while refraining 
from claims that the emperor was

2553
02:24:58,900 --> 02:25:02,900
divine, Tulia smoothed out 
phrases, injecting enough 

2554
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:06,200
deference to placate, 
suspicious, officials, nicer, 

2555
02:25:06,200 --> 02:25:08,500
approved. 
There were alien noticed her 

2556
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:10,000
fingers, trembling as she 
scrolled. 

2557
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,000
Her name at the bottom, Let's 
hope the city's thirst for 

2558
02:25:13,000 --> 02:25:15,100
scapegoats as momentarily 
quenched. 

2559
02:25:15,100 --> 02:25:17,700
She murmured. 
The Courier delivered the 

2560
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:21,000
statement to Saturn ionis and a 
fraught silence followed, 

2561
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:24,600
meanwhile chapter in The Forum, 
hinted that Rome's, political 

2562
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:28,300
storms continued unabated, a 
rebellious governor in the East 

2563
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:30,900
caused unrest. 
A string of questionable 

2564
02:25:30,900 --> 02:25:35,600
executions rattled, the populace
against that backdrop, nice as 

2565
02:25:35,600 --> 02:25:39,600
predicament could easily vanish 
overshadowed by larger crises 

2566
02:25:39,600 --> 02:25:43,300
Aurelia felt a guilty relief 
that perhaps anonymity might 

2567
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:47,100
Shield them. 
One late afternoon, the Fateful 

2568
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:51,000
reply arrived, a letter sealed 
with the imprint of cetinas 

2569
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:53,900
declared that upon due 
consideration and demonstration 

2570
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:56,100
of loyalty, the matter is 
resolved. 

2571
02:25:57,000 --> 02:26:00,100
Nasir was released from official
custody provided. 

2572
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,000
She remained within City bounds 
and avoided any subversive 

2573
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:05,400
gatherings. 
Aurelius knees. 

2574
02:26:05,400 --> 02:26:07,100
Nearly buckled with relief as 
Tulia. 

2575
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:10,900
Read the words aloud, Though the
stipulations lingered, at least 

2576
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:14,600
the threat of renewed arrested, 
subsided, that evening, The 

2577
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:18,200
Villa filled with subdued Joy, 
necia Tears. 

2578
02:26:18,200 --> 02:26:21,800
In Her Eyes embraced, Tully and 
Marcus thanking them for risking

2579
02:26:21,800 --> 02:26:26,000
so much on her behalf Aurelia. 
Overwhelmed pulled her friend 

2580
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:30,100
aside We did it. 
She said, Softly, You're free 

2581
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:33,100
needs your nodded yet. 
Her expression was tinged with 

2582
02:26:33,100 --> 02:26:37,800
sadness. free enough, perhaps 
but the Empire's fear remains 

2583
02:26:38,700 --> 02:26:43,000
Aurelia understood Romans might 
still loomed and countless 

2584
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:47,100
others languished in cells for 
lesser doubts. when Dawn broke 

2585
02:26:47,100 --> 02:26:52,000
Aurelia, stood in the atrium 
gazing at the Mosaic floor, She 

2586
02:26:52,000 --> 02:26:54,900
recalled how she once believed, 
Rome's grand jury resided in 

2587
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:58,200
unwavering ideals. 
Now, she saw that Splendor was 

2588
02:26:58,200 --> 02:27:01,300
fragile maintained through 
half-true, the subtle, 

2589
02:27:01,300 --> 02:27:03,800
negotiations, and a Readiness to
crush dissent. 

2590
02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:07,900
Still, she fell to spark of 
optimism and saving these here. 

2591
02:27:07,908 --> 02:27:10,800
They had proven that compassion 
could pierce the Empire's armor 

2592
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:14,500
at least for a moment. 
Stepping outside a really 

2593
02:27:14,508 --> 02:27:17,000
inhaled the cool air and 
resolved to keep her eyes open 

2594
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:19,900
to document. 
Not just the marble triumphs. 

2595
02:27:19,900 --> 02:27:23,000
But also the hidden struggles. 
That shape Rome from within 

2596
02:27:29,200 --> 02:27:31,500
Nicholas Tesla's. 
Boyhood in the small village of 

2597
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,900
smelly, an nestled in the rural 
reaches of the Austrian Empire. 

2598
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:38,200
Now Croatia was as far removed 
from the noise of modern 

2599
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:39,600
Contraptions as one might 
imagine. 

2600
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:44,000
It even amid this pastoral 
backdrop Tesla found ways to 

2601
02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:48,600
indulge his curiosity. 
His father milutin was an 

2602
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,000
orthodox priest of an occupied 
by religious duties, but he also

2603
02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:55,100
possessed a serious Library 
where young Nicholas snuck away 

2604
02:27:55,100 --> 02:27:57,800
to read. 
In fact, Tesla frequently, 

2605
02:27:57,800 --> 02:28:01,000
credited, these secretive 
Explorations for sparking, his 

2606
02:28:01,000 --> 02:28:05,400
fascination with science. 
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 

2607
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:07,900
resourceful and gifted woman 
crafted household tools, with 

2608
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:10,300
her hands, granting Tesla 
first-hand. 

2609
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:13,700
Look at the interplay between 
imagination and utility. 

2610
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:18,100
One story that rarely gets 
retold overshadowed perhaps by 

2611
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,500
Granda, anecdotes involved a 
small wooden water wheel. 

2612
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:25,400
He built at age 9 determined to 
harness the Turning stream that 

2613
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:28,800
ran behind his home. 
Tesla carved, rough paddles from

2614
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:32,300
scavenge Driftwood, an 
improvised, an axle from a 

2615
02:28:32,300 --> 02:28:35,200
broken carpart. 
While the contrivance was crude,

2616
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:39,800
it worked sort of its spotted 
and jammed more often than its 

2617
02:28:39,800 --> 02:28:42,700
fun, but this half success 
taught him, the power of 

2618
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:47,000
redirecting Natural Forces even 
as a child he recognized that 

2619
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:50,200
nature has tremendous energy 
just waiting to be tapped. 

2620
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:53,600
It was also during these early 
years, that Tesla started 

2621
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,600
experiencing a cute 
visualizations later. 

2622
02:28:56,600 --> 02:29:00,000
He described how bright flashes 
before his eyes would conjure 

2623
02:29:00,000 --> 02:29:02,300
Vivid images of objects. 
He hadn't even witnessed before 

2624
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:06,600
this phenomenon, which he called
his mind's eye sometimes 

2625
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:09,800
unsettled people around him, but
it had a silver lining. 

2626
02:29:09,800 --> 02:29:12,600
Whenever an idea flickered 
through his Consciousness. 

2627
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:16,900
He could examine its details in 
these mental pictures rotating 

2628
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:19,200
and refining them before he ever
set pen to paper. 

2629
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:23,300
This unique ability often 
minimized in popular accounts 

2630
02:29:23,300 --> 02:29:27,300
shaped his inventive process. 
Of course, not all was idyllic 

2631
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:31,400
as a Schoolboy, Tesla, nursed, 
or rebellious streak and loathed

2632
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:34,500
wrote memorization. 
His teacher wants, scolded him 

2633
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,600
for insisting that the Earth was
a giant magnet telling, the 

2634
02:29:37,600 --> 02:29:40,300
class that Tesla was letting his
imagination run wild. 

2635
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:43,900
The teacher was unaware of how 
close Tesla was to the truth, 

2636
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:47,300
nor how that minor humiliation 
inspired him to study, magnetism

2637
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:50,100
more thoroughly. 
Some say the seeds of his 

2638
02:29:50,100 --> 02:29:53,600
future. 
AC motor began here in the 

2639
02:29:53,600 --> 02:29:57,400
tension between Authority and 
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 

2640
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,900
and spare moments. 
The young Tesla found 

2641
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:04,000
camaraderie with friends who 
joined in his experiments like 

2642
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:06,500
building. 
Hand cranked contractions were 

2643
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:09,300
trying to talk through Tin Can 
telephones yet. 

2644
02:30:09,300 --> 02:30:13,200
If a Contraption failure 
vanished into introspection 

2645
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:16,200
Recalculating every step in his 
mind. 

2646
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:20,600
In those hours, no one could pry
him away from his Reflections. 

2647
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:23,800
It was as if he was lost in that
luminous in a workshop. 

2648
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:26,800
Despite bouts of quiet 
withdrawal. 

2649
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:28,700
Tesla still lived in a 
household. 

2650
02:30:28,700 --> 02:30:32,200
That valued performance. 
Specially rhetorical Flair. 

2651
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:35,600
His father believed in the power
of eloquence and would often 

2652
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:39,300
deliver stirring orations. 
Perhaps this is how Tesla 

2653
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:43,300
learned to present radical ideas
with poisons from his mother. 

2654
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:47,000
The virtue of patient tinkering 
an aspect overshadowed by 

2655
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:49,800
stories of His Brilliant. 
Flashes of insight though, 

2656
02:30:49,800 --> 02:30:53,200
untrained formerly Duke is 
improvisational skills. 

2657
02:30:53,200 --> 02:30:55,700
Showed him that great inventions
need not come from Grand. 

2658
02:30:55,700 --> 02:30:59,000
Laboratories they could begin at
a humble table or by the 

2659
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:01,700
Riverside as long as one had the
drive to see them through. 

2660
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:05,000
By the time he reached out 
lessons test Tesla had devoured 

2661
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:07,000
nearly every science book in his
father's Library. 

2662
02:31:07,000 --> 02:31:10,900
He immersed himself in 
electricity magnetism and 

2663
02:31:10,900 --> 02:31:13,700
mechanical wonders. 
His Fascination growing with 

2664
02:31:13,700 --> 02:31:17,900
each page late at night, when 
the household slept, and a 

2665
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:20,900
single kerosene lamp. 
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 

2666
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:24,000
mold over New Concepts, making 
mental notes on how to apply 

2667
02:31:24,000 --> 02:31:27,000
them. 
He never just read he scouted 

2668
02:31:27,000 --> 02:31:30,000
for Clues. 
Each bit of knowledge layering 

2669
02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:33,900
onto his mental designs. 
These experiences and smell Jan 

2670
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:37,200
formed the Bedrock of a lifetime
of invention while the world 

2671
02:31:37,200 --> 02:31:40,200
would one day witness Teslas 
theatrical experiments and 

2672
02:31:40,208 --> 02:31:44,100
transformative, discoveries. 
It All Began beside a murmuring 

2673
02:31:44,100 --> 02:31:47,800
Creek and within the hush of a 
modest Library there free from 

2674
02:31:47,800 --> 02:31:52,500
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 
value of curiosity, observation 

2675
02:31:52,500 --> 02:31:56,300
and sustained, determination. 
It was in this unassuming 

2676
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:59,800
domain, where wooden water 
wheels sputtered and a boy's 

2677
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:03,000
imagination soared that the 
seeds of an extraordinary 

2678
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:05,900
Destiny. 
First took Route, perhaps most 

2679
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:09,400
telling these formative years, 
cemented in Tesla, a lifelong 

2680
02:32:09,400 --> 02:32:12,700
pattern of introspection and 
experimentation the young 

2681
02:32:12,700 --> 02:32:16,400
inventor, not only absorbed 
nollege, he reinvented it in his

2682
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:20,800
imagination for him. 
Smilin was not a Backwater, it 

2683
02:32:20,800 --> 02:32:23,300
was a secluded incubator for 
unexplored possibilities. 

2684
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:28,000
Tesla's departure from home was 
spurred by academic Pursuits 

2685
02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:31,700
that beckoned him to larger 
Arenas, eventually Landing him 

2686
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:33,500
at the Austrian Polytechnic in 
grounds. 

2687
02:32:34,200 --> 02:32:37,700
The environment there, demanded 
rigor, which suited Tesla's 

2688
02:32:37,700 --> 02:32:40,900
capacity for total immersion? 
He sank his teeth into 

2689
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,000
mathematics physics and 
mechanics with a feverish 

2690
02:32:44,000 --> 02:32:47,500
intensity professors noted, his 
uncanny ability to answer 

2691
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:50,300
complex theoretical questions 
without referencing textbooks. 

2692
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:54,500
A result of his extraordinary 
mental visualization, However, 

2693
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:58,400
the spark that truly lit. 
His imagination was the direct 

2694
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:02,400
current DC electrical Machinery.
In the school's Labs 

2695
02:33:02,400 --> 02:33:06,300
conventional wisdom suggested DC
was the future of power. 

2696
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:09,300
But Tesla found its 
inefficiencies, maddening 

2697
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:13,300
observing, how DC motors 
generated Sparks and wasted 

2698
02:33:13,300 --> 02:33:15,700
energy. 
He questioned how nobody noticed

2699
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,400
a better pathway when one 
Professor pronounced that 

2700
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:22,400
harnessing alternating current 
AC at scale was an 

2701
02:33:22,400 --> 02:33:24,600
impossibility. 
Tesla resisted, the urge to 

2702
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:27,900
argue instead, he spent late 
nights in his boarding room 

2703
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:31,800
sketching out rotating magnetic 
fields in his head if he does 

2704
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:34,000
off at all. 
It was with diagrams dancing 

2705
02:33:34,000 --> 02:33:37,900
across his eyelids despite his 
academic prowess, Tesla 

2706
02:33:37,900 --> 02:33:41,900
stinting, grass did not end 
smoothly exhaustion and perhaps 

2707
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:45,100
an underlying rebellious streak 
contributed to friction with 

2708
02:33:45,100 --> 02:33:48,700
University administrators. 
He wants Rigdon experiment to 

2709
02:33:48,700 --> 02:33:51,800
demonstrate a refined method for
measuring electric resistance. 

2710
02:33:52,700 --> 02:33:55,300
When the apparatus 
short-circuited Tesla found 

2711
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:58,300
himself facing the wrath of a 
professor, outraged by 

2712
02:33:58,300 --> 02:34:02,900
unorthodox experimentation. 
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 

2713
02:34:02,900 --> 02:34:05,200
out leaving conventional 
Academia behind. 

2714
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:10,400
From grads, Tesla moved to other
opportunities, including a brief

2715
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:12,200
and often overlooked period in 
Marburg. 

2716
02:34:12,200 --> 02:34:15,800
Now maribor Slovenia there, a 
shadow seemed to fall over him 

2717
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,500
separated from the camera of 
classmates. 

2718
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:22,900
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 
without structured lab access 

2719
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:26,100
Tesla turned to solitary 
experiments tinkering with 

2720
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:29,800
leftover scraps of metal and 
wire yet the glue of isolation 

2721
02:34:29,800 --> 02:34:33,500
ordered him and he eventually 
returned home for a spell, his 

2722
02:34:33,500 --> 02:34:35,900
confidence rattled but not 
shattered. 

2723
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:40,100
It was in Budapest or working at
The Budapest telephone exchange.

2724
02:34:40,100 --> 02:34:42,100
The Tesla began to regain his 
footing. 

2725
02:34:42,100 --> 02:34:45,700
In that frenetic workspace, he 
was tasked with a proving the 

2726
02:34:45,700 --> 02:34:47,300
nascent telephone systems 
design. 

2727
02:34:48,300 --> 02:34:51,700
One less circulated story 
details, how Tesla, once 

2728
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:55,000
clambered onto a rooftop to 
adjust overhead lines, the 

2729
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:57,800
lightning flashes, giving him 
new ideas about high frequency, 

2730
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:01,300
current colleagues regarded him 
as eccentric, competent 

2731
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:04,000
crucially. 
It was during a routine walk 

2732
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:07,000
through Budapest city park that 
the notion of the rotating 

2733
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:09,200
magnetic field crystallized in 
his mind. 

2734
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:13,200
Inspired by a poem. 
He recited aloud Tesla. 

2735
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:16,400
Abruptly stopped drew a stick 
from the ground and began 

2736
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:18,700
tracing swirling diagrams in the
dirt. 

2737
02:35:19,400 --> 02:35:22,100
He explained to His companion. 
How two or more alternating 

2738
02:35:22,100 --> 02:35:25,900
currents out of phase, could 
induce a rotating field capable 

2739
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:28,400
of spinning a motor that Eureka 
moment. 

2740
02:35:28,400 --> 02:35:30,300
Set the course for his next 
inventions. 

2741
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,600
It was an unveiling of practical
AC Concepts in the most 

2742
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:38,100
unassuming of settings Far From 
Any official laboratory shortly.

2743
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:41,200
After Tesla found himself with 
an opportunity in Paris working 

2744
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:42,800
for the Continental Edison 
Company. 

2745
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:45,900
His tasks involved 
troubleshooting installations of

2746
02:35:45,908 --> 02:35:49,800
Edison's DC Systems, the very 
technology that had vexed. 

2747
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:53,300
Him back at grabs even. 
So the job introduced him to 

2748
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,600
real-world engineering 
challenges from power outages to

2749
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:00,600
generate a malfunctions by day 
Tesla, tackled these issues 

2750
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:02,800
becoming something of a 
specialist in diagnosing, 

2751
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:07,100
electrical breakdowns by night. 
He refined sketches of his AC 

2752
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:10,200
motor desperately wishing for 
the chance to build a prototype.

2753
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:13,600
the interplay between The Daily 
Grind of DC, Hardware 

2754
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:16,700
maintenance, and the nightly 
pursuit of AC in Innovation, 

2755
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:21,000
lent Tesla's, life are peculiar 
Duality, an unresolved tension 

2756
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:23,900
between the present and what he 
believed the future should be 

2757
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:26,900
well, though, overshadowed by 
the high drama of late Year's 

2758
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,200
These formative experiences 
taught Tesla resilience, he 

2759
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:34,500
learned how to negotiate limited
resources, how to observe the 

2760
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:36,700
smallest anomalies in mechanical
performance. 

2761
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:40,600
And how to coax Visions from his
mind into workable sketches. 

2762
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:45,000
more importantly, his confidence
in the feasibility of AC power 

2763
02:36:45,000 --> 02:36:48,800
solidified, even as he undertook
the tedium of dc-based 

2764
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:52,100
assignments, The world around 
him might have regarded a sea as

2765
02:36:52,100 --> 02:36:54,200
a flight of fancy. 
But in his eyes it was the 

2766
02:36:54,200 --> 02:36:57,100
rightful heir to the electrical 
Throne waiting for its moment to

2767
02:36:57,100 --> 02:37:00,200
shine. 
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 

2768
02:37:00,200 --> 02:37:05,100
United States in 1884 has often 
been romanticized yet, a host of

2769
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:07,500
lesson, known details in Rich 
that narrative. 

2770
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:11,000
He arrived in New York, with 
next to nothing carrying a 

2771
02:37:11,000 --> 02:37:13,100
letter of introduction to 
Thomas, Edison from his former 

2772
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:16,200
employer in Paris. 
The letter supposedly claimed 

2773
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:18,100
Tesla was an exceptional 
engineer. 

2774
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:20,900
Who would produce one does in 
popular? 

2775
02:37:20,900 --> 02:37:26,000
Italian counter frames Tesla and
Edison has instant Rivals but in

2776
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:30,400
truth their relationship began 
with cautious respect Edison 

2777
02:37:30,400 --> 02:37:33,800
recognized Tesla's competence 
right away and put him to work 

2778
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:36,400
on projects, deemed to intricate
or menial for others. 

2779
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:39,300
There's a story one, not widely 
circulated. 

2780
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:42,200
The Tesla fixed affective ship 
board lighting system. 

2781
02:37:43,100 --> 02:37:45,500
Saving Edison's company from 
contract penalties. 

2782
02:37:46,300 --> 02:37:47,900
Tesla. 
Never used it as Leverage. 

2783
02:37:48,600 --> 02:37:53,000
Still Edison noticed intrigued 
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 

2784
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:58,000
He assigned him to redesign DC, 
generators Tesla toiled day. 

2785
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:00,500
And night, confident, his 
improvements would prove their 

2786
02:38:00,500 --> 02:38:03,600
worth and they did. 
But when he sought remuneration 

2787
02:38:03,600 --> 02:38:07,300
misunderstandings piled up, it 
wasn't a single dispute. 

2788
02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:11,700
Over a massive bonus, more, a 
pattern of unkept promises and 

2789
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:15,800
blurred expectations. 
By early 1885, the veneer of 

2790
02:38:15,800 --> 02:38:19,300
cordiality of evaporated and 
Tesla left Edison's employee. 

2791
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:22,300
That was the Genesis of a 
rivalry later. 

2792
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:26,300
Amplified by newspapers driven 
more by conflicting Technologies

2793
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:30,000
than personal hatred, Financial 
troubles Bessette test Tesla 

2794
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:33,000
almost immediately with fewer 
acquaintances in New York. 

2795
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:35,500
He found himself digging ditches
for two dollars a day. 

2796
02:38:35,508 --> 02:38:40,100
It might have been that physical
labor under a harsh Sun, that 

2797
02:38:40,100 --> 02:38:43,000
sharpened his resolve. 
He told a friend that while his 

2798
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:45,800
body dug ditches his mind was 
Far Away. 

2799
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:48,300
Disrupt describing a elliptical 
arcs of thought. 

2800
02:38:49,300 --> 02:38:51,100
Where some might have fallen 
into despair. 

2801
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:54,400
Tesla saw an interval to refine 
his intended path. 

2802
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:58,100
That path led to the formation 
of Tesla electric light and 

2803
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:00,600
Manufacturing. 
His first entrepreneurial 

2804
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:04,500
venture in America, he secured 
backers, who at first promised 

2805
02:39:04,500 --> 02:39:07,400
to let him develop Arc Lighting 
systems and eventually his 

2806
02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:10,700
prized AC Motors. 
However, once Tesla delivered an

2807
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:13,600
efficient Arc lighting solution,
those investors showed no 

2808
02:39:13,600 --> 02:39:18,300
interest in AC Capitol wanted 
quick returns not imaginative 

2809
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:21,100
leaps. 
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 

2810
02:39:21,100 --> 02:39:24,600
pushed out to the very company 
bearing, his name This episode 

2811
02:39:24,600 --> 02:39:27,200
left him, wary of business 
Partnerships and taught him. 

2812
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:30,000
That investors valued immediate 
profit over long-term Vision 

2813
02:39:30,000 --> 02:39:33,900
undeterred, Tesla began to 
demonstrate his, a sea motor 

2814
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:35,800
Concept in small lecture halls 
around the city. 

2815
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:38,700
One venue. 
The back room of a modest 

2816
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,700
Manhattan building had an 
audience of barely 20 people. 

2817
02:39:42,600 --> 02:39:46,000
But among them was Alfred s 
Browne, a Western Union 

2818
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,400
superintendent, who recognized 
Tesla's potential another 

2819
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:52,100
backer. 
Charles Peck also attended, 

2820
02:39:52,900 --> 02:39:55,800
Together, they formed a 
partnership with Tesla pledging 

2821
02:39:55,800 --> 02:39:59,900
to support his AC technology. 
These unglamorous sessions laid 

2822
02:39:59,900 --> 02:40:02,100
vital groundwork for Tesla's 
next breakthrough. 

2823
02:40:02,100 --> 02:40:06,300
Soon with Newfound supporters, 
Tesla established a laboratory 

2824
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:10,800
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 
Amid coils of wire and 

2825
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,300
improvised setups you tinkered. 
Relentlessly. 

2826
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:15,900
The space was cramped but 
offered freedom. 

2827
02:40:16,600 --> 02:40:19,300
He constructed prototypes of the
polyphase, AC motor 

2828
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:22,700
painstakingly refining them 
until they could run smoothly 

2829
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:25,300
under load. 
Maintaining a consistent 

2830
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:28,700
rotating, magnetic field, was 
one challenge, ensuring it 

2831
02:40:28,708 --> 02:40:30,400
didn't damage the apparatus over
time. 

2832
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:35,300
Was another Tesla, tackled each 
obstacle systematically relying 

2833
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:39,400
on mental simulations before any
real world tests one anecdote 

2834
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:41,600
from this period. 
Recounts Tesla experimenting 

2835
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:44,600
with high speed turbines that 
let out unnerving wines. 

2836
02:40:45,400 --> 02:40:48,800
Passes by grew where he 
prompting multiple visits from 

2837
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:51,700
the local fire brigade, after 
neighbors, complained of Sparks.

2838
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:56,200
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 
would apologize earnestly. 

2839
02:40:56,200 --> 02:40:58,700
Then resumed his adjustments. 
The moment they left. 

2840
02:40:59,600 --> 02:41:02,700
Such episodes highlighted his 
tendency to live almost entirely

2841
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:06,200
in his realm of ideas, paying 
little heed to outside alarm. 

2842
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:09,500
While public fascination with 
the electricity, was on the rise

2843
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:11,800
spurred by the novelty of 
electric lights. 

2844
02:41:11,800 --> 02:41:15,300
Most industrialists, still 
viewed a sea with caution. 

2845
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:19,300
Tesla's goal was not simply to 
make a sea Motors feasible, but 

2846
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:21,900
to persuade key players that 
this technology was reliable 

2847
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,900
safe and profitable. 
Each small success in his lab 

2848
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:28,600
bolstered. 
His resolve inching him closer 

2849
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:32,000
to a grand future shaped by 
alternating current truly 

2850
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:36,300
Unstoppable. 
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 

2851
02:41:36,300 --> 02:41:39,700
unveil his AC motor to the world
and the venue was the American 

2852
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:41,300
Institute of electrical 
engineers. 

2853
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:45,400
While typical accounts highlight
the significance of this event. 

2854
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:48,400
If you explore the hushed. 
Excitement that filled that 

2855
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:52,000
lecture hall attendees included,
professors journalists and 

2856
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:56,200
Industrial Titans all abuzz with
talk of a new era in electrical 

2857
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:58,700
distribution. 
Some were openly skeptical 

2858
02:41:58,700 --> 02:42:01,400
others arrived hoping to witness
the demise of what they 

2859
02:42:01,400 --> 02:42:05,400
considered an Impossible Dream. 
Tesla walked onto the stage with

2860
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:08,600
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 
motor and discussing its 

2861
02:42:08,600 --> 02:42:10,600
principles with methodical 
precision. 

2862
02:42:11,300 --> 02:42:14,300
Crucial in the audience, sat 
George Westinghouse who had 

2863
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:16,200
embraced AC for power 
transmission. 

2864
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:20,400
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and
the elegance and play of his 

2865
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:23,300
motor Westinghouse. 
Quickly reached out in 

2866
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:25,900
negotiations. 
He purchased Tesla's patents for

2867
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:28,900
a substantial sum and promised 
royalties for every horse power 

2868
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:32,400
generated by his invention. 
While mainstream retellings, 

2869
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:34,800
mention the deal. 
The Nuance of their discussion's

2870
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:38,700
shaped by Tesla's vision for 
future expansion of AC off often

2871
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:42,500
remains overlooked With 
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 

2872
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:45,600
moved into a well-resourced 
facility in Pittsburgh to refine

2873
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:47,200
his designs for commercial 
production. 

2874
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:50,900
The cultural shift from his 
Liberty Street lab to an 

2875
02:42:50,900 --> 02:42:54,600
industrial setting was Stark. 
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 

2876
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:57,600
frequency and voltage, while 
corporate Engineers focused on 

2877
02:42:57,600 --> 02:43:01,500
standardized Parts despite 
tension, seeing his Motors mass 

2878
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:02,600
produced. 
Thrilled him. 

2879
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:06,900
He was elated when AC systems 
lit, parts of the 1893 World 

2880
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:08,800
Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

2881
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:12,400
showcasing a cityscape of glow 
with alternating current 

2882
02:43:12,400 --> 02:43:14,600
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

2883
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:17,900
A lesser known interlude 
occurred when Tesla visited 

2884
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:21,000
Niagara Falls to her. 
They the planned. 

2885
02:43:21,000 --> 02:43:24,100
Hydroelectric station. 
Standing at the brink of the 

2886
02:43:24,100 --> 02:43:27,200
Thundering Cascade, he 
reportedly mused that 

2887
02:43:27,200 --> 02:43:30,700
harnessing, such power would 
reflect Humanity's harmony with 

2888
02:43:30,700 --> 02:43:33,800
nature. 
When it went on line, delivering

2889
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:38,000
electricity as far as Buffalo, 
it proved ACS potency yet the 

2890
02:43:38,000 --> 02:43:41,600
war of the currents fueled by 
Edison's campaign labeling, AC, 

2891
02:43:41,600 --> 02:43:44,100
dangerous cast Shadows on these 
achievements. 

2892
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:47,700
Edison's allies staged gruesome 
demonstrations. 

2893
02:43:47,700 --> 02:43:51,000
Electrocuting animals to 
highlight Aces hazards. 

2894
02:43:51,000 --> 02:43:54,700
Tesla though offended voided. 
Direct public attacks. 

2895
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:58,300
Instead, he showcased Aces 
safety and flamboyant ways. 

2896
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:01,800
Passing high frequency, currents
through himself to light lamps, 

2897
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:06,700
Newspapers seized on the spec 
circles Tesla disliked theatrics

2898
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:09,400
for mere hype but saw them as 
necessary to shift perception, 

2899
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:13,100
Tesla's finances, briefly soared
his arrangement with 

2900
02:44:13,108 --> 02:44:16,100
Westinghouse promised 
substantial gains as AC spread. 

2901
02:44:16,100 --> 02:44:19,400
However, Westinghouse soon faced
Financial strain from the 

2902
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:21,600
Niagara project and Market 
fluctuations. 

2903
02:44:21,600 --> 02:44:23,800
When Bankers threatened, the 
Westinghouse company. 

2904
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,800
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 
He released Westinghouse from 

2905
02:44:27,800 --> 02:44:32,100
the heavy royalty agreement. 
Some theaters altruism others, 

2906
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:35,200
suspect, that he believed 
broader, AC adoption would bring

2907
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:36,800
even greater wealth down the 
line. 

2908
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:39,500
Either way, this decision cost 
him. 

2909
02:44:39,500 --> 02:44:42,200
Millions that shifted test 
Tesla's. 

2910
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:46,000
Partnership with Westinghouse, 
meanwhile his growing celebrity 

2911
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:49,100
pushed him to chase in your 
ideas fascinated by high 

2912
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:50,700
frequency, currents and wireless
power. 

2913
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:53,700
He said that AC power 
distribution was only a starting

2914
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,400
point. 
Here's pivot from danger to 

2915
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,700
Visionary signaled, the dawn of 
a new phase yet the transition 

2916
02:44:59,700 --> 02:45:03,100
was uneasy industry leaders 
wanted Market, ready products, 

2917
02:45:03,100 --> 02:45:08,400
not Grand at Tesla ever. 
The dreamer yearn to break 

2918
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:12,100
boundaries, This Clash set the 
stage for his most audacious 

2919
02:45:12,100 --> 02:45:15,600
projects, some of which risk 
isolating him from commercial 

2920
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:18,700
backers. 
Even so, as a sea quietly became

2921
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:22,100
the worldwide, standard Tesla's 
decisive role, could not be 

2922
02:45:22,100 --> 02:45:24,700
denied. 
He had toppled, the seemingly 

2923
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:27,800
immovable, diesel regime, and 
paved the road for an era 

2924
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:31,100
defined by alternating current. 
A feat that left him eager to 

2925
02:45:31,108 --> 02:45:32,900
explore even more Uncharted 
Terrain. 

2926
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,800
These winds fueled Tesla's. 
Restless imagination propelling,

2927
02:45:36,800 --> 02:45:41,600
further innovation, By the 
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 

2928
02:45:41,600 --> 02:45:44,600
reputation as an inventor who 
might rewrite the laws of nature

2929
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:47,100
with each new contrivance in 
truth. 

2930
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:51,100
His methods combined meticulous 
trial and error with knights of 

2931
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:54,600
solitary reflection. 
He fashioned Advanced coils to 

2932
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:57,400
produce high voltage. 
High frequency, alternating 

2933
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:00,800
currents, creating dramatic arcs
of artificial lightning. 

2934
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:03,800
While crowds flocked to watch 
his public lectures in 

2935
02:46:03,800 --> 02:46:07,500
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 
Restless longing for a place 

2936
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,200
where he could attempt even 
bigger experiments unencumbered 

2937
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:13,900
by City constraints. 
That desire took him to Colorado

2938
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:17,800
Springs in 1899 perched at a 
higher altitude where thinner 

2939
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:20,400
are helped facilitate certain 
high voltage tests. 

2940
02:46:20,400 --> 02:46:23,100
The remote location was an ideal
Laboratory. 

2941
02:46:24,100 --> 02:46:25,800
He set up shop at the edge of 
town building. 

2942
02:46:25,800 --> 02:46:29,100
A structure equipped with a tall
masking above the roofline. 

2943
02:46:29,800 --> 02:46:32,800
Local spoke in hushed tones 
about lightning machines and 

2944
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:36,100
Eerie after dark glows, some 
worry about potential 

2945
02:46:36,100 --> 02:46:38,500
catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

2946
02:46:38,500 --> 02:46:41,000
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours. 

2947
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:43,800
Studying the interplay of 
natural lightning. 

2948
02:46:44,500 --> 02:46:48,600
Inside that Workshop Tesla, 
probed Frontiers that mainstream

2949
02:46:48,600 --> 02:46:52,500
scientists had scarcely imagined
he fixated on the Resonance of 

2950
02:46:52,508 --> 02:46:55,100
Earth's ionosphere believing 
signals could be beamed 

2951
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:58,900
wirelessly across vast distances
if property tuned according to 

2952
02:46:58,900 --> 02:47:02,300
diary entries he meticulously 
recorded Every Spark, every 

2953
02:47:02,300 --> 02:47:06,700
flash, every year, splitting 
crack of artificial Thunder on 

2954
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:08,500
occasion. 
He produced such intense 

2955
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:11,500
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard for miles. 

2956
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:14,800
One account claims that he 
caused the local power stations 

2957
02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:19,100
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

2958
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:21,600
polite. 
Guest Tesla apologized, then 

2959
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:25,800
resumed tinkering in Colorado, 
Tesla crystallized his Grand 

2960
02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:29,600
Vision, System of Global 
Wireless communication and power

2961
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:32,600
distribution. 
The townspeople hearing rumors 

2962
02:47:32,600 --> 02:47:36,600
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no cost

2963
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:39,200
Tesla's goals. 
However, were subtler. 

2964
02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:42,300
He pictured networks of towers 
resonating with the Earth's 

2965
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:45,200
natural electrical charge 
carrying Voice or energy 

2966
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:47,900
anywhere. 
This concept was a precursor to 

2967
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:51,100
technologies that would surface 
decades later from Radio 

2968
02:47:51,100 --> 02:47:54,900
Transmissions to radar and 
Beyond yet life in Colorado was 

2969
02:47:54,900 --> 02:47:57,300
more than just experiments and 
thunderous Arts. 

2970
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:00,500
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 
with the locals regaling, them 

2971
02:48:00,500 --> 02:48:03,600
with Tales of Europe and his 
early exploits in New York. 

2972
02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:08,000
Despite his eccentric schedule 
he possessed impeccable manners,

2973
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,700
one story recounts how he gave a
personal demo of Wireless lamps 

2974
02:48:11,700 --> 02:48:15,000
to a bewildered blacksmith who 
later insisted Tesla was pulling

2975
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:19,100
electricity from thin air. 
Such encounters spurred Legends 

2976
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:21,900
of Tesla as a wizard blending 
science with something like 

2977
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:25,100
sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

2978
02:48:25,100 --> 02:48:29,800
tests drain Tesla's resources 
his main backer JP Morgan had 

2979
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:31,400
initially supported the wireless
project. 

2980
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,800
Like likely anticipating a 
monopoly on global information 

2981
02:48:34,800 --> 02:48:38,800
but once Morgan realized Tesla's
schemes were far, more ambitious

2982
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:42,600
and riskier the mere Wireless 
telegraphy his enthusiasm 

2983
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,900
cooled. 
Tesla pressed on convinced one 

2984
02:48:45,900 --> 02:48:49,400
decisive demonstration would 
open funding floodgates that 

2985
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:53,000
breakthrough, however, remained 
a Lucifer newspapers, Amplified 

2986
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,300
rumors about Tesla's activities.
Some claiming he was attempting 

2987
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:58,600
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

2988
02:48:58,600 --> 02:49:01,400
Tesla did speculate about 
extraterrestrial intelligence. 

2989
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:05,800
His real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the Lyrid headlines, 

2990
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:08,500
while fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

2991
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:13,000
financial pressures eventually, 
funds ranlo forcing Tesla, to 

2992
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:17,500
close the Colorado lab in 1900. 
He left with crates of notes and

2993
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,500
under diminished Zeal convinced,
he could still bring Wireless 

2994
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:24,500
power to the masses. 
For townspeople Left Behind the 

2995
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:28,400
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling static lingered a 

2996
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,100
testament to the spectacular 
possibilities that science could

2997
02:49:31,100 --> 02:49:34,500
conjure. 
For Tesla, her Colorado Springs 

2998
02:49:34,500 --> 02:49:37,800
became a pivotal chapter, a 
Proving Ground, that fortified 

2999
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,100
his belief in the Limitless 
potential of electrical 

3000
02:49:40,100 --> 02:49:41,700
resonance. 
It was there. 

3001
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:45,100
He most clearly foresaw, a 
connected World boundless by 

3002
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,400
wires than by the atmospheric 
and Earth circling energies. 

3003
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:52,000
He aimed to harness in hindsight
Colorado was the Overture to his

3004
02:49:52,008 --> 02:49:54,000
next attempt at Global 
electrification. 

3005
02:49:54,000 --> 02:49:57,100
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

3006
02:49:57,108 --> 02:49:58,800
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

3007
02:49:59,800 --> 02:50:03,100
Upon returning to New York, 
Tesla Consolidated, his findings

3008
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:06,600
from Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

3009
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:10,400
warden Cliff Tower project With 
Finance in from JP Morgan 

3010
02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:12,200
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

3011
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:15,200
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

3012
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,200
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

3013
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:22,600
Construction began in 1901, the 
looming structure. 

3014
02:50:22,600 --> 02:50:26,300
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

3015
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:28,500
Dome. 
An extended deep below ground 

3016
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:31,300
through a network of iron rods 
many. 

3017
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:33,200
Observers had no idea what to 
make of it. 

3018
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:38,000
Tesla ever enigmatic preferred 
sweeping claims about sending 

3019
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,100
both signals and energy across 
continents. 

3020
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:43,600
What often goes on appreciated 
is, How Deeply Tesla believed in

3021
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:47,000
the underlying physics? 
His notes show that Warden Cliff

3022
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:50,500
wasn't limited to broadcasting 
Telegraph signals, he intended 

3023
02:50:50,500 --> 02:50:51,600
it. 
As the first of many 

3024
02:50:51,600 --> 02:50:55,000
transmitters, all resonating 
with Earth's natural, electrical

3025
02:50:55,000 --> 02:50:58,400
cavities to convey messages, or 
even power to any matching 

3026
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:00,700
receivable worldwide in his 
mind. 

3027
02:51:00,700 --> 02:51:04,200
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 
logical leap from the high 

3028
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:06,300
voltage experiments. 
He had run in Colorado Springs. 

3029
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,600
However, the timing was not in 
his favor in the same year that 

3030
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:13,500
Warden Cliffs skeletal form. 
Emerged from the Treetops. 

3031
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:16,700
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 
conducted the first 

3032
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:20,400
transatlantic, radio, 
Transmissions reporters hailed, 

3033
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:24,900
Marconi as a giant in wireless. 
Communication Tesla, outraged 

3034
02:51:24,900 --> 02:51:26,800
pointed out that his own patents
on. 

3035
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,900
Alternating current and related 
Technologies predated Marc's 

3036
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:32,400
work. 
Nevertheless, the public and 

3037
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:35,200
financiers were smitten with 
Marconi's simpler, more 

3038
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:39,000
immediately marketable setup. 
Morgan's patients wore thin. 

3039
02:51:39,000 --> 02:51:42,300
Why bankroll testers? 
Massive Tower, if Marconi's 

3040
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:45,900
apparatus sufficed for long 
distance, signaling Warden, 

3041
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:48,300
Cliff still incomplete, 
hemorrhaged money. 

3042
02:51:48,300 --> 02:51:52,500
The crew building at dwindled, 
salaries went on paid and Tesla 

3043
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:54,200
found himself. 
Pleading for fresh Capital. 

3044
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,700
Each conversation with Morgan 
ended and thirst demands for 

3045
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:01,200
tangible proof which Tesla 
couldn't produce fast enough. 

3046
02:52:01,900 --> 02:52:05,800
Desperate for funds, Tesla tried
licensing, auxiliary inventions,

3047
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:08,900
turbines pumps. 
And even a plan to harness 

3048
02:52:08,900 --> 02:52:12,200
geothermal heat, But investors 
questioned his broader 

3049
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:15,700
intentions where he might have 
pivot their money into the tower

3050
02:52:15,700 --> 02:52:19,800
as Financial constraints 
tightened Warden, Clefairy 

3051
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:21,000
remained, a half realized 
vision. 

3052
02:52:22,100 --> 02:52:26,300
By 1905, the site was 
effectively deserted the tower, 

3053
02:52:26,300 --> 02:52:29,800
a silent Monument to Tesla's 
Ambitions and the shifting tides

3054
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:32,700
of investor faith during these 
Bleak years. 

3055
02:52:32,700 --> 02:52:36,600
Tesla's public Persona grew more
eccentric, journalists 

3056
02:52:36,600 --> 02:52:39,700
occasionally interviewed him 
only to hear about proposals for

3057
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:44,300
death Rays or atmospheric power 
rumors circulated that he was 

3058
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,700
becoming a recluse. 
Yet his mind stayed agile, 

3059
02:52:47,700 --> 02:52:50,600
continuing to churn out 
possibilities. 

3060
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:54,200
He Force solar energy as a 
future Mainstay though. 

3061
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:56,700
Few listened. 
The industrial World seemed 

3062
02:52:56,700 --> 02:53:00,800
enthralled by of oil and coal. 
While Tesla's musings about sun,

3063
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:04,100
powered engines, Drew smirks 
Warden, Cliff was never fully 

3064
02:53:04,100 --> 02:53:07,600
operational and the newspapers. 
Offered little sympathy some 

3065
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:10,300
newspapers, ridiculed him 
portraying him as an unrealistic

3066
02:53:10,300 --> 02:53:13,100
idea list others. 
Barely mentioned his name 

3067
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:16,500
focusing instead on Marconi's 
ongoing successes. 

3068
02:53:16,500 --> 02:53:21,700
The Sting of being overshadowed 
was palpable Tesla clung to the 

3069
02:53:21,700 --> 02:53:24,500
belief that one day the world 
would recognize the practicality

3070
02:53:24,500 --> 02:53:28,200
of Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generations would 

3071
02:53:28,200 --> 02:53:31,900
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond But in his 

3072
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:34,800
time, the towers failure, left 
him saddled with debt and 

3073
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:37,300
weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

3074
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:39,400
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

3075
02:53:40,100 --> 02:53:42,900
He often spoke as if Warden 
Cliff had simply been delayed, 

3076
02:53:42,900 --> 02:53:47,300
not canceled in private, he 
refined sketches of improved 

3077
02:53:47,300 --> 02:53:51,300
transmitters reimagine, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

3078
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:54,200
of a worldwide grid of resonance
stations. 

3079
02:53:54,200 --> 02:53:57,300
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

3080
02:53:57,300 --> 02:54:00,300
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

3081
02:54:00,300 --> 02:54:03,400
universal energy. 
The fact that Society was not 

3082
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:06,900
ready, did little to dampen his 
conviction despite setbacks 

3083
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:10,300
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later technological. 

3084
02:54:10,300 --> 02:54:13,400
Revolution's Wireless 
communication would evolve in 

3085
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:16,200
Leaps and Bounds though. 
Powered by the more conventional

3086
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:19,500
means Concepts like Global 
connectivity and broadcast 

3087
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:23,200
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,
surface decades, afterward, in 

3088
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,800
varying forms. 
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 

3089
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:29,300
century Tesla faced only 
mounting bills, evaporating 

3090
02:54:29,300 --> 02:54:32,000
capital and a towering away on 
Long Island. 

3091
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:36,600
The Heartbreak of wardenclyffe 
marked a turning point leaving 

3092
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,200
Tesla to operate mostly on the 
margins of an industry. 

3093
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:43,800
He had once revolutionized, As 
the 20th century marched on the 

3094
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:45,400
world. 
Tesla had done so much to 

3095
02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:48,600
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

3096
02:54:48,600 --> 02:54:52,100
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

3097
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:56,200
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

3098
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:58,700
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

3099
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:02,600
behind public interviews, grew 
sparse when he did speak. 

3100
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:06,600
He mentioned theories of beam. 
Weapons weather manipulation and

3101
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:10,100
advanced propulsion sowing 
intrigued, even some questioned 

3102
02:55:10,100 --> 02:55:13,700
his grass on reality. 
But his notebooks to the extent,

3103
02:55:13,700 --> 02:55:16,700
they survive reveal how these 
ideas built on earlier 

3104
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:18,700
experiments rather than me or 
Whimsy. 

3105
02:55:19,500 --> 02:55:21,600
A lesson known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

3106
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:24,600
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

3107
02:55:25,400 --> 02:55:29,300
Observers saw a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

3108
02:55:29,300 --> 02:55:32,500
but Tesla found solace in caring
for those birds. 

3109
02:55:32,500 --> 02:55:35,900
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular. 

3110
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:39,500
It may have seemed an odd 
Pastime for a renowned inventor 

3111
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:41,900
yet. 
It reflected a familiar pattern.

3112
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:44,200
Tesla's. 
Deep empathy for natural, 

3113
02:55:44,200 --> 02:55:49,000
phenomena creatures included. 
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged

3114
02:55:49,000 --> 02:55:52,300
over the origins of radio. 
Tesla had filed patents before 

3115
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:55,600
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 
Marconi was lauded for bringing 

3116
02:55:55,600 --> 02:55:57,600
Wireless transmission into the 
mainstream. 

3117
02:55:58,700 --> 02:56:01,000
The legal entanglements, dragged
on for years. 

3118
02:56:01,800 --> 02:56:06,400
In 1943, the US Supreme Court. 
Finally recognized Tesla's 

3119
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:08,200
priority for peace. 
Certain critical. 

3120
02:56:08,200 --> 02:56:11,600
Radio patents though, this 
Vindication arrived too late to 

3121
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:15,100
alter his financial Straits. 
He was never able to capitalize 

3122
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:17,200
on the official ruling nor did 
it. 

3123
02:56:17,208 --> 02:56:20,400
Well, the Public's Association 
of radio primarily with Marconi 

3124
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:24,200
Tesla spent his final stretch of
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 

3125
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:28,100
Though, short on funds, he still
scrolled ideas on scraps of 

3126
02:56:28,108 --> 02:56:32,400
paper proposing, cosmic ray 
engines and new power methods. 

3127
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:34,600
Visitors, who managed to see 
him? 

3128
02:56:34,600 --> 02:56:36,400
Might find him animated and 
eloquent. 

3129
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:40,200
Speaking in polished tones About
harnessing the energy of the Sun

3130
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:43,000
or channeling power from the 
Earth's magnetic field. 

3131
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,000
He believed that a teleforce 
beam could end War by making 

3132
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:51,000
National borders in penetrable. 
To many these Notions sounded 

3133
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:54,400
impossible yet Tesla's. 
Track record left room to wonder

3134
02:56:55,300 --> 02:57:00,600
When he passed away on January, 
7th, 1943 in room, 3327, he left

3135
02:57:00,608 --> 02:57:02,400
behind boxes of documents that 
soon. 

3136
02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:05,800
Became the subject of intense 
scrutiny authorities, seize, 

3137
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:09,000
some of his papers fuelling 
Rumours of hidden Innovation, or

3138
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:11,100
weapons to dangerous for public 
consumption. 

3139
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:15,000
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, while the reality 

3140
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:18,700
likely involved routine, 
security concerns the secrecy 

3141
02:57:18,700 --> 02:57:22,700
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy
It became hard to disentangle 

3142
02:57:22,700 --> 02:57:25,400
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

3143
02:57:26,300 --> 02:57:28,700
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

3144
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:32,100
Edison's name. 
Overshadowed his for a Time the 

3145
02:57:32,100 --> 02:57:36,500
school textbooks only later did 
your movements rise to credit 

3146
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:40,400
Tesla for his revolutionary 
contributions, to AC power radio

3147
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:44,000
technology and more modern 
Engineers scientists. 

3148
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:46,500
And curious lay people 
uncovered, his patents and 

3149
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:50,100
writings marveling at how he'd 
anticipated entire fields of 

3150
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:53,300
inquiry from robotics to 
wireless communication. 

3151
02:57:54,200 --> 02:57:56,400
His pioneering theories on 
residents and frequency. 

3152
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:59,400
All informed aspects of modern 
electronics, though. 

3153
02:57:59,400 --> 02:58:02,500
That debt was seldom 
acknowledged until much later in

3154
02:58:02,500 --> 02:58:05,200
daily life. 
Tesla's. 

3155
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:07,500
True genius shines in the 
simplest of ways. 

3156
02:58:07,500 --> 02:58:09,800
Flicker, lights, switch, and you
reap. 

3157
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:13,700
The benefits of alternating 
current use wireless devices and

3158
02:58:13,700 --> 02:58:16,200
you operate on a principal 
tester believed could reach 

3159
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:19,600
across the planet. 
The Synergy envisioned between 

3160
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:21,900
inventor nature and the 
Unstoppable. 

3161
02:58:21,900 --> 02:58:25,100
March of progress remains a 
potent, reminder of how one 

3162
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:27,300
brilliant mind can shape hole 
errors. 

3163
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:31,800
Test Tesla's story is above all,
a study, and perseverance and 

3164
02:58:31,800 --> 02:58:34,100
Paradox. 
He shunned the pursuit of wealth

3165
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:36,400
yet needed Capital to 
materialize his dreams. 

3166
02:58:37,100 --> 02:58:38,800
He relished public 
demonstrations yet. 

3167
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,700
Often worked Alone lost in 
interior worlds. 

3168
02:58:42,300 --> 02:58:46,400
He was both lauded and dismissed
recognized as a key figure in an

3169
02:58:46,400 --> 02:58:48,200
electrifying, the modern world 
yet. 

3170
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:50,800
Branded at times as an 
eccentric, on the fringes of 

3171
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,300
acceptable science. 
Even, so, he left an imprint 

3172
02:58:54,300 --> 02:58:57,200
rivaled by few long after his 
death. 

3173
02:58:57,200 --> 02:59:01,300
The hum of AC power lines, the 
glow of electric lamps and the 

3174
02:59:01,308 --> 02:59:04,300
chirp of Wireless signals Echo, 
Tesla's influence. 

3175
02:59:04,300 --> 02:59:07,900
He never saw the breadth of his 
Triumph in person, yet. 

3176
02:59:07,900 --> 02:59:10,200
The future, he glimpsed was Not 
Mere fantasy. 

3177
02:59:10,200 --> 02:59:13,800
It was an inevitable extension 
of the forces, he harnessed so 

3178
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:17,600
elegantly. and though, the man 
himself passed in relative, 

3179
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:21,200
obscurity, his ideas still 
crackled with a Vitality that 

3180
02:59:21,200 --> 02:59:31,300
defies the boundaries of time 
and imagine Tonight, we explore 

3181
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:33,300
the life and contributions of 
Rosalind Franklin. 

3182
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:36,800
The brilliant scientist whose 
pioneering work in x-ray. 

3183
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:40,100
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

3184
02:59:40,100 --> 02:59:44,000
double helix A dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

3185
02:59:44,008 --> 02:59:46,000
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

3186
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:49,300
century continue to inspire 
generations of researchers 

3187
02:59:49,300 --> 02:59:52,400
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

3188
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:56,500
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

3189
02:59:56,500 --> 02:59:59,700
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

3190
02:59:59,708 --> 03:00:00,900
from and what time it is for 
you. 

3191
03:00:00,908 --> 03:00:03,900
We're always open to requests 
for stories, boring and 

3192
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:05,800
interesting. 
If you guys ever have any in 

3193
03:00:05,800 --> 03:00:09,200
mind, let us know. 
Now, get rid of those bright 

3194
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:12,200
lights, turn on your fan if you 
have one and let's begin. 

3195
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,900
Rosalind Franklin's name often 
appears as a footnote in the 

3196
03:00:17,908 --> 03:00:21,400
story of DNA overshadowed by the
fame of James, Watson and 

3197
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:25,500
Francis, Crick yet, her life was
neither trivial nor easily 

3198
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:29,800
summarized Born in London in 
1920 to a prominent Jewish 

3199
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:32,700
Family. 
She grew up when few encouraged 

3200
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:35,900
women to pursue rigorous 
science, even as child. 

3201
03:00:35,900 --> 03:00:38,900
She displayed a fierce hunger 
for knowledge to fight social 

3202
03:00:38,900 --> 03:00:41,900
norms. 
Her father Ellis franklyn 

3203
03:00:41,900 --> 03:00:44,900
supported her education yet, 
worried about her Independence 

3204
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:47,300
Street at Saint, Paul's girls 
school. 

3205
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:51,500
She excelled in math, chemistry 
and languages while her peers 

3206
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,800
aimed at more conventional 
Futures a scholarship to newnham

3207
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:57,900
college Cambridge. 
Put her among mentors, who value

3208
03:00:57,900 --> 03:00:59,900
her promise. 
But questioned women's roles in 

3209
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:04,100
Labs undeterred, she poured 
energy into research proving her

3210
03:01:04,100 --> 03:01:07,700
place through diligent work. 
When World War 2 broke out, 

3211
03:01:07,708 --> 03:01:11,400
Britain needed scientists, she 
joined the British coal, 

3212
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:15,200
utilization research Association
studying carbons microstructures

3213
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:18,900
there, she discovered a passion 
for methodical experimentation. 

3214
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:22,900
She also encountered x-ray, 
crystallography, a technique 

3215
03:01:22,900 --> 03:01:25,300
aligning perfectly with her 
meticulous nature. 

3216
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:29,100
After the war a fellowship in 
Paris brought her to Jacques 

3217
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:31,700
Maring lab where she refined her
skill in x-ray. 

3218
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:35,100
Diffraction her high standards 
in exacting methods, yielded 

3219
03:01:35,100 --> 03:01:38,400
notable papers on carbon 
structure establishing her as a 

3220
03:01:38,400 --> 03:01:42,600
rising star in crystallography. 
By the early 1950s King's 

3221
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:46,800
College, London, offered her a 
position to study DNA, Morris 

3222
03:01:46,800 --> 03:01:50,300
Wilkins, and his team believed 
x-ray diffraction could unlock 

3223
03:01:50,300 --> 03:01:53,800
the molecules secrets. 
Franklin arrived armed with 

3224
03:01:53,800 --> 03:01:56,700
expertise determined to 
implement new, protocols and 

3225
03:01:56,700 --> 03:01:59,000
improve equipment. 
Lab tensions. 

3226
03:01:59,000 --> 03:02:02,400
Surface quickly, Wilkins had 
expected a collaborator. 

3227
03:02:02,400 --> 03:02:06,700
Franklyn insisted on autonomy. 
Some colleagues admired her 

3228
03:02:06,708 --> 03:02:08,800
Precision. 
While others, founded difficult.

3229
03:02:09,800 --> 03:02:12,600
Still she pressed on convinced 
that careful data could cut 

3230
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:15,200
through any confusion. 
Working with her student, 

3231
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:18,300
Raymond Gosling. 
She captured a series of images,

3232
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:22,800
the most famous labeled photo 
51, revealing a striking helical

3233
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:25,400
pattern. 
She wanted more evidence before 

3234
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:28,000
announcing a conclusion. 
Preferring thoroughness over 

3235
03:02:28,000 --> 03:02:31,900
speculation yet behind the 
scenes, her data slipped into 

3236
03:02:31,900 --> 03:02:35,800
other hands, unbeknownst to her 
a colleague, showed Watson, and 

3237
03:02:35,800 --> 03:02:39,300
Crick her, diffraction results 
already pursuing a helical model

3238
03:02:39,300 --> 03:02:42,500
a seized, her findings, as key 
confirmation. 

3239
03:02:43,200 --> 03:02:46,300
Franklin, for the moment was 
focused on perfecting her 

3240
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:49,300
analysis unaware. 
That her painstaking work was 

3241
03:02:49,300 --> 03:02:51,200
fueling a major Discovery 
elsewhere. 

3242
03:02:52,000 --> 03:02:54,100
Even, so the tension at Kings 
grew. 

3243
03:02:54,800 --> 03:02:58,400
Franklyn's direct Style clashed 
with wilkins's reserved manner. 

3244
03:02:59,100 --> 03:03:01,600
She believed in complete 
control, over her research 

3245
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,100
methods irritating, those 
accustomed to a more 

3246
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:07,400
hierarchical lab, but she 
remained steadfast just in 

3247
03:03:07,400 --> 03:03:10,300
humidity levels and rechecking 
angles to sharpen her images, 

3248
03:03:10,300 --> 03:03:13,600
each Improvement hinted, she was
on the brink of a Monumental 

3249
03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:16,800
revelation. 
That Revelation however would 

3250
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:20,900
not bear her name alone. 
While franklyn refined her data 

3251
03:03:20,900 --> 03:03:24,700
Watson and cricked forward 
preparing to unveil their model 

3252
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:27,300
of D. 
She had no inkling of the behind

3253
03:03:27,300 --> 03:03:31,200
the scenes, drama. 
In the darkroom, a camera 

3254
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:35,100
captured Crystal patterns that 
were changed by biology. trusted

3255
03:03:35,100 --> 03:03:38,500
her data to speak for itself 
unaware that the world soon 

3256
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:41,400
would hail Watson and Crick as 
The Architects of DNA's double 

3257
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:44,800
helix At this stage, Franklin's 
story was poised between 

3258
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:48,400
breakthrough and overshadowing. 
Her rigorous approach are 

3259
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:51,600
delivered vital Clues to Life's 
molecular code, yet, social 

3260
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:54,700
dynamics and academic politics 
threatened to Opera of due 

3261
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:57,900
credit. 
In the realm of science data 

3262
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:00,000
does not always guarantee 
recognition for the one who 

3263
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:03,300
gathers it. 
Roslyn Franklin had produced a 

3264
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:06,500
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 
form, setting, the stage for 

3265
03:04:06,500 --> 03:04:09,100
history to unfold in ways. 
She could not have predicted. 

3266
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:13,300
She was born into a family of 
philanthropic tradition with her

3267
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:15,400
Uncle serving as the first 
Jewish mayor of London. 

3268
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:19,800
From a young age, she was taught
the importance of service and 

3269
03:04:19,800 --> 03:04:22,500
intellectual rigor, a 
combination that would shape her

3270
03:04:22,500 --> 03:04:25,700
character. 
In her teenage years, she gained

3271
03:04:25,700 --> 03:04:28,800
a reputation for Sharp wit and 
an unwavering focus on academic 

3272
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:31,100
goals. 
These traits did not always 

3273
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:33,800
endear her to peers, who 
expected, more demure Behavior. 

3274
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:37,800
But she was undeterred, she had 
glimpsed a future in which women

3275
03:04:37,800 --> 03:04:41,400
could stand at the frontier of 
Discovery and she was determined

3276
03:04:41,400 --> 03:04:45,100
to claim it in her journals. 
She expressed a love for puzzles

3277
03:04:45,100 --> 03:04:46,900
and a fascination with 
structure. 

3278
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:51,600
Whether examining minerals or 
deciphering, abstract problems. 

3279
03:04:51,600 --> 03:04:56,000
She found solace in unraveling 
complexities this mindset 

3280
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:58,300
translated seamlessly into her 
later work. 

3281
03:04:59,000 --> 03:05:01,500
Where Precision became both her 
shield and her Compass. 

3282
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:05,700
It also fueled her tenacity 
driving her to pursue every 

3283
03:05:05,700 --> 03:05:07,600
question until she reached its 
hidden core. 

3284
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:10,600
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 
King's College. 

3285
03:05:10,600 --> 03:05:14,100
London came with grand hopes, 
but the labs culture soon, 

3286
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:18,300
tested her resolve she joined 
Morris Wilkins, who believed 

3287
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:22,000
they would share, DNA research 
duties, Franklyn's forth, right 

3288
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:24,200
style. 
However, clashed with Wilkins, 

3289
03:05:24,200 --> 03:05:27,900
quieter approach worse. 
The leadership chain for the DNA

3290
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,600
project remained vague fostering
confusion about who was truly in

3291
03:05:31,608 --> 03:05:36,500
charge, Despite these challenges
Franklin pressed on exploring, 

3292
03:05:36,500 --> 03:05:38,900
how DNA fibers changed under? 
Varying humidity. 

3293
03:05:39,600 --> 03:05:43,400
She distinguished between A and 
B forms of the molecule and her 

3294
03:05:43,400 --> 03:05:45,100
fastidious x-ray, diffraction 
work. 

3295
03:05:45,100 --> 03:05:49,100
Produced the famed photo 51, 
which showed an unmistakable 

3296
03:05:49,100 --> 03:05:52,600
helical pattern, Franklyn 
acknowledge the significance of 

3297
03:05:52,608 --> 03:05:54,800
the image. 
Yet she refrained from making 

3298
03:05:54,800 --> 03:05:57,400
hastir assumptions. 
She spent hours perfecting 

3299
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:01,200
exposures checking angles and 
analyzing the precise details 

3300
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:05,400
etched onto photographic plates 
Meanwhile, across town at the 

3301
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,600
Cavendish laboratory. 
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and

3302
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:11,400
Francis, Crick took a 
contrasting approach model 

3303
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:14,100
Builders at heart. 
They chased the DNA structure by

3304
03:06:14,108 --> 03:06:17,500
trial and error fueled by 
Snippets of data gleaned from 

3305
03:06:17,500 --> 03:06:21,500
various sources, when Wilkins 
revealed photo 51 to Watson, 

3306
03:06:21,500 --> 03:06:24,600
unbeknownst to Franklin. 
The evidence dovetailed 

3307
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:28,700
perfectly with their double 
helix hunch, by early 1953 

3308
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:31,700
Watson and Crick completed. 
A model that would make 

3309
03:06:31,700 --> 03:06:34,700
scientific history. 
Their publication in nature was 

3310
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:38,300
concise yet transformative, 
announcing a double helical 

3311
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:40,900
structure, that explained? 
DNA's replication mechanism 

3312
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:45,600
Wilkins and franklyn each 
contributed papers but the 

3313
03:06:45,600 --> 03:06:49,100
spotlight fell Square on Watson 
and Crick Franklins images and 

3314
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:52,500
calculations though, pivotal 
were presented as secondary 

3315
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:54,500
confirmations rather than 
driving forces. 

3316
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:59,300
She felt the sting of exclusion 
yet pressed on finalizing, her 

3317
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,800
analysis of the molecules 
geometry, this period, at King's

3318
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,700
grew more strained. 
Franklins Report with Wilkins 

3319
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:07,700
had cooled. 
She seemed unwilling to 

3320
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:10,500
compromise on rigorous standards
and he resented her 

3321
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,300
independence. 
The department itself provided 

3322
03:07:13,300 --> 03:07:16,900
limited support content to bask 
in the southern Acclaim for the 

3323
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:19,900
DNA breakthrough. 
Franklyn, meanwhile was left to 

3324
03:07:19,900 --> 03:07:23,000
Grapple with how her painstaking
data had been used without her 

3325
03:07:23,000 --> 03:07:26,000
direct consent. 
Recognizing that her future lay 

3326
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:28,600
elsewhere. 
She began seeking a new post 

3327
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:30,700
where she could direct her 
research on her terms 

3328
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:35,100
opportunity, arose at birkbeck 
College headed by Crystal ogre, 

3329
03:07:35,100 --> 03:07:38,100
John Desmond Bernal. 
Though, the facilities there 

3330
03:07:38,100 --> 03:07:40,800
were humbler, the atmosphere 
promised greater autonomy. 

3331
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:45,000
Franklyn decided to leave kings 
taking with her a wealth of 

3332
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:48,500
expertise and the resolve to 
avoid another scientific Turf 

3333
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:50,900
War. 
She briefly concluded her work 

3334
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:53,500
by publishing her final 
observations on the structural 

3335
03:07:53,500 --> 03:07:57,100
nuances of DNA. 
While Watson Crick and Wilkins 

3336
03:07:57,100 --> 03:08:00,600
based in growing accolades 
franklyn exited quietly 

3337
03:08:00,600 --> 03:08:02,500
determined to reorient her 
career. 

3338
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:06,200
She did not wholly abandon DNA, 
friends and colleagues 

3339
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:08,300
occasionally asked for her 
insights and she answered 

3340
03:08:08,300 --> 03:08:10,500
candidly. 
She had no desire to entangle 

3341
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:13,100
herself further and debate about
authorship or recognition. 

3342
03:08:13,100 --> 03:08:15,800
The overshadowing. 
She experienced became a 

3343
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:19,800
cautionary Tale in science data 
is currently and the one who 

3344
03:08:19,800 --> 03:08:22,300
controls its dissemination 
Wheels significant power, 

3345
03:08:23,400 --> 03:08:25,600
Franklin preferred to move 
forward rather than dwell on 

3346
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:28,100
what might have been done 
differently in her last month's 

3347
03:08:28,100 --> 03:08:31,600
at King's she remained cordial, 
but distant focusing on 

3348
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:35,500
practical tasks, a colleague's 
recognized her departure as a 

3349
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:37,500
loss. 
A technique of been Central to 

3350
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:41,000
illuminating DNA. 
Still few openly acknowledge the

3351
03:08:41,008 --> 03:08:43,700
imbalance that had allowed 
others to LEAP ahead with her 

3352
03:08:43,700 --> 03:08:46,400
findings, privately Franklin 
Harbor. 

3353
03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:48,900
Disappointment at the missed 
chance for genuine collaboration

3354
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:52,900
yet, she rarely indulged in 
public complaints, believing the

3355
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:55,700
Project's success should 
outweigh personal grievances, 

3356
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,300
she fully engaged in planning 
her new life at bookbag by the 

3357
03:08:59,308 --> 03:09:02,800
mid 1953. 
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 

3358
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:06,000
which he saw as a logical 
extension of molecular biology. 

3359
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:10,600
If DNA held the code viruses, 
manipulated it for replication. 

3360
03:09:10,600 --> 03:09:14,000
It was a fresh Frontier. 
Free of the swirl around the 

3361
03:09:14,000 --> 03:09:16,100
double helix. 
Some wondered if she might 

3362
03:09:16,100 --> 03:09:18,600
regret turning away from a 
molecule that had just turned 

3363
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:21,700
Global Fame, but franklyn's mind
was already set. 

3364
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:25,000
She Craved and environment where
precision and exploration 

3365
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,700
mattered more than departmental 
politics or star power. 

3366
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:31,700
In this decision, Rosalind 
Franklin, demonstrated a fierce 

3367
03:09:31,700 --> 03:09:33,600
Independence that would define 
her future endeavors. 

3368
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:38,700
The DNA story continued to 
unfold with Watson Crick, and 

3369
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:42,100
Wilkins moving into the 
scientific Limelight franklyn, 

3370
03:09:42,100 --> 03:09:45,000
meanwhile, headed for new 
Challengers confident, that her 

3371
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:47,100
diligence and clear sighted 
approach would gain yield 

3372
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,600
groundbreaking discoveries. 
The transition set the stage for

3373
03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:54,300
the next chapter of her life. 
A chapter in which viruses, not 

3374
03:09:54,300 --> 03:09:58,800
DNA, would become her primary 
focus, Rosalind Franklin's moved

3375
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:02,100
to birkbeck college. 
In 1953, allowed her to escape 

3376
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:05,500
the tensions around DNA and 
Forge a fresh path in virus 

3377
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:08,100
research. 
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 

3378
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:11,300
She found greater Independence 
for her meticulous approach 

3379
03:10:11,300 --> 03:10:15,500
while viruses lacked the 
immediate of DNA Franklin 

3380
03:10:15,500 --> 03:10:20,500
considered them equally vital if
DNA was life's blueprint viruses

3381
03:10:20,500 --> 03:10:23,000
were Intruders capable of 
hijacking that plan. 

3382
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:28,200
A chosen subject, the tobacco 
mosaic virus TMV presented 

3383
03:10:28,200 --> 03:10:31,700
unique challenges. 
Franklyn painstakingly prepared 

3384
03:10:31,700 --> 03:10:35,600
samples to ensure, uniformity 
using x-ray, diffraction to 

3385
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:39,900
decode TMV Rod, like structure. 
He teamed up with Aaron klug and

3386
03:10:39,908 --> 03:10:42,800
others methodically interpreting
diffraction patterns. 

3387
03:10:43,600 --> 03:10:47,300
Even as a smaller lab book, 
became a Haven where frankly 

3388
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:49,700
could shake projects by her 
exacting standards. 

3389
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:52,000
She still carried scars from 
King's College. 

3390
03:10:52,700 --> 03:10:56,100
Someone wondered why she had 
shifted from DNA to viruses but 

3391
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,400
frankly impressed forward. 
Drawing parallels to her earlier

3392
03:10:59,400 --> 03:11:01,900
work. 
She get insisted on data-driven 

3393
03:11:01,900 --> 03:11:04,600
analysis. 
Never rushing to publish before 

3394
03:11:04,600 --> 03:11:08,100
confirming every detail. 
Herb environment combined 

3395
03:11:08,100 --> 03:11:11,800
intensity with a collaborative 
Spirit offering trainees and 

3396
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:14,600
unparalleled education and 
crystallographic rigor. 

3397
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:19,500
Between 1954 and 1955, 
Franklin's group made steady 

3398
03:11:19,500 --> 03:11:23,000
gains, they confirmed TMZ 
protein subunits arranged in 

3399
03:11:23,008 --> 03:11:24,800
repeating units around the 
viral. 

3400
03:11:24,800 --> 03:11:28,800
RNA these findings though, less 
glamorous than the double helix 

3401
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:33,000
garnered respect among 
structural biologists unfazed by

3402
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:36,500
the overshadowing DNA narrative,
Franklin kept expanding her 

3403
03:11:36,500 --> 03:11:39,200
scope, she ventured into 
spherical viruses. 

3404
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,600
Hypothesizing that structural 
symmetry might unify diverse 

3405
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:46,700
pathogens her reputation grew 
and she presented at conferences

3406
03:11:46,700 --> 03:11:50,700
describing how the same methods 
that had illuminated DNA could 

3407
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:54,700
unpack viral design. 
Publicly Watson and Crick 

3408
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:59,000
dominated headlines, but within 
crystals, Franklin was 

3409
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:00,300
acknowledged as a leading 
figure. 

3410
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,100
She rarely spoke of the DNA 
controversy, though, colleague 

3411
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,700
sensed unresolved feelings. 
Instead she concentrated on 

3412
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:12,400
perfecting viral data, believing
scientific progress mattered, 

3413
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:18,300
more than personal credit. 
Outside, the lab, franklyn led a

3414
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:20,700
quiet life. 
She enjoyed travel and found 

3415
03:12:20,700 --> 03:12:23,500
bite in the outdoors. 
But her main passion remained 

3416
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:25,600
the quest of visualize 
biological structures. 

3417
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:29,400
Funding was tight and she often 
lobbied for Grants to buy better

3418
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:31,600
equipment. 
Each new insight. 

3419
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:34,700
Strengthened her conviction that
viruses small yet. 

3420
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:37,500
Formidable merited. 
The same painstaking. 

3421
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:42,200
Scrutiny as dim By 1956. 
Her work expanded further. 

3422
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:45,900
Collaborators like Aaron klug 
Advanced diffraction analysis, 

3423
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:49,700
revealing intricate protein 
shells in casing viral, RNA 

3424
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,400
Franklin, believed. 
These advances might guide 

3425
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:54,400
future strategies against viral 
diseases. 

3426
03:12:54,400 --> 03:12:56,900
The thoroughness she had applied
to DNA. 

3427
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,500
Now, propelled virology forward 
and accomplishment overshadowed 

3428
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,800
by the double helixes Spotlight,
but crucial to understanding 

3429
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:07,300
viral replication. 
Yet signs of illness emerged. 

3430
03:13:07,300 --> 03:13:11,300
She dismissed bouts of pain as 
stress unwilling to slow down, 

3431
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:15,100
Unbeknownst to her. 
She faced a serious condition 

3432
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:19,000
that would soon escalate. 
For the moment research remained

3433
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:23,600
her and she pressed on analyzing
each image that emerged from her

3434
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:27,500
diffraction operators, her 
dedication ignited excitement of

3435
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:29,300
Berk back. 
Motivating. 

3436
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:31,100
Youngest scientists to follow in
her footsteps. 

3437
03:13:32,200 --> 03:13:35,700
Though, Watson Crick and Wilkins
gained prizes and public. 

3438
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:39,300
Adoration for DNA Franklin, 
never openly displayed Envy 

3439
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:42,200
friend's noted, she remained 
courteous about the double helix

3440
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:45,000
maintaining. 
The starts that data not 

3441
03:13:45,000 --> 03:13:48,200
politics fueled real progress in
her lab. 

3442
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:51,000
She was known for forging new 
ground in virus structure. 

3443
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:53,800
Determined that careful work? 
Would eventually earn its 

3444
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:57,200
acknowledgment. 
Commit these virus studies. 

3445
03:13:57,200 --> 03:13:59,300
Franklin's, commitment, to 
Excellence. 

3446
03:13:59,300 --> 03:14:02,400
Never wavered. 
She had departed Kings to find a

3447
03:14:02,400 --> 03:14:05,400
more supportive environment and 
at birkbeck, she discovered 

3448
03:14:05,400 --> 03:14:08,900
purpose in unraveling new 
puzzles, the Breakthrough. 

3449
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,000
She spearheaded may not have led
to Global headlines, but they 

3450
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:15,000
contributed significantly to the
emerging field of molecular 

3451
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:17,800
virology. 
All the while her health 

3452
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:21,500
concerns simmered beneath the 
surface, she continued to travel

3453
03:14:21,500 --> 03:14:24,100
and lecture sharing insights and
forging collaborations 

3454
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:28,400
researchers worldwide adapted. 
Her techniques marveling at how 

3455
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:30,200
the same x-ray approach used on 
DNA. 

3456
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:33,900
Could dissect viral architecture
each success confirmed her 

3457
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:37,500
choice to abandon the fame of 
DNA and Explorer less explored 

3458
03:14:37,500 --> 03:14:40,300
path. 
Rosalind Franklin's years at 

3459
03:14:40,300 --> 03:14:42,900
birkbeck stands as a testament 
to her resilience and 

3460
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:45,900
intellectual Drive. 
Where others saw missed Fame. 

3461
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:48,000
She saw a chance to deepen 
knowledge. 

3462
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:50,700
On a frontier with vast 
implications for medicine and 

3463
03:14:50,700 --> 03:14:53,300
agriculture. 
This period defined her as more 

3464
03:14:53,300 --> 03:14:58,300
than the woman behind photo 51. 
She became a Leading Light in 

3465
03:14:58,300 --> 03:15:02,800
virus, crystallography advancing
an entire field through tireless

3466
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:06,700
devotion. 
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 

3467
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,600
could no longer dismiss her 
discomfort as mere fatigue, 

3468
03:15:09,600 --> 03:15:13,500
severe abdominal pain center to 
a specialist where she received 

3469
03:15:13,500 --> 03:15:16,000
a stark diagnosis of varying 
cancer. 

3470
03:15:17,200 --> 03:15:20,200
News of the disease, hit hard. 
She was only in her 

3471
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:23,300
mid-thirties. 
With a thriving Lab at birkbeck 

3472
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,900
and an unrelenting drive to 
uncover the secrets of viruses. 

3473
03:15:27,800 --> 03:15:30,900
She tackled the situation with 
the same uncovering 

3474
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:34,000
determination that characterized
her scientific Pursuits. 

3475
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:37,800
Franklin, underwent surgery 
followed by radiation treatments

3476
03:15:37,800 --> 03:15:40,100
that left her exhausted 
remarkably. 

3477
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:43,300
She insisted on working whenever
she felt even a little strength.

3478
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:46,900
Her laboratory colleagues 
witnessed a woman who despite 

3479
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:50,500
obvious pain, maintained precise
standards and pressed forward 

3480
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,900
with x-ray, diffraction 
experiments, some merged her to 

3481
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,200
rest, but she believed that 
meaningful research could serve 

3482
03:15:57,200 --> 03:16:00,400
as a form of hope, both for 
herself and for the broader 

3483
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:04,100
scientific Quest. 
Meanwhile, her research group 

3484
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:06,900
continued, its progress on 
Tobacco mosaic virus. 

3485
03:16:07,700 --> 03:16:11,300
Aaron klug and John Finch helped
manage day-to-day tasks but 

3486
03:16:11,300 --> 03:16:13,400
Franklin remained the 
intellectual force behind the 

3487
03:16:13,408 --> 03:16:17,300
projects analyzing data from her
hospital bed, when necessary, 

3488
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:21,300
she had always been meticulous 
but now her instructions became 

3489
03:16:21,300 --> 03:16:24,700
even more methodical. 
As if every experiment needed to

3490
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:26,900
be double checked due to the 
uncertainty of time. 

3491
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:30,800
Medical Treatments showed 
initial, promise Franklin's 

3492
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:33,500
Health rebounded, enough for her
to attend conferences, and 

3493
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,000
deliver lectures with renewed 
Vigor in early 1957. 

3494
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:39,800
She traveled to the United 
States to discuss her virus 

3495
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:43,200
findings. 
Their Marvel at a Clarity of 

3496
03:16:43,208 --> 03:16:45,800
thought and appreciated her, 
willingness to share data and 

3497
03:16:45,800 --> 03:16:48,200
techniques. 
She returned to London with 

3498
03:16:48,200 --> 03:16:50,900
fresh ideas for comparing the 
structures of different plant 

3499
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:54,200
viruses can convince that a 
unifying principle might exist 

3500
03:16:54,200 --> 03:16:58,100
across various shapes and sizes.
A perseverance garnered 

3501
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:00,300
admiration from both peers and 
subordinates. 

3502
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:03,700
Many had witnessed how 
overshadowed she'd been in the 

3503
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,100
DNA story yet. 
Here she was forging new 

3504
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:08,600
breakthroughs. 
Under the most challenging 

3505
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:12,000
circumstances in private 
Franklin confessed. 

3506
03:17:12,000 --> 03:17:15,600
Occasional frustration about the
slow recognition for her virus 

3507
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:19,100
work but she rarely let 
bitterness creep into daily lab 

3508
03:17:19,100 --> 03:17:22,200
interactions instead. 
She strove to uplift, younger 

3509
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:25,600
researchers, reminding them that
quality data was the Bedrock of 

3510
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:29,200
scientific progress, that year 
she initiated a project 

3511
03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:32,000
examining. 
The polio virus structure though

3512
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:35,400
it would be demanding. 
Polio remained, a global Health 

3513
03:17:35,400 --> 03:17:37,400
concern and franklyn hoped that 
precise. 

3514
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,300
Diffraction studies might reveal
new angles for vaccine 

3515
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:42,700
development. 
She collaborated with 

3516
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:45,900
researchers at other 
institutions coordinating sample

3517
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:47,500
exchanges, and cross checking 
results. 

3518
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:51,600
The effort required significant 
energy, but franklyn refused to 

3519
03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:54,500
lower her standards by mid-19 
the 57. 

3520
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:58,600
However, her health took another
downturn hospital visits became 

3521
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:01,600
more frequent and her doctors 
suggested further treatments 

3522
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:05,100
this time. 
The prognosis was darker She 

3523
03:18:05,100 --> 03:18:08,500
confided in a few close friends 
at admitting she feared she 

3524
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:10,400
might not complete her, most 
ambitious projects. 

3525
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:14,200
Still, she held on to the lab as
her anchor juggling medical 

3526
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:17,200
appointments with diffraction 
sessions that extended late Into

3527
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,200
the Night. 
In August a sudden Improvement 

3528
03:18:20,200 --> 03:18:23,700
sparked renewed optimism. 
She joked with colleagues about 

3529
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:25,400
planning. 
A celebratory trip once she 

3530
03:18:25,400 --> 03:18:28,600
fully recovered letters to 
friends abroad, show her 

3531
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:30,900
balance, and gratitude, for 
extended life, with a 

3532
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:33,000
scientists, inherent curiosity 
about her illness. 

3533
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:37,300
She compared cancers Invasion to
a virus, infiltrating, a cell 

3534
03:18:37,300 --> 03:18:40,700
determined to observe and fight 
it with all the tools available.

3535
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:45,800
Yet the disease progressed 
relentlessly by Fall pain fled 

3536
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,200
again and even routine tasks 
became difficult. 

3537
03:18:49,100 --> 03:18:51,500
Franklins unwavering 
determination, masked its 

3538
03:18:51,500 --> 03:18:55,400
severity to most outside as She 
drafted research notes from her 

3539
03:18:55,400 --> 03:18:57,800
bed, outlining next steps for 
her team. 

3540
03:18:57,800 --> 03:19:01,200
In an act of foresight. 
She delegated leadership roles 

3541
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,800
in that ongoing experiments 
would falter if she had to step 

3542
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:07,100
away. 
Those around her admired, this 

3543
03:19:07,100 --> 03:19:09,900
quiet resilience despite her 
personal struggles. 

3544
03:19:09,900 --> 03:19:13,400
Franklyn, never overlooked The 
Wider impact of her research. 

3545
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:17,700
She viewed viruses as intricate 
pieces of nature with each 

3546
03:19:17,700 --> 03:19:20,700
Discovery serving as a crucial 
tool for comprehending disease, 

3547
03:19:20,700 --> 03:19:24,300
and safeguarding human lives. 
Observers found her courage 

3548
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:27,100
extraordinary though. 
She rarely frame to herself as 

3549
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,400
heroic in her view. 
She was simply continuing what 

3550
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:33,000
she had always done. 
Methodically Gathering data 

3551
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:35,900
refining conclusions and 
believing in the power of 

3552
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:41,000
science to uplift Humanity. 
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind

3553
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:43,000
Franklin, found herself at a 
pivotal point. 

3554
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:46,900
Her lab is brimming with 
fascinating research, on viruses

3555
03:19:46,900 --> 03:19:49,300
that may help unravel biological
Mysteries. 

3556
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:53,000
She had a disease that no amount
of scientific rigor could cure. 

3557
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:58,000
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 
uncertainty as Rosalind 

3558
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:01,600
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 
Yet, within the birkbeck lab 

3559
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:05,000
momentum, persisted. 
She had established a system of 

3560
03:20:05,000 --> 03:20:09,100
shared responsibilities in that 
vital experiments continued even

3561
03:20:09,100 --> 03:20:13,000
if she needed hospitalization. 
Aaron others stepped up 

3562
03:20:13,000 --> 03:20:17,200
organizing data from the tobacco
mosaic virus and now the polio 

3563
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:20,500
virus studies, frankly had 
launched despite her weakened 

3564
03:20:20,500 --> 03:20:23,600
State, she remained, mentally 
sharp offering guidance from her

3565
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:25,400
bedside and carefully written 
directives. 

3566
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:29,300
Franklins presence was palpable,
during her occasional visits to 

3567
03:20:29,300 --> 03:20:32,100
the lab sporting, a lab coat, 
over her frail frame. 

3568
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:34,800
She would scrutinize the latest 
diffraction photographs, 

3569
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:38,200
pointing out slight, and 
anomalies and symmetry or angle.

3570
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:41,100
Colleagues found at both 
inspiring and heartbreaking. 

3571
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:45,200
Here was a world-class mind 
refusing to yield even as her 

3572
03:20:45,200 --> 03:20:48,700
body faltered She updated 
notebooks with unwavering 

3573
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:52,300
clarity, as though the act of 
writing itself, could keep her 

3574
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,000
Tethered to the work. 
She loved her medical team. 

3575
03:20:55,000 --> 03:20:58,500
Advised rest, but frankly 
impressed on citing, not missed 

3576
03:20:58,500 --> 03:21:01,200
this, but an ethical Drive in 
her view. 

3577
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:04,700
Scientific progress was a 
collective Venture if her 

3578
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:07,100
finding could improve the 
understanding of viruses. 

3579
03:21:07,800 --> 03:21:10,500
She owed it to the broader 
Community to see them through 

3580
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:14,400
when friends, gently questioned,
whether it was wise to push so 

3581
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:18,300
hard, she confessed that 
focusing on data helped Stave 

3582
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:20,800
off despair. 
The lab was her Sanctuary. 

3583
03:21:20,800 --> 03:21:24,200
A place where logic and 
Discovery overshadowed personal 

3584
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:29,500
anxieties One highlight came in 
February. 1958 a journal 

3585
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:32,000
accepted her team's detailed 
paper on TMZ. 

3586
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:35,500
Structural transitions lording 
franklyn's, rigorous 

3587
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:38,300
methodology. 
She allowed herself a quiet 

3588
03:21:38,308 --> 03:21:41,800
moment of satisfaction knowing, 
such recognition was hard one. 

3589
03:21:42,800 --> 03:21:45,200
A few days later she penned 
letters to collaborators 

3590
03:21:45,200 --> 03:21:47,700
proposing further investigations
into spherical. 

3591
03:21:47,700 --> 03:21:50,900
Virus shells, though. 
Physically diminished her 

3592
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:52,900
intellectual curiosity knew no 
bounds. 

3593
03:21:53,600 --> 03:21:56,900
Outside, the lab Franklin's, 
close Circle began preparing for

3594
03:21:56,900 --> 03:22:01,500
the possibility of bad news. 
Her father Ellis had passed away

3595
03:22:01,500 --> 03:22:04,800
years earlier, but extended 
family members rallied around 

3596
03:22:04,800 --> 03:22:08,900
her, she maintained stoicism 
rarely discussing prognosis. 

3597
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:12,700
Instead, she inquired about 
others well-being, asked about 

3598
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:16,100
the latest scientific gossip. 
A meticulously planned, the next

3599
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,600
steps for her virus research. 
In quite a moments. 

3600
03:22:19,600 --> 03:22:21,700
She reflected on how a woman 
once. 

3601
03:22:21,700 --> 03:22:24,500
Overshadowed in the DNA, Saga 
had found renewed purpose. 

3602
03:22:25,500 --> 03:22:27,100
She never openly declared 
regret. 

3603
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:30,100
Though, some friends, perceived,
a lingering sadness that she 

3604
03:22:30,100 --> 03:22:31,900
might not see the end of certain
viral. 

3605
03:22:31,900 --> 03:22:35,500
Inquiries rumors circulated 
about potential nominations for 

3606
03:22:35,500 --> 03:22:39,500
significant Awards, though. 
Watson Crick, and Wilkins had 

3607
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:42,000
gained Global Fame. 
A few scientific bodies. 

3608
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:44,500
Recognized Franklins independent
contributions. 

3609
03:22:44,500 --> 03:22:48,700
Nothing concrete materialized. 
However And she expressed little

3610
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:51,700
interest in accolades, she 
believed real achievement. 

3611
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:55,400
Lay in the data itself, the 
patterns, the angles, the 

3612
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:58,000
consistent results, that build a
foundation for future work. 

3613
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:01,400
As spring approached her 
symptoms worsened. 

3614
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:06,100
Sharp pains returned and another
surgery was scheduled this time 

3615
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:09,900
medical intervention offered 
diminishing returns franklyn 

3616
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:12,900
face the prospect that her life 
might be cut short yet. 

3617
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:15,500
She approached this possibility 
with the same methodical calm. 

3618
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:19,100
She brought to her experiments. 
She revised her will setting 

3619
03:23:19,100 --> 03:23:21,900
aside funds for scientific calls
and ensuring that certain 

3620
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:23,900
personal items went to Cherished
friends. 

3621
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,000
She also took steps to safeguard
her research. 

3622
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:31,100
Instructing and others on how to
best archived her notebooks and 

3623
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:35,400
X-ray films on excellent days. 
She still made brief appearance 

3624
03:23:35,400 --> 03:23:38,500
as at birkbeck. 
One morning in April, she 

3625
03:23:38,500 --> 03:23:42,200
examined new images of the polio
virus noting symmetrical 

3626
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:45,600
patterns that hinted at a 
uniform protein Arrangement the 

3627
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,800
conversation that followed held 
in hushed tones behind a 

3628
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:50,700
cluttered desk brimmed with 
excitement. 

3629
03:23:50,700 --> 03:23:54,200
She encouraged her colleagues to
pursue further refining of these

3630
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:58,100
samples convinced. 
The results might be pivotal Yet

3631
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:00,800
by mid-april her hospital stays 
grew longer. 

3632
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:05,700
In a final letter to a mentor in
Paris Franklin described a sense

3633
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:08,900
of urgency. 
She felt every hour counted she 

3634
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:12,300
signed off with a mixture of 
humor and resolve quipping that 

3635
03:24:12,300 --> 03:24:14,600
illness might slow her body but 
never her mind. 

3636
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:18,700
The note ended abruptly 
suggesting that even writing had

3637
03:24:18,700 --> 03:24:21,500
become a laborious. 
Still, the spirit that had 

3638
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:24,200
guided her from Saint, Paul's 
girls school through King's 

3639
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:26,000
College and Burke back remained 
intact. 

3640
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:29,800
She had consistently emphasized 
the importance of data over 

3641
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,300
speculation. 
Now, as life's uncertainty is 

3642
03:24:33,300 --> 03:24:35,800
narrowed. 
She held to that principal more 

3643
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,800
fiercely than ever, every 
experiment completed, every 

3644
03:24:39,800 --> 03:24:43,700
photograph taken was a small 
triumphs over the frailties of 

3645
03:24:43,700 --> 03:24:47,400
The Human Condition. 
In that sense, she transformed 

3646
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,900
her final months into a 
testament to Scientific 

3647
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:54,600
dedication, a brief but shining 
era when personal advert 

3648
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:57,000
personal adversity bowed before 
the truth. 

3649
03:24:57,900 --> 03:25:02,700
Rosalind Franklin passed away on
April 16th, 1958 at the age of 

3650
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,500
37. 
The immediate shock rippled 

3651
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:07,200
through her colleagues, at 
birkbeck and Beyond. 

3652
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:10,200
Many had witnessed her stubborn 
fight against illness. 

3653
03:25:10,200 --> 03:25:13,700
The news of her death, still 
felt sudden as though a 

3654
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:15,600
brilliant light had been snuffed
out too soon. 

3655
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,500
She had left behind half 
finished projects on the 

3656
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:21,800
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks. 

3657
03:25:21,800 --> 03:25:25,400
That offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

3658
03:25:25,400 --> 03:25:26,900
from across the scientific 
community. 

3659
03:25:27,700 --> 03:25:31,000
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

3660
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,900
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her publicly

3661
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:38,200
credited Franklin's methods for 
pushing their studies of TMV and

3662
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:41,700
polio virus forward. 
Even Morris Wilkins whose 

3663
03:25:41,700 --> 03:25:44,700
relationship with Franklin had 
been tense, expressed regret 

3664
03:25:44,700 --> 03:25:49,100
that they never truly reconciled
in hushed conversations some 

3665
03:25:49,100 --> 03:25:50,900
recalled. 
How her DNA data had been 

3666
03:25:50,908 --> 03:25:54,600
pivotal to Watson and crick's 
success lamenting that she never

3667
03:25:54,600 --> 03:25:57,100
saw the global accolades. 
That might have been hers under 

3668
03:25:57,100 --> 03:26:00,700
Fair, a circumstances outside 
these professional circles. 

3669
03:26:00,700 --> 03:26:03,800
However, the name Rosalind 
Franklin, barely registered 

3670
03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:06,400
Watson and crick's double helix 
model. 

3671
03:26:06,400 --> 03:26:08,200
Had claimed the Public's 
imagination. 

3672
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:12,600
Casting other contributors and 
peripheral roles newspapers 

3673
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:14,700
printed shorter, obituaries 
focusing. 

3674
03:26:14,700 --> 03:26:18,600
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 
young offered, scant detail 

3675
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,200
about her virus research in one 
sense. 

3676
03:26:21,200 --> 03:26:24,900
Franklins passing mirrored her 
life, vital work over shadowed 

3677
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:28,200
by allowed a narrative yet for 
those who understood Her impact,

3678
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:32,000
the morning came with resolve, 
Aaron clug LED efforts to 

3679
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:34,900
preserve her virus samples. 
And continue her research lines,

3680
03:26:34,900 --> 03:26:38,200
he believed that Franklin's 
Legacy deserved more than a 

3681
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:40,700
fleeting eulogy. 
Scholars at birkbeck and 

3682
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,100
elsewhere vowed to finish the 
tasks she'd begun. 

3683
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:47,400
Analyzing the protein shells of 
various viruses and refining the

3684
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:51,200
diffraction method she'd 
pioneered in their hands, her 

3685
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:53,600
notebooks became living 
documents, guiding new 

3686
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:57,800
experiments and interpretations.
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 

3687
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:00,700
Wilkins navigated a complex. 
Emotional space. 

3688
03:27:00,700 --> 03:27:04,900
The broader public saw them as 
the DNA triumvirate privately 

3689
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:07,300
they acknowledged that 
Franklin's data had accelerated,

3690
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:11,600
their discoveries Wilkins in 
particular, hinted, in letters 

3691
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:13,700
that he wished Circumstances had
played out differently. 

3692
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:18,500
Yet the train of recognition had
long since left the station, the

3693
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:21,700
Nobel Prize in physiology or 
medicine loomed on the horizon, 

3694
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:25,800
franklyn no longer alive was 
ineligible under the rules of 

3695
03:27:25,800 --> 03:27:28,600
the Nobel committee leaving, 
many to debate. 

3696
03:27:28,600 --> 03:27:31,300
Whether her name would have 
appeared on that honor had she 

3697
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:34,800
survived Franklins work on 
viruses, started to yield 

3698
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:37,000
results in a distinct area of 
science. 

3699
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:41,100
The structural insights gleaned 
from her approach informed, the 

3700
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:44,600
eventual creation of vaccines 
and treatments, Subsequent 

3701
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:47,600
generations of researchers, 
delving into polio and other 

3702
03:27:47,600 --> 03:27:51,300
viral, pathogens cited, her 
pioneering methods over time, 

3703
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:54,300
references to Franklin's 
approach or Franklin's Precision

3704
03:27:54,300 --> 03:27:58,100
surfaced in published papers. 
In these specialized circles, 

3705
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,800
her influence quietly grew yet 
in the popular imagination. 

3706
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:05,800
Her role in DNA remained a 
buried footnote, the double 

3707
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:08,900
helix story retold, him 
magazines and television 

3708
03:28:08,900 --> 03:28:11,400
specials. 
Typically highlighted the Eureka

3709
03:28:11,400 --> 03:28:14,500
moments of Watson and Crick. 
Rarely did they emphasize the 

3710
03:28:14,500 --> 03:28:16,700
behind the scenes images or the 
quiet researcher? 

3711
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:19,000
Who died young? 
To her friends. 

3712
03:28:19,000 --> 03:28:21,200
The Lost was both painful and 
unsurprising. 

3713
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:24,000
They recognized that history. 
Often favors the Bold 

3714
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,200
personalities who announced 
breakthroughs not the meticulous

3715
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:30,600
Minds working in the shadows. 
Still, there were flickers of 

3716
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:33,500
recognition, a handful of 
Articles, and scientific 

3717
03:28:33,500 --> 03:28:36,300
periodicals praised her for 
bridging chemistry and biology. 

3718
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:40,700
Female scientists in particular,
found in franklyn, a model of 

3719
03:28:40,708 --> 03:28:43,700
perseverance. 
She had after all navigated a 

3720
03:28:43,700 --> 03:28:47,600
male-dominated field with 
unflinching dedication, her 

3721
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:50,400
story suggested that Brilliance 
alone does not guarantee a 

3722
03:28:50,400 --> 03:28:53,000
claim. 
Specially when personal politics

3723
03:28:53,000 --> 03:28:56,000
and timing intervene in the 
months following her funeral 

3724
03:28:56,000 --> 03:29:00,200
Bernal include compiled. 
Her unpublished data releasing 

3725
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:03,500
some of it in collaborative 
papers. these Publications 

3726
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:06,200
helped virology Advanced 
gradually even though they 

3727
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:09,400
didn't make the front page, 
Franklin's name appeared on the 

3728
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:12,100
author lists a silent. 
Reminder that her drive and 

3729
03:29:12,108 --> 03:29:15,600
insight continued to shape new 
discoveries even Beyond her 

3730
03:29:15,600 --> 03:29:18,500
death. 
Thus, Rosalind Franklin's, 

3731
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:22,700
physical presence vanished in 
the final tally of 1958, but her

3732
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:26,400
methods and findings, endured 
scientists who encountered her 

3733
03:29:26,400 --> 03:29:28,500
meticulous? 
Records spoke of feeling her 

3734
03:29:28,500 --> 03:29:31,700
presence. 
Each measured angle each note on

3735
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:36,100
humidity each reference to 
precise conditions in that 

3736
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:37,800
Precision layer enduring 
signature. 

3737
03:29:37,800 --> 03:29:41,600
A blueprint for doing science 
with exactitude and Grace. 

3738
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:45,700
The World At Large might have 
moved on but in small labs 

3739
03:29:45,700 --> 03:29:48,800
scattered across the globe 
Franklins influence quite 

3740
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:50,400
quietly. 
Persisted seeding. 

3741
03:29:50,400 --> 03:29:54,300
The brake throughs of War. 
Of tomorrow. 

3742
03:29:55,500 --> 03:29:58,800
In the decades, after Rosalind 
Franklin's death, her Legacy of 

3743
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,200
evolved in slow transformative 
ways. 

3744
03:30:02,000 --> 03:30:07,500
During the 1960s and 1970s 
Watson Crick and Wilkins became 

3745
03:30:07,500 --> 03:30:10,300
household names. 
Culminating in their shared 

3746
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:14,800
Nobel Prize in 1962. 
Franklyn omitted from that honor

3747
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:18,300
by both death and Circumstance 
remained, largely in the shadows

3748
03:30:18,300 --> 03:30:21,400
of popular history. 
Yet among certain scientists, 

3749
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:26,000
her reputation for precision and
perseverance, quietly, grew at 

3750
03:30:26,000 --> 03:30:29,000
birkbeck College, younger. 
Researchers carried on the virus

3751
03:30:29,000 --> 03:30:31,600
studies. 
She had pioneered Aaron klug's 

3752
03:30:31,600 --> 03:30:34,200
eventual Nobel, Prize in 
chemistry, recognized his work 

3753
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:37,600
on protein nucleic acid 
complexes Pursuit. 

3754
03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:40,800
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 
methodology in interviews. 

3755
03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:43,600
He pointedly credited her 
meticulous techniques for 

3756
03:30:43,608 --> 03:30:47,000
guiding his path. 
References to Franklin's x-ray 

3757
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,000
approach, began appearing in 
virology circles and 

3758
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:52,600
acknowledgment, that her role, 
extended Beyond DNA. 

3759
03:30:53,400 --> 03:30:57,000
Still mainstream awareness, 
lagged school textbook, 

3760
03:30:57,000 --> 03:31:00,700
celebrated the double helix as 
Watson and crick's Triumph, only

3761
03:31:00,700 --> 03:31:04,300
a handful of paragraphs. 
If any acknowledged franklyn's 

3762
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:08,300
photo 51 or the King's College 
drama, a shifting social 

3763
03:31:08,300 --> 03:31:11,600
climate, however, sparked 
renewed interest, in lesser 

3764
03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:15,000
known, female scientists, 
feminist Scholars and historians

3765
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,700
began probing archival materials
determined to uncover the 

3766
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:21,300
stories of women whose 
contributions had been equipped 

3767
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:26,400
By the 1980s, a wave of 
re-examination cast a spotlight 

3768
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:29,200
on Rosalind Franklin, 
journalists and academics, 

3769
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:32,800
scrutinized correspondence, lab 
notes, and Memoirs. 

3770
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:34,800
From her colleague's, they are 
on earth. 

3771
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:37,800
The reality that Franklin had 
not just assisted but Been 

3772
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:40,200
instrumental in unraveling 
today's structure. 

3773
03:31:40,200 --> 03:31:43,600
The evidence showed that her 
data shared with out, her full 

3774
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:46,400
of approval had crystallized, 
Watson and crick's thinking 

3775
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:50,600
Popular media picked up on the 
controversy framing Franklin as 

3776
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,400
the wronged heroine of the DNA 
Saga. 

3777
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:56,000
While this characterization, 
sometimes veered into 

3778
03:31:56,000 --> 03:32:00,200
caricature, it revived her name 
simultaneously interest in her 

3779
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:04,500
virus research, flourished among
Specialists, a new generation of

3780
03:32:04,508 --> 03:32:07,300
molecular, biologists, 
rediscovered, her birkbeck work.

3781
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:11,200
Amazed at how she had tackled 
the complexities of viruses. 

3782
03:32:11,200 --> 03:32:14,300
With the same tenacity, she 
brought to dinner a series of 

3783
03:32:14,308 --> 03:32:17,200
papers analyzing her notebooks 
revealed that her approaches to 

3784
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:18,800
sample. 
Preparation, and diffraction 

3785
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:22,700
analysis were decades ahead of 
their time pharmaceutical 

3786
03:32:22,700 --> 03:32:25,200
researchers aiming to combat 
viral outbreaks, through 

3787
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:28,600
inspiration from her methods, 
demonstrating that her impact 

3788
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:30,300
reached far beyond a single 
molecule. 

3789
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:34,900
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin 
became a simple for women in 

3790
03:32:34,900 --> 03:32:38,500
stem University is established 
fellowships and awards bearing. 

3791
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:40,600
Her name each designed to 
support. 

3792
03:32:40,600 --> 03:32:44,400
Female researchers in fields 
like chemistry Crystal and 

3793
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:47,500
molecular biology. 
Statues and plaques appeared at 

3794
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:50,800
King's College London and in her
home town celebrating her 

3795
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,900
achievements. 
For many tributes, still focused

3796
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:55,900
on DNA. 
The deeper picture of her 

3797
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:57,800
broader. 
Scientific passion began to take

3798
03:32:57,800 --> 03:33:01,500
shape documentaries and books, 
offered more nuanced, portraits 

3799
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:04,500
a brilliant scientist who 
navigated the Prejudice of her 

3800
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:07,100
time. 
Worked herself to exhaustion and

3801
03:33:07,100 --> 03:33:09,400
died young. 
Leaving a treasure Trove of 

3802
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:13,000
insights debates about ethics 
and credit allocation continued 

3803
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:15,700
with some championing Watson and
crick's accomplishments. 

3804
03:33:15,700 --> 03:33:19,300
While also acknowledging the 
Injustice done to franklyn the 

3805
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:21,200
complexities of her 
relationships at Kings. 

3806
03:33:21,200 --> 03:33:24,700
Her shift a book back and her 
brave fight against cancer, 

3807
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:28,100
found their way into mainstream 
awareness painting, a portrait 

3808
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,100
of a woman whose intellect 
defied the era's constraints 

3809
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:34,100
today. 
Rosalind Franklin stands as a 

3810
03:33:34,108 --> 03:33:38,000
beacon of unyielding dedication.
Her story resonates with those 

3811
03:33:38,000 --> 03:33:41,500
who value Precision, resilience 
and collaborative respect 

3812
03:33:42,400 --> 03:33:46,100
Museums showcase her notebooks 
featuring the small details that

3813
03:33:46,100 --> 03:33:49,500
want seemed in consequential. 
Meticulously labeled film 

3814
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:53,700
plates, humidity, logs and 
carefully drawn diagrams each 

3815
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:55,500
artifact. 
Testifies to her belief that 

3816
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:59,500
every scrap of data mattered in 
academic circles, Franklins 

3817
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:01,000
name. 
Now holds genuine weight. 

3818
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:04,200
She is sighted, not as a 
footnote, but as a Pioneer who 

3819
03:34:04,200 --> 03:34:08,400
Bridge chemistry and biology, 
Advanced Crystal and helped 

3820
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:12,500
birth modern virology research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

3821
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:17,400
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

3822
03:34:17,400 --> 03:34:20,800
curiosity. 
Discipline and the courage to 

3823
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:23,900
question norms. 
The Arc of Rosalind Franklin's 

3824
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:27,200
reputation thus reveals a 
broader truth recognition in 

3825
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:31,600
science, can be capricious 
delayed or uneven, what was once

3826
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:33,500
overshadowed can through 
persistent. 

3827
03:34:33,500 --> 03:34:37,700
Re-examination rise to its 
rightful place, Franklins data, 

3828
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:40,300
lit the path for one of the 
greatest discoveries in biology 

3829
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:44,400
and her virus research, paved 
the way for critical future 

3830
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:46,400
breakthroughs. 
Generations. 

3831
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:49,900
After her, passing the full 
story of her contributions is 

3832
03:34:49,900 --> 03:34:53,800
coming to clear a focusing that 
her voice, once muffled, now 

3833
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:59,300
Echoes across labs and lecture 
Halls worldwide. and just like 

3834
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:02,300
that, we've reached the end of 
our main story tonight, about 

3835
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:06,100
someone who is truly brilliant 
with science, Hopefully, you've 

3836
03:35:06,100 --> 03:35:10,200
already drifted to sleep by now 
but if not, I know my insomniacs

3837
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:13,000
when I see them. 
We got your back with stories of

3838
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:15,600
different types in case this 
wasn't something interesting to 

3839
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:18,100
you. 
I hope you have a fantastic day 

3840
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:21,800
and get the best rest that you 
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 

3841
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:32,500
friends and as always good 
night, You're standing on the 

3842
03:35:32,508 --> 03:35:35,800
Mongolian steppe, and the first 
thing that strikes, you isn't 

3843
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,100
the silence, it's the wind, it 
moves across. 

3844
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:43,300
These grasslands like water over
Stone constant and patient 

3845
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:46,600
carrying with it. 
The smell of wild thyme and the 

3846
03:35:46,600 --> 03:35:50,100
distant promise of rain, the 
grass itself, stretches in every

3847
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:54,700
direction, a sea of green and 
gold that ripples in waves. 

3848
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:58,000
When the wind picks up and you 
realize quickly that this 

3849
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:02,800
landscape, doesn't just surround
you, it consumes, you makes you 

3850
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:07,200
small and teaches you that 
survival here means reading the 

3851
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:11,200
land, the way others read books.
The sky overhead is impossibly 

3852
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:13,400
blue. 
The kind of blew that makes you 

3853
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:16,200
understand why these people 
would later call it the Eternal 

3854
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:20,100
Blue Sky. 
Their primary deity, their 

3855
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:24,300
witness to every oath and 
promise in summer, the sun 

3856
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:27,200
hammers, down with an intensity.
That makes the air Shimmer above

3857
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:30,300
the distant Hills turning, 
everything Beyond a certain 

3858
03:36:30,308 --> 03:36:34,400
distance into wavering mirages 
in Winter that same Sky, turns 

3859
03:36:34,400 --> 03:36:37,400
hard and pale and the cold 
descends with a cruelty that can

3860
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:39,600
kill a person in ours, if 
they're caught unprepared, 

3861
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:43,100
freezing, fingers, and toes, 
before you even realize, you're 

3862
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:46,400
in danger, you notice the herds 
first horses. 

3863
03:36:46,400 --> 03:36:50,000
Mostly moving in, a loose groups
across the grassland, their 

3864
03:36:50,000 --> 03:36:53,100
coach Shaggy and thick Built For
This climate extremes. 

3865
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:55,900
These aren't the Sleek refined 
animals. 

3866
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:57,700
You might picture from later, 
centuries. 

3867
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:01,900
These are sturdy creatures 
Barrel, chested and short-legged

3868
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:04,800
capable of surviving on whatever
tough grass. 

3869
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:08,800
Pokes through the snow capable 
of traveling, 50 miles in a day 

3870
03:37:08,808 --> 03:37:12,500
without complaint near them 
sheep cluster and Tighter 

3871
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:16,000
groups, their wool, thick and 
oily, providing protection 

3872
03:37:16,000 --> 03:37:18,200
against whether that would kill 
less a breeds. 

3873
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:22,300
The occasional camel stands 
apart chewing thoughtfully 

3874
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:25,600
looking vaguely offended by 
everything as camels. 

3875
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:28,000
Do the camps. 
Themselves are temporary 

3876
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:30,500
constellation scattered across 
this ocean of grass. 

3877
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:34,900
You approach one now and the 
smell of smoke become specific 

3878
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:39,700
burning of dried dung that 
serves as the primary fuel 

3879
03:37:39,700 --> 03:37:41,900
source out here where trees are 
rare luxuries. 

3880
03:37:41,900 --> 03:37:46,800
It's not an unpleasant smell 
earthy and practical mixed with 

3881
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:49,800
the scent of boiling meat and 
fermented mayor's milk. 

3882
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:53,600
The gears felt covered lattice 
structures that others would 

3883
03:37:53,600 --> 03:37:56,400
later call Yurts sit in rough 
circles. 

3884
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,700
Their doors, always facing south
to catch the Sun and avoid the 

3885
03:38:00,708 --> 03:38:02,600
north wind. 
That brings the worst weather 

3886
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,900
inside a gir, the world 
contracts, to something 

3887
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:10,800
manageable, almost cozy. 
Felt walls, several layers, 

3888
03:38:10,800 --> 03:38:15,400
thick trap warmth from a central
half where a fire burns, low and

3889
03:38:15,400 --> 03:38:17,800
steady. 
The lattice framework creates a 

3890
03:38:17,800 --> 03:38:21,700
satisfying geometric pattern and
everything has its place 

3891
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:24,700
weapons. 
And saddles on the western side,

3892
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:27,900
cooking, implements near the 
door and the families, treasured

3893
03:38:27,900 --> 03:38:30,800
possessions arranged around the 
back wall opposite. 

3894
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:35,300
The entrance, the floor is 
covered with felt and Furs and 

3895
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:39,300
the air smells of smoke wool and
whatever is cooking in the pots,

3896
03:38:39,300 --> 03:38:42,400
suspended over the fire. 
You're learning the rhythm of 

3897
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:46,800
Step life and it's tied entirely
to the animals and the seasons, 

3898
03:38:46,800 --> 03:38:50,800
spring means following the herds
to Fresh grazing, watching for 

3899
03:38:50,800 --> 03:38:54,400
the births of new folds, and 
lambs and moving Camp every few 

3900
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:56,100
weeks. 
As the animals, exhaust, the 

3901
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,700
grass in one area, the work is 
constant during these months. 

3902
03:39:00,500 --> 03:39:03,600
Assisting difficult births 
protecting newborns from 

3903
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:07,100
predators, and keeping track of 
which animals belong to which 

3904
03:39:07,100 --> 03:39:09,500
families in the communal herding
Arrangements. 

3905
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:13,700
That characterize steps a 
society, a good spring can set a

3906
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:17,300
family up for Prosperity, a bad 
one where disease strikes the 

3907
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:20,200
herds or whether kills the young
can mean poverty or Worse? 

3908
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:24,200
Somehow brings the easiest 
living abundant grass warm days 

3909
03:39:24,200 --> 03:39:26,800
and time for the Great 
Gatherings where Clans would 

3910
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:31,700
meet arranged marriages settled 
disputes, race horses and 

3911
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:34,000
wrestle. 
You attend one of these summer 

3912
03:39:34,000 --> 03:39:38,300
Gatherings and it's part of all 
part, political convention and 

3913
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:41,800
part Market. 
Young men compete in archery. 

3914
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:45,200
Contests their arrows. 
Flying toward distant targets 

3915
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:48,700
with accuracy. 
That seems impossible wrestlers 

3916
03:39:48,700 --> 03:39:51,900
grapple in competitions. 
That draw, huge crowds the 

3917
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:54,400
Winner's gaining Prestige that 
will follow them for years. 

3918
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:58,400
Horse races, covered distance is
that would exhaust animals bred 

3919
03:39:58,400 --> 03:40:02,000
for Speed rather than endurance 
and the Victoria's ride is 

3920
03:40:02,000 --> 03:40:04,900
become local. 
Celebrities their horses sought 

3921
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,500
after for breeding between the 
competitions, serious business 

3922
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:12,000
gets conducted elders. 
Meeting counts all discussing 

3923
03:40:12,000 --> 03:40:14,600
grazing rights. 
Resolving feuds. 

3924
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:17,800
That have simmered since the 
previous Gathering and arranging

3925
03:40:17,800 --> 03:40:21,700
marriages between families to 
cement a lions or heal Rifts. 

3926
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:24,900
Young people Circle each other 
with the careful, choreography 

3927
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:28,600
of potential courtship 
chaperoned, but given enough 

3928
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:32,000
freedom to assess, whether they 
might suit each other, Merchants

3929
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:34,400
set up temporary stalls, 
offering Goods, that can't be 

3930
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:38,700
made on the step metal tools, 
Chinese silk grain, and tea. 

3931
03:40:38,700 --> 03:40:42,400
For those who can afford such 
luxuries, Autumn means preparing

3932
03:40:42,400 --> 03:40:46,500
for winter and the work becomes 
frantic meat must be preserved, 

3933
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:51,000
dried smoked or sometimes buried
in the permafrost in Northern 

3934
03:40:51,000 --> 03:40:53,000
regions, where the ground stays 
Frozen. 

3935
03:40:53,000 --> 03:40:56,200
Even in summer, felt gets made 
from wool the fibers. 

3936
03:40:56,200 --> 03:40:59,300
Pounded and worked, until they 
matched together into material. 

3937
03:40:59,300 --> 03:41:02,500
That will keep wind and cold at 
Bay, every piece of equipment, 

3938
03:41:02,500 --> 03:41:08,500
gets inspected and repaired. 
Saddles bridles tent frames and 

3939
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:11,900
the 100 small items that might 
seem unimportant until they 

3940
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:15,600
break in the middle of winter 
and can't be replaced women. 

3941
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:19,400
Work on clothing, stitching new 
garments and repairing old ones 

3942
03:41:19,400 --> 03:41:22,200
adding layers of insulation. 
That will mean the difference 

3943
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:25,800
between comfort and Frostbite. 
Winter means hunkering down, in 

3944
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:28,900
more sheltered, valleys, keeping
the herds alive through the 

3945
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:33,100
coldest months, and surviving on
preserved foods and the milk 

3946
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:35,500
from animals. 
Hardy enough to still produce in

3947
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:38,800
the cold. 
The work doesn't stop Animals. 

3948
03:41:38,800 --> 03:41:41,300
Still need to be moved to 
whatever grazing can be found 

3949
03:41:41,300 --> 03:41:44,900
sometimes requiring you to break
through ice on ponds. 

3950
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:48,000
So they can drink, always 
watching for signs of weakness 

3951
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:52,100
or disease that might signal an 
animal vote survive to spring 

3952
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:56,300
inside the jurors crafts. 
Get practice making rope from 

3953
03:41:56,300 --> 03:42:00,300
horsehair carving wood working 
leather and teaching children 

3954
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:02,100
the skills. 
They'll need when they're old 

3955
03:42:02,100 --> 03:42:04,600
enough to contribute fully to 
the household survival. 

3956
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:08,300
The people you meet here, move 
with an economy of motion born 

3957
03:42:08,300 --> 03:42:11,100
from necessity? 
There's no wasted effort when 

3958
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:13,300
every calorie burned must be 
replaced by food. 

3959
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:15,400
That's never guaranteed 
children. 

3960
03:42:15,400 --> 03:42:18,000
As young as three or four 
already sit confidently on 

3961
03:42:18,000 --> 03:42:20,000
Horseback. 
Learning balance. 

3962
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:23,600
Before they learn to form 
complex sentences by six or 

3963
03:42:23,600 --> 03:42:25,000
seven, they're helping herd 
animals. 

3964
03:42:25,000 --> 03:42:28,200
Their small fingers already 
capable of the intricate work 

3965
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:32,100
required to maintain equipment 
repair Tack and perform the 

3966
03:42:32,100 --> 03:42:35,400
hundred small tasks that keep a 
nomadic household functioning 

3967
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:39,500
you notice, the sounds that Mark
the hours here not bells or 

3968
03:42:39,500 --> 03:42:43,600
clocks, but the movement of 
animals, the changing quality of

3969
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:47,100
wind and the calls that pass 
between herders watching their 

3970
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:49,800
flocks. 
Someone shouts a warning about a

3971
03:42:49,800 --> 03:42:53,500
Wandering sheep and the sound 
carries impossibly far across 

3972
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:55,500
the open Grassland, Chris and 
clear. 

3973
03:42:56,400 --> 03:43:01,400
Somewhere a horse whinnies and 
others answer a conversation in 

3974
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:04,200
a language older than words at 
night. 

3975
03:43:04,200 --> 03:43:10,400
The sound's shift, owls hunting,
the occasional distant Wolf, the

3976
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:13,700
settling noises of animals 
bedding down and the low 

3977
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:17,100
conversation of adults sitting 
around fires their faces lit 

3978
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:19,500
From Below. 
Making them look carved from 

3979
03:43:19,500 --> 03:43:22,700
copper and Shadow. 
The night sky here is violent 

3980
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:26,200
with stars more than you've ever
seen more than seems possible. 

3981
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:29,900
The Milky Way isn't a faint 
smudge, but a River of Light, 

3982
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:32,800
cutting the heavens in half. 
You can see why these people 

3983
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:35,900
develop such sophisticated 
understanding of celestial 

3984
03:43:35,900 --> 03:43:39,000
navigation, why their shamans 
could read meaning in the 

3985
03:43:39,008 --> 03:43:41,700
patterns overhead, and why 
Travelers could Orient 

3986
03:43:41,700 --> 03:43:45,300
themselves on moonless nights by
learning the constellations. 

3987
03:43:45,300 --> 03:43:48,300
As intimately, as you know, your
own neighborhood, the Stars 

3988
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:51,600
wheel overhead in their Eternal 
dance and you begin to 

3989
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:55,500
understand why the Mongols saw 
the skies are living presence a 

3990
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:59,100
witness to Oaths and Promises 
something worthy of reverence. 

3991
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:03,300
Shamans themselves are 
fascinating figures operating at

3992
03:44:03,300 --> 03:44:06,500
the intersection of medicine, 
psychology and spirituality. 

3993
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:11,000
You watch one working drumming 
himself into trance States, this

3994
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:14,000
Consciousness, supposedly 
traveling to the spirit world to

3995
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,000
negotiate with entities who 
control whether health and 

3996
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:20,400
Fortune whether you believe in 
the spiritual mechanics or not. 

3997
03:44:20,408 --> 03:44:23,900
There's no denying the 
psychological impact of the way.

3998
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:27,500
A good Shaman can calm and 
anxious Community provide 

3999
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:31,000
explanations for Misfortune that
make it bearable and offer 

4000
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,400
rituals that give people a sense
of control over and otherwise 

4001
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:37,600
unpredictable existence. 
This is the world that shape, 

4002
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:41,400
the boy who had become Genghis, 
Khan a world, where strength and

4003
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:45,200
skilled determines of rival 
where Alliance is shifted, like 

4004
03:44:45,200 --> 03:44:48,900
the grass in wind and where a 
person's worth was measured in 

4005
03:44:48,900 --> 03:44:53,400
their ability to endure to adapt
and to master the Arts of riding

4006
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:56,200
archery and reading the subtle 
signs, that meant the difference

4007
03:44:56,200 --> 03:44:59,100
between life and death. 
It's a world that seems harsh 

4008
03:44:59,100 --> 03:45:00,800
from the outside. 
But you're beginning to 

4009
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:03,900
understand its own particular 
Beauty, the freedom in its 

4010
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:07,100
vastness and the clarity in its 
demands. 

4011
03:45:07,100 --> 03:45:11,300
There are no abstractions here, 
no philosophical debates, about 

4012
03:45:11,300 --> 03:45:14,600
the nature of reality. 
Reality is the grass under your 

4013
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:18,900
feet, the horse between your 
legs, the weather overhead and 

4014
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:21,300
the animals that means survival 
or starvation. 

4015
03:45:21,300 --> 03:45:25,700
You're watching a boy, perhaps 
nine years old standing beside a

4016
03:45:25,700 --> 03:45:27,200
frozen River in the depths of 
winter. 

4017
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:32,000
His name is temujin and he's 
just watched his father die 

4018
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,700
poisoned by tartars during what 
should have been a simple Feast,

4019
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:39,800
the death itself was days ago, 
but you're seeing the aftermath.

4020
03:45:39,800 --> 03:45:43,200
Now, the moment when his 
father's followers make a choice

4021
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:44,900
that will Define the rest of his
life. 

4022
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:49,000
They're leaving. 
The decision makes a certain 

4023
03:45:49,000 --> 03:45:51,600
brutal Sensei ten regions. 
Father. 

4024
03:45:51,600 --> 03:45:55,700
Yes, you gay was a minor 
Chieftain respected but not 

4025
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:57,600
wealthy. 
And without his leadership 

4026
03:45:57,600 --> 03:46:00,300
there's no reason for these 
families to stay attached to his

4027
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:03,800
widow and children. 
Resources on the step of finite 

4028
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:07,500
and carefully calculated. 
Every mouth to feed is a genuine

4029
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:11,100
burden, and a widow with several
young children, and no powerful 

4030
03:46:11,100 --> 03:46:14,600
male protector represents 
liability that most can't 

4031
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:17,000
afford. 
So they pack their possessions 

4032
03:46:17,000 --> 03:46:20,300
onto their horses and carts and 
they leave and you watched to 

4033
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:24,500
move in watching them go. 
His face revealing nothing that 

4034
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:26,500
we surely calculating. 
What this means. 

4035
03:46:26,500 --> 03:46:30,500
What it means is hunger. 
You follow the family through 

4036
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:33,100
that first winter and it's a 
grinding Relentless thing. 

4037
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:37,200
His mother Holland keeps them 
alive through sheer. 

4038
03:46:37,200 --> 03:46:41,000
Determination digging for Wild 
Roots catching fish in the 

4039
03:46:41,008 --> 03:46:43,500
summer months hunting, small 
game. 

4040
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:46,500
And teaching her children, the 
difference between edible and 

4041
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:49,400
poisonous plants. 
They live in something, barely 

4042
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:53,100
qualify as a juror more of a 
lean to constructed from 

4043
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:54,900
whatever materials they could 
Salvage. 

4044
03:46:54,900 --> 03:46:57,500
And you can see the physical 
toll on all of them. 

4045
03:46:57,500 --> 03:47:01,200
The way their faces grow gaunt. 
The way their movements become 

4046
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:03,900
careful and economical, 
conserving energy. 

4047
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:08,600
Hulen herself is remarkable a 
woman who refuses to break under

4048
03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:10,600
circumstances. 
That would destroy most people, 

4049
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:13,600
you watch her maintaining 
discipline among her children, 

4050
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:18,300
keeping them focused on Survival
rather than despair teaching 

4051
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:20,400
them skills. 
While also instilling in the 

4052
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:22,500
belief that this poverty is 
Temporary. 

4053
03:47:23,200 --> 03:47:26,300
That they come from Noble 
lineage and will reclaim their 

4054
03:47:26,300 --> 03:47:29,100
position. 
Its part to delusion part 

4055
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:31,400
determination an entirely 
necessary. 

4056
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,800
Without that belief. 
They might simply give up, might

4057
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:36,700
fail to put in the exhausting 
work. 

4058
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:40,200
Required to survive another day,
temperatures, and learns to fish

4059
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:42,900
with an intense City. 
That suggests his life, depends 

4060
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:46,800
on it, which it does. 
You watch him standing knee deep

4061
03:47:46,808 --> 03:47:50,700
in an icy stream completely 
still waiting for the flicker of

4062
03:47:50,700 --> 03:47:52,300
movement. 
That signals a fish swimming 

4063
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:56,000
near when he strikes. 
It's with the speed of a hunting

4064
03:47:56,000 --> 03:48:00,600
bird his hands darting into the 
water and more often than not he

4065
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:05,100
comes up empty his fingers numb 
and useless from the cold but 

4066
03:48:05,100 --> 03:48:09,000
sometimes he succeeds and 
there's no celebration just the 

4067
03:48:09,000 --> 03:48:12,900
quiet satisfaction of another 
meal secured and other day of 

4068
03:48:12,900 --> 03:48:17,500
survival guaranteed the family 
hunts, small game, marmots 

4069
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:21,700
rabbits and occasionally Birds 
timijan makes his own arrows, 

4070
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:24,600
carving them from wood scavenged
wherever he can find it. 

4071
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:27,300
Making points from bone or 
stone. 

4072
03:48:27,300 --> 03:48:30,000
When metal is unavailable? 
His bow is simple. 

4073
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:33,500
Nothing like the sophisticated 
composite weapons that wealthy 

4074
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:36,900
Warriors carry but it works well
enough to bring down a rabbit at

4075
03:48:36,908 --> 03:48:39,600
20 paces and that's all that 
matters. 

4076
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:43,200
He becomes intimately familiar 
with the habits of every edible 

4077
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:46,700
animal in the region, learning 
their tracks, their feeding 

4078
03:48:46,700 --> 03:48:49,800
patterns, and the times of day, 
when they're most vulnerable, 

4079
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:53,900
There are moments of genuine, 
danger, Beyond starvation other 

4080
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:56,600
families, some barely better off
than to mutants see them as 

4081
03:48:56,600 --> 03:49:00,900
potential targets week 
unprotected, possessing what 

4082
03:49:00,900 --> 03:49:03,700
little they have you witness, an
attempted raid. 

4083
03:49:03,700 --> 03:49:06,700
One night men, approaching the 
family's miserable Camp 

4084
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:08,400
thinking. 
It will be easy prey. 

4085
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:12,200
They're wrong temujin and his 
brothers fight with the 

4086
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:15,200
desperation of people who have 
nothing left to lose the 

4087
03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:18,600
would-be, Raiders Retreat, 
leaving behind one of their own 

4088
03:49:18,600 --> 03:49:21,300
wounded. 
It's a small victory but it 

4089
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:24,400
teaches temujin. 
Something important that 

4090
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:27,400
perceived weakness can be 
strategic that enemies, who 

4091
03:49:27,408 --> 03:49:31,200
underestimate you hand, you an 
advantage, the family's horses, 

4092
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:34,900
get stolen one night and you 
follow to mujin as he tracks the

4093
03:49:34,900 --> 03:49:39,100
thieves across the grassland. 
He's maybe 14 now gangly and 

4094
03:49:39,100 --> 03:49:42,000
still growing into his frame, 
but there's already something in

4095
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:45,500
his eyes that suggests he's done
being pushed around, he tracks 

4096
03:49:45,500 --> 03:49:50,000
for three days, sleeping rough, 
eating nothing and focused with 

4097
03:49:50,000 --> 03:49:52,700
the single-mindedness of someone
who understands that. 

4098
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:56,300
Those horses represent, the 
difference between survival and 

4099
03:49:56,300 --> 03:49:59,800
slow starvation, when he finds 
them, he doesn't attack 

4100
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:03,600
directly. 
He watches Waits learns, the 

4101
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,900
patterns of the camp that taken 
them, and then, he simply walks 

4102
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:10,000
in during the day, when most of 
the men are out hunting and 

4103
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:13,300
leads his horses away, he'll 
dasetty of it makes you want to 

4104
03:50:13,300 --> 03:50:16,400
laugh, but he's not joking. 
He's already learned that 

4105
03:50:16,400 --> 03:50:19,700
sometimes the direct approach 
Works precisely because no one 

4106
03:50:19,700 --> 03:50:23,200
expected on his way back. 
He encounters a young man named 

4107
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:26,000
Bogota. 
Who sees what to move in as done

4108
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:28,700
and is impressed enough to help 
him get the horses home safely. 

4109
03:50:29,500 --> 03:50:33,100
Tama jeans, first real Ally, 
since his father's death, and 

4110
03:50:33,100 --> 03:50:36,900
the two former bond that will 
last decades bogerty comes from 

4111
03:50:36,900 --> 03:50:40,300
a relatively prosperous family. 
But he sees something in this 

4112
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:43,600
desperate determined teenager. 
That makes him think following 

4113
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:45,600
temujin might lead somewhere 
interesting. 

4114
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:49,200
You see him making his next 
significant Alliance during this

4115
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:52,500
period with Jamaica. 
Another young man who would 

4116
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:56,400
eventually become his greatest 
rival for now though their 

4117
03:50:56,400 --> 03:50:59,900
friends Bound by the traditional
Mongolian practice of Anda. 

4118
03:50:59,900 --> 03:51:04,200
Sworn Brotherhood, the exchange 
gifts, the ritual simple but 

4119
03:51:04,200 --> 03:51:07,900
binding and you watch them 
hunting together racing horses 

4120
03:51:07,900 --> 03:51:10,600
and learning the skills that 
will later make them both 

4121
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:13,900
formidable Warrior's. 
There's genuine affection here, 

4122
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:18,100
you think but also calculation, 
even at this age to Muji, in 

4123
03:51:18,100 --> 03:51:21,500
understands the value of allies,
the waist Survival on the step 

4124
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:22,900
off. 
Often depends on having people, 

4125
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:26,500
you can trust to watch your 
back. his relationship with his 

4126
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:29,300
half-brother begged, her 
deteriorates during these years,

4127
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:32,900
resources are so scarce that 
even within the family 

4128
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:36,900
competition becomes vicious, The
breaking point comes, when 

4129
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:39,800
bechta takes fish and game that 
to move in and his full brother 

4130
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:42,700
Cassara of Court. 
Asserting the Privileges of 

4131
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:46,000
being the eldest for most 
families, this would be a minor 

4132
03:51:46,000 --> 03:51:48,700
dispute something resolved 
through parental intervention. 

4133
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:53,300
But here with survival hanging 
by a thread, it becomes 

4134
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:57,600
something more serious temujin 
and cassar kill, bector shooting

4135
03:51:57,600 --> 03:51:59,800
him, with arrows and their 
Mother's Rage. 

4136
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:02,400
When she discovers what they've 
done is terrible to witness. 

4137
03:52:03,300 --> 03:52:06,700
She calls them destroyers and 
predators and Compares them to 

4138
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:10,200
monsters from Legend, the guilt 
and shame of this moment will 

4139
03:52:10,200 --> 03:52:13,500
follow temujin for the rest of 
his life, but he doesn't back 

4140
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:17,500
down, doesn't apologize. 
He'd made a calculation about 

4141
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:20,400
survival and loyalty and he'd 
acted on it. 

4142
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:24,100
The titude clan captures TAMU 
Ginger, during his teenage 

4143
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:27,600
years, seeing him as a Potential
Threat or perhaps just 

4144
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:31,200
exercising dominance over a 
weekend family, they placed him 

4145
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:34,000
in a Kang, a wooden restraint, 
warn around the neck that 

4146
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:37,500
prevents lying down or reaching 
one's own head and prayed him 

4147
03:52:37,500 --> 03:52:40,300
around as a warning to others. 
You watch him endure this 

4148
03:52:40,300 --> 03:52:43,700
humiliation his face in passive 
but his eyes constantly 

4149
03:52:43,700 --> 03:52:48,300
calculating watching for 
opportunity when it comes during

4150
03:52:48,300 --> 03:52:52,300
a celebration when his guards a 
drunk he escaped using the 

4151
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:54,200
kanget self as a weapon to 
knock. 

4152
03:52:54,200 --> 03:52:58,800
One guard unconscious, then hide
in a river submerged except for 

4153
03:52:58,808 --> 03:53:02,600
his face breathing through reads
while search parties pass. 

4154
03:53:03,300 --> 03:53:06,200
Overhead. 
A man named sorgen Shira finds 

4155
03:53:06,200 --> 03:53:09,400
him during this Escape 
recognizes him and makes the 

4156
03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:12,200
Split Second decision to help 
rather than turn him in. 

4157
03:53:13,100 --> 03:53:16,800
He hides to mujin in a cart full
of wool and risks his own 

4158
03:53:16,800 --> 03:53:20,400
family, safety to protect this. 
Fugitive teenager later. 

4159
03:53:20,400 --> 03:53:24,200
Timijan, will remember this? 
Kindness will Elevate sorghum 

4160
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:27,500
shira's family and will build a 
reputation for a rewarding 

4161
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:30,600
loyalty that becomes one of his 
most powerful recruiting tools. 

4162
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:34,200
But in the moment he's just a 
boy hiding in Wool, heart 

4163
03:53:34,200 --> 03:53:37,700
pounding understanding that his 
life depends on the choice of 

4164
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:40,500
strangers. 
His marriage to Burton is a 

4165
03:53:40,508 --> 03:53:43,900
range when he still young a 
match organized by his father 

4166
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:47,300
before his death, your present. 
When he finally brings her home 

4167
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:50,900
to his Mega Camp, traveling, to 
her family's encampment to clean

4168
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,600
his bride. 
She strong willed and practical 

4169
03:53:53,600 --> 03:53:57,300
exactly the kind of partner 
needed for this life, and you 

4170
03:53:57,308 --> 03:53:59,800
can see them establishing the 
patterns of their partnership. 

4171
03:54:00,600 --> 03:54:03,400
She manages the household with 
an efficiency that keeps them 

4172
03:54:03,400 --> 03:54:07,700
fed and warm, and he ranges 
father afield, building 

4173
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:11,500
connections Gathering followers,
and slowly accumulating, the 

4174
03:54:11,500 --> 03:54:14,800
resources and reputation needed 
to become something more than a 

4175
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:18,900
struggling orphan. 
Then the markets come They raid 

4176
03:54:18,900 --> 03:54:23,700
the camp Dawn and its chaos. 
Shouting the Thunder of hooves 

4177
03:54:23,700 --> 03:54:26,600
and to mujin making the Split 
Second decision to flee with his

4178
03:54:26,608 --> 03:54:30,000
mother and siblings rather than 
die in a pointless fight. 

4179
03:54:30,000 --> 03:54:33,900
They take Berta and you're 
watching right away and there's 

4180
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:37,000
shame in it, certainly but also 
the cold pragmatism of someone 

4181
03:54:37,000 --> 03:54:39,100
who understands that dead men 
rescue. 

4182
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:40,700
No one. 
What happens? 

4183
03:54:40,700 --> 03:54:43,800
Next tells you everything about 
who he's becoming, he doesn't 

4184
03:54:43,808 --> 03:54:46,300
mourn. 
Doesn't waste time on regret 

4185
03:54:46,300 --> 03:54:49,400
instead. 
He activates every Alliance. 

4186
03:54:49,400 --> 03:54:53,500
He's built calls in every favor,
goes to toggle Khan. 

4187
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:57,500
His father's old Ally and 
essentially says help me. 

4188
03:54:57,500 --> 03:55:00,200
Get my wife back and you'll have
my loyalty. 

4189
03:55:01,100 --> 03:55:04,000
Photographer will agrees like 
seeing opportunity in this 

4190
03:55:04,000 --> 03:55:07,500
intense young man who clearly 
knows how to inspire followers 

4191
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:11,200
despite having nothing material 
to offer them together with 

4192
03:55:11,200 --> 03:55:14,300
yawmuka Warriors. 
They assemble a force large 

4193
03:55:14,300 --> 03:55:18,600
enough to strike back at the 
markets 20,000, men are 

4194
03:55:18,600 --> 03:55:22,300
significant Army by step 
standards The Raid succeeds. 

4195
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,300
You watch them hit the market 
camp at dawn returning, the 

4196
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:29,000
favor and damaging finds Berta 
among the scattered jurors. 

4197
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:33,000
She calls out his name and the 
reunion is brief and functional.

4198
03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:35,700
There's no time for emotional. 
When you're in enemy territory. 

4199
03:55:35,700 --> 03:55:38,800
Only late later when their 
safely away, does he allow 

4200
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:42,700
himself to feel anything? 
And what he feels you suspect 

4201
03:55:42,700 --> 03:55:48,100
isn't just relief, but a kind of
vindication he's proven, he can 

4202
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:49,700
Strike Back. 
Can organize a military 

4203
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:52,700
operation and can lead men into 
battle and bring them out 

4204
03:55:52,700 --> 03:55:56,300
Victorious. 
Berta gives birth month later to

4205
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:57,700
a son. 
They named yochi. 

4206
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:00,800
There will always be quiet 
questions about the child's 

4207
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:03,300
paternity. 
The math of conception makes the

4208
03:56:03,300 --> 03:56:07,300
timeline ambiguous but to mujin 
claims him as his own without 

4209
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:09,600
hesitation publicly and 
repeatedly. 

4210
03:56:09,600 --> 03:56:13,500
You understand that this too is 
part of his emerging character. 

4211
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:17,900
The ability to choose loyalty 
over doubt to decide what 

4212
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:21,400
matters and then commit to it 
completely and to refuse to let 

4213
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:24,000
shame or uncertainty undermine 
what he's building. 

4214
03:56:24,000 --> 03:56:27,800
You're riding now part of a 
Mongol Warriors daily routine. 

4215
03:56:27,800 --> 03:56:30,700
And the first thing you notice 
is that you never really stop 

4216
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:32,400
moving. 
The horse beneath. 

4217
03:56:32,400 --> 03:56:35,600
You has a role in gate that 
covers ground efficiently and 

4218
03:56:35,600 --> 03:56:37,000
you're learning to relax into 
it. 

4219
03:56:37,000 --> 03:56:40,500
To let your body move with the 
animal rather than against it. 

4220
03:56:40,500 --> 03:56:44,100
Your legs ache from the 
unfamiliar position and your 

4221
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:46,000
inner thighs. 
Are rubbed roared despite the 

4222
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:49,200
protection of your deal? 
The traditional long robe that 

4223
03:56:49,200 --> 03:56:52,400
everyone wears the Mongols 
around, you sit there horses 

4224
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:54,200
like their extensions of their 
own bodies. 

4225
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:57,700
Comfortable where the walking 
trotting or Galloping across the

4226
03:56:57,700 --> 03:57:01,100
grassland breakfast, when it 
comes is eaten in the saddle 

4227
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:05,600
dried meat hard cheese made from
compressed curds, perhaps, some 

4228
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:07,200
of the yoghurt drinks they carry
in leather. 

4229
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:09,800
Flasks. 
There's no stopping for meals. 

4230
03:57:09,800 --> 03:57:12,700
When you're traveling know, 
setting up elaborate camps for 

4231
03:57:12,708 --> 03:57:14,700
lunch, you eat, what you can 
carry. 

4232
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:18,500
And you keep moving because 
distance, covered equals safety 

4233
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:22,100
equals new grazing for the 
animals, equals, whatever 

4234
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:25,500
objective has Set You In Motion,
the meat is tough enough to 

4235
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:28,700
require extended chewing, which 
is probably good because it 

4236
03:57:28,700 --> 03:57:31,700
makes limited rations last 
longer and keeps your mouth 

4237
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:35,200
occupied during the long hours 
of riding a ghost trap to your 

4238
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,400
side is smaller than your 
expected a recurved design, 

4239
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:41,600
that's asymmetric to accommodate
shooting from horseback. 

4240
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:44,300
The craftsmanship is 
extraordinary. 

4241
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:49,300
Layers of wood horn and sinew 
glue together with precise 

4242
03:57:49,300 --> 03:57:52,200
attention to grain Direction, 
and tense. 

4243
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:55,400
All properties wrapped in 
Birchbox, to protect against 

4244
03:57:55,400 --> 03:57:58,200
moisture. 
Requiring months to construct 

4245
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:00,900
properly, during a break, not 
for the Riders. 

4246
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:04,000
But to let the horses graze and 
drink from a stream, you watch 

4247
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,400
Warriors practicing. 
And the skill level is absurd, 

4248
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:12,200
they shoot forward backward. 
And sideways hanging off the 

4249
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:14,700
side of their horses. 
Hitting targets while moving at 

4250
03:58:14,700 --> 03:58:18,600
full Gallop the secret. 
Someone explains is breathing 

4251
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,900
with the horses gate. 
Releasing the arrow during that 

4252
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:24,800
fraction of a second when all 
four hooves are off the ground, 

4253
03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:28,600
and the horses essentially, 
floating providing a 

4254
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:31,300
momentarily. 
Stable platform, you learn about

4255
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:35,300
the Remuda system each Warrior 
traveling with multiple horses, 

4256
03:58:35,300 --> 03:58:39,300
sometimes, three or four 
switching mounts every few hours

4257
03:58:39,300 --> 03:58:42,600
to keep them fresh. 
It's why Mongol armies could 

4258
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,400
cover distances that seemed 
impossible to their enemies. 

4259
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:50,100
Why they could appear suddenly, 
when no one expected them strike

4260
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:54,300
and vanish before reinforcements
arrived, the horses themselves 

4261
03:58:54,300 --> 03:58:56,800
are Hardy enough to survive on 
what ever forage. 

4262
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:00,100
They can find. 
Requiring no grain, no special 

4263
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:03,700
feeding and capable of pouring 
through snow to reach grass. 

4264
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:07,500
When necessary, they're not fast
compared to breeds developed for

4265
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:11,600
racing, but their tireless. 
Capable of maintaining a steady 

4266
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:14,000
Pace hour after hour day after 
day. 

4267
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:16,600
The Warriors carry minimal, 
personal gear. 

4268
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:21,000
A few changes of clothing, their
weapons tools for maintaining 

4269
03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:24,100
equipment and perhaps some 
personal items like a lucky 

4270
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:26,400
charm or a small container of 
kumis. 

4271
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:29,800
Everything must be light enough 
to be transported on Horseback 

4272
03:59:29,800 --> 03:59:33,400
and durable enough to survive 
the rigors of constant movement 

4273
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:36,500
and extreme weather. 
You notice how well maintained 

4274
03:59:36,500 --> 03:59:41,100
everything is leather, kept oil,
metal, kept free of rust and 

4275
03:59:41,100 --> 03:59:43,800
wood inspected regularly for 
cracks or weakness. 

4276
03:59:43,800 --> 03:59:47,600
A broken stir up or frayed bow 
string at the wrong moment can 

4277
03:59:47,600 --> 03:59:50,100
mean death. 
So maintenance isn't optional. 

4278
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:53,500
It's a daily ritual performed 
with religious attention to 

4279
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,500
detail camp. 
That night is established with 

4280
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:59,900
practice often, see the jurors 
go up in less than an hour. 

4281
03:59:59,900 --> 04:00:02,400
The lattice frames on folding, 
like wooden flowers. 

4282
04:00:02,400 --> 04:00:06,000
The felt covers lashed down 
Against the Wind with ropes, 

4283
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:10,300
waited with stones inside the 
virus, started with flint, and 

4284
04:00:10,300 --> 04:00:14,400
steel coax to life, with dried 
grass and small Twigs before the

4285
04:00:14,400 --> 04:00:17,200
argyle is added the smoke finds 
its way out. 

4286
04:00:17,300 --> 04:00:20,100
Through the opening at the top 
there enough lingers, to make 

4287
04:00:20,100 --> 04:00:22,900
your eyes water until you learn 
to position yourself correctly. 

4288
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,000
Staying low, where the air is 
clearer, dinner is communal. 

4289
04:00:27,000 --> 04:00:30,400
The popped around everyone 
eating from personal, bowls 

4290
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:34,000
carved from wood or occasionally
fashioned from leather sewn. 

4291
04:00:34,000 --> 04:00:37,000
So tightly it holds liquid. 
The meat is mutton tonight 

4292
04:00:37,000 --> 04:00:40,500
boiled with wild onions. 
And whatever greens someone 

4293
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:42,200
managed to gather during the 
day's travel. 

4294
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:46,800
Perhaps some wild garlic or 
Sorrel plants that had flavor 

4295
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:49,600
and provide nutrients. 
Often lacking in a meat heavy 

4296
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:52,600
diet. 
It's simple food but after a day

4297
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:55,000
of riding, it tastes perfect 
warming. 

4298
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:58,300
You from the inside restoring 
energy to pleated Buy hours in 

4299
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,300
the saddle. 
The fermented Mayors milk a rug 

4300
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:05,100
gets passed around in a leather 
bag, and everyone takes a drink 

4301
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,800
before passing it on. 
It's mildly alcoholic and tangy.

4302
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:13,000
And acquired taste that grows on
you providing calories and a 

4303
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:14,500
slight Buzz, that takes the edge
off. 

4304
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:17,000
Exhaustion. 
The bag goes around multiple 

4305
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:19,300
times and the conversation flows
with it. 

4306
04:01:20,100 --> 04:01:23,700
Stories and jokes gossip about 
other clans and speculation 

4307
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:25,700
about whether and grazing. 
Conditions ahead. 

4308
04:01:25,700 --> 04:01:29,100
Someone tells a story about a 
particularly stupid sheep that 

4309
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:31,800
wandered into a Wolf Den and 
somehow wandered back out 

4310
04:01:31,800 --> 04:01:35,100
unharmed and the laughter that 
follows is genuine. 

4311
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:38,200
The kind that comes from people 
who spend their days together 

4312
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,800
and have developed their own 
rhythms of humor. 

4313
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:43,200
You notice how disputes get 
settled? 

4314
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:45,300
Not immediately with violence, 
though. 

4315
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:48,400
Violence is always an option 
held in reserve, but through 

4316
04:01:48,400 --> 04:01:52,200
discussion, consensus, and 
appealing to respected Elders. 

4317
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:55,300
Whose word carries weight. 
Someone accuses, another of 

4318
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:57,300
taking more than his fair share 
of the meat. 

4319
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:01,600
There's a brief argument voices,
raised hands, moving toward 

4320
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:05,300
weapons, then an older Warrior 
intervenes suggest. 

4321
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:08,300
They measure the portion and 
points out that the accused as 

4322
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:11,100
actually been eating less than 
his share for days. 

4323
04:02:12,000 --> 04:02:15,900
The tension deflate the accuser 
apologizes and the matter is 

4324
04:02:15,900 --> 04:02:18,000
settled, its not always this 
piece. 

4325
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:21,900
For you've heard stories of 
feuds that last generations of 

4326
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:25,900
murders committed over insults. 
But there is a genuine attempt 

4327
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:29,200
to maintain cohesion, within the
group because divided groups, 

4328
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,400
don't survive long on the step. 
You learn the hierarchy through 

4329
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:36,900
observation age commands 
respect, but so does skill the 

4330
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:40,500
best archers, the finest 
horseman, The Warriors who've 

4331
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:43,600
proven themselves in raids. 
These people have status 

4332
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:47,200
regardless of birth. 
It's meritocratic in a way that 

4333
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:49,900
might surprise you though, 
family connections, certainly 

4334
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:53,100
still matter particularly when 
it comes to access to resources 

4335
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,400
and opportunities to prove 
oneself, a talented young 

4336
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:00,100
Warrior from a poor family can 
rise, but a mediocre Warrior 

4337
04:03:00,100 --> 04:03:02,400
from a powerful Clan. 
Will still have advantages. 

4338
04:03:04,000 --> 04:03:07,300
The night watch gets organized 
with Warriors, taking turns 

4339
04:03:07,300 --> 04:03:10,300
staying alert While others 
sleep, you're learning that 

4340
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:13,500
raids are common enough that no 
Camp is ever truly unguarded 

4341
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:16,700
that the price of carelessness 
can be waking up to find your 

4342
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:20,800
horses gone, your possession 
stolen and your people scattered

4343
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:23,400
or dead. 
The steps to certain kind of 

4344
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:28,000
vigilance a low-grade awareness 
that never quite turns off even 

4345
04:03:28,000 --> 04:03:30,100
in sleep. 
Your subconsciously monitoring 

4346
04:03:30,100 --> 04:03:33,800
sounds ready to wake it. 
Anything unusual, a horse's 

4347
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:37,400
alarmed, Winnie, the sound of 
many hooves approaching all the 

4348
04:03:37,400 --> 04:03:40,000
whistle that serves. 
As a warning signal before 

4349
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:44,500
sleep, there are small rituals 
prayers to the Eternal Blue Sky 

4350
04:03:44,500 --> 04:03:48,200
offering of mayor's milk, 
sprinkled on the ground and 

4351
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,400
acknowledgment of the spirits 
that inhabit this landscape. 

4352
04:03:52,000 --> 04:03:53,800
Shamans. 
Hold their own ceremonies 

4353
04:03:53,800 --> 04:03:57,400
working themselves into trances 
with drums and chanting 

4354
04:03:57,400 --> 04:04:00,300
communing with the spirits for 
guidance or healing. 

4355
04:04:00,300 --> 04:04:04,500
You watch one treating a sick, 
child performing what looks like

4356
04:04:04,500 --> 04:04:08,400
mystical theater but might also 
involve genuine medicinal 

4357
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:11,700
knowledge of herbs and remedies 
the line between Magic and 

4358
04:04:11,700 --> 04:04:14,400
Medicine. 
Thoroughly blurred, the shaman 

4359
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:17,300
chance dances and makes dramatic
gestures. 

4360
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:20,200
While also preparing a tea, from
Plants, he's gathered. 

4361
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:23,600
And whether the healing comes 
from spiritual intervention, or 

4362
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:27,300
herbal medicine, or the placebo 
effect of belief doesn't really 

4363
04:04:27,300 --> 04:04:30,200
matter. 
If the child recovers sleep 

4364
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,200
comes, quickly out here with the
combination of physical 

4365
04:04:33,200 --> 04:04:36,500
exhaustion and the particular 
quality of darkness when you're 

4366
04:04:36,500 --> 04:04:40,200
far from any artificial light, 
you dream of Horizon's of 

4367
04:04:40,200 --> 04:04:43,000
movement of the rhythm of 
hoofbeats that's been pounding 

4368
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:45,700
through your way. 
And as all day, the dreams blend

4369
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:49,300
with half waking moments when 
you shift position, adjust your 

4370
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:52,800
Furs against the cold and hear 
the sounds of Animals moving 

4371
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:56,800
outside, guards, changing 
shifts, and the Knight 

4372
04:04:56,800 --> 04:05:00,500
continuing its slow wheel toward
Dawn when you wake Before 

4373
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:03,600
Sunrise roused by the quiet 
activity of people preparing for

4374
04:05:03,600 --> 04:05:06,400
another day of travel, you 
understand a little better. 

4375
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:09,400
Why these people were so 
formidable, they lived every 

4376
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,500
day, as practice for the kind of
endurance and Mobility, that 

4377
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:15,100
would later allow them to 
conquer half the Known World. 

4378
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:18,500
There was no separation between 
daily life and Military 

4379
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:21,500
preparedness. 
Every skill needed for survival 

4380
04:05:21,500 --> 04:05:23,600
was also a skill needed for 
Warfare. 

4381
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:28,000
The riding, the archery, the 
ability to endure hardship and 

4382
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:30,900
maintain function, and the 
coordination developed through 

4383
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:34,300
constant Group movement. 
All of it, translated directly 

4384
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:37,900
into military capability. 
You're watching ten in his late 

4385
04:05:37,900 --> 04:05:41,000
20s now and something 
fundamental as shifted. 

4386
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:44,900
The desperate orphan is gone 
replaced by someone, who moves 

4387
04:05:44,900 --> 04:05:48,200
through the political landscape 
of the step like he's reading a 

4388
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:51,700
map, no one else can see. 
He's gathered followers, not 

4389
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:53,700
through. 
Birth or inherited Prestige. 

4390
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:57,300
But through a combination of 
military success, strategic 

4391
04:05:57,300 --> 04:06:01,600
generosity and an emerging 
reputation for fairness that 

4392
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:06,600
makes people think maybe just 
maybe following him might lead 

4393
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:10,200
somewhere interesting. 
His relationship with power is 

4394
04:06:10,200 --> 04:06:12,200
different from the traditional 
step model. 

4395
04:06:12,900 --> 04:06:16,400
Most Chiefs inherit their 
position and rely on family 

4396
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:19,908
connections, and the Loyalty of 
their Clan temujin, has had to 

4397
04:06:19,916 --> 04:06:22,700
build his following from 
scratch, which means everyone 

4398
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:24,900
who follows him has made an 
active choice to do. 

4399
04:06:24,900 --> 04:06:28,600
So this creates a different 
Dynamic, his followers are 

4400
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:31,900
invested in his success in ways 
that hereditary subjects might 

4401
04:06:31,900 --> 04:06:34,800
not be. 
But they also feel entitled to 

4402
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:38,800
share and rewards to have their 
voices heard, and to receive the

4403
04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:42,100
benefits they signed up for his 
break with yawmuka comes 

4404
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:45,100
gradually, then all at once 
they're both attracting 

4405
04:06:45,100 --> 04:06:46,800
followers and building power 
bases. 

4406
04:06:46,800 --> 04:06:49,800
And the step isn't really big 
enough for two ambitious men who

4407
04:06:49,808 --> 04:06:52,900
used to be brothers, the 
proximate cause is a dispute 

4408
04:06:52,900 --> 04:06:56,700
over stolen and horses, always 
horses the currency of Step 

4409
04:06:56,700 --> 04:07:00,200
wealth and power but the 
underlying issue is that they've

4410
04:07:00,200 --> 04:07:03,300
developed incompatible vision 
for how power should be struck 

4411
04:07:03,300 --> 04:07:07,800
her represents, the traditional 
aristocracy leaving that Noble 

4412
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:11,500
birth and family connections, 
should determine who leads 10 

4413
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:15,300
shape by his years of poverty 
and exclusion believes that 

4414
04:07:15,300 --> 04:07:17,700
competence and loyalty should 
determine rank. 

4415
04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:20,800
Split crystallizes at a feast 
were followers. 

4416
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:22,300
Must choose which man to 
support. 

4417
04:07:23,300 --> 04:07:26,000
You watch Warriors, making 
calculations weighing their 

4418
04:07:26,008 --> 04:07:28,800
options. 
Some follow Family Ties 

4419
04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:32,200
supporting Jamaica because their
Clans have always been allied 

4420
04:07:32,200 --> 04:07:35,100
with his others. 
The opportunity with tumugon, 

4421
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:38,500
believing that someone building 
a new system, might reward them 

4422
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:40,500
better than someone maintaining 
an old one. 

4423
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:44,300
The division is roughly even at 
first, but TAMU has been 

4424
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:48,300
strategic about who he courts 
targeting talented Warriors, who

4425
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:51,400
feel undervalued by the 
traditional system, people who 

4426
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:54,300
have something to prove the 
battle at Dallin. 

4427
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:58,200
Bells is messy and inconclusive 
the kind of fight where both 

4428
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:00,700
sides claimed Victory, and both 
are probably lying. 

4429
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:04,600
The forces meet on an open plane
and its chaos. 

4430
04:08:05,300 --> 04:08:08,700
Thousands of mounted Warriors. 
Swirling in combat arrows, 

4431
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:13,000
darkening, the sky and the sound
of impact and screaming filling 

4432
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,500
the air temperature's forces, 
don't break, which is a victory 

4433
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:18,800
of sorts, but he doesn't win 
decisively either. 

4434
04:08:19,700 --> 04:08:22,700
What matters is what he does. 
Afterward you watch him. 

4435
04:08:22,700 --> 04:08:26,500
Treat captured enemies with 
unexpectedly leniency offering 

4436
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:29,400
them, the chance to join his 
forces rather than killing them 

4437
04:08:29,400 --> 04:08:33,400
outright His speech to the 
captives is pragmatic rather 

4438
04:08:33,400 --> 04:08:36,500
than inspirational. 
He doesn't promise easy Victory 

4439
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:39,700
or certain wealth. 
Instead, he offers them a place 

4440
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:43,100
in a system where their skills 
will be recognized, where 

4441
04:08:43,100 --> 04:08:46,900
promotion comes from performance
rather than birth and where The 

4442
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:50,300
Spoils of future victories will 
be distributed, fairly some 

4443
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:53,800
except calculating the leader, 
who spares enemies might be 

4444
04:08:53,808 --> 04:08:57,400
worth following others. 
Refuse choosing death or slavery

4445
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:00,500
over joining their captor and 
temujin has them executed 

4446
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:03,200
without ceremony. 
The message is clear. 

4447
04:09:03,900 --> 04:09:07,700
Join me and prosper, resist and 
die, but betrayal, after 

4448
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:10,000
joining, and your death will be 
considerably worse. 

4449
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:14,100
He's building something new. 
You realize the traditional step

4450
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:17,100
model was tried base, your 
loyalty determined by Blood 

4451
04:09:17,100 --> 04:09:21,100
relationships, your clan your 
universe temujin is 

4452
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:24,400
systematically dismantling the 
structure organizing his 

4453
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,500
followers, by military unit, 
rather than tribal affiliation 

4454
04:09:27,500 --> 04:09:31,300
promoting based on competence 
rather than family connections 

4455
04:09:31,300 --> 04:09:35,300
and creating a meritocracy that 
terrifies the old aristocracy 

4456
04:09:35,300 --> 04:09:37,700
because it means their birth 
does not guarantee them. 

4457
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:41,200
Anything the decimal system, he 
implements is brilliant in its 

4458
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:46,400
Simplicity units of 10 100 
thousand and ten thousand each 

4459
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,200
with a clear command structure 
and responsibilities. 

4460
04:09:49,900 --> 04:09:53,000
An Arbonne of 10 men is 
commanded by the best warrior 

4461
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:56,000
among them. 
Ten are bands, former yakun of 

4462
04:09:56,000 --> 04:09:58,200
100 command by the best. 
Arbonne leader. 

4463
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:03,200
Ten yagoona of a thousand and 
so, on up to the two men of 

4464
04:10:03,200 --> 04:10:08,300
10,000, a warrior knows exactly 
where he fits, who he reports to

4465
04:10:08,300 --> 04:10:11,900
and who reports to him, it's 
portable and scalable. 

4466
04:10:11,900 --> 04:10:15,600
And it means that when the Army 
moves, it moves as one organism 

4467
04:10:15,600 --> 04:10:18,400
rather than a collection of 
independent tribal groups 

4468
04:10:18,400 --> 04:10:21,900
pursuing their own agendas, what
makes the system revolutionary 

4469
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:25,500
is that it deliberately breaks 
up tribal loyalties men from 

4470
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:28,200
different Clans get mixed 
together in the same units. 

4471
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:31,700
Forced to develop loyalty to 
their new brothers in arms, 

4472
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:33,900
rather than their traditional 
family groups. 

4473
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:37,200
The commanders who prove 
themselves get promoted 

4474
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:40,600
regardless of where they came 
from temujin, even incorporates 

4475
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:44,400
former enemies into his units. 
Understanding that demonstrated 

4476
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:46,400
competence matters more than 
passed. 

4477
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,800
Allegiances you watch him 
conducting a training exercise 

4478
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,600
and the organization is 
impressive units. 

4479
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:56,300
Respond to signal flags and 
whistles, executing coordinated 

4480
04:10:56,300 --> 04:10:58,800
Maneuvers that require each 
level of command to understand 

4481
04:10:58,800 --> 04:11:02,300
and Implement their role. 
The practice, involves fake 

4482
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:05,700
raids on a mock enemy camp and 
you see the tactics that will 

4483
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:07,700
later terrorize armies across 
your Asia. 

4484
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:11,400
Famed Retreat, that draws 
enemies into ambushes. 

4485
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:14,600
The use of a light Cavalry to 
harass an exhaust. 

4486
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:18,600
Before heavy Cavalry, delivers 
the decisive blow, and the 

4487
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,100
coordination between units that 
allows them to appear to be 

4488
04:11:21,108 --> 04:11:23,500
everywhere. 
At once his intelligence 

4489
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:27,300
gathering is sophisticated for 
this era, you meet men, whose 

4490
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:30,300
primary job is traveling to 
distant regions, learning 

4491
04:11:30,300 --> 04:11:35,200
languages, mapping, terrain, and
identifying potential allies and

4492
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:37,900
enemies. 
They poses Merchants wandering 

4493
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:40,300
monks and refugees from distant 
Wars. 

4494
04:11:40,300 --> 04:11:43,500
They gather information about 
military strength, political 

4495
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:46,900
factions, economic conditions, 
and anything that might be 

4496
04:11:46,900 --> 04:11:49,600
useful when to move in. 
Eventually turns his attention 

4497
04:11:49,600 --> 04:11:53,600
to Conquest beyond the step your
present at the cruelty of 1200 

4498
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:57,700
six, the great Gathering where 
the various Mongol Clans formula

4499
04:11:57,700 --> 04:12:02,100
acknowledge to Mugen as Genghis,
Khan roughly Universal ruler, 

4500
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:05,400
Though the translation, never 
quite captures the full meaning 

4501
04:12:05,400 --> 04:12:09,500
which suggests something closer 
to Fierce ruler or ocean, ruler,

4502
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,700
implying power, vast and 
implacable as the sea. 

4503
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:15,000
The ceremony is elaborate 
involving. 

4504
04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:19,500
Sharm and sacrifices and formal.
Oaths But underneath the ritual 

4505
04:12:19,500 --> 04:12:23,100
is hard political reality. 
These Clans are agreeing to 

4506
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:25,600
follow him because he's proven, 
he can lead them to Victory. 

4507
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:29,000
Can distribute. 
Spoils fairly can protect them 

4508
04:12:29,000 --> 04:12:32,200
from enemies and can offer them 
something more valuable than 

4509
04:12:32,200 --> 04:12:35,700
their traditional Independence. 
The chance to be part of 

4510
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:38,000
something larger, something that
might last. 

4511
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:41,400
You watch, Warriors, taking 
Oaths of loyalty, swearing to 

4512
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:45,000
follow Genghis, Khan to death, 
to never abandon their comrades,

4513
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:47,600
and to share in both Victory and
defeat. 

4514
04:12:47,600 --> 04:12:51,300
The Oaths of binding in ways 
that transcend me a words, 

4515
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:55,400
breaking them bring shame, not 
just to the individual, but to 

4516
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:59,100
their entire family curses that 
follow them through life and 

4517
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,700
into death, his law codes. 
The Assassin starts taking shape

4518
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:05,300
around this time, you listened 
as he lays out. 

4519
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,600
Rules that seem designed to 
prevent the exact kind of chaos 

4520
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:13,100
that dominated his youth, theft 
is harshly punished often with 

4521
04:13:13,108 --> 04:13:16,500
death because in a nomadic 
Society, where property is 

4522
04:13:16,508 --> 04:13:20,500
limited and valuable stealing 
threatens everyone, survival 

4523
04:13:21,700 --> 04:13:24,800
Punishment is public performed 
in ways that make it. 

4524
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:29,100
Memorable adultry is forbidden 
and family, bonds are sacred 

4525
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:31,800
because staple families mean a 
stable Society. 

4526
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,200
Penalties are severe extending 
to both parties involved. 

4527
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,300
Sending a message that some 
behaviors will not be tolerated,

4528
04:13:39,300 --> 04:13:43,000
regardless of who commits them 
loyalty is elevated, above 

4529
04:13:43,000 --> 04:13:46,500
almost everything else because 
an army where Warriors switch 

4530
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,000
sides, whenever convenient is no
Army at all. 

4531
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,900
Desertion in battle brings death
but so does abandoning wounded 

4532
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:56,500
comrades. 
A warrior who leaves a brother 

4533
04:13:56,500 --> 04:14:00,400
behind faces execution, while 
one who retrieves, a wounded 

4534
04:14:00,400 --> 04:14:02,300
comrade owns reward and 
recognition. 

4535
04:14:02,300 --> 04:14:05,700
The code creates a culture where
Mutual support isn't just 

4536
04:14:05,700 --> 04:14:10,300
encouraged its mandated making 
the Army significantly more 

4537
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:13,100
effective because Warriors know 
their comrades won't abandon 

4538
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:15,200
them. 
There's an interesting tension 

4539
04:14:15,200 --> 04:14:17,200
in the code between harshness 
and fairness. 

4540
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:20,300
The punishments are severe, 
certainly, but they apply 

4541
04:14:20,300 --> 04:14:24,500
equally a noble who steals faces
the same consequences as a 

4542
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:27,300
commoner, who steals a 
commander, who fails through 

4543
04:14:27,300 --> 04:14:29,900
incompetence gets replaced, 
regardless of his family 

4544
04:14:29,900 --> 04:14:32,800
connections. 
A wealthy Merchant, who cheats 

4545
04:14:32,800 --> 04:14:36,400
receives the same treatment as a
poor herder who cheats, it's 

4546
04:14:36,400 --> 04:14:39,600
meritocratic and brutal. 
And it creates a society where 

4547
04:14:39,600 --> 04:14:43,300
Talent can rise but mistakes 
carried genuine consequences. 

4548
04:14:44,600 --> 04:14:47,800
Religious tolerance becomes one 
of his unexpected policies. 

4549
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:51,700
You watch him, Grant exemptions 
to shamans Buddhist monks, 

4550
04:14:51,700 --> 04:14:56,300
Muslim imams, and Christian 
priests Anyone devoted to 

4551
04:14:56,300 --> 04:14:59,600
spiritual matters, gets a pass 
from taxes and military service.

4552
04:14:59,600 --> 04:15:03,800
It's partly pragmatic why 
alienate potential subjects over

4553
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:05,600
something as abstract as 
theology. 

4554
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,300
But there's also a genuine 
curiosity about different belief

4555
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:13,100
systems, a willingness to see 
what works and adopt it 

4556
04:15:13,100 --> 04:15:14,600
regardless of where it comes 
from. 

4557
04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:18,400
He consults shamans for 
traditional guidance, but also 

4558
04:15:18,400 --> 04:15:20,900
listens to Buddhist monks to 
discussing philosophy and 

4559
04:15:20,900 --> 04:15:22,900
Muslim, Scholars explaining 
mathematics. 

4560
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:27,500
The intelligence Network, he 
builds is sophisticated almost 

4561
04:15:27,500 --> 04:15:30,900
modern Merchants who travel as 
territories are debriefed about 

4562
04:15:30,908 --> 04:15:34,600
conditions prices and political 
situations in distant regions. 

4563
04:15:34,600 --> 04:15:37,800
They provide information, not 
through coercion. 

4564
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:41,700
But through incentive Genghis, 
Khan protects trade, which means

4565
04:15:41,700 --> 04:15:44,800
Merchants Prosper under his 
rule, which means they're 

4566
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:48,200
willing to share what they know,
spies are sent ahead of military

4567
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:52,100
campaigns, sometimes years in 
advance, learning languages 

4568
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:56,600
mapping terrain and identifying 
factions within Target cities, 

4569
04:15:56,600 --> 04:16:01,100
who might be bribed or persuaded
to cooperate by the time, Mongol

4570
04:16:01,100 --> 04:16:03,800
armies arrived at a city, they 
often know more about its 

4571
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:07,000
defenses than the Defenders. 
Do they know which gates are? 

4572
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:10,900
We kissed where water supply is?
Enter the city, what internal 

4573
04:16:10,900 --> 04:16:14,200
politics might be exploited and 
which Merchants might be willing

4574
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,500
to open Gates and exchange for 
promises of safety and profit. 

4575
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:22,000
This transforms Warfare from a 
simple application of force into

4576
04:16:22,000 --> 04:16:26,100
something more sophisticated. 
More strategic and more likely 

4577
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:29,400
to succeed with minimal. 
Casualties among Mongol forces, 

4578
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:32,000
your standing at a caravan 
serai. 

4579
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:35,400
Now, one of the Fortified rest 
stops that got the trade routes,

4580
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:38,600
connecting east and west. 
And the diversity of people here

4581
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:41,600
would astonish anyone who 
thought the Medieval World was 

4582
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:45,100
isolated and provincial. 
There are Chinese Merchants with

4583
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:47,400
silks. 
So fine, it catches light like 

4584
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:51,000
water the fabric moving with an 
almost liquid quality. 

4585
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:54,100
That makes you understand why it
was worth its weight in gold. 

4586
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:57,900
Persian Traders offer spices 
that smell like concentrated 

4587
04:16:57,900 --> 04:17:02,400
Sunshine, saffron cardamom 
cinnamon and Nutmeg Aromas. 

4588
04:17:02,400 --> 04:17:06,100
So intense, they make your head 
swim Russian furry dealers, 

4589
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:08,400
spread, pelts that could keep 
someone warmth through. 

4590
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,300
Any winter, Sable, fox bear 
wolf. 

4591
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:15,400
Their prices negotiated in a 
mixed of languages and hand 

4592
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:18,300
gestures that somehow, 
communicate precise value, 

4593
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:21,700
Indian Merchants, displayed gems
that flash colors. 

4594
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:25,400
You didn't know existed, 
Sapphires like captured Sky 

4595
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:29,600
rubies like Frozen fire and 
emeralds, that hold the green of

4596
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:32,600
Deep Jungle. 
The building itself is practical

4597
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:36,700
thick walls that can be defended
the central Courtyard where 

4598
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:40,300
animals can be secured at night,
rooms around the perimeter for 

4599
04:17:40,300 --> 04:17:44,000
sleeping and a common area where
meals get served and Deals, get 

4600
04:17:44,000 --> 04:17:48,200
negotiated, the architecture, 
reflects Persian influence with 

4601
04:17:48,200 --> 04:17:50,500
arched, doorways and decorative 
tile work. 

4602
04:17:50,500 --> 04:17:54,200
But adapted to local materials 
and defensive requirements. 

4603
04:17:54,200 --> 04:17:58,600
There are wells that provide 
fresh water stores of grain in 

4604
04:17:58,600 --> 04:18:02,300
case Caravans arrived, depleted 
blacksmiths who can repair 

4605
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:05,500
equipment. 
And always guards who watch for 

4606
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:09,400
Bandits or hostile forces. 
The Mongol approach to trade is 

4607
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:13,300
refreshingly straightforward, 
protect, the merchants tax them 

4608
04:18:13,300 --> 04:18:15,200
reasonably and stay out of their
way. 

4609
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:17,900
Under Genghis Khan and his 
successors. 

4610
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:21,600
The Silk Road becomes safer than
its been in centuries. 

4611
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:25,300
The piser system helps 
immensely, these are tablets of 

4612
04:18:25,300 --> 04:18:27,900
authority, usually bronze or 
silver. 

4613
04:18:27,900 --> 04:18:31,900
Sometimes gold for the most 
important bearers inscribed with

4614
04:18:31,900 --> 04:18:35,300
text and the Khan seal, they 
essentially function as 

4615
04:18:35,300 --> 04:18:39,700
passports, granted to Merchants 
and envoys guaranteeing safe 

4616
04:18:39,700 --> 04:18:41,400
Passage through Mongol 
territory. 

4617
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:45,200
Soldiers who harass, someone 
carrying a pager face severe 

4618
04:18:45,200 --> 04:18:48,700
punishment, which means the 
system actually works the 

4619
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:51,800
tablets carry weight because 
everyone knows that interfering 

4620
04:18:51,800 --> 04:18:53,800
with a pays. 
A holder means answering to the 

4621
04:18:53,800 --> 04:18:57,100
Khan himself. 
You watch a caravan preparing to

4622
04:18:57,100 --> 04:18:59,600
depart. 
The organization involved is 

4623
04:18:59,600 --> 04:19:01,900
impressive. 
The camels are loaded with 

4624
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:05,200
practiced efficiency, Goods 
packed and balance to prevent 

4625
04:19:05,200 --> 04:19:08,800
shifting during travel. 
Each animal carries perhaps 400 

4626
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:12,100
pounds, distributed in 
carefully, balanced loads on 

4627
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,100
either side, the Packers are 
skilled professionals who can 

4628
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,200
judge weight by eye and create 
stable, loads, that will travel 

4629
04:19:18,200 --> 04:19:20,100
100 of Miles without coming 
loose. 

4630
04:19:20,100 --> 04:19:24,000
Guards, are hired often Mongol 
veterans, who've retired from 

4631
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:26,400
active military service, but 
still know how to use their 

4632
04:19:26,400 --> 04:19:30,300
weapons men whose reputation for
competence makes Bandits think 

4633
04:19:30,300 --> 04:19:34,100
twice about attacking the root 
is planed carefully accounting 

4634
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,500
for water sources. 
Absolutely critical in desert 

4635
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:40,600
regions, where going dry means 
death for animals and humans 

4636
04:19:40,600 --> 04:19:43,600
alike. 
There are Though not in any 

4637
04:19:43,600 --> 04:19:47,100
form, you'd recognize more like 
mental catalogs of landmarks and

4638
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,300
distances that experienced 
Travelers carry in their heads. 

4639
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,900
They know that from this Caravan
strike or the next is three days

4640
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:56,600
travel, if the weather 
cooperates that there's a 

4641
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:58,800
reliable. 
Well, halfway and that the 

4642
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:01,600
mountain pass is usually clear 
from late spring through Early 

4643
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:06,000
Autumn, but becomes impossible, 
once the snow start the 

4644
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:09,100
conversations, you overhear a 
fascinating, a mixture of 

4645
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:12,800
languages, Chinese Persian 
Arabic Turkish and Mongolian. 

4646
04:20:13,500 --> 04:20:16,800
with most experienced Travelers 
knowing at least a smattering of

4647
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:20,700
multiple tongues a Persian 
merchants and a Chinese Trader 

4648
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,400
under negotiating, the price of 
silk, Using a combination of 

4649
04:20:24,408 --> 04:20:27,800
their respective languages plus 
a trade pigeon, that's emerged 

4650
04:20:27,800 --> 04:20:30,700
along the Route. 
A practical Creole that 

4651
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:34,600
facilitates Commerce number get 
worked out on abacuses or by 

4652
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:38,400
scratching calculations in the 
dust and prices are adjusted 

4653
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:42,000
based on quality quantity and 
market conditions in various 

4654
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:45,400
cities. 
The postal system, the yam is 

4655
04:20:45,400 --> 04:20:48,300
even more impressive. 
You see, Ryders arriving at 

4656
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:51,500
relay stations switching to 
Fresh Horses and the time it 

4657
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:54,400
takes to gulp down some water 
and perhaps grab a handful of 

4658
04:20:54,400 --> 04:20:56,500
food. 
They carry messages that 

4659
04:20:56,500 --> 04:21:00,100
sometimes travel 100 miles in a 
day occasionally more when the 

4660
04:21:00,100 --> 04:21:04,100
root is good and the urgency 
High The stations are spaced 

4661
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:08,100
about 25 miles apart a distance,
a horse can cover its speed 

4662
04:21:08,108 --> 04:21:11,000
without collapsing. 
The system allows the calm to 

4663
04:21:11,008 --> 04:21:14,600
communicate with commanders, 
thousands of miles away to 

4664
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:18,100
coordinate military campaigns 
across continents and to receive

4665
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:22,000
intelligence and send orders 
faster than any previous Empire 

4666
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:24,700
managed. 
The Riders themselves are tough 

4667
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:27,400
weathered men who proven 
themselves capable of enduring, 

4668
04:21:27,400 --> 04:21:29,000
the hardships of constant 
travel. 

4669
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:32,700
They know the routes intimately 
can navigate in the dark and can

4670
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,200
read weather signs that tell 
them when to seek shelter and 

4671
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:38,100
when to push on, they carry 
cylindrical message. 

4672
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:41,200
Containers strapped, their 
bodies made from leather or 

4673
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:43,200
bamboo sealed to protect 
contents. 

4674
04:21:43,200 --> 04:21:46,100
From whether the message is 
themselves are written on silk 

4675
04:21:46,100 --> 04:21:50,000
when available because silk is 
light and durable or on special 

4676
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:51,600
paper treated to resist. 
Moisture. 

4677
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:55,600
Cultural exchange happens. 
Almost accidentally along these 

4678
04:21:55,600 --> 04:21:58,100
routes. 
You see Chinese paper making 

4679
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:01,900
techniques traveling west. 
Persian Merchants watching a 

4680
04:22:01,900 --> 04:22:04,400
Chinese paper maker and 
realizing he could. 

4681
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:08,000
Replicate the process back home 
that knowledge worth more than 

4682
04:22:08,000 --> 04:22:12,000
any single load of trade goods. 
Persian astronomical knowledge, 

4683
04:22:12,000 --> 04:22:16,400
heads East by Scholars fleeing 
political instability, finding 

4684
04:22:16,400 --> 04:22:19,600
Eagle audiences and Chinese 
courts interested in improving, 

4685
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:23,000
their calendar systems. 
European metal, working methods 

4686
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:26,400
show up in Central Asian 
workshops taught by captured 

4687
04:22:26,400 --> 04:22:28,900
craftsmen who have been given 
the choice between teaching, 

4688
04:22:28,900 --> 04:22:32,900
their skills or dying. 
The Mongols themselves adopt 

4689
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:34,700
freely from the cultures they 
encounter. 

4690
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:38,200
You watch Chinese Siege 
Engineers being integrated into 

4691
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:40,900
Mongol armies. 
Their knowledge of catapults and

4692
04:22:40,908 --> 04:22:42,900
trebuchets transforming the 
Mongols. 

4693
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:46,100
From steppe, Raiders into 
forces, capable of reducing 

4694
04:22:46,100 --> 04:22:49,100
fortified cities. 
Persian administrators get 

4695
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:52,600
recruited to manage conquered 
territories, their experience 

4696
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:56,100
with complex bureaucracies 
proving invaluable, captured 

4697
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,000
Craftsmen from everywhere, get 
established and workshops 

4698
04:22:59,000 --> 04:23:02,900
teaching their skills to 
apprentices creating Goods that 

4699
04:23:02,900 --> 04:23:05,000
blend technique from multiple 
traditions. 

4700
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:09,700
The wealth flowing through these
trade routes is staggering a 

4701
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,200
successful. 
Merchant can retire Rich after a

4702
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:15,800
single Journey from Beijing to 
Bagdad assuming they survived 

4703
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:19,300
the trip and avoid being robbed,
both significant assumptions. 

4704
04:23:19,300 --> 04:23:23,400
The profits, a large enough to 
justify the risks silk purchased

4705
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:25,500
in China. 
For silver, might sell in Persia

4706
04:23:25,500 --> 04:23:30,100
for three times what it costs 
and Persian carpets or glassware

4707
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:32,200
can command. 
Similar markups, when sold in 

4708
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:35,800
China, the taxes collected from 
this trade helped fund, the 

4709
04:23:35,808 --> 04:23:39,600
Empire's military operations, 
creating a feedback loop where 

4710
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:43,800
successful conquests make trades
safer, which generates more tax 

4711
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:47,600
revenue which funds more 
conquests, you notice how 

4712
04:23:47,600 --> 04:23:52,700
Cosmopolitan the larger cities 
become Karakorum the capital 

4713
04:23:52,700 --> 04:23:57,200
established by ogre day host 
Buddhist temples Muslim, mosques

4714
04:23:57,200 --> 04:24:01,300
Christian churches. 
And shamanistic shrines, often 

4715
04:24:01,300 --> 04:24:04,400
within sight of each other 
Scholars debate, Theology and 

4716
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:08,500
marketplaces scientists exchange
ideas in multilingual, 

4717
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:12,700
discussions facilitated by 
translators and artists blend 

4718
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:15,700
styles from different 
Traditions, it's messy and 

4719
04:24:15,700 --> 04:24:18,600
chaotic, and occasionally 
violent, when religious tensions

4720
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,000
flare. 
But it's also genuinely 

4721
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:23,900
Innovative in ways. 
That isolated homogeneous 

4722
04:24:23,900 --> 04:24:27,600
societies, rarely manage the 
food available in these trading 

4723
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:29,800
cities, reflect the routes 
passing through them. 

4724
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,400
You find yourself in a 
marketplace where Chinese 

4725
04:24:32,400 --> 04:24:36,300
noodles sipside, Persian rice 
dishes, Russian bread, shares 

4726
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,700
shelf, space with Indian, 
flatbreads and Central Asian 

4727
04:24:39,700 --> 04:24:43,400
dumplings compete, with Middle 
Eastern, stews, the cuisine's 

4728
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:47,000
blend and influence each other 
creating Fusion dishes that 

4729
04:24:47,000 --> 04:24:49,600
wouldn't exist without this 
forced proximity. 

4730
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:53,600
Noodle dishes, seasoned with 
Middle Eastern spices, 

4731
04:24:53,600 --> 04:24:56,700
dumplings, filled with 
ingredients from multiple 

4732
04:24:56,700 --> 04:25:01,000
culinary, traditions and breads,
incorporating techniques from 

4733
04:25:01,000 --> 04:25:03,800
different baking. 
Cultures you try a dish that 

4734
04:25:03,800 --> 04:25:06,700
combines elements from three 
different culinary traditions 

4735
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:10,600
and it works somehow the flavors
complimenting rather than 

4736
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:13,600
fighting each other. 
The Chinese noodles are served 

4737
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:16,900
in a Persian style source with 
spices that smell like India, 

4738
04:25:16,900 --> 04:25:21,300
topped with meat prepared, using
Mongol techniques, it shouldn't 

4739
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:23,300
work but it does the different 
elements. 

4740
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,800
Balancing each other creating 
something new that's greater 

4741
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:31,400
than its component parts. 
At night, the Caravan. 

4742
04:25:31,400 --> 04:25:34,000
Saray becomes something like a 
combination, Marketplace 

4743
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:36,600
Newsroom and Social Club 
Merchants. 

4744
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:38,500
Share information, about 
conditions ahead. 

4745
04:25:38,500 --> 04:25:41,600
Warn each other about Bandits or
corrupt officials. 

4746
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:45,300
There's always someone trying to
extract unofficial taxes and 

4747
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:48,100
negotiate deals for the next leg
of their Journeys. 

4748
04:25:48,100 --> 04:25:52,100
The information exchanges 
valuable sometimes more valuable

4749
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:54,900
than the physical Goods. 
Being traded a warning about 

4750
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:58,900
plague in a certain city, might 
save lives and fortunes news 

4751
04:25:58,900 --> 04:26:02,600
about political instability. 
Might change route choices and 

4752
04:26:02,600 --> 04:26:06,000
intelligence about good harvests
or famines affects pricing 

4753
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:09,200
strategies, someone produces a 
stringed instrument. 

4754
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:13,300
You don't recognize perhaps a 
person tar or a Chinese Pieper 

4755
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,000
and someone else starts singing 
in a language. 

4756
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:19,500
You don't understand but the 
music itself transcends. 

4757
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:23,800
The language barrier telling a 
story about longing distance and

4758
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:27,600
the peculiar loneliness of being
far from home others join in 

4759
04:26:27,600 --> 04:26:30,400
some harmonizing some Adding 
percussion by slapping, their 

4760
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:33,800
knees or slapping hands, 
creating something spontaneous 

4761
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:37,400
and beautiful that exists. 
Only in this moment, never to be

4762
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:40,800
exactly replicated, your 
learning that the Silk Road 

4763
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:44,900
isn't really about silk, though,
silk certainly, travels it About

4764
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:49,800
the movement of everything, 
Goods ideas, Technologies, 

4765
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:55,300
religions, diseases and stories.
It's a network that connects 

4766
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:57,900
East and West in ways that shape
both. 

4767
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:02,100
That makes isolation impossible 
and that creates a medieval 

4768
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:04,800
World considerably more 
interconnected than most people.

4769
04:27:04,800 --> 04:27:08,200
Imagine you're examining the 
administrative structure of the 

4770
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:11,500
Mongol Empire now. 
And it's more sophisticated than

4771
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:14,300
you expected from your initial 
assumptions about nomadic 

4772
04:27:14,300 --> 04:27:16,900
conquerors. 
The common image of a Mongol 

4773
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,900
rule is purely military 
conquest, followed by extractive

4774
04:27:19,900 --> 04:27:23,500
exploitation, Mrs. The 
complexity of how they actually 

4775
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:26,700
governed the territories, they 
acquired sure the military 

4776
04:27:26,700 --> 04:27:31,000
conquest came first brutal 
efficient often horrifying in 

4777
04:27:31,008 --> 04:27:34,300
its completeness but afterwards 
came the hard work of actually 

4778
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:37,800
running these places extracting 
Resources with without killing 

4779
04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:42,200
the Golden Goose and maintaining
order across vast distances with

4780
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:44,200
limited Manpower. 
The sense. 

4781
04:27:44,600 --> 04:27:46,800
System May Implement across 
conquered territories is 

4782
04:27:46,800 --> 04:27:50,800
comprehensive almost oppressive 
in its thoroughness you watch 

4783
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:54,400
bureaucrats often recruited from
the local population because the

4784
04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:56,100
Mongols lack sufficient 
literate. 

4785
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,400
Administrators of their own 
going door-to-door counting 

4786
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:02,700
people, livestock, and 
resources, every household gets 

4787
04:28:02,700 --> 04:28:06,300
registered assigned, a number 
and recorded in documents that 

4788
04:28:06,300 --> 04:28:09,400
eventually make their way to 
Regional administrators and 

4789
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:13,000
ultimately to karakoram. 
Every taxable asset gets noted. 

4790
04:28:13,000 --> 04:28:17,400
How many horses sheep camels 
Acres of Farmland, workshops, 

4791
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:20,900
Wells, and even trees if their 
fruit bearing and represent 

4792
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:24,900
economic value, it seems 
invasive because it is, but it 

4793
04:28:24,900 --> 04:28:28,800
also means the tax burden can be
distributed more fairly or at 

4794
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:31,600
least more predictably and 
revenue collection becomes 

4795
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:35,500
systemic, rather than arbitrary.
The old system where Tax 

4796
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:37,200
Collectors showed up demanding, 
whatever. 

4797
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:41,100
They felt like to demanding gets
replaced by fixed rates based on

4798
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:43,600
recorded assets. 
You still pay a lot. 

4799
04:28:43,608 --> 04:28:45,500
But, you know, Roughly. 
How much? 

4800
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:48,600
And there's a course if 
collectors try to extract more 

4801
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:52,000
than what's listed local rulers,
who submit without fighting 

4802
04:28:52,000 --> 04:28:55,000
often keep their positions 
though, now their answering to 

4803
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,500
Mongol overseers called Darrell 
gachi who make sure tax revenue,

4804
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:00,800
flows correctly, and rebellions 
don't Brew. 

4805
04:29:00,800 --> 04:29:03,500
It's a clever system that 
minimizes the number of 

4806
04:29:03,500 --> 04:29:07,100
Administrators needed from the 
Mongol core population, which 

4807
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:09,300
remains small compared to the 
vast territories. 

4808
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:11,600
They control better to let 
local. 

4809
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:15,000
Elites continue handling 
day-to-day governance, they 

4810
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:19,600
understand local Customs, speak 
the language and know who's who,

4811
04:29:20,400 --> 04:29:23,900
While Mongol officials focus on 
the big picture Revenue, 

4812
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:28,700
military matters, maintaining 
order and ensuring the road, 

4813
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:31,700
stay safe. 
The daroga usually veteran 

4814
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:34,800
Warrior's men who have proven 
themselves in conquest and 

4815
04:29:34,800 --> 04:29:38,700
understand both military matters
and the empires priorities you 

4816
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:42,800
meet one, a grizzled soldier 
named Superette who now governs,

4817
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:45,800
a Chinese Province larger than 
many European kingdoms. 

4818
04:29:46,500 --> 04:29:49,100
He doesn't speak Chinese 
fluently and relies on 

4819
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:53,300
interpreters and local advisors,
but he understands numbers and 

4820
04:29:53,300 --> 04:29:56,700
loyalty, he knows exactly how 
much revenue is province. 

4821
04:29:56,700 --> 04:29:59,600
Should generate knows which 
local officials are reliable, 

4822
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:03,200
and which need watching and he's
utterly ruthless about crushing 

4823
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:05,400
dissent. 
While being surprisingly lenient

4824
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:09,100
about cultural practices that 
don't threaten Mongol interests,

4825
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,000
the legal system gets reformed 
to reflect Mongol. 

4826
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:15,800
Priorities criminal law becomes 
harsher and more consistent than

4827
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:19,100
in many conquered territories. 
Murder carries, the death 

4828
04:30:19,100 --> 04:30:23,300
penalty applied swiftly and 
publicly, the special horse 

4829
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:26,100
theft to bring severe 
punishment, often death 

4830
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:28,800
sometimes mutilation as a 
warning to others. 

4831
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,700
Adult tree is punished harshly 
though. 

4832
04:30:31,700 --> 04:30:34,400
You noticed the punishments fall
hard on women than men 

4833
04:30:34,400 --> 04:30:37,900
reflecting the patriarchal 
structures, the Mongols share 

4834
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:41,300
with most conquered societies. 
Rape carries the death penalty, 

4835
04:30:41,300 --> 04:30:44,500
which is actually more severe 
than, in many medieval legal 

4836
04:30:44,500 --> 04:30:47,500
codes. 
So enforcement varies depending 

4837
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:50,900
on the status of the victim and 
perpetrator at the same time, 

4838
04:30:50,900 --> 04:30:54,400
commercial law becomes clearer 
and more favorable to Merchants 

4839
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:57,800
than under previous regimes, 
contracts are enforced with the 

4840
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:01,400
Empire's full backing, a 
merchant cheated in a deal can 

4841
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:04,700
appeal to Mongol authorities who
will investigate and punish 

4842
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:08,400
violators, regardless of their 
local status property rights, 

4843
04:31:08,400 --> 04:31:11,400
get protected better than 
before, less arbitrary, 

4844
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:14,200
confiscation by local 
authorities who now answer to 

4845
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:18,100
Mongol overseers interested in 
keeping Commerce flowing debts 

4846
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:20,900
are enforced. 
Bankruptcy, regulated and 

4847
04:31:20,900 --> 04:31:24,300
Partnerships formalized in ways 
that make long distance trade 

4848
04:31:24,300 --> 04:31:27,300
less risky. 
You notice how the Mongols 

4849
04:31:27,300 --> 04:31:30,300
handle religious institutions 
cautiously. 

4850
04:31:30,300 --> 04:31:33,600
But not oppressively unless 
provoked, religiously does 

4851
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:37,200
receive exemptions from taxes 
and military service and in 

4852
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:40,200
return, their expected to pray 
for the Khan and not caused 

4853
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:42,700
trouble. 
It's a pragmatic Arrangement 

4854
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:46,400
that mostly Works Buddhist 
monasteries in tibetan China, 

4855
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:50,700
continue their practices Muslim 
mosques throughout Central Asia 

4856
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:54,600
and Persia maintain their 
rituals and Christian churches 

4857
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:58,000
in Concord Russian territories. 
Keep celebrating their 

4858
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,200
sacraments, the Mongols don't 
care which God you worship, as 

4859
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:03,800
long as you also acknowledge 
their sovereignty and pay your 

4860
04:32:03,808 --> 04:32:06,900
taxes tensions, occasionally 
flare, when religious 

4861
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:10,200
authorities overstep, when a 
Buddhist Monastery starts 

4862
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:12,800
accumulating too much wealth. 
Without paying taxes. 

4863
04:32:12,800 --> 04:32:16,500
When Muslim, clerics? 
Preach against Mongol rule, or 

4864
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,400
when Christian priests claimed 
their Spiritual Authority. 

4865
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,500
Supersedes temporal power. 
The Mongol response is 

4866
04:32:22,500 --> 04:32:25,300
consistent. 
Spiritual matters are yours to 

4867
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,800
manage, but political Authority 
and economic obligations are 

4868
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:32,200
non-negotiable. 
Step over that line and the 

4869
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:36,200
exemptions disappear often 
violently the military 

4870
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:38,200
Administration, remained Central
to everything. 

4871
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:41,000
The Empire is divided into 
regions. 

4872
04:32:41,000 --> 04:32:44,200
Each responsible for providing a
certain number of Warriors when 

4873
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:47,800
called upon the decimal system 
extends beyond the military 

4874
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:50,900
proper into civilian 
Administration, units of 

4875
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:52,900
households are assigned 
responsibility. 

4876
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:56,800
For supporting specific military
units, creating clear chains of 

4877
04:32:56,808 --> 04:33:01,200
supply and support. 10 household
support, one soldier providing 

4878
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:03,700
his equipment horses and 
Provisions. 

4879
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:07,300
It's a system that makes 
military mobilization faster and

4880
04:33:07,300 --> 04:33:10,200
more predictable than the ad hoc
recruitment methods. 

4881
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:14,200
Used by most medieval States 
every male between roughly 15 

4882
04:33:14,200 --> 04:33:17,700
and 60 is technically available 
for military service. 

4883
04:33:17,700 --> 04:33:21,500
Though, in practice, the Mongols
are selectively preferring to 

4884
04:33:21,500 --> 04:33:23,200
maintain the quality of their 
forces. 

4885
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:25,800
Rather than simply maximizing 
numbers. 

4886
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:29,400
You watch a military inspection,
where young men are tested on 

4887
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:34,599
horsemanship, archery and ends. 
Those who pass get incorporated 

4888
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:37,300
into units and begin training, 
that will turn them, into the 

4889
04:33:37,300 --> 04:33:40,599
kind of Warriors who terrified, 
professional armies, those who 

4890
04:33:40,599 --> 04:33:43,700
don't pass receive other 
assignments, support roles, 

4891
04:33:43,700 --> 04:33:48,099
Messenger, Service or Garrison 
Duty in less critical locations,

4892
04:33:48,099 --> 04:33:52,200
communication remains crucial 
and the AMS system expands to 

4893
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:54,400
cover the entire Empire. 
Like nervous system can 

4894
04:33:54,400 --> 04:33:57,500
connecting brain to limbs. 
You visit a relay station in 

4895
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:02,599
Central Asia and its impressive.
Stables with 20 horses supplies 

4896
04:34:02,599 --> 04:34:05,400
for Riders, simple 
accommodations for official 

4897
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:09,000
Messengers, and a small Garrison
to protect the station and 

4898
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:11,599
enforce. 
Its privileges, the system is 

4899
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:16,300
expensive to maintain all those 
horses, all that grain, all 

4900
04:34:16,300 --> 04:34:19,099
those guards. 
But it allows the central 

4901
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,099
government to remain informed 
about conditions in distant 

4902
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,900
provinces and to respond to 
crises faster than any previous 

4903
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:28,900
Empire managed. 
The cost is born by local. 

4904
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:32,300
Populations required to maintain
the stations as a form of tax 

4905
04:34:32,300 --> 04:34:35,400
obligation. 
Villages near stations must 

4906
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:39,200
provide horses, food, and labor,
its burdensome. 

4907
04:34:39,200 --> 04:34:42,200
But it also means that Mongol 
officials can travel quickly. 

4908
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:46,400
When needed that Merchants with 
paiser can move safely and that 

4909
04:34:46,400 --> 04:34:49,599
rebellion in one Province can 
trigger responses from forces, 

4910
04:34:49,599 --> 04:34:52,000
several provinces away. 
Before the rebels can 

4911
04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:56,000
consolidate their gains taxation
is surprisingly diverse, 

4912
04:34:56,000 --> 04:34:58,800
reflecting the different 
economies, the Mongols of 

4913
04:34:58,808 --> 04:35:01,700
Concord. 
In pastoral regions, it's 

4914
04:35:01,700 --> 04:35:05,400
primarily an animals every year 
a certain percentage of your 

4915
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:09,200
herd goes to the Empire. 
In agricultural areas it's grain

4916
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:13,599
and other crops typically around
10 to 20% of the Harvest higher.

4917
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:16,400
If you've rebelled and lower, if
you've been particularly loyal 

4918
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,900
in commercial cities, there are 
taxes on Market transactions, 

4919
04:35:19,900 --> 04:35:24,099
customs duties on Goods, passing
through and Licensing fees for 

4920
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:27,200
certain trades. 
There's all so military service 

4921
04:35:27,200 --> 04:35:29,400
with households required to 
provide Warriors. 

4922
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:32,400
When needed, there's Labor 
Service for building projects 

4923
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:36,500
roads Bridges fortifications. 
Palaces, the burden is heavy. 

4924
04:35:36,500 --> 04:35:39,599
Certainly heavier than most 
people bore under previous 

4925
04:35:39,599 --> 04:35:43,800
regimes, but it's distributed 
systemically rather than falling

4926
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:46,800
randomly on what ever 
communities happen to catch a 

4927
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:48,599
tax collectors attention on a 
bad day. 

4928
04:35:48,599 --> 04:35:52,700
The Mongols proved remarkably 
good at identifying in utilizing

4929
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:55,500
Talent. 
Regardless of origin, a skilled 

4930
04:35:55,500 --> 04:35:58,900
administrator captured during 
the conquest of choirs and might

4931
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:01,099
find himself running. 
A province in China. 

4932
04:36:02,000 --> 04:36:05,599
His language skills and 
administrative experience value 

4933
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:07,800
above. 
Considerations of ethnicity or 

4934
04:36:07,800 --> 04:36:10,200
passed. 
Legions is a clever engineer, 

4935
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:12,900
gets pulled into military 
service designing, Siege 

4936
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,200
equipment. 
A merchant with knowledge of 

4937
04:36:15,200 --> 04:36:19,200
distant markets, becomes an 
advisor on trade policy Chinese 

4938
04:36:19,200 --> 04:36:22,800
Scholars, get incorporated into 
the Mongol bureaucracy bringing 

4939
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:25,700
with them sophisticated 
record-keeping systems, that 

4940
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:28,599
make Administration more 
efficient, there's a ruthless 

4941
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:31,200
meritocracy at work. 
That's occasionally refreshing 

4942
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:33,400
compared to the rigid hereditary
systems. 

4943
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:35,500
Common in many medieval 
societies. 

4944
04:36:36,400 --> 04:36:39,400
Yes, being from a powerful 
Mongol, family helps. 

4945
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,500
But incompetence will still get 
you demoted or worse. 

4946
04:36:43,400 --> 04:36:46,099
A talented Foreigner. 
Can rise to positions of genuine

4947
04:36:46,099 --> 04:36:48,500
Authority, though. 
They'll always be watched more 

4948
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:51,200
carefully than ethnic Mongols 
and always suspected. 

4949
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:54,400
If anything goes wrong, you meet
a Chinese, official named 

4950
04:36:54,400 --> 04:36:57,400
yellow. 
Chukai, a former Jin Dynasty, 

4951
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:00,599
bureaucrat who now serves a Khan
as a chief administrator. 

4952
04:37:00,599 --> 04:37:04,599
He's managed to convince the 
Mongols that systemic taxation 

4953
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:08,099
generates more Revenue than 
simply looting and destroying 

4954
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:12,000
conquered territories that are 
functioning economy, produces 

4955
04:37:12,000 --> 04:37:15,500
wealth that can be taxed 
repeatedly and the educated 

4956
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:20,000
administrators a more valuable 
alive and working and dead, his 

4957
04:37:20,000 --> 04:37:23,099
influence as probably saved 
millions of lives by making 

4958
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:26,599
Conquest economically. 
Rational, rather than purely 

4959
04:37:26,599 --> 04:37:29,800
extractive during Genghis, 
Khan's final years now. 

4960
04:37:29,800 --> 04:37:32,599
And he's aging in the way 
Warriors age when they've spent 

4961
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:37,500
decades in the saddle, fighting 
campaigns enduring wounds and 

4962
04:37:37,500 --> 04:37:41,200
pushing their bodies past normal
limits, his body carries the 

4963
04:37:41,200 --> 04:37:45,200
accumulated injuries of 
countless Battles Old Wounds 

4964
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:49,300
that aching cold weather joints 
stiff from years of riding and 

4965
04:37:49,300 --> 04:37:51,500
scars. 
That tell stories, he rarely 

4966
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:54,599
bothers recounting anymore 
because everyone who matters 

4967
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:57,599
already knows them. 
He's in his 60s, which is 

4968
04:37:57,599 --> 04:38:01,000
genuinely old for this era. 
Ancient for someone who's lived 

4969
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:04,300
as violently as he has. 
The campaign Against The 

4970
04:38:04,300 --> 04:38:08,099
Westerns year is grinding and 
exhausting more a punishment 

4971
04:38:08,099 --> 04:38:10,000
Expedition than a genuine 
Conquest. 

4972
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:13,500
They angered him by refusing to 
provide support for his war 

4973
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:16,700
against Juarez and citing their 
own military commitments. 

4974
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:20,700
As an excuse, he hasn't 
forgotten now years later he's 

4975
04:38:20,700 --> 04:38:23,300
returned to make sure they 
understand the consequences of 

4976
04:38:23,300 --> 04:38:27,500
defying him to demonstrate that 
agreements with the Khan are not

4977
04:38:27,508 --> 04:38:30,900
suggestions but obligations 
backed by the full might of his 

4978
04:38:30,900 --> 04:38:32,500
army. 
You watch his army, 

4979
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:36,400
systematically dismantling, the 
west and grass, State destroying

4980
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,800
cities eliminating leadership 
and erasing the kingdom with 

4981
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:43,200
methodical thoroughness. 
It's not just about Conquest. 

4982
04:38:43,200 --> 04:38:45,900
There are dozens of other 
kingdoms, the Mongols could 

4983
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:49,400
conquer with less effort. 
This is about sending a message 

4984
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:54,300
to every tributary state, every 
Ally, and every potential Rebel,

4985
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:58,300
Keep your Oaths or face 
Annihilation is health is 

4986
04:38:58,300 --> 04:39:00,700
failing though. 
He hides it as well as he can. 

4987
04:39:01,500 --> 04:39:03,599
There's a fall from a horse 
during a hunting trip. 

4988
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:07,500
That seems minor at first but 
leaves him injured possibly 

4989
04:39:07,500 --> 04:39:10,800
bleeding internally. 
The exact details are murky, 

4990
04:39:10,800 --> 04:39:14,099
Mongol sources are deliberately 
vague about the Khan's 

4991
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:17,200
vulnerabilities but you can see 
he's not recovering properly. 

4992
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:22,099
Fever comes and goes, he has 
trouble eating and keeping down 

4993
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:25,900
food is advisors urged him to 
rest, to return to Mongolia. 

4994
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:30,400
But he insists on the campaign 
through he continues directing 

4995
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:32,800
operations from a litter. 
When he can't ride any more 

4996
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:36,800
still making decisions, still 
planing the Empire's future even

4997
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:39,100
as his own runs, out your 
present. 

4998
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:41,800
During a war council where he 
discusses strategy for 

4999
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:45,600
campaigns, he won't live to see 
Conquest that will happen 

5000
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:49,400
decades after his death. 
His mind remained sharp even as 

5001
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:52,000
his body betrays him, and 
there's something both 

5002
04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:54,600
impressive and sad about what 
watching him refused to 

5003
04:39:54,608 --> 04:39:58,400
acknowledge his mortality. 
The question of succession 

5004
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:00,900
occupies his remaining time and 
energy. 

5005
04:40:00,900 --> 04:40:05,500
His sons are grown men. 
Now each commanding armies each 

5006
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:08,900
with their own supporters and 
Ambitions and each capable of 

5007
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:12,000
tearing the Empire apart. 
In a civil war, if succession 

5008
04:40:12,000 --> 04:40:15,300
isn't handled carefully, the 
traditional Mongol approach 

5009
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:18,800
would be to divide the Empire 
among them giving each sanitary 

5010
04:40:18,800 --> 04:40:22,500
to rule independently. 
He seen how that fragments power

5011
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:27,000
creates opportunities for Rivals
and turns unified strength into 

5012
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:30,900
competing factions. 
Instead he designates ogre day 

5013
04:40:30,900 --> 04:40:34,300
as his primary successor. 
Someone he thinks has the 

5014
04:40:34,300 --> 04:40:35,900
temperament to hold the empire 
together. 

5015
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:40,900
Not his eldest son, yochi. 
Whose paternity carries those 

5016
04:40:40,900 --> 04:40:45,500
quiet questions from berta's, 
captivity, not chagatai whose 

5017
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:49,200
strong, but inflexible too rigid
to navigate the complex politics

5018
04:40:49,200 --> 04:40:54,100
of ruling a multi-ethnic Empire.
Not tolui the youngest whose 

5019
04:40:54,100 --> 04:40:57,100
brilliant but two young to 
command the respect of senior 

5020
04:40:57,100 --> 04:41:00,900
commanders ogre day. 
The third son is competent 

5021
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:03,600
without being threatening and 
diplomatic without being weak. 

5022
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:06,700
Some, on his brothers, might 
accept, because he doesn't 

5023
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:10,200
Inspire the same jealousy or 
resentment There are long 

5024
04:41:10,200 --> 04:41:12,300
conversations during these final
weeks. 

5025
04:41:12,300 --> 04:41:16,100
He watching talking with this 
son's laying out his vision for 

5026
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:19,200
continued expansion. 
Warning them about specific 

5027
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:23,600
threats and sharing accumulated 
wisdom about Warfare governance 

5028
04:41:23,600 --> 04:41:25,700
and the management of their 
conquered territories. 

5029
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:29,900
He tells them that their 
strength lies in unity that 

5030
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:33,000
divided, they'll be vulnerable 
to the civilizations, they've 

5031
04:41:33,000 --> 04:41:36,100
subjugated and that maintaining 
the Empire will require 

5032
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:38,200
cooperation even when its 
difficult. 

5033
04:41:39,400 --> 04:41:42,600
Whether they listen is another 
question, you can see the 

5034
04:41:42,600 --> 04:41:45,600
tensions already, present, 
chagatai and Yoshi. 

5035
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:49,900
Barely speaking to each other 
old grudges festering, each son,

5036
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:54,000
calculating his own position 
making plans that may or may not

5037
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,500
include supporting his 
designated successor. 

5038
04:41:56,500 --> 04:42:01,000
Genghis Khan sees it too, you 
think and it worries him but 

5039
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:03,700
there's only so much he can 
control from Beyond the Grave. 

5040
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:08,700
His death in 1227, is kept 
secret initially following his 

5041
04:42:08,700 --> 04:42:11,900
explicit instructions. 
The Army needs to complete the 

5042
04:42:11,900 --> 04:42:15,100
campaign against the west, and 
CE and announcing the Khan's, 

5043
04:42:15,100 --> 04:42:17,700
death might encourage Rebellion 
or embolden enemies. 

5044
04:42:17,700 --> 04:42:21,200
So they carry his body back 
toward Mongolia in secret, 

5045
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:24,800
maintaining the fiction that he 
still alive and directing 

5046
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:28,800
operations Messengers, continue 
riding in and out of Camp. 

5047
04:42:28,800 --> 04:42:33,300
As if carrying his orders guards
maintain watch over his ten as 

5048
04:42:33,300 --> 04:42:36,600
if he's resting inside the 
Western sheer ruler and his 

5049
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:39,700
family are lured into a meeting 
with Mongol commanders where 

5050
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:42,100
their executed their Kingdom 
erase. 

5051
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:46,000
So thoroughly that its languages
and culture largely disappear 

5052
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:48,200
from history. 
The funeral procession 

5053
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,800
supposedly kills, anyone, who 
sees it maintaining secrecy 

5054
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:54,800
about the burial location 
whether this is true or 

5055
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,100
propaganda is hard to say. 
Certainly some people along the 

5056
04:42:58,100 --> 04:43:02,100
Route die, but whether through 
systematic execution or normal 

5057
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:06,400
mortality inflated by Legend, 
Clear, the burial site itself 

5058
04:43:06,400 --> 04:43:09,400
remains unknown to this day, 
hidden somewhere in the 

5059
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:12,800
mountains of Northern Mongolia, 
protected by isolation. 

5060
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:16,100
And deliberate. 
Obscurity, the Empire he leaves 

5061
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:18,900
behind is the largest contiguous
land Empire. 

5062
04:43:18,900 --> 04:43:22,100
The world has ever seen 
stretching from the Pacific 

5063
04:43:22,100 --> 04:43:26,400
Ocean, to the Caspian Sea from 
the Frozen, forests of Siberia, 

5064
04:43:26,400 --> 04:43:29,900
to the borders of India. 
It's connected by those relay 

5065
04:43:29,900 --> 04:43:34,100
stations secured by military. 
Garrisons administered by a 

5066
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:37,800
bureaucracy, that blends Mongol 
oversight with local expertise 

5067
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,700
and enriched by trade, that 
flows more freely than it has in

5068
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:44,400
centuries. 
The population under Mongol 

5069
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:48,000
control numbers in the tens of 
millions in compassing dozens of

5070
04:43:48,008 --> 04:43:51,000
ethnic groups, multiple 
religions and countless 

5071
04:43:51,000 --> 04:43:53,100
cultures. 
Now, unified under a single 

5072
04:43:53,100 --> 04:43:56,200
political system, his 
descendants will expand it. 

5073
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,600
Further pushing the boundaries 
even beyond what he achieved, 

5074
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:03,400
ugly, will invade Eastern 
Europe, sending armies under 

5075
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:07,500
Batu Khan Terrify kingdoms from 
Poland to Hungary, crushing 

5076
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:11,200
European armies at legnicka and 
mohee and advancing so far. 

5077
04:44:11,208 --> 04:44:15,100
West that Scouts reportedly 
reached the Adriatic Sea only 

5078
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:20,400
ogga, days' in 1241 pulls them 
back as commanders returned to 

5079
04:44:20,400 --> 04:44:22,900
Mongolia for the cruelty to 
choose his successor. 

5080
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:26,500
Minka will continue the 
expansion after securing his own

5081
04:44:26,500 --> 04:44:28,300
succession, through political 
maneuvering. 

5082
04:44:28,300 --> 04:44:31,600
And some Bloodshed Kublai, will 
conquer the rest of China 

5083
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:35,700
overthrowing the Song Dynasty 
and establishing the UN Dynasty.

5084
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:37,600
Becoming emperor of the Middle 
Kingdom. 

5085
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,000
The development that would have 
seemed impossible when his 

5086
04:44:41,008 --> 04:44:44,300
grandfather was a hungry, 
orphaned stealing fish from 

5087
04:44:44,300 --> 04:44:46,700
streams. 
The Mongol, domains will 

5088
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:51,300
eventually Encompass 25% of the 
world's land area directly 

5089
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,300
ruling or collecting tribute 
from region, stretching from 

5090
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:58,400
Korea to Hungary, and from 
Vietnam to Russia, but you're 

5091
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:01,400
interested in the quieter 
legacies, the changes. 

5092
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:04,500
The persist Beyond military 
conquest and political control, 

5093
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:08,500
the religious tolerance 
imperfect, but genuine that 

5094
04:45:08,500 --> 04:45:11,400
allows different faiths to 
coexist within the Empire. 

5095
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,300
It's not quite the modern 
concept of religious freedom. 

5096
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:17,500
There are definitely hierarchies
and definitely expectations 

5097
04:45:17,500 --> 04:45:20,900
about Behavior, but it's 
remarkably pluralistic for the 

5098
04:45:20,900 --> 04:45:23,700
medieval period, a Buddhist can 
trade with a Muslim. 

5099
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:27,600
A Christian can serve alongside 
a sharpness in the Army and 

5100
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:31,200
religious disputes are settled 
by Civil Authorities rather than

5101
04:45:31,200 --> 04:45:34,900
through religious Warfare, the 
meritocratic principles that let

5102
04:45:34,900 --> 04:45:38,000
talented people rise. 
Regardless of birth leave marks 

5103
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,600
on subsequent Society is the 
idea that competence should 

5104
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:44,800
determine position that 
hereditary nobility isn't 

5105
04:45:44,800 --> 04:45:48,000
automatically entitled to 
leadership, and that Talent 

5106
04:45:48,000 --> 04:45:49,900
should be identified and 
promoted. 

5107
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:54,100
These Concepts influence 
political thinking in ways that 

5108
04:45:54,100 --> 04:45:58,000
Outlast Mongol rule, when the 
Empire fragments and eventually 

5109
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:02,300
disappears replaced by various 
successor States, some of these 

5110
04:46:02,300 --> 04:46:06,300
principles persist embedded in 
administrative practices and 

5111
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:09,800
cultural expectations. 
The trade networks that connect 

5112
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:12,100
East and West remain active 
long. 

5113
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:16,100
After Mongol political Unity 
dissolves allowing exchange of 

5114
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:21,000
goods ideas and Technologies. 
The Silk Road reaches its peak 

5115
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,700
under Mongol protection and even
as the Empire fragments The 

5116
04:46:24,700 --> 04:46:27,100
Roots remain, more accessible 
than they were before the 

5117
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:29,900
conquests. 
Merchants continued traveling 

5118
04:46:29,900 --> 04:46:34,100
path that Mongol Army secured 
carrying not just physical Goods

5119
04:46:34,100 --> 04:46:38,400
but also knowledge printing 
techniques, gunpowder formulas, 

5120
04:46:38,400 --> 04:46:42,100
mathematical Concepts, and 
Artistic Styles. 

5121
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:45,300
There's all the darker Legacy 
that can't be ignored or 

5122
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:48,300
minimized. 
Cities destroyed the 

5123
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:51,200
population's killed, the 
cultures erased. 

5124
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:56,600
The Mongol conquest killed 
Millions by some estimates, 40 

5125
04:46:56,600 --> 04:46:59,900
million people, or more though. 
Exact numbers are impossible to 

5126
04:46:59,900 --> 04:47:04,000
verify and hotly debated by 
historians entire cities were 

5127
04:47:04,000 --> 04:47:05,800
annihilated. 
So completely that 

5128
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:08,300
archaeologists, still find the 
destruction layers in their 

5129
04:47:08,300 --> 04:47:11,300
ruins, thick bands of Ash and 
Bone marking. 

5130
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:14,400
The moment, the Mongols arrived,
the Quarry in Empire, 

5131
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:18,400
essentially ceased to exist, its
major cities, reduced to Rubble 

5132
04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:22,300
this population devastated. 
The irrigation systems in 

5133
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:26,100
Central Asia and Persia suffered
damage that took centuries to 

5134
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:30,200
repair turning productive 
agricultural land in semi-desert

5135
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:36,200
Baghdad when it finally Falls to
Hulu in 1258 loses perhaps a 

5136
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:40,000
million inhabitants its famed. 
Library is destroyed and 

5137
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:43,300
centuries of Islamic 
scholarship, a lost forever, the

5138
04:47:43,300 --> 04:47:46,400
Jinn Danae in northern China 
fights for decades before being 

5139
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:51,200
Droid its territory depopulated 
by Warfare famine and disease, 

5140
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:55,300
the Song Dynasty holds out 
longer, but eventually Falls as 

5141
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:57,700
well. 
Its sophisticated culture 

5142
04:47:57,700 --> 04:48:01,900
absorbed and transformed by the 
UN Dynasty Russia fragments into

5143
04:48:01,900 --> 04:48:05,500
competing, principalities many, 
paying tribute to the golden 

5144
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:08,700
horde, for centuries, their 
political development, altered 

5145
04:48:08,700 --> 04:48:10,600
by the experience of Mongol 
domination. 

5146
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:14,700
You notice how The Empire begins
fragmenting even before it. 

5147
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:18,300
Fully settles centrifugal 
forces, pulling it apart, 

5148
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:20,200
despite efforts to maintain 
Unity. 

5149
04:48:20,200 --> 04:48:23,800
The various can 80s develop 
their own characters, their own 

5150
04:48:23,808 --> 04:48:26,500
priorities, and their own 
relationships with the 

5151
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:29,200
population's. 
They rule the golden horde in 

5152
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:31,000
Russia becomes increasingly 
separate. 

5153
04:48:31,000 --> 04:48:35,500
Its Khan's, converting to Islam,
adopting personal administrative

5154
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,400
practices and developing their 
own Court culture. 

5155
04:48:38,400 --> 04:48:42,500
The alkanet in Persia also 
converts to Islam, becoming 

5156
04:48:42,500 --> 04:48:45,900
essentially a Persian Empire 
ruled by Mongol Elites who 

5157
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:49,200
gradually ass. 
To Persian culture, the chagatai

5158
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:52,200
konate and Central Asia 
maintains, nomadic Traditions 

5159
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:56,100
longer, but also fragments 
internally splitting between 

5160
04:48:56,100 --> 04:48:59,300
eastern and western branches 
with different priorities and 

5161
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:01,600
policies. 
The UN dynasty, in China, 

5162
04:49:01,600 --> 04:49:05,300
becomes more Chinese with each 
generation with Kublai and his 

5163
04:49:05,308 --> 04:49:08,300
successors adopting Chinese 
administrative practices 

5164
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:12,600
Confucian ideology and Imperial 
ceremonies until they are 

5165
04:49:12,608 --> 04:49:15,600
essentially Chinese Emperors who
happen to be descended from 

5166
04:49:15,608 --> 04:49:18,500
Mongol conquerors. 
The trade networks proved more 

5167
04:49:18,508 --> 04:49:22,600
durable than political Unity. 
Even as the various Canadians 

5168
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:26,300
drift apart politically pursuing
independent, foreign policies 

5169
04:49:26,300 --> 04:49:28,400
sometimes even fighting each 
other. 

5170
04:49:28,400 --> 04:49:31,700
The Silk Road continues 
functioning at high levels 

5171
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:35,000
Merchants still travel routes 
that the Mongol conquests 

5172
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:37,500
secured carrying goods between 
regions. 

5173
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:39,600
That might be politically 
separate, but remain 

5174
04:49:39,600 --> 04:49:42,900
economically. 
Connected ideas flow along these

5175
04:49:42,900 --> 04:49:45,700
paths. 
Gunpowder technology spreads 

5176
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:49,300
Westwood the eventually 
revolutionizing European Warfare

5177
04:49:50,200 --> 04:49:54,000
Printing technology, expands 
Beyond China, though, it won't 

5178
04:49:54,008 --> 04:49:55,600
reach Europe for another 
Century. 

5179
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:58,900
Mathematical Concepts 
cross-cultural, boundaries 

5180
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:04,100
Arabic, numerals become more 
widely used algebraic technique 

5181
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:07,300
spread an astronomical 
observations, get shared and 

5182
04:50:07,300 --> 04:50:11,000
refined through Intercultural 
contact, you see elements of 

5183
04:50:11,000 --> 04:50:14,600
Mongol law and administration 
being adopted by successive 

5184
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:18,500
States particularly in Russia 
where the influence persists 

5185
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:23,500
longest Census techniques, get 
copied and refined the postal 

5186
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:26,100
system, inspires later, 
communication networks, 

5187
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:30,400
including those established by 
Russian and Chinese Empires, the

5188
04:50:30,400 --> 04:50:33,200
idea of religious tolerance. 
However, imperfectly 

5189
04:50:33,200 --> 04:50:36,600
implemented, plants seeds that 
will influence later thinking 

5190
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:39,700
about governance sovereignty and
the relationship between 

5191
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,500
political and religious 
Authority, the military 

5192
04:50:42,500 --> 04:50:45,200
innovations spread as well 
though there are often resisted 

5193
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:48,000
initially because adopting them 
means acknowledging that these 

5194
04:50:48,000 --> 04:50:51,200
Barbarian conquerors understood 
something important about 

5195
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,600
Warfare other armies. 
Eventually study Mongol tactics 

5196
04:50:54,600 --> 04:50:58,800
try to replicate their mobility 
and coordination and adopt 

5197
04:50:58,800 --> 04:51:00,600
elements of their command 
structure. 

5198
04:51:00,600 --> 04:51:04,000
The composite bow design 
influences weapons Development 

5199
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:07,300
Across Eurasia though. 
It's gradually superseded by 

5200
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:09,400
crossbows and eventually 
Firearms. 

5201
04:51:09,400 --> 04:51:12,400
The emphasis on covering 
mobility and tactical 

5202
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,900
flexibility becomes Doctrine in 
Military Academy is that won't 

5203
04:51:15,900 --> 04:51:18,600
exist for centuries, but will 
Trace some of their thinking 

5204
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,400
back to lessons. 
Fighting against or alongside 

5205
04:51:21,400 --> 04:51:25,000
Mongol forces, the idea of 
combined arms Warfare 

5206
04:51:25,000 --> 04:51:27,200
coordinating, different types of
units. 

5207
04:51:27,200 --> 04:51:31,100
For maximum effect, owes 
something to Mongol practice 

5208
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:33,700
though, it gets developed 
further by later military 

5209
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:36,000
thinkers. 
You're sitting by a fire. 

5210
04:51:36,000 --> 04:51:40,300
Now, not in any specific time or
place, but in the kind of moment

5211
04:51:40,300 --> 04:51:44,000
that existed throughout the 
Mongol period and continues in 

5212
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:48,100
diminished form today. 
After the day's work before 

5213
04:51:48,100 --> 04:51:52,600
sleep, when people gather and 
talk quietly, while Flames died 

5214
04:51:52,600 --> 04:51:55,800
down to Embers and the vast guy 
Wheels, overhead, the 

5215
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,200
conversation me Anders touching 
on ordinary things that matter 

5216
04:51:59,200 --> 04:52:01,700
more than Empire. 
Someone mentioned weather 

5217
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:04,800
patterns noting how the clouds 
have been building differently 

5218
04:52:04,800 --> 04:52:07,800
lately, speculating about 
whether the rains will come 

5219
04:52:07,800 --> 04:52:10,800
early this year or late. 
Someone else mentioned seeing 

5220
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:15,000
unusual bird Behavior Cranes, 
migrating information that 

5221
04:52:15,000 --> 04:52:17,700
seemed wrong for the season, 
which might mean something about

5222
04:52:17,700 --> 04:52:21,100
coming weather patterns. 
These observations aren't idle 

5223
04:52:21,100 --> 04:52:24,400
chatter their survival 
information, the accumulated 

5224
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:27,400
knowledge that keeps communities
alive in environments that don't

5225
04:52:27,400 --> 04:52:30,100
forgive mistakes. 
Someone tells a joke, you don't 

5226
04:52:30,100 --> 04:52:33,100
quite catch, but the laughter 
suggests, it's funnier in the 

5227
04:52:33,108 --> 04:52:36,000
original language. 
Something about a merchant and a

5228
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:38,300
stubborn camel. 
The punchline relying on 

5229
04:52:38,308 --> 04:52:40,100
wordplay that doesn't translate 
well. 

5230
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,900
The laughter is genuine though. 
The kind that comes from people 

5231
04:52:43,900 --> 04:52:46,700
who spend their days together 
and have developed their own 

5232
04:52:46,700 --> 04:52:49,800
rhythms of humor. 
Their own internal reference is 

5233
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,900
and running jokes. 
A woman is doing needlework by 

5234
04:52:52,900 --> 04:52:57,100
firelight creating patterns in 
felt that will decorate her jeer

5235
04:52:57,100 --> 04:52:59,600
transforming. 
Functional, shelter into 

5236
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:04,000
something beautiful a hands move
with practice Precision needle, 

5237
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:07,700
pulling thread through material,
creating geometric designs that 

5238
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:09,900
Echo patterns used for 
Generations. 

5239
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:14,400
Someone asks about the design 
and She explains its A variation

5240
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:16,000
of a pattern, her grandmother 
taught her. 

5241
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:19,800
Modified slightly to incorporate
elements from a different 

5242
04:53:19,808 --> 04:53:22,100
tradition. 
She learned from a neighbor who 

5243
04:53:22,100 --> 04:53:26,000
married in from another region. 
It's a small example of cultural

5244
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:28,200
synthesis happening at the most 
basic level. 

5245
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:32,800
Children, sleep nearby bundled 
in Furs, despite the season 

5246
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:36,000
being relatively warm, because 
Desert Nights get cold. 

5247
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:38,400
Even in summer. 
They make the small sounds of 

5248
04:53:38,408 --> 04:53:41,000
Dreams. 
Soft, murmurs occasional 

5249
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:43,500
movements in the peaceful 
breathing of the deeply asleep. 

5250
04:53:43,500 --> 04:53:46,500
You think about how each of them
carries forward, the knowledge 

5251
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:49,100
of their culture learning 
through, observation, and 

5252
04:53:49,100 --> 04:53:54,000
participation, how to ride how 
to hunt, how to survive in this 

5253
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:57,100
landscape, and how to maintain 
the intricate web of 

5254
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:00,600
relationships and obligations 
that hold Society together. 

5255
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:04,300
They'll grow up in a world shape
by the Empire, perhaps their 

5256
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:07,100
living during its height perhaps
during its fragmentation. 

5257
04:54:07,100 --> 04:54:11,300
Perhaps after it's dissolved 
into such a state's, their daily

5258
04:54:11,300 --> 04:54:15,100
lives will still Center on herds
and horses, whether and grass 

5259
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:18,600
and the Practical demands of 
nomadic pastoralism. 

5260
04:54:18,600 --> 04:54:22,600
That persist regardless of 
political structures the skills,

5261
04:54:22,600 --> 04:54:25,400
they learn and teach their own 
children will be variations on 

5262
04:54:25,400 --> 04:54:29,100
skills practice for Millennia on
these grasslands, the Stars 

5263
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:33,000
overhead are doing what stars of
always done Wheeling across the 

5264
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:36,400
sky in patterns, that Travelers 
and shamans read for meaning and

5265
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:38,900
navigation, the fire. 
Settles lower. 

5266
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:42,100
Sparks drifting up towards Those
Distant lights. 

5267
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:46,400
And someone adds another piece 
of fuel Argyl dried wood 

5268
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:49,600
whatever's available. 
Keeping the warmth going a 

5269
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:51,800
little longer. 
The action is automatic 

5270
04:54:52,600 --> 04:54:55,900
Performed without thought part 
of the rhythm of evening that 

5271
04:54:55,900 --> 04:54:58,900
everyone knows. 
There's a Comfort Inn routines 

5272
04:54:58,900 --> 04:55:02,800
that persist regardless of 
politics or Empires, The Animals

5273
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:04,900
still need tending. 
Checking on horses. 

5274
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,900
That might have wandered during 
the day ensuring sheep are 

5275
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,000
safely corralled against 
predators and making sure camels

5276
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:14,100
are probably hobbled the season.
Still cycle through their 

5277
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:16,700
changes, bringing their own 
demands and opportunities. 

5278
04:55:16,700 --> 04:55:20,100
The Grass Grows, according to 
patterns of rain and 

5279
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:22,700
temperature. 
Unconcerned with human Affairs, 

5280
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,300
the wind blows across the steppe
in different to who claimed 

5281
04:55:26,300 --> 04:55:28,900
sovereignty. 
Over the land at crosses, you 

5282
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:31,800
think about how history gets 
written by the dramatic moments,

5283
04:55:31,800 --> 04:55:35,600
the battles, the conquests, the 
rise and fall of Empires and the

5284
04:55:35,608 --> 04:55:39,500
decisions of Khan's and Kings. 
But most of Life happens in the 

5285
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:43,100
space is between those moments 
in the ordinary work of feeding 

5286
04:55:43,100 --> 04:55:46,400
families and maintaining 
equipment and teaching children 

5287
04:55:46,400 --> 04:55:50,800
and telling stories around fires
the Mongol Empire conquered half

5288
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:53,900
the world but most Mongols spent
most of their time doing the 

5289
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:56,200
same things their ancestors have
done for Generations. 

5290
04:55:57,300 --> 04:56:01,400
Managing herds moving with 
seasons and surviving in a 

5291
04:56:01,400 --> 04:56:02,700
landscape. 
That didn't forgive mistakes. 

5292
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:07,200
The conversation by the fire 
continues voices, low and 

5293
04:56:07,200 --> 04:56:09,700
comfortable. 
Discussing tomorrow's plans, 

5294
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:13,500
sharing observations about the 
condition of various animals and

5295
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:16,100
debating the best route to the 
next grazing area. 

5296
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:18,900
Someone mentions that the 
northern pastures should be 

5297
04:56:18,900 --> 04:56:22,400
recovering nicely that. 
The spring growth was good and 

5298
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:23,900
that they've had enough time to 
rest. 

5299
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:27,100
Someone else counters that the 
southern route might be better. 

5300
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:30,500
Despite the longer distance 
because there are better water 

5301
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:32,900
sources and less risk of 
encountering. 

5302
04:56:32,900 --> 04:56:35,000
A rival group that's been 
aggressive lately. 

5303
04:56:35,000 --> 04:56:38,700
It's the kind of discussion that
doesn't need resolution to night

5304
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:42,200
that serves more to maintain 
connection then to reach 

5305
04:56:42,200 --> 04:56:45,000
conclusions. 
Everyone knows that actual 

5306
04:56:45,000 --> 04:56:48,300
decisions will get made Tomorrow
based on whether animal 

5307
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:51,700
condition and a dozen factors 
that can only be assessed. 

5308
04:56:51,700 --> 04:56:55,500
When the time comes to move the 
discussion is partly planning, 

5309
04:56:55,500 --> 04:56:59,900
partly social And partly just 
the pleasure of talking with 

5310
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:03,400
people, you know, and trust, 
someone begins singing a 

5311
04:57:03,400 --> 04:57:06,500
traditional song that predates 
the Empire by centuries and that

5312
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:09,700
will probably survive. 
Whatever comes after The Melody 

5313
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:13,900
is simple built to be remembered
and designed to carry across 

5314
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:17,000
distances when herders are 
scattered across the grassland 

5315
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:20,400
and want to hear human voices. 
It's a song about horses, 

5316
04:57:20,400 --> 04:57:23,600
naturally, praising the 
qualities of a particularly fine

5317
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,800
mayor using metaphors, that 
compared her to natural 

5318
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:29,800
phenomenon, Swift as wind strong
as mountains. 

5319
04:57:29,800 --> 04:57:33,200
Beautiful as Dawn light on water
others. 

5320
04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:36,300
Join in harmonizing, in ways 
that suggest they've sung 

5321
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:37,700
together. 
Many times before. 

5322
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,900
The harmonies are complex built 
on intervals, that sound unusual

5323
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:45,000
to ears trained on different 
musical Traditions but a 

5324
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:47,600
Perfectly Natural here. 
The song Cycles. 

5325
04:57:47,600 --> 04:57:50,500
Through several verses. 
Each describing different 

5326
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:54,300
qualities of the legendary horse
before ending on a note that 

5327
04:57:54,300 --> 04:57:57,600
seems to hang in the air 
sustained until breath runs out.

5328
04:57:57,600 --> 04:58:01,600
Then Fading Into the Night. 
You're feeling sleep pulling at 

5329
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:05,600
you the combination of warmth 
and darkness and the hypnotic 

5330
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:09,600
quality of firelight and voices 
making your eyelids heavy, your 

5331
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:12,400
body is tired in the good way 
that comes from physical work. 

5332
04:58:12,400 --> 04:58:15,900
From a day, spent riding or 
walking or accomplishing 

5333
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:18,600
something tangible. 
They're satisfaction in that 

5334
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:21,700
kind of tiredness, the knowledge
that you've earned your rest 

5335
04:58:21,700 --> 04:58:25,400
that your body has done. 
What is designed to do outside 

5336
04:58:25,400 --> 04:58:27,900
the circle of firelight the 
steps stretches away Into 

5337
04:58:27,900 --> 04:58:30,500
Darkness. 
Vast and in different and 

5338
04:58:30,500 --> 04:58:33,900
somehow comforting in its 
constantly, you can hear animals

5339
04:58:33,900 --> 04:58:38,400
move moving the soft sounds of 
horses shifting position sheep. 

5340
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:41,400
Settling in for the night and 
the occasional Cry of some 

5341
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:43,000
nocturnal predator in the 
distance. 

5342
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:47,600
He sounds are familiar expected 
and part of the auditory 

5343
04:58:47,600 --> 04:58:49,800
landscape that tells you 
everything is as it should be. 

5344
04:58:50,600 --> 04:58:54,400
The fire burns lower. 
Flames reducing to coals that 

5345
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:57,000
glow. 
Orange and red pulsing slightly 

5346
04:58:57,000 --> 04:59:00,500
as air moves across them, the 
conversation fragments into 

5347
04:59:00,500 --> 04:59:02,600
silence. 
People running out of things to 

5348
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:04,500
say or simply running out of 
energy. 

5349
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:07,800
They begin settling into 
sleeping positions, wrapping 

5350
04:59:07,800 --> 04:59:11,700
themselves in Furs, and felt 
finding the familiar comfort of 

5351
04:59:11,700 --> 04:59:14,000
ground. 
That's been their bed for weeks 

5352
04:59:14,000 --> 04:59:17,000
or months. 
Some people pray quietly before 

5353
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:21,000
sleep murmuring words to the 
Eternal Blue Sky, making 

5354
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:24,900
offerings electing spirits and 
forces that inhabit this 

5355
04:59:24,908 --> 04:59:27,600
landscape. 
Others simply close their eyes, 

5356
04:59:27,600 --> 04:59:30,300
too. 
Tired for ritual, confident that

5357
04:59:30,308 --> 04:59:33,000
their relationship with the 
Divine doesn't require nightly 

5358
04:59:33,000 --> 04:59:36,500
maintenance, the camp develops, 
that particular quality of 

5359
04:59:36,500 --> 04:59:39,100
collective rest. 
When most people are asleep. 

5360
04:59:39,100 --> 04:59:42,800
But a few remain, partially 
aware maintaining a low-level 

5361
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:44,700
vigilance that has become second
nature. 

5362
04:59:44,700 --> 04:59:48,600
The wind picks up slightly and 
the felt walls of the jerk. 

5363
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,800
But hold doing what they've been
designed to do for centuries. 

5364
04:59:51,800 --> 04:59:56,300
The Sound is actually comforting
a reminder that your sheltered 

5365
04:59:56,300 --> 04:59:59,700
protected from the elements by 
materials and techniques, 

5366
04:59:59,700 --> 05:00:04,100
refined through generations of 
experience outside, the wind 

5367
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:07,600
moves across the grassland 
bending vegetation, carrying 

5368
05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:11,600
with it, the smells of night, 
cooler, air moisture and the 

5369
05:00:11,608 --> 05:00:13,800
complex organic sense of a 
living landscape. 

5370
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,100
Close your eyes and the last 
thing you're aware of is the 

5371
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:19,800
sound of horses. 
Moving outside. 

5372
05:00:19,800 --> 05:00:23,300
Their presence are a reminder. 
That tomorrow will begin with 

5373
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,200
animals to tend distances to 
cover. 

5374
05:00:26,200 --> 05:00:29,400
And the endless practical work 
of staying alive. 

5375
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:33,300
In a beautiful demanding 
landscape that shaped an Empire 

5376
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:35,500
and will Outlast it. 
The horses. 

5377
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,500
Represent wealth, and Mobility, 
survival, and status and 

5378
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:41,900
connection. 
To Traditions that stretch back 

5379
05:00:41,900 --> 05:00:44,600
Beyond memory. 
Sleep comes easily under the 

5380
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:47,400
vast. 
Mongolian Sky, Consciousness 

5381
05:00:47,400 --> 05:00:50,800
fading as your body. 
Relaxes into rest, its earned 

5382
05:00:50,800 --> 05:00:53,400
through the days, exertion your 
dreams. 

5383
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:57,200
When they come a fragmentary and
disconnected images of 

5384
05:00:57,200 --> 05:01:01,600
Horizon's, the sensation of 
movement. faces around the fire 

5385
05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:05,500
and the particular quality of 
light at dawn when Frost catches

5386
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:09,100
early Sun and transforms 
ordinary grassland into 

5387
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:14,400
something magical The fire Fades
to Embers, then, ashes, and the 

5388
05:01:14,400 --> 05:01:16,500
camp. 
Settles into the deepest part of

5389
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,600
night that quiet. 
Period between midnight and 

5390
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:22,900
Dawn, when even the most 
Vigilant Guardians, struggle to 

5391
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:27,800
stay alert, the Stars continue 
their slow rotation indifferent 

5392
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:30,200
and eternal bearing witness to 
yet. 

5393
05:01:30,200 --> 05:01:33,600
Another days ending on the step,
another cycle of Life, 

5394
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:36,500
continuing as it has, for 
Millennia, as it will, for 

5395
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:40,400
Millennial more long, after 
empires of dissolved, into 

5396
05:01:40,400 --> 05:01:43,800
Legend and memory. 
The Grass, Grows over the rooms 

5397
05:01:43,800 --> 05:01:48,100
of Conquest patient and 
persistent reclaiming land, that

5398
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,600
briefly saw different purposes, 
the wind continues. 

5399
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:56,100
Its ancient work, shaping 
landscape carrying seeds and 

5400
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:59,500
eroding mountains. 
One grain at a time, the sky 

5401
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:02,100
stretches overhead. 
That particular blue. 

5402
05:02:02,100 --> 05:02:04,200
That becomes visible. 
Only as Dawn approaches 

5403
05:02:04,200 --> 05:02:08,400
signaling, that soon, another 
day will begin bringing with it,

5404
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:11,100
new challenges, and 
opportunities, new moments. 

5405
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:15,000
Of beauty and hardship and new 
additions to the endless. 

5406
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:18,400
Human story of surviving 
thriving and finding meaning in 

5407
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:21,900
the midst of vast in different 
and you sleep peacefully beneath

5408
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:26,100
that Eternal sky. part of a 
story larger than any one 

5409
05:02:26,100 --> 05:02:30,300
person, anyone Empire, or anyone
moment in the long sweep of time

5410
05:02:30,300 --> 05:02:40,700
across these endless, grasslands
You step off a carriage onto the

5411
05:02:40,700 --> 05:02:45,100
cobblestones of Vienna on a 
September afternoon in 1814 and 

5412
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:47,200
your legs ache from three weeks 
of travel. 

5413
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:51,400
The city smells of roasted 
chestnuts and chimney smoke and 

5414
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:54,200
somewhere nearby a street. 
Vendor selling hot wine, that 

5415
05:02:54,208 --> 05:02:57,400
sends cinnamon scented. 
Steam curling into the Autumn 

5416
05:02:57,400 --> 05:03:00,500
are your diplomatic credentials,
sit heavy in your leather 

5417
05:03:00,500 --> 05:03:02,700
satchel and you're frankly 
amazed. 

5418
05:03:02,700 --> 05:03:04,700
They got you this far without 
someone asking too many 

5419
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:06,100
questions about your 
qualifications. 

5420
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:12,200
The truth is that Europe is 
exhausted for 23 years. 

5421
05:03:12,200 --> 05:03:16,200
The continent has lurched from 
one conflict to another and now 

5422
05:03:16,200 --> 05:03:19,300
and Napoleon Bonaparte sits in 
Exile on Elba. 

5423
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:23,800
That small Mediterranean island 
that everyone hopes will be 

5424
05:03:23,808 --> 05:03:26,800
quite sufficient for containing 
one diminished Emperor. 

5425
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:30,200
The man, who once commanded 
armies stretching from Spain to 

5426
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:34,300
Moscow, now governs 21 square 
miles of Rocky Coastline, and 

5427
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:36,700
the great Powers gathering in 
Vienna would very much. 

5428
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,500
Like, to keep things that way 
you'll hear because someone 

5429
05:03:39,500 --> 05:03:42,700
decided your minor principality 
deserve to the table. 

5430
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:45,400
Even if, that seat will be 
somewhere near the back where 

5431
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:49,600
the refreshments run out first. 
But you're not complaining the 

5432
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:52,500
Congress of Vienna promises to 
be the social event of the 

5433
05:03:52,508 --> 05:03:56,300
decade complete with balls, 
every evening, and enough 

5434
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:59,300
pastries to reconstruct, the 
Austrian economy entirely 

5435
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:03,000
through butter consumption. 
Your lodgings occupy three rooms

5436
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:06,100
about a watchmaker's shop and 
the constant ticking from 

5437
05:04:06,100 --> 05:04:09,200
downstairs creates a peculiar 
sort of lullaby. 

5438
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:13,100
The watchmaker himself a 
gentleman named her Mueller with

5439
05:04:13,108 --> 05:04:16,700
spectacular mutton chop. 
Whiskers brings, you coffee each

5440
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:19,200
morning. 
At precisely 6:00 though, you've

5441
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:23,000
never requested this service. 
He simply appears sets down the 

5442
05:04:23,000 --> 05:04:26,200
tray and departs without comment
as if caffeine delivery were 

5443
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,700
encoded in Austrian law. 
The preliminary sessions begin 

5444
05:04:29,700 --> 05:04:31,500
within the week and already the 
city. 

5445
05:04:31,500 --> 05:04:34,100
Buzzes with rumor and counter 
rumor Prince. 

5446
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:36,900
Metternich of Austria intends to
dominate the proceedings. 

5447
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:40,800
Lord Castel Ray from Britain 
won't concede an inch on the 

5448
05:04:40,808 --> 05:04:44,000
balance of power. 
Talor representing France. 

5449
05:04:44,000 --> 05:04:46,600
Yes France. 
The nation. 

5450
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:49,900
Everyone just finished fighting 
has arrived with enough charm 

5451
05:04:49,900 --> 05:04:53,100
and cunning to somehow make his 
defeated country relevant again 

5452
05:04:53,100 --> 05:04:55,300
and Tsar. 
Alexander of Russia keeps 

5453
05:04:55,300 --> 05:04:58,800
proposing Grand moral schemes 
that would remake Europe 

5454
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:02,300
according to Orthodox, Christian
principles, which makes everyone

5455
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:05,000
else profoundly nervous. 
You attend. 

5456
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:08,000
Your first reception on a 
Thursday evening, squeezed into 

5457
05:05:08,000 --> 05:05:10,200
formal attire. 
That hasn't quite recovered from

5458
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:13,200
being packed in a trunk. 
The ballroom of the hofburg 

5459
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:17,100
palace stretches before you like
a jeweled Calvin, all crystal 

5460
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:20,200
chandeliers and gilded molding 
and mirrors positioned to 

5461
05:05:20,200 --> 05:05:23,100
multiply the candlelight in to 
something approaching daylight 

5462
05:05:23,100 --> 05:05:27,000
at midnight gowns, that probably
cost, more than your annual 

5463
05:05:27,000 --> 05:05:29,900
salary Glide. passed in 
conversation with men whose 

5464
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:32,700
medals suggest they've 
personally defeated Napoleon 

5465
05:05:32,700 --> 05:05:36,600
several times each A servant 
offers you champagne from a 

5466
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:39,800
silver tray and you accept it. 
Gratefully if only to have 

5467
05:05:39,808 --> 05:05:43,400
something to do with your hands,
the bubbles, tickle your nose as

5468
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,100
you take a sip and you find 
yourself wondering, whether 

5469
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:49,500
anyone actually came here to 
negotiate or if the whole 

5470
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:52,500
Congress might simply be an 
extended Viennese party. 

5471
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:54,700
That happens to occasionally 
discuss. 

5472
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:58,200
Boarders near the windows. 
You spot a cluster of delegates 

5473
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:00,200
engaged in. 
What appears to be serious 

5474
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:03,200
conversation though. 
They keep getting interrupted by

5475
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,700
waiters bearing tiny pastries. 
One of them, a Swedish 

5476
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:09,600
representative whose name. 
You can't quite recall is 

5477
05:06:09,600 --> 05:06:11,900
explaining something with 
elaborate hand gestures. 

5478
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:14,400
While simultaneously, trying not
to drop his eclair. 

5479
05:06:14,400 --> 05:06:17,900
Watching diplomacy conducted 
around desert gives you an 

5480
05:06:17,900 --> 05:06:20,900
unexpected appreciation for the 
absurdity of the whole 

5481
05:06:20,900 --> 05:06:25,200
Enterprise. 
The music swells a waltz that 

5482
05:06:25,208 --> 05:06:28,700
everyone seems to know except 
you and suddenly the room 

5483
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:33,100
reorganizes itself into dancing,
couples, you Retreat to a corner

5484
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:35,600
near a potted palm and observe 
the swirl of colors and 

5485
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:38,400
conversation. 
This is how piece gets made 

5486
05:06:38,400 --> 05:06:41,600
apparently not through Grand 
pronouncements or heroic 

5487
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:45,300
gestures but through tired 
people in expensive clothing, 

5488
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:48,800
eaten too much and trying to 
find common ground before the 

5489
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:52,200
orchestra finishes its set 
Prince, Metternich himself 

5490
05:06:52,200 --> 05:06:55,500
passes within a few feet of you 
deep in conversation with 

5491
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:58,900
someone important enough to 
command his full attention, the 

5492
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:01,100
Austrian foreign minister moves 
through the crowd. 

5493
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:04,700
Like he owns it. 
Which in a sense he does Vienna 

5494
05:07:04,700 --> 05:07:07,500
being his City and this Congress
very much his show. 

5495
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:11,000
He's orchestrated this entire 
Gathering to restore something, 

5496
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:15,300
he calls the concert of Europe 
System where the great Powers 

5497
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,800
consult each other regularly 
instead of immediately reaching 

5498
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:22,100
for their cannons. 
You notice how many eyes never 

5499
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:25,100
stop moving even while he's 
nodding politely at whatever is 

5500
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:28,400
companion is saying he's 
tracking conversations across 

5501
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:32,200
the room noting whose speaking 
with whom and calculating 

5502
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:34,900
alliance's and potential 
problems before they fully 

5503
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:38,100
materialize. 
It's exhausting just watching 

5504
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:40,500
him work. 
The evening stretches toward 

5505
05:07:40,500 --> 05:07:43,900
midnight and you've learned that
International diplomacy involves

5506
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:46,200
far more standing than you'd 
anticipated. 

5507
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:49,900
Your feet hurt. 
The champagne is giving you a 

5508
05:07:49,900 --> 05:07:53,400
mild headache and you've made 
exactly zero progress on any 

5509
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:56,000
actual negotiations because 
apparently, the real work 

5510
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,100
doesn't happen at balls. 
It happens in smaller, meetings 

5511
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:02,000
in quiet rooms during those 
unglamorous hours when 

5512
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:05,200
everyone's too tired to maintain
their official positions and 

5513
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:06,700
might accidentally tell the 
truth. 

5514
05:08:07,500 --> 05:08:10,400
The first formal session takes 
place on a Tuesday Morning in 

5515
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:12,800
October and you file into the 
conference room. 

5516
05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:17,700
Alongside 200 other delegates 
representing kingdoms Empires, 

5517
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:21,900
principalities duchies and 
various other political 

5518
05:08:21,900 --> 05:08:24,400
entities, that may or may not 
survive. 

5519
05:08:24,400 --> 05:08:27,200
The next few months of 
negotiation, the room itself, 

5520
05:08:27,200 --> 05:08:29,200
smells of furniture polish and 
anxiety. 

5521
05:08:29,200 --> 05:08:32,000
You find your assigned seat. 
Yes! 

5522
05:08:32,000 --> 05:08:35,800
There's an assigned seating 
chart because heaven forbid, a 

5523
05:08:35,800 --> 05:08:38,600
Bavarian representative. 
Accidentally sit next to someone

5524
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:42,000
from Baden and arrange your 
papers with what you hope looks 

5525
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,100
like. 
Professional competence around 

5526
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:47,900
you conversations, come in 
German French, Italian English 

5527
05:08:47,900 --> 05:08:50,900
and several languages. 
You can't identify but which 

5528
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:54,400
sound vaguely Slavic and 
slightly annoyed the agenda. 

5529
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:57,200
For today's meeting distributed 
on heavy paper that probably 

5530
05:08:57,200 --> 05:09:01,000
cost someone's annual salary to 
produce list 14 items for 

5531
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:04,000
discussion. 
You scan through them, the 

5532
05:09:04,000 --> 05:09:07,600
status of Poland, the future of 
the German states, the 

5533
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:11,700
territorial compensation for 
Crusher, the situation in Italy,

5534
05:09:11,700 --> 05:09:15,600
the question of who gets what 
piece of Napoleon's, former 

5535
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:19,500
Empire, and several other 
matters, that could each spark a

5536
05:09:19,500 --> 05:09:21,800
war. 
If handled poorly metallic calls

5537
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,700
the session to order with a 
small brass bell, that produces 

5538
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:26,700
a surprisingly authoritative 
chime. 

5539
05:09:27,400 --> 05:09:31,500
Room, settles into attentive 
silence except for one elderly 

5540
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:34,100
delegate who appears to have 
fallen asleep before things even

5541
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:37,000
started. 
Nobody wakes him perhaps. 

5542
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:39,900
He's earned his nap after 
Decades of service, to some 

5543
05:09:39,900 --> 05:09:43,100
minor German Court. 
The first Speaker begins 

5544
05:09:43,100 --> 05:09:47,000
presenting prussia's position on
Saxon territory and you realize 

5545
05:09:47,000 --> 05:09:50,400
within minutes that this will be
a long morning, Prussian 

5546
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:53,800
thurness is legendary and the 
speakers apparently decided to 

5547
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:57,000
prove this reputation by 
addressing every conceivable 

5548
05:09:57,000 --> 05:10:00,200
aspect of the Sexes. 
And question, including several 

5549
05:10:00,200 --> 05:10:02,600
aspects that nobody had 
previously considered 

5550
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:06,200
conceivable. 
He produces Maps, he references 

5551
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:10,400
treaties from 1648, he quote, 
for philosophers on the nature 

5552
05:10:10,400 --> 05:10:13,400
of sovereignty. 
You take notes due to lie, 

5553
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:15,000
though. 
Your mainly drawing, small 

5554
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:18,000
sketches of the chandelier and 
trying to estimate how many 

5555
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:20,700
candles, it holds probably 
several hundred. 

5556
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:25,100
The austrians Don't Do Anything 
by half measures around you 

5557
05:10:25,100 --> 05:10:27,600
other delegates. 
Engage in varying levels of 

5558
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,300
attention. 
Some scribble furiously 

5559
05:10:30,300 --> 05:10:32,600
recording every word for later 
analysis. 

5560
05:10:32,600 --> 05:10:36,600
Others gaze at the ceiling as if
finding secret message in the 

5561
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:40,100
pastor work. 
One dignified representative 

5562
05:10:40,100 --> 05:10:43,200
from somewhere in Italy has 
perfected the art of appearing 

5563
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:47,000
deeply engaged, while quite 
clearly thinking about lunch, 

5564
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:51,100
the Prussian speaker concludes 
after 40 minutes and there's a 

5565
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:53,100
brief moment where everyone 
hopes for a break. 

5566
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:57,100
But Metternich immediately 
recognizes the Russian delegate 

5567
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:00,400
who Rises to present an 
alternative view on the Saxon 

5568
05:11:00,400 --> 05:11:04,500
question that somehow manages to
be even more detail than the 

5569
05:11:04,500 --> 05:11:06,300
Prussian version. 
The Russians. 

5570
05:11:06,300 --> 05:11:09,200
It turns out have opinions about
Saxony that date back to 

5571
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:11,500
treaties, nobody else remembered
existed. 

5572
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:15,900
Coffee appears at mid-morning 
carried in by servants who Moved

5573
05:11:15,900 --> 05:11:18,500
Through the room with the silent
efficiency of ghosts. 

5574
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:22,000
You accept a cup greatly and add
an inadvisable amount of sugar, 

5575
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:24,600
because staying alert seems more
important than maintaining 

5576
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:28,000
sophisticated preferences. 
The coffee is strong enough to 

5577
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:31,200
Wake the Dead, which might 
explain why the elderly delegate

5578
05:11:31,200 --> 05:11:35,400
two rows ahead suddenly sits up 
and starts taking notes by noon.

5579
05:11:35,400 --> 05:11:39,200
You've heard six different 
positions on Saxony alone, none 

5580
05:11:39,200 --> 05:11:40,500
of them compatible with each 
other. 

5581
05:11:40,500 --> 05:11:44,300
All of them, defended with 
extensive historical precedent 

5582
05:11:44,300 --> 05:11:47,100
and moral reasoning. 
The basic problem is simple 

5583
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:49,300
enough. 
Russia wants Saxony as 

5584
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,500
compensation for territories, 
its losing elsewhere, but 

5585
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:55,700
Austria objects because a 
Prussian Saxony would strengthen

5586
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:58,400
pressure too much which Russia 
doesn't mind. 

5587
05:11:58,400 --> 05:12:02,800
But France opposes on principal 
while Britain tries to maintain 

5588
05:12:02,800 --> 05:12:05,900
a balance that keeps everyone 
moderately diss by. 

5589
05:12:05,908 --> 05:12:10,200
When metac finally declares a 
lunch, recess the room exhales, 

5590
05:12:10,200 --> 05:12:13,100
collectively you file out with 
the others toward the dining 

5591
05:12:13,100 --> 05:12:17,500
hall, where an elaborate Buffet 
cold meats, pickled vegetables. 

5592
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,500
Three kinds of bread and enough 
pastries to supply a small 

5593
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:23,000
bakery. 
The austrians understand that 

5594
05:12:23,000 --> 05:12:26,100
well fed diplomats are slightly 
less likely to start wars. 

5595
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,400
You fill your plate and find a 
seat near a window that 

5596
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:33,200
overlooks the palace Gardens 
outside Vienna continues. 

5597
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:36,700
Its daily life, completely 
unaware that a few hundred men 

5598
05:12:36,700 --> 05:12:39,600
in one building are trying to 
reorganize the entire continent.

5599
05:12:40,500 --> 05:12:43,100
A gardener trims, Hedges with 
methodical precision. 

5600
05:12:43,900 --> 05:12:46,900
Two children, Chase each other 
around a fountain, a couple 

5601
05:12:46,908 --> 05:12:49,600
strolls passed arm and arm 
discussing something that makes 

5602
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,800
them both laugh. 
The afternoon session focuses on

5603
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,500
Poland, which presents even more
complications than Saxony 

5604
05:12:56,500 --> 05:13:00,300
because Poland no longer fishy 
exists as an independent state. 

5605
05:13:01,200 --> 05:13:03,900
Having been carved up by its 
neighbors in three separate 

5606
05:13:03,900 --> 05:13:09,600
partitions between 1772 and 1795
Russia. 

5607
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:12,700
Currently controls most of what 
used to be Poland and shows. 

5608
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:14,400
No inclination to give any of 
it. 

5609
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:18,500
Back Austria and Prussia having 
participated in those earlier. 

5610
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:22,000
Partitions find themselves in 
the awkward position of arguing 

5611
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:25,100
for Polish restoration. 
Also, keeping the Polish 

5612
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:27,700
territory. 
They previously grabbed Zara, 

5613
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,400
Alexander himself has come to 
Vienna to handle the Polish 

5614
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:34,000
question personally, which adds 
both gravitas and complication 

5615
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:38,700
to the proceedings bizarre is a 
fascinating contradiction, a 

5616
05:13:38,700 --> 05:13:41,400
Russian autocrat, who speaks 
eloquently about Liberty and 

5617
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:45,200
constitutional government while 
ruling as an absolute monarch. 

5618
05:13:45,200 --> 05:13:48,900
He proposes creating a Polish 
Kingdom with himself as its 

5619
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:52,300
constitutional King, which he 
presents as a generous 

5620
05:13:52,300 --> 05:13:55,700
compromise, that gives polls 
their Nation back while keeping 

5621
05:13:55,700 --> 05:13:57,600
them safely under Russian 
supervision. 

5622
05:13:57,600 --> 05:14:00,300
Nobody quite knows what to do 
with this proposal. 

5623
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:04,000
It's simultaneously Progressive 
and entirely self-serving 

5624
05:14:04,000 --> 05:14:10,100
idealistic and pragmatic a gift.
Trap the Austrian and Prussian 

5625
05:14:10,108 --> 05:14:12,500
delegates. 
Exchanged glances that contain 

5626
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:16,500
entire conversations about 
Russian Ambitions and the danger

5627
05:14:16,500 --> 05:14:19,400
of letting Alexander control 
that much territory and Central 

5628
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:21,900
Europe. 
You watch metanx face, as 

5629
05:14:21,900 --> 05:14:24,800
Alexander speaks and the 
Austrian foreign ministers 

5630
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:29,200
expression reveals nothing, 
which is itself, revealing meta,

5631
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,800
knickers built his career on the
premise that dramatic change 

5632
05:14:31,800 --> 05:14:35,700
leads to chaos And here's the 
Russians are proposing to remake

5633
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:39,200
Poland, according to enlightened
principals that mechanic 

5634
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:40,900
considers dangerously 
revolutionary. 

5635
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,300
The fact that these principles 
were all so expand Russian power

5636
05:14:44,300 --> 05:14:47,800
Westwood makes the whole 
proposal doubly threatening from

5637
05:14:47,800 --> 05:14:51,600
the Austrian perspective, 
November arrives with cold rain,

5638
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:55,000
that turns Vienna streets into 
rivers of mud and makes everyone

5639
05:14:55,000 --> 05:14:58,600
grateful for indoor negotiation.
You've been here, two months. 

5640
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,600
Now the Congress has developed a
peculiar rhythm. 

5641
05:15:02,400 --> 05:15:05,300
Formal session in the morning, 
when nothing gets decided, 

5642
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:09,900
informal consultations in the 
afternoon where actual progress 

5643
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:11,400
occasionally happened and 
evening. 

5644
05:15:11,400 --> 05:15:14,500
Entertainments were people 
relaxing enough to say what they

5645
05:15:14,508 --> 05:15:17,000
actually think instead of what 
their governments and instructed

5646
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:20,400
them to say, the Breakthrough 
such as it is, comes from an 

5647
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:25,500
unexpected Source delay itself. 
When the major Powers can't 

5648
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:28,900
agree on Poland or Saxony or the
German question or Italian 

5649
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,300
borders, they simply table the 
discussion and move to something

5650
05:15:32,300 --> 05:15:34,800
else. 
This drives the minor States 

5651
05:15:34,800 --> 05:15:38,000
crazy because they need 
decisions, but the great powers 

5652
05:15:38,000 --> 05:15:40,500
of discovered that postponement 
often works better than 

5653
05:15:40,500 --> 05:15:43,800
confrontation your present at 
one of these postponement 

5654
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,700
moments watching Metternich and 
Castle Rey. 

5655
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:49,200
Essentially agree to disagree 
about prussia's territorial 

5656
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,300
claims by scheduling another 
meeting for next week. 

5657
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:56,000
Next week arrives. 
They schedule another meeting 

5658
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:59,900
for the week after that and 
gradually everyone realizes that

5659
05:15:59,900 --> 05:16:03,300
this process of infinite 
rescheduling, actually prevents 

5660
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:06,800
anyone from storming out of the 
negotiations or issuing 

5661
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:10,300
ultimatums the British approach 
this differently than everyone 

5662
05:16:10,300 --> 05:16:13,400
else. 
Lord costell Ray representing a 

5663
05:16:13,400 --> 05:16:15,900
nation protected by the English 
Channel in the Royal Navy. 

5664
05:16:15,900 --> 05:16:20,100
Mainly cares about preventing 
any single Continental power 

5665
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:22,900
from dominating Europe. 
He doesn't particularly care 

5666
05:16:22,900 --> 05:16:25,600
where the pressure or Austria 
controls this, or that German 

5667
05:16:25,600 --> 05:16:28,400
principality. 
As long as neither become strong

5668
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:30,100
enough to threaten Britain's 
interests. 

5669
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,700
This gives him flexibility that 
other delegates, lack, and he 

5670
05:16:33,708 --> 05:16:37,000
uses it to broker compromises. 
That everyone can tolerate. 

5671
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:40,800
Even if nobody particularly 
likes them, you attend a smaller

5672
05:16:40,800 --> 05:16:44,200
meeting in late November, where 
costly proposes, a solution to 

5673
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:47,000
the sex and question that 
amounts to splitting the 

5674
05:16:47,008 --> 05:16:50,100
difference. 
Pressure gets part of Saxony but

5675
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:53,500
not all of it with the remainder
staying independent under, its 

5676
05:16:53,500 --> 05:16:57,500
traditional ruling house. 
It's not elegant and it 

5677
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:00,900
satisfies, nobody's sense of 
historical justice, but it might

5678
05:17:00,900 --> 05:17:03,900
actually work because it 
prevents the kind of maximalist 

5679
05:17:03,900 --> 05:17:06,900
outcome that would drive other 
powers to opposition. 

5680
05:17:06,900 --> 05:17:10,700
The room Falls silent as people 
calculate the implications. 

5681
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:14,900
Pressures representative looks 
disappointed, but not outraged. 

5682
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,800
Austria's delegation, seems 
relieved the Saxon 

5683
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,100
representative. 
A dignified older gentleman, who

5684
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:24,000
spent three months arguing for a
state's complete Independence. 

5685
05:17:24,000 --> 05:17:27,700
Slumps slightly in his chair but
doesn't object, everyone 

5686
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:29,700
understands that. 
This is probably the best 

5687
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:33,800
outcome of available given the 
circumstances in exists a 

5688
05:17:33,800 --> 05:17:35,800
journey for the day. 
To let everyone consult with 

5689
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,600
their governments, which is 
diplomatic language for. 

5690
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:40,800
Let's not make any commitments 
while. 

5691
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:44,500
We're all in the same room. 
The meeting breaks up and you 

5692
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:48,000
step outside into a Vienna 
evening that smells of wood 

5693
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:51,100
smoke and approaching winter 
walking back to your lodgings 

5694
05:17:51,100 --> 05:17:54,700
you reflect on how strange this 
whole process is these men. 

5695
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:59,000
And they're all men because this
is 1814 and women don't get 

5696
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:02,700
seats at diplomatic congresses. 
Despite often being smarter than

5697
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:05,400
the delegates? 
Actually present are trying to 

5698
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:09,200
prevent future Wars by arguing 
about borders and compensations 

5699
05:18:09,200 --> 05:18:12,400
and balances of power. 
But underneath all the formal 

5700
05:18:12,400 --> 05:18:15,500
language and historical 
precedence there, simply trying 

5701
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:18,200
to create a situation where 
going to war becomes more 

5702
05:18:18,200 --> 05:18:21,800
trouble than it's worth. 
The delay tactic serve this 

5703
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:24,900
purpose perfectly. 
Every postpone decision is a 

5704
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:26,700
decision not to fight about it 
today. 

5705
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:30,800
Every rescheduled meeting is 
another week, where armies stay 

5706
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:33,700
in their Barracks. 
The minus States complain about 

5707
05:18:33,700 --> 05:18:36,300
the slow pace. 
That the great Powers understand

5708
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:39,400
that speed itself can be 
dangerous when your redrawing a 

5709
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,800
continent. 
December brings the first 

5710
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:45,000
serious social crisis. 
The Congress though nobody calls

5711
05:18:45,000 --> 05:18:48,500
it at officially The problem is 
that Alexander has been 

5712
05:18:48,508 --> 05:18:52,000
attending every ball and 
reception dancing with every 

5713
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:54,700
Lady of importance and generally
behaving. 

5714
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:57,200
Like he's running for some kind 
of international popularity 

5715
05:18:57,200 --> 05:19:01,400
contest, this wooden matter. 
Except that the tsar's presence 

5716
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:04,000
tends to dominate any Gathering 
he attends. 

5717
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:08,200
And smaller delegations are 
starting to Grumble that they 

5718
05:19:08,200 --> 05:19:10,900
never get FaceTime with 
important decision makers 

5719
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:14,800
because Alexander is always 
holding caught in the center of 

5720
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:18,300
the room, met an ex solves this 
by the simple, expedient of 

5721
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,400
scheduling even more. 
Social events essentially 

5722
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:24,000
diluting, the tsar's impact 
across a large number of 

5723
05:19:24,008 --> 05:19:27,100
parties. 
If Alexander can only attend two

5724
05:19:27,100 --> 05:19:30,500
balls per evening, while Vienna 
is hosting five, then at least 

5725
05:19:30,500 --> 05:19:33,100
three, Gatherings will be Zafar 
free zones where other 

5726
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:36,600
conversations can happen. 
It's a very Austrian solution, 

5727
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,600
more of everything until the 
original problem becomes 

5728
05:19:39,600 --> 05:19:42,900
statistically insignificant. 
You find yourself at one of 

5729
05:19:42,908 --> 05:19:46,300
these additional events, a 
concert followed by a separate 

5730
05:19:46,300 --> 05:19:48,600
Noble residents. 
That your fairly certain didn't 

5731
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,100
exist. 
Last week, the music is lovely, 

5732
05:19:51,100 --> 05:19:54,700
something by Mozart performed by
musicians, who clearly wish they

5733
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:56,400
were playing from a more 
attentive audience. 

5734
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:00,700
But diplomats make terrible 
concert goers treating the 

5735
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:04,100
performance as background noise 
for their ongoing negotiations. 

5736
05:20:04,100 --> 05:20:07,800
During the intermission you 
strike up a conversation with a 

5737
05:20:07,808 --> 05:20:10,500
Bavarian delegate who shares 
your appreciation for the 

5738
05:20:10,508 --> 05:20:14,100
absurdity of the situation. 
He's a practical man who spent 

5739
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:17,700
20 years, administering rural 
districts and finds the Vienna 

5740
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:20,400
social World, both fascinating, 
and exhausting. 

5741
05:20:21,200 --> 05:20:25,200
We're also very serious, he 
observes gesturing, at the crowd

5742
05:20:25,200 --> 05:20:28,900
with his wine glass acting as if
we're reshaping civilization 

5743
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:30,800
itself. 
When really, we're just trying 

5744
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:32,700
to make sure the armies go home 
and stay there. 

5745
05:20:33,600 --> 05:20:36,900
You nod, because he's 
absolutely, right, strip away. 

5746
05:20:36,900 --> 05:20:39,800
All the formal language and 
philosophical justifications. 

5747
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:43,100
And the Congress of Vienna 
amounts to a group of exhausted 

5748
05:20:43,100 --> 05:20:46,500
Nations, trying to create enough
stability that they can stop 

5749
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:50,000
fighting for a while. 
The fact that this requires nine

5750
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:52,700
months of negotiations. 
And countless, pastries doesn't,

5751
05:20:52,700 --> 05:20:57,500
make it less necessary. 
March 1815, bring spring to 

5752
05:20:57,500 --> 05:20:59,400
Vienna and disaster to the 
Congress. 

5753
05:20:59,400 --> 05:21:01,900
You're in your rooms of the 
watchmakers shop. 

5754
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:06,100
When the news arrives Napoleon 
has escaped from Elba, the 

5755
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:08,800
former Emperor left his Island 
prison with a thousand men 

5756
05:21:08,800 --> 05:21:12,600
landed in France and his 
marching toward Paris. 

5757
05:21:12,600 --> 05:21:16,200
While the French army supposedly
loyal to the restored. 

5758
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:20,200
Bourbon King defects to Napoleon
in regiments and entire 

5759
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:22,900
division's hair, Miller delivers
the information. 

5760
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:25,600
Along with your morning coffee 
his face grave. 

5761
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:29,500
The watchmaker has family and 
Elsa's an understands, what 

5762
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,500
renewed War means better than 
most of the delegates currently 

5763
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:36,100
panicking in their lodging the 
Congress transforms overnight. 

5764
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:40,300
All those careful negotiations, 
about borders and compensations 

5765
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,800
suddenly become secondary to the
immediate question of what to do

5766
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:48,000
about Bonaparte metallic calls, 
an emergency session and you 

5767
05:21:48,000 --> 05:21:50,600
hurry to the hofburg Palace 
through streets where people 

5768
05:21:50,600 --> 05:21:54,700
cluster in anxious conversations
speaking too quickly and too 

5769
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:56,800
loudly. 
As if volume might somehow 

5770
05:21:56,800 --> 05:22:00,700
change the news from France, the
conference rooms within minutes 

5771
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:04,000
delegates, arriving out of 
breath and out of sorts with 

5772
05:22:04,000 --> 05:22:06,700
several still adjusting their 
formal attire because they 

5773
05:22:06,700 --> 05:22:10,100
dressed in such Haste. 
The Prussian delegation looks 

5774
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:14,100
grimly satisfied as if 
Napoleon's returned somehow 

5775
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,200
validates their skepticism about
the whole peace process. 

5776
05:22:18,100 --> 05:22:21,400
The austrians appear concerned 
but organized all ready, 

5777
05:22:21,400 --> 05:22:24,900
Distributing updated, 
intelligent reports, the French 

5778
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:26,700
representative's loyal to King 
Louis. 

5779
05:22:26,700 --> 05:22:29,600
The 18th whose about to lose his
throne again, sit pale and 

5780
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:32,700
silent. 
Metanee doesn't waste time on 

5781
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:36,200
preliminaries, Napoleon has made
himself An Outlaw by breaking 

5782
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:39,500
his Exile and the assembled 
Powers must decide how to 

5783
05:22:39,500 --> 05:22:42,300
respond. 
Does the Congress continued, its

5784
05:22:42,300 --> 05:22:44,300
work while also preparing for 
war. 

5785
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:48,700
Do they suspend negotiations 
until bonaparte's dealt with can

5786
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:51,200
they even maintain Unity? 
Now that the crisis, they 

5787
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:53,500
thought they'd solved totally on
solved itself. 

5788
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:57,200
Zara Alexander proposes 
immediate military action which 

5789
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:00,400
surprises nobody because 
Alexander has been looking for 

5790
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,800
an excuse to deploy his army. 
Some way useful ever since 

5791
05:23:03,800 --> 05:23:07,000
arriving in Vienna. 
Prussia seconds, this motion 

5792
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:10,400
with enthusiasm, Britain's 
Castle race supports military 

5793
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,300
preparation but wants to 
coordinate properly, rather than

5794
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:16,700
rushing off in different 
directions, Austria agrees with 

5795
05:23:16,700 --> 05:23:19,700
Britain, which is meta next 
polite, way of saying that 

5796
05:23:19,700 --> 05:23:22,500
Austria doesn't want Russian 
armies, marching through Central

5797
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:25,300
Europe, even if their 
technically marching toward 

5798
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:29,300
France, you sit through hours of
discussion that circles the same

5799
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:34,300
basic points. in Napoleon Must 
Be Stopped, military force will 

5800
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:37,600
be necessary, but the alliance 
must hold together while 

5801
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:41,600
applying that Force which means 
more negotiation, even as armies

5802
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:45,500
mobilize, Its diplomatic 
complexity layered on Military 

5803
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:49,400
urgency and watching it unfold 
gives you a headache that no 

5804
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:53,100
amount of coffee can cure. 
The remarkable thing is that the

5805
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:57,200
Congress doesn't fall apart you,
half expected, these exhausted. 

5806
05:23:57,200 --> 05:23:58,800
Quarrelsome powers to 
immediately. 

5807
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,400
Blame each other for Napoleon's 
escape, or to use the crisis as 

5808
05:24:02,400 --> 05:24:05,300
an excuse to abandon 
negotiations and return to their

5809
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:09,400
previous rivalries. 
But in Stead, they dig in the 

5810
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:12,500
threat of Bonaparte. 
Concentrates Minds wonderfully, 

5811
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:15,700
reminding, everyone, why they 
came to Vienna in the first 

5812
05:24:15,700 --> 05:24:19,200
place to create a system that 
prevents one man from 

5813
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:22,600
destabilizing an entire 
continent within days. 

5814
05:24:22,600 --> 05:24:24,900
The great power sign. 
A new alliance committing 

5815
05:24:24,900 --> 05:24:29,400
themselves to bonapartes defeat 
and pledging 200,000 men each to

5816
05:24:29,400 --> 05:24:33,800
the cause it's an enormous 
commitment representing the kind

5817
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:37,500
of cooperation that seemed 
impossible just months ago when 

5818
05:24:37,500 --> 05:24:39,800
everyone was arguing about sex 
and borders. 

5819
05:24:40,600 --> 05:24:44,300
Fair works wonders for 
diplomatic, Unity the military 

5820
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:47,600
preparations, proceed alongside 
continued, negotiations on 

5821
05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:51,500
everything else, creating a 
strange dual reality where 

5822
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:55,700
delegates discuss constitutional
arrangements for German states 

5823
05:24:55,700 --> 05:24:58,500
in the morning and troop 
movements against France. 

5824
05:24:58,500 --> 05:25:02,100
In the afternoon, Vienna fills 
with officers appearing for 

5825
05:25:02,100 --> 05:25:05,200
strategy sessions, their 
uniforms, adding new colors to 

5826
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:08,600
the Social Scene, the balls 
continue because Metternich 

5827
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:12,100
insists on maintaining normalcy.
But now they're punctuated by 

5828
05:25:12,100 --> 05:25:14,800
men excusing themselves to 
review dispatches from the 

5829
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:17,500
French border. 
You find yourself a sign to a 

5830
05:25:17,500 --> 05:25:20,000
minor committee dealing with 
logistical arrangements for the 

5831
05:25:20,008 --> 05:25:22,100
Allied armies, which sounds 
important. 

5832
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:25,600
But mainly involves arguing 
about whether Supply wagons 

5833
05:25:25,600 --> 05:25:29,500
should travel on certain roads 
or different roads and whose 

5834
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:33,200
responsibility it is to provide 
fodder for horses passing 

5835
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,400
through neutral territories. 
His unglamorous work that 

5836
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:39,300
nevertheless matters immensely 
to the soldiers who will need 

5837
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:41,800
those supplies. 
Are Marching toward France. 

5838
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:46,100
April passes in a blur of 
activity and anxiety. 

5839
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:49,700
News from France, remained. 
Scarce and contradictory. 

5840
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:54,100
Napoleon has entered Paris and 
triumphs or he's met armed 

5841
05:25:54,100 --> 05:25:57,000
resistance. 
Or King Louie has fled or the 

5842
05:25:57,008 --> 05:26:00,600
king remains in the tuileries 
palace or possibly both Louis 

5843
05:26:00,600 --> 05:26:04,200
and Napoleon are in Paris. 
Simultaneously through some kind

5844
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:06,400
of quantum. 
Diplomatic superposition 

5845
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,100
eventually. 
The truth settles into Focus, 

5846
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:13,600
Napoleon controls France. 
Again, Lewis has fled to Belgium

5847
05:26:13,600 --> 05:26:16,800
and the emperor has about 100 
days to prepare for the Allied, 

5848
05:26:16,800 --> 05:26:19,000
armies marching toward his 
borders. 

5849
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:22,700
The Congress continues its 
negotiations with renewed 

5850
05:26:22,700 --> 05:26:25,300
urgency now, everyone 
understands that if they don't 

5851
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,500
finish this work before the 
armies defeat Napoli and they'll

5852
05:26:28,500 --> 05:26:32,700
be right back where they started
Victorious Powers with no agreed

5853
05:26:32,700 --> 05:26:36,400
framework for managing piece. 
A territorial question that 

5854
05:26:36,400 --> 05:26:40,500
seemed abstract in January now, 
carry a medium weight because 

5855
05:26:40,500 --> 05:26:44,000
the Army's mobilizing against 
France will need I wear borders 

5856
05:26:44,000 --> 05:26:47,700
should be drawn once they win 
May arrives with unusual warmth 

5857
05:26:47,700 --> 05:26:51,600
and Vienna's Gardens explode 
into bloom just as the Allied 

5858
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:55,100
armies explode into Belgium. 
When Napoleon has positioned 

5859
05:26:55,100 --> 05:26:58,700
himself for one last campaign 
you received daily updates from 

5860
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:02,700
the front though front is too 
generous a word for the confused

5861
05:27:02,700 --> 05:27:06,400
situation in the low countries 
where three armies Prussian, 

5862
05:27:06,400 --> 05:27:10,900
British and Napoleonic maneuver 
for advantage while trying to 

5863
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:14,100
remember which Villages belong 
to, which Coalition Partners. 

5864
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:17,900
The negotiations in Vienna, take
on a frantic quality now 

5865
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,500
committee's that previously met 
weekly now convene daily. 

5866
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:24,300
The Polish question, the Saxon 
question. 

5867
05:27:24,300 --> 05:27:28,200
The German question, the Italian
question, all these carefully 

5868
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:30,500
postponed issues? 
Suddenly demand resolution 

5869
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,600
before, the military situation, 
changes everything, Metuchen 

5870
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:37,400
coordinates this acceleration 
with characteristic Precision 

5871
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:41,100
scheduling overlapping meetings 
and shuttle diplomacy between 

5872
05:27:41,100 --> 05:27:44,800
delegations essentially. 
Forcing decisions through sheer 

5873
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:48,100
organizational momentum. 
You attend a session on German 

5874
05:27:48,100 --> 05:27:51,300
constitutional Arrangements. 
Were 39, different German 

5875
05:27:51,300 --> 05:27:53,200
states. 
Try to agree on a basic 

5876
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:57,600
framework for cooperation. 39, 
States means 39, different, 

5877
05:27:57,600 --> 05:28:01,500
interests, 39, different 
histories and 39. 

5878
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:04,300
Different reasons why someone 
else is reasonable proposal. 

5879
05:28:04,300 --> 05:28:07,400
Won't work for their particular 
circumstances. 

5880
05:28:07,400 --> 05:28:11,200
And yet somehow by late 
afternoon, they've sketched out,

5881
05:28:11,200 --> 05:28:15,400
the German Confederation not a 
unified Germany, which nobody 

5882
05:28:15,400 --> 05:28:19,500
wants except some impractical 
professors in Heidelberg But a 

5883
05:28:19,500 --> 05:28:22,100
Lucas Association that provides 
collective security, while 

5884
05:28:22,100 --> 05:28:24,700
preserving everyone's precious 
sovereignty. 

5885
05:28:24,700 --> 05:28:29,300
It's a masterpiece of creative, 
ambiguity specifying, just 

5886
05:28:29,300 --> 05:28:32,100
enough structure to be 
meaningful while leaving enough 

5887
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:34,500
flexibility. 
That even pressure and Austria 

5888
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:37,800
can both join without feeling. 
They've surrendered too much. 

5889
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,400
You suspect it won't last 
forever, things build on 

5890
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:45,300
creative ambiguity rarely do. 
But it might last long enough 

5891
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:49,100
for the current crisis to pass 
and that's all anyone's asking 

5892
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:51,400
for. 
Right now, the news from Belgium

5893
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:54,900
arrives, on June 18th. 
Napoleon has been defeated at 

5894
05:28:54,900 --> 05:28:57,500
Waterloo by the combined British
and Prussian armies. 

5895
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:01,800
The battle was apparently a 
closed thing decided by late 

5896
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,000
afternoon Prussian 
reinforcements arriving just as 

5897
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:08,400
Napoleon's Imperial Guard was 
making a final push against 

5898
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:12,200
Wellington's position but closed
or not Bonaparte is finished. 

5899
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:16,000
His gamble failed. 
His army is shattered and the 

5900
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:18,800
Allies were already discussing 
where to Exile him this time. 

5901
05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:22,400
Ideally somewhere more remote 
than Elba and preferably with 

5902
05:29:22,400 --> 05:29:25,600
better security Vienna 
celebrates with appropriate. 

5903
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:31,000
Austrian thoroughness fireworks,
illuminations concerts balls and

5904
05:29:31,000 --> 05:29:32,300
enough. 
Champagne to float. 

5905
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:34,800
The Austrian Navy of Austria had
a Navy to float. 

5906
05:29:34,800 --> 05:29:38,500
You attend the festivities with 
mixed feelings because yes, 

5907
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,700
Napoleon's defeat his worth 
celebrating. 

5908
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:44,300
But you've also spent nine 
months with these people and 

5909
05:29:44,300 --> 05:29:47,000
understand that military 
Victory, only creates the 

5910
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:50,900
opportunity for peace, it 
doesn't guarantee anything. 

5911
05:29:50,900 --> 05:29:54,200
The Congress accelerates its 
remain work driven by the 

5912
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:57,200
knowledge that armies returned 
home and Alliance is weakened 

5913
05:29:57,200 --> 05:29:59,000
once the immediate threat 
disappears. 

5914
05:29:59,800 --> 05:30:02,600
Throughout late June and into 
early July the final piece of 

5915
05:30:02,600 --> 05:30:05,700
fall into place. 
Russia keeps most of Poland, but

5916
05:30:05,700 --> 05:30:09,000
not all of it. 
Russia gets part of Saxony and 

5917
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:10,500
substantial territory in the 
Rhineland. 

5918
05:30:10,500 --> 05:30:14,000
Austria secures its interest in 
Italy and Germany. 

5919
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:17,100
Britain doesn't take much 
Continental territory because 

5920
05:30:17,100 --> 05:30:21,000
Britain never wanted Continental
territory but does require 

5921
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:24,100
various strategic islands and 
Colonial outposts that 

5922
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:28,700
strengthen, its Global position.
France defeated again loses the 

5923
05:30:28,700 --> 05:30:32,300
territories at gained under 
Napoleon but retained, its basic

5924
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:35,100
borders and isn't subjected to 
punitive dismemberment. 

5925
05:30:35,900 --> 05:30:39,200
Partly because Talon argued 
brilliantly against it and 

5926
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:42,500
partly because the victors 
remember what happened when they

5927
05:30:42,500 --> 05:30:46,600
humiliated France to thoroughly 
after previous Wars the smallest

5928
05:30:46,600 --> 05:30:48,800
states. 
Receive varying deals based on 

5929
05:30:48,808 --> 05:30:50,800
their importance and negotiating
skill. 

5930
05:30:51,700 --> 05:30:55,000
Some disappearing entirely 
absorbed into larger, neighbors,

5931
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:58,500
other survived by virtue of 
being useful, buffers between 

5932
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:01,800
greater Powers. 
A few even expands slightly 

5933
05:31:01,800 --> 05:31:04,400
having chosen, their alliances 
wiseley. 

5934
05:31:05,100 --> 05:31:08,300
Your own minor principality. 
Emerges intact though, not 

5935
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:11,800
enhancement which under the 
circumstances counts as success.

5936
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:16,200
Final Act of the Congress of 
Vienna fills 121 pages. 

5937
05:31:16,200 --> 05:31:21,500
When finally published on June 
9th, 1815, you receive a copy on

5938
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:24,900
heavy paper sealed with the 
official stamp and holding. 

5939
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:28,400
It gives you an unexpected sense
of accomplishment, even though 

5940
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,400
your contribution to these 
proceedings, mostly involved, 

5941
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:35,300
taking notes and trying not to 
fall asleep during particularly 

5942
05:31:35,300 --> 05:31:40,000
tedious sessions, the document 
itself reads like what it is a 

5943
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:43,000
committee written compromise 
that tries to satisfy everyone 

5944
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:47,000
and therefore fully satisfies. 
Nobody But that's rather the 

5945
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:49,700
point. 
Perfect agreements, don't exist 

5946
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:52,200
when your dealing with 
conflicting national interests, 

5947
05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:56,300
different political systems and 
several centuries of accumulated

5948
05:31:56,300 --> 05:32:00,100
grievances what you can achieve 
as an agreement that everyone 

5949
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:01,700
can live with at least for a 
while. 

5950
05:32:01,700 --> 05:32:04,800
The territorial Arrangements 
receive the most attention 

5951
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:08,800
naturally pages of carefully, 
worded descriptions establishing

5952
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:13,000
borders, assigning territories, 
creating new States and 

5953
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:16,400
dissolving old ones. 
But the real Innovation lies in 

5954
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,300
the sections dealing with how 
these Powers will interact going

5955
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,000
forward. 
The Congress establishes, 

5956
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:26,600
regular meetings, consultation 
procedures and mechanisms for 

5957
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:29,300
resolving disputes before they 
escalate to war. 

5958
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:33,100
It's not a world government 
which would terrify everyone 

5959
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:35,900
involved. 
But it is a system for managing,

5960
05:32:35,900 --> 05:32:39,800
power relationships through 
diplomacy rather than automatic 

5961
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:42,800
recourse to violence. 
You spend an evening reading 

5962
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,800
through the entire document, 
while her Mueller's clocks tick 

5963
05:32:45,800 --> 05:32:48,600
peacefully below. 
The language is formal to the 

5964
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:52,500
point of rigidity every phrase, 
negotiated and approved by 

5965
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:56,500
multiple delegations, nothing 
left to chance or interpretation

5966
05:32:56,500 --> 05:33:00,000
where Clarity can be achieved, 
yet, underneath the Diplomatic 

5967
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:02,500
verbiage. 
You can trace the arguments 

5968
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:07,600
compromises and creative delays 
that produce each provision The 

5969
05:33:07,600 --> 05:33:10,600
article on Poland, reflects 
months of carefully, balanced 

5970
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:13,500
concessions. 
The German Confederation Clause 

5971
05:33:13,500 --> 05:33:16,100
is show the Fingerprints of 
everyone who touched them. 

5972
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:19,900
The Italian Arrangements, reveal
Austrian priorities, while 

5973
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:22,100
acknowledging. 
Other interests, just enough to 

5974
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:25,300
prevent opposition and threading
through everything is the 

5975
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:29,100
balance of power principle. 
The idea that European stability

5976
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:32,000
requires no single state 
becoming strong enough to 

5977
05:33:32,000 --> 05:33:34,400
dominate all others. 
Will it work? 

5978
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:37,000
You find yourself. 
Wandering this as you reach the 

5979
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,500
final pages with their elaborate
signatures and seals the 

5980
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:43,300
Congress of Vienna has delayed 
the inevitable conflicts 

5981
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:47,100
postponed, the unavoidable 
tension and bought time through 

5982
05:33:47,100 --> 05:33:50,300
careful, negotiation and 
calculated ambiguity. 

5983
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:54,300
But delay isn't resolution and 
buying time only matters. 

5984
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:58,400
If you use that time wisely, The
remarkable thing is that it does

5985
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:01,000
work though. 
You won't live to see the full 

5986
05:34:01,000 --> 05:34:04,400
extent of it, the Vienna system 
as it comes to be called 

5987
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:07,800
maintains General peace. 
Among the great powers for four 

5988
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:11,200
decades. 
Not perfect peace because there 

5989
05:34:11,200 --> 05:34:14,800
are still Wars, but limited Wars
that don't engulf the entire 

5990
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:17,800
continent. 
The concept of Europe created in

5991
05:34:17,800 --> 05:34:20,800
Vienna becomes the first serious
attempt at what might be called 

5992
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:24,600
International Organization. 
Where major Powers consult 

5993
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:28,000
regularly and coordinate their 
foreign policies instead of 

5994
05:34:28,000 --> 05:34:32,300
Simply competing for Advantage. 
The revolution of 1848 will 

5995
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:34,400
shake this system, but not 
destroy it. 

5996
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,600
The Crimean War in the 1850s 
will strain the concert, but not

5997
05:34:38,600 --> 05:34:41,600
break it completely not until 
1914. 

5998
05:34:41,600 --> 05:34:45,000
Nearly 100 years after Vienna, 
will the balance of power 

5999
05:34:45,000 --> 05:34:47,400
system, finally, collapse under 
stresses. 

6000
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:51,100
It was never designed to handle 
and even then when diplomats 

6001
05:34:51,100 --> 05:34:54,500
Gathering Versailles to make 
peace after World War 1, they'll

6002
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,800
look back to Vienna as a model. 
Trying to understand what made 

6003
05:34:57,800 --> 05:35:00,900
it work well enough for, as long
as it did July brings 

6004
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:04,100
preparations for departure as 
delegations begin packing up and

6005
05:35:04,108 --> 05:35:07,000
heading home. 
You spend your final days in 

6006
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:10,800
Vienna settling accounts saying 
farewells and trying to memorize

6007
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:13,700
details, that will fade once you
return to regular life. 

6008
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:17,200
The watchmakers shop below has 
become familiar territory. 

6009
05:35:17,200 --> 05:35:21,100
The regular tick of clocks are 
comforting backdrop, you'll miss

6010
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:23,900
more than you expected her 
Mueller, presents, you with a 

6011
05:35:23,900 --> 05:35:27,000
small traveling clock on your 
last morning, refusing payment 

6012
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,200
despite your insistence. 
It's a thoughtful gesture. 

6013
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:33,000
From a man who's hosted you for 
nine months without complaint. 

6014
05:35:33,000 --> 05:35:36,500
Bringing coffee every morning. 
While Europe, reorganized itself

6015
05:35:36,500 --> 05:35:39,200
up stairs. 
Clock will travel with you back 

6016
05:35:39,208 --> 05:35:42,400
to your principality where it 
will keep excellent time for 

6017
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:46,400
decades eventually becoming a 
family, heirloom that your 

6018
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:49,200
grandchildren will wind 
carefully while wondering about 

6019
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:52,700
the Diplomatic Congress. 
Where grandfather acquired such 

6020
05:35:52,700 --> 05:35:57,100
a fine, timepiece, you attend a 
final reception smaller than the

6021
05:35:57,100 --> 05:36:00,800
massive balls of previous months
with an informal atmosphere. 

6022
05:36:00,800 --> 05:36:04,500
That allows actual conversation.
Instead of diplomatic 

6023
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:08,400
maneuvering mechanic, makes the 
rounds looking exhausted, but 

6024
05:36:08,400 --> 05:36:12,100
satisfied in the way of someone 
who has completed enormous task 

6025
05:36:12,100 --> 05:36:16,100
without completely his age, 
visibly over these nine months, 

6026
05:36:16,100 --> 05:36:20,100
the stress of coordinating, this
massive negotiation showing in 

6027
05:36:20,100 --> 05:36:23,500
new lines, around his eyes, 
castrated departs, the next 

6028
05:36:23,500 --> 05:36:27,100
morning, headed back to London 
where Parliament wants details 

6029
05:36:27,100 --> 05:36:29,500
reports on what Britain gained 
from the Congress. 

6030
05:36:29,500 --> 05:36:33,000
You see him briefly during his 
preparation and he offers a 

6031
05:36:33,000 --> 05:36:36,400
characteristically British 
assessment, We've accomplished 

6032
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:39,100
what was possible. 
Given the circumstances, which 

6033
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:41,300
is rather better than I expected
in March. 

6034
05:36:41,300 --> 05:36:46,400
When Bonaparte returned The 
Prussian delegation leaves on 

6035
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:50,200
mass, the fishing to the end. 
Their carriages loaded with 

6036
05:36:50,200 --> 05:36:53,300
documents and territorial maps 
showing their expanded 

6037
05:36:53,300 --> 05:36:55,700
influence. 
They didn't get everything they 

6038
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:58,900
wanted Prussia. 
Never does. but they position 

6039
05:36:58,908 --> 05:37:02,700
themselves well, for the next 
Century of German politics, even

6040
05:37:02,700 --> 05:37:06,800
if they don't fully realize it 
yet, Russia's Representatives, 

6041
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:10,900
begin their long journey back to
Saint Petersburg carrying mixed 

6042
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,600
results for Tsar. 
Alexander the Russian Emperor 

6043
05:37:13,600 --> 05:37:16,400
gained influence in Poland but 
not the complete dominance. 

6044
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:20,600
He initially sought and His, 
holy Alliance proposal of vague 

6045
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:22,400
scheme to organize European 
relations. 

6046
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:25,300
According to Christian 
principles has been politely, 

6047
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:28,800
filed under interesting ideas 
will definitely consider later 

6048
05:37:28,800 --> 05:37:32,500
by nearly every signature. 
The French delegation departs. 

6049
05:37:32,500 --> 05:37:35,700
Last having spent these final 
weeks and showing that France 

6050
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:38,500
isn't completely excluded from 
the new European order. 

6051
05:37:38,500 --> 05:37:42,900
Despite being on the losing 
side, talents, diplomatic skill 

6052
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:46,300
produced minor Miracles, 
transforming France from a 

6053
05:37:46,300 --> 05:37:50,000
defeated Pariah to an accepted 
member of the great power Club 

6054
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:53,000
in the space of nine months. 
It's a masterclass in 

6055
05:37:53,000 --> 05:37:56,600
negotiation that historians will
study for Generations the right 

6056
05:37:56,608 --> 05:37:58,800
now. 
Talon probably just wants to go 

6057
05:37:58,800 --> 05:38:01,800
home and sleep for a week. 
Your own departure comes on a 

6058
05:38:01,800 --> 05:38:05,200
Thursday morning in Late, July 
the city already warming under 

6059
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:07,500
the Summer Sun, as your Carriage
rolled out of Vienna. 

6060
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:11,100
You look back at the city once 
taking in the spiers and palaces

6061
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:13,800
where you've spent nearly a year
of your life, watching history, 

6062
05:38:13,800 --> 05:38:17,000
get made through the slow. 
Accumulation of compromises and 

6063
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:20,100
postpone decisions. 
The journey home takes three 

6064
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:23,100
weeks passing through 
territories, whose borders may 

6065
05:38:23,100 --> 05:38:25,000
or may not match. 
What you remember from your 

6066
05:38:25,000 --> 05:38:29,200
initial journey to Vienna. 
Some borders have shifted some 

6067
05:38:29,200 --> 05:38:32,500
states have new names, some 
rulers, find themselves, 

6068
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:35,200
governing different territories 
than they controlled last year. 

6069
05:38:36,000 --> 05:38:38,800
But the changes have been 
managed through negotiation 

6070
05:38:38,800 --> 05:38:42,400
rather than Conquest which 
represents genuine progress. 

6071
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,400
Even if it doesn't feel 
particularly dramatic, you 

6072
05:38:45,400 --> 05:38:48,100
arrive home to discover that 
nothing has changed and 

6073
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:52,000
everything has changed. 
Your principality looks exactly 

6074
05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:55,600
as you left it same buildings. 
Same streets. 

6075
05:38:55,600 --> 05:39:00,100
Same people going about their 
lives in reassuring continuity, 

6076
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:02,700
but the context is shifted 
fundamentally. 

6077
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:06,700
The now, part of the German 
Confederation subject to 

6078
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:10,400
Collective Security arrangements
and consultation procedures that

6079
05:39:10,400 --> 05:39:13,000
didn't exist. 
When you departed, your prints 

6080
05:39:13,008 --> 05:39:15,800
must consider how decisions 
affect relationships with 

6081
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:18,900
neighboring states in ways that 
previous generations. 

6082
05:39:18,900 --> 05:39:23,200
Never contemplated the local 
population, doesn't particularly

6083
05:39:23,200 --> 05:39:25,000
care about the Congress of the 
Vienna. 

6084
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:29,300
They want to know if taxes will 
increase whether the Harvest 

6085
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:32,800
looks promising and why you were
gone for nearly a year attending

6086
05:39:32,800 --> 05:39:36,400
some conference in Austria that 
may or may not have accomplished

6087
05:39:36,400 --> 05:39:40,300
anything useful their questions,
really and you find yourself 

6088
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,400
struggling to explain what 
happened in Vienna in terms that

6089
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:46,200
resonate with people whose 
primary concerns involve crop 

6090
05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:50,500
prices and whether the Millers 
charging Fair rates Actually, 

6091
05:39:50,500 --> 05:39:54,000
you settle on a simple 
explanation, the great power sat

6092
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,700
down together and talked until 
they agreed not to fight each 

6093
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,900
other for a while, which means 
armies won't March through your 

6094
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:03,900
principality, destroying fields,
and demanding supplies, this 

6095
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:06,400
explanation. 
Satisfies most people because 

6096
05:40:06,400 --> 05:40:10,100
they understand armies and 
destruction very clearly, having

6097
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:13,700
experienced both during the 
Napoleonic Wars, your prints 

6098
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:16,000
more attuned to diplomatic 
subtleties. 

6099
05:40:16,000 --> 05:40:19,900
Once detailed reports on 
everything you witnessed, you 

6100
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:23,000
spend weeks preparing documents 
that summarize the territorial 

6101
05:40:23,000 --> 05:40:26,800
settlements, the Constitutional 
Arrangements, the balance of 

6102
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:30,200
power mechanisms and the 
consultation procedures that now

6103
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:33,700
govern European international 
relations, The prince reads. 

6104
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:37,000
These with careful attention. 
Occasionally, asking questions 

6105
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:39,400
that reveal, he understands the 
implications better. 

6106
05:40:39,400 --> 05:40:42,900
The new initially realized what 
emerges from these discussions? 

6107
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:46,500
Is a practical assessment. 
The Congress of Vienna bought 

6108
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,500
time it didn't solve, the 
fundamental tensions. 

6109
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:51,600
Between great Powers competing 
for influence. 

6110
05:40:51,600 --> 05:40:54,900
Didn't eliminate the nationalist
movements that will eventually 

6111
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:58,900
reshape Europe and didn't create
permanent institutional strong 

6112
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:02,800
enough to prevent all future 
conflicts, but it did establish 

6113
05:41:02,800 --> 05:41:06,000
a framework for managing these 
tensions through diplomacy 

6114
05:41:06,000 --> 05:41:10,300
rather than automatic Warfare. 
And that framework might last 

6115
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:13,000
long enough for circumstances to
change in ways. 

6116
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:16,500
Nobody can currently predict the
years that follow seem to 

6117
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:20,500
validate this cautious optimism.
The constant of Europe functions

6118
05:41:20,500 --> 05:41:24,400
in perfectly but genuinely with 
regular conferences addressing 

6119
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,000
crises before. 
They explode into Continental 

6120
05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:31,500
Wars, the great Powers consult 
each other coordinate policies 

6121
05:41:31,500 --> 05:41:35,000
and occasionally even cooperate 
in ways that would have seemed 

6122
05:41:35,000 --> 05:41:37,100
impossible during the Napoleonic
period. 

6123
05:41:38,000 --> 05:41:40,600
Minor disputes. 
Get resolved through negotiation

6124
05:41:40,600 --> 05:41:43,800
major tensions. 
Get postponed through diplomatic

6125
05:41:43,800 --> 05:41:46,100
delay tactics that everyone 
learned in Vienna. 

6126
05:41:46,800 --> 05:41:49,100
You watch these developments 
from your principality, 

6127
05:41:49,100 --> 05:41:52,800
receiving reports and 
occasionally traveling to minor 

6128
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:56,200
conferences yourself, The 
Diplomatic skills learned during

6129
05:41:56,200 --> 05:41:57,900
those nine months in Vienna 
serve you. 

6130
05:41:57,900 --> 05:42:00,900
Well, and you develop a 
reputation as someone who 

6131
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:04,100
understands how the system 
works, how to postpone 

6132
05:42:04,100 --> 05:42:07,800
inconvenient decisions, until 
circumstances improve, and how 

6133
05:42:07,800 --> 05:42:11,600
to find the compromise that 
nobody loves, but everyone can 

6134
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:15,500
accept the 1820s. 
Bring challenges revolution's in

6135
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,300
Italy and Spain that test. 
Whether the great powers can 

6136
05:42:18,300 --> 05:42:20,900
agree on how to respond to 
internal upheavals in other 

6137
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:24,400
countries. 
Mechanic pushes for intervention

6138
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,600
to suppress revolutionary 
movements Britain resists 

6139
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:30,400
arguing that internal politics 
shouldn't trigger. 

6140
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:33,800
Automatic great power 
involvement, Russia offers to 

6141
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:36,400
send armies anywhere. 
They might be useful, which 

6142
05:42:36,400 --> 05:42:40,000
makes everyone else nervous but 
somehow through conferences and 

6143
05:42:40,000 --> 05:42:43,800
consultations and carefully 
worded statements, they manage 

6144
05:42:43,800 --> 05:42:48,200
these crises without the system 
collapsing, entirely the 1830s, 

6145
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:51,700
bring more upheaval, another 
French Revolution that topples 

6146
05:42:51,700 --> 05:42:54,900
the bourbon monarchy. 
A Belgian revolt against Dutch 

6147
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:56,300
rule, that creates a new 
country. 

6148
05:42:56,300 --> 05:43:00,400
Nobody anticipated and various 
other disruptions that required.

6149
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:04,400
Diplomatic management the venous
system bends but doesn't break 

6150
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:08,600
adapting to change circumstances
while maintaining its core 

6151
05:43:08,600 --> 05:43:12,100
commitment to consultation over 
confrontation your older now 

6152
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,000
less involved in active 
diplomacy, but still watching 

6153
05:43:15,000 --> 05:43:17,300
with interest. 
As younger Representatives carry

6154
05:43:17,300 --> 05:43:19,700
forward the practices 
established in Vienna. 

6155
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:22,600
They don't always realize where 
these practices Came from 

6156
05:43:22,600 --> 05:43:26,600
treating regular conferences and
balance of power, calculations, 

6157
05:43:26,600 --> 05:43:30,500
a simply how international 
relations work rather than as 

6158
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:33,300
innovations that required, nine 
months of negotiations. 

6159
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:37,300
And countless pastries to 
establish your in your study, on

6160
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:40,800
a winter evening, in the early 
1840s reviewing papers and 

6161
05:43:40,800 --> 05:43:43,900
correspondents while snowfall 
silently outside your window. 

6162
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:46,900
Their Millers traveling clock 
ticks deadly on the desk, 

6163
05:43:46,900 --> 05:43:49,700
keeping perfect time. 
After 25 years of faithful 

6164
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:54,200
service, Sound brings back 
memories of Vienna the larger 

6165
05:43:54,200 --> 05:43:56,700
clocks, ticking in the 
watchmakers, shocked below your 

6166
05:43:56,700 --> 05:43:58,700
lodgings. 
The measured pace of 

6167
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:02,300
negotiations and the careful 
progress toward agreements that 

6168
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:05,700
seemed impossibly distant. 
When you first arrived in that 

6169
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:09,900
Autumn of 1814 a younger 
colleague visits, someone being 

6170
05:44:09,900 --> 05:44:13,300
prepared for diplomatic service 
asks, you about the Congress of 

6171
05:44:13,300 --> 05:44:16,000
Vienna because he's heard you 
were there and witnessed the 

6172
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:18,500
proceedings first hand, where to
begin? 

6173
05:44:18,500 --> 05:44:21,700
How do you explain nine months 
of negotiations? 

6174
05:44:21,700 --> 05:44:24,100
To someone who's grown up in the
relative stability? 

6175
05:44:24,100 --> 05:44:27,100
Those negotiations. 
Produced you start with the 

6176
05:44:27,100 --> 05:44:30,700
basics. 
Europe was exhausted after 23 

6177
05:44:30,700 --> 05:44:34,100
years of almost continuous 
Warfare and the great Powers 

6178
05:44:34,100 --> 05:44:38,100
decided to sit down together and
try to create a system that 

6179
05:44:38,100 --> 05:44:41,400
might prevent future conflicts 
from immediately escalating to 

6180
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:45,000
Continental War. 
Not prevent all conflicts that 

6181
05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:48,800
would be impossible but create 
mechanisms for managing disputes

6182
05:44:48,800 --> 05:44:52,100
through diplomacy, rather than 
automatically reaching for 

6183
05:44:52,100 --> 05:44:55,100
weapons. 
Your colleague nods, take notes 

6184
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:58,400
and asks, intelligent questions 
about specific territorial 

6185
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:00,500
arrangements and constitutional 
provisions. 

6186
05:45:01,300 --> 05:45:04,200
But you sense, he's missing the 
larger point, so you try a 

6187
05:45:04,200 --> 05:45:07,600
different approach, the Congress
of Vienna succeeded, you explain

6188
05:45:07,600 --> 05:45:09,600
precisely because it failed to 
solve everything. 

6189
05:45:10,400 --> 05:45:14,400
This confuses him naturally, how
can failure equal success. 

6190
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:17,800
But that's the essential Insight
that everyone in Vienna 

6191
05:45:17,800 --> 05:45:21,300
eventually learned. 
Perfect Solutions don't exist. 

6192
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:24,500
When dealing with competing 
national interests and centuries

6193
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,900
of accumulated grievances what 
you can achieve a good enough 

6194
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:31,200
solution that everyone can live 
with but at least temporarily 

6195
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,000
and temporarily can last 
surprisingly long. 

6196
05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:39,000
If you've created proper 
mechanisms for extending it, the

6197
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:42,700
delay tactics that frustrated 
minus States at the time, the 

6198
05:45:42,700 --> 05:45:45,800
postpone decisions, the 
rescheduled meetings, the 

6199
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:49,100
carefully maintained ambiguity, 
these were not failures of 

6200
05:45:49,100 --> 05:45:52,400
diplomacy but rather is greatest
achievements. 

6201
05:45:52,400 --> 05:45:55,800
Every postpone decision was 
another day without War. 

6202
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:59,300
Every rescheduled meeting was 
another opportunity for 

6203
05:45:59,300 --> 05:46:03,900
circumstances to change for 
tempers to cool and for better 

6204
05:46:03,900 --> 05:46:06,900
options to emerge. 
The great Powers learned in 

6205
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:10,600
Vienna that delay itself. 
Could be a form of progress that

6206
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:13,900
buying time through careful 
negotiation often accomplished 

6207
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:16,300
more than forcing immediate 
decisions. 

6208
05:46:16,300 --> 05:46:19,400
That might prove disastrous, you
walk your colleague through 

6209
05:46:19,400 --> 05:46:23,100
specific examples. 
The Saxon question took months 

6210
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:27,000
to resolve not because anyone 
was incompetent, but because 

6211
05:46:27,000 --> 05:46:30,200
rushing toward a solution would 
have Force sides to take hard 

6212
05:46:30,200 --> 05:46:32,200
positions. 
They couldn't back down from 

6213
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:35,200
without losing face. 
The careful delays allowed. 

6214
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,100
Everyone to gradually, adjust 
their positions to find 

6215
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:42,100
face-saving compromises and to 
discover creative formulas, that

6216
05:46:42,100 --> 05:46:45,600
addressed core interests while 
abandoning maximalist demands, 

6217
05:46:45,600 --> 05:46:48,500
the Polish question. 
Never really got sold at all. 

6218
05:46:48,500 --> 05:46:51,500
Russia kept most of Poland, 
which nobody liked except 

6219
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:53,800
Russia. 
But the careful diplomatic 

6220
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:56,900
language wrapped around this 
outcome allowed, everyone else 

6221
05:46:56,900 --> 05:46:59,200
to claim. 
They protected polish interests 

6222
05:46:59,200 --> 05:47:02,900
as much as possible. 
Given the circumstances was this

6223
05:47:02,900 --> 05:47:06,700
ideal? 
Know, did it prevent a media War

6224
05:47:06,700 --> 05:47:08,100
over Poland? 
Yes. 

6225
05:47:08,100 --> 05:47:11,500
And that yes, mattered more than
perfect Justice. 

6226
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:14,200
When the alternative was 
renewed, Continental conflict, 

6227
05:47:14,200 --> 05:47:17,700
the balance of power. 
Principal itself represents a 

6228
05:47:17,700 --> 05:47:21,400
form of institutionalized delay.
Instead of one power, seeking 

6229
05:47:21,400 --> 05:47:24,700
absolute dominance which would 
force everyone else into a 

6230
05:47:24,700 --> 05:47:27,800
defense of alliance. 
The system accepted ongoing 

6231
05:47:27,800 --> 05:47:30,200
competition within a Greek 
constraints. 

6232
05:47:30,200 --> 05:47:32,800
No, final victories. 
No permanent. 

6233
05:47:32,800 --> 05:47:35,900
Defeats just continuous 
adjustment and occasional 

6234
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:38,100
rebalancing. 
It's frustrating. 

6235
05:47:38,100 --> 05:47:42,300
If you want, decisive outcomes, 
but it's remarkably effective at

6236
05:47:42,300 --> 05:47:43,900
preventing the kind of Total 
War. 

6237
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:46,900
That characterized the 
Napoleonic period, your 

6238
05:47:46,900 --> 05:47:49,800
colleague, absorbs this you can 
see him reconsidering his 

6239
05:47:49,800 --> 05:47:52,200
assumptions about what diplomacy
should accomplish. 

6240
05:47:53,100 --> 05:47:56,000
He'd been taught to think of 
treaties as solving problems. 

6241
05:47:56,000 --> 05:47:59,500
Creating clear outcomes and 
establishing definitive 

6242
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:03,200
Arrangements that the lesson 
from Vienna is that the best 

6243
05:48:03,200 --> 05:48:06,900
treaties often simply postpone 
problems until better Solutions 

6244
05:48:06,900 --> 05:48:09,900
become possible, create 
Frameworks for ongoing 

6245
05:48:09,900 --> 05:48:13,500
negotiation rather than final 
settlements and establish 

6246
05:48:13,500 --> 05:48:17,800
processes, rather than outcomes 
the evening grows late and your 

6247
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:21,600
colleague departs with much to 
think about You return to your 

6248
05:48:21,608 --> 05:48:25,900
study to have Miller's clock and
it's steady, ticking and reflect

6249
05:48:25,900 --> 05:48:28,600
on what the Congress of Vienna 
actually achieved. 

6250
05:48:28,600 --> 05:48:33,000
It delayed. 
The Crimean War until 1853 four 

6251
05:48:33,000 --> 05:48:35,900
decades after Vienna, when the 
balance of power system. 

6252
05:48:35,900 --> 05:48:39,300
Finally encountered a crisis, it
couldn't postpone successfully, 

6253
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:44,200
it delayed German unification 
until 1871 giving the German 

6254
05:48:44,200 --> 05:48:46,800
states time to develop 
economically and politically 

6255
05:48:46,800 --> 05:48:49,600
before facing that. 
Fundamental question of unity, 

6256
05:48:49,600 --> 05:48:53,700
it delayed Italian unification. 
Similarly, allowing the various 

6257
05:48:53,700 --> 05:48:57,400
Italian states to evolve before 
being Consolidated into a single

6258
05:48:57,400 --> 05:49:00,100
nation. 
It delayed major, European War 

6259
05:49:00,100 --> 05:49:03,400
until 1914. 
A full Century after Vienna. 

6260
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:07,000
When the system established in 
1815 finally collapsed under 

6261
05:49:07,000 --> 05:49:09,100
stresses. 
It was never designed to handle 

6262
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:13,600
Century of relative peace among 
the great Powers achieved 

6263
05:49:13,600 --> 05:49:16,900
through mechanisms of 
consultation postponement and 

6264
05:49:16,900 --> 05:49:20,800
carefully managed delay. 
That's the legacy of those nine 

6265
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:24,900
months and Vienna not perfect 
peace because there were still 

6266
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:29,200
Wars not permanent stability 
because circumstances constantly

6267
05:49:29,200 --> 05:49:32,100
changed. 
But a framework for managing 

6268
05:49:32,100 --> 05:49:34,800
international relations that 
bought Europe enough, time to 

6269
05:49:34,800 --> 05:49:37,900
develop in ways. 
Nobody in 1815 could have 

6270
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:40,500
predicted were different 
decisions in Vienna have 

6271
05:49:40,500 --> 05:49:43,000
produced better outcomes. 
Possibly. 

6272
05:49:43,000 --> 05:49:46,000
But they also might have 
produced worse outcomes. 

6273
05:49:46,000 --> 05:49:49,200
Triggering immediate conflicts 
or creating Arrangements that 

6274
05:49:49,200 --> 05:49:53,100
proved unsustainable, The Genius
of Vienna, lay an accepting, the

6275
05:49:53,100 --> 05:49:57,100
Perfect Solutions don't exist, 
and that good enough Solutions. 

6276
05:49:57,100 --> 05:49:59,100
Sustained through diplomatic 
delay. 

6277
05:49:59,100 --> 05:50:02,600
Might accomplish more than 
Brilliant Solutions that nobody 

6278
05:50:02,600 --> 05:50:05,900
can actually Implement. 
You look at the clock again 

6279
05:50:05,900 --> 05:50:09,300
watching its hands Mark the 
passage of time with mechanical 

6280
05:50:09,300 --> 05:50:13,200
Precision Time itself was the 
great accomplishment of Vienna 

6281
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:17,400
buying time through negotiation 
extending time through 

6282
05:50:17,400 --> 05:50:19,900
postponement. 
And using time to allow 

6283
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:24,100
circumstances to evolve in 
potentially beneficial ways the 

6284
05:50:24,100 --> 05:50:27,400
delegates who gathered in Vienna
understood, perhaps better than 

6285
05:50:27,400 --> 05:50:31,800
any diplomatic assembly before 
or since Sometimes the greatest 

6286
05:50:31,800 --> 05:50:35,600
service diplomacy can provide is
simply preventing to today's 

6287
05:50:35,600 --> 05:50:37,600
crisis from becoming tomorrow's 
War. 

6288
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:40,700
The snow continues falling 
outside, covering your 

6289
05:50:40,700 --> 05:50:43,000
principality and quiet, white 
accumulation. 

6290
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:46,700
Somewhere in the distance. 
A church bell, marks the hour 

6291
05:50:46,700 --> 05:50:50,700
and hermiller's clock ticks. 
Steadily onward counting the 

6292
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:53,900
seconds of peace that vienes 
careful delays made possible. 

6293
05:50:53,900 --> 05:50:56,300
One postponed decision at a 
time.