What Daily Life Was Like As An Eskimo Fisherman | Boring History

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Hey, my sleepy friends. 
I'm glad you're here with me 

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tonight. 
Fire is low and steady, sharing 

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a quiet warmth that invites 
everything to slow. as we sit 

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with that glow will reflect on 
the hard realities of Arctic 

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fishing life, Where cold hunger 
and patience shaped days, that 

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asked a great deal from the 
people who lived them? 

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If these calm nights, help you 
unwind your, welcome to 

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subscribe or leave a like and 
tell me where you're listening 

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from and what time it is for 
you. 

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Now, draw a little closer to the
warmth. 

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Let your head sink into the 
pillow. 

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Soften your breath and let the 
fires gentle Rhythm carry us 

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into the story without rush or 
expectation. 

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You're along the Arctic 
Coastline where the Rhythm of 

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Life moves with the tides and 
Seasons. 

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Here, fishing is not Adventure 
but daily work by patients 

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knowledge. 
And the quiet repetition of 

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tasks passed down through 
generations. 

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You wake when your body tells 
you the day has begun, there is 

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no alarm. 
No sudden jolt into 

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Consciousness light filters 
differently, depending on the 

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season sometimes pale and 
persistent. 

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Sometimes absent entirely Your 
internal clock adjusts to these 

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rhythms without complaint Guided
by Years of Living in sync with 

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your environment. 
The air inside your dwelling is 

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cool but still you can see your 
breath though. 

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Not dramatically it. 
Simply hangs there for a moment 

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before dissipating. 
You dress in layers, you laid 

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out the night before. 
Each piece serving a specific 

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purpose. 
The innermost layer sits against

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your skin made from materials 
that Wick moisture away. 

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The middle layers trap warmth. 
The outer layer blocks. 

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Wind this process takes time but
you do not rush. 

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Rushing leads to mistakes and 
mistakes in dressing can mean 

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discomfort throughout the day. 
You pull on your boots, checking

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the seams and laces. 
These Boots Were Made carefully 

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and you maintain them just as 
carefully a small tear appeared.

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Now prevents a larger problem 
later outside the landscape 

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stretches and familiar 
directions. 

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You know this Coastline the way 
you know the lines of your own 

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hands. 
That rock formation marks where 

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the current runs strongest. 
That stretch of ice typically 

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holds firm until late in the 
season that distant point is 

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where you set Nets during 
certain months the wind touches 

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your face with cold fingers. 
But you expected this, you 

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always expect this cold is not 
an enemy. 

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Here, it is simply a constant 
presence like the sky or the 

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water. 
You have learned to work, 

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alongside it rather than against
it. 

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You walk toward the shore with 
steady steps. 

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The ground Beneath Your Feet 
might be frozen Earth packed, 

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snow or solid, ice depending on 
the season and location your 

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boot grip. 
Well, you have walked this path 

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100s of times and your feet, 
nowhere to step without 

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conscious thought. 
Other people are already moving 

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about 10 to their own morning 
tasks, someone checks the dog's 

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someone else examines yes to 
these repairs on a kayak frame, 

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a group gathers near the water's
edge, discussing the day's plans

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in low practical voices. 
These conversations are not 

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dramatic strategy. 
Session's, they are simple 

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exchanges of information where 
the ice looks safe, which 

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direction the wind is moving and
where the anyone noticed changes

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in the water yesterday, you join
them listening more than 

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speaking. 
Much of what needs to be said. 

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Has been said before the 
patterns of fishing life repeat 

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themselves and everyone knows 
their role. 

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You contribute, what you 
observed on your walk down to 

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the shore, a detail about ice 
thickness, a note about where 

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birds were gathering The water 
itself is often still a dark 

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presence extending to the 
horizon. 

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Sometimes it is gray, green, 
sometimes deeper blue and 

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sometimes nearly black small 
waves lap at the ice edge with a

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gentle rhythmic sound. 
This sound is one of the 

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constants of your life. 
Even when you're away from the 

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water, you can record it 
perfectly. 

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You check your gear quickly. 
Your fishing line is coiled 

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properly. 
Free of Tangles, Your Hooks are 

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sharp and secure your Harpoon. 
If your caring, one today is 

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balanced and ready, everything 
has its place and everything is 

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in its place. 
This organization is not 

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obsessive. 
It is simply practical When 

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you're working on the ice or in 
a boat, you cannot afford to 

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search for tools or untangle 
equipment. 

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The ice Niche. 
Sure gets examined closely. 

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You and others walk its edges, 
testing thickness, with gentle 

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pressure from boots, all the 
butt of a harpoon. 

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Ice. 
That seems solid can have weak 

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spots this run underneath, or 
where the water has been warmer.

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You look for color changes, 
listen for sounds and feel for 

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texture differences. 
This knowledge keeps you safe 

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and it comes from years of 
observation and teaching. 

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When the ice is Judge suitable, 
you move out onto it. 

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Your steps remain careful and 
deliberate. 

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There is no bravado in Arctic, 
fishing life. 

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Confidence comes from knowledge 
and preparation. 

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Not from taking unnecessary 
risks. 

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You place your feet where the 
ice shows its strength, clearly.

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You drill a fishing hole using 
tools. 

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Designed for this purpose. 
The ice gives way, gradually 

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chips and fragments coming free 
as you work. 

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The physical effort warms you 
slightly though. 

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You pace yourself? 
Overheating inside your clothing

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creates moisture and moisture 
makes you colder later. 

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You have learned to work at a 
sustainable rhythm. 

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When the whole breaks through to
water below, you clear away the 

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loose ice carefully, the water 
beneath, his dark and cold 

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moving, slightly with currents. 
You cannot see, but Noah. 

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There you lower your line, 
feeling its weight to send. 

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This is familiar. 
This is what you do. 

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Fishing in the Arctic requires 
patience. 

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Above all else, you do not 
expect immediate results. 

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Sometimes fish come quickly, 
sometimes they do not come at 

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all, you cannot control this. 
So you do not worry about it, 

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you simply wait keeping your 
hands moving occasionally to 

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maintain circulation, shifting 
your weight to prevent 

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stiffness. 
While you wait, You observe. 

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The quality of light tells you 
roughly, what time it is the 

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direction of Shadows when there 
are shadows provides additional 

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information. 
You notice which other fishes 

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are having success watching 
their techniques without 

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staring. 
If someone pulls up a catch, you

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know, what depth, their line was
set at and how they work their 

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bait or lure. 
When you feel a pull on your 

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line, your responses, measured 
and practiced. 

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You do not yank or jerk, you 
assess the weight and determine 

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whether it is truly a fish or 
simply current drag or bottom 

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contact. 
If it is a fish, you begin to 

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bring it up with steady. 
Even pulls the line runs through

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your hands and you can feel 
everything transmitted through 

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it, the fishes movement, the 
waters resistance and the Isis 

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friction of the holes Edge. 
The fish that emerges is cold 

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and firm you handle it. 
Efficiently removing the hook 

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and dispatching. 
It quickly. 

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If needed there is no drama in 
this, it is the purpose of 

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fishing. 
The fish becomes food and food 

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is the reason you are here. 
You place the catch in a 

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protected spot where it will not
slide back into the water on 

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cold days. 
It begins to freeze almost 

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immediately. 
This is good. 

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Frozen fish keeps well. 
The day continues in this 

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pattern, the routine consists of
fishing waiting, checking other 

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holes and occasionally moving to
new locations based on success 

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or lack thereof. 
You might fish alone or near 

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others conversation happens, 
sporadically brief exchanges 

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about technique or conditions. 
Long silence is a normal and 

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comfortable. 
Your body tells you when you 

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need to move around for warmth. 
You stand walk, a short 

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distance, and flex your fingers 
and toes. 

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The small movements maintain 
circulation without burning too 

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much energy. 
Energy conservation is built 

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into every action. 
You do not have unlimited 

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calories to spend on unnecessary
movement. 

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The light begins to shift as the
day progresses in some Seasons. 

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This means the approach of 
darkness in others. 

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It means only a subtle change in
angle or intensity. 

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You read these shifts 
automatically? 

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Using them to gauge time and 
plan your next actions, when you

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decide to head back, you gather 
your equipment carefully, your 

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catchers are collected and your 
holes are noted for future use 

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or marked so others know they 
are there. 

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You walk back across the ice 
with the same care. 

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You use coming out. 
Familiarity does not make you 

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careless at Shore, you secure 
your catch and clean your tools.

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Fish a sorted by size or type if
needed. 

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Anything that needs immediate 
attention gets it, everything 

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else is prepared for storage or 
further processing. 

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The evening tasks are already 
beginning. 

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As you finish, someone is 
lighting lamps. 

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Someone is preparing a communal 
space for shared work. 

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The days fishing transitions 
into the days. 

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Other work without a clear line 
between them Your tired in the 

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ordinary way that comes from 
physical work in cold 

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conditions, this tiredness is 
expected and not unpleasant. 

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It means you have done what 
needed to do doing tomorrow will

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bring similar tasks and you will
approach them with the same 

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steady attention. 
You brought to today The 

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routines of Coastal. 
Life are not exciting, but they 

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are reliable. 
They provide structure and 

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purpose, they connect you to 
your community. 

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And, to the environment that 
sustains you this is enough. 

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Your fishing gear is not 
purchased from a store or 

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factory most of it exists 
because you made it or because 

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someone you know made it and 
talk to you how to maintain it. 

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This relationship with your 
tools is intimate and practical,

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you know, every piece because 
you have handled it, repaired it

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and sometimes created it from 
raw materials. 

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Process of making fishing line 
begins with sinew or other 

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strong fibers, you prepare these
materials carefully, cleaning 

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and drying them. 
Then twisting them together, 

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with practice hand motion. 
The twisting must be tight 

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enough for strength, but not so 
tight. 

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That the line becomes brittle 
Your fingers, know the right 

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tension, without measuring this 
work happens in doors. 

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Often during darker months. 
When fishing is less productive 

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or impossible, You sit in good 
light when available working 

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steadily for long periods, the 
repetitive motion is meditative 

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rather than boring. 
Your hands, stay busy while your

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mind settles into a calm focused
state. 

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Hooks come from bone carved and 
shaped with patients. 

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You select pieces with the right
density and grain, then work 

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them slowly into the shapes. 
You need. 

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Carving tools are themselves. 
Carefully maintained sharp 

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enough to cut cleanly but 
controlled enough not to slip 

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and waste material or injure. 
You each hook takes time you 

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cannot Rush bone. 
If you apply too much pressure, 

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it's splits if you heat it 
incorrectly, it weakened. 

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You have learned these lessons 
gradually through observation 

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and occasional failures. 
The hooks you make now are 

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better than the ones you made 
years ago and you expect the 

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hooks you make in future years 
will be better still. 

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Harpoon points require even more
attention. 

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The balance must be perfect. 
The attachment point must be 

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strong, the tip must penetrate 
but not break. 

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You test each point carefully, 
before trusting it in actual use

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a failing Point, might mean, 
lost food or damaged equipment. 

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So the testing is thorough. the 
shafts for harpoons and fishing 

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Spears are selected from 
available wood, which is 

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sometimes scarce, you know, 
which Driftwood pieces will 

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serve and which will not density
straightness and absence of rot 

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All these factors matter. 
You might spend considerable 

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time searching for the right 
piece knowing that a good shaft 

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will last for years, if properly
cared for Lashing materials, 

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hold your tools together. 
These might be more sinewy 

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carefully prepared strips of 
hide or other binding materials 

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you learn to tie secure knots 
that will not slip when wet or 

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frozen each type of knot has its
purpose. 

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You use the right knot for each 
application without thinking 

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about it. 
Consciously kayak and boat 

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maintenance is ongoing work. 
The frames are made from bone or

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wood covered with prepared. 
Skins sewn together with 

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waterproof seams these seems 
require constant attention salt 

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water and cold work against 
them. 

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You check them regularly 
reselling, any areas where water

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might penetrate the process of 
waterproofing uses materials you

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00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:30,100
have prepared specifically for 
this purpose. 

236
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,300
You apply them. 
Carefully working the 

237
00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:36,200
waterproofing, compound into 
seams and over the skin 

238
00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:38,900
covering. 
Your hands get thoroughly coated

239
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:40,800
in the process but this is 
normal. 

240
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,500
You clean them off. 
Afterwards using methods, that 

241
00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:45,300
do not waste the waterproofing 
material. 

242
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:50,300
When a skin covering develops a 
tear or weak spot you patch it 

243
00:13:50,300 --> 00:13:52,700
properly rather than making 
temporary fixes. 

244
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:56,700
A proper patch done. 
Well can last as long as the 

245
00:13:56,708 --> 00:14:01,200
original material a rush repair 
will fail possibly at An 

246
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:03,300
Inconvenient moment when you're 
away from Shore. 

247
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,300
Paddles are personal tools often
made to fit the height and 

248
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:08,900
strength of the person using 
them. 

249
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:13,000
You know your paddles balance 
point its weight and how it 

250
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:16,900
feels in your hands if you must 
use someone else's paddle it 

251
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,800
feels slightly wrong. 
Even if it is well made the 

252
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,500
difference is subtle. 
But noticeable, you may maintain

253
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,500
your paddle by keeping it clean 
and checking for cracks or weak 

254
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,100
points. 
Would can develop hairline 

255
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:29,600
fractures that worse than over 
time. 

256
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,400
If not addressed you can 
sometimes see these cracks but 

257
00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:37,300
you also run your hands over the
paddle surface regularly feeling

258
00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:39,700
for any changes in texture or 
soundless. 

259
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:45,100
Nets, when you use them require 
patient work, you weave them 

260
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:49,000
from prepared, cordage creating 
consistent, mesh sizes, 

261
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:50,800
appropriate for the fish, your 
targeting. 

262
00:14:51,700 --> 00:14:55,400
The weaving is rhythmic work 
easily done while sitting and 

263
00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,600
talking with others or while 
simply letting your mind, rest. 

264
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:01,408
Damage Nets. 
Get repaired as soon as 

265
00:15:01,416 --> 00:15:03,900
possible. 
A small hole becomes a large 

266
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,700
hole quickly. 
Once fish begin, testing it You 

267
00:15:06,700 --> 00:15:10,300
carry repair materials with you 
and fix problems in the field 

268
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:13,600
when you can. 
Larger repairs, wait until 

269
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,700
you're back in better working 
conditions, but they do not wait

270
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,900
long. 
Your clothing is as much a tool 

271
00:15:19,900 --> 00:15:23,500
as your Harpoon, it keeps you 
functional and conditions. 

272
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:25,300
That would otherwise make work 
impossible. 

273
00:15:26,100 --> 00:15:28,200
The layers. 
You wear are each made with a 

274
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,600
specific purpose and careful 
Construction. 

275
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,300
The innermost layer against your
skin is often made from bird 

276
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:37,300
skin with feathers facing 
inward. 

277
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:40,500
This creates air pockets that 
trap warmth. 

278
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:44,300
The preparation of these birds 
skins is delicate work. 

279
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,800
Scraping them clean without 
creating holes and drying them 

280
00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:49,300
properly. 
So they remain supple. 

281
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,600
Middle layers, might be fur with
the hair facing outward. 

282
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:56,300
Different Furs have different 
properties. 

283
00:15:56,300 --> 00:16:00,700
You learn which animals provide 
the warmest fur, which provides 

284
00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,900
the best wind resistance and 
which is most durable for 

285
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:08,000
specific uses this knowledge 
guide your choices when making 

286
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,700
or maintaining clothing. 
Outer layers must block, wind 

287
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,500
and shed moisture. 
The preparation of these 

288
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:17,600
materials, involves processes 
that make them as waterproof as 

289
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,100
possible. 
You might use Marine Mammal 

290
00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:23,900
intestines carefully cleaned and
sewn together or specially 

291
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:27,000
treated hides. 
These outer garments, get the 

292
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:28,900
most wear and require frequent 
maintenance. 

293
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:33,400
Seems in clothing are potential 
weak points, you sew them 

294
00:16:33,408 --> 00:16:36,900
carefully, using techniques that
create weather-resistant joins, 

295
00:16:36,900 --> 00:16:40,900
the stitching is tight and even 
and you sometimes run 

296
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:44,000
waterproofing compound along 
seams as additional protection. 

297
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:47,400
Your hands, know the motion of 
the needle without watching. 

298
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:51,500
Boots deserve special attention 
because your feet are crucial to

299
00:16:51,500 --> 00:16:55,200
your mobility and safety. 
Wet feet in Arctic conditions 

300
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,900
are not merely uncomfortable. 
They are dangerous. 

301
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,400
Your boots are constructed with 
multiple layers. 

302
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,900
Each serving a purpose. 
The souls are sturdy. 

303
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,500
The upper is a warm, the 
closures keeps snow and water 

304
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:11,000
out. 
You stuff your boots with dried 

305
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,500
grass or other insulating 
material that you replace 

306
00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:16,599
regularly. 
This material absorbs any 

307
00:17:16,599 --> 00:17:19,800
moisture from your feet and 
provides an additional layer of 

308
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,400
warmth. 
When you remove your boots in 

309
00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:25,800
the evening, you remove this 
stuffing and set it aside to dry

310
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:29,800
completely before reusing it. 
Boot maintenance happens nearly 

311
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:33,200
every day. 
You check, seams replace worn 

312
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:37,400
laces, apply waterproofing, 
materials and inspect souls for 

313
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:40,100
damage. 
Small problems get addressed 

314
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:43,400
immediately, a loose seam 
spotted in the evening. 

315
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:47,200
Gets sewn before you sleep. 
This prevents it from becoming a

316
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:49,000
crisis during the next day's 
work. 

317
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:52,100
Your gloves or mittens are 
another critical piece of 

318
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:56,800
equipment, you need your hands 
to work, but exposed hands lose 

319
00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,700
heat rapidly, the balance 
between warmth and dexterity is 

320
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:04,400
always a consideration. 
Sometimes you need thin gloves 

321
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,700
for precise work. 
Sometimes you need thick mittens

322
00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:10,800
for warmth. 
You carry both and switch 

323
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,500
between them as needed? 
Storage of your gear matters as 

324
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:18,200
much as its construction. 
Tools left lying about can be 

325
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,300
damaged lost or degraded by 
weather. 

326
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,200
Keep everything organized in its
designated spot. 

327
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:29,100
This organization saves time and
frustration when you need 

328
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:31,400
something, you know exactly 
where it is. 

329
00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:36,400
Treat your tools with respect 
but not sentimentality, they are

330
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,700
functional objects that enable 
your survival and livelihood. 

331
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:43,800
When something wears out Beyond 
repair, you use what materials 

332
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,000
you can salvage and create a 
replacement. 

333
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:51,400
This cycle of use maintenance 
repair and eventual. 

334
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:55,400
Replacement is continuous. 
Learning to make and maintain 

335
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:58,900
equipment happens. 
Gradually You began learning as 

336
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:02,800
a child watching adults work and
helping with simple tasks. 

337
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:06,400
As you gain skill, you took on 
more complex work. 

338
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:10,100
Now, you might be teaching 
others passing along the same 

339
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:11,500
knowledge that was shared with 
you. 

340
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:14,700
The pride you feel in well-made 
gear is quiet. 

341
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:17,800
But real a harpoon that flies 
true. 

342
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,800
A boat that handles smoothly 
clothing that keeps you warm and

343
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:23,900
dry. 
These things matter. 

344
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:26,500
They make difficult work more 
manageable. 

345
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:30,200
They represent a accumulated 
knowledge and careful attention 

346
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:32,900
to detail. 
When you work on your equipment,

347
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:35,200
you're not merely preparing for 
fishing. 

348
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:39,100
Your engaging in a form of 
problem, solving that connects 

349
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:42,900
you to generations of knowledge,
each technique you use was 

350
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:47,000
developed and refined over time.
Each material was chosen because

351
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,000
it works. 
You are part of this ongoing 

352
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,900
tradition of practical 
Innovation. 

353
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,300
The time you spend maintaining 
equipment is not separate from 

354
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:56,900
fishing. 
It is fishing. 

355
00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:00,400
Without proper gear. 
You cannot fish effectively or 

356
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,200
safely. 
The hours spent sowing seams, 

357
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,700
carving hooks waterproofing 
boots. 

358
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:09,300
And checking lines are as 
essential as the hour spent on 

359
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:12,700
the ice or in a boat. 
This understanding makes the 

360
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:14,800
work meaningful rather than 
tedious. 

361
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,900
You're not just fixing things. 
Your ensuring your ability to 

362
00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:22,200
continue doing what you do. 
You're maintaining the tools 

363
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:26,400
that maintain you Fishing in the
Arctic is never truly solitary 

364
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:28,500
work. 
Even when you are alone on the 

365
00:20:28,500 --> 00:20:30,900
ice, you'll success depend on 
knowledge. 

366
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:35,000
Shared freely equipment borrowed
when needed and help offered 

367
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,500
with without being asked, The 
community around you functions 

368
00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:41,600
as an interconnected system, 
where individual effort and 

369
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,500
Collective support are 
inseparable. information moves 

370
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:49,100
through your community like 
water finding its level When 

371
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:51,900
someone discovers that fish are 
running well in a particular 

372
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:54,500
location, this knowledge spreads
quickly. 

373
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:58,100
There is no hoarding of 
successful spots or techniques 

374
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,400
if something works, others 
should know about it. 

375
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:06,200
Their success contributes to 
everyone's security You might 

376
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:08,700
share the news yourself 
mentioning casually where you 

377
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:12,000
had good results today. 
Someone else might ask directly 

378
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:16,400
and you answer honestly. 
This exchange is not considered 

379
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:19,900
giving away Secrets. 
It is simply how things are done

380
00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:22,500
next week. 
Someone else might share similar

381
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,800
information with you. 
Teaching happens constantly but 

382
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:29,000
rarely informal lessons, a young
person watches. 

383
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:32,600
You prepare fishing line and 
asks question you show them the 

384
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:34,600
hand position that creates the 
right tension. 

385
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,600
Let them try it and correct 
their grip gently. 

386
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:42,100
This interaction might last only
a few minutes, but it transmits 

387
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:43,900
knowledge, that will serve them 
for decades. 

388
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:48,000
You learned this way yourself. 
Someone showed you how to read 

389
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:49,800
ice conditions by looking and 
listening. 

390
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:53,600
Someone else demonstrated the 
wrist motion that sets a hook 

391
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:57,800
properly, another person taught 
you how to judge when a skin 

392
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:01,500
covering needs replacing rather 
than just patching each small 

393
00:22:01,500 --> 00:22:04,700
lesson built on previous ones 
until you accumulated a 

394
00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:09,000
comprehensive understanding. 
When large tasks arise, people 

395
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,900
gather without needing to be 
organized, a boat needs new skin

396
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,500
covering and suddenly several 
people are there helping stretch

397
00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:20,500
and sew and waterproof. hands 
that have done this before work 

398
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:23,800
alongside hands, that are 
learning The work proceeds with 

399
00:22:23,808 --> 00:22:28,100
quite efficiency, these group 
efforts are social occasions but

400
00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:31,600
not parties. 
People talk while working but 

401
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:33,800
the conversation is relaxed and 
practical. 

402
00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:37,800
Someone might tell a story 
someone else might point out a 

403
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,700
better technique for a 
particular step. children play 

404
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:44,100
nearby absorbing the atmosphere 
of Cooperative work, even if 

405
00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:47,200
they are not directly 
participating, Food from 

406
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,300
successful. 
Phishing is distributed 

407
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:52,600
according to need and Custom. 
If you have caught more than 

408
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,300
your household can use 
immediately, you share it. 

409
00:22:56,000 --> 00:23:00,000
The distribution is not dramatic
or ceremonial, you simply give 

410
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,300
fish to others and they accept 
with, thanks. 

411
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,900
When your own fishing is less 
successful, you receive fish 

412
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:08,800
from others in the same casual 
way. 

413
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:12,100
This system creates security, 
that would be impossible 

414
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:15,700
individually. 
Somedays everyone catches fish. 

415
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,300
Some days. 
Only a few people, do some days,

416
00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:24,000
no one catches much. 
Over time, the sharing evens 

417
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,200
out, these variations ensuring 
that everyone eats regularly, 

418
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,200
even though daily catches 
fluctuate. 

419
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,700
The elderly and those unable to 
fish for health, reasons are 

420
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:34,900
provided for without question or
fuss. 

421
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,000
They contributed in their time 
and they still contribute 

422
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:40,600
knowledge and other forms of 
work. 

423
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:43,700
They are fed because they are 
part of the community. 

424
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:47,600
The calculation is not 
transactional equipment. 

425
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,600
Borrowing happens regularly, 
your Harpoon point breaks and 

426
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:54,000
you need to borrow one until you
can make a replacement. 

427
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:57,600
Someone's fishing line is lost 
and they use yours for a few 

428
00:23:57,608 --> 00:24:00,300
days. 
These exchanges are tracked 

429
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:03,400
informally through memory and 
reciprocity, rather than formal 

430
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,400
accounting. 
When you borrow something, you 

431
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:08,700
return it promptly in the same 
or better condition. 

432
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:12,400
If you damage borrowed 
equipment, you repair it, or 

433
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,000
replace it. 
This is understood without 

434
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,300
needing to be stated. 
Your reputation within the 

435
00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:21,100
community depends partly on how 
you handle such 

436
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:24,300
responsibilities. 
Boat cruise work with 

437
00:24:24,300 --> 00:24:26,700
established rhythms and unspoken
communication. 

438
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:30,800
When you paddle with others, 
everyone knows their position 

439
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,000
and timing. 
Paddles, enter and exit the 

440
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:37,600
water in coordination. 
Course, Corrections happen 

441
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,400
through subtle shifts that the 
person in the lead position 

442
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:44,300
initiates and others follow. 
This coordination comes from 

443
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:48,700
practice and familiarity. 
You have paddled with the same 

444
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:53,500
people, many times, you know, 
their Pace, their strength, and 

445
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,500
their habits, they know yours. 
The boat moves efficiently 

446
00:24:57,500 --> 00:25:00,500
because everyone works together 
without needing constant verbal 

447
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:03,100
instruction. 
Safety depends on this 

448
00:25:03,100 --> 00:25:06,400
Collective attention when one 
person goes out onto 

449
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,600
questionable, ice others watch. 
If someone does not return When 

450
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:14,600
expected a search begins without
anyone needing to raise an 

451
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,900
alarm. 
People simply notice the absence

452
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:21,100
and respond. 
The watching is not intrusive or

453
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:23,200
anxious. 
It is simply background 

454
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:26,800
awareness the same way you are 
aware of whether changes or Tide

455
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:31,200
movements, you keep track of who
is where roughly as part of 

456
00:25:31,208 --> 00:25:34,100
normal observation. 
Children, learn by being 

457
00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:37,800
included, inappropriate ways. 
A young child might help carry 

458
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:40,800
Light Equipment or watch from a 
safe position while adults work.

459
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,000
Older children take on more 
active roles first helping with 

460
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,600
preparation and maintenance, 
then gradually participating in 

461
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:52,100
actual fishing under 
supervision. this inclusion 

462
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:56,200
teaches not just techniques but 
also attitudes Children. 

463
00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:59,500
Absorb the patient approach to 
work, the matter of fact 

464
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,700
acceptance of cold and 
difficulty and the automatic 

465
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:06,400
sharing and cooperation, these 
lessons are more powerful than 

466
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:09,500
any verbal instruction. 
Could be women's work. 

467
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:12,400
And Men's Work have traditional 
divisions that these are 

468
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:16,600
practical rather than rigid. 
Certain tasks require physical 

469
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,700
strength that makes them more 
efficient for some people. 

470
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:22,500
Other tasks require fine motor 
skills or patients. 

471
00:26:22,500 --> 00:26:25,400
That anyone can develop. 
The divisions, reflect 

472
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:27,700
practical, efficiency more than 
ideology. 

473
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:30,600
You might primarily do certain 
types of work. 

474
00:26:31,300 --> 00:26:34,200
But you understand and can 
perform other tasks if needed. 

475
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,700
This flexibility is useful when 
situations change or when 

476
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:40,800
someone is unable to do their 
usual work. 

477
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,100
The respect for expertise 
crosses these divisions. 

478
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:48,900
If someone is particularly 
skilled a task others defer to 

479
00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:51,800
their judgment regardless of who
typically does that work. 

480
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:55,700
Knowledge and skill earn respect
that outweighs other 

481
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:59,100
considerations. 
Decision-making about fishing 

482
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:01,000
activities. 
Happens through discussion and 

483
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,800
consensus. 
If the weather is questionable, 

484
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:05,600
people talk about whether to go 
out. 

485
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:10,000
Experience forces carry weight 
but anyone can contribute 

486
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,000
observation? 
The decision that emerges feels 

487
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:17,600
Collective rather than imposed 
Sometimes disagreement exists 

488
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,400
and people make different 
choices. 

489
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:22,200
Some might decide the weather is
acceptable. 

490
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,300
While others stay in. 
This is normal. 

491
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,600
The next day, everyone, 
discusses how the decision 

492
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:32,200
turned out, and this information
feeds into future decisions, 

493
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,900
conflict within the community is
handled through subtle social 

494
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:38,900
pressure rather than 
confrontation when possible. 

495
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,600
If someone is not pulling their 
weight or not reciprocating 

496
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,700
properly, this becomes known 
through quiet observation. 

497
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:49,800
Others might reduce the 
cooperation gradually creating 

498
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,500
natural consequences. 
Serious conflicts are addressed 

499
00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:56,000
more directly. 
But still, with an emphasis on 

500
00:27:56,000 --> 00:28:00,000
resolution and continued 
coexistence, you will be living 

501
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,800
and working alongside the same 
people for years, possibly for 

502
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:06,800
life. 
Maintaining workable 

503
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,700
relationships is essential the 
community's collective memory 

504
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:13,700
preserves knowledge that no 
individual could hold a loan. 

505
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:18,400
People remember different 
techniques, different locations 

506
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:20,500
and different solutions to 
problems. 

507
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,800
When You Face an unfamiliar 
situation, someone else has 

508
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,200
usually encountered it before 
and can share relevant 

509
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:30,400
experience. 
This distributed knowledge means

510
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,800
that the loss of any individual 
is not just personally but 

511
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:38,100
practically Each person carries 
unique pieces of the collective 

512
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:41,500
understanding. 
When they die some knowledge 

513
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,200
dies with them unless they have 
shared it successfully with 

514
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:46,900
others, you make efforts to 
share your own knowledge for 

515
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:49,100
this reason. 
When you discover something 

516
00:28:49,100 --> 00:28:52,200
useful or develop a better 
technique, you mention it to 

517
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:53,800
others. 
You demonstrate. 

518
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,700
When asked you answer questions 
patiently, even if they seem 

519
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:02,200
basic The communities continuity
depends on these transfers of 

520
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:05,900
information and skill. 
Each generation must learn from 

521
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:09,000
the previous one while also 
developing their own adaptations

522
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,900
and Innovations. 
The balance between tradition 

523
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:15,000
and adaptation is maintained 
through Collective practice. 

524
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:18,900
An operations and Gatherings 
when they occur often revolve 

525
00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:21,600
around shared meals featuring 
fish and other foods from the 

526
00:29:21,608 --> 00:29:24,800
environment. 
These occasions are not frequent

527
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:28,000
but they serve to reinforce 
Community bonds and provide 

528
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:31,400
breaks from routine. 
Even during celebrations, the 

529
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:32,600
work continues in the 
background. 

530
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:37,000
Someone is always keeping an eye
on weather conditions tending to

531
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:40,300
equipment that needs attention, 
or preparing for the next day's 

532
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:44,000
activities. 
The line between work and rest 

533
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,500
is not sharply drawn. 
Your identity is partly 

534
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:49,300
individual and partly 
Collective. 

535
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:53,000
You are yourself with your own 
skills and preferences and 

536
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:56,000
personality. 
But you're also part of this 

537
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,300
community shaped by its 
practices and expectations 

538
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:03,000
contributing to its function and
receiving its support. 

539
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,500
These aspects of identity are 
not in Conflict. 

540
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:10,600
They are complementary. 
The community will continue 

541
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:14,400
after you are gone, just as it 
existed before you were born. 

542
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:18,400
This continuity provides a form 
of stability and meaning. 

543
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,100
Your work today is part of a 
long chain of similar work, 

544
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,000
stretching backward, and forward
through time. 

545
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:29,300
Rest in the Arctic does not 
follow a fixed schedule, your 

546
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700
body in the environment, 
determine when you work. 

547
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:36,100
And when you pause light levels 
weather conditions and the 

548
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:40,300
demands of fishing all influence
the rhythm of your days, you 

549
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,300
learn to read these signals and 
respond appropriately rather 

550
00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:46,200
than fighting against them 
during summer months. 

551
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,800
When daylight persists, you 
might work for extended periods,

552
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:54,900
then rest when fatigue dictates 
The lack of Darkness does not 

553
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:58,100
prevent sleep. 
You simply darken your dwelling 

554
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:00,600
or cover your eyes and let your 
body. 

555
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,600
Take the rest in needs your 
internal awareness of tiredness 

556
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:06,300
guides. 
You more than any clock. 

557
00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:10,700
In Winter, the opposite occurs, 
Darkness stretches for long 

558
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,400
periods, and you sleep more than
you would in summer. 

559
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:18,800
This is natural and expected 
your body conserves energy 

560
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,100
during the cold dark months. 
You wake. 

561
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:26,200
Do necessary tasks, and return 
to rest without fighting the 

562
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:30,100
inclination towards sleep. 
The transition periods between 

563
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:34,600
Seasons bring their own patterns
as light increases in Spring. 

564
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:37,300
You gradually sleep less and 
work more. 

565
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:42,400
As light Fades and fall. 
The reverse happens, these 

566
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,300
shifts occur gradually enough 
that your body adjusts with 

567
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,300
without shock. 
Resting during the day is not 

568
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,700
laziness or weakness. 
If you have been fishing since 

569
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:55,300
the early hours and exhaustion 
sets in you, stop and rest. 

570
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,000
You might return to your 
dwelling or you might simply sit

571
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:00,400
on the ice or Shore for a 
period. 

572
00:32:00,408 --> 00:32:03,300
Other fissures understand. 
They have done the same. 

573
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:07,500
These rest periods are not 
wasted time while sitting still 

574
00:32:07,500 --> 00:32:11,500
You, observe, you notice 
patterns in water movement, bird

575
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:15,100
Behavior, or ice conditions. 
You think, through equipment 

576
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,400
repairs or planned? 
Future activities, your mind 

577
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,200
processes information even when 
your body is still the cold 

578
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:24,100
itself demands periods of 
inactivity. 

579
00:32:24,100 --> 00:32:29,100
After exposure to extreme cold, 
your body needs time in warmth 

580
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:31,700
to recover. 
You cannot simply push through 

581
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:35,500
without consequences. 
Frostbite and hypothermia are 

582
00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:37,200
real risks. 
That require respect and 

583
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:39,500
response. 
When you come in from cold 

584
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:43,400
conditions, you warm yourself 
gradually Sudden heat after 

585
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:48,000
extreme, cold can be harmful, 
you enter your dwelling, remove 

586
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,700
outer layers slowly and let your
body temperature rise naturally.

587
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:54,700
You might drink something warm 
but not too hot. 

588
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:57,800
You might eat something 
replenish and calories burned in

589
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:01,300
staying warm, and during these 
warming periods, you are resting

590
00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:04,100
but also preparing. 
You check your clothing for 

591
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:08,600
damage, lay wet items out to dry
and organized equipment for next

592
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:11,500
use. 
The rest is active in a low-key 

593
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:14,400
way. 
Sleep itself happens in Cycles 

594
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:16,100
influenced by environment and 
need. 

595
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:18,100
You might sleep for several 
hours. 

596
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:20,800
Wake for a period of activity, 
then sleep again. 

597
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:25,300
In continuous Darkness, this 
pattern can repeat multiple 

598
00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:27,800
times in what would be called a 
single day elsewhere. 

599
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,400
You do not fight this, you work 
with it. 

600
00:33:32,100 --> 00:33:35,600
You'll sleeping area is a range 
for maximum warmth with minimum 

601
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:38,100
fuel. 
Use you sleep on insulated 

602
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:42,500
platforms, raised off The Frozen
Ground, you sleeping Furs and 

603
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:46,800
skins arranged in layers. 
Your body heat trapped by these 

604
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:49,800
layers creates a warm pocket. 
Even when the surrounding areas 

605
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:55,400
cold, He often sleep fully 
clothed or nearly so undressing 

606
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,700
completely in a cold dwelling, 
makes no sense. 

607
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:02,100
You remove only what is wet or 
uncomfortable in the morning. 

608
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,400
You already mostly dressed ready
to add outer layers and begin 

609
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:09,199
the day. 
Shared sleeping Arrangements, 

610
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,900
provide additional warmth. 
Bodies close together, create 

611
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,699
more heat than bodies apart. 
This is practical rather than 

612
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:19,600
purely social. 
The warmth allows for better 

613
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,300
rest with less fuel consumption.
Dreams during long, sleep 

614
00:34:23,300 --> 00:34:25,300
periods. 
Can be Vivid though. 

615
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:26,800
You do not usually dwell on 
them. 

616
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:31,500
They are simply part of rest. 
The Mind processing experience 

617
00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:35,900
is while the body recovers. 
Sometimes dreams reflect the 

618
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:39,600
days work. 
Fishing walking on ice repairing

619
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,500
equipment. 
Sometimes they wander to other 

620
00:34:42,500 --> 00:34:46,500
subjects entirely. waking is 
usually gradual rather than 

621
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:51,500
abrupt, You surface from sleep 
slowly becoming aware of sounds 

622
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:55,300
temperature, and light levels. 
You license still for a moment. 

623
00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:58,900
Assessing how you feel whether 
anything demands immediate 

624
00:34:58,900 --> 00:35:03,200
attention Offer nothing does. 
And you rise when ready, rather 

625
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:06,600
than when required, Naps are 
common and unremarkable. 

626
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,200
If you feel sleepy during the 
day, you might lie down for a 

627
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,100
short period. 
This is especially true after 

628
00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:15,800
eating or during whether that 
prevents outdoor work. 

629
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:19,600
The knap refreshes you without 
making you feel lazy or guilty, 

630
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:23,300
Children and elderly people 
sleep even more than active 

631
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,800
adults. 
Children need extra rest for 

632
00:35:25,808 --> 00:35:28,500
growth elderly. 
People have earned their rest 

633
00:35:28,500 --> 00:35:31,700
through years of work. 
Both groups are allowed to sleep

634
00:35:31,700 --> 00:35:33,400
as much as they need without 
judgement. 

635
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:36,900
You learn to rest while 
remaining alert to Danger. 

636
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:40,800
This seems contradictory but 
becomes natural with practice, 

637
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:44,700
you can doze lightly while still
hearing changes in Wind sound or

638
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:47,800
ice movement. 
Your subconscious monitors while

639
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,900
you rest waking you. 
If something requires attention,

640
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:53,700
Patience is built in to rest 
periods. 

641
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:55,800
When bad weather, keeps you 
inside? 

642
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:58,900
You do not pay sanctions or 
complain about lost, fishing 

643
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:01,600
time. 
You simply wait using the time 

644
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:03,700
for indoor tasks, or Genuine 
rest. 

645
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,700
The weather will change when it 
changes your frustration will 

646
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:11,300
not be this process. 
These enforced rest periods 

647
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:15,300
during storms can last days you 
prepare for this possibility by 

648
00:36:15,300 --> 00:36:18,300
keeping enough food and fuel 
stored, then when the weather 

649
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,900
arrives you settle in with out 
stress. 

650
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:23,500
You have been through this 
before and we'll go through it 

651
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:26,400
again. 
The sound of wind and snow on 

652
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,200
your dwelling, becomes familiar 
background noise during these 

653
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:31,800
periods. 
Initially, it might prevent 

654
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:35,600
sleep, but you adapt. 
Eventually, The Sounds become 

655
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:37,300
almost soothing in their 
constancy. 

656
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:40,400
Boredom during long. 
Rest periods is managed through 

657
00:36:40,408 --> 00:36:43,400
small activities. 
You might work on equipment, 

658
00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:45,900
repairs. 
Tell stories, play Simple games 

659
00:36:45,900 --> 00:36:50,700
or simply sit quietly The 
ability to be still, without 

660
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:52,500
entertainment is a developed 
skill. 

661
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:55,200
Your mind does not always need 
stimulation. 

662
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:59,000
You also rest your eyes 
deliberately, the glare from 

663
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,700
snow, and ice can strain Vision 
over time, you periodically, 

664
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:06,100
close, your eyes, or stay in dim
light, giving your eyes are 

665
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,600
relief from constant brightness.
This prevents headaches and 

666
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:13,200
preserves your sight. 
Physical rest include stretching

667
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:16,700
and gentle movement after 
sleeping or sitting for long 

668
00:37:16,700 --> 00:37:19,300
periods. 
Your body benefits from careful 

669
00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:21,800
stretching. 
You move your joints through 

670
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:24,900
their range of motion. 
Relieving stiffness without 

671
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:28,600
causing strain. 
Rest and work blend together 

672
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:32,200
more than they can trust. 
Your workplace is sustainable, 

673
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,900
rather than intense. 
You do not Sprint through tasks.

674
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,700
Only to collapse. 
Afterward, you work steadily, 

675
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,300
rest, periodically. 
And maintain a rhythm that can 

676
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:46,200
continue indefinitely. 
The concept of weekends or days 

677
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:47,800
off does not apply in the same 
way. 

678
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:52,000
Every day includes both work and
rest in whatever proportion 

679
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:54,200
makes sense for that day's 
conditions and needs. 

680
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:56,700
Some days are more work than 
rest. 

681
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:01,000
Other days reverse that ratio, 
you honor your body signals 

682
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:04,500
about needing rest. 
Pushing through fatigue, when 

683
00:38:04,500 --> 00:38:06,600
you have the option to rest is 
counterproductive. 

684
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:09,900
Exhausted. 
People make mistakes and 

685
00:38:09,900 --> 00:38:13,900
mistakes can be costly. 
Rest is part of maintaining your

686
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,500
ability to work effectively. 
The community expects people to 

687
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:22,100
rest appropriately. 
Someone who constantly pushes 

688
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:25,100
themselves without rest is seen 
as foolish rather than 

689
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:28,300
admirable. 
Sustainable effort over time 

690
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,500
matters. 
More than short, bursts of 

691
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:33,700
intense work. 
Your relationship with rest is 

692
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:37,500
practical and positive. 
Rest is not failure or weakness.

693
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:42,300
It is necessary maintenance, you
rest, so you can continue 

694
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:45,400
working you rest. 
So, you remain safe and 

695
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,400
functional, you rest because 
your body and environment 

696
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,900
require it. 
This acceptance makes rest more 

697
00:38:51,900 --> 00:38:55,600
effective, you do not feel 
guilty or anxious while resting,

698
00:38:55,600 --> 00:39:00,100
you simply rest allowing your 
body and mind to recover fully. 

699
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:03,800
When you return to work, you do 
so refreshed rather than 

700
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:08,300
carrying accumulated fatigue. 
The fish you catch of food, but 

701
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:10,700
they do not remain edible 
without proper handling. 

702
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,600
From the moment of fish leaves, 
the water until it's consumed. 

703
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:18,200
You follow practices developed 
over generations to prevent 

704
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:23,100
waste and maintain nutrition. 
This process is skilled work, as

705
00:39:23,100 --> 00:39:26,500
important as the fishing itself.
Fresh fish are handled 

706
00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:29,000
immediately. 
You cannot leave them sitting in

707
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:32,100
warm conditions. 
Even in cold weather, proper 

708
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:34,200
care matters. 
You clean fish. 

709
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:38,300
Efficiently removing entrails 
and saving organs that will be 

710
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:41,000
used. 
Nothing is wasted casually. 

711
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:44,700
The cleaning process happens in 
designated areas, near water, 

712
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:47,200
where waste can be disposed of 
appropriately. 

713
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:52,300
You use sharp knives designed 
for this work making clean cuts 

714
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:54,300
that preserve as much flesh as 
possible. 

715
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:59,200
Your hands know the anatomy of 
different fish species where to 

716
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:01,500
cut, what to save and what to 
discard. 

717
00:40:02,500 --> 00:40:05,400
Blood and fluids from cleaning 
are allowed to drain away or a 

718
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,700
buried in ice or snow. 
This keeps work areas from 

719
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:11,500
becoming slippery and prevent 
scavengers from being attracted 

720
00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:15,100
to Living Spaces. 
Cleanliness and food handling is

721
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:18,300
not about Aesthetics, it is 
about safety and practicality. 

722
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,000
Fish for immediate consumption. 
Might be eaten raw cooked or 

723
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:25,500
prepared in various ways 
depending on species and 

724
00:40:25,500 --> 00:40:27,700
preference. 
You know, which fish are good 

725
00:40:27,708 --> 00:40:31,200
raw which benefit from cooking 
and, which parts are best for 

726
00:40:31,208 --> 00:40:34,100
different preparations. 
Cooking when it happens. 

727
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:38,200
Uses carefully managed heat 
sources fuel is not unlimited. 

728
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,100
So cooking, methods are 
efficient. 

729
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,000
You might use small oil lamps or
carefully rationed wood or other

730
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:46,500
fuel. 
The cooking itself is simple. 

731
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,700
The goal is nourishment rather 
than elaborate cuisine. 

732
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:53,300
Some fish are boiled. 
The simplest cooking method 

733
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:57,800
water in a container is 
overheated, fishes added and the

734
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,600
liquid is kept at a steady 
temperature until the flesh is 

735
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:03,400
done. 
The resulting broth is consumed 

736
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:05,900
as well, providing additional 
nutrition and warmth. 

737
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:09,300
Other Fisher. 
Dried a preservation method that

738
00:41:09,300 --> 00:41:13,300
works well in Arctic conditions.
You split fish open, remove 

739
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:15,800
bones. 
If desired and hang the Flesh in

740
00:41:15,800 --> 00:41:21,400
cold dry air, The wind and low 
humidity slowly remove moisture 

741
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:25,200
concentrating nutrients and 
creating a stable food product. 

742
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:29,200
Trying racks a position to 
maximize airflow while 

743
00:41:29,200 --> 00:41:31,100
protecting fish from direct 
precipitation. 

744
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:34,000
You check drawing fish 
regularly. 

745
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:36,800
Turning pieces to ensure even 
drying. 

746
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,100
Removing any that show signs of 
spoilage before they can 

747
00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:43,000
contaminate others. 
The dried fish become 

748
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:46,500
lightweight and easy to store. 
They can be eaten as is or 

749
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:50,100
reconstituted in water. 
They provide concentrated 

750
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:52,900
nutrition during periods. 
When fresh fishing is impossible

751
00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:56,800
or impractical. 
Small amount of dried, fish 

752
00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,300
provides substantial calories 
and protein. 

753
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:03,000
Freezing is another preservation
method that Arctic conditions 

754
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,700
make simple. 
Fresh fish left in cold air free

755
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:10,300
solid quickly. 
Once Frozen, they remain stable 

756
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:14,600
for extended periods, you store 
frozen fish and protected areas 

757
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,200
where they will not thaw and 
refreeze repeatedly. 

758
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,200
The challenge with frozen food 
is throwing it for consumption. 

759
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:24,500
You cannot simply apply high 
heat to frozen fish. 

760
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,700
The outside overcooked, while 
the inside remains Frozen, you 

761
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:33,000
thought fish gradually either in
cool air or cold water, allowing

762
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:37,200
the process to happen evenly. 
Fermentation, preserves some 

763
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,600
foods through control aging. 
Fish buried in specific 

764
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,000
conditions, develop strong 
flavors, and altered textures 

765
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,600
that some people prefer. 
This process requires knowledge 

766
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:49,700
of safe. 
Fermentation versus dangerous 

767
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:51,800
spoilage. 
You learn the signs. 

768
00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:54,200
That indicate proper aging 
versus contamination. 

769
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:57,900
Fermented foods are not to 
everyone's taste but they 

770
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,500
provide variety and diet and 
preserve fish that might 

771
00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:04,000
otherwise spoil. 
The strong flavors and smells 

772
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:07,600
are normal and expected. 
What would seem spoiled to 

773
00:43:07,608 --> 00:43:10,100
Outsiders is recognized by you 
as properly? 

774
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:13,400
Prepared food? 
Fish oils and fats are saved 

775
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:16,900
carefully. 
These provide concentrated Cal 

776
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,700
essentially in cold conditions, 
you render fats slowly 

777
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:23,400
separating pure oil from other 
tissues. 

778
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:28,600
The oil can be consumed directly
used in cooking or employed in 

779
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:32,100
equipment maintenance. 
Storage containers for fish and 

780
00:43:32,100 --> 00:43:35,200
oil are cleaned. 
Thoroughly between uses old 

781
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:39,000
residues can contaminate new 
food or create off flavors. 

782
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:43,200
You use materials that can be 
cleaned, effectively smooth 

783
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:47,100
wood, skin containers or other 
traditional materials. 

784
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:51,600
Portions are managed carefully. 
You know, roughly how much fish 

785
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:53,600
your household needs for various
time periods. 

786
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,600
You plan to consume fish while 
they are at their best quality 

787
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:00,800
rather than letting them 
deteriorate unnecessarily. 

788
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,900
When community members 
contribute fish to Shared meals,

789
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:07,100
each person brings what they 
can. 

790
00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:11,100
The combined result provides 
variety and abundance that 

791
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:13,700
individual households might not 
achieve a loan. 

792
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:17,600
Everyone eats well and different
preparation methods. 

793
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:21,800
Allow people to share techniques
and preferences Children, learn 

794
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:25,400
food, preparation, gradually. 
They begin with simple tasks, 

795
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:29,200
like carrying water or tending 
small fires as they grow. 

796
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:33,300
They learn cleaning techniques, 
preservation methods and cooking

797
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:36,200
skills. 
By the time, they are adults. 

798
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:41,100
They know the full range of food
handling practices mistakes in 

799
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:42,600
food. 
Preparation are learning 

800
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:44,800
opportunities, but are avoided 
when possible. 

801
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:48,400
Spoiled food is wasted calories 
and lost effort. 

802
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:53,300
You pay attention to signs of 
spoilage, off, smells unusual 

803
00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:57,500
colors and strange textures. 
When in doubt, you discard 

804
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,000
questionable food rather than 
rescue illness. 

805
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:03,500
Meals are regular but not 
elaborate, you eat to maintain 

806
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,700
function and energy. 
Food is nourishing. 

807
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:09,800
Rather than Gourmet, you might 
eat several small meals 

808
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,900
throughout the day rather than a
few large ones, keeping your 

809
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:16,500
energy level steady. 
Hot drinks, provide warmth and 

810
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:19,100
comfort. 
You might prepare tea from local

811
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,000
plants or simply drink. 
Warm water. 

812
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:24,600
The heat helps raise your core 
temperature after cold exposure,

813
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:27,300
you hold the warm container in 
your hands. 

814
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,900
Letting the heat penetrate your 
fingers eating together. 

815
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:35,200
When possible reinforces social 
bonds, shared meals a times for 

816
00:45:35,208 --> 00:45:39,100
conversation and connection. 
Food might be simple, but the 

817
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:43,000
act of eating together matters 
you discuss the days work share 

818
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:45,800
information and make plans 
during hard times. 

819
00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:48,900
When fishing is poor food gets 
shared more carefully but still 

820
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:53,900
fairly Everyone's portion might 
be smaller, but everyone eats. 

821
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:57,300
The community does not allow 
some to Feast While others 

822
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:00,200
starve. 
Resources are distributed to 

823
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:03,700
maintain everyone survival. 
You develop a practical 

824
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:07,100
relationship with Hunger. 
Sometimes you feel hungry, but 

825
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:10,700
must wait to eat. 
This is uncomfortable, but not a

826
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:14,400
crisis, you know, you will eat 
when appropriate sometimes you 

827
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,100
eat, even when not particularly 
hungry. 

828
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:19,200
Because, you know, you will need
the energy later, the cycle of 

829
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:23,100
catching preparing preserving, 
and consuming fish create a 

830
00:46:23,100 --> 00:46:24,700
rhythm alongside the fishing 
itself. 

831
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:27,900
These activities feel time 
during, whether that prevents 

832
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:30,900
phishing, they keep your hands 
busy and your mind occupied. 

833
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:34,100
They are integral parts of the 
fishing life rather than 

834
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:37,200
separate from it. 
Quality of food, preparation 

835
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:40,900
affects quality of life. 
Well, prepared, food tastes 

836
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:44,900
better and keeps you healthier. 
Carelessly prepared food can 

837
00:46:44,900 --> 00:46:47,400
make you sick or provide 
insufficient nutrition. 

838
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:51,100
You take pride in doing the work
properly, knowing it directly 

839
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:53,600
impacts your well-being. 
The knowledge of food 

840
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:56,400
preparation is passed down with 
the same care, as fishing 

841
00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:58,900
knowledge. 
Someone shows you the best way 

842
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:02,400
to split a particular fish. 
For drying, someone else teaches

843
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:04,100
you which organs are most 
nutritious. 

844
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:08,200
Another person demonstrates 
proper fermentation techniques. 

845
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,000
This knowledge is practical 
wisdom tested over Generations. 

846
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:16,000
You trust it? 
Because you have seen it work. 

847
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:19,600
The methods might not make sense
from a modern significant 

848
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:22,000
perspective, but they achieve 
their goals. 

849
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,800
Effectively your relationship 
with Fishers food is 

850
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:29,900
straightforward, Fish not pets 
or companions, they are 

851
00:47:29,908 --> 00:47:33,700
resources that keep you alive. 
You respect this role without 

852
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:37,300
sentimental it. 
The fish served their purpose 

853
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:41,700
and you are grateful for what 
they provide as daylight Fades 

854
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:44,200
or the work day ends. 
You turn towards the shelter of 

855
00:47:44,208 --> 00:47:48,300
your dwelling, the transition 
from outdoor activity to indoor,

856
00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:52,000
rest happens gradually. 
You do not rush inside and 

857
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:54,700
collapse. 
You move through a sequence of 

858
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:56,900
tasks that prepare you for the 
evening ahead. 

859
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:59,800
Outside your entrance. 
You brush snow from your 

860
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:01,900
clothing. 
Methodically this prevents 

861
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:05,000
bringing unnecessary. 
Moisture indoors you stamp your 

862
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,300
feet. 
Dislodging packed snow from boot

863
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:10,000
treads. 
These small actions, reduce the 

864
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:14,000
amount of water vapor that will 
accumulate inside inside the 

865
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:17,000
temperature is noticeably warmer
than Outdoors, though. 

866
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:20,300
Still far from hot The 
difference is enough to make you

867
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:22,400
comfortable after proper 
clothing removal. 

868
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:24,700
You peel off outer layers 
carefully. 

869
00:48:24,700 --> 00:48:27,200
Checking each piece for damage, 
as you remove it. 

870
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,800
Wet or vampires get hung to dry 
and positions that maximize air 

871
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:33,800
circulation without blocking 
pathways. 

872
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,800
Your range them carefully 
knowing that improperly dried 

873
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:39,900
clothing will be stiff or Frozen
by morning. 

874
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:42,800
The air inside holds limited 
moisture. 

875
00:48:42,800 --> 00:48:45,100
So drying happens slowly but 
steadily. 

876
00:48:45,100 --> 00:48:47,500
Your boots get special 
attention. 

877
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:51,200
You remove the insulating 
material from inside, spreading 

878
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:53,600
it to dry. 
Completely the boots themselves 

879
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:57,800
are loosen to allow airflow but 
not removed entirely until you 

880
00:48:57,800 --> 00:48:59,900
assure your feet of warmed 
adequately. 

881
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,300
Sudden temperature change can be
painful in that once you're out 

882
00:49:04,308 --> 00:49:06,300
of gear is addressed, you can 
attend to comfort. 

883
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:10,900
You might sit near a small heat 
Source warming hands and face 

884
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,500
directly. 
The heat feels Pleasant after 

885
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:16,800
hours in cold air. 
You do not take it for granted. 

886
00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,100
Light. 
Inside comes from oil, lamps 

887
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:21,500
burning fish oil or other 
rendered fats. 

888
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:23,800
The Flames are small but 
sufficient. 

889
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:27,700
They provide enough illumination
for close work without consuming

890
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:30,400
excessive fuel. 
Your eyes are just to the 

891
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,600
dimness easily. 
After Time Outdoors the smell of

892
00:49:33,608 --> 00:49:37,000
burning oil is a constant 
presence near the pleasant nor 

893
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:39,800
unpleasant. 
It is simply the smell of being 

894
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:43,400
indoors, your associate it with 
warmth, safety and rest. 

895
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,500
The smell becomes comforting 
through familiarity. 

896
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:49,200
Evening meals, might be 
prepared. 

897
00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:52,000
Now, the cooking and eating 
schedule's vary based on the 

898
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:55,500
dais activities. 
If you're hungry, you eat. 

899
00:49:55,500 --> 00:49:58,700
If not, you might wait or have 
something small. 

900
00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:02,400
There is no rigid meal. 
Schedule to follow food. 

901
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:05,000
Preparation during evening's is 
often simple. 

902
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:07,400
You might warm something already
cooked. 

903
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:11,200
Eat preserved fish without 
additional preparation or make a

904
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:13,600
simple stew from available 
ingredients. 

905
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:17,300
The goal is nourishment rather 
than culinary achievement. 

906
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,100
While food warms or between 
other tasks. 

907
00:50:20,100 --> 00:50:21,800
You work on equipment 
maintenance. 

908
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,800
This is primetime for detailed 
work, that requires good light 

909
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:29,100
and warm fingers. 
You sit near a lamp tools and 

910
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:32,000
material spread around you and 
address whatever needs 

911
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,300
attention. 
So in torn seems is common 

912
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,500
evening work. 
You thread sin, you through a 

913
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:42,300
needle, the material stiff and 
difficult to work with until it 

914
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:45,700
warms in your hands. 
The stitches must be tight and 

915
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:49,900
even you work slowly in quality 
over speed. 

916
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:54,600
Other repair work, might involve
sharpening blades, adjusting 

917
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:59,100
bindings waterproofing, seams or
crafting, small replacement 

918
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:02,500
parts. 
Your hands stay busy while your 

919
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:04,600
mind settles into the calm 
Focus. 

920
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:08,600
That details work requires 
Conversation happens naturally. 

921
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:11,500
If others are present. 
You might discuss the days 

922
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:14,700
fishing, share observations 
about whether or ice conditions 

923
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:19,200
or tell stories from the past. 
The talk is relaxed and 

924
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,200
intermittent. 
Long silence is a comfortable 

925
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:25,000
children. 
If pressed a winding down from 

926
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,400
their own day, They might be 
working on small tasks 

927
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:31,000
appropriate to their age playing
quietly. 

928
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:34,700
Will simply sitting near adults 
and absorbing the evenings car 

929
00:51:34,700 --> 00:51:37,400
atmosphere. 
Bedtime for children happens 

930
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:39,800
when they become sleepy rather 
than, at a fixed. 

931
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:42,300
Our The sounds of evening 
inside. 

932
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:46,900
A gentle, the crackle of lamp 
Flames the scrape of tools 

933
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:50,800
against materials, being 
repaired occasional voices and 

934
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:52,800
the rustle of people shifting 
position. 

935
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:56,800
These sounds create a peaceful 
backdrop to the hours. 

936
00:51:57,800 --> 00:52:00,500
You might check food stores 
during the evening, assessing, 

937
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:02,200
what you have and what you will 
need soon. 

938
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:06,300
This mental inventory helps plan
the next day's activities. 

939
00:52:07,100 --> 00:52:09,600
If supplies are running low, you
may make a note to prioritize 

940
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:11,600
fishing or Preparation of 
preserved Foods. 

941
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,700
Personal hygiene receives 
attention when possible. 

942
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:18,500
You might wipe down with snow or
water cleaning face and hands at

943
00:52:18,508 --> 00:52:22,000
minimum, full bathing is not 
frequent due to the difficulty 

944
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:25,300
of warming enough water, and the
cold air, but you maintain basic

945
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:27,900
cleanliness. 
Your sleeping area gets 

946
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:29,700
prepared. 
While you're still fully awake, 

947
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:33,700
your range, Furs, and skins, 
check that everything is 

948
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,900
positioned for warmth and lay 
out clothing for more morning. 

949
00:52:38,200 --> 00:52:41,400
This preparation means you can 
settle into sleep smoothly when 

950
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:44,700
tiredness arrives. 
Stories might be shared during 

951
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:47,500
evening hours passed down 
knowledge mixed with 

952
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,400
entertainment. 
Someone recounts a hunting 

953
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:53,900
experience from years ago, 
detailing, the decisions made 

954
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:57,200
and Lessons Learned. 
These stories serve multiple 

955
00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,700
purposes, they preserve 
knowledge, entertain and 

956
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:04,700
reinforce Community bonds. 
You listen to these stories, 

957
00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:08,100
even if you have heard them 
before, repetition is part of 

958
00:53:08,108 --> 00:53:11,300
oral tradition. 
Each telling might include 

959
00:53:11,300 --> 00:53:15,400
slightly different details or 
emphasis A familiar story is a 

960
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:16,600
comforting in their 
predictability. 

961
00:53:17,800 --> 00:53:20,300
If you are skilled in 
storytelling yourself, you might

962
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:21,900
share when the moment feels 
right. 

963
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:26,600
You do not perform dramatically,
you simply recount events or 

964
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:28,600
knowledge in your natural 
speaking voice. 

965
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:32,800
The value is in the information 
and connection, not the 

966
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,400
theatrical presentation. 
Songs exist in your culture 

967
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:38,000
though. 
They are not performed 

968
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:41,000
constantly. 
Someone might sing quietly while

969
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:45,400
working on a task, the melody, 
helping maintain Rhythm or a 

970
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:48,800
song might be shared as part of 
a story demonstrating, something

971
00:53:48,800 --> 00:53:52,100
about the past. 
The evening is also a time for 

972
00:53:52,100 --> 00:53:55,600
teaching moments. 
A young person asks about a 

973
00:53:55,600 --> 00:53:58,500
technique and you demonstrate 
using materials at hand. 

974
00:53:59,200 --> 00:54:03,300
The lesson is informal but 
valuable knowledge transfers 

975
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:06,100
through the small exchanges as 
much as through formal 

976
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,100
instruction. 
You might inspect items that 

977
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,300
will be needed to Morrow. 
Making sure everything is ready.

978
00:54:13,200 --> 00:54:17,000
This prevents morning confusion 
and allows you to start the day 

979
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,200
efficiently. 
Preparation is easier when you 

980
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:23,100
are alert and comfortable rather
than rushed and cold. 

981
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:28,300
As evening deepens toward night,
activity, gradually decreases 

982
00:54:28,300 --> 00:54:30,900
lamps. 
Might be extinguished, except 

983
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:32,900
for one or two kept burning for 
safety. 

984
00:54:33,900 --> 00:54:37,800
The light level deals signaling 
to your body that sleep time is 

985
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:40,000
approaching. 
You begin to feel the days 

986
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:43,100
fatigue more clearly. 
As you relax muscles, that were 

987
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:46,400
tense from cold or efforts, 
start to ease your breathing, 

988
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:50,600
slows your mind, shifts from 
active planning toward quieter 

989
00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:54,600
less directed thoughts, The 
final tasks of the evening are 

990
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,200
completed without rush. 
You check that, everything is 

991
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:00,200
secure that heat sources are 
safe and that morning 

992
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,200
Necessities are accessible. 
Then you settle into your 

993
00:55:03,208 --> 00:55:06,400
sleeping area arranged for 
maximum Comfort within the 

994
00:55:06,408 --> 00:55:10,300
constraints of your environment.
The transition from waking to 

995
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,300
sleeping is gradual, you lie 
still feeling the weight of Furs

996
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:17,100
and skins over. 
You aware of warmth accumulating

997
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:21,600
in your sleeping space. 
Outside wind might be audible or

998
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:25,300
the dwelling might be silent 
either way your sheltered and 

999
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,900
safe. 
Your thoughts drift without 

1000
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:31,800
particular direction, you might 
review the day briefly or think 

1001
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:35,000
ahead to tomorrow, but mostly 
you simply allow your mind to 

1002
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:37,400
settle. 
Sleep will come when it comes. 

1003
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:41,100
You do not force it. 
The evening has served its 

1004
00:55:41,100 --> 00:55:43,600
purpose. 
You have eaten completed 

1005
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:47,100
necessary, work maintained 
equipment and dwelling and 

1006
00:55:47,100 --> 00:55:50,600
prepared for rest. 
This routine provides structure 

1007
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:53,500
and satisfaction, the day has 
been lived. 

1008
00:55:53,500 --> 00:55:58,800
And now it can end Night in the 
Arctic is measured less by clock

1009
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:02,800
hours than by darkness and 
quiet. during winter months 

1010
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:07,400
night extends, for long periods,
blending, with day into a 

1011
00:56:07,408 --> 00:56:12,400
Continuum of cold and Stillness,
During summer nightmare, barely 

1012
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:17,100
exists the sun hovering near the
Horizon before Rising again. 

1013
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:21,700
Your body adapt to these extreme
through seasonal rhythms built 

1014
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:24,300
over years. 
In your sleeping space. 

1015
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:26,700
Darkness is deep when lamps are 
extinguished. 

1016
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:31,100
The Blackness is complete 
Unbroken by streetlights or 

1017
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:35,100
ambient glow. 
This darkness is restful your 

1018
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:38,500
eyes, have nothing to track 
allowing complete relaxation of 

1019
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:41,500
visual Focus. 
The cold presses against your 

1020
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:44,500
dwellings walls, but inside your
sleeping Arrangement, warmth 

1021
00:56:44,500 --> 00:56:48,900
accumulates your body, heat 
trapped by layers of fur and 

1022
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:52,100
skin creates a microclimate that
allows sleep. 

1023
00:56:52,100 --> 00:56:54,400
Despite temperatures that would 
be dangerous if you were 

1024
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:58,700
exposed, you sleep in positions 
that maximize want retention, 

1025
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:03,900
you might curl slightly reducing
surface area exposed to air or 

1026
00:57:03,900 --> 00:57:07,800
you sleep close to others 
sharing Heat The positions are 

1027
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:10,800
not always comfortable by modern
standards but they are familiar 

1028
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:14,700
and functional your breathing 
creates small clouds of moisture

1029
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:16,800
in the cold are beyond your 
sleeping covers. 

1030
00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:20,800
This moisture freezes. 
Sometimes creating Frost 

1031
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:24,400
patterns on nearby. 
Surfaces in the morning this 

1032
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:27,500
Frost will need to be managed 
but during the night you ignore 

1033
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:30,100
it. 
Dreams during Arctic nights can 

1034
00:57:30,100 --> 00:57:34,200
be Vivid and strange the long 
darkness and isolation sometimes

1035
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:35,800
create unusual. 
Dream content. 

1036
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:40,700
You might dream of fishing as 
expected, but also of impossible

1037
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:44,500
things, warm places. 
You have never seen people who 

1038
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:49,700
do not exist and situations that
make no sense upon waking. these

1039
00:57:49,700 --> 00:57:52,700
dreams are not concerning, they 
are simply how your mind 

1040
00:57:52,708 --> 00:57:56,600
processes experiences and 
stimuli You wake from them 

1041
00:57:56,600 --> 00:58:00,100
without distress letting the 
strange images fade, as you 

1042
00:58:00,108 --> 00:58:01,800
Orient yourself to waking 
reality. 

1043
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:06,100
Sometimes you wake during the 
night for practical reasons, 

1044
00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:10,400
your body needs to urinate or 
you hear a sound that requires 

1045
00:58:10,400 --> 00:58:13,500
checking or you're too warm and 
need to adjust your covers. 

1046
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:17,608
You address these needs without 
fully waking moving in, a half 

1047
00:58:17,616 --> 00:58:20,200
sleep state. 
Getting up during the night 

1048
00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:23,900
means exposing yourself to cold.
You do this as quickly and 

1049
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:27,300
efficiently as possible, you 
emerge from your warm sleeping 

1050
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:31,000
space attend to what is needed 
and return to warmth the 

1051
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:35,000
immediately. cold shock helps 
you appreciate the comfort of 

1052
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,600
your sleeping Arrangement, even 
more If you must go outside 

1053
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,300
during the night, you pull on 
essential outer layers. 

1054
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:45,400
First, you do not Venture into 
the Arctic night on protected, 

1055
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:48,800
even brief exposure can be 
dangerous if you're not properly

1056
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:53,300
dressed Few minutes outside feel
very long in deep cold and 

1057
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:57,700
darkness. returning inside after
such a trip, you feel profound 

1058
00:58:57,700 --> 00:59:01,900
relief at being back in shelter,
your sleeping space, which 

1059
00:59:01,900 --> 00:59:06,600
seemed merely adequate before 
now feels luxurious This 

1060
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:11,300
contrast is part of Arctic Life.
Comfort is relative and deeply 

1061
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:15,100
appreciated, when present. 
Children sometimes wake during 

1062
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,100
the night with fears or 
discomfort, they are comforted 

1063
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:23,100
quietly without fuss, a hand on 
their shoulder, a quiet word and

1064
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:25,600
the reassurance of presence, 
usually suffice. 

1065
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:28,900
The night holds no unusual 
dangers, beyond the ordinary 

1066
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:32,700
cold, and dark that everyone 
manages the elderly sometimes, 

1067
00:59:32,700 --> 00:59:35,600
sleep, fitfully waking multiple 
times during the night. 

1068
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:39,500
This is accepted as normal. 
They might lie, awake for 

1069
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:43,400
periods, listening to the sounds
of the dwelling thinking their 

1070
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:46,500
own thoughts. 
Eventually sleep returns or 

1071
00:59:46,500 --> 00:59:48,500
morning comes and the night is 
passed. 

1072
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:52,200
Snoring from sleeping people is 
common and mostly ignored. 

1073
00:59:52,200 --> 00:59:55,200
If someone snoring is 
particularly loud, they might be

1074
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:58,600
nudged to shift position, which 
usually quiets them temporarily.

1075
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:01,600
This is done without anger or 
complaint. 

1076
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:04,100
It is simply a practical 
adjustment. 

1077
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:07,600
The sounds of night are 
different from day sounds. 

1078
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:12,700
The wind might change pitch or 
intensity, ice makes occasional 

1079
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:15,200
cracking or groaning. 
Sounds as it shifts with 

1080
01:00:15,208 --> 01:00:18,800
temperature changes. 
These sounds are familiar and 

1081
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:21,900
usually not alarming though. 
You remain what alert to 

1082
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:25,200
anything unusual? 
If a storm intensifies during 

1083
01:00:25,200 --> 01:00:28,200
the night, you might wake to 
allow the wind noise or the 

1084
01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:30,200
sound of snow being driven 
against your dwelling. 

1085
01:00:30,800 --> 01:00:32,800
You assess whether any action is
needed. 

1086
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:38,100
Usually, it is not. 
You're inside safe and can 

1087
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:41,500
simply wait out the storm. you 
return to sleep, knowing you 

1088
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:44,000
will deal with morning 
conditions, when morning comes, 

1089
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:49,200
Occasionally night brings sounds
that do require response ice 

1090
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:51,200
movement near, the dwelling 
might need to be checked. 

1091
01:00:52,100 --> 01:00:55,400
Shift in wind direction, might 
mean securing something that has

1092
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:58,300
come loose, you address these 
issues promptly. 

1093
01:00:58,300 --> 01:01:02,100
Then return to rest. 
The total silence that can 

1094
01:01:02,100 --> 01:01:03,900
occur. 
During Karma Arctic nights is 

1095
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:07,200
profound. 
No traffic, no Machinery. 

1096
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:10,300
No human activity beyond your 
small community. 

1097
01:01:11,300 --> 01:01:14,500
The quiet is so complete, that 
your own heartbeat becomes 

1098
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:17,500
Audible. 
This silence is peaceful rather 

1099
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:20,900
than Neri for you. 
It is the normal Sound Of Night.

1100
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:24,800
Your sleep cycles during long 
Arctic nights might be different

1101
01:01:24,800 --> 01:01:26,000
from sleep in other 
environments. 

1102
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:28,400
You might sleep for several 
hours. 

1103
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:31,000
Wake for a period then sleep 
again. 

1104
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:35,300
This by facing or polyphasic, 
sleep is functional for your 

1105
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:38,300
lifestyle. 
You do not fight it or see it is

1106
01:01:38,300 --> 01:01:40,600
insomnia. 
The waking period during the 

1107
01:01:40,608 --> 01:01:42,700
night might be used for quiet 
tasks. 

1108
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:46,500
You might tend to a lamp check 
on someone else or simply lie, 

1109
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:50,900
awake thinking, Eventually 
drowsiness returns and you slip 

1110
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:53,700
back into sleep without stress 
about having been awake. 

1111
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,100
Physical Comfort during sleep is
managed through careful, 

1112
01:01:57,100 --> 01:01:58,600
arrangement of bedding and 
clothing. 

1113
01:01:58,600 --> 01:02:01,000
You might adjust layers during 
the night. 

1114
01:02:01,000 --> 01:02:02,800
If you become too warm or too 
cold. 

1115
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:06,600
These adjustments happen. 
Semi-conscious without fully 

1116
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:09,700
waking. 
Safety concerns during sleep and

1117
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:11,400
minimal. 
Once you're settled in a secured

1118
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:15,500
dwelling, You're not vulnerable 
to Predators or whether the main

1119
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:19,200
risks are fire from unattended 
lamps or extreme cold. 

1120
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,200
If heating fails. 
But these are managed through 

1121
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:24,100
careful preparation before 
sleep. 

1122
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:27,900
Trust in your dwellings 
construction, allows relaxation 

1123
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:31,100
into deep sleep. 
The structure has been tested 

1124
01:02:31,100 --> 01:02:34,800
against Arctic conditions, many 
times, you know its limits and 

1125
01:02:34,800 --> 01:02:38,500
capabilities, this knowledge 
enables rest without anxiety. 

1126
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:43,200
Mourning, approaches gradually 
and some seas and rapidly and 

1127
01:02:43,200 --> 01:02:45,800
others. 
During winter, you might wait to

1128
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:49,700
continue Darkness with only your
internal sense of time, telling 

1129
01:02:49,700 --> 01:02:54,100
you Morning has arrived. 
During some light of eventually 

1130
01:02:54,100 --> 01:02:56,800
penetrates through whatever 
covering your eyes or dwellings 

1131
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,700
walls. 
The transition from sleep to 

1132
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:03,200
waking is gentle when possible, 
you become aware of your body, 

1133
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:05,800
the temperature and the sounds 
around you. 

1134
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:11,400
You assess how you feel rested 
or still tired, warm or cold, 

1135
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:14,000
ready to rise or needing more 
rest? 

1136
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,900
If you feel genuinely rested, 
you begin the process of getting

1137
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:21,400
up. if you still feel tired and 
nothing, urgent demands, 

1138
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:26,700
attention, you might dose longer
The flexibility to match waking 

1139
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:29,600
to actual rest. 
Needs is a practical luxury. 

1140
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:33,100
Rising from your sleeping. 
Space means leaving warmth for 

1141
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:35,700
cold. 
You do this, decisively want to 

1142
01:03:35,700 --> 01:03:38,500
committed pulling on layers 
while still lying down when 

1143
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:41,000
possible. 
Then emerging ready to face the 

1144
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,500
days temperature, the night is 
passed. 

1145
01:03:43,500 --> 01:03:48,200
Your body is rested and prepared
itself for another day. 

1146
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:51,300
Sleep has served its essential 
function. 

1147
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:56,400
You're ready to begin again, the
life you lead is an Inuit Fisher

1148
01:03:56,400 --> 01:04:00,200
in the Arctic is not a story of 
dramatic struggles, overcome or 

1149
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:04,700
exciting Adventures survived. 
It is a long quiet practice of 

1150
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:09,200
attention and adaptation 
repeated daily across years and 

1151
01:04:09,200 --> 01:04:12,600
generations. 
This continuity is both the 

1152
01:04:12,608 --> 01:04:16,300
challenge and the reward each 
morning looks similar to the 

1153
01:04:16,300 --> 01:04:19,700
one. 
Before you wake dress, tend to 

1154
01:04:19,700 --> 01:04:21,400
equipment and move toward the 
water. 

1155
01:04:22,500 --> 01:04:26,700
The specific details vary, 
whether differs fish respond 

1156
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:30,100
differently, small problems, 
arise in a solved. 

1157
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:34,900
But the overall pattern remains 
constant, this sameness is not 

1158
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:37,000
monotonous. 
It is reliable. 

1159
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:41,600
Your children, observe this 
reliability and absorb it, they 

1160
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:44,300
see that life continues through 
steady effort rather than 

1161
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:47,700
dramatic gestures. 
They learn that survival in the 

1162
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:49,800
Arctic depends on doing ordinary
things. 

1163
01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:53,500
Well, repeatedly without 
expectation of Praise or 

1164
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,100
excitement. 
The knowledge you hold was 

1165
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:58,900
passed you by people who learned
it from others before them. 

1166
01:04:59,800 --> 01:05:03,000
Techniques for reading, ice 
conditions methods for 

1167
01:05:03,000 --> 01:05:06,400
preserving fish, designs for 
clothing and Equipment. 

1168
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:09,900
All of this arrived to you, 
through chains of transmission 

1169
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,700
stretching back further than 
anyone can remember. 

1170
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:17,100
You will pass this knowledge 
forward in turn a young person 

1171
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:20,200
watching you today will remember
how you handle a particular task

1172
01:05:20,200 --> 01:05:23,100
years from now. 
They will perform that same 

1173
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:25,500
task, using what they learned by
observation. 

1174
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:30,900
Chain continues unbroken this 
transmission happens without 

1175
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:34,800
ceremonial formal recognition. 
Knowledge flows through daily 

1176
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:38,800
life, absorbed gradually through
participation and observation. 

1177
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,000
The learning is practical rather
than theoretical. 

1178
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:46,300
You do not explain principles, 
you demonstrate practices 

1179
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:50,300
adaptations occur slowly within 
this conservative system. 

1180
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:54,100
If someone discovers a slightly 
better way to accomplish a task,

1181
01:05:54,100 --> 01:05:56,600
it spreads gradually through the
community. 

1182
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:00,800
The Improvement is of evaluated 
through use rather than declared

1183
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:03,700
revolutionary. 
What works persists? 

1184
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:08,100
What does not work, Fades away? 
Your relationship with the 

1185
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:11,000
environment is neither 
romanticized nor antagonistic. 

1186
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:15,500
The Arctic is not an enemy to 
conquer or a paradise to praise.

1187
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:19,700
It is the place you live with 
its particular conditions and 

1188
01:06:19,700 --> 01:06:22,800
requirements. 
You adapt to it because you must

1189
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:26,800
and because you can The 
hardships you face are real but 

1190
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:29,500
not exceptional to you cold is 
expected. 

1191
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:34,200
Limited resources are normal. 
The constant attention required 

1192
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:36,300
for safety? 
Is simply part of living here. 

1193
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:39,600
You do not compare your life to 
ease your lives elsewhere 

1194
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:41,900
because such comparisons serve. 
No purpose. 

1195
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:44,800
Comfort. 
When it exists is deeply 

1196
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:47,800
appreciated, precisely because 
it is not constant. 

1197
01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:51,400
The warmth of your dwelling 
after cold exposure, feels 

1198
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:54,900
genuinely good. 
A successful Fishing Day brings 

1199
01:06:54,900 --> 01:06:59,100
real satisfaction. 
These moments of comfort and 

1200
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:01,800
success are earned through the 
surrounding context of 

1201
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:04,700
difficulty. 
You do not complain much about 

1202
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:08,500
hardships because complaining 
changes, nothing the cold will 

1203
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:10,900
remain cold regardless of your 
feelings about it. 

1204
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:14,500
Fish will either be present or 
absent independent of your 

1205
01:07:14,500 --> 01:07:17,700
wishes energy. 
Spent on complaint is energy 

1206
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:21,500
wasted. 
Instead you focus on what can be

1207
01:07:21,508 --> 01:07:24,000
controlled, you can maintain 
equipment. 

1208
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:27,600
Well, you can make careful 
decisions about when and where 

1209
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,500
to fish. 
You can share resources, fairly,

1210
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:32,700
you can teach younger people 
accurately. 

1211
01:07:33,600 --> 01:07:37,100
These actions have affects. 
Seasons cycle through their 

1212
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:39,600
patterns and you cycle through 
corresponding tasks. 

1213
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:42,400
Winter work. 
Differs from Summer work. 

1214
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:47,000
Spring preparation, differs from
Full storage this variation 

1215
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:49,600
provides structure to the year 
while maintaining overall 

1216
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:53,000
consistency. 
Your identity is shaped by this 

1217
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:56,700
life in ways you rarely 
articulate, you are a person who

1218
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,100
knows how to function in extreme
cold. 

1219
01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:01,400
You're someone who can read ice 
conditions. 

1220
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:04,700
You are part of a community that
depends on fishing. 

1221
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:08,500
These aspects of identity are 
foundational rather than 

1222
01:08:08,500 --> 01:08:11,500
decorative. 
A connection between Generations

1223
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:14,500
creates a form of continuity 
that transcends individual 

1224
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:17,100
lives. 
You are living a life, similar 

1225
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:20,399
to your grandparents lives, and 
your grandchildren will likely 

1226
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:22,700
live. 
Similarly, to yours, this 

1227
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:26,600
Longview can be comforting. 
You are part of something larger

1228
01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:30,399
and more enduring than yourself 
change, does occur over time. 

1229
01:08:30,399 --> 01:08:34,000
New materials, might become 
available different fishing 

1230
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,000
techniques, might prove 
effective outside. 

1231
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:39,899
Influences might introduce new 
ideas or tools. 

1232
01:08:39,899 --> 01:08:44,500
You evaluate these changes 
practically adopting what helps 

1233
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,200
and discarding. 
What does not. the core 

1234
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:52,000
practices remain stable, even as
details of old, you still need 

1235
01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:56,800
to catch fish, preserve food, 
maintain equipment and survive, 

1236
01:08:56,800 --> 01:09:00,200
cold, the methods for 
accomplishing these goals might 

1237
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:05,500
adjust, but the goals themselves
persist Your days are full of 

1238
01:09:05,500 --> 01:09:07,800
small decisions made 
automatically based on 

1239
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:11,899
accumulated experience, you 
decide which fishing spot to try

1240
01:09:11,899 --> 01:09:14,000
based on factors. 
You're not even consciously 

1241
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:18,399
considering is superintendent 
wind direction, time of year, 

1242
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:22,700
recent success and intuition 
built from Decades of 

1243
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:26,200
observation. 
These automatic decisions are a 

1244
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:28,600
form of expertise that cannot 
easily be explained to 

1245
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:31,200
Outsiders. 
You might not even be able to 

1246
01:09:31,207 --> 01:09:34,600
fully explain your reasoning. 
You simply know what usually 

1247
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:36,899
works, and you follow that 
knowledge. 

1248
01:09:37,700 --> 01:09:42,000
Mistake still happen, despite 
experience you misjudge ice 

1249
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:44,300
thickness. 
Occasionally, you fail to notice

1250
01:09:44,300 --> 01:09:47,600
equipment damage and time. 
You make errors in preservation 

1251
01:09:47,600 --> 01:09:51,000
that cost, you food these 
mistakes, teach you, or remind 

1252
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:53,800
you to pay attention. 
They are part of learning that 

1253
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:57,500
never completely ends the 
community tolerates individual 

1254
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:00,200
mistakes while maintaining 
expectations of General 

1255
01:10:00,200 --> 01:10:02,700
competence. 
Everyone makes errors. 

1256
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:05,800
Sometimes what matters is 
learning from them and not 

1257
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:07,600
repeating the same mistake 
carelessly. 

1258
01:10:08,700 --> 01:10:10,900
Patterns of incompetence and 
noted and addressed. 

1259
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:15,100
But isolated airas are accepted 
your contribution to the 

1260
01:10:15,108 --> 01:10:16,800
community, is measured over 
time. 

1261
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:20,800
Rather than in single events you
might have an excellent fishing 

1262
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:24,700
week, followed by a poor one, 
over one months and years, your 

1263
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:26,700
overall contribution, balances 
out. 

1264
01:10:27,600 --> 01:10:30,500
This long-term view reduces 
pressure while maintaining 

1265
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:33,900
accountability. 
As you age, Your Role shifts 

1266
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:37,600
gradually. 
Physical tasks become harder but

1267
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:40,800
your knowledge becomes deeper 
and more valuable younger. 

1268
01:10:40,800 --> 01:10:43,700
People begin to consult you 
about decisions or techniques. 

1269
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:47,700
You transition from primarily 
doing to primarily knowing and 

1270
01:10:47,700 --> 01:10:50,100
teaching. 
This transition is not 

1271
01:10:50,100 --> 01:10:53,700
retirement, you remain active, 
and contributing, as long as 

1272
01:10:53,700 --> 01:10:57,400
you're able, the nature of your 
contributions, simply changes. 

1273
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:01,400
You might spend more time on 
detail work and less on heavy 

1274
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:04,000
labor, but you are still part of
the communities function. 

1275
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:08,700
Eventually, you will not be able
to continue age or injury or 

1276
01:11:08,700 --> 01:11:10,400
illness, will end your fishing 
life. 

1277
01:11:11,200 --> 01:11:14,300
When this happens, you will be 
cared for by the community. 

1278
01:11:14,300 --> 01:11:17,600
You have contributed to 
throughout your life, the cycle 

1279
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:20,700
of giving and receiving balances
across Generations. 

1280
01:11:20,700 --> 01:11:25,000
After your gone, the fishing 
life will continue other people 

1281
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:29,000
will walk the ice, you walked 
fish, the waters, you fished and

1282
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:32,900
maintain equipment in the ways. 
You demonstrated your individual

1283
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:36,700
presence will be missed, but the
continuity will not break. 

1284
01:11:37,700 --> 01:11:40,700
This is the nature of Inuit 
fishing life in the Arctic 

1285
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:44,300
along, quiet. 
Practice of survival and skill 

1286
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:48,500
passed forward through Time by 
people who value competence over

1287
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:51,400
comfort and continuity over 
change. 

1288
01:11:52,100 --> 01:11:55,600
The hardships are real met with 
patients and practical knowledge

1289
01:11:55,600 --> 01:12:00,300
rather than drama or despair. 
You settle into sleep tonight, 

1290
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:02,500
having lived another day in this
long tradition. 

1291
01:12:03,300 --> 01:12:05,800
Tomorrow will bring similar 
tasks and challenges. 

1292
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:10,300
You will meet them as you did 
today with attention and steady 

1293
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:13,400
effort. 
The ice will be cold, the work 

1294
01:12:13,400 --> 01:12:16,400
will be demanding, and you will 
persist, because this is what 

1295
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:18,900
you do. 
This is what has always been 

1296
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:20,800
done. 
This is what will continue. 

1297
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:28,100
The sun is lowering toward the 
Western Horizon and you'll 

1298
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,900
standing on a slight rise in the
Kalahari watching the afternoon 

1299
01:12:31,900 --> 01:12:36,400
transformed into something, 
entirely different This moment. 

1300
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:39,700
What photographers centuries 
later would call the gold and 

1301
01:12:39,700 --> 01:12:43,200
our is when experienced Hunters 
would begin reading. 

1302
01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:44,800
The landscape with the 
attention. 

1303
01:12:44,800 --> 01:12:47,900
Most people reserved for their 
favorite books, your traveling 

1304
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,700
with small Hunting Party from 
the sand people often called 

1305
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:55,000
Bushman, though. 
That term never quite captures 

1306
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:57,500
the sophistication of their 
relationship with this land. 

1307
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:01,200
These are people whose ancestors
have lived here for tens of 

1308
01:13:01,208 --> 01:13:04,200
thousands of years accumulating 
knowledge, the way a library 

1309
01:13:04,200 --> 01:13:07,500
accumulates books. 
One generation carefully adding 

1310
01:13:07,500 --> 01:13:10,000
to what came before the light at
this hour. 

1311
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:11,700
Doesn't just illuminate the 
Savannah. 

1312
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:16,600
It reveals it Shadows, grow 
longer, creating texture and 

1313
01:13:16,608 --> 01:13:19,600
depth that make, animal tracks 
stand out like writing on a 

1314
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:22,100
page. 
The hunters, you're with have 

1315
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:26,700
been walking since before Dawn 
covering, perhaps 15 miles and 

1316
01:13:26,700 --> 01:13:29,100
they're now scanning the 
environment with eyes that 

1317
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:32,000
notice everything. 
They're not looking for big 

1318
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:35,600
obvious signs. 
They're reading subtle changes 

1319
01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:39,600
in how grass bends noticing 
where dust has been Disturbed 

1320
01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:42,800
and observing which birds are 
alarmed and which are settling 

1321
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,500
down for evening. 
One of the hunters kneels beside

1322
01:13:45,500 --> 01:13:49,000
what looks to you like unmarked 
dirt to him. 

1323
01:13:49,000 --> 01:13:51,800
It's a story written in soil and
Shadow. 

1324
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:56,700
And Antelope passed here. 
Maybe two hours ago, moving at 

1325
01:13:56,700 --> 01:13:59,700
an unhurried Pace toward water. 
Track shows. 

1326
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:03,100
No signs of injury. 
Noah regularity in gate. 

1327
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:05,800
This animal isn't worth pursuing
now. 

1328
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:09,900
It's healthy alert and heading 
away from where the group needs 

1329
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:12,100
to camp. 
Better to notice. 

1330
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:15,100
Its passage and move on. 
The temperature is beginning its

1331
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:17,200
evening. 
Descent dropping from the 

1332
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,400
mid-80s told what will be a 
surprisingly cool night in the 

1333
01:14:20,400 --> 01:14:24,100
60s. 
In the Kalahari, the dry season 

1334
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:26,800
creates these dramatic 
temperature swings that catch 

1335
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:29,900
visitors off-guard. 
You've learned to appreciate how

1336
01:14:29,900 --> 01:14:32,600
the hunters are just their Pace 
with the changing temperature. 

1337
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:36,800
Moving more slowly as the days 
heat releases, its grip. 

1338
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:41,400
Conserving energy for the work 
of making camp, water, defined 

1339
01:14:41,400 --> 01:14:44,700
everything in this landscape, 
the nearest permanent water 

1340
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:48,000
sources, two days walk from 
here, but the hunters know about

1341
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:50,800
temporary pans. 
Shallow depressions that hold 

1342
01:14:50,800 --> 01:14:54,200
rainwater for weeks after 
storms, they also know about 

1343
01:14:54,200 --> 01:14:57,600
roots and tubers that store 
moisture about the buffer fruit 

1344
01:14:57,600 --> 01:15:00,900
that can be squeezed for liquid 
and about dozens of plants that 

1345
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:04,000
offer hydration to those who 
know where to look and how to 

1346
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:06,600
prepare them. 
The evening air carries sense 

1347
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:08,600
that creatin invisible map of 
the environment. 

1348
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:11,900
Somewhere to the Northeast, may 
be a mild distance. 

1349
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:15,600
There's a herd of wildebeest. 
You can catch their musky smell.

1350
01:15:15,600 --> 01:15:19,800
When the breeze shifts closer. 
There's the sharp green center 

1351
01:15:19,800 --> 01:15:21,800
of crushed leaves. 
Were some animal has been 

1352
01:15:21,808 --> 01:15:24,000
browsing. 
And underneath everything, 

1353
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:26,900
there's the distinctive smell of
the Savannah itself. 

1354
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:32,000
Dust dried grass and the faint 
mineral Tang of distant water. 

1355
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:34,400
Bird calls, create a sound 
skate. 

1356
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:36,400
That the hunters interpret is 
fluently. 

1357
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:38,500
As you might read traffic 
patterns in your neighborhood. 

1358
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:41,700
A pair of folktale drongos and 
mobbing something. 

1359
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:45,000
They're aggressive calls 
suggesting a snake or perhaps a 

1360
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:48,100
small predator. 
Go away birds named for their 

1361
01:15:48,100 --> 01:15:51,500
distinctive call that sounds 
exactly like their name or 

1362
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:53,700
announcing their displeasure at 
being disturbed. 

1363
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:57,400
A night job begins. 
Its Turing song signaling that 

1364
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,600
Twilight has officially begun. 
The hunters are looking for a 

1365
01:16:00,608 --> 01:16:03,200
campsite now. 
And there are requirements are 

1366
01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:04,800
specific but not difficult to 
meet. 

1367
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:09,400
They need a slight elevation 
enough to catch breezes, but not

1368
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:11,600
so exposed. 
That wind becomes a problem. 

1369
01:16:11,600 --> 01:16:15,400
They want to be near enough to 
water-bearing plants, but not so

1370
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:17,800
close to game trails. 
That curious animals will wander

1371
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:21,500
through camp, They prefer a 
location with several Escape 

1372
01:16:21,500 --> 01:16:25,300
Routes, not because they're 
worried about Predators, because

1373
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:28,900
being able to move in multiple 
directions is simply sensible 

1374
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:30,900
practice, you notice? 
They're all. 

1375
01:16:30,908 --> 01:16:33,200
So reading the landscape to 
signs of previous human 

1376
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:35,700
presence. 
Are there old fire Rings here, 

1377
01:16:35,700 --> 01:16:40,100
do certain trees show signs of 
bark harboring as someone built 

1378
01:16:40,100 --> 01:16:44,100
a small Windbreak in the past. 
The sand people have been using 

1379
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:47,800
this landscape for thousands of 
years and their camps are spaced

1380
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:50,800
across it like invisible 
settlements that appear and 

1381
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:54,700
disappear with the seasons. 
The Chosen spots sits beneath a 

1382
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:58,800
sprawling camel Thorn location, 
its canopy, providing both shade

1383
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:01,000
and a sense of enclosure without
being claustrophobic. 

1384
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:06,000
The tree is old, perhaps a 
century or more and its presence

1385
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:09,300
indicates subsurface water that.
It's deep roots of tapped. 

1386
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,400
Thorn trees are good, neighbors.
They shelter smaller plants. 

1387
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:17,400
Their pods feed animals and 
their wood burns with excellent.

1388
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,900
Coals for cooking, has the sun 
continues, its descent. 

1389
01:17:20,900 --> 01:17:23,300
The colors of the Savannah shift
through a spectrum that 

1390
01:17:23,300 --> 01:17:24,900
painters. 
Spend a lifetime trying to 

1391
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:29,200
capture the grass. 
Bleached, Almost White by months

1392
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:34,000
of dry season son. 
Now, glows and burned gold. the 

1393
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:38,500
red Kalahari sand takes on 
deeper Hues, ranging from rust 

1394
01:17:38,500 --> 01:17:42,300
to Bergen D, depending on how 
the light strikes, it The sky 

1395
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:45,900
begins its evening performance 
transitioning from Blue to 

1396
01:17:45,900 --> 01:17:47,800
colors that don't quite have 
names. 

1397
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:52,200
Something between Peach and Rose
between lavender and gray. 

1398
01:17:52,200 --> 01:17:55,400
This is when experienced Hunters
performed their final 

1399
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:58,700
environmental check. 
They observe where birds are 

1400
01:17:58,700 --> 01:18:02,100
settling for the night which 
reveals safe roosting spots away

1401
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:05,500
from predators. 
They know which way smoke from a

1402
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:07,900
small test fire. 
Drifts, showing wind direction 

1403
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:11,300
for the night ahead. 
They look at clouds gathering on

1404
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:13,700
the horizon. 
Reading them for signs of 

1405
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:16,200
distant rain. 
That might arrive in days or 

1406
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:18,500
weeks. 
The pace of everything begins to

1407
01:18:18,500 --> 01:18:22,500
slow as daylight Fades animals, 
that have been active during the

1408
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:26,300
afternoon, start seeking 
shelter, diurnal creatures, give

1409
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:29,100
way to nocturnal ones in a 
Changing of the Guard that 

1410
01:18:29,100 --> 01:18:34,100
happens twice daily every day in
an endless Rhythm that predates 

1411
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:35,900
human presence on this 
continent. 

1412
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:39,600
You're watching a transition 
that has occurred here for 

1413
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,300
millions of years and being part
of it. 

1414
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:46,500
Even as an observer feels oddly,
grounding understanding, how 

1415
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:50,300
Saint Hunters navigated and 
inhabited, the Kalahari requires

1416
01:18:50,300 --> 01:18:53,700
appreciating, just how different
this environment is from the 

1417
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:57,100
Landscapes. 
Most of us considered normal The

1418
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,000
Kalahari isn't quite desert and 
isn't quite Savannah. 

1419
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:04,200
It's something in between a 
semi-arid landscape where life 

1420
01:19:04,200 --> 01:19:07,600
as adapted to scarcity and 
developed remarkable strategies 

1421
01:19:07,600 --> 01:19:10,900
for survival picture and area. 
Roughly the size of France, 

1422
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:15,100
covered primarily in sand that 
ranges from Deep Red to pale 

1423
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,100
yellow depending on iron content
and exposure. 

1424
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,500
This sand creates a surface that
soft enough to preserve tracks 

1425
01:19:22,500 --> 01:19:25,900
beautifully, but firm enough to 
walk on without difficulty. 

1426
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:30,700
After generations of walking 
this trade Sam Hunters developed

1427
01:19:30,700 --> 01:19:34,400
a gate that barely disturbs. 
The sand, leaving tracks, so 

1428
01:19:34,400 --> 01:19:36,500
light, that rain can erase them 
in minutes. 

1429
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:41,600
The vegetation consists, 
primarily of grasses, lobs and 

1430
01:19:41,600 --> 01:19:44,300
Scattered trees that have 
learned to thrive on minimal 

1431
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:49,100
rainfall. most years, the 
Kalahari receives between 6 and 

1432
01:19:49,100 --> 01:19:54,200
10 inches of rain and sometimes 
much less everything that grows 

1433
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:56,700
here has evolved strategies for 
the dry season. 

1434
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:02,200
Deep Roots, small leaves that 
can serve water and dormancy 

1435
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:06,300
periods that can last months but
calling the Kalahari Baron would

1436
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:08,600
be like calling a library empty 
because it doesn't have 

1437
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:11,500
furniture. 
The landscape holds incredible. 

1438
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:15,100
Biodiversity for those who know 
how to see it, there are dozens 

1439
01:20:15,100 --> 01:20:19,100
of edible plants, numerous 
medicinal, herbs, fibers for 

1440
01:20:19,108 --> 01:20:22,600
crafting, and would that serves 
everything from Tool making to 

1441
01:20:22,600 --> 01:20:25,400
fuel. 
The trick is knowing where to 

1442
01:20:25,400 --> 01:20:27,900
look. 
And when to harvest, the train 

1443
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:31,600
rolls gently with fossil June 
systems, creating long parallel 

1444
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:35,000
ridges that run roughly 
north-south, these ridges 

1445
01:20:35,000 --> 01:20:39,300
created by ancient wind patterns
during wet appears thousands of 

1446
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:43,000
years ago, influenced everything
from where water collects to, 

1447
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:47,200
which plants grow where Walking 
perpendicular to these ridges 

1448
01:20:47,200 --> 01:20:49,400
means constantly ascending and 
descending. 

1449
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:53,500
Gentle slopes walking parallel 
to the provides easier travel. 

1450
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,800
But sometimes means going out of
your way hands. 

1451
01:20:56,800 --> 01:21:00,700
Those seasonal water sources 
that filled during rains dot the

1452
01:21:00,708 --> 01:21:03,400
landscape like a regular pearls 
on a vast necklace. 

1453
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:08,500
Some are tiny holding water for 
only days after a storm, others 

1454
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:11,500
are substantial, becoming 
temporary lakes, that attract 

1455
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:14,100
game from miles around and hold 
water for months. 

1456
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:19,000
Knowing which pans Phil first, 
which hold water longest, and 

1457
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,000
which provide the cleanest 
drinking, water represents 

1458
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:25,500
knowledge, that takes decades to
accumulate a temperature 

1459
01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:28,700
extremes shape, everything about
how people live here. 

1460
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:33,500
Summer days can exceed 110 
degrees Fahrenheit, while winter

1461
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:37,100
nights can drop below freezing. 
Even during the moderate 

1462
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,300
Seasons, daily temperature, 
swings of 40 degrees are common.

1463
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:44,400
This means that clothing shelter
and daily routines must account 

1464
01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:47,500
for these dramatic changes and 
the hunters your with have 

1465
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,800
developed strategies that work 
without any of the technology we

1466
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:53,100
take for granted, what makes Sam
Hunters. 

1467
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:55,200
So remarkably adapted to this 
environment. 

1468
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:57,800
Is there mental map of 
resources? 

1469
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:01,800
They don't think of the Kalahari
as empty space between points, 

1470
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:06,300
they see it as a richly textured
landscape where every feature 

1471
01:22:06,300 --> 01:22:09,900
has significance. 
That termite Mound indicates, 

1472
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:12,900
certain soil conditions and 
marks are reliable navigation, 

1473
01:22:12,900 --> 01:22:17,300
point that cluster of Shepherd's
trees signals underground water.

1474
01:22:18,300 --> 01:22:21,500
That particular type of grass 
means the soil beneath holds 

1475
01:22:21,500 --> 01:22:25,100
moisture suggesting certain, 
edible roots, might be present, 

1476
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:28,300
this environmental knowledge, 
extends to understanding 

1477
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:31,700
seasonal changes with Precision,
that would impress modern 

1478
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:34,600
ecologists. 
The hunters know that certain 

1479
01:22:34,600 --> 01:22:38,300
plants flower when the player 
these constellation reaches a 

1480
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:41,700
specific position in the sky. 
They know that particular Birds 

1481
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:44,500
arrive from the north exactly 
three weeks before the first 

1482
01:22:44,500 --> 01:22:48,600
rains, they can predict weather 
patterns by observing insect 

1483
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,800
Behavior, cloud, formations, and
wind shifts. 

1484
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:55,000
The animal life of the Kalahari 
adds another layer to the 

1485
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:58,900
landscape, larger herbivores, 
like gemsbok, Eland and 

1486
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:02,400
Springbok, have adapted to 
survive with minimal water. 

1487
01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:06,100
Getting moisture from the plants
that eat and cooling themselves 

1488
01:23:06,100 --> 01:23:08,400
through specialized circulatory 
systems. 

1489
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:13,000
Predators like lions leopards 
and cheetahs follow these herds 

1490
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:17,500
and smaller creatures from 
meerkats to ground squirrels to 

1491
01:23:17,500 --> 01:23:21,200
dozens of birds species. 
Christian ecosystem, where 

1492
01:23:21,200 --> 01:23:25,200
everything is connected to 
everything else, understanding 

1493
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:28,000
these connections is what made 
Sam Hunters successful. 

1494
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:31,300
They didn't just hunt animals. 
They understood the animals 

1495
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:35,400
relationships with plants water,
weather, and each other. 

1496
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,100
They knew that Lions hunt. 
Most actively three to four 

1497
01:23:39,108 --> 01:23:42,800
hours after Sunset. 
And just before Dawn, They knew 

1498
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:45,500
that gemsbok can sense, water 
underground, and will sometimes 

1499
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:48,200
dig for it. 
They knew which vultures find 

1500
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:51,800
carcasses first and how to 
interpret the vultures Behavior 

1501
01:23:51,800 --> 01:23:54,800
to locate game. 
As the last direct sunlight 

1502
01:23:54,800 --> 01:23:58,800
Fades from the sky leaving, only
the diffuse glow of Twilight, 

1503
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,400
The hunters begin transforming 
this spot beneath the camel 

1504
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:06,800
Thorn, Acacia from raw, 
landscape into Temporary Home. 

1505
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,300
Watching this process is like, 
seeing a stage set assemble 

1506
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:14,600
itself except everything is 
functional rather than 

1507
01:24:14,600 --> 01:24:17,900
decorative and every action 
serves multiple purposes. 

1508
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:21,200
The first task, involves 
clearing the immediate camping 

1509
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:24,200
area of anything that might 
cause discomfort or problems 

1510
01:24:24,200 --> 01:24:27,300
during the night. 
Small stones get pushed aside 

1511
01:24:27,300 --> 01:24:31,100
with feet not tossed away 
because even stones have their 

1512
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,300
place in this environment but 
simply moved to the perimeter. 

1513
01:24:34,300 --> 01:24:37,500
Thorny branches that have fallen
from The Acacia. 

1514
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:40,700
Get collected for a specific 
purpose will return to shortly. 

1515
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,700
The ground gets swept lightly 
with a branch to disturb 

1516
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:48,400
scorpions and spiders, that 
might otherwise settle in for 

1517
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,200
the evening near human warmth. 
Next comes gathering firewood 

1518
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,600
and this task reveals another 
layer of environmental 

1519
01:24:55,600 --> 01:24:58,600
knowledge. 
The hunters don't just grab any 

1520
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:01,400
Fallen. 
Would they select specific types

1521
01:25:01,400 --> 01:25:04,600
that burn at different rates and
produce different qualities of 

1522
01:25:04,608 --> 01:25:07,900
heat? 
Camelthorn Burns long and hot 

1523
01:25:07,900 --> 01:25:11,300
with excellent coals. 
Perfect for the main fire that 

1524
01:25:11,300 --> 01:25:14,700
will last through the night. 
Other Woods burn quickly and 

1525
01:25:14,700 --> 01:25:17,700
bright useful for light but not 
sustained. 

1526
01:25:17,700 --> 01:25:21,400
Heat. 
Some Woods when green produce 

1527
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:24,300
smoke that helps keep insects at
Bay without being overwhelming. 

1528
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:27,500
The wood collection happens 
efficiently but not frantically.

1529
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:31,200
There's no sense of racing 
against Darkness because the 

1530
01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:34,300
hunters know exactly how much 
time they have and how much 

1531
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:37,800
would they'll need. 
They gather enough for a fire 

1532
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:40,300
that will burn all night but not
wastefully large. 

1533
01:25:40,300 --> 01:25:45,500
Just sufficient to provide 
warmth light and cycle comfort. 

1534
01:25:46,600 --> 01:25:50,100
Person contributes to the pile 
and the wood gets stacked in a 

1535
01:25:50,100 --> 01:25:53,400
specific way that keeps it dry 
and makes different types. 

1536
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:55,800
Easy to identify by touch after 
dark. 

1537
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:59,300
Creating the fire itself is less
dramatic than movies might 

1538
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:02,600
suggest. 
These Hunters carry firemaking 

1539
01:26:02,600 --> 01:26:05,500
tools. 
Friction sets made from specific

1540
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:08,500
Woods that create Embers through
practice technique. 

1541
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:12,600
But more often, they carry coals
from the previous night's fire. 

1542
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:16,500
Kept alive in a carrying vessel,
made from a hallowed route. 

1543
01:26:17,200 --> 01:26:20,500
Packed with specific fungi that 
smolder without flame 

1544
01:26:20,500 --> 01:26:23,900
transferring these. 
Coals to a nest of Fine Dry 

1545
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:28,300
grass takes perhaps, 30 seconds 
and gentle blowing creates flame

1546
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:31,100
almost immediately. 
The fire location has been 

1547
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:34,200
chosen with care. 
It sits far enough from the tree

1548
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:36,700
that Sparks. 
Won't threaten the canopy but 

1549
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:39,700
close enough that the trees 
trunk reflects heat back toward 

1550
01:26:39,700 --> 01:26:43,200
the camping area. 
Fire is all so positioned, so 

1551
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:45,700
that smoke drifts away from 
where people will sleep. 

1552
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:49,500
But not so far away that its 
light and warmth become useless 

1553
01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:52,300
around the fire. 
The hunters create sleeping 

1554
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,100
areas that demonstrate 
impressive economy of effort. 

1555
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:57,500
They don't build elaborate 
structures. 

1556
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:00,500
Instead they work with what the 
environment. 

1557
01:27:00,500 --> 01:27:04,600
Provides grass gets gathered in 
our arm Falls and laid out in 

1558
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:08,600
thick piles that will serve as 
mattresses insulating sleepers 

1559
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:12,100
from the cooling ground. 
These grass beds are positioned 

1560
01:27:12,100 --> 01:27:15,500
in a semi-circle around the fire
close enough for warmth. 

1561
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,300
But far enough that Sparks won't
be a hazard. 

1562
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,400
The thorny branches collected 
early and now serve their 

1563
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:24,400
purpose their arranged in a 
loose barrier on the side of 

1564
01:27:24,408 --> 01:27:28,300
Camp away from the fire. 
This simple Windbreak serves 

1565
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:32,200
multiple functions, it deflects 
breezes that might otherwise 

1566
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:36,400
make the night uncomfortable. 
Creates a psychological boundary

1567
01:27:36,400 --> 01:27:40,700
that marks the Camp's Edge and 
it discourages curious animals 

1568
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:44,000
from wandering through not by 
being an impossible barrier. 

1569
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:47,300
But simply by being mildly 
annoying to navigate around 

1570
01:27:48,500 --> 01:27:51,700
Animals like people generally, 
take the path of least 

1571
01:27:51,700 --> 01:27:55,800
resistance, personal items, get 
a range with the same thoughtful

1572
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:58,800
efficiency that characterizes 
everything these Hunters do. 

1573
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:04,000
Hunting tools, bows arrows, and 
digging sticks. 

1574
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:06,700
A place to where they'll be 
immediately accessible. 

1575
01:28:06,700 --> 01:28:10,900
But won't get accidentally 
kicked or stepped on during the 

1576
01:28:10,900 --> 01:28:13,500
night. 
Water containers made from 

1577
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:16,800
ostrich eggshells stoppered with
grass buns. 

1578
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:20,300
Are secured and scooped out sand
depression's where they won't 

1579
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:24,100
roll or tip. 
Leather bags, containing various

1580
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:26,200
items. 
Get hung from low branches or 

1581
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:28,600
placed on elevated spots away 
from ground. 

1582
01:28:28,600 --> 01:28:31,100
Dwelling insects as Camp take 
shape. 

1583
01:28:31,100 --> 01:28:33,700
What strikes you is how little 
it looks like? 

1584
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:35,400
What most people consider 
camping. 

1585
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:40,400
There are no tents, no chairs 
and no desiccated cooking areas.

1586
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:45,000
Everything is minimal functional
and completely adapted to this 

1587
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:49,100
specific environment. 
This isn't primitive, its 

1588
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:52,100
sophisticated. 
These Hunters have distilled 

1589
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:55,500
thousands of years of experience
into practices that use minimal 

1590
01:28:55,500 --> 01:28:59,900
materials to maximum effect. 
The psychological transformation

1591
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:04,300
of space is perhaps most 
interesting. 20 minutes ago, 

1592
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:07,300
this was just another spot in an
endless Savannah. 

1593
01:29:07,300 --> 01:29:11,300
Now it's Camp. 
A place that feels qualitatively

1594
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:13,100
different from the surrounding 
landscape. 

1595
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:17,300
This transformation happens not 
through barriers, or structures,

1596
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:20,800
but through human activity, 
firelight, and the subtle 

1597
01:29:20,800 --> 01:29:24,700
organization of space It's the 
same Instinct that made your 

1598
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:27,500
ancestors gather around fires in
caves. 

1599
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:32,400
The same fundamental, human need
to create a sense of place and 

1600
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,400
safety. 
And full darkness is settled 

1601
01:29:35,400 --> 01:29:39,200
over the Kalahari now, and the 
campus taken on the quality of a

1602
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:41,400
small island of light in an 
ocean of night. 

1603
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:46,100
Fire Burns. 
Steadily, its Flames dancing and

1604
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,000
patterns that humans have been 
watching since we first learned 

1605
01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:52,500
to control combustion. 
The wood crackles and Pops 

1606
01:29:52,500 --> 01:29:56,300
occasionally sending brief 
Showers of Sparks upward towards

1607
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:59,300
stars that are beginning to 
emerge in truly remarkable 

1608
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:03,000
numbers, the hunters settle in 
to evening routines that balance

1609
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:06,000
work with rest. 
Someone is preparing food, 

1610
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:08,400
though. 
Preparing might be too elaborate

1611
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:10,000
a word for what's actually 
happening. 

1612
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:13,600
Dinner tonight consists of 
items, collected. 

1613
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:16,700
During the day's travel, tubers 
that were dug from the ground. 

1614
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,600
Their locations revealed by 
specific Leaf patterns. 

1615
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:24,200
Some are melons that. 
Provided both food, and water, 

1616
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:28,500
and nuts from a mongongo tree 
already roasted in today's 

1617
01:30:28,500 --> 01:30:31,600
earlier, fire. 
Tubers get buried in the coals 

1618
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,800
at the fire's Edge where they'll
roast slowly. 

1619
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:37,200
They're tough skins protecting 
the starchy flesh inside. 

1620
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:42,800
This cooking method requires no 
pots no utensils and no complex 

1621
01:30:42,800 --> 01:30:46,500
preparation. 
Just fire time and experience 

1622
01:30:46,500 --> 01:30:49,700
knowing when they're done the 
Mongo nuts, which are 

1623
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:53,300
extraordinarily nutritious and 
tastes vaguely like, cashews, 

1624
01:30:53,300 --> 01:30:56,400
get passed around for anyone 
who's hungry now, rather than 

1625
01:30:56,400 --> 01:31:00,100
waiting for the tubers to cook. 
There's meat as well from 

1626
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:04,300
successful hunt to days ago. 
The hunters had pursued an Elan 

1627
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:08,200
the largest Antelope species. 
And after a chase that combined 

1628
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,200
tracking with endurance, they 
brought it down with poison 

1629
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:14,000
arrows. 
The meat was butchered on site 

1630
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:17,100
with some eating immediately in 
the rest cut into strips and 

1631
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:20,000
dried. 
Tonight, some of that dried meat

1632
01:31:20,000 --> 01:31:23,600
gets briefly warmed over the 
fire not enough to cook it, but 

1633
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:25,700
enough to soften it and bring 
out the flavors. 

1634
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:29,200
What's notable about this meal 
is its absolute lack of 

1635
01:31:29,200 --> 01:31:31,800
ceremony. 
People eat when they're hungry 

1636
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,700
and take what they need. 
And there's no formal structure 

1637
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:38,500
or designated serving time. 
Food gets shared automatically 

1638
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:40,800
without negotiation or 
accounting. 

1639
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,800
If someone is hungry and you 
have food, sharing isn't 

1640
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:47,200
generosity. 
It's simply what you do as 

1641
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:51,100
automatic as breathing. 
This isn't primitive, communism 

1642
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:54,400
or noble savage. 
Idealism, it's practical 

1643
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,000
adaptation to an environment 
where food availability 

1644
01:31:57,000 --> 01:32:00,300
fluctuates and mutual supporting
increases everyone. 

1645
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:04,600
Survival chances as people eat 
conversation happens in the 

1646
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:07,700
unhurried way that characterizes
most of their interactions. 

1647
01:32:08,400 --> 01:32:10,700
The saint languages include 
click consonants. 

1648
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:14,200
That sound, almost like 
percussion creating speech 

1649
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:17,200
patterns that blend beautifully 
with the nighttime sound skate. 

1650
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:21,300
Discussions cover practical 
matters observations from 

1651
01:32:21,300 --> 01:32:25,000
today's travel plans for 
tomorrow's movement a news about

1652
01:32:25,000 --> 01:32:28,000
other groups they encountered 
weeks ago, but there's all so 

1653
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:30,800
storytelling. 
Which serves purposes that go 

1654
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:33,200
beyond entertainment. 
Stories. 

1655
01:32:33,200 --> 01:32:36,600
Encode information about the 
environment animal behavior, 

1656
01:32:36,600 --> 01:32:39,700
proper conduct, and historical 
events. 

1657
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:43,800
The story about a hunter who 
ignored certain signs and got 

1658
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:47,200
lost becomes a lesson in Reading
landscape features. 

1659
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,300
The story about someone who was 
greedy, and didn't share becomes

1660
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:55,600
a lesson in Social cohesion. 
Stories aren't heavy-handed, or 

1661
01:32:55,600 --> 01:32:58,600
obviously instructive. 
There are entertaining first and

1662
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:00,900
educational second which is why 
they work so. 

1663
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:04,300
Well, the night has brought out 
different sounds than dominated 

1664
01:33:04,300 --> 01:33:07,800
the day, insects criter 
constant, background hum that 

1665
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:12,100
rises, and falls in waves 
primarily crickets, but also 

1666
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:14,700
cicadas and other creatures 
whose names you don't know. 

1667
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:18,700
A jackal called in the distance.
It's cry. 

1668
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:21,100
Eerily reminiscent of a crying 
baby. 

1669
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:25,300
Another Jackal answer's and 
their conversation creates a 

1670
01:33:25,308 --> 01:33:27,300
back and forth. 
That sounds almost like their 

1671
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:30,300
commenting on the days of 
events, somewhere, much farther 

1672
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:32,000
away. 
Maybe two or three miles. 

1673
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:35,600
A lion roars. 
The sound carrying with 

1674
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:38,300
remarkable clarity through the 
cool night air. 

1675
01:33:39,500 --> 01:33:42,700
The hunters paused briefly when 
they hear it listening to 

1676
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:44,400
determine direction and 
distance. 

1677
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:46,500
Then returned to their 
conversation. 

1678
01:33:46,500 --> 01:33:51,300
They're not alarmed just aware. 
Lions generally avoid human 

1679
01:33:51,300 --> 01:33:55,200
camps with fires and these 
particular lions sound far 

1680
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:57,000
enough away. 
That they're not an immediate 

1681
01:33:57,000 --> 01:34:00,600
consideration as the evening 
deepens and the hunter settle 

1682
01:34:00,600 --> 01:34:03,300
into rest. 
It's worth examining the tools 

1683
01:34:03,300 --> 01:34:05,400
and equipment that make this 
lifestyle possible. 

1684
01:34:06,500 --> 01:34:09,300
What you notice immediately is, 
how much can be accomplished 

1685
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:11,900
with. 
What seems like very little and 

1686
01:34:11,900 --> 01:34:15,800
how every item serves multiple 
purposes, the hunting bow 

1687
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:19,200
deserves particular attention, 
It's not the heavy powerful 

1688
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:23,200
Longbow of medieval Europe or 
the compound bow of modern sport

1689
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:26,100
hunting. 
This is a small elegant tool 

1690
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:29,900
made from carefully selected, 
would often a hardwood that 

1691
01:34:29,900 --> 01:34:32,500
combines flexibility with 
tensile strength. 

1692
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,900
The bow is perhaps three feet 
long when strong small enough to

1693
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:40,500
maneuver through brush and light
enough to carry all day without 

1694
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:43,900
fatigue. 
The bowstring is sinew carefully

1695
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:46,800
prepared from animal tendons and
twisted into cordage that 

1696
01:34:46,800 --> 01:34:50,100
surprisingly strong, despite 
being thinner than your pinky 

1697
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:54,700
finger, This string requires 
periodic attention to keep it 

1698
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:56,900
properly conditioned and the 
hunters. 

1699
01:34:56,900 --> 01:35:01,200
Check their bows regularly, 
Robin, the strings with fat to 

1700
01:35:01,200 --> 01:35:04,400
keep the Supple and inspecting. 
The wood for any developing 

1701
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:07,300
cracks or weaknesses. 
The arrows are engineering 

1702
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:11,400
Marvels in miniature, each 
consists of a reed shaft Hollow 

1703
01:35:11,400 --> 01:35:15,100
and light with a separate wooden
for shaft inserted into the 

1704
01:35:15,100 --> 01:35:17,700
Reed. 
The force shaft can be replaced.

1705
01:35:17,700 --> 01:35:21,400
If it breaks, meaning one Reed 
can serve a dozens of uses. 

1706
01:35:21,400 --> 01:35:24,700
The arrowheads are made from 
bone or metal when available 

1707
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:29,100
carefully shaped and sharpened. 
But the real sophistication is 

1708
01:35:29,100 --> 01:35:31,300
in the poison that supplied to 
these points. 

1709
01:35:31,300 --> 01:35:34,900
The poison comes from beetle, 
larvae harvested, from specific 

1710
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:38,800
plants and prepared through a 
process that's both Art and 

1711
01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:42,400
Science. 
The larvae squeezed to extract a

1712
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:44,000
substance. 
That's then mixed with plant 

1713
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:47,400
saps and possibly other 
ingredients depending on Family 

1714
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:51,200
Recipe, variations. 
This poison doesn't kill quickly

1715
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:55,800
like Venom instead, it creates a
systemic effect that gradually 

1716
01:35:55,800 --> 01:35:58,600
weakens the animal making it 
easier to follow. 

1717
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:02,200
And eventually approach using 
poison might sound on sporting 

1718
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:05,400
to Modern sensibilities but it's
actually more Humane than 

1719
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:09,300
Alternatives a small bow. 
Can't deliver the kinetic energy

1720
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,900
to kill a large animal quickly. 
The poison allows Hunters to 

1721
01:36:12,900 --> 01:36:16,000
take game they couldn't 
otherwise pursue doing so in a 

1722
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:18,600
way that minimizes the animal 
suffering compared to what would

1723
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:21,000
happen. 
If a wounded, animal escaped and

1724
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:23,100
died slowly from infection or 
blood loss. 

1725
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:26,500
The digging stick is another 
tool that reveals sophistication

1726
01:36:26,500 --> 01:36:30,300
through simplicity It's a 
hardwood shaft about three feet,

1727
01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:34,500
long fire, hardened, one end and
waited with a stone that's been 

1728
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:36,100
pierced and permanently 
attached. 

1729
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:39,600
This weight gives the stick 
momentum, when you're digging 

1730
01:36:39,600 --> 01:36:44,600
making the work less exhausting.
The tool serves for Excavating. 

1731
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:48,700
Tubers breaking open termite 
Mounds defending against 

1732
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:52,400
aggressive animals and dozens of
other purposes that arise in 

1733
01:36:52,400 --> 01:36:53,100
daily. 
Life. 

1734
01:36:53,100 --> 01:36:56,900
Clothing represents another area
where sand people demonstrate 

1735
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:58,800
impressive adaptation to their 
environment. 

1736
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:03,400
During the day, men might wear 
only allowing cloth made from 

1737
01:37:03,400 --> 01:37:07,300
softened animal, hide just 
enough to protect and maintain 

1738
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:09,100
modesty without causing 
overheating. 

1739
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:13,300
Women were slightly more, 
usually leather eight-person, 

1740
01:37:13,300 --> 01:37:15,800
front and back. 
Both use lightweight leather 

1741
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:18,000
cloaks that can be worn or 
carried depending on 

1742
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:20,700
temperature. 
But at night as temperatures, 

1743
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:24,900
drop the same, people know how 
to layer effectively The leather

1744
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:28,000
cloaks wrap around shoulders and
torso's providing insulation. 

1745
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:32,500
That's remarkably effective. 
People sleep, close to the fire 

1746
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:35,900
on their grass mattresses, 
Sometimes using their own limbs 

1747
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:38,800
as pillows or sharing body 
warmth on particularly cold 

1748
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:41,900
nights. 
The leather clothing, they've 

1749
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:43,900
been wearing all day. 
Now, serves as additional 

1750
01:37:43,900 --> 01:37:47,100
bedding folded and placed 
strategically for extra 

1751
01:37:47,100 --> 01:37:49,900
insulation. 
The sand people also use animal 

1752
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:53,000
skins in ways that demonstrate a
thorough understanding of 

1753
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:56,800
Material Science, Different 
hides, serve different purposes,

1754
01:37:56,800 --> 01:38:00,500
gems Bok, leather makes the most
durable sandals because it's 

1755
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:04,700
tough and resists Thorns. 
Do a hide being softer. 

1756
01:38:04,700 --> 01:38:09,400
And more pliable works better 
for bags and pouches, Eland hide

1757
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:12,700
thick, and substantial makes 
excellent sleeping mats when 

1758
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:15,800
properly prepared the 
preparation of these hides is a 

1759
01:38:15,800 --> 01:38:19,100
processed that would most modern
people just watching it. 

1760
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:23,800
Fresh hides must be scraped to 
remove flesh and fat, then 

1761
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:26,700
stretched, and worked to prevent
stiffening. 

1762
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:31,000
They're treated with animal 
brains, which contain natural 

1763
01:38:31,000 --> 01:38:33,300
oils and enzymes that cure the 
leather. 

1764
01:38:34,000 --> 01:38:38,000
Then smoke over specific type of
wood, that prevent insect damage

1765
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:41,300
and mold. 
The entire process takes days 

1766
01:38:41,300 --> 01:38:45,400
and produces leather. 
That soft supple and durable 

1767
01:38:45,400 --> 01:38:48,700
water containers made from 
ostrich eggshells represent 

1768
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:52,700
another Innovation that so 
perfect for its purpose that it 

1769
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,600
hasn't been significantly 
improved upon An ostrich 

1770
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:59,600
eggshell holds about a liter of 
water when properly prepared. 

1771
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:04,600
The hunters find empty shells, 
ostriches lay eggs, throughout 

1772
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:07,000
certain seasons and not all 
survived a hatch. 

1773
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:11,000
Then carefully drill a hole. 
In one end using a stone tool or

1774
01:39:11,000 --> 01:39:12,700
bone. 
All these eggshell. 

1775
01:39:12,700 --> 01:39:15,800
Canteens are nearly ideal water 
containers for nomadic life. 

1776
01:39:16,400 --> 01:39:19,800
Their light weight when empty 
strong enough to withstand rough

1777
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:23,100
handling and their shape 
distributes impact stress 

1778
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,500
evenly. 
The narrow opening minimizes of 

1779
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:30,800
evaporation and prevents spills.
Each family might own a dozen or

1780
01:39:30,800 --> 01:39:33,700
more of these containers cashed 
at different locations 

1781
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:36,600
throughout their territory. 
So that water is available at 

1782
01:39:36,600 --> 01:39:39,900
various points in their seasonal
movements, the most impressive 

1783
01:39:39,900 --> 01:39:42,100
tool, however, might be 
knowledge itself. 

1784
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:45,800
The hunters carry in their heads
details mental maps of their 

1785
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:48,800
territory that spam hundreds of 
square miles. 

1786
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,700
They know where to find water in
different seasons, which plants 

1787
01:39:52,700 --> 01:39:56,300
are edible, which times of year,
how to track dozens of different

1788
01:39:56,300 --> 01:39:59,900
animal species, how to read 
weather patterns and how to 

1789
01:39:59,900 --> 01:40:04,400
navigate by stars and landmarks 
This knowledge isn't written 

1790
01:40:04,400 --> 01:40:06,400
down. 
Its transmitted through, 

1791
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:10,000
observation practice and 
storytelling each generation 

1792
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:13,300
learning from the previous one. 
As you lie on your own grass 

1793
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,000
Mattress near the fire. 
The night reveals itself as 

1794
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:21,000
anything but silent or static. 
The darkness has brought out a 

1795
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:24,300
completely different set of life
forms and the experienced 

1796
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:26,700
Hunters around. 
You remain casually aware of 

1797
01:40:26,700 --> 01:40:30,800
this, nocturnal world even as 
they relax, the soundscape has 

1798
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:33,700
layers that become apparent. 
Once you stop trying to identify

1799
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:37,100
individual sounds and instead 
listen to the whole composition,

1800
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:41,000
there's the constant bass note 
of insect life. 

1801
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,800
That steady whom we mentioned 
earlier over this. 

1802
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:48,700
Bird calls punctuate the 
darkness night jars with their 

1803
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:53,200
Turing songs, owls with various 
Hoots and shrieks depending on 

1804
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:56,800
species and occasionally, the 
distinctive call of a thick 

1805
01:40:56,800 --> 01:40:58,800
knee. 
Which sounds like someone 

1806
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,300
whistling for their dog 
mammalian sounds. 

1807
01:41:01,300 --> 01:41:04,900
Add another dimension of small 
animals Russell through grass 

1808
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:08,500
and brush their movements 
creating discrete sounds that 

1809
01:41:08,500 --> 01:41:12,200
experienced ears. 
Can identify That particular 

1810
01:41:12,200 --> 01:41:16,500
Russell combined with a soft 
munching sound, indicates, a 

1811
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:20,100
spring hair, a large Road of, 
that moves by hopping, like a, 

1812
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:22,600
miniature kangaroo and feeds on 
roots and grass. 

1813
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:26,100
That different type of 
disturbance more deliberate. 

1814
01:41:26,100 --> 01:41:28,200
And heavier might be a 
porcupine. 

1815
01:41:28,200 --> 01:41:31,800
One of the few animals that 
moves with complete confidence 

1816
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:34,700
because its quills. 
Make it effectively invulnerable

1817
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:38,200
to most Predators larger animals
announced their presence through

1818
01:41:38,200 --> 01:41:41,000
different. 
Means you can hear zebras in the

1819
01:41:41,008 --> 01:41:43,700
distance, their barking calls 
distinctive. 

1820
01:41:43,700 --> 01:41:47,300
Even if you've never heard them 
before, Hyenas, occasionally, 

1821
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:50,700
whoop, a sound that carries for 
miles and serves to maintain 

1822
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:55,200
contact between clan members. 
That rhythmic sound that almost 

1823
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:56,800
resembles. 
Someone chopping wood is a 

1824
01:41:56,808 --> 01:42:00,600
giraffe walking its Hooves 
striking the ground with a 

1825
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:03,700
distinctive Cadence that no 
other animal quite replicates 

1826
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:05,800
the hunters. 
Listen to all of this with 

1827
01:42:05,800 --> 01:42:08,100
attention that's alert but not 
anxious. 

1828
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:10,200
They're not worried about these 
animals. 

1829
01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:13,900
They're simply staying informed 
about their neighborhood that 

1830
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:17,700
lion from earlier. they note 
when it Roars again, tracking 

1831
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,900
its movement mentally, it's now 
farther away, moving East, 

1832
01:42:21,900 --> 01:42:26,400
probably following zebra, herds 
This information might be useful

1833
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,700
tomorrow, if they decide to hunt
in that direction or it might 

1834
01:42:29,708 --> 01:42:32,400
simply be filed away as part of 
the ongoing environmental 

1835
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:35,900
awareness that characterizes 
their lives or predators. 

1836
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:37,500
Are they actually concerned 
about? 

1837
01:42:38,400 --> 01:42:42,500
Surprisingly few lines almost 
never attack humans with without

1838
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:46,000
provocation and they especially 
avoid groups with fires. 

1839
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:49,800
Leopards are more cautious of 
humans than humans are of their.

1840
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:53,800
Hyenas can be aggressive near 
food, but generally give people 

1841
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:57,300
plenty of space The most 
dangerous large animal is 

1842
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:00,000
probably the Cape buffalo, but 
they're not present in the 

1843
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:01,600
particular region of the 
Kalahari. 

1844
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:05,200
The real nighttime concerns are 
smaller and more mundane. 

1845
01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:09,600
Scorpions become active after 
dark hunting, the insects that 

1846
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:13,000
also come out at night? 
this is why the hunters cleared 

1847
01:43:13,000 --> 01:43:16,200
the ground before settling in 
and why they shake out clothing 

1848
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:19,800
and check shoes before putting 
them on Snakes also hunt at 

1849
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:22,800
night but they're generally more
interested in avoiding people 

1850
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,100
than confronting them. 
The barrier of thorny branches 

1851
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,700
around camps of partly to 
discourage the smaller creatures

1852
01:43:29,700 --> 01:43:32,700
from wandering through as the 
night progresses the temperature

1853
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:36,200
continues dropping You notice 
the hunters are just adjusting 

1854
01:43:36,200 --> 01:43:39,200
to this gradually pulling their 
leather cloaks more tightly 

1855
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:42,900
shifting closer to the fire and 
adding another stick. 

1856
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:46,300
When the Flames died down to 
Khols, there's an art to 

1857
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:49,300
maintaining a fire through the 
night, you don't want it blazing

1858
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:52,700
so high, that it consumes would 
too quickly, but you also don't 

1859
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,400
want it to die, completely and 
have to restart it in the middle

1860
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:57,800
of the night. 
The person attending the fire 

1861
01:43:57,800 --> 01:43:59,700
does. 
So with minimal disruption to 

1862
01:43:59,700 --> 01:44:02,500
others, they add would quietly 
position it. 

1863
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:06,200
So it catches without creating 
excessive flame and settled back

1864
01:44:06,200 --> 01:44:09,300
to sleep. 
This rotation of fire tending 

1865
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:13,000
happened, organically with 
whoever wakes naturally taking a

1866
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:15,800
turn. 
There's no formal schedule, no 

1867
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,200
assigned shifts, just the 
understanding that someone needs

1868
01:44:19,200 --> 01:44:21,700
to maintain the fire, and 
everyone takes responsibility 

1869
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:25,200
for it. 
The Moon Rises late tonight and 

1870
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:27,500
its appearance. 
Transforms the landscape once 

1871
01:44:27,500 --> 01:44:30,200
again. 
Suddenly you can see beyond the 

1872
01:44:30,200 --> 01:44:34,000
immediate circle of firelight 
and the Savannah takes on an 

1873
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:35,500
ethereal quality in the 
Moonlight. 

1874
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:40,100
Shadow sharpen the distinction 
between Earth and Sky becomes 

1875
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:43,800
clearer, and the overall sense 
of being in vast open space 

1876
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:47,200
intensifies, in Moonlight, you 
can see why Saint Hunter 

1877
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:49,100
sometimes travel at night when 
necessary. 

1878
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:52,600
The landscape becomes navigable 
though, not easily. 

1879
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,900
Tracks are harder to read and 
Thorns you'd see and avoid in 

1880
01:44:56,900 --> 01:44:58,700
daylight becoming visible 
hazards. 

1881
01:44:59,500 --> 01:45:02,800
But the cooler temperatures make
movement less exhausting and 

1882
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:06,100
certain animals become easier to
approach because the moon 

1883
01:45:06,100 --> 01:45:09,300
doesn't reveal human presence as
clearly as sunlight would 

1884
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:11,600
tonight. 
However, no one has any 

1885
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:14,300
intention of travelling. 
This is rest time. 

1886
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:17,500
A pause in the constant 
movement, that characterizes 

1887
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:20,500
their lives, The hunters aren't 
sleeping heavily. 

1888
01:45:20,500 --> 01:45:25,300
That kind of deep unconsciously,
probably isn't adaptive when 

1889
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:28,000
you're living outdoors in an 
environment with occasional 

1890
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:32,300
genuine dangers instead, they're
in a state of restful awareness,

1891
01:45:32,300 --> 01:45:36,000
sleeping deeply enough to 
recuperate that lightly enough. 

1892
01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:39,500
That unusual sounds or movements
will wake them understanding how

1893
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:42,600
Saint Hunters sleep in the open 
requires recognizing how 

1894
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:45,700
different their relationship 
with rest is compared to what 

1895
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:50,000
most modern people experience. 
There's no bedroom, no mattress,

1896
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:53,800
no climate control, and no 
privacy in the way we usually 

1897
01:45:53,800 --> 01:45:55,700
think about it. 
Yet. 

1898
01:45:55,700 --> 01:45:58,400
They achieve something that 
eludes many people in 

1899
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:02,300
technologically advanced 
societies genuinely restorative 

1900
01:46:02,300 --> 01:46:04,600
sleep, that leaves them 
refreshed and ready for the next

1901
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:07,300
day's challenges. 
The grass mattresses, they've 

1902
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:09,300
created a more effective than 
you might expect. 

1903
01:46:10,300 --> 01:46:13,300
The thick layer of dried grass 
provides insulation from the 

1904
01:46:13,300 --> 01:46:16,100
ground, which becomes 
surprisingly cold. 

1905
01:46:16,100 --> 01:46:19,000
During the night as it radiates,
the heat, it absorbed during the

1906
01:46:19,000 --> 01:46:22,000
day. 
The grass also provides 

1907
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:25,200
cushioning. 
Not the luxurious softness of a 

1908
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,300
modern mattress but enough, that
sleeping doesn't mean lying 

1909
01:46:28,300 --> 01:46:32,500
directly on hard sand and small 
stones position matters, too. 

1910
01:46:33,500 --> 01:46:36,700
The hunter sleep in a loose, 
semi-circle around the fire with

1911
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:39,200
the person's feet oriented 
toward the warmth. 

1912
01:46:39,900 --> 01:46:42,700
This Arrangement means your 
torso and limbs can be wrapped 

1913
01:46:42,700 --> 01:46:46,000
in your cloak for insulation. 
While your feet receive radiant 

1914
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,900
heat from the fire. 
It's also a social Arrangement 

1915
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:52,600
that allows conversation before 
sleep and ensures that everyone 

1916
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:54,900
is within easy reach. 
If something goes wrong during 

1917
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:58,300
the night, the leather cloak 
servers, remarkably effective 

1918
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:02,700
blankets animal, hide provide, 
excellent insulation, while 

1919
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:05,200
being breathable enough that you
don't wake up, drenched in 

1920
01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:08,200
sweat. 
A cloak wraps around your body, 

1921
01:47:08,200 --> 01:47:11,900
creating a cocoon that traps 
body heat while still allowing 

1922
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:15,600
you to move if needed. 
On particularly cold nights. 

1923
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:19,400
People might share cloaks using 
social bonds and body heat to 

1924
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:23,400
maximize warmth your head rests 
on whatever you designated as a 

1925
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:25,500
pillow. 
Sometimes a folded piece of 

1926
01:47:25,508 --> 01:47:29,000
clothing, sometimes a small 
leather bag, filled with grass, 

1927
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:33,600
sometimes simply your own arm. 
The sand people don't seem to 

1928
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,200
suffer from the neck problems 
that plague people who use 

1929
01:47:36,200 --> 01:47:39,700
elaborate pillow systems. 
Possibly their bodies have 

1930
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:42,000
adapted through generations to 
sleeping this way. 

1931
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:45,900
Or possibly are modern sleep 
systems of created problems. 

1932
01:47:45,900 --> 01:47:49,600
That wouldn't exist without the 
sounds of the night which you 

1933
01:47:49,600 --> 01:47:53,100
might expect to be disruptive 
actually seem to contribute to 

1934
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:57,400
rather than detract from sleep. 
That constant insect whom 

1935
01:47:57,400 --> 01:48:01,200
creates white noise, that masks 
other more jarring sounds. 

1936
01:48:02,300 --> 01:48:05,800
The fires crackle provides a 
rhythmic somewhat hypnotic 

1937
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:09,000
background. 
Even the occasional animal calls

1938
01:48:09,000 --> 01:48:12,000
once you've learned their not 
threatening Become part of the 

1939
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:14,900
nighttime sound skate rather 
than disruptions to it. 

1940
01:48:14,900 --> 01:48:18,200
What's particularly interesting?
Is the flexibility of sleep 

1941
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:22,100
patterns the hunters don't sleep
straight through for 8 hours. 

1942
01:48:22,100 --> 01:48:25,000
A Sleep Experts. 
Constantly tell us, we should 

1943
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:29,900
instead, they sleep in segments 
waking occasionally to ten. 

1944
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:33,900
The Fire Relief themselves or 
simply lie awake for a few 

1945
01:48:33,908 --> 01:48:35,400
minutes before returning to 
sleep. 

1946
01:48:36,400 --> 01:48:40,400
This segmented, sleep pattern 
was probably normal for humans 

1947
01:48:40,400 --> 01:48:43,600
throughout most of our history, 
and it seems to work perfectly. 

1948
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:46,800
Well for people, living, this 
lifestyle dreams. 

1949
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:50,800
When discuss, the next morning 
are taken seriously as sources 

1950
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:54,800
of information and meaning, A 
hunter who dreams of water might

1951
01:48:54,800 --> 01:48:58,400
influence the group's decision 
about which direction to travel.

1952
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:02,400
Someone who dreams of a 
particular animal might suggest 

1953
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:04,600
they focus their hunting efforts
on that species. 

1954
01:49:05,700 --> 01:49:08,500
This isn't Superstition in the 
way, we usually think of it. 

1955
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:12,200
It's recognition that our 
subconscious Minds process 

1956
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:15,700
information in ways that are 
conscious awareness, might miss 

1957
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:19,100
the quality of sleep. 
Also varies with the moon phase 

1958
01:49:19,100 --> 01:49:23,100
on dark, moonless nights, sleep 
tends to be deeper and longer 

1959
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:26,000
because they're simply less to 
see or do once. 

1960
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:29,300
Darkness Falls On bright moonlit
nights. 

1961
01:49:29,300 --> 01:49:32,900
People tend to stay up later, 
talk more and sleep, more 

1962
01:49:32,900 --> 01:49:36,100
lightly. 
The hunters sleep schedule and 

1963
01:49:36,100 --> 01:49:38,700
naturally synchronized with 
lunar rhythms in ways that 

1964
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:42,200
modern artificial lighting has 
completely disrupted for most of

1965
01:49:42,200 --> 01:49:46,400
humanity as the night deepens 
into its quietest hours that 

1966
01:49:46,400 --> 01:49:49,600
period around midnight. 
When even October animals seemed

1967
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:53,500
to pause, The camp settles into 
its most peaceful state. 

1968
01:49:54,400 --> 01:49:56,600
Fire has burned down to glowing 
coals. 

1969
01:49:56,600 --> 01:49:59,500
That provide steady heat without
much visible Flame. 

1970
01:50:00,300 --> 01:50:04,400
The hunters sleep in various 
positions, some curled on their 

1971
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:06,500
sides. 
Some on their backs, some with 

1972
01:50:06,500 --> 01:50:11,300
legs drawn up, and some 
stretched out, Person has found 

1973
01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:14,400
their comfortable position 
through a lifetime of sleeping 

1974
01:50:14,400 --> 01:50:17,800
this way, there's something 
deeply reassuring about sleeping

1975
01:50:17,800 --> 01:50:21,200
in a group like this, even for 
an observer like yourself. 

1976
01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:23,700
Quiet. 
Sounds of other people, 

1977
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:27,500
breathing the occasional shift 
of position, the knowledge that 

1978
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:29,600
several pairs of eyes and ears 
will wake. 

1979
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,000
If anything unusual happenings 
all of this creates a sense of 

1980
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:37,900
security that solitary modern 
sleepers often lack We evolved 

1981
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:40,600
sleeping in groups and being 
around others at night. 

1982
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:44,300
Probably satisfies, some ancient
need for social proximity during

1983
01:50:44,300 --> 01:50:47,600
vulnerable times. 
The first hint of dawn arrives, 

1984
01:50:47,600 --> 01:50:51,500
not as light, but to sound Bird 
calls change their character, 

1985
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:55,500
the night jars, fall silent 
replacement by early Rising 

1986
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:57,900
species who songs and announce 
the coming day. 

1987
01:50:59,400 --> 01:51:01,800
A chat begins. 
Its distinctive call from 

1988
01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:05,300
somewhere nearby a cheerful 
series of notes that seems to 

1989
01:51:05,300 --> 01:51:09,000
celebrate the end of night. 
The insects that dominated the 

1990
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:12,600
evening soundscape fade, as 
diurnal species begin stirring. 

1991
01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:16,400
The temperature at this hour is 
that its lowest point and you 

1992
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:18,900
notice the hunters drawing, 
their cloaks more tightly in 

1993
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:22,000
these pre-dawn moments. 
The fire has burned down 

1994
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:27,000
considerably though, someone you
didn't notice who or when has 

1995
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:29,200
fed it during the night. 
So it hasn't gone completely 

1996
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:33,100
cold. 
Now someone stirs more fully had

1997
01:51:33,100 --> 01:51:34,700
several sticks and begins 
coaxing. 

1998
01:51:34,700 --> 01:51:38,200
The fire back to life with 
gentle blowing light arrives 

1999
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:40,600
slowly. 
At first then more rapidly. 

2000
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:44,600
These Eastern Horizon develops a
pale glow that gradually 

2001
01:51:44,600 --> 01:51:48,200
strengthens shifting from deep 
blue to lighter shade. 

2002
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:51,700
Then picking up warm colors as 
the sun is the horizon. 

2003
01:51:53,200 --> 01:51:56,300
Stars fade in this growing light
first. 

2004
01:51:56,300 --> 01:52:00,600
The faint ones disappear, then 
the brighter ones until finally,

2005
01:52:00,600 --> 01:52:04,700
only Venus remains visible, the 
Morning Star hanging in a sky 

2006
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:07,900
that's transitioning from night 
to day, the Hunter's weight 

2007
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:09,500
gradually rather than all at 
once. 

2008
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:13,300
There's no alarm, no urgent need
to LEAP up and begin moving. 

2009
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:17,400
Instead people transition from 
sleep to wakefulness in their 

2010
01:52:17,400 --> 01:52:21,600
own time lying quietly for a few
minutes, perhaps adding another 

2011
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:24,400
stick to the fire eventually 
sitting up and stretching 

2012
01:52:24,400 --> 01:52:26,200
muscles that have been still for
hours. 

2013
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:28,900
The morning routine has its own 
gentle, Rhythm. 

2014
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:32,900
Someone checks, the coals from 
last night's buried tubers, a 

2015
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:34,100
few were left. 
Deliberately for morning. 

2016
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,700
Eating these get dug out. 
Brushed free of Ash and broken 

2017
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:40,700
open. 
The interior is soft and 

2018
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:45,200
steaming with a sweet earthy 
flavor, that satisfying without 

2019
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,700
being heavy. 
Shared around the fire. 

2020
01:52:47,700 --> 01:52:50,500
These tubers breakfast for 
people who will be walking 

2021
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:54,200
again, within an hour water gets
passed around in those Austria, 

2022
01:52:54,200 --> 01:52:57,900
containers, each person taking a
drink, that's measured, not by 

2023
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:02,300
conscious restraint, but by 
practice habit, In an 

2024
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:05,400
environment where water requires
significant effort to obtain, 

2025
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:08,400
nobody waste it but nobody holds
it. 

2026
01:53:08,400 --> 01:53:12,200
Either you drink, what you need 
a wear that there will be 

2027
01:53:12,200 --> 01:53:14,400
opportunities to find more later
today. 

2028
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:18,400
If you remember the landscape 
lesson, you've learned as full 

2029
01:53:18,400 --> 01:53:20,900
daylight arrives, the Savannah 
reveals, what the United. 

2030
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,100
You can see now that your Camp 
sits in an area where animal 

2031
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:27,700
tracks crisscross in dozens of 
directions. 

2032
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,900
During the night creatures 
passed nearby, the prince of 

2033
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:34,600
fresh probably made in the hours
before Dawn. 

2034
01:53:35,400 --> 01:53:38,700
There are small Antelope tracks,
the distinctive marks of 

2035
01:53:38,700 --> 01:53:42,400
ground-dwelling birds and the 
scratches were something dug for

2036
01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:45,400
insects or Roots, The Hunters, 
examine these tracks, with 

2037
01:53:45,400 --> 01:53:48,600
casual interest, reading them 
the way you might glance at 

2038
01:53:48,600 --> 01:53:52,000
headlines in a newspaper, 
they're not alarmed by this 

2039
01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:54,900
evidence of nighttime visitors, 
they expected it. 

2040
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:59,800
But they note which animals 
passed in which direction and 

2041
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:03,900
approximately what time's based 
on how the tracks overlap and 

2042
01:54:03,900 --> 01:54:06,200
how much the sand has shifted 
around their edges? 

2043
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:10,000
The morning are has remarkable 
Clarity that will last only a 

2044
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:12,500
couple of hours before heat 
begins creating Shimmer and 

2045
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:15,800
distortion. 
Right now, you can see for miles

2046
01:54:15,800 --> 01:54:18,700
across the Savannah. 
Watching how the low angle 

2047
01:54:18,700 --> 01:54:22,500
sunlight creates Long Shadows 
and highlights every Contour of 

2048
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:25,400
the landscape. 
Birds are particularly active at

2049
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:27,600
this hour. 
You can see various species 

2050
01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:30,800
moving between, feeding areas, 
sand grew. 

2051
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:34,200
So flying and Swift direct lines
toward distant water. 

2052
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:38,500
Hornbills hopping among tree 
branches and Lark singing from 

2053
01:54:38,500 --> 01:54:41,900
exposed purchases. 
Before leaving camp the hunters 

2054
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:45,600
perform a simple, but important 
ritual, they scatter the fire 

2055
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,100
and cover it with sand. 
This isn't about hiding evidence

2056
01:54:49,100 --> 01:54:52,100
of their presence, their tracks 
and the flattened grass make 

2057
01:54:52,100 --> 01:54:55,500
that impossible. 
Anyway it's about fire safety in

2058
01:54:55,500 --> 01:54:57,900
a landscape where unchecked 
Flames could devastate the 

2059
01:54:57,900 --> 01:55:01,100
environment. 
The scattered ashes and charred 

2060
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:04,700
wood will be nearly invisible 
within days, Incorporated back 

2061
01:55:04,700 --> 01:55:08,000
into the soil, the grass 
mattresses, get kicked apart, 

2062
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:10,300
and Scattered returning to the 
landscape. 

2063
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:13,400
They came from the thorny 
branches of the Windbreak 

2064
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:16,400
remain, where they are, they'll 
decompose naturally, and might 

2065
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:21,000
even be useful to the next group
that camps here, In less than 15

2066
01:55:21,000 --> 01:55:23,100
minutes. 
The campsite that felt so 

2067
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:24,800
established. 
Last night as been largely. 

2068
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:29,500
Erased leaving only subtle signs
that humans rested here as the 

2069
01:55:29,500 --> 01:55:32,300
group prepared to move. 
They perform one final check of 

2070
01:55:32,300 --> 01:55:34,200
their surroundings. 
Tools. 

2071
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:36,900
Get inspected to ensure. 
Nothing is damaged or missing 

2072
01:55:36,900 --> 01:55:41,300
leather bags, get checked to 
verify their contents water 

2073
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:43,100
containers, get shaken to 
assess. 

2074
01:55:43,100 --> 01:55:46,700
How much remains each person 
mentally reviews, what their 

2075
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:49,900
carrying and what they know 
about the landscape ahead, the 

2076
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:53,000
direction of travel to day was 
decided, partly last night, and 

2077
01:55:53,000 --> 01:55:55,900
partly this morning, based on 
whether observations animal 

2078
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:58,500
signs and the groups overall 
goals. 

2079
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:03,200
They're not wandering aimlessly.
They have destinations in mind 

2080
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:06,500
resources, they want to check 
and a general route that will 

2081
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:08,000
take them through productive 
areas. 

2082
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:12,800
But they're planning remains 
flexible ready to adapt if they 

2083
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:16,300
encounter unexpected 
opportunities or challenges as 

2084
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:19,200
you prepare to leave this 
nighttime experience and return 

2085
01:56:19,200 --> 01:56:22,000
to your own world of climate 
control and indoor plumbing. 

2086
01:56:22,000 --> 01:56:25,000
It's worth reflecting on what 
the saint Hunters. 

2087
01:56:25,000 --> 01:56:28,300
Understand about living that 
Modern Life, sometimes obscures 

2088
01:56:29,300 --> 01:56:32,600
Their knowledge isn't romantic 
primitivism or noble savage, 

2089
01:56:32,600 --> 01:56:37,200
idealism, its practical, wisdom 
develops through of generations 

2090
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:39,300
of lived experience. 
First. 

2091
01:56:39,300 --> 01:56:42,600
They understand that Comfort is 
relative and adaptable. 

2092
01:56:43,400 --> 01:56:45,000
The same conditions that would 
leave. 

2093
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:48,500
Most modern people miserable 
sleeping on the ground, limited 

2094
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:53,600
water temperature extremes, no 
walls, or doors, a completely 

2095
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:55,700
normal to them. 
They haven't developed 

2096
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:58,400
superhuman tolerance. 
They've simply learned what 

2097
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:01,100
humans are actually capable of 
when properly prepared. 

2098
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:05,000
The gap between our comfort 
expectations and our actual 

2099
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,700
physical capabilities is 
probably much larger than most 

2100
01:57:08,700 --> 01:57:12,200
of us realize second. 
They demonstrate that less can 

2101
01:57:12,200 --> 01:57:15,300
genuinely be more when it comes 
to possessions and Technology. 

2102
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:19,800
Their entire material culture, 
everything they own and use 

2103
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:22,700
could fit in a couple of 
backpacks yet. 

2104
01:57:22,700 --> 01:57:25,600
They're not impoverished or 
suffering, they have what they 

2105
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:27,500
need for their environment and 
lifestyle. 

2106
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:31,300
The elaborate systems we've 
built around ourselves homes, 

2107
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:35,100
Vehicles, countless possessions,
solve real problems, but also 

2108
01:57:35,100 --> 01:57:38,300
create new ones. 
The saint approach suggests that

2109
01:57:38,300 --> 01:57:42,600
matching tools to actual needs 
rather than accumulating things 

2110
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:46,300
because we can might be worth 
reconsidering third. 

2111
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:49,100
They show that deep 
environmental, knowledge creates

2112
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:51,100
a different kind of security 
than the kind. 

2113
01:57:51,100 --> 01:57:54,600
We usually seek. 
We try to make ourselves secure 

2114
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:57,600
by building structures. 
That keep nature out and buy 

2115
01:57:57,600 --> 01:58:02,100
accumulating resources we can 
control The sand make themselves

2116
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:05,900
secure by understanding nature 
so thoroughly that they can work

2117
01:58:05,900 --> 01:58:09,400
with it rather than against it. 
When you know where to find 

2118
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:14,300
water food and shelter across 
hundreds of square miles, you're

2119
01:58:14,300 --> 01:58:16,700
less vulnerable to local 
disruption than someone who 

2120
01:58:16,700 --> 01:58:21,400
depends on fragile Supply chains
4th their social system 

2121
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,100
demonstrates that cooperation 
doesn't require formal 

2122
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:28,700
organization or enforcement. 
Food gets shared labor gets 

2123
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:32,800
divided and decisions, get made 
through consensus all without 

2124
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:35,700
contract or rules or designated 
authorities. 

2125
01:58:36,400 --> 01:58:39,800
This works because the group is 
small enough that everyone knows

2126
01:58:39,800 --> 01:58:43,200
everyone else and because their 
lifestyle creates natural 

2127
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:47,508
incentives for cooperation. 
You can't survive a loan in the 

2128
01:58:47,516 --> 01:58:49,700
Kalahari. 
So maintaining good 

2129
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:52,900
relationships isn't optional. 
It's a survival strategy. 

2130
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:56,000
Fifth. 
They remind us that human brains

2131
01:58:56,000 --> 01:58:59,200
are capable of storing and 
processing incredible amounts of

2132
01:58:59,200 --> 01:59:01,600
information without writing or 
digital devices. 

2133
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:05,500
The mental maps, The Hunters 
carry the species 

2134
01:59:05,500 --> 01:59:08,500
identification. 
They perform instantly the 

2135
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:11,300
weather prediction, they do 
through observation and the 

2136
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:15,300
navigation they accomplished 
using stars and landmarks all of

2137
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:19,100
this represents cognitive 
capabilities that most modern 

2138
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:23,600
people have let atrophy We've 
outsourced so much memory and 

2139
01:59:23,600 --> 01:59:26,700
processing to external devices 
that we forgotten what our own 

2140
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:30,100
minds can do sixth. 
Their sleep pattern suggests 

2141
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:32,900
that our modern 8 hours of 
session might be culturally 

2142
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:35,400
specific rather than buy a 
logically necessary. 

2143
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:40,400
They sleep in segments, wait, 
during the night, adjust their 

2144
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:43,700
schedules to natural light and 
seemed perfectly well rested. 

2145
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:47,900
Perhaps the Sleep problems that 
plague, modern society stem 

2146
01:59:47,900 --> 01:59:51,800
partly from trying to force our 
biology into patterns that don't

2147
01:59:51,800 --> 01:59:56,200
actually suit us seventh. 
They demonstrate that meaningful

2148
01:59:56,200 --> 01:59:58,400
work, and Leisure aren't 
opposites. 

2149
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:03,300
Gathering food making tools and 
traveling across the landscape. 

2150
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:06,800
These activities are 
simultaneously work and 

2151
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,800
engagement with life. 
They're not counting down hours 

2152
02:00:09,800 --> 02:00:11,900
until they can stop working and 
start living. 

2153
02:00:13,000 --> 02:00:15,400
The integration of Labor and 
life created different 

2154
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:18,100
qualitative experience than the 
modern pattern of working at 

2155
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:20,200
jobs. 
We tolerate to earn money for 

2156
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:23,500
the free time when we can do, 
what we actually want 8. 

2157
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,300
There are relationship with risk
shows that trying to eliminate 

2158
02:00:26,300 --> 02:00:28,400
all danger. 
Might not be the path to 

2159
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:31,300
well-being. 
They live with genuine risks, 

2160
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:35,900
whether injury food, scarcity 
and occasional dangerous 

2161
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:38,700
animals. 
But they've developed competence

2162
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:41,700
and confidence, that makes these
risks manageable rather than 

2163
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:45,200
paralyzing. 
Modern safety Obsession 

2164
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:49,400
sometimes create psychological 
fragility by preventing people 

2165
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:52,400
from developing the skills and 
confidence that come from 

2166
02:00:52,400 --> 02:00:55,400
managing real challenges. 
None of this means their 

2167
02:00:55,400 --> 02:00:58,400
lifestyle is perfect or that we 
should all abandon Modern Life 

2168
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:01,900
and move to the Kalahari. 
The sand face genuine. 

2169
02:01:01,900 --> 02:01:05,600
Hardships infant mortality rates
that would horrify modern 

2170
02:01:05,600 --> 02:01:09,000
parents medical problems. 
That could be easily sold with 

2171
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:11,900
basic Healthcare and 
vulnerability to droughts that 

2172
02:01:11,908 --> 02:01:15,000
kill people. 
Romanticizing, their lifestyle 

2173
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:17,700
while ignoring its difficulties 
as both inaccurate and 

2174
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:20,700
disrespectful, but neither 
should we dismiss their way of 

2175
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:23,300
life as simply primitive, or 
inferior to our own. 

2176
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:27,000
They've developed sophisticated 
Solutions, the challenges of 

2177
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:30,700
their environment solutions, 
that work extremely well for 

2178
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:34,500
their circumstances. 
And some of their approaches 

2179
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:38,600
their environmental knowledge, 
their social cooperation, their 

2180
02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:42,300
material Simplicity that 
integration of work and life 

2181
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:46,600
contain insights that remain 
valuable, even for people living

2182
02:01:46,600 --> 02:01:50,200
in very different contexts. 
The most important lesson might 

2183
02:01:50,200 --> 02:01:54,700
be about adaptability itself. 
The sand people thrive in an 

2184
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:57,700
environment that would kill most
modern humans within days. 

2185
02:01:57,700 --> 02:02:00,800
Not because their 
physiologically different, but 

2186
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:03,900
because they've learned their 
landscape thoroughly and adapted

2187
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:05,800
their behavior to match its 
demands. 

2188
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:10,500
Every human society does this to
some degree, we all adapt to our

2189
02:02:10,500 --> 02:02:13,200
environments? 
The question is whether we're 

2190
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:15,900
doing so consciously and 
thoughtfully or whether we're 

2191
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:18,900
simply accepting, whatever 
patterns are culture happens to 

2192
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:22,000
have developed as you mentally 
return from the Kalahari, 

2193
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:25,200
Savannah to your own bedroom, 
carrying memories of violet 

2194
02:02:25,200 --> 02:02:29,400
faces and star-filled skies. 
Consider what elements of that 

2195
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:33,000
nighttime experience, might 
translate across centuries, and 

2196
02:02:33,000 --> 02:02:37,000
continents to your own life. 
You probably can't and shouldn't

2197
02:02:37,000 --> 02:02:40,800
try to replicate the sand Hunter
lifestyle in modern Suburbia. 

2198
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:44,500
But you can borrow from their 
approach to rest and Recovery. 

2199
02:02:45,200 --> 02:02:48,200
What would it mean to create 
evening routines that genuinely 

2200
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:51,700
prepare your body and mind for 
sleep rather than simply marking

2201
02:02:51,700 --> 02:02:53,400
time until you collapse into 
bed? 

2202
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:57,300
The hunters gradual transition 
from activity to rest. 

2203
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:01,500
There are attention to comfort 
and warmth and their use of fire

2204
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:04,400
and social connection to create 
restful environments. 

2205
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:06,900
All of these have analogs in 
Modern Life. 

2206
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:09,600
If you look for them, you might 
experiment with reducing 

2207
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:13,100
artificial light in your evening
hours letting your body respond 

2208
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:17,400
to Natural Darkness signals You 
could create simple rituals that

2209
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,800
Mark the transition from day to 
night helping your mind. 

2210
02:03:20,800 --> 02:03:24,400
Recognize when it's time to 
shift gears, you could pay 

2211
02:03:24,400 --> 02:03:27,300
attention to temperature, 
recognizing that cooler, 

2212
02:03:27,300 --> 02:03:30,700
sleeping environments, often 
produced better, rest, You could

2213
02:03:30,700 --> 02:03:33,400
even reconsider whether sleeping
straight through the night is 

2214
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,800
really necessary or whether 
waking briefly is natural and 

2215
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:39,200
acceptable. 
The hunters relationship with 

2216
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,800
possessions offers another 
transportable lesson What would 

2217
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:45,100
your life look like? 
If you evaluated everything you 

2218
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:48,900
owned by, whether it serves 
multiple purposes and whether 

2219
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:52,000
you truly need it. 
The freedom that comes from 

2220
02:03:52,000 --> 02:03:56,100
having less stuff, less to 
maintain Leicester, organized. 

2221
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:59,800
Leicester worry about is 
available to anyone willing to 

2222
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:03,600
question their accumulation 
habits, their mental awareness 

2223
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:07,200
suggests that paying attention 
to the natural world, even in 

2224
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,700
urban or Suburban settings can 
create a richer daily 

2225
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:13,300
experience. 
You might not need to track 

2226
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:17,000
animals across sand, but you 
could notice which birds visit 

2227
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:22,100
your area in different seasons 
which plants bloom when and how 

2228
02:04:22,100 --> 02:04:25,500
weather patterns develop. 
This attention doesn't require 

2229
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,200
moving to the Wilderness. 
It just requires deciding that 

2230
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:33,000
the non-human world is worth 
noticing their social patterns, 

2231
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:37,100
the automatic sharing the 
consensus decision-making, the 

2232
02:04:37,100 --> 02:04:40,500
absence of formal hierarchy, 
won't translate directly to 

2233
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:43,500
Modern Life with its complex 
institutions and millions of 

2234
02:04:43,500 --> 02:04:46,400
strangers. 
But within your own Circles of 

2235
02:04:46,408 --> 02:04:49,700
family and friends, you might 
find Opportunities to practice 

2236
02:04:49,700 --> 02:04:52,900
more generous, shareing more 
collaborative decision-making. 

2237
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:55,600
And more a galatian 
relationships. 

2238
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,100
Most fundamentally, the saint 
Hunters demonstrate that human 

2239
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:03,000
beings are adaptable capable and
resilient in ways that modern 

2240
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:07,600
convenience sometimes obscures. 
We've built a labret systems to 

2241
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:10,900
protect ourselves from 
discomfort and uncertainty but 

2242
02:05:10,900 --> 02:05:14,000
in doing so we've sometimes 
prevented ourselves from 

2243
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,600
developing the competence and 
confidence that come from facing

2244
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:20,500
challenges directly. 
You don't need to sleep on the 

2245
02:05:20,508 --> 02:05:23,300
ground in the savannah to 
reconnect with these fundamental

2246
02:05:23,300 --> 02:05:26,500
human capabilities. 
You just need to occasionally 

2247
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:30,100
step outside your comfort zone, 
try things that are slightly 

2248
02:05:30,100 --> 02:05:34,100
difficult, develop skills that 
aren't immediately useful, and 

2249
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,000
pay attention to the world 
Beyond screens and walls. 

2250
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:40,900
Specific challenges matter less 
than the practice of engaging 

2251
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:43,800
with them tonight as you line 
your bed. 

2252
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:47,500
Probably more comfortable than 
any grass mattress could ever 

2253
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:49,800
be? 
You might notice sound you 

2254
02:05:49,800 --> 02:05:52,600
usually ignore. 
That Cricket outside your 

2255
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:54,900
window. 
The wind moving through trees 

2256
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,500
and the distant sound of traffic
that creates its own kind of 

2257
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,500
white noise. 
These sounds connect you to the 

2258
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:05,400
same nighttime world that Saint 
Hunters experience, just in a 

2259
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:08,400
different context, you might 
feel grateful for your shelter 

2260
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:11,400
and safety while. 
Also recognizing that the saint 

2261
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:13,400
Hunters aren't suffering in 
their open camps. 

2262
02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:16,400
Different environments, suit 
different Lifestyles. 

2263
02:06:16,400 --> 02:06:19,800
And what seems harsh from one 
perspective is simply normal 

2264
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:24,100
from another Understanding this 
might make you less judgmental 

2265
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:27,100
about people whose lives look 
different from yours unless 

2266
02:06:27,100 --> 02:06:30,400
defensive about your own 
choices, you might reflect on 

2267
02:06:30,400 --> 02:06:33,200
how much of your life involves 
trying to control or eliminate 

2268
02:06:33,200 --> 02:06:38,200
variables temperature, light 
sound, social interaction, risk 

2269
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:41,600
and wonder whether some of that 
control cost more than it 

2270
02:06:41,600 --> 02:06:44,800
benefits. 
The hunters, accept variability 

2271
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:48,300
is inherent to existence and 
develop flexibility instead of 

2272
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:50,700
control. 
There might be wisdom in that 

2273
02:06:50,708 --> 02:06:53,700
approach even for people who 
aren't planning to sleep under 

2274
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:56,400
the stars, a sleep begins to 
overtake. 

2275
02:06:56,400 --> 02:07:00,700
You imagine that campfire, still
burning in the Kalahari, it's 

2276
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:04,400
like creating a small island of 
warmth in the vast Darkness, 

2277
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:09,400
Imagine Hunter's sleeping their 
segmented, sleep waking 

2278
02:07:09,400 --> 02:07:13,000
occasionally to 10 the Flame's 
comfortable, in an environment 

2279
02:07:13,000 --> 02:07:15,000
that would terrify most modern 
people. 

2280
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:18,100
Imagine them waking at dawn to 
scatter. 

2281
02:07:18,100 --> 02:07:22,100
The fire, check their tools and 
walk again across a landscape. 

2282
02:07:22,100 --> 02:07:24,400
They know, as intimately as, you
know, your own neighborhood, 

2283
02:07:24,400 --> 02:07:27,000
their world. 
And yours are separated by 

2284
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:31,700
Ocean's centuries and completely
different ways of organizing 

2285
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:34,800
human life. 
Yet the fundamental experience 

2286
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:39,000
is remain the same, the need for
rest, the search for comfort, 

2287
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:43,000
the desire for safety. 
The value of social connection, 

2288
02:07:43,000 --> 02:07:48,000
the satisfaction of competence 
and the peace that comes from 

2289
02:07:48,000 --> 02:07:51,800
understanding your environment. 
Well enough to trust it sleep. 

2290
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,700
Well, knowing that somewhere 
someone is sleeping under stars 

2291
02:07:55,700 --> 02:07:58,200
that are the same Stars. 
You'd see if you went outside 

2292
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,400
right now. 
Somewhere a fire is burning, 

2293
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:04,600
that's made from the same 
combustion chemistry, as the 

2294
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:07,000
Flames humans. 
First mastered, hundreds of 

2295
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:10,400
thousands of years ago. 
Somewhere people are living 

2296
02:08:10,400 --> 02:08:13,500
lives that connect directly to 
the deepest patterns of human 

2297
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,600
existence. 
Patterns that persist beneath 

2298
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:20,900
all our modern elaborations and 
tomorrow when you wake to alarm 

2299
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:23,700
clocks and artificial light 
you'll carry with you, the 

2300
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:26,900
memory of a different kind of 
waking the gradual transition 

2301
02:08:26,900 --> 02:08:29,600
that happens when your body 
responds to natural light and 

2302
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:32,700
natural temperature changes. 
When you open your eyes to see 

2303
02:08:32,700 --> 02:08:35,500
whether the fire still Burns and
whether you're companions are 

2304
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:37,600
stirring that memory might 
change. 

2305
02:08:37,600 --> 02:08:40,400
How you think about morning, 
routines, sleep patterns 

2306
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:45,000
possession, environmental 
awareness, social relationships,

2307
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:47,600
and what it means to be 
comfortably at home in the 

2308
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:50,400
world. 
Or it might simply rest in your 

2309
02:08:50,408 --> 02:08:54,000
mind as a pleasant story about 
people who live differently than

2310
02:08:54,000 --> 02:08:55,900
you do. 
Either way the night in the 

2311
02:08:55,900 --> 02:08:59,500
Kalahari has been real in your 
imagination and Imagination is 

2312
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:02,500
where all understanding Begins 
the hunters rest. 

2313
02:09:02,500 --> 02:09:06,300
Well, tonight, as they have for 
thousands of years and so can 

2314
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:13,900
you let's start at the very 
beginning. 

2315
02:09:14,700 --> 02:09:17,300
Back when your biggest clothing 
decision was whether to drape 

2316
02:09:17,300 --> 02:09:21,000
that Mammoth hide with the fur 
on the inside, or outside, we're

2317
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:24,600
talking about roughly 170,000 
years ago, give or take a few 

2318
02:09:24,608 --> 02:09:27,200
Millennia back. 
When Fashion Week lasted about 

2319
02:09:27,200 --> 02:09:31,100
Four Seasons literally, Your 
earliest ancestors had what you 

2320
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:34,100
might call the ultimate 
minimalist wardrobe, imagine 

2321
02:09:34,100 --> 02:09:36,900
waking up each morning in your 
own outfit, choice being naked 

2322
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:40,400
or slightly less naked with some
leaves, strategically placed. 

2323
02:09:40,400 --> 02:09:44,500
It was like having a closet with
just one item and that item was 

2324
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:47,400
whatever you could hunt gather 
or convinced to stay. 

2325
02:09:47,400 --> 02:09:50,200
Put long enough to provide 
coverage but here's where it 

2326
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:53,100
gets interesting. 
Those early humans were just 

2327
02:09:53,100 --> 02:09:56,000
randomly throwing animal skins 
over their shoulders, like they 

2328
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:57,900
were playing prehistoric dress 
up. 

2329
02:09:57,900 --> 02:10:01,300
They were actually solving 
problems the same kind of 

2330
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:03,700
problems you face today just 
with higher Stakes. 

2331
02:10:03,700 --> 02:10:06,600
Instead of, will this make me 
look professional in my zoom 

2332
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:08,200
meeting. 
They were dealing with? 

2333
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:11,400
Will this keep me from becoming 
a popsicle during the Ice Age? 

2334
02:10:12,300 --> 02:10:15,400
First real breakthrough came, 
when someone, let's call them 

2335
02:10:15,400 --> 02:10:18,500
the world's first fashion 
designer, figured out that you 

2336
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:22,100
could actually shape these 
animal hides of just draping a 

2337
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:24,200
disc in over your shoulders, 
like a furry Cape. 

2338
02:10:24,200 --> 02:10:27,500
You could cut holes for your 
arms revolutionary stuff. 

2339
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,500
This was probably the moment 
when clothing stopped being just

2340
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:33,200
about survival and started being
about looking good. 

2341
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:35,600
While surviving, you can almost 
picture it. 

2342
02:10:36,300 --> 02:10:39,300
Some Paleolithic Trend Setter 
walking around the camp showing 

2343
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:42,400
off their new fitted. 
Mammoth, hi jacket while their 

2344
02:10:42,400 --> 02:10:44,400
neighbors were still wearing 
shapeless fur blankets. 

2345
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:48,100
Oh, this old thing they'd 
probably Grunt in whatever 

2346
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:51,200
passed for language back there. 
I just threw it together. 

2347
02:10:51,200 --> 02:10:53,800
It's vintage place to seen the 
tools. 

2348
02:10:53,800 --> 02:10:57,100
They used were beautifully. 
Simple shops stones for cutting 

2349
02:10:57,100 --> 02:11:01,500
bone needles for sewing. 
Yes, they had needles 40,000 

2350
02:11:01,500 --> 02:11:04,400
years ago which means they were 
probably dealing with the same 

2351
02:11:04,400 --> 02:11:07,600
frustrating experience of trying
to thread a needle, in dim light

2352
02:11:07,600 --> 02:11:10,900
that you face today. 
Some things, never change, but 

2353
02:11:10,900 --> 02:11:13,100
the really clever part was how 
they figured out different 

2354
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:16,100
materials for different needs 
like to skins for summer 

2355
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:19,800
thicker, Furs for winter 
waterproof treatments for rainy 

2356
02:11:19,800 --> 02:11:22,000
Seasons. 
They were essentially creating 

2357
02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:25,000
the world's first weather 
appropriate wardrobe's long 

2358
02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:28,200
before anyone had invented 
weather forecast to ignore and 

2359
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:31,600
lets not forget the accessories 
archaeological evidence shows. 

2360
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:34,100
They were making jewelry 
decorative elements. 

2361
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:36,000
Even what appeared to be the 
world's. 

2362
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:39,600
First buttons, because 
apparently even 100,000 years 

2363
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:42,800
ago, humans looked at functional
clothing and thought this is 

2364
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:44,800
nice. 
But how can we make it prettier 

2365
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:48,100
by the end of this era? 
Your ancestors had essentially 

2366
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:50,200
invented everything. 
We still use in clothing today. 

2367
02:11:51,000 --> 02:11:55,300
Cutting sewing layering 
accessorizing and most 

2368
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,400
importantly, the Eternal human 
struggle of having a closet full

2369
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:00,800
of options and still feeling 
like you have nothing 

2370
02:12:00,800 --> 02:12:04,700
appropriate to wear to the Clans
Mammoth barbecue around 10,000 

2371
02:12:04,700 --> 02:12:06,700
years ago. 
Something remarkable happened. 

2372
02:12:06,700 --> 02:12:08,600
That would forever change. 
What you want to bed. 

2373
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:12,200
Humans discovered agriculture, 
which meant they could stop 

2374
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:14,900
chasing their dinner around and 
start growing it instead. 

2375
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:17,700
This was great news for many 
reasons, but particularly 

2376
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:20,500
excellent news for your 
wardrobe, you see, when people 

2377
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:23,600
settle down and started farming,
they suddenly had time to think 

2378
02:12:23,600 --> 02:12:26,400
about things other than, where's
my next meal coming from 

2379
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:29,100
questions. 
Like why am I wearing the same 

2380
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:31,100
Mammoth skin my 
great-grandfather war? 

2381
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,800
And surely there's got to be 
something softer than high for 

2382
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:38,100
undergarments and to plant 
fibers some brilliant, early 

2383
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:41,508
farmer looked at their fields of
flax and thought That I could 

2384
02:12:41,516 --> 02:12:44,500
turn this into something more 
comfortable than leather, and 

2385
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:47,300
thus began Humanity's long. 
Beautiful relationship with 

2386
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:51,400
textiles that don't require 
hunting large dangerous animals.

2387
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:54,700
A process of turning plants into
clothing was wonderfully, 

2388
02:12:54,700 --> 02:12:56,700
complex and completely mind 
boggling. 

2389
02:12:56,700 --> 02:13:00,500
If you really think about it, 
take flags, for instance, you 

2390
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:04,000
had to harvest it wret it which 
is a fancy word for letting it 

2391
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,600
rot in just the right way. 
Break. 

2392
02:13:06,600 --> 02:13:09,400
It's got it. 
Hackle it and then finally spin 

2393
02:13:09,400 --> 02:13:11,400
it into thread. 
It was like the world's most 

2394
02:13:11,400 --> 02:13:14,600
complicated recipe except of 
ending up with dinner. 

2395
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:16,400
You ended up with linen 
underwear. 

2396
02:13:17,400 --> 02:13:19,500
But here's what's really 
Charming about this period, 

2397
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:23,300
people started specializing in 
stead of everyone, in the 

2398
02:13:23,308 --> 02:13:24,800
village, making their own 
clothes. 

2399
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:28,100
You had the person who was 
really good at spinning, the one

2400
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:31,000
who excelled at weaving and the 
one who had a knack for dying 

2401
02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:32,300
things. 
Interesting, colors. 

2402
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,000
It was the beginning of the 
fashion industry, though. 

2403
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,000
They probably didn't call it, 
that more likely, they called 

2404
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:40,100
it. 
Hey, can you make me something 

2405
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:43,300
that doesn't itch? 
The invention of the Loom was 

2406
02:13:43,300 --> 02:13:46,400
particularly revolutionary 
imagine being the first person 

2407
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:49,100
to see fabric being created on 
one of these contractions. 

2408
02:13:49,100 --> 02:13:53,200
It must have seemed like 
absolute magic threads going in 

2409
02:13:53,200 --> 02:13:57,300
One Direction threads, going in 
the other and somehow outcomes 

2410
02:13:57,300 --> 02:13:59,300
cloth. 
It was like watching a 3D 

2411
02:13:59,300 --> 02:14:02,400
printer except the technology 
was made of wood and required 

2412
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:05,900
actual skill to operate cotton 
appeared on the scene around 

2413
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:09,700
this time too. 
First in India and Pakistan was 

2414
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:11,500
like the miracle fabric of his 
day. 

2415
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:15,100
Softer than linen, more 
comfortable than wool and it got

2416
02:14:15,108 --> 02:14:17,300
better. 
The more you washed, it ancient 

2417
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:19,700
people's probably looked at 
cotton the way you look at 

2418
02:14:19,700 --> 02:14:23,000
moisture wicking stain resistant
wrinkle free Fabrics. 

2419
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:27,000
Today like some kind of textile 
Wizardry wall, brought its own 

2420
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:29,500
Revolution. 
Sheep were basically, walking 

2421
02:14:29,500 --> 02:14:32,000
sweater factories. 
And once people figured out how 

2422
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:34,500
to share them, hopefully, 
without too much protest from 

2423
02:14:34,500 --> 02:14:38,200
the Sheep, they had access to a 
renewable resource for warm 

2424
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:41,300
durable clothing. 
Plus, we'll have this amazing 

2425
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:44,600
property of keeping you warm 
even when wet which made it the 

2426
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:46,500
ancient equivalent of high-tech 
outdoor gear. 

2427
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:49,400
The really interesting part of 
this agricultural clothing 

2428
02:14:49,400 --> 02:14:52,800
Revolution was how it started. 
Creating social distinctions, 

2429
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:56,000
the quality of your fabric, 
began saying things about who 

2430
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:58,600
you were. 
Finally, in suggested you had 

2431
02:14:58,608 --> 02:15:01,100
time and resources. 
Coarse wool meant. 

2432
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:02,400
You were practical and 
hardworking. 

2433
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:06,300
Certain colors became associated
with wealth because the dies 

2434
02:15:06,300 --> 02:15:08,000
were expensive or difficult to 
obtain. 

2435
02:15:08,000 --> 02:15:11,300
By the end of this period, you 
would gone from wearing whatever

2436
02:15:11,300 --> 02:15:13,600
animal you could catch to have 
actual choices. 

2437
02:15:13,600 --> 02:15:18,100
Linen for hot weather for cold 
different weaves for different 

2438
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:20,400
occasions. 
It was the birth of the seasonal

2439
02:15:20,400 --> 02:15:23,200
wardrobe and probably the birth 
of that familiar feeling of 

2440
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:24,800
looking at your closet and 
sighing. 

2441
02:15:24,800 --> 02:15:28,500
I need new clothes. 
A civilizations began to 

2442
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:31,700
flourish around Rivers, like the
Nile Euphrates and inddus 

2443
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:34,300
clothing. 
Stopped being just about comfort

2444
02:15:34,300 --> 02:15:37,100
and protection and started 
becoming something much more 

2445
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:39,500
interesting a way to show the 
world. 

2446
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:43,200
Exactly who you thought you were
the ancient Egyptians were 

2447
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,000
perhaps the world's first 
fashion influencers though, 

2448
02:15:46,000 --> 02:15:48,400
their Instagram would have been 
painted on Tomb walls. 

2449
02:15:48,400 --> 02:15:51,100
They took linen. 
Remember that plant fiber we 

2450
02:15:51,108 --> 02:15:53,300
talked about and elevated it to 
an art. 

2451
02:15:53,300 --> 02:15:56,500
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine
and well-made that other 

2452
02:15:56,500 --> 02:15:58,900
civilizations literally used it 
as currently. 

2453
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:01,600
Imagine paying your mortgage 
with bed sheets. 

2454
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:03,800
Except these bed sheets were 
woven. 

2455
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:07,200
So skillfully, they were nearly 
transparent the Egyptian fashion

2456
02:16:07,200 --> 02:16:10,700
was all about clean lines, 
elegant draping and accessories,

2457
02:16:10,700 --> 02:16:13,700
that would make a modern jewelry
designer weep With Envy, The 

2458
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:16,400
Wealthy wore linen. 
So fine, it was practically see 

2459
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:19,000
through which might seem 
impractical until you remember. 

2460
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:21,800
They lived in a desert, their 
clothing was designed to be 

2461
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:25,000
cool, comfortable and stunning, 
the ancient equivalent of 

2462
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:28,100
athleisure, if a Leisure came 
with gold and collars and enough

2463
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:29,700
highlighter to supply a rock 
band. 

2464
02:16:29,700 --> 02:16:32,400
But here's what's really 
delightful about Egyptian 

2465
02:16:32,400 --> 02:16:35,700
fashion, they invented so many 
things we still use today, 

2466
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:39,799
pleating, that was them. 
They could create permanent 

2467
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:43,200
pleats, in Lin, in the woods for
years, make up as a fashion 

2468
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:46,299
accessory. 
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 

2469
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:48,299
and women wore. 
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 

2470
02:16:48,299 --> 02:16:52,200
for beauty, but for protection, 
from the Desert Sun, They 

2471
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,400
basically invented sunglasses, 
except theirs were painted on 

2472
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:58,799
meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 
The Sumerians and Babylonians 

2473
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:00,400
were having their own fashion 
moment. 

2474
02:17:00,400 --> 02:17:04,000
They were the first civilization
to really Embrace wool as a 

2475
02:17:04,000 --> 02:17:07,799
luxury item creating incredibly 
elaborate garments with complex 

2476
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:10,299
patterns and Rich, colors their 
clothing. 

2477
02:17:10,299 --> 02:17:12,500
Tended, to be more structured 
than Egyptian fashion. 

2478
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:16,000
Lots of layering Fringe and 
geometric designs that would 

2479
02:17:16,000 --> 02:17:18,000
look perfectly at home in a 
modern art museum. 

2480
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,400
The Mesopotamians also gave us 
one of Fashion's most enduring 

2481
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:24,700
Concepts the idea that your 
clothes should match your job. 

2482
02:17:24,700 --> 02:17:28,000
Priests will certain Styles. 
Rulers were others. 

2483
02:17:28,000 --> 02:17:30,900
Merchants had their look and 
Farmers had theirs. 

2484
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:33,600
It was the beginning of dress 
codes though. 

2485
02:17:33,600 --> 02:17:35,900
Thankfully more colorful than 
most modern officers attire, 

2486
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:39,000
ancient Greece, brought a 
completely different aesthetic 

2487
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:41,900
to the table, where Egyptians 
loved structure and 

2488
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:45,400
Mesopotamians loved complexity. 
The Greeks fell in love with 

2489
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:48,700
Simplicity, and the beauty of 
draped fabric, the Titan and 

2490
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:51,299
himation were not really sown 
garments in the way, we think of

2491
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:52,000
clothes. 
Today. 

2492
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,299
They were essentially, 
rectangles of fabric draped and 

2493
02:17:55,299 --> 02:17:58,700
pinned in elegant ways. 
Greek fashion was remarkably 

2494
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:02,600
Democratic, at least in terms of
basic construction, rich and 

2495
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:04,500
poor wore essentially the same 
Styles. 

2496
02:18:04,500 --> 02:18:07,000
The difference was in the 
quality of the fabric and the 

2497
02:18:07,008 --> 02:18:10,200
finest of the weave. 
A wealthy Greek might wear a 

2498
02:18:10,200 --> 02:18:11,799
tight on made of the finest 
imported. 

2499
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,299
Silk while a farmer wore one 
made of rough wool, but the 

2500
02:18:15,299 --> 02:18:18,700
basic shape was the same. 
The Romans never wants to let 

2501
02:18:18,700 --> 02:18:21,799
the Greeks out do them in 
anything took Greek fashion and 

2502
02:18:21,799 --> 02:18:25,799
made it more Roman which is to 
say more elaborate more colorful

2503
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:29,299
and with better marketing the 
toga became the ultimate status 

2504
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:31,400
symbol though. 
Anyone whose ever tried to wear 

2505
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,200
a bed sheet as clothing can 
appreciate what a feat it was to

2506
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:37,299
wear one with dignity, Roman 
fashion gave us the concept of 

2507
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:40,600
seasonal collections, though. 
They didn't call them that they 

2508
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:42,600
had different weights and 
styles, for different times of 

2509
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:45,600
year different colors for 
different occasions and an 

2510
02:18:45,600 --> 02:18:48,700
elaborate system of accessories 
that could take hours to put on 

2511
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:52,400
properly, getting dressed as a 
wealthy Roman was Basically, a 

2512
02:18:52,400 --> 02:18:54,900
full-time job. 
But perhaps the most important 

2513
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:58,000
contribution of these ancient 
civilizations was the idea that 

2514
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:00,200
clothing could be beautiful for 
its own sake. 

2515
02:19:00,200 --> 02:19:02,799
They didn't just have to keep 
you warm or cool or modest. 

2516
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:05,799
It could be art that you wore. 
This was the beginning of 

2517
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,100
fashion as we know it today. 
The moment when humans looked at

2518
02:19:09,100 --> 02:19:12,400
perfectly functional clothing 
and asked, but is it fabulous? 

2519
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:15,500
If you think getting dressed for
work is complicated. 

2520
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:18,900
Now, be grateful. 
You weren't born into medieval 

2521
02:19:18,900 --> 02:19:21,900
nobility, the Middle Ages, 
turned clothing into something 

2522
02:19:21,900 --> 02:19:25,100
resembling, an engineering 
project complete with structural

2523
02:19:25,100 --> 02:19:28,700
supports complex, layering 
systems and enough fabric to 

2524
02:19:28,700 --> 02:19:32,000
upholster, a small Castle. 
The medieval period began around

2525
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:34,600
500 CE with what you might 
charitably. 

2526
02:19:34,600 --> 02:19:38,600
Call Simple clothing. 
After the fall of Rome, fashion 

2527
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:42,400
became much, more practical. 
People wore basic tunics, simple

2528
02:19:42,400 --> 02:19:45,200
dresses and sturdy. 
Cloaks, it was the clothing 

2529
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:48,600
equivalent of comfort food, 
nothing fancy but it got the job

2530
02:19:48,600 --> 02:19:50,900
done. 
But as the centuries progressed 

2531
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:53,900
and Society became more 
structured clothing, became more

2532
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:56,900
structured too, by the high 
Middle Ages getting dressed, 

2533
02:19:56,900 --> 02:20:00,800
especially if you were wealthy 
required assistance planning and

2534
02:20:00,800 --> 02:20:02,500
occasionally architectural 
knowledge. 

2535
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,300
Let's start with the 
undergarments because medieval 

2536
02:20:05,300 --> 02:20:07,800
people were surprisingly, 
sophisticated about what went 

2537
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:10,700
underneath. 
Women will linen, she misses 

2538
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:13,000
that served as both underwear 
and protection for their 

2539
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:16,500
expensive, outer garments. 
Men will braise which were 

2540
02:20:16,500 --> 02:20:18,400
essentially linen shorts tied at
the waist. 

2541
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:21,700
These weren't just practical. 
They were essential because 

2542
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:23,400
medieval wool could be 
remarkably. 

2543
02:20:23,400 --> 02:20:26,600
Itchy the layering system that 
developed during this period was

2544
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:30,100
like, wearing your entire closet
at once women might wear a 

2545
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:34,500
chemise, then a tunic, then a 
circuit, then a cloak each layer

2546
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:37,900
serving, a specific purpose, it 
was practical for the climate 

2547
02:20:37,900 --> 02:20:41,000
certainly, but it also created 
endless opportunities for 

2548
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:44,900
showing off different Fabrics, 
colors and trims medieval 

2549
02:20:44,900 --> 02:20:47,800
fashion gave us some of the most
impractical but gorgeous 

2550
02:20:47,800 --> 02:20:51,500
clothing Innovations in history.
Take the hen in those tall 

2551
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:54,400
pointed headdresses that look 
like traffic cones decorated By 

2552
02:20:54,408 --> 02:20:57,000
Angels. 
They could be several feet tall 

2553
02:20:57,000 --> 02:20:59,300
and required careful navigation,
through doorways. 

2554
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:03,000
Imagine trying to get into a car
while wearing one actually, 

2555
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:04,900
don't imagine that. 
It's too disturbing. 

2556
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:07,900
The wealthy medieval. 
Europeans were obsessed with 

2557
02:21:07,900 --> 02:21:10,500
sleeves. 
Not just any sleeves but sleeves

2558
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:12,500
that defied logic and 
occasionally gravity. 

2559
02:21:12,500 --> 02:21:14,900
Some were so long. 
They dragged on the ground, 

2560
02:21:14,900 --> 02:21:17,800
others were so wide. 
You could hide a small child in 

2561
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:21,600
the That were detachable 
sleeves, slashed sleeves that 

2562
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:25,200
showed contrasting fabric 
underneath and sleeves with so 

2563
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:27,500
many buttons that getting 
dressed must have felt like 

2564
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:29,900
assembling Furniture. 
But here's what's really 

2565
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:31,400
interesting about medieval 
fashion. 

2566
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:35,700
It was incredibly regulated 
sumptuary laws dictated who 

2567
02:21:35,700 --> 02:21:39,500
could wear what colors which 
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 

2568
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:42,300
long your shoes could be, purple
was reserved for royalty. 

2569
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:46,100
Certain Furs were forbidden to 
Merchants and the length of your

2570
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:48,700
pointed shoes was directly 
proportional to your social 

2571
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:52,200
status these laws existed, 
partly for economic reasons, 

2572
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:56,000
keeping people from bankrupting 
themselves on clothing but 

2573
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,500
mostly to maintain social order.
You're outfit was essentially 

2574
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:02,900
your ID card and your place in 
society to everyone. 

2575
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:06,100
You met it was like wearing your
LinkedIn profile except more 

2576
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,100
colorful and with better 
accessories, the medieval period

2577
02:22:09,100 --> 02:22:12,200
gave us some of Fashions. 
Most enduring Mysteries like the

2578
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,000
coat Hardy, which fashion 
historian, still can't quite 

2579
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:17,900
figure out how to put on the 
instructions have been lost to 

2580
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:21,300
time leaving modern costume 
designers to basically guess how

2581
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:24,100
these garments worked. 
His like, finding a recipe that 

2582
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:27,900
just says, assembling 
ingredients fashionably trade 

2583
02:22:27,900 --> 02:22:30,700
during this period, brought new 
fabrics and ideas from across 

2584
02:22:30,700 --> 02:22:34,200
the known world. 
Silk from Asia fine wools from 

2585
02:22:34,208 --> 02:22:38,200
England, exotic dies from 
everywhere in between medieval 

2586
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,000
fashion was surprisingly 
International though, it 

2587
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:43,500
traveled at the speed of horses 
and sailing ships rather than 

2588
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:46,700
social media. 
By the end of the Middle Ages 

2589
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:48,200
clothing. 
Had become incredibly 

2590
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:50,700
sophisticated. 
The fit was precise. 

2591
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:53,400
The construction was complex and
the social meanings were 

2592
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:55,400
elaborate. 
It was the foundation for 

2593
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:57,500
everything that would come next,
though. 

2594
02:22:57,500 --> 02:23:00,300
Thankfully later periods would 
be less interested in 

2595
02:23:00,300 --> 02:23:02,800
engineering degrees to get 
dressed in the morning. 

2596
02:23:02,800 --> 02:23:05,600
The Renaissance didn't just give
us incredible art, 

2597
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:08,400
groundbreaking science and 
revolutionary literature. 

2598
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:11,400
It also gave us the idea that 
getting dressed in the morning, 

2599
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:15,800
should be a creative act, worthy
of Michelangelo himself starting

2600
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:18,700
around the 14th century in Italy
and spreading across Europe. 

2601
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:21,200
Like the world's most 
fashionable virus the 

2602
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:24,600
Renaissance brought a completely
new attitude to clothing where 

2603
02:23:24,600 --> 02:23:27,500
medieval fashion had been about 
showing your place in the rigid 

2604
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:30,300
social hierarchy. 
Renissance fashion was about 

2605
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:34,000
showing your wealth, your taste,
your education, and your ability

2606
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:36,000
to afford really excellent 
tailors. 

2607
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:39,400
The Italians led the charge as 
they did with most Renaissance 

2608
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:42,000
inovations. 
Italian city-states, like, 

2609
02:23:42,000 --> 02:23:45,100
Florence and Venice became 
fashion capitals producing 

2610
02:23:45,100 --> 02:23:47,100
silks. 
So luxurious that other 

2611
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:50,400
Europeans would travel hundreds 
of miles, just to shop Italian 

2612
02:23:50,400 --> 02:23:52,000
fashion. 
During this period was like 

2613
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,300
wearing liquid sunlight, 
everything flowing gleaming and 

2614
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:59,100
ridiculously beautiful. 
But it was the invention of new 

2615
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:02,100
tailoring techniques that really
revolutionized Renaissance 

2616
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:04,100
clothing. 
Medieval garments had been 

2617
02:24:04,108 --> 02:24:07,600
relatively loose and flowing 
Renaissance fashion introduced 

2618
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:10,200
the Revolutionary concept of 
clothes that actually fit your 

2619
02:24:10,200 --> 02:24:12,000
body. 
This required much more 

2620
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,600
sophisticated pattern, making 
cutting and sewing. 

2621
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:17,400
Essentially it required the 
invention of tailoring. 

2622
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:20,600
As we know it today, the doublet
became the foundation of men's 

2623
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:23,600
fashion and it was a masterpiece
of engineering disguised as 

2624
02:24:23,608 --> 02:24:26,400
clothing, a good doublet 
required dozens of pieces. 

2625
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:30,400
Careful padding to create the 
ideal masculine silhouette and 

2626
02:24:30,400 --> 02:24:33,800
enough buttons to keep a small 
Factory in business men's legs 

2627
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:37,000
were covered in hose that fit 
like a second skin, which meant 

2628
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:39,700
Renaissance men were probably in
better shape than most modern 

2629
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:42,900
gym in Enthusiast. 
Simply out of necessity women's 

2630
02:24:42,900 --> 02:24:45,400
fashion during the Renaissance 
was equally complex. 

2631
02:24:45,400 --> 02:24:48,900
But in different ways, the gowns
required internal structures 

2632
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:52,200
that were basically wearable 
architecture, farthingale's 

2633
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,100
created bell shaped skirts. 
That could span several feet in 

2634
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:58,100
diameter corsets shaped the 
Torso, into the Fashionable 

2635
02:24:58,100 --> 02:25:02,400
silhouette Ruffs frame the face 
like fabric flowers, getting 

2636
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:04,000
dressed was like putting on a 
building. 

2637
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:06,600
But here's what's really 
remarkable about Renaissance 

2638
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:09,700
fashion. 
Share creativity and Artistry 

2639
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:12,300
involved. 
Fabrics will works of art in 

2640
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:14,600
themselves. 
Brigades with gold thread 

2641
02:25:14,600 --> 02:25:18,200
velvets with cut patterns silks 
with intricate designs. 

2642
02:25:18,200 --> 02:25:21,900
Garments were slashed to show, 
contrasting Fabrics underneath 

2643
02:25:21,900 --> 02:25:25,200
creating patterns that changed 
as the wearer moved. 

2644
02:25:25,800 --> 02:25:27,400
It was like wearing a 
kaleidoscope. 

2645
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,400
The Renaissance also gave us 
Fashion's relationship with 

2646
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:33,300
celebrity culture. 
What the nobility War mattered 

2647
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:37,000
enormously a news of the latest 
Court Fashions spread across 

2648
02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:39,100
Europe through detailed letters 
and prints. 

2649
02:25:40,200 --> 02:25:43,800
Henry, the 8th decided to favor 
a particular style of hat hat. 

2650
02:25:43,800 --> 02:25:46,100
Makers, across England suddenly 
got very busy. 

2651
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:49,200
It was the 16th century 
equivalent of a red carpet 

2652
02:25:49,200 --> 02:25:50,500
fashion moment. 
Going viral. 

2653
02:25:50,500 --> 02:25:53,700
Color became incredibly 
important during this period 

2654
02:25:53,700 --> 02:25:57,000
partly because new dies and 
techniques, made a wide range of

2655
02:25:57,000 --> 02:26:00,000
colors available but also 
because different colors carried

2656
02:26:00,000 --> 02:26:04,100
complex meanings. 
Read suggested wealth and power 

2657
02:26:04,100 --> 02:26:07,000
blue was associated with loyalty
and virtue. 

2658
02:26:07,000 --> 02:26:10,400
Black became fashionable as the 
ultimate luxury color because it

2659
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:14,900
was incredibly difficult to 
achieve a deep rich black that 

2660
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:18,300
wouldn't fade the Renaissance. 
Also saw the rise of fashion as 

2661
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:20,600
an international language 
Styles. 

2662
02:26:20,600 --> 02:26:24,300
Spread from court to court 
country to Country, creating the

2663
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,700
first truly, European fashion 
trends address style that 

2664
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:30,500
started in the Spanish Court, 
might appear in modified form in

2665
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:32,900
the French Court. 
Six months later, then 

2666
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:34,900
influenced English fashion in 
The Following Season. 

2667
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:37,900
Perhaps most importantly, the 
Renaissance established, the 

2668
02:26:37,900 --> 02:26:40,100
idea that fashion could be an 
art form in itself. 

2669
02:26:40,100 --> 02:26:42,800
Clothing, wasn't just 
functional, or even just 

2670
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:45,600
beautiful. 
It could be creative Innovative 

2671
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:48,100
expressive. 
It could make statements about 

2672
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:51,500
the whereas values, education 
and aesthetic sensibilities, 

2673
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:55,000
this period laid, the groundwork
for everything that would follow

2674
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:58,000
in fashion history. 
The concept of seasonal changes,

2675
02:26:58,000 --> 02:27:02,100
the important of fit the role of
celebrity influencer, The 

2676
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:05,200
internationalization of style, 
all of these started during the 

2677
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:08,200
Renaissance when Europeans 
decided that life was too short 

2678
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:11,300
for boring clothes. 
As we move into the 1600s and 

2679
02:27:11,308 --> 02:27:15,000
1700s fashion entered. 
What we might call its more is 

2680
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:17,500
more phase. 
If Renaissance clothing was like

2681
02:27:17,500 --> 02:27:20,400
wearing art, Brock and Rococo 
fashion was like wearing an 

2682
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,800
entire Art Museum complete with 
guided tours and gift shop. 

2683
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:27,800
The 17th century started with 
what fashion historians politely

2684
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:31,100
call elaborate clothing. 
But which anyone with modern 

2685
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:34,600
sensibilities would recognize as
completely over the top men, 

2686
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:36,400
wore Dublin with so much 
padding. 

2687
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:39,300
They looked like they were 
wearing life preservers Women 

2688
02:27:39,300 --> 02:27:42,300
skirts became so wide that 
doorways had to be navigated 

2689
02:27:42,300 --> 02:27:44,600
sideways. 
It was the period when fashion 

2690
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:47,200
designers, apparently looked at 
practical clothing and asked. 

2691
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:49,700
That how can we make this much 
more complicated? 

2692
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:53,500
The court of Louis, the 14th, at
versaille became the epicenter 

2693
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:56,500
of European fashion and Lewis 
took the job seriously. 

2694
02:27:56,500 --> 02:28:00,200
He understood that fashion was 
politics and he used clothing as

2695
02:28:00,200 --> 02:28:03,000
a tool of power. 
The more elaborate and 

2696
02:28:03,000 --> 02:28:06,000
expensive, your outfit, the 
higher your status at court, it 

2697
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:10,300
was like a very expensive, very 
beautiful arms race, except of 

2698
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:12,200
weapons. 
People were competing with 

2699
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:15,900
embroidered silk and precious 
gems men's fashion during this 

2700
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,400
period was particularly 
fascinating because it was so 

2701
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:22,700
unapologetically decorative men.
Will Silk Stockings high-heeled 

2702
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:24,900
shoes. 
Yes, high heels were originally 

2703
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,600
for men, elaborate wigs and 
enough lace to stock a bridal 

2704
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:31,700
shop, the modern idea that men's
clothing should be simple, and 

2705
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:35,200
understated would have baffled a
17th century gentleman, who saw 

2706
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:37,400
his outfit as a canvas for 
artistic expression. 

2707
02:28:38,400 --> 02:28:41,900
The Perry wig or powdered wig 
became the ultimate status 

2708
02:28:41,900 --> 02:28:44,500
symbol for men, these weren't 
just hairpieces. 

2709
02:28:44,500 --> 02:28:47,600
They were architectural Marvels 
that could cost as much as a 

2710
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:50,500
house and required daily 
maintenance by skilled 

2711
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,000
professionals. 
Wealthy men would own multiple 

2712
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,300
wigs for different occasions, 
like a very expensive hat 

2713
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:58,400
collection that happened to be 
made of human hair. 

2714
02:28:59,700 --> 02:29:02,500
Women's fashion, reach, new 
heights of complexity during the

2715
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:04,300
Rococo period of the 18th 
century. 

2716
02:29:04,300 --> 02:29:07,700
The panniers side Hoops that 
made skirts extend horizontally 

2717
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:11,300
created Silhouettes so wide that
two women couldn't walk through 

2718
02:29:11,300 --> 02:29:14,100
a doorway at the same time Court
dresses required. 

2719
02:29:14,100 --> 02:29:16,900
So much fabric that they were 
essentially wearable buildings 

2720
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:19,800
complete with Structural 
Engineering to keep everything 

2721
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:22,500
upright. 
But the real showstopper was the

2722
02:29:22,500 --> 02:29:25,700
hair 18th century hair. 
Styling was like typography 

2723
02:29:25,700 --> 02:29:27,500
gardening. 
Except on people's heads. 

2724
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:31,500
Women's hairstyles could be 
several feet tall decorated with

2725
02:29:31,500 --> 02:29:34,400
ribbons flowers. 
Feathers and sometimes entire 

2726
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:37,100
miniature scenes. 
There are historical accounts of

2727
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,400
hairstyles that included model, 
ships, miniature Gardens and 

2728
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:44,000
even small cages with live. 
Birds the Cosmetics of this 

2729
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:47,400
period, were equally dramatic, 
both men and women wore white 

2730
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:50,300
face powder made from lead, 
which was probably not great for

2731
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:53,300
their health, right. 
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 

2732
02:29:53,300 --> 02:29:57,200
small pieces of silk, or velvet 
cut into shapes like, stars or 

2733
02:29:57,200 --> 02:30:00,400
crescents and glued to the face.
It was like wearing stickers. 

2734
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:03,700
If stickers were considered the 
height of sophistication, the 

2735
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:06,800
18th century also saw the rise 
of fashion magazines and fashion

2736
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:08,900
dolls. 
Small dolls dressed in the 

2737
02:30:08,908 --> 02:30:11,400
latest styles that were sent 
between fashion capitals to 

2738
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:14,100
spread new trends. 
These were the ancestors of 

2739
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:17,100
modern fashion for photography 
and social media influences. 

2740
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:20,100
Though considerably smaller and 
requiring more delicate, 

2741
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:22,700
shipping Arrangements. 
Perhaps the most interesting 

2742
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:25,800
aspect of the 18th century 
fashion was how it reflected the

2743
02:30:25,800 --> 02:30:28,100
philosophy of the time, the 
elaborate deck. 

2744
02:30:28,200 --> 02:30:31,600
The emphasis on artificer over 
nature, the celebration of 

2745
02:30:31,600 --> 02:30:34,700
luxury and refinement. 
All of this reflected in 

2746
02:30:34,700 --> 02:30:38,200
lighting ideas about 
civilization, progress, and the 

2747
02:30:38,200 --> 02:30:40,400
power of human. 
Creativity to improve upon 

2748
02:30:40,400 --> 02:30:42,500
nature. 
Of course, all this fashion came

2749
02:30:42,500 --> 02:30:44,600
with a price, both literally and
figuratively. 

2750
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:48,200
The cost of maintaining an 18th 
century wardrobe was 

2751
02:30:48,208 --> 02:30:51,100
astronomical and the time 
required for dressing and 

2752
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,000
grooming could take hours 
wealthy people, essentially 

2753
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,100
needed staff just to get dressed
in the morning. 

2754
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:59,400
By the end of the 18th century. 
This elaborate system was 

2755
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:02,500
beginning to crack the French 
Revolution, put a sudden and 

2756
02:31:02,508 --> 02:31:04,900
violent end to the most extreme 
Court Fashions. 

2757
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:08,000
And a new philosophy was 
emerging that valued Simplicity,

2758
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:11,000
naturalness and practicality 
over elaborate artifice. 

2759
02:31:11,000 --> 02:31:14,300
But before we move on to that 
revolutionary change, take a 

2760
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:17,200
moment to appreciate the sheer 
or dacy of the 18th century 

2761
02:31:17,200 --> 02:31:19,300
fashion. 
It was clothing that announced 

2762
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,800
loudly and proudly that the war 
had so much money and Leisure 

2763
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:25,300
Time that they could afford to 
dress like a walking work of 

2764
02:31:25,308 --> 02:31:28,100
art, even if it meant, they 
couldn't sit down properly or 

2765
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:30,900
fit through doorways. 
The late, 18th and early. 19th 

2766
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:33,300
century, is brought political 
revolution across Europe and 

2767
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:35,900
America and fashion, 
revolution's, followed close 

2768
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:37,900
behind. 
It was the period when people 

2769
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:40,000
looked at those elaborate 18th 
century Court. 

2770
02:31:40,000 --> 02:31:43,300
Costumes and said, you know 
what, maybe wearing a small 

2771
02:31:43,300 --> 02:31:45,300
building on my head isn't the 
best way to show. 

2772
02:31:45,300 --> 02:31:49,600
I'm in, touch with the people. 
The French Revolution of 1789 

2773
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:53,200
didn't just change government. 
It completely transformed. 

2774
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:56,000
What people wore it was the 
ultimate fashion Duo over 

2775
02:31:56,008 --> 02:31:58,600
motivated by actual fear for 
your life. 

2776
02:31:58,600 --> 02:32:01,500
The revolutionary period 
introduced what we might call 

2777
02:32:01,500 --> 02:32:05,100
democracy dress. 
Simpler more practical clothing 

2778
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:08,100
that suggested, you are a 
hard-working citizen rather than

2779
02:32:08,100 --> 02:32:11,800
a parasitic Aristocrat. 
The song culotte literally, 

2780
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:14,800
without knee breeches, got their
name from rejecting. 

2781
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,700
The silk knee breeches worn, by 
the upper classes in favor of 

2782
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:20,300
practical long trousers. 
It was the first time in 

2783
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:22,900
European history that pants 
became a political statement, 

2784
02:32:22,900 --> 02:32:26,700
women's fashion, underwent, an 
equally dramatic transformation,

2785
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:29,300
The Enormous panniers and 
elaborate hairstyles 

2786
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:32,900
disappeared, almost overnight 
replaced by simple white muslin.

2787
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:35,600
Dresses inspired by classical 
Greek and Roman clothing. 

2788
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:38,600
The Empire waistline, which sat 
just below the bust. 

2789
02:32:38,600 --> 02:32:41,000
Became fashionable creating a 
silhouette. 

2790
02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:42,700
That was both elegant and 
practical. 

2791
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:46,300
This neoclassical style wasn't 
just about looking good. 

2792
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:48,900
It was about embodying, 
Enlightenment values. 

2793
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,500
The simple flowing lines was 
supposed to suggest virtue 

2794
02:32:52,500 --> 02:32:55,800
reason and natural beauty. 
Everything. 

2795
02:32:55,800 --> 02:32:57,700
The old aristocratic style was 
not. 

2796
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:01,200
It was like, wearing your 
political philosophy, Napoleon 

2797
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,500
Bonaparte, never want to miss an
opportunity for drama turned 

2798
02:33:04,500 --> 02:33:06,700
fashion into a tool of Empire 
Building. 

2799
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:10,500
He established a court at the 
wheeler that was almost as 

2800
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:11,800
elaborate as the old Royal 
Court. 

2801
02:33:11,800 --> 02:33:15,300
But with better marketing, 
Napoleonic fashion was designed 

2802
02:33:15,300 --> 02:33:17,200
to suggest both luxury and 
Military. 

2803
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:20,200
Efficiency. 
Think Roman Emperor meets modern

2804
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:23,700
General, The Empire period gave 
us some of Fashion's most 

2805
02:33:23,708 --> 02:33:26,800
enduring Silhouettes. 
The high-waisted dress, became a

2806
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:30,000
classic that would return again 
and again in later decades the 

2807
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:33,000
military influence in men's 
fashion, all those brass 

2808
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:36,800
buttons, frogging and structured
shoulders established a template

2809
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:39,900
for masculine dress that we 
still see today in everything 

2810
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:42,300
from military, uniforms to 
business suits. 

2811
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,400
But perhaps the most interesting
development of this period was 

2812
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,700
how fashion became International
in a completely new way. 

2813
02:33:48,700 --> 02:33:53,000
Napoleon's conquests spread 
French fashion across Europe but

2814
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,600
also brought new influences back
to Paris Spanish, man, tears. 

2815
02:33:56,600 --> 02:34:01,000
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs 
after Napoleon's campaigns their

2816
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:05,100
European fashion became a fusion
Cuisine of styles from across 

2817
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:08,400
the continent and Beyond, The 
Industrial Revolution was 

2818
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:11,800
beginning to change how clothes 
were made to While most garments

2819
02:34:11,800 --> 02:34:14,600
were still handsome, new 
machines could produce Fabrics, 

2820
02:34:14,600 --> 02:34:17,600
faster and more cheaply than 
ever before, cotton in 

2821
02:34:17,600 --> 02:34:20,400
particular, became much more 
affordable and available 

2822
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:23,600
democratizing fashion in ways 
that would have been impossible 

2823
02:34:23,600 --> 02:34:27,100
in early as centuries. 
This period also saw the rise of

2824
02:34:27,100 --> 02:34:28,700
the fashion press as we know it 
today. 

2825
02:34:28,700 --> 02:34:32,800
Fashion magazines like Journal 
de damn ID mods provided 

2826
02:34:32,800 --> 02:34:35,300
detailed illustrations and 
descriptions of the latest 

2827
02:34:35,300 --> 02:34:38,500
Styles spreading fashion trends 
faster than ever before. 

2828
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:42,000
It was the beginning of fashion 
media though their Instagram 

2829
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:44,600
followers were measured in 
hundreds rather than Millions 

2830
02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:47,800
the Romantic Movement that 
emerged in the early 19th 

2831
02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:49,700
century. 
Brought yet another fashion 

2832
02:34:49,700 --> 02:34:52,800
Revolution, where neoclassical 
style had been about reason and 

2833
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:56,000
simplicity romantic fashion, 
celebrated emotion, 

2834
02:34:56,000 --> 02:34:58,600
individualism and dramatic 
effect. 

2835
02:34:59,500 --> 02:35:03,200
Sleeves got bigger, skirts, got 
Fuller and everything got more 

2836
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:06,900
decorative. 
By the 1820s and 1830s women's 

2837
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:10,500
fashion had swung back to toward
complexity though, in new ways, 

2838
02:35:11,400 --> 02:35:14,300
Crinoline a structured 
underskirt that created a 

2839
02:35:14,300 --> 02:35:17,300
bell-shaped silhouette was the 
great innovation of the period. 

2840
02:35:17,300 --> 02:35:21,100
It was like wearing a small tent
but an incredibly fashionable 

2841
02:35:21,100 --> 02:35:24,100
tent that allowed women to move 
more freely than the restrictive

2842
02:35:24,100 --> 02:35:26,900
clothing of earlier periods, 
this revolutionary period 

2843
02:35:26,900 --> 02:35:29,000
established, many of the 
principles that would guide 

2844
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:32,200
fashion for the next Century. 
The idea that clothing should 

2845
02:35:32,200 --> 02:35:35,900
reflect contemporary values that
fashion could be both, beautiful

2846
02:35:35,900 --> 02:35:39,600
and practical and that style 
should be accessible to more 

2847
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,300
than just the wealthy Elite. 
It was the beginning of modern 

2848
02:35:42,300 --> 02:35:45,100
fashion as we know it today. 
Even if the clothes themselves 

2849
02:35:45,100 --> 02:35:48,400
look pretty foreign to modernize
the Victorian era. 

2850
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:53,300
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 
Fashions adolescent phase. 

2851
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,700
Everything was dramatic 
complicated and slightly 

2852
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,000
embarrassing and retrospect, but
also kind of impressive in its 

2853
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,400
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's
reign coincided with the 

2854
02:36:03,400 --> 02:36:06,600
Industrial Revolution hitting 
its stride, which meant that for

2855
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:09,800
the first time in human history 
the middle class could afford to

2856
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,900
dress almost as elabor. 
As the wealthy, this was 

2857
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:15,900
wonderful news for textile 
manufacturers and absolutely 

2858
02:36:15,900 --> 02:36:19,400
terrible news for anyone who 
valued Simplicity and clothing. 

2859
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:22,700
The Victorian silhouette for 
women was essentially an 

2860
02:36:22,700 --> 02:36:24,400
exercise in architectural 
engineering. 

2861
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:27,800
The goal was to create an 
hourglass figure, so dramatic 

2862
02:36:27,800 --> 02:36:31,000
that it defied Anatomy. 
This required corsets, that 

2863
02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:34,100
could literally reshape the 
human torso bustles. 

2864
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:37,100
That could support several yards
of fabric and an undergarment 

2865
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:39,100
system. 
So complex, it came with its own

2866
02:36:39,100 --> 02:36:41,900
instruction manual, the 
crinoline reached its peak 

2867
02:36:41,900 --> 02:36:44,700
During the period creating 
skirts that could measure up to 

2868
02:36:44,700 --> 02:36:48,900
six feet in diameter. 
Imagine trying to navigate a 

2869
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:52,200
Victorian parlor. 
Where was a fabric geodesic? 

2870
02:36:52,200 --> 02:36:55,800
Dome around your waist doorways,
became tactical challenges 

2871
02:36:55,800 --> 02:36:57,800
sitting required, careful 
planning. 

2872
02:36:58,500 --> 02:37:00,600
Getting into a carriage was 
like, solving a geometry 

2873
02:37:00,600 --> 02:37:02,700
problem. 
But here's what's really 

2874
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:04,300
remarkable about Victorian 
fashion. 

2875
02:37:04,300 --> 02:37:08,300
The sheer amount of work that 
went into every garment, a 

2876
02:37:08,300 --> 02:37:11,800
typical Victorian dress might 
have buttons miles of trim. 

2877
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:15,600
Intricate pleating elaborate 
embroidery and enough fabric to 

2878
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:19,000
upholster several chairs. 
Each dress was essentially a 

2879
02:37:19,000 --> 02:37:20,700
master piece of textile 
craftsmanship. 

2880
02:37:20,700 --> 02:37:23,800
Even if the overall effect was 
sometimes like wearing a curtain

2881
02:37:23,800 --> 02:37:26,900
from a very expensive hotel, 
men's fashion during the 

2882
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:29,500
Victorian era was more 
restrained but equally complex 

2883
02:37:29,500 --> 02:37:32,500
in his own way, the modern 
business suit was invented 

2884
02:37:32,500 --> 02:37:34,300
during this period over 
Victorian. 

2885
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:36,500
Men's suits, had more pieces 
than a Swiss watch. 

2886
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,100
There were different quotes for 
different times of day, 

2887
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,100
different trials, for different 
occasions and enough accessories

2888
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:45,500
to stock a small store. 
The Victorian obsession with 

2889
02:37:45,500 --> 02:37:47,600
propriety meant that clothing, 
had to cover everything. 

2890
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:51,000
Women's dresses had sleeves that
covered the arms, completely 

2891
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:54,700
skirts, that touched the ground 
and necklines that barely showed

2892
02:37:54,700 --> 02:37:57,500
the collarbone, the amount of 
Skin showing in proper. 

2893
02:37:57,500 --> 02:38:00,100
Victorian dress was roughly 
equivalent to what you might see

2894
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:03,200
in a modern business meeting 
except with more Fabric and 

2895
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:06,000
better posture, but the 
victorians also invented the 

2896
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:08,600
concept of specialized clothing 
for specific activities. 

2897
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:12,800
Before this period, you 
basically had everyday clothes 

2898
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,100
and fancy clothes the victorians
created riding habits for 

2899
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:19,400
horseback riding walking 
dresses, for afternoon, strolls 

2900
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:23,000
T, gowns for informal, 
entertaining, and ball gowns for

2901
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:25,900
formal occasions. 
They essentially invented the 

2902
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:28,200
modern concept of having 
different outfits for different 

2903
02:38:28,200 --> 02:38:31,300
parts of your life. 
The Industrial Revolution made 

2904
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:35,400
all of this possible by creating
new Fabrics, new dies and new 

2905
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:38,800
manufacturing techniques. 
Anneline dies, produced colors 

2906
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:41,300
that were brighter and more 
stable than anything previously 

2907
02:38:41,300 --> 02:38:44,300
available. 
Sewing machine invented in the 

2908
02:38:44,300 --> 02:38:47,300
1840s revolutionized garment 
construction. 

2909
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:50,200
Ready to wear clothing? 
Began to appear in stores, 

2910
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:52,400
though? 
It was still considered inferior

2911
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:55,100
to custom-made garments 
children's fashioned during the 

2912
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:57,900
Victorian era deserve, special 
mention, because it was 

2913
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:00,600
particularly elaborate and often
fairly impractical. 

2914
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:03,900
Victorian children were 
essentially dressed as mixture. 

2915
02:39:03,900 --> 02:39:06,900
Adults complete with all the 
restrictive undergarments, and 

2916
02:39:06,900 --> 02:39:10,100
complex layering systems little 
girls will corsets. 

2917
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:13,500
Little boys, were elaborate 
suits with knee breeches, and 

2918
02:39:13,500 --> 02:39:15,700
everyone wore clothing. 
That would make modern parents 

2919
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:18,700
weep at the laundry. 
Implications, the Victorian era 

2920
02:39:18,700 --> 02:39:20,600
gave us the concept of mourning 
dress. 

2921
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:23,800
Elaborate rules about what to 
wear and for how long after 

2922
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:26,900
someone died, Queen Victoria 
herself after the death of 

2923
02:39:26,908 --> 02:39:30,300
Prince Albert in 1861 or 
morning, dress for the rest of 

2924
02:39:30,300 --> 02:39:32,300
her life, which was another 40 
years. 

2925
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,000
The fashion industry, 
essentially created a whole 

2926
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:38,400
subcategory of clothing for 
grief, complete with degrees of 

2927
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:40,200
mourning. 
That determined how much black 

2928
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:42,200
you had to wear. 
And when you could start adding 

2929
02:39:42,200 --> 02:39:43,900
other Colors back into your 
wardrobe. 

2930
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:47,000
By the end of the Victorian era,
fashion had reached a level of 

2931
02:39:47,008 --> 02:39:50,300
complexity that was becoming 
unsustainable getting dressed. 

2932
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:54,500
Took hours maintaining a proper 
wardrobe required significant 

2933
02:39:54,500 --> 02:39:56,500
staff. 
The physical restrictions of the

2934
02:39:56,500 --> 02:39:58,900
clothing were beginning to 
conflict with new ideas about 

2935
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:02,400
women's roles and activities. 
The stage was set for a fashion 

2936
02:40:02,400 --> 02:40:05,100
Revolution, that would sweep 
away, much of this elaborate 

2937
02:40:05,100 --> 02:40:08,100
system, and replace it with 
something more practical more, 

2938
02:40:08,100 --> 02:40:11,200
modern and significantly easier 
to put on in the morning. 

2939
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:14,300
But before that happened, the 
Victorian era gave us some of 

2940
02:40:14,308 --> 02:40:16,800
Fashions most memorable and most
photographed moments. 

2941
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:19,400
Even if many of those 
photographs required, the 

2942
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:23,500
subjects to stand very still for
very long periods of time as the

2943
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:26,500
19th century, Drew to a close 
and the 20th century began. 

2944
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:30,100
Fashion, underwent, one of its 
most dramatic Transformations. 

2945
02:40:30,100 --> 02:40:33,500
It was as if the entire industry
looked at Victoria and clothing 

2946
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:37,000
and collectively asked, but what
if we could actually move while 

2947
02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:40,700
wearing our clothes? 
The changes began gradually in 

2948
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:43,200
the 1890s with what was called, 
the new woman movement. 

2949
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:45,500
These were women who wanted to 
ride bicycles. 

2950
02:40:45,500 --> 02:40:49,000
Play tennis work outside the 
home and generally participate, 

2951
02:40:49,000 --> 02:40:51,600
in life without requiring 
architectural, support garments,

2952
02:40:51,600 --> 02:40:55,100
the fashion industry, sensing an
opportunity began, creating 

2953
02:40:55,100 --> 02:40:57,600
clothes that acknowledged that 
women might want to use their 

2954
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:00,400
bodies for something other than 
standing gracefully and parlors 

2955
02:41:00,400 --> 02:41:02,200
the S. 
Curve of course it became 

2956
02:41:02,200 --> 02:41:05,500
popular in the early 1900s which
created a silhouette that 

2957
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:08,400
thrust, the chest forward and 
the hips back while this might 

2958
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,700
not sound like progress it 
actually represented a move away

2959
02:41:11,700 --> 02:41:13,900
from the tightest waste, 
restriction of the Victorian 

2960
02:41:13,900 --> 02:41:17,200
era, it was like Fashions 
version of glass nosed. 

2961
02:41:17,200 --> 02:41:21,100
A gradual loosening of 
restrictions Paul pour a French 

2962
02:41:21,100 --> 02:41:22,900
designer. 
Became the revolutionary leader 

2963
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:26,800
of fashion, Liberation in 1906. 
He introduced designs that 

2964
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:29,700
completely eliminated the corset
replacing. 

2965
02:41:29,700 --> 02:41:32,200
The structured, Victorian 
silhouette with flowing column 

2966
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:34,700
and addresses inspired by 
ancient Greece and the Orient. 

2967
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:37,900
It was as if he took a pair of 
scissors to 100 Years of fashion

2968
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:41,600
tradition and said Let's start 
over quarries, designs were 

2969
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:45,100
Radical for their time, high 
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and

2970
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:47,600
no corsets. 
Women could actually breathe 

2971
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:50,500
while wearing them, which was a 
refreshing change from Victorian

2972
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:53,600
dress. 
His oriental-inspired designs 

2973
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:57,100
with their Rich colors and 
exotic patterns introduced 

2974
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:00,200
European women to a completely 
different aesthetic philosophy. 

2975
02:42:00,200 --> 02:42:04,000
The hobble skirt, one of Paris 
most famous Innovations was both

2976
02:42:04,000 --> 02:42:07,400
liberating and restricting at 
the same time while it freed 

2977
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:09,100
women from corsets and 
crinolines. 

2978
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:12,000
It was so narrow at the ankles 
that walking required. 

2979
02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:15,200
Small, careful steps. 
It was like trading one set of 

2980
02:42:15,208 --> 02:42:17,300
restrictions for another. 
But at least the new 

2981
02:42:17,300 --> 02:42:19,600
restrictions didn't require 
Structural Engineering. 

2982
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,500
World War One accelerated, these
fashion changes dramatically 

2983
02:42:23,500 --> 02:42:26,300
with men away at War and women 
entering the workforce. 

2984
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:29,700
In unprecedented numbers. 
Practical clothing became a 

2985
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:33,100
necessity rather than a choice. 
The elaborate time-consuming 

2986
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:36,200
dress of the pre-war period, was
simply incompatible with working

2987
02:42:36,200 --> 02:42:39,100
in factories, driving, 
ambulance's, or managing 

2988
02:42:39,100 --> 02:42:42,500
businesses. 
Hemlines began to rise, first, 

2989
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:45,100
just enough to show the ankle 
then gradually higher. 

2990
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:48,100
This might seem like a small 
change, but it was 

2991
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:51,100
revolutionary. 
For the first time in Western 

2992
02:42:51,100 --> 02:42:53,300
fashion. 
Since ancient Greece, women's 

2993
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:57,200
legs became visible in public. 
It was a seismic shift in social

2994
02:42:57,200 --> 02:42:59,400
norms disguised as a fashion 
trend. 

2995
02:42:59,400 --> 02:43:02,000
The war also changed men's 
fashion though. 

2996
02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:05,400
More subtly military uniforms 
influenced civilian clothing 

2997
02:43:05,400 --> 02:43:08,000
making men's suits more 
structured and functional. 

2998
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:11,100
The three-piece suit became 
standardized during this period 

2999
02:43:11,100 --> 02:43:13,900
establishing a template for 
men's business dress. 

3000
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:17,300
That would last for decades hair
became shorter and simpler. 

3001
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:20,700
The elaborate hairstyles of the 
Victorian era which required 

3002
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:23,400
hours of Maintenance and 
multiple hair pieces were 

3003
02:43:23,400 --> 02:43:25,300
replaced by more manageable 
Styles. 

3004
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:28,400
This was partly practical. 
Shorter hair was easier to 

3005
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:31,400
maintain while working in 
factories or hospitals, but it 

3006
02:43:31,400 --> 02:43:34,100
was also symbolic of women's 
changing roles in society. 

3007
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:37,200
The introduction of new 
synthetic fabrics during this 

3008
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:39,900
period, also revolutionized, 
what people could wear. 

3009
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,300
On the first commercial 
successful, synthetic fiber was 

3010
02:43:44,300 --> 02:43:48,600
developed in the early 1900s 
while it wasn't perfectly rayon.

3011
02:43:48,600 --> 02:43:51,700
Had a tendency to shrink 
dramatically when washed it. 

3012
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:54,300
Offered an affordable 
alternative to Silk and opened 

3013
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:58,700
up new possibilities for garment
design by 1910 fashion magazines

3014
02:43:58,700 --> 02:44:00,900
were already predicting that. 
The new century would bring 

3015
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:03,900
clothing that was more 
practical, more comfortable and 

3016
02:44:03,900 --> 02:44:05,600
more suited to active 
Lifestyles. 

3017
02:44:05,600 --> 02:44:09,200
They had no idea how right? 
They were or how dramatically 

3018
02:44:09,200 --> 02:44:11,600
the next decade would accelerate
these changes. 

3019
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:15,900
The period just before World War
One represented, a fascinating 

3020
02:44:15,900 --> 02:44:18,400
transition moment. 
In fashion history, you could 

3021
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:20,700
see both the Old and the new 
existing simultaneously 

3022
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:24,800
elaborate Edwardian gowns 
sharing space with Paris, 

3023
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:28,300
revolutionary designs, corseted 
ladies, walking alongside the 

3024
02:44:28,300 --> 02:44:31,200
first women to embrace the new 
natural silhouette. 

3025
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:34,500
It was like watching fashion, 
hold its breath, before taking a

3026
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:37,100
giant leap into modernity, the 
restrictive. 

3027
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:39,900
Elaborate clothing of the past 
was still beautiful, still 

3028
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:43,500
masterfully crafted, but it was 
beginning to look like a museum 

3029
02:44:43,500 --> 02:44:45,400
piece even as people were still 
wearing it. 

3030
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:49,800
If the 1910s were about gradual 
Liberation, the 1920s were about

3031
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,500
fashion, doing the Charles, and 
while wearing a headband and 

3032
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:56,400
shouting Freedom, at the top of 
its lungs, the decade didn't 

3033
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,700
just change what people wore, it
completely revolutionized, the 

3034
02:44:59,700 --> 02:45:03,600
relationship between clothing 
and identity, Flapper dress was 

3035
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:07,100
the decade signature achievement
and it was basically everything 

3036
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:10,900
Victoria and clothing wasn't 
short straight and shockingly 

3037
02:45:10,900 --> 02:45:12,900
simple. 
It hung Loosely from the 

3038
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:15,600
shoulders and ended daringly at 
the knee, or even higher. 

3039
02:45:16,500 --> 02:45:18,900
Victorian ladies would have 
needed smelling salts, just 

3040
02:45:18,900 --> 02:45:21,200
looking at it which was 
precisely the point. 

3041
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,600
What made the flapper dress, so 
revolutionary wasn't just how it

3042
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:28,200
looked but what it allowed women
to do, you could dance in it 

3043
02:45:28,200 --> 02:45:31,400
really dance with energetic 
movements and spin. 

3044
02:45:31,400 --> 02:45:34,600
You could drive a car without 
your skirt, getting caught in 

3045
02:45:34,600 --> 02:45:36,800
the door, you could cross your 
legs while sitting. 

3046
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:40,500
These might seem like small 
freedoms, but they represented a

3047
02:45:40,508 --> 02:45:43,000
complete transformation in how 
women could move through the 

3048
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:45,700
world. 
The dropped waistline of 1920s 

3049
02:45:45,700 --> 02:45:48,300
dresses, created, a completely 
new silhouette that 

3050
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:50,900
de-emphasized the female form in
ways that would have shocked 

3051
02:45:50,900 --> 02:45:53,700
previous generations, where 
Victorian fashion had been 

3052
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:56,200
obsessed with creating an 
exaggerated hourglass. 

3053
02:45:56,200 --> 02:46:00,200
Figure 1920s fashion, 
celebrated, a more boyish 

3054
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:02,800
androgynous. 
Look It was as if fashion 

3055
02:46:02,800 --> 02:46:05,300
decided that women's bodies 
didn't need to be architectural 

3056
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:08,100
projects after all hair. 
Got even shorter with the bob 

3057
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:12,000
cut, which caused genuine social
controversy, women were 

3058
02:46:12,000 --> 02:46:14,500
literally receiving death 
threats for cutting their hair 

3059
02:46:14,500 --> 02:46:18,500
short, and imagine that getting 
violent male because of your 

3060
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:21,300
hair cut, but the Bob was more 
than just a hairstyle. 

3061
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:23,700
It was a declaration of 
independence from the 

3062
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:27,000
time-consuming beauty, routines,
that had kept women Tethered to 

3063
02:46:27,008 --> 02:46:28,800
their vanity tables for hours 
each day. 

3064
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:32,800
Men's fashion during the 1920s 
became more relaxed and varied 

3065
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:35,700
though, it was still more formal
than what we considered a normal

3066
02:46:35,700 --> 02:46:38,300
today. 
The three-piece suit remained 

3067
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:41,200
standard but new fabrics and 
cuts, made it more comfortable 

3068
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:44,800
and practical plus Falls for 
golf, sweater vests for casual 

3069
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:47,700
wear, and the introduction of 
sportswear began to give men 

3070
02:46:47,700 --> 02:46:49,200
more options for different 
occasions. 

3071
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:53,900
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 

3072
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:57,200
truly mainstream department 
stores expanded their clothing 

3073
02:46:57,200 --> 02:47:00,100
sections and for the first time 
middle-class people could buy 

3074
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:02,700
fashionable clothing off the 
rack rather than having 

3075
02:47:02,700 --> 02:47:05,700
everything custom made. 
It was the democratization of 

3076
02:47:05,700 --> 02:47:08,000
fashion though. 
The truly wealthy still 

3077
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:11,800
preferred, their bespoke tailors
cocoa Chanel emerged as one of 

3078
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,100
the Decades most influential 
designers and her philosophy was

3079
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:17,800
revolutionary. 
Fashion should be comfortable 

3080
02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:21,700
practical and elegant all at the
same time, she introduced the 

3081
02:47:21,708 --> 02:47:24,900
concept of casual Chic, the idea
that you could look 

3082
02:47:24,900 --> 02:47:28,400
sophisticated while wearing 
simple well-cut clothing, a 

3083
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:32,200
little black dress introduced in
1926 was like Fashion's version 

3084
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:35,300
of the model t4de simple 
elegant. 

3085
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:37,800
And versatile enough to be 
appropriate for almost any 

3086
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:41,200
occasion. 
Chanel also, liberated women 

3087
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:43,200
from the tyranny of decorative 
accessories. 

3088
02:47:43,200 --> 02:47:45,200
Where Victorian fashion had 
required. 

3089
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:49,600
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments
and trim Chanel's designs were 

3090
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:52,800
based on the radical idea that 
sometimes less really was more. 

3091
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:56,200
She made Simplicity 
sophisticated, which was perhaps

3092
02:47:56,200 --> 02:47:58,200
the decades greatest fashion 
Innovation. 

3093
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:00,700
The influence of jazz music on 
fashion. 

3094
02:48:00,700 --> 02:48:03,800
Can't be overstated. 
The energetic improvisational 

3095
02:48:03,800 --> 02:48:06,500
nature of jazz translated 
directly into clothing that 

3096
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,700
moved with the body. 
Sparkled under dance hall lights

3097
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:12,800
and celebrated individual 
expression, over Conformity. 

3098
02:48:12,800 --> 02:48:15,900
Fashion became performative in a
completely new way. 

3099
02:48:15,900 --> 02:48:19,400
Clothes were designed to look 
good in motion, not just 

3100
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:23,000
informal portraits. 
Evening wear during the 1920s 

3101
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:26,300
was particularly spectacular 
beaded dresses, that caught and 

3102
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:30,100
reflected light Fringe that 
moved with every step and 

3103
02:48:30,100 --> 02:48:32,600
metallic Fabrics. 
That turned the wearer into a 

3104
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:35,000
walking disco ball. 
It was fashioned designed for 

3105
02:48:35,000 --> 02:48:37,100
artificial lighting and 
energetic dancing. 

3106
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:39,300
The first truly modern party 
clothes. 

3107
02:48:40,100 --> 02:48:43,400
The decade the concept of 
fashion Seasons as we know them 

3108
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:46,200
today. 
Magazines began showing sprinkle

3109
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:49,200
Collections and fall Collections
and the idea that your wardrobe 

3110
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:52,600
should change with the calendar 
became entrenched, it was the 

3111
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:54,700
beginning of planned 
obsolescence in fashion. 

3112
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:58,100
The idea that last season's 
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 

3113
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:02,800
for this season's activities. 
By the end of the 1920s, fashion

3114
02:49:02,800 --> 02:49:06,200
had been completely transformed.
The elaborate restrictive 

3115
02:49:06,200 --> 02:49:08,900
clothing of the Victorian era, 
looked as foreign as medieval 

3116
02:49:08,900 --> 02:49:11,700
armor Women had gained the 
freedom to move. 

3117
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:15,100
Dance work and play in ways that
their grandmothers never could 

3118
02:49:15,100 --> 02:49:17,500
have imagined. 
But the party couldn't last 

3119
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:20,100
forever. 
The stock market crash of 1929 

3120
02:49:20,100 --> 02:49:24,100
was about to change everything. 
Including what people wore and 

3121
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:27,800
how they thought about fashion 
The Carefree extravagance of the

3122
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:31,800
1920s was about to run headlong 
into the Practical realities of 

3123
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:34,300
economic depression. 
The Great Depression hit 

3124
02:49:34,300 --> 02:49:37,000
fashion, like a bucket of cold 
water thrown on a very 

3125
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:40,300
fashionable party. 
Suddenly the Carefree 

3126
02:49:40,300 --> 02:49:44,000
extravagance of the 1920s seemed
not just outdated, but almost 

3127
02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:47,200
offensive, the new motto became 
make it last. 

3128
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:49,500
Make it count and make it work 
for everything. 

3129
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:53,500
The 1930s ushered in, what we 
might call Elegant practicality 

3130
02:49:53,500 --> 02:49:55,700
designers had to create 
clothing. 

3131
02:49:55,700 --> 02:49:58,100
That was beautiful enough to 
maintain morale during difficult

3132
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,300
times but practical enough to be
worn for years without 

3133
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:03,500
replacement. 
It was like, solving a very 

3134
02:50:03,500 --> 02:50:06,300
sophisticated math problem, 
where the variables were styled 

3135
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:10,200
durability and budget, Henley's 
dropped back down to mid calf, 

3136
02:50:10,200 --> 02:50:13,300
partly for modesty, but mostly 
because longer skirts, meant 

3137
02:50:13,300 --> 02:50:16,000
more fabric, which meant the 
Garment would last longer and 

3138
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:19,000
provide better value the 
silhouette became more fitted 

3139
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:21,400
and feminine again. 
But in a sleeker more 

3140
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:24,700
streamlined way than the 
Victorian era, it was as if 

3141
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:27,000
fashion had learned to be 
curvaceous without being 

3142
02:50:27,000 --> 02:50:29,200
cumbersome. 
The bias cut became the 

3143
02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:30,700
signature technique of the 
decade. 

3144
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:34,600
Thanks largely to design a 
Madeline on a cutting fabric, on

3145
02:50:34,600 --> 02:50:38,400
the bias, at a 45 degree, angle 
to the grain created. 

3146
02:50:38,700 --> 02:50:41,800
Moments that draped beautifully 
and moved with the body, using 

3147
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:44,800
the Fabric's natural stretch 
rather than fighting against it.

3148
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,000
It was an ingenious solution. 
That created elegant figure, 

3149
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:50,200
flattering clothes without 
requiring, elaborate 

3150
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:53,500
construction or expensive, 
materials Hollywood became a 

3151
02:50:53,500 --> 02:50:55,200
major influence on fashion 
during this period. 

3152
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:58,600
Partly because movies provided 
an escape from economic 

3153
02:50:58,600 --> 02:51:02,300
hardship, but also because film 
stars had the resources to wear 

3154
02:51:02,300 --> 02:51:04,300
beautiful clothes when most 
people couldn't afford them 

3155
02:51:04,300 --> 02:51:07,800
magazines, featured pages of 
Hollywood style on a depression 

3156
02:51:07,800 --> 02:51:11,100
budget showing readers how to 
achieve movie star glamour with 

3157
02:51:11,100 --> 02:51:14,500
Ingenuity and Thrift. 
The concept of separates became 

3158
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:18,500
popular during the 1930s blouses
skirts, and jackets that could 

3159
02:51:18,500 --> 02:51:21,000
be mixed and matched to create 
different outfits from fewer 

3160
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:22,800
pieces. 
It was the beginning of the 

3161
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:26,500
modern concept of a wardrobe as 
a coordinated system, rather 

3162
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:28,300
than a collection of individual 
dresses. 

3163
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:31,600
You could buy one skirt and 
three blouses and suddenly have 

3164
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:34,300
multiple outfits, which was 
revolutionary for people on 

3165
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:37,100
tight budgets. 
They were became more casual and

3166
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:40,500
practical shirt. 
Waist dresses essentially button

3167
02:51:40,500 --> 02:51:44,400
up shirts, extended in to dress 
length became a staple because 

3168
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,600
they were comfortable easy to 
launcher and appropriate for 

3169
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:49,600
both work and Casual social 
occasions. 

3170
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:53,100
It was clothing designed for 
real life rather than for making

3171
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,100
fashion statements. 
Then came World War 2 and 

3172
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:58,200
fashioned face challenges that 
made the depression. 

3173
02:51:58,200 --> 02:51:59,900
Look like a minor budget 
adjustment. 

3174
02:52:00,700 --> 02:52:03,900
Rationing affected everything 
fabric leather, metal for 

3175
02:52:03,900 --> 02:52:06,100
buttons and zippers even 
elastic. 

3176
02:52:07,200 --> 02:52:09,200
Push an industry had to 
completely reimagine. 

3177
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:12,100
What clothing could be when you 
couldn't get the materials, you 

3178
02:52:12,100 --> 02:52:15,300
needed the utility clothing 
program in Britain and similar 

3179
02:52:15,300 --> 02:52:18,400
initiatives, and other countries
created standardized designs 

3180
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:21,400
that used a minimal materials, 
while still being attractive and

3181
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:25,200
functional, it was fashioned by 
committee designed by government

3182
02:52:25,200 --> 02:52:29,300
regulations, but somehow, it 
worked The clothes were simple, 

3183
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:32,900
well, cut and practical the 
fashion equivalent of wartime 

3184
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,400
efficiency. 
Henley's rose again during the 

3185
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:38,500
war, but this time it wasn't 
about Freedom or Rebellion. 

3186
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:40,500
It was about fabric 
conservation. 

3187
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:44,300
Every inch of fabric saved was 
fabric, that could be used for 

3188
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,200
military purposes. 
Women's skirts became shorter 

3189
02:52:47,200 --> 02:52:50,500
and narrower not as a fashion 
statement but as a patriotic 

3190
02:52:50,500 --> 02:52:54,200
Duty the make do and mend 
philosophy became a virtue 

3191
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:56,900
rather than a necessity fashion 
magazines. 

3192
02:52:56,900 --> 02:52:59,100
Published articles on how to 
refresh all clothes. 

3193
02:52:59,100 --> 02:53:02,300
How to make children clothes 
from adult garments that were 

3194
02:53:02,300 --> 02:53:05,200
too warn to repair and how to 
create accessories from 

3195
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:08,700
household items, creativity 
became more valuable than money 

3196
02:53:08,700 --> 02:53:10,900
and fashion for perhaps the 
first time in history. 

3197
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:14,900
Women entering the workforce in 
unprecedented numbers needed 

3198
02:53:14,900 --> 02:53:16,700
clothes. 
That could handle factory work 

3199
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:19,400
driving trucks and operating 
Machinery. 

3200
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,500
This led to the widespread 
adoption of trousers for women, 

3201
02:53:22,500 --> 02:53:26,400
not as a fashion choice, but as 
a practical necessity Rosie, the

3202
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,200
riveters uniform of practical 
pants and sensible shirts. 

3203
02:53:29,200 --> 02:53:32,100
Became an icon. 
Not just a women's capabilities,

3204
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,400
but a Fashion's ability to adapt
to changing social needs. 

3205
02:53:36,100 --> 02:53:38,800
Men's fashion was similarly 
affected by wartime needs. 

3206
02:53:38,800 --> 02:53:41,600
Civilian. 
Suits were simplified no 

3207
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:43,600
trouser. 
Cuffs fewer Pockets narrower 

3208
02:53:43,600 --> 02:53:47,700
lapels to conserve fabric. 
The victory suit became a symbol

3209
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:51,000
of patriotic sacrifice proving 
that even fashion could 

3210
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:53,800
contribute to the war effort. 
But perhaps the most important 

3211
02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:56,900
development of this period was 
the cycle role that fashion 

3212
02:53:56,900 --> 02:53:59,300
played. 
During the darkest times of 

3213
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:01,000
economic depression and global 
war. 

3214
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:04,600
People still cared about looking
good fashion, became a form of 

3215
02:54:04,608 --> 02:54:08,000
resistance against despair, a 
way of maintaining dignity and 

3216
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:09,800
hope when everything else was 
falling apart. 

3217
02:54:11,100 --> 02:54:14,300
The period saw the rise of 
American fashion as a force in 

3218
02:54:14,300 --> 02:54:17,900
dependent of European influence.
Paris under German occupation, 

3219
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:21,200
American designers had to 
develop their own aesthetic 

3220
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:23,000
rather than copying French 
Couture. 

3221
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:25,900
This led to a distinctly 
American style that was more 

3222
02:54:25,900 --> 02:54:29,500
practical, more casual, and more
democratic than traditional, 

3223
02:54:29,500 --> 02:54:33,400
European fashion by the 
mid-1940s fashion had been 

3224
02:54:33,408 --> 02:54:37,300
tested by economic catastrophe 
and global war and it had 

3225
02:54:37,300 --> 02:54:40,500
survived by becoming more 
practical, more creative and 

3226
02:54:40,500 --> 02:54:42,400
more attuned to real people's 
needs. 

3227
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:46,000
The stage was set for the 
post-war fashion explosion, that

3228
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:49,300
would celebrate both the return 
of prosperity and the lessons 

3229
02:54:49,300 --> 02:54:52,300
learned during the lean years in
1947. 

3230
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,900
After years of fabric, rationing
utility clothing and making due 

3231
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:59,800
with less Christian Dior 
unveiled, his new look and 

3232
02:54:59,800 --> 02:55:02,900
fashion essentially fainted from
sheer relief here. 

3233
02:55:02,900 --> 02:55:05,800
Finally was clothing, that 
celebrated abundance femininity 

3234
02:55:05,800 --> 02:55:07,700
and the return of Peace time 
Prosperity. 

3235
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:10,500
The new look was everything 
wartime fashion wasn't. 

3236
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:15,000
Full skirts that used yards and 
yards of fabric tiny cinched 

3237
02:55:15,000 --> 02:55:18,200
waists that required 
foundational undergarments and a

3238
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:19,900
silhouette. 
That was unabashedly feminine 

3239
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:22,100
and decorative. 
It was like fashion had been 

3240
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:25,600
holding its breath for six years
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 

3241
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:28,800
of silk and satin. 
The reaction was immediate and 

3242
02:55:28,800 --> 02:55:31,400
intense women who had spent 
years in Practical. 

3243
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:34,500
Simplified clothing, fell in 
love with the Romantic 

3244
02:55:34,500 --> 02:55:38,200
femininity of duels designs, but
there was also controversy 

3245
02:55:38,200 --> 02:55:41,800
critics argued that the new look
was a step backward for women's 

3246
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:43,800
Liberation. 
Forcing them back into 

3247
02:55:43,800 --> 02:55:45,600
restrictive in Practical 
clothing. 

3248
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:48,100
Just when they had proven, they 
could do anything. 

3249
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:51,200
Men could do, but the new looks 
exceeded, because it wasn't 

3250
02:55:51,200 --> 02:55:54,100
really about going backward. 
It was about having choices 

3251
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:57,100
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

3252
02:55:57,100 --> 02:55:59,700
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

3253
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:03,300
to wear full skirts and fitted. 
Bodices, if they wanted to the 

3254
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:07,000
keyword was choose, the 1950s 
became the decade of the 

3255
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:10,000
Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

3256
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,600
day, where was Practical. 
But pretty Shirtwaist dresses, 

3257
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,500
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

3258
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:19,100
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

3259
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:20,900
chasing children around 
backyards. 

3260
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:25,200
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

3261
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:29,300
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

3262
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,000
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

3263
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:36,300
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

3264
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:39,000
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for 

3265
02:56:39,000 --> 02:56:41,200
society, that wanted to 
celebrate prosperity and 

3266
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:44,000
femininity. 
After years of austerity, the 

3267
02:56:44,000 --> 02:56:46,400
concept of teenage fashion 
emerged during this decade 

3268
02:56:46,400 --> 02:56:49,700
driven by post-war prosperity 
and the new phenomenon of 

3269
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:51,500
teenagers have their own 
spending money. 

3270
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:53,600
For the first time in fashion 
history. 

3271
02:56:53,600 --> 02:56:56,800
Young people have their own 
distinct style rather than just 

3272
02:56:56,800 --> 02:56:58,700
wearing simplified versions of 
adult clothing. 

3273
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:02,600
Poodle skirts, saddle shoes and 
let us sweaters. 

3274
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:05,500
Became the uniform of American 
Youth men's fashion. 

3275
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:08,100
During the 1950s was 
characterized by what we might 

3276
02:57:08,100 --> 02:57:12,200
call confident conformity. 
The gray flannel suit became the

3277
02:57:12,200 --> 02:57:14,900
uniform of the Suburban 
businessman, but it was worn 

3278
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:17,100
with a confidence that reflected
postwar optimism. 

3279
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:20,400
Casual wear became more 
important to suburbs, created 

3280
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:22,500
more opportunities for relaxed 
socializing. 

3281
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:26,200
Barbecues lawn parties and 
family gatherings that required 

3282
02:57:26,200 --> 02:57:28,700
clothing. 
That was nice but not formal the

3283
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:31,900
influence of Hollywood continued
to grow during this period, but 

3284
02:57:31,900 --> 02:57:34,300
now it was supplemented by the 
new medium of television. 

3285
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:37,300
Fashion became more immediately 
accessible. 

3286
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:40,300
As people could see the latest 
Styles every week in their 

3287
02:57:40,308 --> 02:57:43,300
living rooms TV stars influenced
fashion. 

3288
02:57:43,300 --> 02:57:45,800
In ways that movie stars, never 
could, because they appeared 

3289
02:57:45,800 --> 02:57:49,500
more regularly and seemed more 
accessible ready to wear fashion

3290
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:52,700
came into its own during the 
1950s department, stores 

3291
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:55,300
expanded, their fashion 
offerings, and the quality of 

3292
02:57:55,300 --> 02:57:56,400
mass-produced. 
Clothing. 

3293
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:58,800
Improved dramatically for the 
first time. 

3294
02:57:58,800 --> 02:58:01,400
You could buy clothes off the 
rack that were almost as well 

3295
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:04,700
made as custom garments and 
significantly less expensive. 

3296
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:07,900
The decade also saw the 
beginning of Fashion's 

3297
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:10,800
relationship with technology, 
new synthetic fabrics, like 

3298
02:58:10,800 --> 02:58:14,000
nylon polyester and acrylic 
offered properties that natural 

3299
02:58:14,000 --> 02:58:17,500
fibers could not match, wrinkle 
resistance, easy care, and 

3300
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:19,700
durability. 
The Washington wear garment 

3301
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:23,300
became the Holy Grail of 1950s, 
fashion, promising, busy 

3302
02:58:23,300 --> 02:58:26,000
housewives, that they could look
good without spending hours on 

3303
02:58:26,000 --> 02:58:28,800
clothing maintenance. 
Youth culture began to challenge

3304
02:58:28,800 --> 02:58:31,000
the adult fashion establishment 
During the period. 

3305
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:34,400
The grease of style for young 
men, leather jackets, white 

3306
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:37,600
t-shirts and Jeans was 
specifically designed to shock 

3307
02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:40,000
her adults and declare 
independence from their values. 

3308
02:58:40,000 --> 02:58:43,000
It was the beginning of fashion 
as generational Rebellion. 

3309
02:58:43,000 --> 02:58:46,200
A theme that would become 
Central to fashion for decades 

3310
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:50,700
to come By the end of the 1950s 
fashion had established, many of

3311
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:53,700
the patterns that were Define 
modern clothing, the importance 

3312
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:57,000
of Youth markets, the role of 
celebrity influence, the 

3313
02:58:57,000 --> 02:59:00,900
democratization of style through
ready, to wear and the constant 

3314
02:59:00,900 --> 02:59:03,200
tension between practicality and
fantasy. 

3315
02:59:04,000 --> 02:59:06,400
All of these became permanent 
features of the fashion 

3316
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:10,400
landscape but beneath the 
surface of 1950s Conformity and 

3317
02:59:10,400 --> 02:59:13,800
prosperity changes were Brewing.
The Civil Rights Movement was 

3318
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:16,500
gaining momentum. 
Women were beginning to question

3319
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:19,200
their prescribed roles and young
people were starting to 

3320
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:21,500
challenge authority in ways that
their clothing choices 

3321
02:59:21,500 --> 02:59:24,100
reflected, the stage was set for
the fashion. 

3322
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:28,100
Revolution of the 1960s, the 
1960s didn't just change 

3323
02:59:28,100 --> 02:59:30,200
fashion. 
It grabbed fashioned by the 

3324
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:32,900
shoulders. 
Spun it around three times and 

3325
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:34,700
sent it dancing off in 
Direction's. 

3326
02:59:34,700 --> 02:59:38,500
Nobody had ever imagined it was 
the decade when fashion stopped 

3327
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:41,000
being something that happened to
you and became something. 

3328
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,500
You used to express exactly who 
you were or at least who you 

3329
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:48,000
wanted to be. 
The decade started in a 

3330
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:50,800
certainly enough. 
Jackie Kennedy became first lady

3331
02:59:50,800 --> 02:59:53,600
in 1961. 
And her elegant, sophisticated 

3332
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:56,300
style set, the tone for early 
1960s fashion. 

3333
02:59:57,400 --> 03:00:00,600
The pillbox hat, A-line, dresses
and understated. 

3334
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:04,400
Elegance of the Jackie look 
represented, a refined evolution

3335
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:07,400
of 1950 style. 
It was fashioned for grownups 

3336
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:09,400
who wanted to look modern but 
not revolutionary. 

3337
03:00:10,300 --> 03:00:13,000
But then came the youth. 
Explosion the Baby Boomers were 

3338
03:00:13,000 --> 03:00:15,600
reaching their teens and 
twenties, and they had money 

3339
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:18,800
attitudes and absolutely no 
interest in dressing, like, 

3340
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:22,200
their parents Fashions, suddenly
had to serve two completely 

3341
03:00:22,200 --> 03:00:25,200
different markets, the adults, 
who wanted sophisticated 

3342
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:28,000
elegance, and the young people 
who wanted something entirely 

3343
03:00:28,000 --> 03:00:33,000
new Mary Quantum London created 
the mini skirt around 1965 and 

3344
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:35,800
it was like dropping a fashion 
bomb hemline that had been 

3345
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:37,500
creeping up. 
Gradually throughout the early 

3346
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:41,400
1960s, suddenly jumped to 
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 

3347
03:00:41,400 --> 03:00:44,700
that was shocking liberating and
completely different from 

3348
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:46,200
anything women had warned 
before. 

3349
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:49,700
It wasn't just shorted, it was a
completely different philosophy 

3350
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:51,200
of what women's clothing could 
be. 

3351
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:55,600
The miniskirt represented, more 
than just a fashion Choice, it 

3352
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:57,200
was a declaration of 
independence. 

3353
03:00:57,200 --> 03:01:00,300
Young women were rejecting the 
idea that their clothing should 

3354
03:01:00,300 --> 03:01:02,900
be modest practical and approved
by their Elders. 

3355
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:06,700
They wanted fashion, that was 
fun, sexy and expressive of 

3356
03:01:06,700 --> 03:01:09,900
their own values rather than 
society's expectations. 

3357
03:01:09,900 --> 03:01:12,800
London, became the fashion 
capital of the world for young 

3358
03:01:12,800 --> 03:01:15,300
people. 
Overtaking Paris for the first 

3359
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:18,600
time in centuries. 
Carnaby Street in the Kings Road

3360
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:21,600
became pilgrimage, destinations 
for anyone who wanted to be 

3361
03:01:21,608 --> 03:01:23,900
fashionable. 
British designers like Mary 

3362
03:01:23,900 --> 03:01:28,400
Quant Twiggy, who was both model
and designer, and later Zandra 

3363
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:30,800
Rhodes created a distinctly 
British aesthetic. 

3364
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:33,700
That was playful irreverent and 
completely modern. 

3365
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:36,700
The shift dress, became the 
decades signature garment, 

3366
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:40,600
simple straight, and perfect for
showing off legs in the new 

3367
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,000
shorter lengths. 
It was the opposite of the 

3368
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:45,500
fitted. 
Structured dresses of the 1950s 

3369
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:49,000
where 1950s fashion had 
emphasized, the waist and hips 

3370
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,200
1960s, fashion ignored 
traditional body shaping 

3371
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,500
altogether in favor of a more 
geometric architectural approach

3372
03:01:55,500 --> 03:01:58,300
mod fashion. 
Brought us geometric patterns, 

3373
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:01,100
bold colors, and a futuristic 
aesthetic. 

3374
03:02:01,100 --> 03:02:04,000
That seem to come from another 
planet apart patterns that 

3375
03:02:04,000 --> 03:02:07,800
created optical illusions when 
the wearer moved Space Age, 

3376
03:02:07,808 --> 03:02:11,100
silver and white Colour schemes 
and designs that look like they 

3377
03:02:11,100 --> 03:02:12,800
belonged in a science fiction 
movie. 

3378
03:02:13,500 --> 03:02:15,300
Fashion became experimental in 
ways. 

3379
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:18,300
It had never been before the 
influence of youth culture 

3380
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:20,700
created entirely new categories 
of clothing. 

3381
03:02:21,500 --> 03:02:25,000
The poor boy sweater go. 
Go boots and peasant dresses 

3382
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:28,200
were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

3383
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:30,300
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

3384
03:02:30,300 --> 03:02:33,300
It was the first time in fashion
history that adults started. 

3385
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:35,700
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

3386
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:38,700
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

3387
03:02:38,700 --> 03:02:42,300
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

3388
03:02:42,300 --> 03:02:45,600
remained standard for work, but 
casual wear became much more 

3389
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:48,400
adventurous. 
The peacock Revolution brought 

3390
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:52,400
bright colors, bold patterns and
more fitted Silhouettes to Men's

3391
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:56,200
Clothing, hair got longer pants,
got Tighter and for the first 

3392
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:59,800
time since the 18th Century 
men's fashion became unabashedly

3393
03:02:59,800 --> 03:03:02,700
decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

3394
03:03:02,700 --> 03:03:05,700
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

3395
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:09,500
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

3396
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:12,400
fashion, looked to the past and 
other cultures for inspiration, 

3397
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:16,900
Indian Prince peasant, dresses 
Fringe, embroidery and natural 

3398
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:19,000
Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

3399
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:22,200
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age 

3400
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:25,400
futurism of mod style. 
Hippie fashion also introduced 

3401
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:28,500
the concept of vintage and 
secondhand clothing as fashion 

3402
03:03:28,500 --> 03:03:31,800
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

3403
03:03:31,800 --> 03:03:33,900
stores and wearing your 
grandmother's clothes became 

3404
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:36,600
ways of rejecting consumer 
culture, while creating 

3405
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,600
individual style. 
It was fashion as philosophy, 

3406
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:42,800
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

3407
03:03:42,808 --> 03:03:46,200
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

3408
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:48,300
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

3409
03:03:48,300 --> 03:03:51,600
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate 

3410
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:54,100
values. 
Dashikis and afros became 

3411
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:56,500
expressions of black pride, and 
cultural identity. 

3412
03:03:56,500 --> 03:03:59,800
What you wore a way of 
announcing your politics to the 

3413
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:02,700
world? 
Unisex fashion emerged as gender

3414
03:04:02,700 --> 03:04:06,400
roles began to be questioned the
same jeans t-shirts and work 

3415
03:04:06,400 --> 03:04:07,900
shirts. 
Could be worn by men or women 

3416
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:11,000
creating a shared fashion 
vocabulary that had never 

3417
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:13,400
existed before. 
It was the beginning of the 

3418
03:04:13,400 --> 03:04:16,100
breakdown of strict, gender 
distinctions in clothing that 

3419
03:04:16,100 --> 03:04:20,700
continues today by 1970 fashion 
had been completely transformed.

3420
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:23,900
The idea that there was one 
correct way to dress for your 

3421
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:25,700
age class and gender had been 
shattered. 

3422
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:29,500
Personal expression had become 
more important than social 

3423
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:32,200
Conformity. 
Fashion had become Democratic 

3424
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:35,200
diverse, and individual in ways 
that would have been impossible.

3425
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:39,300
Just 10 years earlier, If the 
1960s had been about breaking 

3426
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:43,400
the rules, the 1970s were about 
celebrating the fact that there 

3427
03:04:43,400 --> 03:04:46,000
were no rules left to break 
fashion entered. 

3428
03:04:46,000 --> 03:04:50,000
Its most experimental diverse. 
And frankly, weird decade where 

3429
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:53,200
you could dress like a 
Victorian, Gothic romantic a 

3430
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,000
disco dancing queen or a back to
the land hippie. 

3431
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:58,100
And all three looks were equally
fashionable. 

3432
03:04:58,100 --> 03:05:02,200
The decade started with hippie 
fashion, still going strong, but

3433
03:05:02,200 --> 03:05:04,200
it quickly evolved into 
something more sophisticated, 

3434
03:05:04,200 --> 03:05:08,400
and wearable, the peasant dress 
became the maxi dress flowing 

3435
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,600
and romantic but made in 
beautiful fabrics and elegant 

3436
03:05:11,600 --> 03:05:13,400
cuts. 
It was hippie philosophy, 

3437
03:05:13,400 --> 03:05:17,400
dressed up for dinner parties, 
Bohemian style during the 1970s 

3438
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:20,800
wasn't just about rejecting 
mainstream fashion, it was about

3439
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:24,700
creating an entirely alternative
aesthetic, flowing, Fabrics, 

3440
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:28,300
Earth Tones, natural fibers, and
handcrafted details. 

3441
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,500
Created a look that celebrated 
individuality and artistic 

3442
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:34,600
Sensibility. 
It was fashioned for people who 

3443
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:37,400
saw themselves as creative, 
Souls rather than consumers. 

3444
03:05:37,400 --> 03:05:42,000
But the 1970s also gave us disco
fashion, which was Bohemians 

3445
03:05:42,000 --> 03:05:46,900
glittery party-loving cousin. 
Metallics sequins tight pants 

3446
03:05:46,900 --> 03:05:49,200
and shirts with enormous 
collars. 

3447
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:52,200
Created a look, that was 
specifically designed for 

3448
03:05:52,200 --> 03:05:55,300
dancing under flashing lights, 
disco fashion was about 

3449
03:05:55,300 --> 03:05:58,300
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

3450
03:05:58,300 --> 03:06:01,600
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

3451
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:04,300
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

3452
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:05,900
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

3453
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:08,000
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

3454
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,300
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or short. 

3455
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:12,800
So short, they were barely there
or anything in. 

3456
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:15,900
Between fashion had finally 
accepted that different people 

3457
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:18,800
wanted to show different amounts
of skin and that was perfectly 

3458
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:21,200
fine. 
Platform shoes became the 

3459
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:23,800
decades most distinctive 
accessory and they were 

3460
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:25,500
essentially architecture for 
your feet. 

3461
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:28,900
Some platforms were six inches, 
high or more turning walking 

3462
03:06:28,900 --> 03:06:32,000
into a performance art piece and
making everyone several inches 

3463
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,900
taller than nature intended. 
They were in Practical 

3464
03:06:34,900 --> 03:06:38,500
occasionally, dangerous and 
absolutely fabulous. 

3465
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:41,800
The influence of different 
decades became a major theme in 

3466
03:06:41,800 --> 03:06:45,500
the 1970s fashion. 
There was a Revival of 1930s and

3467
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:48,600
1940s Styles. 
Flowing dresses dramatic 

3468
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:52,500
shoulders and vintage glamour. 
But there was a fascination with

3469
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:55,900
the Victorian era High necklines
long sleeves and romantic 

3470
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:58,700
details. 
Fashion became historical 

3471
03:06:58,700 --> 03:07:01,800
drawing inspiration from the 
past while creating something 

3472
03:07:01,800 --> 03:07:06,200
entirely new Punk fashion. 
Emerged in the mid-1970s as a 

3473
03:07:06,200 --> 03:07:08,900
deliberate rejection of both 
mainstream fashion and hippie 

3474
03:07:08,900 --> 03:07:12,700
idealism, ripped clothes, safety
pins, aggressive makeup and 

3475
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:15,700
deliberately ugly combinations. 
Created a look that was designed

3476
03:07:15,700 --> 03:07:19,000
to shock and challenge. 
Punk fashion was about anger, 

3477
03:07:19,000 --> 03:07:22,400
rebellion and the rejection of 
beauty as a social value. 

3478
03:07:22,400 --> 03:07:26,500
But Punk was also incredibly 
creative and influential, The 

3479
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:29,000
DIY aesthetic. 
Making your own clothes, 

3480
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:32,600
customizing, store-bought items 
and creating unique looks from 

3481
03:07:32,600 --> 03:07:35,200
whatever materials you could 
find introduced. 

3482
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:36,800
New ideas about what fashion 
could be. 

3483
03:07:36,800 --> 03:07:40,300
It didn't have to be expensive 
professionally made or even 

3484
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,500
particularly attractive. 
It just had to express something

3485
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:46,800
authentic about the person 
wearing it men's fashion, during

3486
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:49,400
the 1970s became more 
adventurous than it had. 

3487
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:53,300
Been since the 18th century wide
lapels bright colors, bold 

3488
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:55,600
patterns and fitted silhouette 
created a look. 

3489
03:07:55,608 --> 03:07:59,100
That was unabashedly decorative.
The three-piece suit remained 

3490
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:01,600
standard for business, but 
casual wear became an 

3491
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:04,400
opportunity for self-expression 
rather than conformity. 

3492
03:08:05,600 --> 03:08:08,700
The decade also saw the rise of 
designer jeans as a fashion 

3493
03:08:08,700 --> 03:08:11,000
category. 
What had been basic, Workwear 

3494
03:08:11,000 --> 03:08:13,700
became a luxury item with 
different brands, offering 

3495
03:08:13,700 --> 03:08:15,900
different cuts washers, and 
styling details. 

3496
03:08:15,900 --> 03:08:18,900
It was the democratization of 
fashion through denim. 

3497
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:22,500
Everyone could afford jeans but 
designer jeans, offered a way to

3498
03:08:22,508 --> 03:08:24,300
be fashionable. 
Within that Democratic framework

3499
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:29,000
athletic wear began to influence
fashion during the 1970s driven 

3500
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:32,900
by new interest in fitness and 
health jogging suits, tennis 

3501
03:08:32,900 --> 03:08:36,500
dresses and exercise, clothes 
began appearing in non-athletic 

3502
03:08:36,500 --> 03:08:39,600
contexts, it was the beginning 
of the athleisure trend that 

3503
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:42,100
would eventually take over 
casual fashion, completely. 

3504
03:08:43,100 --> 03:08:45,700
A concept of life style dressing
became important during this 

3505
03:08:45,700 --> 03:08:48,000
decade. 
Instead of having one fashion 

3506
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,900
identity, people could dress 
like Surfers Executives artists 

3507
03:08:51,900 --> 03:08:54,200
or athletes depending on their 
mood or the occasion. 

3508
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:58,000
Fashion became fluid and 
situational rather than fixed 

3509
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,600
and hierarchical. 
By the end of the 1970s fashion 

3510
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:05,600
had become incredibly diverse 
and individualistic, The idea 

3511
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:08,800
that everyone should dress alike
had been completely abandoned in

3512
03:09:08,800 --> 03:09:12,000
favor of a philosophy that 
celebrated personal expression 

3513
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:16,300
and cultural diversity, set the 
stage for the 1980s, which would

3514
03:09:16,300 --> 03:09:19,900
take this individualism and turn
it into performance art. the 

3515
03:09:19,900 --> 03:09:23,100
1980s looked at fashion and 
said, you know what, this needs 

3516
03:09:23,100 --> 03:09:27,700
more of everything, more color, 
more texture, more volume, more 

3517
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:32,200
accessories, more attitude, It 
was the decade when subtlety 

3518
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:35,108
went into hiding and didn't 
emerge until sometime in the 

3519
03:09:35,116 --> 03:09:38,900
mid-1990s power dressing. 
Became the decade signature 

3520
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:42,100
concept driven by women entering
corporate environments in 

3521
03:09:42,100 --> 03:09:45,300
unprecedented numbers. 
The power suit with massive 

3522
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:47,100
shoulder pads that could double 
as small. 

3523
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,100
Aircraft Wings was designed to 
help women compete in 

3524
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:52,600
male-dominated. 
Workplaces by literally making 

3525
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:54,200
them look bigger and more 
imposing. 

3526
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:57,200
It was fashion as armor designed
for corporate Warfare. 

3527
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,700
The shoulder pads of the 1980s, 
deserve their own chapter in 

3528
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:04,000
fashion history, starting as 
modest editions to create a more

3529
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,800
structured silhouette. 
They grew throughout the decade 

3530
03:10:06,800 --> 03:10:09,200
until they reached proportions 
that challenge doorway 

3531
03:10:09,200 --> 03:10:13,000
architecture, by the late 1980s 
shoulder pads had become so 

3532
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:15,900
enormous that they looked like 
fashioned interpretation of 

3533
03:10:15,900 --> 03:10:19,300
American football gear, the 
power dressing wasn't just about

3534
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:21,700
looking tough. 
It was about looking expensive, 

3535
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:25,900
the 1980s celebrated well in 
ways that previous decades had 

3536
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:30,000
considered vulgar, Designer 
labels became status symbols 

3537
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:33,000
Warren prominently on the 
outside of clothing rather than 

3538
03:10:33,000 --> 03:10:36,200
hidden discreetly inside. 
It was the decade when fashion 

3539
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:39,400
became about broadcasting your 
success to anyone within visual 

3540
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:41,500
range. 
The influence of Television 

3541
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:45,500
particularly shows like Dynasty 
and Dallas created a fashion 

3542
03:10:45,500 --> 03:10:48,800
aesthetic, that was Pure Fantasy
evening, wear featured, massive,

3543
03:10:48,800 --> 03:10:52,800
quantities of sequins, beads and
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger

3544
03:10:52,800 --> 03:10:54,900
jewelry. 
Got more elaborate and makeup 

3545
03:10:54,900 --> 03:10:57,400
became more dramatic. 
It was fashioned designed to be 

3546
03:10:57,400 --> 03:11:00,500
seen from the back row of a 
theater except people wore it to

3547
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:03,300
dinner. 
Casual wear during the 1980s was

3548
03:11:03,300 --> 03:11:07,400
equally excessive athletic wear 
became Street fashion but not 

3549
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:09,700
the simple athletic wear of 
previous decades. 

3550
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:13,100
This was athletic wear designed 
by fashion designers who 

3551
03:11:13,100 --> 03:11:15,700
apparently thought that exercise
clothes should be suitable for 

3552
03:11:15,700 --> 03:11:19,900
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 
colors, metallic fabrics, and 

3553
03:11:19,900 --> 03:11:22,800
geometric patterns created work 
out clothes, that were more 

3554
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:25,500
about making fashion statements 
than actual working out. 

3555
03:11:26,900 --> 03:11:30,100
The decade also saw the rise of 
Youth fashion as a commercial 

3556
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:34,300
Force, independent of adult 
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 

3557
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:37,000
And suddenly, young people had a
visual reference for how 

3558
03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:41,300
musicians dressed fashion became
faster or immediate and more 

3559
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,300
tied to popular culture than 
ever before, what you wore 

3560
03:11:44,300 --> 03:11:47,000
became a way of showing which 
bands you liked which movies 

3561
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:50,500
you'd seen and which cultural 
tribes you belong to punk 

3562
03:11:50,500 --> 03:11:54,500
fashion evolved during the 1980s
into New Wave style, which took 

3563
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,000
punks rebellious aesthetic and 
made it more wearable and 

3564
03:11:57,000 --> 03:11:59,800
commercially viable. 
The result was fashion that was 

3565
03:11:59,800 --> 03:12:02,600
edgy and artistic but didn't 
require safety pins or 

3566
03:12:02,600 --> 03:12:05,700
deliberate ugliness, it was 
Rebellion with better production

3567
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:08,200
values. 
The preppy local became 

3568
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:11,600
fashionable during the 1980s 
driven partly by Nostalgia for 

3569
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:14,900
simpler times and partly by the 
popularity of films like The 

3570
03:12:14,900 --> 03:12:18,100
Breakfast Club, preppy fashion 
represented, security 

3571
03:12:18,100 --> 03:12:21,900
traditional and belonging to 
established social institutions,

3572
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:24,600
everything that Punk and New 
Wave fashion rejected. 

3573
03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:28,900
But perhaps the most interesting
aspect, Of 1980s fashion was how

3574
03:12:28,900 --> 03:12:31,300
it embraced artificial 
materials, and construction 

3575
03:12:31,300 --> 03:12:35,600
synthetic fabrics, structured 
Silhouettes and obviously, 

3576
03:12:35,600 --> 03:12:38,000
manufactured looks became 
desirable rather than 

3577
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:40,500
apologetic. 
It was the first decade when 

3578
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:43,300
fashion, celebrated the fact 
that clothes were human made 

3579
03:12:43,300 --> 03:12:45,800
rather than trying to mimic 
natural forms and materials. 

3580
03:12:46,800 --> 03:12:49,300
Hair became a fashion accessory 
in its own right during the 

3581
03:12:49,300 --> 03:12:52,500
1980s, the bigger, the more, 
elaborate the better. 

3582
03:12:53,400 --> 03:12:56,300
Hairspray became a central 
fashion tool and hairstyles 

3583
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:58,700
required architecture and 
engineering to maintain their 

3584
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:01,400
structural Integrity. 
It was like, wearing sculpture 

3585
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:03,700
on your head, except the 
sculpture was made of your own 

3586
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:06,200
hair and industrial strength, 
styling products. 

3587
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:09,100
Color during the 1980s was 
intense. 

3588
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:13,000
And often clashing, electric 
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and

3589
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:15,600
metallic silver were combined in
ways that would have been 

3590
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:17,700
considered garish in any other 
decade. 

3591
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:21,200
Fashion became fluorescent 
glittery and deliberately 

3592
03:13:21,200 --> 03:13:23,700
artificial. 
It was like wearing a neon sign 

3593
03:13:23,700 --> 03:13:27,300
which was exactly the point. 
The decade also introduced the 

3594
03:13:27,308 --> 03:13:31,000
concept of mix and match 
dressing taken to extremes 

3595
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,400
different patterns, textures and
colors were combined in ways 

3596
03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:37,700
that created visual chaos. 
That somehow worked because 

3597
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:40,300
everyone was doing it. 
It was fashioned democracy 

3598
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:43,200
through excess if everyone was 
wearing too much of everything. 

3599
03:13:43,200 --> 03:13:47,500
Then no one looked out of place 
by 1990 fashion had reached such

3600
03:13:47,500 --> 03:13:50,400
Heights of excess that the only 
possible response was a complete

3601
03:13:50,400 --> 03:13:51,800
reaction in the opposite 
direction. 

3602
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:56,500
The 1980s had been so much about
more that the 1990s would 

3603
03:13:56,500 --> 03:14:00,600
inevitably be about less. 
But before that happened, the 

3604
03:14:00,600 --> 03:14:02,800
1980s had established. 
Some important principles 

3605
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:07,000
fashion could be fun 
experimental and completely 

3606
03:14:07,000 --> 03:14:10,000
divorced from practical 
considerations while still being

3607
03:14:10,008 --> 03:14:12,900
socially acceptable and 
commercially successful as the 

3608
03:14:12,900 --> 03:14:15,700
1990s donned fashion. 
Looked at the excess of the 

3609
03:14:15,708 --> 03:14:19,800
1980s and said, you know what, 
maybe we went a little overboard

3610
03:14:19,800 --> 03:14:22,800
with those shoulder pads, the 
decade began with what fashion 

3611
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:26,000
historians called, the 
minimalist reaction, a complete 

3612
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:28,000
swing away. 
From the more is more philosophy

3613
03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:29,900
that had dominated the previous 
decade. 

3614
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:33,000
Calvin, Klein became the poster 
child for this new minimalism 

3615
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:36,600
creating clothes that were clean
simple and almost architectural 

3616
03:14:36,600 --> 03:14:40,200
in their purity. 
His designs celebrated negative 

3617
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:44,100
space neutral colors, and the 
beauty of perfect proportions. 

3618
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:47,900
It was fashion that whispered 
rather than shouted, and after a

3619
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:53,100
decade of shouting Whispering 
felt revolutionary But the 1990s

3620
03:14:53,100 --> 03:14:55,700
quickly proved that it wasn't 
going to settle for just one 

3621
03:14:55,700 --> 03:14:58,700
fashion philosophy. 
Grunge fashion emerged from the 

3622
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:02,200
Pacific Northwest music scene. 
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics

3623
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,500
into mainstream fashion flannel 
shirts, ripped jeans. 

3624
03:15:05,500 --> 03:15:08,500
And the deliberate anti-fashion 
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 

3625
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:12,600
created a look, that celebrated 
not caring about fashion, which 

3626
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:15,900
paradoxically became a major 
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 

3627
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:19,600
Calvin, Klein and other 
designers took grunge influences

3628
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,400
and refined them into something.
More wearable for people who 

3629
03:15:22,400 --> 03:15:24,900
wanted to look, casually 
rebellious without actually 

3630
03:15:24,900 --> 03:15:28,100
shopping at thrift stores, it 
was Rebellion with better fit 

3631
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,700
and higher quality Fabrics, the 
gentrification of anti-fashion. 

3632
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:35,400
The decade also saw the rise of 
streetwear as a legitimate 

3633
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:38,400
fashion category, what people 
actually wore on the street 

3634
03:15:38,400 --> 03:15:42,800
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 
and athletic wear became 

3635
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:46,200
influencers on high fashion. 
Rather than just copying 

3636
03:15:46,200 --> 03:15:48,700
high-fashion. 
It was the democratization of 

3637
03:15:48,700 --> 03:15:50,800
fashion influencer flowing from 
the bottom up. 

3638
03:15:50,800 --> 03:15:54,100
Rather than trickling down from 
the top, Hip-Hop culture became 

3639
03:15:54,100 --> 03:15:57,100
a major influence on mainstream 
fashion during the 1990s 

3640
03:15:57,100 --> 03:16:01,000
bringing oversized clothing 
athletic wear and bold logos 

3641
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:02,700
into General fashion 
Consciousness. 

3642
03:16:02,700 --> 03:16:06,400
The aesthetic celebrated Comfort
movement and cultural identity 

3643
03:16:06,400 --> 03:16:09,300
in ways that traditional fashion
had never considered. 

3644
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:12,700
It was fashion that acknowledged
that people wanted to look good 

3645
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:14,100
while actually living their 
lives. 

3646
03:16:14,100 --> 03:16:17,000
The supermodel phenomenon 
reached its peak during the 

3647
03:16:17,008 --> 03:16:20,400
1990s, creating fashion 
celebrities, who were famous for

3648
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:23,600
wearing clothes rather than for 
any other Talent models like 

3649
03:16:23,600 --> 03:16:26,900
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 
and Kate Moss became household 

3650
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:29,800
names and their personal styles 
influenced fashion. 

3651
03:16:29,800 --> 03:16:33,100
As much as the designers they 
wore Technology began to 

3652
03:16:33,100 --> 03:16:36,900
influence fashion in new ways 
during the 1990s, new synthetic 

3653
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:38,100
fabrics. 
Offered performance 

3654
03:16:38,100 --> 03:16:40,500
characteristics, that had never 
been available before. 

3655
03:16:40,500 --> 03:16:44,300
Moisture wicking UV, protection 
and temperature regulation 

3656
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:47,400
fashion, began to acknowledge 
that clothes could be both 

3657
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:50,400
beautiful and functional in ways
that previous generations, had 

3658
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:53,700
never imagined the internet 
emerged as a fashion force, 

3659
03:16:53,700 --> 03:16:56,900
during the mid to late 1990s, 
though, its full impact. 

3660
03:16:56,900 --> 03:16:59,600
Wooden be felt until the 
following decade online, 

3661
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,300
shopping began to change how 
people bought clothes and 

3662
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:04,500
fashion websites started to 
influence how people thought 

3663
03:17:04,500 --> 03:17:08,800
about style and trends. 
As we moved into the 2000s, 

3664
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:11,700
fashion became increasingly 
fast-paced and diverse. 

3665
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:14,600
The concept of seasonal 
collections began to break down 

3666
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,700
as designers offered more 
frequent releases fast fashion 

3667
03:17:17,700 --> 03:17:19,200
retailers. 
Could take a trend from the 

3668
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,800
runway to the store in weeks 
rather than months democratizing

3669
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:25,100
fashion. 
But also accelerating its Pace 

3670
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:28,300
in ways that were sometimes, 
overwhelming, the 2000s brought 

3671
03:17:28,308 --> 03:17:31,900
their own aesthetic revolutions.
The rise of Casual Friday that 

3672
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:35,200
gradually expanded to Casual 
every day the influence of 

3673
03:17:35,200 --> 03:17:38,200
reality television on fashion 
and the beginning of social 

3674
03:17:38,200 --> 03:17:41,700
media's impact on how people 
thought about personal style, 

3675
03:17:41,700 --> 03:17:45,000
looking back over this entire 
Journey from animal skins to 

3676
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:48,100
Instagram, worthy outfits. 
What's remarkable is how 

3677
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:50,700
consistent certain human 
impulses have remained. 

3678
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:54,100
People have always wanted to 
look good, expressed their 

3679
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:57,000
identity through their 
appearance and use clothing to 

3680
03:17:57,000 --> 03:18:00,700
navigate social situations. 
The materials, technique and 

3681
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:04,600
social contexts have changed 
dramatically But the fundamental

3682
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:07,300
human relationship with clothing
has remained. 

3683
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:10,700
Surprisingly constant, fashion 
has always been about solving 

3684
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:14,100
problems protection from the 
elements, social signaling 

3685
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:17,800
personal expression, and 
cultural belonging the solutions

3686
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:20,800
have evolved from Mammoth hides 
to moisture wicking synthetics. 

3687
03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:24,100
But the problems have remained 
recognizably human throughout 

3688
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:26,500
history. 
So here you are at the end of 

3689
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:29,400
this journey, through fashion 
history, probably wearing the 

3690
03:18:29,400 --> 03:18:33,400
culmination of 170,000 years of 
human creativity and Ingenuity 

3691
03:18:33,400 --> 03:18:37,200
that comfortable t-shirt. 
You're wearing it represents the

3692
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:38,600
development of cotton 
cultivation. 

3693
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:42,300
Textile manufacturing, the 
invention of knitting machines 

3694
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:46,200
the creation of synthetic dies 
and centuries of refinement in 

3695
03:18:46,200 --> 03:18:48,900
garment construction, those 
jeans you might have on 

3696
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:50,500
represent the California, Gold 
Rush. 

3697
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,300
The needs of working people for 
durable clothing the influence 

3698
03:18:54,300 --> 03:18:57,200
of American casual culture on 
global fashion and the 

3699
03:18:57,200 --> 03:18:59,900
transformation of work in to 
fashion statements. 

3700
03:18:59,900 --> 03:19:03,400
Even your socks? 
Yes, your socks. 

3701
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:06,800
Represent Innovations in 
knitting synthetic fibers and 

3702
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:08,500
foot comfort. 
That would have amazed our 

3703
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:10,700
ancestors. 
The amazing thing is that you 

3704
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,600
got dressed this morning in 
about 10 minutes, choosing from 

3705
03:19:13,600 --> 03:19:16,700
options that represent the best 
of human, textile, technology, 

3706
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:19,300
and fashion design. 
And you probably didn't think 

3707
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:22,400
about any of this history, you 
just wanted to put on something 

3708
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:25,900
comfortable appropriate for your
day and maybe something that 

3709
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:29,000
made you feel like yourself. 
That's the real Triumph of 

3710
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:31,500
fashion history, not the 
elaborate Court dress or the 

3711
03:19:31,508 --> 03:19:34,900
Revolutionary designs but the 
fact that good clothing has 

3712
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:38,200
become so accessible and 
unremarkable that we take it for

3713
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:40,400
granted. 
Your closet contains options 

3714
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:41,600
that would have been 
unimaginable. 

3715
03:19:41,600 --> 03:19:45,300
Luxuries to most humans 
throughout history Fabrics, that

3716
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:49,300
are soft durable and easy to 
care for colors that won't fade 

3717
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,600
after one washing clothes that 
fit your body in your lifestyle,

3718
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:56,300
seasonal, options, that keep you
comfortable in any, whether the 

3719
03:19:56,300 --> 03:19:58,600
freedom to choose clothing, that
expresses your personality 

3720
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:02,700
rather than just your social 
class or economic status even 

3721
03:20:02,700 --> 03:20:05,200
your most casual outfit. 
Represents solutions to problems

3722
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:07,100
that occupied human Minds for 
millennia. 

3723
03:20:07,800 --> 03:20:09,600
How do you create fabric that 
breathes? 

3724
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:12,700
But also protects, how do you 
make colors that last? 

3725
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,700
How do you construct garments 
that move with the body without 

3726
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:18,500
falling apart? 
How do you Mass produce clothing

3727
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:20,900
while maintaining quality and 
individual Choice? 

3728
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:24,100
The fashion industry today, 
grapples with new challenges 

3729
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:26,000
that are ancestors never had to 
consider. 

3730
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:31,200
Environmental sustainability, 
ethical manufacturing, the pace 

3731
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:34,100
of trend cycles and the 
psychological effects of 

3732
03:20:34,108 --> 03:20:37,000
constant fashion messaging 
through social media. 

3733
03:20:37,000 --> 03:20:39,900
But these are the kinds of 
problems that come with success,

3734
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:42,500
not failure. 
As you drift off to sleep 

3735
03:20:42,500 --> 03:20:46,800
tonight in your comfortable 
pajamas which by the way, are a 

3736
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:49,400
relatively recent invention that
would have puzzled medieval 

3737
03:20:49,400 --> 03:20:52,100
people who slept in their day 
clothes or Nothing at All. 

3738
03:20:52,900 --> 03:20:56,000
Your participating in the latest
chapter of this ongoing. 

3739
03:20:56,000 --> 03:21:00,300
Human story fashion, continues 
to evolve, sustainable materials

3740
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:02,600
are being developed from 
everything from mushroom, roots 

3741
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:06,300
to recycled ocean, plastic, 
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 

3742
03:21:06,300 --> 03:21:09,500
health regulate your temperature
or even charge your phone? 

3743
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:12,900
3D printing is beginning to 
create custom fitted garments. 

3744
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:16,100
Virtual reality is changing how 
we shop for clothes. 

3745
03:21:16,100 --> 03:21:19,700
The same human creativity that 
turned animal skins into oat 

3746
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:22,600
Couture continues to push 
fashioned into his territories. 

3747
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,800
We can barely imagine, but 
whatever comes next in fashion, 

3748
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:29,200
it will still be serving those 
same basic human needs that 

3749
03:21:29,200 --> 03:21:31,800
drove our ancestors to start 
wearing clothes in the first 

3750
03:21:31,800 --> 03:21:37,100
place protection, Comfort 
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 

3751
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,900
to wake up in the morning and 
put on something, that makes us 

3752
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,700
feel like the best version of 
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 

3753
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:45,600
you always have something 
wonderful to wear. 

3754
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:54,800
Welcome to a time before memory,
before witness before any living

3755
03:21:54,800 --> 03:21:56,700
thing existed to observe the 
world. 

3756
03:21:57,900 --> 03:22:01,600
You are settling into the story 
of Earth's early years when the 

3757
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:04,500
planet was simply becoming 
itself through processes. 

3758
03:22:04,500 --> 03:22:07,600
So gradual, they would be 
invisible to any single 

3759
03:22:07,600 --> 03:22:11,500
Observer. 
Here, change happens across 

3760
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:14,500
millions of years and there is 
no urgency. 

3761
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:19,200
Only the steady work of rock and
water and are finding their 

3762
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:22,800
rhythms together. 
You wake on a planet that has 

3763
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:25,600
been turning for hundreds of 
millions of years already 

3764
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:27,900
though. 
Nothing has ever woken here 

3765
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:32,100
before the sun rises over an 
ocean that covers most of the 

3766
03:22:32,100 --> 03:22:36,200
surface and the light touches 
water that is never reflected a 

3767
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:38,700
living. 
I the day begins as it always 

3768
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:42,100
has with warmth, spreading 
across the curve of the world. 

3769
03:22:42,100 --> 03:22:47,100
The early Earth rotates faster 
than it will in later ages, a 

3770
03:22:47,100 --> 03:22:49,500
full day passes in, perhaps, 18 
hours. 

3771
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,900
And the cycle of light and 
darkness moves quickly, across 

3772
03:22:52,900 --> 03:22:57,000
the empty Seas, you watched the 
sun climb and you notice how the

3773
03:22:57,000 --> 03:22:59,700
light changes the temperature of
the rock beneath shallow water. 

3774
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:02,100
The stone warms through the 
morning. 

3775
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,500
Holds that warmth through this 
brief off, to noon, then 

3776
03:23:05,500 --> 03:23:07,800
releases its slowly as Darkness 
Returns. 

3777
03:23:08,900 --> 03:23:12,400
This happens every day. 
Pattern, never breaks. 

3778
03:23:13,300 --> 03:23:18,200
Light arrives, warmth follows 
darkness comes and coolness. 

3779
03:23:18,200 --> 03:23:23,900
Settles in no drama marks, these
transitions Suns simply moves 

3780
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:26,900
through its Ark while the planet
turns beneath it and the 

3781
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,500
temperature shifts in response, 
degree by degree, predictable 

3782
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:33,500
and steady. 
Rain falls somewhere on Earth, 

3783
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:36,600
nearly all the time. 
During these early ages clouds 

3784
03:23:36,600 --> 03:23:40,200
form over the warm ocean drift 
with winds that follow their own

3785
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:44,000
consistent patterns and release 
water that returns to the Sea, 

3786
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:47,800
you stand on a rocky Shore and 
watch rain approach across the 

3787
03:23:47,800 --> 03:23:50,400
ways. 
A great curtain moving steadily 

3788
03:23:50,400 --> 03:23:54,900
toward you bringing coolness and
the sound of water striking 

3789
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:57,900
water. 
The rainfall here is not 

3790
03:23:57,900 --> 03:24:01,400
violent. 
It arrives continues for hours 

3791
03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:07,300
or days, then passes the clouds,
move on the sky clears, and the 

3792
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:09,800
sun, returns to begin warming. 
The surface again. 

3793
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:14,200
This cycle repeats with without 
fail, creating a rhythm, you 

3794
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,400
could set your breathing to if 
you needed to breathe. 

3795
03:24:17,200 --> 03:24:20,800
Tides rise and fall with the 
moon's full, which is stronger 

3796
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:23,400
now than it will be later 
because the moon orbits closer 

3797
03:24:23,400 --> 03:24:27,100
to Earth. 
Twice, each day water, advances 

3798
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:29,100
up the rocky slopes at the 
Ocean's Edge. 

3799
03:24:29,100 --> 03:24:32,800
Then, withdraws. 
You watch the waterline climb 

3800
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,400
over familiar Stones pause at 
its height. 

3801
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:37,900
Then Retreat to reveal the same 
stones. 

3802
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:43,000
Again, darkened and dripping The
tidal Rhythm connect to the 

3803
03:24:43,000 --> 03:24:46,600
moon's position overhead and the
moon's position, connects to the

3804
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:50,200
time of day and the time of day,
connects back to the Sun's 

3805
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:53,400
light, everything moves in 
relation to everything else. 

3806
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:57,500
Creating patterns within 
patterns, all of them, regular 

3807
03:24:57,500 --> 03:24:59,700
all of them repeating at 
intervals. 

3808
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:03,500
You could learn to anticipate at
night, the Stars will overhead 

3809
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:07,100
in their own slow circles 
unchanging in their positions 

3810
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:11,200
relative to one another The same
constellations that marked the 

3811
03:25:11,208 --> 03:25:13,600
sky a million years ago, mark it
to night. 

3812
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:17,700
They will mark it a million 
years from now you lie on a warm

3813
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:20,700
Rock and watch them turn. 
Knowing they will return to 

3814
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:24,400
these exact positions tomorrow 
night and the night after that. 

3815
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:28,800
the volcanic vents scattered 
across the ocean floor, pulse 

3816
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:32,500
with heat on their own 
schedules, releasing warmth and 

3817
03:25:32,500 --> 03:25:36,100
a minerals into the water in 
steady streams, some vent 

3818
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:40,000
continuously, others, follow 
cycles of activity and rest that

3819
03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:44,300
span decades or centuries But 
each vent maintains its 

3820
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:48,500
particular Rhythm reliable in 
its pattern even as the pattern 

3821
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:50,300
differs from neighbor to 
neighbor. 

3822
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,200
You notice how the cooling of 
lava follows its own predictable

3823
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:57,200
path. 
When molten rock meets seawater 

3824
03:25:57,200 --> 03:26:00,900
it hardens from the outside 
inward, creating pillow shapes 

3825
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:03,500
that stack and Tumble. 
According to the slope, they 

3826
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:06,300
flow down. 
The process happens the same way

3827
03:26:06,300 --> 03:26:10,500
each time, the outcome varies in
detail but never in principle. 

3828
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:13,300
Temperature. 
Differentials Drive wins that 

3829
03:26:13,300 --> 03:26:17,100
Circle the planet in bands, and 
these winds, push surface water 

3830
03:26:17,100 --> 03:26:19,700
into currents that also in their
own patterns. 

3831
03:26:20,800 --> 03:26:24,500
Warm water flows toward the 
poles and returns to the 

3832
03:26:24,500 --> 03:26:28,200
equator. 
Circulation continues day and 

3833
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:32,100
night year after year, moving 
heat around the planet in a 

3834
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:34,800
system that balances itself 
through its own motion. 

3835
03:26:36,000 --> 03:26:37,900
Lightning flashes Somewhere Over
The Ocean. 

3836
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:42,000
Every few seconds, during these 
ages, a storms build and release

3837
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:43,500
electricity through the 
atmosphere. 

3838
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:48,000
Bolt follows the path of least 
resistance between cloud and 

3839
03:26:48,000 --> 03:26:50,800
water and no two paths are 
identical. 

3840
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:55,900
The principal remains constant 
Charge builds resistance breaks 

3841
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:59,200
down, energy, flows, and balance
returns. 

3842
03:26:59,200 --> 03:27:03,200
You watch the sunset over the 
Western Horizon, and, you know, 

3843
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:07,100
it will rise again in the east. 
You watch the tide Retreat and 

3844
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:10,700
you know it will return you 
watch clouds gather and you know

3845
03:27:10,708 --> 03:27:12,900
they will release their water 
and clear again. 

3846
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,300
The early Earth operates through
cycles that Nest. 

3847
03:27:16,300 --> 03:27:20,100
Inside one another each one 
completing itself before 

3848
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:22,500
beginning again. 
None of them requiring 

3849
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:25,500
intervention or adjustment from 
any outside force. 

3850
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:29,700
The day ends as it began with 
the planet turning toward 

3851
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:33,700
Darkness at the same rated turn 
toward light, nothing has 

3852
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:36,900
changed in any way that you 
could measure from one day to 

3853
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:39,700
the next. 
Everything has happened exactly 

3854
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,800
as it should, in the order. 
It should at the pace. 

3855
03:27:42,800 --> 03:27:46,300
It should tomorrow will be the 
same in the day after tomorrow. 

3856
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,900
In the day after that for 
millions of years to come you 

3857
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:52,200
stand on rock. 
That was once liquid and has 

3858
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:55,600
only recently become solid. 
The Earth's crust is still 

3859
03:27:55,600 --> 03:27:57,300
forming. 
Its permanent features during 

3860
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:01,900
these ages but the process 
happens slowly with each change 

3861
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:04,100
building on the last in an 
orderly progression. 

3862
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:08,900
The surfaces taking shape but it
takes its time doing so water. 

3863
03:28:08,900 --> 03:28:12,800
Condenses from the atmosphere 
and collects in Low Places and 

3864
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:17,000
as it collects it begins to 
Define what is ocean and what is

3865
03:28:17,000 --> 03:28:21,300
land. the distinction emerges 
gradually over millions of years

3866
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:25,800
at first water and rock share, 
space, in uncertain, boundaries 

3867
03:28:25,800 --> 03:28:29,500
with shallow Seas covering 
platforms that are almost land 

3868
03:28:29,500 --> 03:28:34,300
and almost not Then as more 
waterfalls and more time passes,

3869
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:38,100
the deepest basins, fill 
completely and the highest 

3870
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:40,800
platforms rise. 
Clear of the water and the 

3871
03:28:40,800 --> 03:28:43,400
difference between sea and 
continent become real. 

3872
03:28:44,200 --> 03:28:46,700
The rocket self is cooling From 
the Inside Out. 

3873
03:28:46,700 --> 03:28:50,200
Releasing heat the built up 
during the planets for nation. 

3874
03:28:51,300 --> 03:28:55,500
this cooling for 100s of 
millions of years and it 

3875
03:28:55,500 --> 03:28:59,300
continues still though more 
slowly now, You can feel the 

3876
03:28:59,300 --> 03:29:02,400
warmth Rising through the stone 
Beneath Your Feet steady and 

3877
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:06,000
gentle like standing on a 
surface that remembers being hot

3878
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:10,100
and is slowly forgetting 
continents form, where light 

3879
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,200
rock floats on dents and 
material below and these 

3880
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:16,400
floating platforms drift with 
currents in the layer, beneath 

3881
03:29:16,400 --> 03:29:19,300
them. 
The movement is extraordinarily,

3882
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:23,600
slow measured in fingernail 
widths per year but it is 

3883
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:27,300
continuous. 
Continent drifts northward or 

3884
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:31,300
Eastward or into collision with 
another continent and the 

3885
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:35,100
Collision raises Mountains, and 
the mountains rise at the same 

3886
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:39,600
patient Pace the continents 
drift erosion begins as soon as 

3887
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:44,200
land rises above water, rain 
falls on high ground and runs 

3888
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:48,200
downward carrying tiny particles
of dissolved rock with it. 

3889
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:53,400
The particles to streams, the 
streams, carry them to rivers 

3890
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:55,500
and the rivers deliver them to 
the ocean. 

3891
03:29:56,800 --> 03:30:00,100
This process, never stops an 
overtime. 

3892
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:04,200
It wears down mountains and 
fills in valleys, smoothing the 

3893
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:06,100
landscape, toward a gentler 
average. 

3894
03:30:07,000 --> 03:30:10,200
Minerals crystallize out of 
cooling Rock in predictable 

3895
03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:13,700
sequences. 
First, the minerals that require

3896
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:17,300
the highest temperatures form 
and settle, then as cooling 

3897
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:21,400
continues minerals, that form at
lower temperatures, crystallize 

3898
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:24,300
and join them. 
The result is Stone made of 

3899
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:28,300
different components arranged in
layers and Pockets each mineral 

3900
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,700
in its proper place. 
According to the temperature at 

3901
03:30:30,700 --> 03:30:34,300
which is solidified, The 
atmosphere is dense are now than

3902
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:37,800
it will, be later thick with 
water vapor and carbon dioxide 

3903
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:42,500
released from volcanic activity.
This density holds heat close to

3904
03:30:42,508 --> 03:30:45,800
the surface, keeping 
temperatures warm and stable, 

3905
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:49,300
even during the long nights. 
The air feels heavy when you 

3906
03:30:49,300 --> 03:30:52,400
breathe it, substantial? 
Like something you could almost 

3907
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,300
swim through. 
Chemical reactions happen 

3908
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:59,600
constantly, wherever water meets
rock certain minerals, dissolve 

3909
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:02,300
more easily than others, and as 
water flows over. 

3910
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:05,100
And through Stone, it 
preferentially removes the 

3911
03:31:05,108 --> 03:31:08,700
soluble minerals leaving behind 
what does not dissolve. 

3912
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:12,800
This creates gradual changes in 
the composition of both the 

3913
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:16,200
water and the rock with each 
becoming more defined in its 

3914
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:19,700
character over time settlement 
to accumulate on the ocean floor

3915
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:21,800
in layers that record the 
passage of time. 

3916
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:25,900
Find particles settle 
continuously drifting down 

3917
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:29,000
through the water column and 
coming to rest on top of what 

3918
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:32,900
settled before them. 
Each layer is thin, sometimes 

3919
03:31:32,900 --> 03:31:37,000
representing only a few years of
accumulation, but the layers 

3920
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,100
stack into sequences that growth
thick enough to compress their 

3921
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:42,400
own lower portions into New 
Stone. 

3922
03:31:43,300 --> 03:31:46,900
Island chains form where 
volcanic vents break through the

3923
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:51,000
ocean floor repeatedly as 
tectonic plates move over them. 

3924
03:31:51,700 --> 03:31:54,800
One volcano builds until it 
rises above the water line. 

3925
03:31:54,800 --> 03:31:58,500
Then the plate carries it away 
from the heat source and it goes

3926
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:00,600
dormant. 
Behind it. 

3927
03:32:00,600 --> 03:32:04,400
A new volcano begins building 
from the same deep source. 

3928
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:08,300
The result is a line of islands.
Each one slightly older than the

3929
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:10,600
one behind it. 
All of them recording the 

3930
03:32:10,600 --> 03:32:13,800
plates, steady motion. 
The ocean salinity increases 

3931
03:32:13,800 --> 03:32:16,800
gradually as Rivers. 
Delivered dissolved, minerals to

3932
03:32:16,800 --> 03:32:20,000
the sea, the water, evaporates 
and Falls as rain. 

3933
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:23,900
Again, the mineral stay behind 
concentrating slowly over 

3934
03:32:23,900 --> 03:32:28,200
millions of years. 
The ocean is becoming saltier, 

3935
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:31,700
but the change happens. 
So slowly that at any given 

3936
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:34,600
moment, the ocean tastes the 
same as it did 1,000 years 

3937
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:37,700
before. 
Glaciers will form later in 

3938
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,600
colder ages, but during these 
Early times, the polls award and

3939
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:45,000
Ice free. 
Water circulates from equator to

3940
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:47,900
pole without freezing. 
And the temperature difference 

3941
03:32:47,900 --> 03:32:50,900
between tropical and polar 
regions is smaller than it will 

3942
03:32:50,900 --> 03:32:54,800
become the planet maintains 
warmth more evenly across its 

3943
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:57,400
surface. 
Creating less variation in 

3944
03:32:57,400 --> 03:32:59,400
climate from one latitude to 
another. 

3945
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,800
Assault and granite established 
themselves as the primary rock 

3946
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,500
types with Basalt forming the 
ocean floor and granite forming 

3947
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:10,600
the continents. 
This division happens because 

3948
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:15,000
basil is denser and granite is 
lighter and the denser material 

3949
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:19,200
sinks while the lighter material
Rises, the arrangement is stable

3950
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:22,700
and self-maintaining, requiring 
no outside adjustment to 

3951
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:25,700
preserve it. 
The landscape develops patterns 

3952
03:33:25,700 --> 03:33:29,300
of drainage with water following
the lowest of available path 

3953
03:33:29,300 --> 03:33:31,400
downward until it reaches the 
sea. 

3954
03:33:32,200 --> 03:33:35,000
These drainage patterns organize
themselves according to the 

3955
03:33:35,000 --> 03:33:36,600
slope and composition of the 
land. 

3956
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:40,000
Creating branching networks that
look similar, whether you view 

3957
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:42,800
them at the scale of a small 
water shared or an entire 

3958
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:46,200
continent. 
Minerals whether out of rock, 

3959
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:51,100
dissolving water react, with 
other dissolved, substances, and

3960
03:33:51,100 --> 03:33:53,300
precipitate out again as new 
minerals. 

3961
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:57,500
The ocean floor is paved with 
these precipitates and places 

3962
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:01,000
forming deposits that will 
eventually become Limestone and 

3963
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:04,500
other sedimentary rocks. 
The process is chemical, rather 

3964
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:08,000
than buy a logical driven by 
concentration, gradients, and 

3965
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:10,500
temperature changes rather than 
living activity. 

3966
03:34:11,500 --> 03:34:14,700
The crust thickens, as light 
materials, continue to separate 

3967
03:34:14,700 --> 03:34:17,500
from denser ones. 
And as the crust thickens it 

3968
03:34:17,500 --> 03:34:20,400
becomes more stable. 
What was once a surface that 

3969
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:23,800
shifted and reorganized 
frequently becomes a surface 

3970
03:34:23,800 --> 03:34:28,900
that shifts and reorganizes 
slowly The change is not towards

3971
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:33,100
Stillness but to order slower, 
more gradual, kind of movement 

3972
03:34:33,100 --> 03:34:36,600
that allows features to persist 
for longer spans of time. 

3973
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:40,700
You watch a river carry sediment
to the Sea and you know that 

3974
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:43,600
this River has been carrying 
segment for millions of years 

3975
03:34:43,600 --> 03:34:48,900
grain by grain building a Delta 
at its mouth, that grows outward

3976
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:52,400
into the ocean. 
You watch rain dissolve minerals

3977
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:55,100
from a cliff face and you know 
that this Cliff has been 

3978
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:59,300
dissolving for millions of 
years, retreating Inland at a 

3979
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:01,800
pace too slow for any single 
lifetime to measure. 

3980
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:06,400
The surface is being built and 
maintained simultaneously, with 

3981
03:35:06,400 --> 03:35:09,700
construction and erosion 
balancing each other in a slow 

3982
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:12,700
equilibrium. 
You notice how water connects 

3983
03:35:12,700 --> 03:35:16,900
everything to everything else, 
rain that falls on High Ground 

3984
03:35:16,900 --> 03:35:20,100
flows, downward carrying 
minerals that will nourish 

3985
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:22,500
later. 
Life, ocean, water, evaporates, 

3986
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:25,300
and forms clouds, that will 
become that rain. 

3987
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:30,200
The cycle, links atmosphere to 
Ocean to land and Back Again. 

3988
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:34,200
Moving material and energy 
through each component in turn. 

3989
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:37,800
The atmosphere and ocean 
exchange heat continuously. 

3990
03:35:38,800 --> 03:35:42,400
When air moves over warm water, 
it absorbs warmth and carries it

3991
03:35:42,400 --> 03:35:45,900
to cooler regions. 
When air cools, it releases that

3992
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:48,700
warmth to the water below or the
land beneath. 

3993
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:52,300
This exchange evens out, 
temperature differences, 

3994
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:55,900
preventing any part of the 
planet from becoming too hot or 

3995
03:35:55,900 --> 03:36:01,200
too cold, relative to the rest. 
Carbon moves between are water 

3996
03:36:01,200 --> 03:36:03,500
and rock in its own slow 
circulation. 

3997
03:36:04,700 --> 03:36:08,300
Carbon dioxide dissolves in 
ocean water, reacts with 

3998
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:12,100
minerals, and eventually becomes
part of sedimentary rock. 

3999
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:16,800
Volcanic activity releases 
carbon from Rock, back into the 

4000
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:20,100
atmosphere. 
Cycle takes millions of years to

4001
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:23,900
complete one full circuit. 
But it operates continuously 

4002
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:28,200
keeping carbon in motion rather 
than allowing it to concentrate 

4003
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,500
in any single Reservoir tectonic
plates. 

4004
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,700
Interact at their boundaries and
these interactions take 

4005
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:37,200
different forms depending on 
what kind of plate meets? 

4006
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:40,600
What kind of plate? 
Where two plates, move apart, 

4007
03:36:40,600 --> 03:36:44,900
new ocean floor, forms between 
them where they move together 

4008
03:36:44,900 --> 03:36:49,400
one plate, slides beneath the 
other or both crumpled and Rise 

4009
03:36:49,400 --> 03:36:52,600
into mountains. 
Each type of boundary creates 

4010
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:56,500
its own characteristic landforms
and the boundaries collectively 

4011
03:36:56,500 --> 03:37:00,400
organized the surface into 
distinct sections energy from 

4012
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:04,400
the Sun drives winds, which 
Drive ocean currents, which 

4013
03:37:04,400 --> 03:37:08,100
distribute heat, which affects 
where clouds form, which 

4014
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,500
determines where rain falls, 
Which shapes the land through 

4015
03:37:11,500 --> 03:37:14,900
erosion, which changes the 
patterns of drainage, which 

4016
03:37:14,900 --> 03:37:18,800
Alters where sediment 
accumulates, Each process can 

4017
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:21,300
connects to the next in a chain 
that Loops back on itself. 

4018
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:25,400
So that the end of one cycle 
becomes the starting condition 

4019
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,800
for another The ocean's 
temperature affects how much 

4020
03:37:28,800 --> 03:37:33,000
carbon dioxide it can hold in 
solution warmer water holds less

4021
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:37,700
colder water holds more. 
As current circulate water 

4022
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:41,400
between warm and cold regions, 
they also circulate carbon 

4023
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:45,100
between surface and atmosphere 
participating in the larger 

4024
03:37:45,100 --> 03:37:48,500
carbon cycle through this 
temperature dependent Exchange. 

4025
03:37:49,400 --> 03:37:53,200
Weathering of rock requires both
water and time and the rate of 

4026
03:37:53,208 --> 03:37:54,900
weathering. 
Depends on temperature and 

4027
03:37:54,900 --> 03:37:59,200
rainfall, in warm, wet regions, 
rock, breaks down more quickly, 

4028
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:01,700
releasing minerals into 
solution. 

4029
03:38:02,500 --> 03:38:07,400
In cool dry regions, Rock 
weathers more slowly remaining 

4030
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:11,500
intact for longer periods. 
This variation creates different

4031
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:13,400
kinds of soil in different 
climates. 

4032
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:16,700
Each one suited to the 
conditions that produced it. 

4033
03:38:17,700 --> 03:38:20,400
The day-night cycle creates 
temperature, variations that 

4034
03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:24,500
expand and contract Rock and 
this expansion and contraction 

4035
03:38:24,500 --> 03:38:26,100
contributes to mechanical 
weathering. 

4036
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:30,300
The effect is small on any 
single day, but repeated 

4037
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:34,300
millions of times over millions 
of years, it becomes significant

4038
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:38,300
rock fractures along lines of 
weakness, creating smaller 

4039
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:41,200
pieces, that wear the chemically
more quickly than solid Stone. 

4040
03:38:42,100 --> 03:38:45,100
Volcanic gases feed the 
atmosphere and the atmosphere 

4041
03:38:45,100 --> 03:38:47,400
feeds. 
The ocean through rain and the 

4042
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:51,100
ocean feeds back to vulkanisme, 
like carrying water's down in to

4043
03:38:51,100 --> 03:38:54,500
subduction zones where it lowers
the melting point of rock and 

4044
03:38:54,500 --> 03:38:58,900
enables magma to form. 
The system is circular with each

4045
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:02,100
component supplying. 
What another component needs to 

4046
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:06,600
continue its own processes. 
Seasonal, variations develop as 

4047
03:39:06,600 --> 03:39:10,100
the Earth tilted axis causes 
different parts of the planet to

4048
03:39:10,100 --> 03:39:12,600
receive more or less direct 
sunlight at different times of 

4049
03:39:12,600 --> 03:39:15,500
year. 
The variation is subtle during 

4050
03:39:15,500 --> 03:39:18,500
these early ages, when the 
climate is generally warm, but 

4051
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:22,500
it exists you can observe how 
rainfall patterns shift with the

4052
03:39:22,500 --> 03:39:25,800
seasons following the sun's 
apparent movement, North and 

4053
03:39:25,800 --> 03:39:29,300
South The formation of new ocean
floor at spreading ridges 

4054
03:39:29,300 --> 03:39:32,000
pushes, older floor outward, 
toward the edges of ocean 

4055
03:39:32,000 --> 03:39:34,300
basins. 
And at those edges, the old 

4056
03:39:34,300 --> 03:39:36,000
floor sinks back into the 
mantle. 

4057
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:39,400
The ocean floor is therefore 
young near The Ridges and old 

4058
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:43,100
near the margins and it exists 
and constant, circulation, 

4059
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,900
renewing itself, completely 
every few hundred million years.

4060
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:52,000
Minerals transported by Rivers, 
accumulate in deltas and coastal

4061
03:39:52,000 --> 03:39:55,600
areas and these accumulations 
become resources for later 

4062
03:39:55,600 --> 03:39:59,000
processes. 
Iron settles in certain 

4063
03:39:59,000 --> 03:40:03,700
conditions, silica and others, 
and calcium carbonate, in still 

4064
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:06,700
others. 
Each mineral Finds Its preferred

4065
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:08,600
environment and concentrates 
there. 

4066
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:11,700
Creating variety across the 
landscape. 

4067
03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:15,400
The atmosphere Shields the 
surface from harmful radiation 

4068
03:40:15,400 --> 03:40:19,000
while allowing, visible light 
through, and this selective 

4069
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:22,500
filtering creates conditions 
where chemistry can proceed at 

4070
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,700
moderate temperatures without 
being disrupted by high energy 

4071
03:40:25,700 --> 03:40:29,200
particles. 
The Shield is not perfect but it

4072
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:32,400
is sufficient maintaining a 
protected space between the 

4073
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:35,700
vacuum of space and the solid 
surface of the planet. 

4074
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:40,200
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean 
floor, create zones of chemical 

4075
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:44,100
activity where hot mineral Rich 
water meets cold sea water 

4076
03:40:44,100 --> 03:40:48,400
minerals, precipitate out of 
solution, forming chimney like 

4077
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,200
structures around. 
The vents, the chemicals 

4078
03:40:51,200 --> 03:40:54,000
released by these vents in Rich,
the surrounding water. 

4079
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:57,500
Distributing elements, that will
later prove useful to living 

4080
03:40:57,500 --> 03:41:00,000
systems. 
The gravitational pull of the 

4081
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:03,300
moon and sun together creates 
title forces that Flex the 

4082
03:41:03,300 --> 03:41:07,700
Earth's crusts slightly and this
flexing generates a small amount

4083
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,300
of heat through friction The 
heat is minor compared to the 

4084
03:41:11,308 --> 03:41:15,200
heat from radioactive decay in 
the planets interior, but it 

4085
03:41:15,208 --> 03:41:19,500
contributes to the total energy.
Budget adding one more source to

4086
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:23,100
the mix of energy that keeps the
planet active ocean. 

4087
03:41:23,100 --> 03:41:26,400
Currents transport. 
Not just heat but also dissolved

4088
03:41:26,400 --> 03:41:30,000
minerals Distributing resources 
around the planet water that 

4089
03:41:30,000 --> 03:41:32,700
rises from the deep ocean in 
upwelling zones, brings 

4090
03:41:32,700 --> 03:41:36,700
nutrients to the surface. 
Water that sinks in downwelling 

4091
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:41,000
zones, carries oxygen to depth. 
The circulation ensures that the

4092
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:45,400
ocean does not stratify into 
permanently separate layers, but

4093
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:49,600
remains mixed and accessible. 
The land surface channels water 

4094
03:41:49,600 --> 03:41:53,100
into rivers and the rivers carve
valleys that channel water more 

4095
03:41:53,100 --> 03:41:56,900
efficiently and the improved 
drainage allows the land to dry 

4096
03:41:56,900 --> 03:42:00,300
out between Reigns and the 
drying and wetting Cycles 

4097
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:01,900
whether the rock more 
effectively. 

4098
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:06,500
Each change enables, the next 
change so that the landscape 

4099
03:42:06,500 --> 03:42:09,700
gradually becomes more 
organized, more defined in its 

4100
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:11,800
features and more distinctly 
itself. 

4101
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:16,200
You stand at the edge of the 
ocean and watch waves arrive 

4102
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:20,000
from far out of sea, their 
energy delivered by winds that 

4103
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:25,900
gathers of miles of Open Water. 
The waves break on the shore and

4104
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,200
their energy goes into moving, 
sand and grinding Rock. 

4105
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:32,800
Contributing to the ongoing 
reshaping of the coastline. 

4106
03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:37,500
Nothing is wasted every bit of 
energy does work and the work 

4107
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:41,200
accumulates into lasting 
changes, you notice that the 

4108
03:42:41,200 --> 03:42:44,200
Earth settles into long periods 
were little seems to change 

4109
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:47,800
After the initial Cooling and 
the formation of the first 

4110
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:51,300
permanent oceans, the planet 
enters stretches of time 

4111
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:54,500
measured in tens of millions of 
years where conditions remain 

4112
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:57,900
remarkably steady. 
The temperature holds within a 

4113
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:00,900
narrow range. 
The ocean stays at roughly the 

4114
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:03,100
same level. 
The composition of the 

4115
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:06,400
atmosphere shifts, but slowly 
without sudden transitions, 

4116
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:11,200
these periods are not Stillness,
erosion continues, tectonic 

4117
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:15,100
plates, continue drifting, and 
volcanic activity continues, 

4118
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:19,200
adding material to the surface. 
That the rate of change is slow 

4119
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:22,100
enough, that the planet at the 
end of a 10 million year span 

4120
03:43:22,100 --> 03:43:23,700
looks much like it did at the 
beginning. 

4121
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:28,000
The changes are real. 
But gradual creating a sense of 

4122
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:31,200
deep stability. 
Even while nothing actually 

4123
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:33,900
stops moving. 
The ocean, reaches, an 

4124
03:43:33,900 --> 03:43:36,600
equilibrium, where the rate of 
evaporation matches the rate of 

4125
03:43:36,600 --> 03:43:40,400
precipitation and where the rate
of sediment washing into the sea

4126
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,400
matches, the rate of sediment 
being subducted and returned to 

4127
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:47,800
the mantle Water enters and 
leaves the ocean constantly, but

4128
03:43:47,800 --> 03:43:51,500
the total volume remains stable 
with the same amount present 

4129
03:43:51,500 --> 03:43:54,100
year after year Millennium after
millennium. 

4130
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:58,700
Temperature fluctuations, even 
out over time. 

4131
03:43:59,500 --> 03:44:02,600
Early in Earth's history, 
volcanic activity was more 

4132
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:06,600
intense and less predictable. 
Creating periods of unusual. 

4133
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:08,600
Warmth, followed by relative 
Cooling. 

4134
03:44:09,400 --> 03:44:13,200
As the planet ages, volcanic 
activity, becomes more regular 

4135
03:44:13,200 --> 03:44:17,100
and more distributed across the 
surface and less prone to 

4136
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:20,000
clustering in ways that would 
create climate extremes. 

4137
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:23,800
The result is a more stable 
climate one that varies from 

4138
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:27,100
season to season but not 
drastically from age to age. 

4139
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:31,400
You observe how the daylight 
cycle provides a built-in rhythm

4140
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:35,600
of activity, and rest during the
day, solar energy, warms the 

4141
03:44:35,600 --> 03:44:40,900
surface evaporates, water drives
wins and Powers photo chemical 

4142
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:44,600
reactions in the atmosphere. 
During the night, the surface 

4143
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:49,400
cools winds, calm and chemical 
processes that require Darkness 

4144
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:53,500
or cooler temperatures take 
their turn. the alternation 

4145
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:57,100
creates a natural pacing a 
rhythm that prevents anyone 

4146
03:44:57,100 --> 03:45:01,500
process from running 
continuously without pause Tides

4147
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:04,600
provide another Rhythm 
independent of daylight but 

4148
03:45:04,600 --> 03:45:08,400
equally regular The rise and 
fall of water at the Ocean's 

4149
03:45:08,400 --> 03:45:11,800
Edge creates alternating periods
of exposure and submersion for 

4150
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:15,100
the intertidal zone. 
Rock that is underwater. 

4151
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:19,100
During high tide is exposed to 
air during low tide and this 

4152
03:45:19,100 --> 03:45:21,400
alternation creates conditions 
that were later. 

4153
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:24,400
Proved useful for organisms 
transitioning between Aquatic 

4154
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:28,400
and terrestrial life. 
The seasons, even though mild 

4155
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:31,900
during these warm ages create 
their own rhythms of variation 

4156
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:35,300
and return rainfall patterns 
shift with the sun's position 

4157
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:37,900
creating wetter and drier 
periods. 

4158
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:42,000
That alternate in predictable 
ways These variations are gentle

4159
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:46,100
never extreme but they add 
texture to the passing of time. 

4160
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:49,200
Making one part of the Year 
distinguishable from another. 

4161
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:53,500
Volcanic Cycles follow longer 
rhythms with periods of 

4162
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:56,900
increased activity separated by 
periods of relative quiet. 

4163
03:45:57,900 --> 03:46:01,500
These Cycles are irregular, not 
tied to any particular schedule,

4164
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:05,100
but they averaged out over time 
into a background level of 

4165
03:46:05,100 --> 03:46:07,900
activity, that feeds the 
atmosphere and ocean without 

4166
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:11,200
overwhelming them. 
The planet has time to process 

4167
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:13,100
what each eruption releases 
before. 

4168
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:17,800
The next eruption arrives 
continental drift proceeds at 

4169
03:46:17,800 --> 03:46:21,800
its unhurried Pace moving land 
masses across the surface over 

4170
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:25,400
millions of years. 
A continent that begins near the

4171
03:46:25,408 --> 03:46:27,900
equator will eventually drift 
toward a pole? 

4172
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,700
And then perhaps back toward the
equator again, the movement is 

4173
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:35,300
slow enough, that climate zones 
shift gradually allowing the 

4174
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,300
surface to adjust a new 
conditions without sudden 

4175
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:42,000
disruptions The carbon cycle 
maintains a rough balance 

4176
03:46:42,000 --> 03:46:45,600
between carbon stored in rocks, 
carbon dissolved in the ocean 

4177
03:46:45,600 --> 03:46:47,600
and carbon present in the 
atmosphere. 

4178
03:46:47,600 --> 03:46:52,900
The balance is not perfect. 
Carbon concentration shift, over

4179
03:46:52,900 --> 03:46:57,200
time sometimes, increasing, 
sometimes, decreasing, but the 

4180
03:46:57,200 --> 03:47:01,100
shifts happen slowly and the 
system has mechanisms that 

4181
03:47:01,100 --> 03:47:04,500
prevent carbon from accumulating
entirely and one reservoir at 

4182
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,700
the expense of the others. 
Between periods of mountain 

4183
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,500
building, the land has time to 
erode back towards sea level. 

4184
03:47:12,300 --> 03:47:16,700
Mountains, rise, when continents
Collide creating Highlands that 

4185
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:18,000
stand? 
Well, above the surrounding 

4186
03:47:18,000 --> 03:47:22,100
Plains, then over the following 
10s of millions of years 

4187
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:24,800
erosion. 
Whereas those mountains down 

4188
03:47:24,800 --> 03:47:30,200
grain by grain returning, the 
material to the ocean, the land 

4189
03:47:30,200 --> 03:47:33,200
surface Rises and falls in Long 
cycles. 

4190
03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:36,100
Never remaining at one elevation
permanently. 

4191
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:39,500
You notice how the ocean floor 
records these rhythms in its 

4192
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:42,900
sediments. 
Layers of fine clay alternate 

4193
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:46,200
with layers of coarser material 
recording changes in the 

4194
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:47,500
strength of ocean. 
Currents. 

4195
03:47:48,400 --> 03:47:50,300
The layer stack in regular 
patterns. 

4196
03:47:50,300 --> 03:47:53,500
Each one representing a 
particular set of conditions 

4197
03:47:53,500 --> 03:47:57,200
that repeated at intervals too 
long for any single Observer to 

4198
03:47:57,208 --> 03:47:59,300
witness. 
But clear enough in the 

4199
03:47:59,300 --> 03:48:02,200
geological record to show that 
they happened regularly. 

4200
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,400
The atmosphere's composition 
stabilizes as the initial 

4201
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:10,100
outgassing from vulkanisme slows
and the various chemical 

4202
03:48:10,100 --> 03:48:12,300
reactions reach a kind of 
working balance. 

4203
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:16,200
The are still contains more 
carbon dioxide than it will in 

4204
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:18,900
later ages. 
But the amount is not increasing

4205
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:22,800
as rapidly as it did earlier. 
The atmosphere is finding its 

4206
03:48:22,800 --> 03:48:25,900
functional composition. 
The mix of gases that will 

4207
03:48:25,900 --> 03:48:28,900
support the chemistry of the 
surface without requiring 

4208
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,800
constant adjustment. 
Hydrothermal circulation at 

4209
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:36,000
mid-ocean, ridges provides a 
rhythm of water heating and 

4210
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:39,000
cooling cold seawater, seeps 
into cracks. 

4211
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:42,900
In the ocean floor, circulates 
through Hot Rock and emerges 

4212
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:44,600
heated, and enriched with 
minerals. 

4213
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:49,700
The cycle takes years to decades
to complete depending on the 

4214
03:48:49,700 --> 03:48:53,000
path, the water follows, but it 
operates continuously at 

4215
03:48:53,000 --> 03:48:54,700
spreading centers around the 
planet. 

4216
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,700
Providing a slow steady flow of 
chemical energy to the ocean. 

4217
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:03,100
The planets rotation is slowing 
due to Tidal friction and this 

4218
03:49:03,100 --> 03:49:06,300
slowing adds a few seconds to 
the length of the day, every few

4219
03:49:06,300 --> 03:49:09,000
million years. 
The changes in perceptible, on 

4220
03:49:09,000 --> 03:49:12,100
human time scales. 
But real over geological time, 

4221
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:15,200
the Earth is settling into a 
rhythm that will eventually 

4222
03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:17,800
stabilize at a 24-hour day, 
though. 

4223
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:21,100
It is not there yet. 
You stand on a coast and watch 

4224
03:49:21,100 --> 03:49:23,500
the same waves arrive day after 
day. 

4225
03:49:23,500 --> 03:49:27,800
Year after year, the waves are 
driven by wind, the wind is 

4226
03:49:27,800 --> 03:49:30,600
driven by temperature 
differences, and the temperature

4227
03:49:30,600 --> 03:49:32,500
difference is a driven by the 
sun's Heat. 

4228
03:49:33,300 --> 03:49:36,800
Chain of causation is long but 
unbroken and it operates 

4229
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:40,600
continuously creating patterns 
that repeat without requiring 

4230
03:49:40,600 --> 03:49:44,000
intervention. 
The ocean Rises and falls with 

4231
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:48,200
the tides, the surface of varies
with the time of day and the 

4232
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,800
planet turns beneath the sun all
of it happening in rhythms that 

4233
03:49:51,800 --> 03:49:54,500
Nest inside one. 
Another like the gears of a vast

4234
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:58,200
patient clock. 
You noticed that the planet is 

4235
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:00,000
preparing conditions, that will 
later. 

4236
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:03,600
Support living things though. 
Nothing is alive yet during most

4237
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,900
of these early ages. 
The preparation happens with 

4238
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:10,400
without intention simply as a 
consequence of chemistry and 

4239
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:13,000
physics playing out according to
their rules. 

4240
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:17,200
Water accumulates in places 
where it will be accessible, 

4241
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:20,900
minerals, dissolve, and 
precipitate in forms that will 

4242
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,700
be useful energy flows through 
the system in ways that will 

4243
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,300
later be captured and used water
is everywhere. 

4244
03:50:28,300 --> 03:50:32,700
It fills the ocean basins 
saturates the atmosphere, as 

4245
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:36,900
Vapor Falls as rain flows 
through rivers and seeps into 

4246
03:50:36,900 --> 03:50:39,200
rock. 
This abundance means that when 

4247
03:50:39,200 --> 03:50:43,000
chemistry begins producing, the 
first simple organic molecules 

4248
03:50:43,000 --> 03:50:46,000
those molecules will have a 
medium to interact in. 

4249
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:50,300
Water is the universal solvent 
capable of dissolving. 

4250
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:54,000
A wide range of substances and 
bringing them into contact with 

4251
03:50:54,000 --> 03:50:57,900
one another. 
The ocean contains iron sulfur, 

4252
03:50:57,900 --> 03:51:01,300
phosphorus nitrogen, and other 
elements that will become 

4253
03:51:01,300 --> 03:51:05,400
essential to live in chemistry. 
These elements wash into the sea

4254
03:51:05,400 --> 03:51:09,900
from weathering rock or emerge 
from hydrothermal vents or 

4255
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:12,400
arrive in volcanic. 
Gases that dissolve in sea 

4256
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:16,500
water, they are present in small
concentrations but in reliable 

4257
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:20,300
Supply Distributed throughout 
the ocean rather than 

4258
03:51:20,300 --> 03:51:23,200
concentrated in a few and 
accessible locations. 

4259
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:28,000
Energy is available in multiple 
forms sunlight reaches the 

4260
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:32,100
surface, providing a constant 
input of energy that drives 

4261
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:36,100
photochemical reactions. 
Lightning adds brief, bursts of 

4262
03:51:36,108 --> 03:51:39,800
high energy, capable of forging 
chemical bonds that would not 

4263
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:42,600
form. 
Otherwise hydrothermal vents 

4264
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:46,600
provide thermal energy and 
chemical gradients radioactivity

4265
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:49,600
and rocks provides a slow steady
background of energy. 

4266
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:54,600
The planet offers many sources 
in the chemistry has options to 

4267
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:58,000
draw from The atmosphere 
contains the building blocks of 

4268
03:51:58,000 --> 03:52:01,300
organic chemistry. 
Carbon in the form of carbon 

4269
03:52:01,300 --> 03:52:04,600
dioxide nitrogen and hydrogen in
water vapor. 

4270
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:08,700
These simple molecules can 
combine into more complex ones, 

4271
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:10,800
giving the right conditions and 
enough time. 

4272
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:14,000
The atmosphere is like a 
cupboard stocked with 

4273
03:52:14,008 --> 03:52:17,400
ingredients waiting for the 
right recipe to emerge from 

4274
03:52:17,400 --> 03:52:20,700
trial and error. 
Tidal pools form in Rocky, 

4275
03:52:20,700 --> 03:52:24,400
coastal areas, and these pools 
provide natural Laboratories 

4276
03:52:24,400 --> 03:52:27,600
where concentrated Solutions can
undergo chemical reactions. 

4277
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,900
When The Tide is High sea, water
fills the pools bringing fresh 

4278
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,100
minerals. 
When the tide is low, 

4279
03:52:34,100 --> 03:52:36,900
evaporation concentrates, 
whatever is dissolved in the 

4280
03:52:36,900 --> 03:52:39,200
water. 
Increasing the chances that 

4281
03:52:39,200 --> 03:52:42,700
molecules will encounter one 
another and react the pools, 

4282
03:52:42,700 --> 03:52:46,100
fill and empty on a regular 
schedule, creating a rhythm that

4283
03:52:46,100 --> 03:52:48,000
repeats, the experiment over and
over. 

4284
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:52,600
Clay minerals form from the 
weathering of volcanic rock and 

4285
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:54,600
these Clays have useful 
properties. 

4286
03:52:55,300 --> 03:52:58,500
They provide surfaces where 
molecules can absorb and be held

4287
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,900
in close proximity increasing 
the likelihood of reaction. 

4288
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:06,100
They can also catalyze certain 
reactions, speeding them up 

4289
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:07,600
without being consumed 
themselves. 

4290
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:11,400
The ocean floor and coastal 
areas are rich in Clays 

4291
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:15,800
offering, countless microscopic,
reaction Chambers The 

4292
03:53:15,800 --> 03:53:19,400
temperature of the early Earth 
is warm but not too hot Kool but

4293
03:53:19,400 --> 03:53:22,500
not too cold. 
Water remains liquid over most 

4294
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:26,100
of the surface maintaining the 
range where chemistry proceeds 

4295
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:29,700
at useful rates. 
If the planet were hotter water 

4296
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:31,700
would evaporate and chemistry 
would slow. 

4297
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:36,100
If it were colder, water would 
freeze and chemistry would stop.

4298
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:40,500
The temperature is in the range 
where things can happen cycles 

4299
03:53:40,500 --> 03:53:43,200
of wet and dry provide 
opportunities for molecules to 

4300
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:46,400
form in solution and then 
concentrate as water, 

4301
03:53:46,400 --> 03:53:49,800
evaporates. 
Some chemical reactions proceed 

4302
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:54,000
in concentrated Solutions and 
others proceed better in dilute 

4303
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:56,900
ones. 
The alternation between wet and 

4304
03:53:56,900 --> 03:54:00,000
dry periods and allows both 
types of reactions to occur in 

4305
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:03,500
sequence. 
Creating Pathways to complexity,

4306
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:06,000
that would not be available. 
If conditions were always the 

4307
03:54:06,000 --> 03:54:09,000
same. 
Volcanic activity continues to 

4308
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,900
add fresh material, to the 
surface replacing what erosion 

4309
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:15,900
removes and ensuring that the 
supply of minerals does not run 

4310
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,800
out. 
Each volcanic eruption brings 

4311
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:22,800
Rock from the mantle to the 
surface rock that has never been

4312
03:54:22,800 --> 03:54:26,300
weathered before rich in 
elements that dissolve readily 

4313
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:30,800
once exposed to Water and Air. 
The planet is not running down, 

4314
03:54:30,800 --> 03:54:34,300
but renewing itself. 
Maintaining the conditions that 

4315
03:54:34,300 --> 03:54:38,400
support chemical activity. 
The day-night cycle creates 

4316
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:41,500
temperature variations that can 
drive chemical processes. 

4317
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:45,700
Some reactions proceed better in
warmth others in coolness. 

4318
03:54:46,800 --> 03:54:49,900
The alternation between day and 
night provides a natural cycling

4319
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:53,400
between conditions, allowing 
different types of chemistry to 

4320
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:57,800
take turns using the same space.
Rivers deliver nutrients from 

4321
03:54:57,800 --> 03:55:01,300
the continents to the ocean 
concentrating, minerals in 

4322
03:55:01,300 --> 03:55:04,700
deltas and estuaries. 
These transitions owns between 

4323
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:08,700
freshwater and saltwater, 
provide gradients in salinity 

4324
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:13,400
temperature and mineral content,
creating diverse chemical 

4325
03:55:13,400 --> 03:55:15,200
environments in close, 
proximity. 

4326
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:19,200
What does not react in one 
environment May react in the 

4327
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:22,100
next? 
The ocean circulation ensures 

4328
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,100
that no part of the water 
becomes permanently isolated 

4329
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:30,800
surface water, eventually sinks 
deep water, eventually Rises and

4330
03:55:30,800 --> 03:55:34,300
The Mixing distributes whatever,
forms in one location to other 

4331
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:37,300
locations. 
This circulation prevents 

4332
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:41,000
resources from becoming trapped 
and unavailable, keeping them in

4333
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:45,500
motion and accessible phosphorus
crucial for later biochemistry. 

4334
03:55:45,500 --> 03:55:49,500
Whether it's out of rock and 
accumulates in sediments, it is 

4335
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:53,100
not abundant, but it is present.
And the processes that 

4336
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:57,000
concentrated in particular 
locations are slow and reliable.

4337
03:55:57,000 --> 03:56:00,400
The planet is gathering 
phosphorus in places where it 

4338
03:56:00,400 --> 03:56:04,700
will be available when needed. 
The magnetic field generated by 

4339
03:56:04,700 --> 03:56:08,200
the Earth's molten core Shields 
the surface from solar wind 

4340
03:56:08,200 --> 03:56:11,600
preventing the atmosphere from 
being Stripped Away over time. 

4341
03:56:12,600 --> 03:56:15,700
This protection ensures that the
atmosphere remains thick enough 

4342
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:19,300
to support chemistry at the 
surface maintaining pressure and

4343
03:56:19,300 --> 03:56:23,400
retaining water vapor. 
Shield is invisible but 

4344
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:26,700
essential preserving the 
conditions that make everything 

4345
03:56:26,700 --> 03:56:30,200
else possible. 
You stand at the edge of a warm 

4346
03:56:30,200 --> 03:56:33,600
shallow sea and observe. 
How gentle waves stir the 

4347
03:56:33,600 --> 03:56:36,600
sediment. 
Keeping particles suspended and 

4348
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:38,600
in contact with dissolved 
nutrients. 

4349
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:43,300
The water is Rich with potential
holding everything that will be 

4350
03:56:43,300 --> 03:56:46,500
needed but not yet assembled 
into the forms that will use it.

4351
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:50,200
The planet is ready, stocked 
with materials and energy. 

4352
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:53,800
Maintaining stable conditions, 
and simply waiting for chemistry

4353
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:57,000
to find its way to the patterns,
that will eventually become 

4354
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:59,400
life. 
You notice that the Earth is 

4355
03:56:59,400 --> 03:57:01,200
entering longer periods of 
predictable. 

4356
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:04,000
Calm. 
The initial intensity of 

4357
03:57:04,008 --> 03:57:08,000
planetary formation has passed. 
The atmosphere is thick and 

4358
03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:10,300
stable. 
The ocean has reached its 

4359
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:14,500
long-term volume. 
Continents of taking shape and a

4360
03:57:14,500 --> 03:57:18,000
drifting slowly no longer 
reorganizing dramatically from 

4361
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:21,600
one age to the next. 
The planet is settling into a 

4362
03:57:21,600 --> 03:57:25,800
mature Rhythm like an evening 
after a day of activity, Sun's 

4363
03:57:25,800 --> 03:57:28,600
light is gentle and now than it 
was billions of years ago. 

4364
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:33,200
Slightly dimmers the star ages 
but still sufficient to warm the

4365
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:35,000
surface and drive the water 
cycle. 

4366
03:57:36,100 --> 03:57:39,100
The light arrives each morning 
at the same angle for any given 

4367
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:43,000
location and season creating 
patterns of warmth and Shadow 

4368
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:47,400
that repeat with comforting 
regularity temperatures across 

4369
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:49,400
the planet within a moderate 
range. 

4370
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:53,300
The equator as warm, the poles 
are cool, but the difference is 

4371
03:57:53,308 --> 03:57:55,600
less extreme than it will become
in later ages. 

4372
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:59,500
The atmosphere and ocean 
currents distribute heat 

4373
03:57:59,500 --> 03:58:03,200
effectively preventing any 
region from becoming too hot or 

4374
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:06,400
too cold. 
Climate is mild and stable 

4375
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:09,700
without the swings that will 
characterize later periods when 

4376
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:13,600
ice ages develop. 
Volcanic activity has decreased 

4377
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:17,400
from the intense levels of the 
planet's youth, eruptions still 

4378
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:19,800
occur, but they are less 
frequent and less. 

4379
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:24,200
Massive, the crust is thickened 
and cooled making it harder for 

4380
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:28,300
magma to reach the surface. 
What vulkanisme remains is 

4381
03:58:28,300 --> 03:58:32,300
spread across many small vents 
rather than concentrated in a 

4382
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:35,600
few large ones, creating a 
background level of activity. 

4383
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:37,800
That is steady rather than 
punctuated. 

4384
03:58:39,300 --> 03:58:41,300
The ocean's chemistry has 
stabilized. 

4385
03:58:41,300 --> 03:58:45,900
The salinity is set. 
The pH is buffered by dissolved 

4386
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:49,300
minerals and the concentration 
of various elements remains 

4387
03:58:49,300 --> 03:58:51,500
roughly constant over long 
periods. 

4388
03:58:51,500 --> 03:58:55,400
The water is clear in the open, 
ocean allowing sunlight to 

4389
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:59,600
penetrate to significant depths 
near the coasts, said to meant 

4390
03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:02,000
clouds the water. 
But even this is a regular 

4391
03:59:02,000 --> 03:59:06,300
feature, not A disruption. 
Coastlines of Taken on familiar 

4392
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:10,400
shapes bays and Headlands repeat
patterns determined by the 

4393
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:14,700
underlying geology with 
resistant rock forming trees and

4394
03:59:14,700 --> 03:59:17,000
soft rock eroding into 
embayments. 

4395
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:21,700
Shapes are not permanent but 
they are persistent lasting for 

4396
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:25,100
millions of years before. 
Erosion significantly Alters 

4397
03:59:25,100 --> 03:59:27,700
them. 
River systems of carve their 

4398
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:29,500
valleys and establish their 
courses. 

4399
03:59:30,300 --> 03:59:34,500
The rivers flow in the same 
channels year after year moving 

4400
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:37,100
water and sediment from 
Highlands to Sea. 

4401
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:41,900
The drainage patterns are mature
efficiently moving water without

4402
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,700
the frequent flooding and 
channeled changes that 

4403
03:59:44,700 --> 03:59:46,700
characterize younger river 
systems. 

4404
03:59:47,500 --> 03:59:51,100
The atmosphere is transparency, 
allows you to see the stars at 

4405
03:59:51,100 --> 03:59:54,700
night without obstruction. 
The skies clear more often than 

4406
03:59:54,708 --> 03:59:58,100
not with clouds forming, and 
dispersing and predictable 

4407
03:59:58,100 --> 04:00:02,100
patterns You can observe the 
full moon rising over the ocean.

4408
04:00:02,100 --> 04:00:05,000
It's light reflecting off. 
Calm water. 

4409
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:09,000
Creating a path of silver that 
reaches from Horizon to shore. 

4410
04:00:09,900 --> 04:00:13,600
Tides continue their rhythmic 
rise and fall but the Moon is 

4411
04:00:13,600 --> 04:00:16,900
slightly farther from Earth now,
and the tides are slightly less 

4412
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:20,800
extreme than they were early. 
The changes gradual. 

4413
04:00:21,500 --> 04:00:24,900
A slow lessening of the moon's 
gravitational grip as orbital 

4414
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:26,800
mechanics. 
Carry it farther away over 

4415
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:30,100
millions of years. 
The tides remain strong enough 

4416
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:32,300
to mix Coastal Waters and 
shapes. 

4417
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:35,200
Shorelines for gentle enough, 
not to cause disruption. 

4418
04:00:36,100 --> 04:00:39,200
Sediment accumulates on the 
ocean floor in regular layers. 

4419
04:00:39,200 --> 04:00:42,100
Each one recording a particular 
interval of time. 

4420
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,300
The layers are undisturbed in 
the deep ocean, far from the 

4421
04:00:46,300 --> 04:00:48,300
turbulence of currents and 
storms. 

4422
04:00:48,300 --> 04:00:52,200
They lie flat and parallel like 
pages in a book. 

4423
04:00:52,200 --> 04:00:55,700
Waiting to be read by anyone, 
who learns to interpret them. 

4424
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:58,500
The land surface has been 
weathered into soil. 

4425
04:00:58,500 --> 04:01:02,300
In many places with rock, broken
down into particles, that can 

4426
04:01:02,300 --> 04:01:05,300
hold water and support. 
The chemical processes that will

4427
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:09,800
later nourish plants. the soil 
is thin during these early ages,

4428
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:14,600
but it is present a transitional
layer between solid bedrock and 

4429
04:01:14,600 --> 04:01:19,600
open air clouds form in the same
Region's day after day, driven 

4430
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:23,900
by reliable patterns of heating 
and evaporation, You can look at

4431
04:01:23,900 --> 04:01:26,900
the sky in the afternoon and 
predict where rain will fall by 

4432
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:29,200
evening based on where clouds 
are building. 

4433
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:34,300
Hands are not rigid but they are
consistent enough to learn the 

4434
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:36,800
ocean. 
Surface is calm between storms 

4435
04:01:36,800 --> 04:01:40,900
waves rise and fall with the 
wind but when the wind drops the

4436
04:01:40,900 --> 04:01:44,600
water Smooths into gentle swells
that travel for hundreds of 

4437
04:01:44,608 --> 04:01:49,100
miles without breaking The 
swells are regular spaced evenly

4438
04:01:49,108 --> 04:01:52,100
and the product of distant 
weather systems that have 

4439
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:55,200
already passed. 
The ocean carries memory in its 

4440
04:01:55,200 --> 04:01:58,900
motion reflecting events that 
happened far away in time and 

4441
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:03,600
space sunsets paint, the sky in 
shades of orange and pink as 

4442
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:06,600
dust and water vapor scatter. 
The Sun's light. 

4443
04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:09,300
The colors are vivid during 
these ages. 

4444
04:02:09,300 --> 04:02:13,300
When the atmosphere is thick and
Volcanic dust adds particles to 

4445
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:16,600
scatter light. 
You watch the sun descend toward

4446
04:02:16,600 --> 04:02:20,800
the Horizon, the color shifting,
as the angle changes until the 

4447
04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:24,200
sun slips below, the edge of the
world and Twilight takes over. 

4448
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:29,200
The transition from day to night
is gradual, not abrupt. 

4449
04:02:30,200 --> 04:02:34,200
Sky remains bright for some time
after the sun sets, then slowly 

4450
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:39,200
darkens as the last Light Fadez.
Stars appeal, one by one, the 

4451
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:43,200
brightest first then the dimmer 
ones until the full array is 

4452
04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:46,300
visible. 
The transition is gentle giving 

4453
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:49,700
the surface time to release the 
days heat before the coolness of

4454
04:02:49,700 --> 04:02:53,300
night fully settles in. 
You stand on a hillside as 

4455
04:02:53,300 --> 04:02:55,500
evening arrives. 
Watching the landscape. 

4456
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:59,400
Soften in the fading light. 
The temperature is dropping but 

4457
04:02:59,400 --> 04:03:02,700
slowly and the air is still 
below you a river. 

4458
04:03:02,708 --> 04:03:05,900
Reflects the last of the 
daylight, a ribbon of silver 

4459
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:10,100
winding through darker land. 
The planet is calm and settled 

4460
04:03:10,100 --> 04:03:12,400
at rest in the way that a 
system. 

4461
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,900
At equilibrium can be said to 
rest while still maintaining all

4462
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:17,800
its processes in Perfect 
Balance. 

4463
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:21,200
You settle into the planet's 
darkness and discover that 

4464
04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:25,200
Knight is not absence but 
another kind of presence the 

4465
04:03:25,200 --> 04:03:29,600
Sun's light is gone but other 
rhythms continue the Earth turns

4466
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:33,400
Eastward through its own shadow 
and as it turns the Stars wheel 

4467
04:03:33,400 --> 04:03:37,000
overhead in their ancient 
patterns unchanging markers of 

4468
04:03:37,000 --> 04:03:41,800
the planets rotation. 
The surface cools after Sunset 

4469
04:03:41,800 --> 04:03:44,300
releasing the warmth that 
accumulated. 

4470
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:48,700
During the day, the cooling is 
gradual a slow return toward 

4471
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:50,500
equilibrium with the surrounding
air. 

4472
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:53,100
Rock. 
That was hot to the touch and 

4473
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,800
midday becomes merely warm by 
midnight and will be cool by 

4474
04:03:56,800 --> 04:03:59,300
Dawn. 
The heat does not disappear but 

4475
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:02,400
radiates outward into the 
atmosphere, then upward into 

4476
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:06,200
space, continuing the energy 
flow that began when sunlight 

4477
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:09,900
first struck the surface, The 
atmosphere remains active at 

4478
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:11,400
night. 
Winds. 

4479
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:15,300
Continue blowing though, they 
often calm as temperatures even 

4480
04:04:15,300 --> 04:04:18,200
out. 
Are that Rose during the day now

4481
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:22,700
sinks completing convection 
cycles that span 12 hours or 

4482
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,600
more? 
The movement is invisible in 

4483
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:30,100
darkness, but no less real 
redistributing heat and moisture

4484
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:33,600
across the landscape. 
Clouds that form during the 

4485
04:04:33,600 --> 04:04:37,500
afternoon May linger into the 
night or they may dissolve as 

4486
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:40,400
cooling air loses its ability to
hold water vapor. 

4487
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:45,000
When they dissolve, the moisture
Falls as due or light rain 

4488
04:04:45,000 --> 04:04:47,500
surfaces that dried during the 
day. 

4489
04:04:48,400 --> 04:04:52,100
The water cycle continues in 
darkness just operating through 

4490
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:54,400
different mechanisms than it 
doesn't daylight. 

4491
04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:58,400
The ocean remains warmer than 
the land after Sunset because 

4492
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:01,700
water holds heat longer than 
rock this temperature difference

4493
04:05:01,700 --> 04:05:05,600
drives Coastal winds that blow 
from land to sea at night. the 

4494
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:09,600
reverse of the pattern that 
prevails during the day, The 

4495
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:12,700
winds are gentle but they 
persist Through The Dark Hours 

4496
04:05:12,700 --> 04:05:16,500
part of the daily Rhythm that 
ties Land and Sea together 

4497
04:05:16,500 --> 04:05:19,300
Stars. 
Provide a small amount of light 

4498
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:23,900
enough to distinguish Sea from 
Sky enough to navigate by if you

4499
04:05:23,900 --> 04:05:27,600
know their positions. 
The lightest steady, unlike the 

4500
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:31,000
flickering of flames because 
stars are so distant that their 

4501
04:05:31,000 --> 04:05:35,300
light arrives as parallel rays, 
unaffected by any turbulence 

4502
04:05:35,300 --> 04:05:38,400
close to Earth. 
The Starlight is traveled for 

4503
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:42,400
years to reach this surface, and
it arrived softly without 

4504
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:45,900
fanfare. 
The moon, when it's above the 

4505
04:05:45,900 --> 04:05:50,700
Horizon provides brighter light 
than the Stars, during a full 

4506
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:54,800
moon, you can see clearly enough
to walk without stumbling to 

4507
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:58,200
watch waves break on the shore 
and to observe the texture of 

4508
04:05:58,208 --> 04:06:02,000
rock, beneath your feet, the 
Moonlight is reflected sunlight 

4509
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:05,300
arriving second hand, but 
sufficient for the knights 

4510
04:06:05,300 --> 04:06:09,500
purposes Tides, continue to rise
and fall regardless of whether 

4511
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:12,300
the Sun is up. 
The gravitational pull that 

4512
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:14,600
drives. 
Tides does not depend on light 

4513
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:18,300
only on the positions of the 
Moon and Sun relative to Earth. 

4514
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:22,600
A high tide arrives at midnight 
as reliably as one arrives at 

4515
04:06:22,600 --> 04:06:25,900
noon, bringing water up the 
shore and then withdrawing it, 

4516
04:06:25,900 --> 04:06:29,100
keeping the coastal zone in 
motion, even while the rest of 

4517
04:06:29,108 --> 04:06:32,800
the landscape rests. 
Temperature dependent chemical 

4518
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:36,600
reactions slower at night as the
surface cools but other 

4519
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:39,700
reactions proceed more readily 
in darkness or cooler 

4520
04:06:39,700 --> 04:06:42,300
conditions. 
The chemistry of the surface 

4521
04:06:42,300 --> 04:06:46,200
shifted in character from day to
night, not stopping, but 

4522
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:50,000
changing its emphasis allowing 
processes that cannot occur in 

4523
04:06:50,000 --> 04:06:51,700
heat or light to take their 
turn. 

4524
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,700
The absence of sunlight 
provides, a respite from 

4525
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:58,800
ultraviolet radiation, Is more 
intense during these early ages 

4526
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:02,900
before oxygen accumulates in the
atmosphere and forms an ozone 

4527
04:07:02,900 --> 04:07:05,900
layer. 
Knight offers protection from 

4528
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:10,000
this radiation, a daily reprieve
that allows chemical processes 

4529
04:07:10,000 --> 04:07:13,200
sensitive to UV, light to 
proceed without disruption. 

4530
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:17,500
Darkness creates gradients 
between surfaces that face the 

4531
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:20,000
Open Sky and those that are 
sheltered. 

4532
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:23,300
Surfaces that radiates heat 
freely to the night. 

4533
04:07:23,300 --> 04:07:27,000
Sky, cool more than surfaces 
protected by overhangs, or 

4534
04:07:27,000 --> 04:07:30,500
surrounded by other rocks. 
These temperature variations 

4535
04:07:30,500 --> 04:07:34,600
create microclimates at small 
scales diversifying the 

4536
04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:37,400
conditioned of available for 
chemistry across the landscape. 

4537
04:07:38,400 --> 04:07:41,800
The planets rotation ensures 
that night is temporary know. 

4538
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:45,300
Part of the surface remains in 
darkness permanently every 

4539
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:47,200
location that experience is 
night. 

4540
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:51,100
Will experience day again after 
a few hours and the alternation 

4541
04:07:51,100 --> 04:07:54,100
continues with without 
interruption creating a river 

4542
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:57,100
that divides time into 
manageable intervals and 

4543
04:07:57,100 --> 04:08:00,200
provides both activity and rest 
in regular succession. 

4544
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:04,900
You notice that sounds carry 
differently at night without the

4545
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:07,400
sun's heating. 
Creating turbulent air currents.

4546
04:08:07,400 --> 04:08:11,100
The atmosphere becomes more 
stratified and sound waves, 

4547
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:12,900
travel farther before 
dissipating. 

4548
04:08:14,200 --> 04:08:16,400
The crash of waves on a distant 
Shore. 

4549
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:20,200
Reaches you clearly the rumble 
of a far-off volcanic vent 

4550
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:22,400
carries across miles of Open 
Water. 

4551
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:26,800
The night is not silent. 
But filled with a Quiet Sounds 

4552
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,900
of ongoing processes. 
The stars move across the sky as

4553
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:34,000
the Earth rotates rising in the 
East and setting in the West. 

4554
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:38,700
Their motion is steady and 
predictable, completing one full

4555
04:08:38,700 --> 04:08:42,200
circuit in approximately 18 
hours during these early ages. 

4556
04:08:42,200 --> 04:08:45,900
When the day is shorter than it 
will later become, you can use 

4557
04:08:45,900 --> 04:08:49,100
their positions to track. 
The passage of time to know how 

4558
04:08:49,100 --> 04:08:53,100
much of the night is elapsed. 
And how much Remains the ocean 

4559
04:08:53,100 --> 04:08:56,700
glows faintly in places where 
certain chemical reactions occur

4560
04:08:56,700 --> 04:09:00,700
producing light without heat. 
The glow is subtle. 

4561
04:09:00,700 --> 04:09:04,800
A pale Shimmer on the water's 
surface visible, only in 

4562
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:08,700
complete darkness. 
It is not by a logical yet, just

4563
04:09:08,700 --> 04:09:11,000
chemistry. 
That happens to emit photons as 

4564
04:09:11,000 --> 04:09:14,600
a byproduct, but it adds a 
gentle luminescence to the 

4565
04:09:14,600 --> 04:09:17,100
night. 
Sea, cooling Rock contracts 

4566
04:09:17,100 --> 04:09:20,600
lightly and the contraction 
sometimes produces small 

4567
04:09:20,600 --> 04:09:26,000
cracking sounds like the ticking
of cooling metal The sounds are 

4568
04:09:26,000 --> 04:09:29,300
occasional, not constant. 
But they remind you that the 

4569
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:33,000
landscape is active, even in 
Stillness, that motion continues

4570
04:09:33,000 --> 04:09:35,600
at Scales, too. 
Small to see, but large enough 

4571
04:09:35,608 --> 04:09:38,800
to hear the night sky is 
perfectly dark between the 

4572
04:09:38,800 --> 04:09:42,800
Stars, unaffected, by any 
artificial light and clear 

4573
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:46,100
enough to see the Milky Way, as 
a band of concentrated Starlight

4574
04:09:46,100 --> 04:09:49,000
across the heavens. 
The darkness is complete and 

4575
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:53,100
clean offering contrast that 
makes the Stars seem brighter by

4576
04:09:53,100 --> 04:09:56,300
comparison. 
You lie on warm Rock and feel 

4577
04:09:56,300 --> 04:09:59,500
the stored heat of the day, rise
in through Stone in your body. 

4578
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:04,500
The sky above is vast and 
Scattered with stars the ocean, 

4579
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,600
murmurs at the shore. 
The planet turns Eastwood 

4580
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:11,500
carrying you with it, bringing 
the dawn that will arrive in a 

4581
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:13,300
few hours. 
When the rotation carries this 

4582
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:18,000
location back in to the Sun's 
light, Night is balance. 

4583
04:10:19,100 --> 04:10:22,300
Part of the Rhythm that prevents
the surface from overheating or 

4584
04:10:22,300 --> 04:10:25,400
over Cooling. 
Providing the Alton nation that 

4585
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:29,000
makes stability possible. 
You watch the Earth maintain 

4586
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,200
itself across millions of years,
through simple repetition. 

4587
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:36,900
The same processes that operated
yesterday operate today and will

4588
04:10:36,900 --> 04:10:40,200
operate tomorrow. 
Water evaporates condensed is 

4589
04:10:40,200 --> 04:10:44,600
and Falls Rocky. 
Roads, sediment accumulates and 

4590
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:48,300
new rock forms. 
The planet does not innovate or 

4591
04:10:48,300 --> 04:10:52,200
adjust or intervene in its own 
Cycles, it simply continues 

4592
04:10:52,200 --> 04:10:55,200
letting physics and chemistry 
follow their rules without 

4593
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:57,900
guidance. 
The reliability of these 

4594
04:10:57,900 --> 04:11:01,600
processes creates a kind of 
predictability that extends 

4595
04:11:01,600 --> 04:11:04,600
across deep time. 
The Sun will rise tomorrow 

4596
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:08,200
because the Earth will continue 
rotating rain will fall 

4597
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:10,500
somewhere because the water 
cycle will continue operating 

4598
04:11:10,500 --> 04:11:15,900
Tides will rise because the moon
will continue orbiting none of 

4599
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:18,700
these outcomes requires any 
special conditions to be 

4600
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:22,800
maintained or any external input
beyond what is already present. 

4601
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:26,900
Erosion will eventually wear 
down every Mountain that rises 

4602
04:11:26,900 --> 04:11:30,800
returning the material to the 
ocean, where it will accumulate 

4603
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:36,200
a sediment, be subducted melt 
and potentially rise again as 

4604
04:11:36,200 --> 04:11:38,300
new mountings, millions of years
later. 

4605
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,000
The cycle is long but it is 
reliable. 

4606
04:11:42,000 --> 04:11:45,700
And it ensures that the surface 
is constantly being renewed 

4607
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:49,200
rather than wearing out. 
The atmosphere will continue to 

4608
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:52,800
exist as long as gravity holds 
it in place and volcanic 

4609
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:56,100
activity continues to replace 
gases that react or Escape. 

4610
04:11:57,100 --> 04:12:00,900
These conditions are stable 
built into the planet structure 

4611
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:04,200
and composition, and not 
dependent on anything that might

4612
04:12:04,200 --> 04:12:08,000
cease unexpectedly. 
The ocean will continue to exist

4613
04:12:08,000 --> 04:12:10,500
as long as the temperature 
remains within the range where 

4614
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:14,100
water is liquid. 
The Earth orbits the Sun at a 

4615
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:17,100
distance where this condition is
met and the orbit is stable 

4616
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:20,300
maintained by the same 
gravitational forces that have 

4617
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,800
held it from billions of years 
and will hold it for billions. 

4618
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:27,300
More living organisms will 
eventually emerge from the 

4619
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:30,400
chemistry that is already 
occurring, entitled pools and 

4620
04:12:30,408 --> 04:12:33,900
hydrothermal vents. 
When they emerge, they will find

4621
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:38,100
a planet that is ready for the 
with water minerals energy and 

4622
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:40,100
stable conditions all of 
available. 

4623
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:43,500
The planet did not create these 
conditions for life's benefit, 

4624
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:47,500
but simply by following its own 
processes, which happened to 

4625
04:12:47,500 --> 04:12:50,000
produce a habitable environment 
as a side effect. 

4626
04:12:51,100 --> 04:12:54,400
Life once it begins will 
participate in the Cycle's that 

4627
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:58,000
already exist. 
Organisms will take in water and

4628
04:12:58,000 --> 04:13:01,900
release it take in minerals and 
incorporate them into structures

4629
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:05,200
and capture energy and use it to
build complexity. 

4630
04:13:06,100 --> 04:13:09,300
These are extensions of 
processes that already occur in 

4631
04:13:09,300 --> 04:13:12,800
nonliving, chemistry. 
Just organized in ways that can 

4632
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:16,800
reproduce and persist the carbon
cycle will incorporate living 

4633
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:20,500
chemistry once life appears. 
But the cycle itself will 

4634
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:23,100
continue operating on the same 
principles as before. 

4635
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:27,700
Carbon will still move between 
atmosphere ocean and rock just 

4636
04:13:27,700 --> 04:13:29,900
with an additional pathway 
through organisms. 

4637
04:13:30,800 --> 04:13:33,600
The cycle will become more 
complex but not fundamentally 

4638
04:13:33,600 --> 04:13:37,000
different. 
Planets ability to maintain 

4639
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:41,100
habitable conditions does not 
depend on life, the conditions 

4640
04:13:41,100 --> 04:13:45,000
existed before life appeared and
will continue if life ever ends.

4641
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:49,700
Habitability is a product of 
size distance from the Sun 

4642
04:13:49,700 --> 04:13:54,000
geological activity and 
Atmospheric composition, none of

4643
04:13:54,000 --> 04:13:55,800
which require biology to 
maintain. 

4644
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,400
You notice that the Earth's 
stability comes from having 

4645
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:03,500
multiple overlapping cycles. 
Each one buffering variation in 

4646
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:06,800
the others. 
If one process speeds up another

4647
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:11,300
compensates by slowing down, If 
one reservoir fills another 

4648
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:14,900
empties, the system 
self-regulates through feedback 

4649
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:18,400
loops that are built into the 
physics and chemistry, not added

4650
04:14:18,400 --> 04:14:20,400
on a separate control 
mechanisms. 

4651
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:24,500
Temperatures, stability comes 
from the oceans thermal inertia 

4652
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:28,600
the atmosphere's ability to 
redistribute Heat and the 

4653
04:14:28,600 --> 04:14:32,600
planets distance from the Sun. 
These factors work together to 

4654
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:35,700
keep surface temperature within 
a range that allows water to 

4655
04:14:35,700 --> 04:14:39,400
remain liquid which in turn 
allows all the other processes 

4656
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:42,300
to continue. 
Chemical stability comes from 

4657
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:45,900
the buffering capacity of the 
ocean, which can absorb excess 

4658
04:14:45,900 --> 04:14:49,900
acids, or bases without large pH
changes and from the slow 

4659
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:53,400
cycling of elements, through 
Rock, which prevents any element

4660
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:56,900
from accumulating to toxic 
levels or depleting entirely. 

4661
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:00,900
Energy balance comes from the 
match, between incoming solar 

4662
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,700
radiation and outgoing thermal 
radiation. 

4663
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:07,200
The planet, absorbs, sunlight, 
and re-radiates. 

4664
04:15:07,200 --> 04:15:10,400
It is infrared and the balance 
between these flows. 

4665
04:15:10,400 --> 04:15:11,900
Determines the surface 
temperature. 

4666
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:16,300
The balance is not perfect at 
every moment, but it averages 

4667
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:20,200
out over time to a stable state.
The Earth does not rest but it 

4668
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:23,400
does not hurry either. it 
operates at the pace that its 

4669
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:27,800
processes require some fast like
lightning some slow like 

4670
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:31,000
continental drift. 
All of them finding their 

4671
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:34,100
natural rates without external 
pressure to speed up or slow 

4672
04:15:34,100 --> 04:15:37,000
down. 
The pace is suited to the scale 

4673
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:41,200
with fast processes, handling 
small-scale variations and slow 

4674
04:15:41,200 --> 04:15:43,300
processes handling large-scale 
changes. 

4675
04:15:43,300 --> 04:15:46,700
You stand on a beach at dawn and
watch the sun rise over the 

4676
04:15:46,708 --> 04:15:50,500
ocean knowing that this same 
scene has played out every day 

4677
04:15:50,500 --> 04:15:53,800
for hundreds of millions of 
years and will continue for 

4678
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,400
hundreds of millions more. 
The waves that break at your 

4679
04:15:57,400 --> 04:15:59,900
feet are driven by winds that 
are driven by temperature, 

4680
04:15:59,900 --> 04:16:03,200
differences that are driven by 
the sun's Heat. the chain of 

4681
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:08,300
causation is clear unbroken and 
will continue operating as long 

4682
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:12,800
as the sun shines, and the Earth
turns, The habitability of Earth

4683
04:16:12,800 --> 04:16:16,100
is not a gift or an accident, 
but a consequence of how matter 

4684
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:20,000
behaves under these particular 
conditions of size composition 

4685
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:23,900
and solar distance. 
Planet became habitable by being

4686
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:27,000
what it is and where it is and 
it remains habitable by 

4687
04:16:27,000 --> 04:16:31,400
continuing to be those things. 
There is no mystery in, it only 

4688
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,100
physics and chemistry playing 
out across time. 

4689
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:38,600
Creating complexity through 
repetition, maintaining balance 

4690
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:42,100
through circulation and offering
stability through the simple 

4691
04:16:42,100 --> 04:16:46,000
Persistence of its Cycles. 
You breathe the air, feel the 

4692
04:16:46,000 --> 04:16:49,200
warmth of the sun on your face 
and listen to the wave's. 

4693
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:52,000
And you know that these 
experiences are possible because

4694
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:55,300
the Earth has spent billions of 
years preparing conditions where

4695
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:59,400
they can occur, The planet has 
done this work without awareness

4696
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:03,100
or intention just by following 
the rules that govern matter and

4697
04:17:03,100 --> 04:17:06,100
energy and those same rules will
keep it habitable. 

4698
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:09,700
As long as the fundamental 
conditions remain in place, the 

4699
04:17:09,700 --> 04:17:14,100
Earth continues, quiet and 
reliable turning through its 

4700
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:18,600
days and nights cycling. 
Its materials maintaining, its 

4701
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:22,800
temperature, simply being itself
across the vast stretches of 

4702
04:17:22,808 --> 04:17:30,000
time. 
Imagining New England in late, 

4703
04:17:30,000 --> 04:17:34,400
February, 1717 back, when Boston
was still a collection of wooden

4704
04:17:34,400 --> 04:17:37,800
buildings, huddled around a 
harbor and the entire population

4705
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:41,500
of Massachusetts numbered fewer 
people than a modern Suburban 

4706
04:17:41,500 --> 04:17:44,700
shopping mall. 
On a Saturday afternoon, your 

4707
04:17:44,700 --> 04:17:48,900
living in a world by candles and
warmed by fireplaces, where your

4708
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:51,900
entertainment options consist of
reading the same books, you've 

4709
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:56,700
read 20 times, doing needlework 
until your fingers cram or 

4710
04:17:56,700 --> 04:17:59,200
staring out the window and 
wondering if spring will ever 

4711
04:17:59,200 --> 04:18:02,000
arrive. 
Colonial new englanders had a 

4712
04:18:02,008 --> 04:18:03,800
complicated relationship with 
winter. 

4713
04:18:03,800 --> 04:18:08,000
On one hand, they chose to live 
in a place where Winter lasted 

4714
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:11,400
roughly from October to May. 
So clearly they weren't entirely

4715
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:14,800
opposed to cold weather. 
On the other hand, their Diaries

4716
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:17,700
and letters from this period 
read, like extended complaints 

4717
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:20,600
to a landlord who refuses to fix
the heating. 

4718
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:25,800
Winter was something you endured
prepared for obsessively and 

4719
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,500
then complained about with the 
satisfaction of someone who's 

4720
04:18:28,500 --> 04:18:33,600
earned the right to grumble. 
By late February, 1717 most new 

4721
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:35,700
englanders thought they'd 
already survived the worst of 

4722
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,700
winter. 
February and colonial times was 

4723
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:42,200
what we'd call late winter. 
The snow was old and crusty. 

4724
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:46,600
The firewood pile was getting 
concerningly low, and everyone 

4725
04:18:46,600 --> 04:18:49,300
was starting to think longingly 
about mud season. 

4726
04:18:50,100 --> 04:18:52,600
Which tells you something about 
how tired they were of snow? 

4727
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:56,700
Children had already had months 
of what passed for snow days 

4728
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:58,500
though. 
In their case, it meant more 

4729
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:00,500
chores rather than sleeping in 
and hot chocolate. 

4730
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:06,100
The typical Colonial household 
in 1717 Was preparing for early 

4731
04:19:06,100 --> 04:19:09,300
spring, with the optimism of 
people who really should have 

4732
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:11,800
known better. 
You'd be checking your seed 

4733
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:15,400
stores, planning your garden, 
and perhaps doing some early 

4734
04:19:15,400 --> 04:19:18,900
Maple sugaring. 
If the weather cooperated, Your 

4735
04:19:18,900 --> 04:19:20,800
house. 
And let's be honest about 

4736
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:24,200
Colonial architecture was 
essentially a wooden box with a 

4737
04:19:24,208 --> 04:19:27,800
fireplace some small windows 
that let in drafts more 

4738
04:19:27,800 --> 04:19:31,100
effectively than light and 
enough gaps in the walls that 

4739
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,000
you could almost see your breath
in doors on particularly cold 

4740
04:19:34,000 --> 04:19:36,900
mornings. 
Daily life, revolved around 

4741
04:19:36,900 --> 04:19:40,500
staying warm and fed, which took
approximately all your waking 

4742
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:44,900
hours. your morning began Before
Dawn when someone had to revive 

4743
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:48,300
the banked fire from the night 
before a process that involved 

4744
04:19:48,300 --> 04:19:51,600
poking at barely glowing coals 
and praying they'd cooperate 

4745
04:19:52,300 --> 04:19:55,500
Water had to be fetched from the
well assuming it wasn't frozen 

4746
04:19:55,500 --> 04:19:57,800
solid. 
Breakfast needed, cooking 

4747
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:01,600
animals needed tending, and all 
of this happened in the dark 

4748
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:04,900
because the sun had the courtesy
to arrived fashionably late in 

4749
04:20:04,900 --> 04:20:07,800
winter. 
Women's spent their days in an 

4750
04:20:07,800 --> 04:20:12,000
endless cycle of cooking, 
spinning weaving sowing and 

4751
04:20:12,000 --> 04:20:14,500
trying to keep children from 
either burning themselves on the

4752
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:18,800
fireplace or dying of boredom. 
Men worked out side when weather

4753
04:20:18,800 --> 04:20:23,500
permitted doing repairs chopping
wood and checking on livestock. 

4754
04:20:23,500 --> 04:20:25,900
That had the good sense to look 
miserable about the whole 

4755
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:29,900
situation. 
Everyone regardless of age or 

4756
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:33,300
gender spent a significant 
portion of their day simply 

4757
04:20:33,300 --> 04:20:34,800
trying to stay warm enough to 
function. 

4758
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:38,300
The landscape itself in late 
February was what we might 

4759
04:20:38,300 --> 04:20:41,000
charitably call tired. 
Snow. 

4760
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:43,800
That had fallen in December was 
now grey and crusty. 

4761
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,500
Pockmarked with soot from 
chimneys and various other 

4762
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:50,600
evidence of human habitation 
that we won't detail before bed 

4763
04:20:50,600 --> 04:20:54,200
time. 
Forest was skeletal black lines 

4764
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:59,100
against gray skies and the ocean
was a cold dark presence that 

4765
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:02,600
occasionally reminded everyone 
of its existence by freezing at 

4766
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:04,700
the edges. 
But there was a rhythm to this 

4767
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:07,900
life that modern people might 
find almost appealing in its 

4768
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:10,200
simplicity. 
You know what needed doing, 

4769
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:13,300
because it was the same thing 
that needed doing yesterday and 

4770
04:21:13,300 --> 04:21:16,400
would need doing tomorrow. 
Your neighbor's were facing 

4771
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:20,000
identical challenges, which 
created a sense of community 

4772
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:23,800
born from shared suffering. 
When the sun set, which happened

4773
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:26,800
to pressingly early, you gather 
around the fire with your 

4774
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:29,208
family, and whoever else was 
staying the night and you made 

4775
04:21:29,216 --> 04:21:31,800
the best of it. 
Late February weather in. 

4776
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:33,600
New England has always been 
unpredictable. 

4777
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:38,000
A meteorological coin. 
Flip between maybe spring is 

4778
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:41,100
coming and surprise. 
He is more winter. 

4779
04:21:42,300 --> 04:21:44,400
Colonists. 
Watch the sky with the intensity

4780
04:21:44,400 --> 04:21:47,800
of people whose lives depended 
on whether prediction which they

4781
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:50,400
did. 
A storm could mean being trapped

4782
04:21:50,400 --> 04:21:55,000
indoors for days on able to 
work, unable to travel and 

4783
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:57,400
possibly running dangerously low
on supplies. 

4784
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:00,700
The Barns and outbuildings were 
stocked with hay for the animals

4785
04:22:00,700 --> 04:22:03,700
though, by late February, those 
supplies were running low. 

4786
04:22:03,700 --> 04:22:06,400
And the hay that remained was 
probably not the highest 

4787
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:10,100
quality. 
Cows horses, oxen, pigs and 

4788
04:22:10,100 --> 04:22:13,400
chickens. 
All depended on human care to 

4789
04:22:13,400 --> 04:22:16,000
survive the winter and all 
complained about their 

4790
04:22:16,000 --> 04:22:20,000
circumstances in their own ways.
The chickens probably had the 

4791
04:22:20,000 --> 04:22:22,800
most complain about actually, 
since they'd stopped, laying 

4792
04:22:22,800 --> 04:22:25,800
eggs weeks ago, and were just 
eating resources while providing

4793
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:27,700
nothing. 
But the occasional egg that felt

4794
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:30,900
like winning the lottery. 
Your route seller would be 

4795
04:22:30,908 --> 04:22:32,500
carefully. 
Organized with the remaining 

4796
04:22:32,500 --> 04:22:36,000
stores of preserved, food 
apples, getting softer by the 

4797
04:22:36,000 --> 04:22:39,800
day root vegetables. 
Beginning to sprout, barrels of 

4798
04:22:39,800 --> 04:22:43,900
salted meat, Crocs of butter 
preserved, under salt and 

4799
04:22:43,900 --> 04:22:46,200
whatever else you'd managed to 
preserve from last year's 

4800
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:49,000
Harvest. 
Every meal required a 

4801
04:22:49,000 --> 04:22:52,400
calculation. 
Is this worth using now or 

4802
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:56,700
should we save it for later? 
How much later what if spring 

4803
04:22:56,700 --> 04:22:58,200
doesn't come from another six 
weeks? 

4804
04:22:59,200 --> 04:23:02,200
Social fabric of Colonial. 
New England was, tighten it by 

4805
04:23:02,200 --> 04:23:05,200
necessity. 
Your nearest neighbor might be a

4806
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:07,000
quarter mile away. 
But you knew their business 

4807
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:10,100
almost as well as your own, 
because survival often depended 

4808
04:23:10,100 --> 04:23:14,400
on cooperation, If someone's 
Barn caught fire, everyone came 

4809
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:17,100
to help if a family, ran short 
of food. 

4810
04:23:17,100 --> 04:23:18,600
Neighbors shared what they 
could. 

4811
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:22,200
If someone got sick or injured, 
the community rallied around 

4812
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:26,300
them, because there was no other
option. religious life provided 

4813
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:29,500
structure and community in ways 
that modern people might find 

4814
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:33,000
either comforting or suffocating
depending on their perspective, 

4815
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,700
Sunday meeting at the church was
mandatory both legally and 

4816
04:23:37,700 --> 04:23:40,800
socially. 
You sat in an unheated building 

4817
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:44,000
for hours, listening to sermons,
that were theologically complex 

4818
04:23:44,000 --> 04:23:48,200
and often focused on sin and 
Redemption with an intensity 

4819
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:52,400
that made Game of Thrones seem 
like hearted But church was also

4820
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:54,900
where you saw. 
Everyone heard news from other 

4821
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:58,300
towns and felt part of something
larger than your individual 

4822
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:00,000
struggle to stay alive through 
winter. 

4823
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:05,100
Children in 1717 had childhoods,
that would seem impossibly harsh

4824
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:08,000
by modern standards. 
They worked from the time. 

4825
04:24:08,000 --> 04:24:12,200
They could walk learned to read 
using the Bible and whatever few

4826
04:24:12,200 --> 04:24:15,100
books, the family owned and had 
responsibilities. 

4827
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,100
That included genuinely 
dangerous tasks, like managing 

4828
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:20,500
fires and handling large 
animals. 

4829
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:25,100
But they were still children. 
They played when they could 

4830
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:29,900
created games from nothing and 
found joy in Simple Pleasures 

4831
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:34,000
like a successful sled ride, all
the discovery of icicles in 

4832
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:37,600
interesting shapes. 
The elderly held a respected 

4833
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:40,300
position in colonial society, 
partly? 

4834
04:24:40,300 --> 04:24:43,000
Because surviving to old age was
an achievement in itself. 

4835
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,800
If you made it to 60 or 70, 
You'd Survive diseases 

4836
04:24:47,800 --> 04:24:52,000
accidents, harsh weather, and 
periodic conflicts with 

4837
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:54,300
indigenous, peoples, or other 
Colonial powers. 

4838
04:24:55,100 --> 04:24:58,700
Your experience and knowledge 
were valuable resources and 

4839
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,400
you're often consulted on 
everything from where the 

4840
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:04,500
prediction to medical treatment 
whether or not you actually know

4841
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:08,700
what you were talking about. 
As February 1717 progressed 

4842
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,700
towards its end, new englanders 
had no idea. 

4843
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:14,100
They were standing at the edge 
of one of the most remarkable 

4844
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:15,900
weather events in American 
history. 

4845
04:25:16,800 --> 04:25:19,900
They went about their routines 
complained about the cold with 

4846
04:25:19,900 --> 04:25:23,100
the dedication of people who 
took complaining, seriously and 

4847
04:25:23,100 --> 04:25:25,300
looked forward to march with the
hope that it might bring 

4848
04:25:25,300 --> 04:25:29,200
slightly less terrible weather. 
The sky that late February 

4849
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:31,100
showed. 
No particular warning signs that

4850
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:34,700
we know of Colonial weather 
prediction was based on folklore

4851
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:39,100
care clubs of animal behavior 
and a general sense of what the 

4852
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:41,200
sky looked like before trouble 
arrived. 

4853
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:45,600
If your bones ached, more than 
usual rain or snow was probably 

4854
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:48,700
coming. 
If the chicken is acted strange,

4855
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,300
though. 
Defining strange, for chickens 

4856
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:55,900
is admittedly difficult, whether
might be changing If the sunset 

4857
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:59,200
looked particularly Vivid, make 
sure you had extra firewood 

4858
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:01,700
handy. 
But nothing in anyone's 

4859
04:26:01,700 --> 04:26:04,100
experience prepared them for 
what was about to happen. 

4860
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,300
New englanders were tough and 
resourceful and had survived 

4861
04:26:08,300 --> 04:26:11,900
plenty of harsh Winters. 
They'd seen big snowstorms 

4862
04:26:11,900 --> 04:26:14,000
before? 
They thought they knew what 

4863
04:26:14,000 --> 04:26:16,700
winter could throw at them. 
They were about to discover 

4864
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:20,100
they'd been underestimating, 
Winter's Ambitions picture 

4865
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:25,500
yourself in your Colonial home 
on February 27th. 1717 you wait 

4866
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:29,200
before Dawn as usual to coax the
fire back to life. 

4867
04:26:30,100 --> 04:26:32,800
The house is cold in enough that
you can see your breath, which 

4868
04:26:32,800 --> 04:26:35,700
is so normal. 
You barely notice any more you 

4869
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:39,100
pull on your warmest clothes and
in colonial times this meant 

4870
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:42,500
layers of wool linen and leather
that made you look like a 

4871
04:26:42,500 --> 04:26:46,700
medieval Knight made a fabric 
and begin the days endless round

4872
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,800
of chores. 
But something feels different 

4873
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:53,000
this morning. 
The ass that peculiar wait, it 

4874
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:56,600
gets before a significant storm.
Pressure that makes your ears 

4875
04:26:56,600 --> 04:26:59,300
feel slightly odd and gives the 
world a muted quality. 

4876
04:27:00,200 --> 04:27:03,100
The wind which has been a 
constant companion all winter 

4877
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:06,800
has gone still in a way that 
feels less peaceful and more 

4878
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:11,100
like nature holding its breath. 
By midday the first flakes. 

4879
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:14,200
Began to fall. 
Nothing dramatic, initially just

4880
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:16,700
a gentle dusting. 
That looks almost pretty against

4881
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:19,300
the gray sky. 
You've seen this hundreds of 

4882
04:27:19,308 --> 04:27:23,300
times before snow in February is
about a surprise as finding out 

4883
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,700
water as wet. 
You know, it make sure you have 

4884
04:27:26,700 --> 04:27:29,500
enough firewood, close to the 
house and continue with your 

4885
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:32,400
day. 
But the snow doesn't stop. 

4886
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:36,800
Our after-hour continues with a 
steadiness that begins to seem 

4887
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:40,900
almost purposeful by evening. 
You've got several inches of 

4888
04:27:40,900 --> 04:27:43,900
fresh accumulation. 
The snow is still falling with 

4889
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:47,400
no sign of letting up. 
Your bank, the fire carefully 

4890
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:49,800
before bed. 
Make sure everyone is under 

4891
04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:52,900
enough blankets and think that 
tomorrow, you'll need to do some

4892
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:55,500
shoveling. 
When you wake the next morning, 

4893
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:59,000
your first clue that something 
unusual is happening comes from 

4894
04:27:59,000 --> 04:28:00,500
the quality of light in the 
house. 

4895
04:28:01,400 --> 04:28:04,800
It's too bright for doors, a 
strange diffused glow, that 

4896
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,100
seems to come from everywhere 
and nowhere. 

4897
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:11,800
When you finally manage to open 
your door and this takes effort 

4898
04:28:11,800 --> 04:28:14,300
pushing against resistance that 
shouldn't be. 

4899
04:28:14,300 --> 04:28:18,900
There you discover why? 
The snow has piled against your 

4900
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:21,400
door in drifts that reach past 
your knees. 

4901
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:25,000
The world outside has been 
transformed into an alien 

4902
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:28,700
landscape of white. 
Where Familiar shapes of become 

4903
04:28:28,700 --> 04:28:33,100
strange, rounded lumps, and the 
Horizon has disappeared into a 

4904
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:36,700
curtain of falling snow. 
The storm that started yesterday

4905
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:42,100
hasn't stopped if anything. 
It's intensified This is the 

4906
04:28:42,100 --> 04:28:44,900
beginning of what contemporary 
accounts would call the great 

4907
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:49,300
snow of 1717, though, people 
living through, it probably had 

4908
04:28:49,300 --> 04:28:53,600
other less polite names for it. 
What New England does couldn't 

4909
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:55,800
have known was that they were 
experiencing something 

4910
04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:59,700
meteorologically. 
Extraordinary a series of four 

4911
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:03,100
massive storms that would arrive
in waves, over the next three 

4912
04:29:03,100 --> 04:29:06,600
weeks each adding to 
accumulation that were already 

4913
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:11,300
unprecedented snow fell with a 
relentlessness that began to 

4914
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:14,800
feel almost personal. 
Not in violent gusts and 

4915
04:29:14,800 --> 04:29:17,900
dramatic blizzard conditions 
though there were certainly 

4916
04:29:17,900 --> 04:29:21,300
periods of that. 
But with a steady implacable 

4917
04:29:21,300 --> 04:29:25,300
determination, it was as if the 
sky decided that New England 

4918
04:29:25,300 --> 04:29:27,400
needed a really thorough 
covering and wasn't going to 

4919
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:29,000
stop until the job was done 
properly. 

4920
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:32,800
You can imagine the progression 
of reactions among Colonial 

4921
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,300
families. 
Day one. 

4922
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:40,400
Well, this is a significant 
snowfall day two. 

4923
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:46,200
This is quite unusual day three.
This is becoming concerning. 

4924
04:29:46,900 --> 04:29:50,000
Day four. 
This is absolutely unprecedented

4925
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:53,500
and possibly the end of the 
world day 5. 

4926
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:57,000
If I have to spend one more day 
trapped in this house with these

4927
04:29:57,000 --> 04:29:59,000
people, I'm going to lose my 
mind. 

4928
04:30:00,300 --> 04:30:03,600
A practical challenges began 
immediately, your daily routine,

4929
04:30:03,600 --> 04:30:07,000
which was already demanding 
suddenly required three times as

4930
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:10,200
much effort. 
Every trip to the barn to feed 

4931
04:30:10,200 --> 04:30:12,100
animals. 
Meant waiting through snow, that

4932
04:30:12,100 --> 04:30:15,500
reached your thighs, then higher
than eventually to your chest. 

4933
04:30:16,600 --> 04:30:19,000
Paths that you shoveled, one day
were filled in by the next 

4934
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:21,600
morning. 
The livestock trapped in their 

4935
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:24,800
shelters needed constant 
attention to prevent them from 

4936
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:26,700
panicking or Worse. 
Freezing. 

4937
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,300
Firewood, which, you'd carefully
stacked within easy. 

4938
04:30:30,300 --> 04:30:34,300
Reach of the house became buried
under drifts Digging it out, was

4939
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:37,800
exhausting work in the best of 
times doing it while snow 

4940
04:30:37,800 --> 04:30:41,300
continued to fall and wind 
created drifts that seemed to 

4941
04:30:41,308 --> 04:30:44,900
appear out of nowhere was like, 
some kind of very cold, very 

4942
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:49,500
tiring, meditation on futility. 
It had to be done because 

4943
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:51,700
Without fire. 
Your family would freeze. 

4944
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:56,600
The mathematics of survival 
became starkly simple, dig or 

4945
04:30:56,600 --> 04:30:59,400
die. 
The psychological impact of 

4946
04:30:59,400 --> 04:31:02,100
being trapped indoors during an 
endless, snowstorm is something 

4947
04:31:02,108 --> 04:31:05,700
modern people with heated, 
homes, electricity and streaming

4948
04:31:05,700 --> 04:31:08,900
services. 
Can barely imagine Your confined

4949
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:12,000
to a space, roughly the size of 
a modern living room and kitchen

4950
04:31:12,000 --> 04:31:14,300
combined with your entire 
family. 

4951
04:31:14,300 --> 04:31:18,500
With no entertainment Beyond 
conversation, hand work and 

4952
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:21,700
staring at the fire. 
The wall seemed to close in 

4953
04:31:21,700 --> 04:31:24,600
small, irritations, become major
grievances. 

4954
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:28,700
That thing your spouse does when
they chew which you've tolerated

4955
04:31:28,700 --> 04:31:32,300
for years, suddenly becomes 
unbearable children. 

4956
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:35,300
Blessed them, handled 
confinement with all the grace 

4957
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:37,700
and patience that children have 
possessed throughout human 

4958
04:31:37,700 --> 04:31:40,300
history, which is to say none at
all. 

4959
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:44,700
They were restless bored 
fighting with siblings and 

4960
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:47,600
asking approximately every 10 
minutes when they could go 

4961
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:50,500
outside. 
Parents responded with the 

4962
04:31:50,508 --> 04:31:54,300
Timeless patients of people who 
are also losing their minds, but

4963
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:57,500
had to pretend, they weren't 
because civilization depended on

4964
04:31:57,500 --> 04:32:02,200
maintaining standards. 
The storms Came In Waves, each 

4965
04:32:02,200 --> 04:32:05,100
separated by just enough time 
for people to think. 

4966
04:32:05,100 --> 04:32:09,600
Maybe it was over only to watch 
the sky darken again and the 

4967
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:13,000
snow resumed. 
Contemporary accounts describe 

4968
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:16,800
the snow as coming in for great 
storms, over the course of about

4969
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:20,200
three weeks. 
The distinction between separate

4970
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:22,600
storms. 
Probably felt academic when you 

4971
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:23,900
were living through what seemed 
like? 

4972
04:32:23,900 --> 04:32:28,700
One continuous Siege by winter. 
Between storms the sun might 

4973
04:32:28,700 --> 04:32:31,400
break through Illuminating a 
transformed landscape. 

4974
04:32:32,600 --> 04:32:36,000
Everything familiar had been 
reshaped by snow in to strange 

4975
04:32:36,000 --> 04:32:39,300
flowing forms. 
Fences disappeared entirely 

4976
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:43,200
under drifts trees, bent under 
the weight of snow and until 

4977
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:46,200
their branches touch the ground,
creating natural tunnels. 

4978
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:50,600
Houses all, but vanished. 
With only their chimneys 

4979
04:32:50,600 --> 04:32:53,600
protruding above the white 
expanse, like Stone fingers, 

4980
04:32:53,600 --> 04:32:57,200
reaching for the sky. 
The drifts were what made this 

4981
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:01,800
snowfall truly extraordinary. 
Wind had sculpted the snow into 

4982
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:06,400
formation's that defied logic. 
10 feet deep in some places, 

4983
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:10,400
their ground in others, and 
waves and curves that looked 

4984
04:33:10,400 --> 04:33:13,800
like a frozen ocean. 
You could walk across the top of

4985
04:33:13,800 --> 04:33:17,000
some drifts while syncing to 
your armpits in others, just a 

4986
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:19,700
few feet away. 
The surface would sometimes 

4987
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,900
support your weight and 
sometimes not, and there was no 

4988
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:26,500
reliable way to tell which would
happen until you tested it. 

4989
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:31,099
Animals suffered terribly during
the storms cows trapped in 

4990
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:34,800
Barnes needed, constant care to 
prevent them from overheating in

4991
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:38,200
their confined, space, while 
simultaneously ensuring, they 

4992
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:41,700
didn't freeze, chicken stopped 
laying entirely and seemed 

4993
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:43,300
personally affronted by the 
weather. 

4994
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:46,400
As if someone had promised them 
spring and then welched on the 

4995
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,200
deal, Horses. 
And not usually stoic about 

4996
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,700
whether showed clear signs of 
distress at being confined for 

4997
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:56,500
days. 
On end, wild animals, fared, 

4998
04:33:56,500 --> 04:33:59,500
even worse. 
Dear Trapped By snow too. 

4999
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:03,599
Deep to navigate either starved 
or became easy prey for wolves 

5000
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:06,300
and other predators that could 
travel on top of the Cross did 

5001
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:09,400
Snow. 
Birds that hadn't migrated found

5002
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:11,599
food scarce and shelter hard to 
come by. 

5003
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:15,599
Forest went silent in a way that
was eerie. 

5004
04:34:16,200 --> 04:34:18,700
No bird song. 
No rustling of small animals, 

5005
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:21,000
just the whisper of falling 
snow. 

5006
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:24,099
And the occasional crack of a 
branch breaking under 

5007
04:34:24,099 --> 04:34:27,400
accumulated weight, the harbor 
in Boston froze. 

5008
04:34:27,400 --> 04:34:30,599
Solid something that happened, 
occasionally, but always felt 

5009
04:34:30,599 --> 04:34:34,200
ominous. 
Ships were trapped in ice, their

5010
04:34:34,200 --> 04:34:37,200
masts visible above the white 
expanse, like a bear Forest. 

5011
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,700
The ice was thick enough to walk
on their only the foolhardy or 

5012
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:45,300
desperate tried it. 
The ocean that vast presence, 

5013
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:49,000
that defined so much of New 
England, life temporarily became

5014
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:52,599
just another snowfield. 
Food stores that had seemed 

5015
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:54,800
adequate in January began to 
look, alarmingly. 

5016
04:34:54,800 --> 04:34:58,000
Insufficient by mid-march. 
You were burning through 

5017
04:34:58,000 --> 04:35:00,900
firewood faster than planned 
because you needed to keep the 

5018
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:04,308
fire going constantly. 
Animals were eating hay at their

5019
04:35:04,315 --> 04:35:07,000
normal rate, but the hay was 
getting harder to reach. 

5020
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:11,400
Every meal required, careful, 
calculation, and families began 

5021
04:35:11,400 --> 04:35:14,000
to worry about what would happen
if the snow didn't stop soon. 

5022
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:18,800
Yet, there was also a strange 
Beauty to it all on clear nights

5023
04:35:18,800 --> 04:35:21,700
between storms. 
The Moonlight on endless snow 

5024
04:35:21,700 --> 04:35:25,400
created illuminessence that 
turned the world into something 

5025
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,500
magical The silence was 
profound. 

5026
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:32,900
No wagon wheels on roads. 
No church bells carrying from 

5027
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:35,400
distant towns. 
Just a hush. 

5028
04:35:35,400 --> 04:35:37,900
So completed almost rang in your
ears. 

5029
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:43,700
The Stars seem brightest somehow
as if the snow reflected light 

5030
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:47,000
back to the sky. 
Some people found the 

5031
04:35:47,000 --> 04:35:49,900
experience. 
Almost meditative forced, as the

5032
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:52,400
were to slow down and exist in 
the immediate moment. 

5033
04:35:53,400 --> 04:35:57,300
There were no trips to town, no 
visits with neighbors and no 

5034
04:35:57,300 --> 04:36:00,000
church meetings. 
Life contracted to the 

5035
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:04,599
essentials, keep the fire 
burning feed your family, care 

5036
04:36:04,599 --> 04:36:09,099
for your animals and wait. 
In a world normally filled with 

5037
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:11,400
constant labor and social 
obligations. 

5038
04:36:11,400 --> 04:36:15,400
This enforced, pause had an odd 
appeal at least for the first 

5039
04:36:15,400 --> 04:36:18,599
week or so. 
But as the snow continued as 

5040
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:22,599
drifts grew higher and supplies,
grew lower as the novelty wore 

5041
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:24,200
off. 
And the reality of the situation

5042
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:28,200
set in that initial sense of 
wonder gave way to something 

5043
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:32,200
close to anxiety. 
This wasn't just a big snowstorm

5044
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:34,300
anymore, this was something 
different. 

5045
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:37,400
Something that was rewriting. 
What new englanders thought 

5046
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:40,200
possible? 
The snow had been falling for 

5047
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:45,000
over two weeks, the drifts in 
some places were measuring 1518 

5048
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:48,500
or even 20 feet deep. 
Houses were buried to their 

5049
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:51,300
second stories and the snow was 
still falling. 

5050
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:55,099
By the time, March arrived. 
New England had been transformed

5051
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:58,700
into an alien landscape. 
That bore little resemblance, to

5052
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:03,200
the world, colonists had known 
Imagine stepping out your door. 

5053
04:37:04,000 --> 04:37:07,599
Assuming you could open it and 
finding yourself standing on top

5054
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:11,300
of what used to be your roof. 
This wasn't an exaggeration for 

5055
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:15,000
many families. 
The snow had piled so high that 

5056
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:18,500
Second Story windows were at 
ground level and chimneys 

5057
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:20,800
required constant attention, to 
prevent them, from being 

5058
04:37:20,800 --> 04:37:24,099
completely buried. 
Daily life had become a series 

5059
04:37:24,099 --> 04:37:26,300
of adaptations to absurd 
circumstances. 

5060
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,500
You didn't walk anywhere, you 
tunnel. 

5061
04:37:30,200 --> 04:37:32,300
Families. 
Created networks of passages 

5062
04:37:32,300 --> 04:37:36,000
through the snow, connecting 
their houses to Barnes Wells and

5063
04:37:36,000 --> 04:37:38,900
wood piles. 
These tunnels were engineering 

5064
04:37:38,900 --> 04:37:42,500
projects, worthy of minors. 
Requiring constant maintenance 

5065
04:37:42,500 --> 04:37:46,700
of snow shifted and settled. 
Some colonists described their 

5066
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:50,000
tunnels collapsing while they 
were in the leading to panic to 

5067
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:53,000
digging at a new found. 
Appreciation for Open Spaces, 

5068
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:57,099
the tunnels created a strange, 
new architecture of necessity. 

5069
04:37:57,900 --> 04:37:59,900
You descend from your door into 
a passage. 

5070
04:37:59,900 --> 04:38:03,300
Whose walls were compressed. 
Snow dimly lit by whatever 

5071
04:38:03,300 --> 04:38:07,800
sunlight penetrated from above. 
The tunnel would Brahms One 

5072
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:11,300
Direction to the barn and 
another to the well, and a third

5073
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:14,300
to the wood pile. 
Walking through these passages 

5074
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:18,500
felt like being a very cold mole
and the disorientation of being 

5075
04:38:18,500 --> 04:38:21,800
surrounded by snow on all sides.
Took some getting used to 

5076
04:38:22,900 --> 04:38:24,700
feeding animals became an 
expedition. 

5077
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:29,000
You'd suit up in every piece of 
warm clothing, you owned grab, 

5078
04:38:29,000 --> 04:38:32,900
whatever tools you needed like a
lantern and descend into your 

5079
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:36,599
tunnel system. 
Trip to the barn that normally 

5080
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:39,000
took 30 seconds now took 15 
minutes. 

5081
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:42,599
Once there you'd need to deal 
with animals that were restless 

5082
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,400
from confinement. 
Nervous from the strange, 

5083
04:38:45,400 --> 04:38:49,300
muffled quality of sound through
snow and generally unhappy about

5084
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:52,700
their circumstances. 
Getting water was perhaps the 

5085
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:56,200
most challenging daily tasks. 
Wells that weren't buried. 

5086
04:38:56,200 --> 04:38:59,400
Had to be accessed through 
tunnels and Hauling water back 

5087
04:38:59,400 --> 04:39:02,700
through narrow passages, while 
trying not to spill was an 

5088
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:04,400
exercise in patience and 
balance. 

5089
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,700
Some families resorted to 
Melting snow, which sounds 

5090
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,599
simple Until you realize how 
much snow you need to melt to 

5091
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:15,400
get a usable amount of water and
how much firewood that requires 

5092
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,300
and how your firewood Supply is 
already stretched thin. 

5093
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:21,700
Food preparation became creative
out of necessity. 

5094
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:25,800
Your variety had been limited 
before the storms now. 

5095
04:39:25,800 --> 04:39:29,700
It was approaching monotonous, 
root vegetables, salted meat, 

5096
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:32,599
dried beans, and perhaps some 
preserved fruit. 

5097
04:39:32,599 --> 04:39:36,200
If you were lucky, Every meal 
was a variation on the theme of 

5098
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:38,700
things that can be boiled or 
roasted near the fire. 

5099
04:39:39,500 --> 04:39:41,800
The bright spot was that, at 
least you didn't have to worry 

5100
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:45,400
about food spoiling, you could 
just stick it in a snowbank, 

5101
04:39:45,400 --> 04:39:48,000
which was basically a giant 
natural freezer that covered 

5102
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:51,600
everything you owned. children's
education, such as it was 

5103
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:55,500
continued, sporadically parents,
who could read would work with 

5104
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:59,500
their children on basic literacy
and arithmetic using the Bible 

5105
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:03,800
almanacs and whatever other 
books the family owned But 

5106
04:40:03,800 --> 04:40:08,800
concentration was difficult when
everyone was cold irritable and 

5107
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:11,900
worried about their increasingly
precarious situation. 

5108
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:16,300
Lessons often devolved into 
storytelling which at least 

5109
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,300
passed the time and didn't 
require anyone to sit still and 

5110
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:22,300
focus. 
The psychological strain of 

5111
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:26,700
prolonged confinement manifested
in various ways, some people 

5112
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:30,500
became withdrawn and quiet 
staring into the fire for hours,

5113
04:40:30,500 --> 04:40:33,300
others became manic in their 
activity. 

5114
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:36,500
Finding endless small tasks to 
occupy themselves. 

5115
04:40:37,400 --> 04:40:40,700
Family dynamics that had been 
stable for years suddenly became

5116
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:43,400
fraught. 
The colonial period didn't have 

5117
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:47,000
therapists or self-help books. 
So people just had to cope using

5118
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:49,900
prayer alcohol or sheer 
stubbornness. 

5119
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:54,000
Interestingly, the forced 
isolation seem to reduce 

5120
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:58,300
religious attendance anxieties. 
Getting to church was physically

5121
04:40:58,300 --> 04:41:01,200
impossible for most families, 
which meant missing services 

5122
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:04,600
without any guilt. 
The Puritan ministers, who 

5123
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:08,100
usually took a dim view of 
absence were, presumably too 

5124
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:11,100
busy dealing with their own snow
related problems to worry, much 

5125
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:14,900
about who wasn't showing up. it 
was possibly the first time in 

5126
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:17,800
Colonial New England history 
that you could skip church 

5127
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:21,100
without social consequences 
neighbors, who could see each 

5128
04:41:21,100 --> 04:41:24,100
other's chimneys through the 
snow often, the only indication 

5129
04:41:24,100 --> 04:41:27,600
that other humans were nearby 
developed signaling systems 

5130
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:30,500
Smoke patterns could convey 
basic information. 

5131
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:35,000
We're okay, we need help. 
And does anyone have any spare 

5132
04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:37,100
handles? 
Because we're running out and 

5133
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:39,200
staring into darkness for 12 
hours. 

5134
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:42,900
A night is making a strange. 
These smoke signals were 

5135
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:46,200
probably not terribly 
sophisticated but they provided 

5136
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:48,800
reassurance that you won't 
completely alone in the white 

5137
04:41:48,800 --> 04:41:52,200
wilderness. 
The male such as it existed in 

5138
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:56,300
1717 completely stopped. 
There were no postal workers 

5139
04:41:56,300 --> 04:41:59,200
Brave or foolish enough to 
attempt to delivery through 20 

5140
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:01,600
foot. 
Snow drifts. this meant that 

5141
04:42:01,600 --> 04:42:05,500
communities became isolated, not
just physically, but also 

5142
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:09,400
informationally You had no idea 
what was happening in the next 

5143
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:11,800
town. 
Let alone in Boston or other 

5144
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:15,300
major settlements. 
For all you knew you were the 

5145
04:42:15,308 --> 04:42:18,300
only people left alive and the 
rest of New England. 

5146
04:42:18,300 --> 04:42:22,100
Had been consumed by snow 
animals developed their own 

5147
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:26,900
coping strategies chickens 
trapped in coops established new

5148
04:42:26,900 --> 04:42:29,900
pecking orders based on who 
could commandeer the warmest 

5149
04:42:29,900 --> 04:42:34,300
spots cows adapted to their 
confinement with bovine. 

5150
04:42:34,300 --> 04:42:37,400
Stoicism though their milk 
production dropped 

5151
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:40,500
significantly. 
Horses seem to understand the 

5152
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:43,800
gravity of the situation and 
became unusually Cooperative, 

5153
04:42:43,800 --> 04:42:47,300
perhaps sensing that everyone 
needed to work together to 

5154
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:50,000
survive. 
Few people who are tempted 

5155
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:52,600
travel during this period. 
Left accounts that sound like 

5156
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:55,600
expeditions to the Arctic One 
man. 

5157
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:57,300
Described walking to his 
neighbor's house. 

5158
04:42:57,300 --> 04:42:59,600
A journey of perhaps a quarter 
mile. 

5159
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:04,400
That took him three hours. 
He had to navigate drifts break 

5160
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:07,600
through crossed in snow. 
Backtrack, when he encountered 

5161
04:43:07,600 --> 04:43:10,700
impossible, barriers and 
generally experience an 

5162
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:12,600
adventure worthy of a polar 
Explorer. 

5163
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:16,800
His neighbor apparently 
surprised to see anyone greeted 

5164
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,100
him like he'd returned from a 
Voyage to the Moon. 

5165
04:43:20,000 --> 04:43:23,000
Some enterprising colonists 
discovered that the hard-packed 

5166
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:26,000
surface of, the drifts could 
support considerable weight. 

5167
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:29,900
If approached correctly, You 
could walk on top of snow that 

5168
04:43:29,900 --> 04:43:32,000
in other spots would swallow you
completely. 

5169
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:35,700
This led to a strange, new form 
of travel where you'd move 

5170
04:43:35,700 --> 04:43:39,600
cautiously across the surface. 
Testing each step moving like 

5171
04:43:39,600 --> 04:43:44,500
someone walking on thin ice 
because in essence you were the 

5172
04:43:44,508 --> 04:43:49,500
technique required practice, 
patience and acceptance that you

5173
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:51,800
would occasionally fall through 
and need to be pulled out. 

5174
04:43:52,800 --> 04:43:56,800
The soundscape of Life under the
drifts was distinctive normal 

5175
04:43:56,800 --> 04:43:59,000
outdoor. 
Sounds were muffled, by the snow

5176
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:03,000
creating an Airy quiet, broken 
only by the occasional crack of 

5177
04:44:03,000 --> 04:44:07,200
breaking branches, the muffled 
lowing of cattle or the scrape 

5178
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:10,400
of shovels as people fought to 
maintain their tunnel systems, 

5179
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:15,608
Inside home's, every sound 
seemed Amplified the pop of the 

5180
04:44:15,616 --> 04:44:17,900
fire. 
The Creeks of floorboards and 

5181
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:21,700
the breathing of family members.
Some people found the quiet. 

5182
04:44:21,700 --> 04:44:24,300
Soothing others founded 
oppressive. 

5183
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:28,700
Lighting became a precious 
commodity canals, which were 

5184
04:44:28,700 --> 04:44:32,400
already expensive and 
time-consuming to make burned 

5185
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:35,200
down steadily, while the snow 
showed no signs of stopping. 

5186
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:39,500
Families, rationed like 
carefully often going to bed 

5187
04:44:39,500 --> 04:44:42,900
shortly after Sunset to conserve
candles for when they were truly

5188
04:44:42,900 --> 04:44:45,900
necessary. 
Evenings were spent in 

5189
04:44:45,900 --> 04:44:49,600
semi-darkness with perhaps one 
candle or the firelight to see 

5190
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:54,000
by creating Shadows that danced 
on walls and made familiar rooms

5191
04:44:54,000 --> 04:44:57,300
seem strange. 
The creativity of desperate 

5192
04:44:57,300 --> 04:44:59,900
people manifested in unexpected 
ways. 

5193
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:04,000
Some families organized, indoor 
festivals to maintain morale. 

5194
04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:07,800
Singing storytelling, craft 
anything, to break the monotony.

5195
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:12,900
Children created elaborate games
using household objects, adults 

5196
04:45:12,900 --> 04:45:16,100
told stories from memory. 
Embellishing with each retelling

5197
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:20,700
until they became local Legends,
One family, reportedly performed

5198
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:23,400
an entire week's worth of 
evening entertainments using 

5199
04:45:23,400 --> 04:45:25,800
nothing, but shadow puppets and 
engineering. 

5200
04:45:26,800 --> 04:45:29,300
Health concerned added another 
layer of anxiety. 

5201
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,300
Someone got sick or injured 
during the snowstorm, there was 

5202
04:45:33,300 --> 04:45:36,000
no way to fetch a doctor. 
No way to get help from 

5203
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:39,400
Neighbors and no options, except
to deal with that yourself, 

5204
04:45:39,400 --> 04:45:42,200
using whatever folk remedies, 
and herbal knowledge, you 

5205
04:45:42,200 --> 04:45:45,400
possessed every Cog made parents
nervous. 

5206
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:49,800
Every complained of feeling 
unwell triggered calculations 

5207
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:53,000
about supplies of medicinal 
herbs and whether the situation 

5208
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:56,700
might become serious, 
Surprisingly, the death rate 

5209
04:45:56,700 --> 04:46:00,100
during the Great snow, at least 
among humans was relatively low.

5210
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:04,500
New englanders were tough 
resourceful and experienced in 

5211
04:46:04,500 --> 04:46:07,700
dealing with harsh conditions. 
They knew how to ration food, 

5212
04:46:07,700 --> 04:46:11,100
maintain, heat, efficiently, and
keep themselves occupied during 

5213
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:14,700
long periods of confinement. 
The bigger casualties were 

5214
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:18,300
livestock, particularly those in
less sturdy shelters or within 

5215
04:46:18,300 --> 04:46:21,800
adequate food stores. 
As March progressed in the snow,

5216
04:46:21,800 --> 04:46:24,800
finally, stopped falling 
colonists began to reckon with 

5217
04:46:24,808 --> 04:46:26,500
the full extent of what had 
happened. 

5218
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:30,900
The accumulation in most places 
measured between 10 and 20 feet 

5219
04:46:30,900 --> 04:46:36,100
with drifts in exposed areas, 
reaching 25 ft or more Houses 

5220
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:40,400
were buried Rhodes had ceased to
exist as recognizable features. 

5221
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:43,700
The landscape looked like 
someone had taken a giant, white

5222
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:46,100
blanket and just dropped it over
everything. 

5223
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:50,200
Smoothing out all the familiar 
Contours into alien curves and 

5224
04:46:50,208 --> 04:46:54,200
slopes The silents when the snow
stopped was somehow more 

5225
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:56,600
profound than the silence during
the storms. 

5226
04:46:57,400 --> 04:46:59,500
For weeks. 
There had been at least the soft

5227
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:02,500
Whisper of falling Flakes and 
the occasional gust of wind. 

5228
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:07,500
Now, there was nothing the world
held its breath waiting to see 

5229
04:47:07,500 --> 04:47:11,200
what would happen next. 
Birds that had survived began to

5230
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:15,700
tentatively explore their calls.
Sounding impossibly loud in the 

5231
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:19,300
Stillness. 
Son emerged from behind clouds 

5232
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:23,400
making the snow surface Sparkle.
So brightly it hurt to look at 

5233
04:47:23,400 --> 04:47:26,800
directly. 
When the snow finally stopped 

5234
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,100
falling in mid-march new 
englanders faced a new problem, 

5235
04:47:30,100 --> 04:47:33,200
they were living under 
approximately 20 feet of Frozen 

5236
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:36,600
water that showed no immediate 
interest in going anywhere. 

5237
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,300
Bring in New England, typically 
involves a gradual Thor with 

5238
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:44,900
melting during the day and 
refreezing at night, a slow 

5239
04:47:44,900 --> 04:47:46,900
transition from Winter to mud 
season. 

5240
04:47:47,800 --> 04:47:50,900
But the great snow wasn't 
interested in following typical 

5241
04:47:50,900 --> 04:47:53,600
patterns. 
The sheer volume of snow 

5242
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:57,800
created, its own microclimate. 
Even as temperatures Rose above 

5243
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,300
freezing. 
During the day, the vast mass of

5244
04:48:00,308 --> 04:48:03,800
snow stayed cold reflecting 
sunlight and keeping air 

5245
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:05,100
temperatures lower than they 
might. 

5246
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:08,900
Otherwise be was like living 
inside a massive Ice Cube that 

5247
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:12,500
was very slowly warming from the
outside in the process of 

5248
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:14,400
melting. 
This much snow would take weeks 

5249
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:17,700
possibly months and would create
its own set of challenges. 

5250
04:48:18,800 --> 04:48:22,100
Initial attempts at clearing 
paths were all mostly futile. 

5251
04:48:23,200 --> 04:48:26,800
Shovel for hours, creating a 
narrow passage that represented 

5252
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:28,800
significant effort and 
exhaustion. 

5253
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:32,500
Only to realize you'd made a 
barely visible dent in drifts 

5254
04:48:32,500 --> 04:48:34,200
that stretched in every 
direction. 

5255
04:48:34,200 --> 04:48:37,200
It was like trying to empty a 
lake with a teacup. 

5256
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:40,500
Some colonists gave up on 
clearing entirely and just 

5257
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:42,600
focused on maintaining their 
tunnel systems. 

5258
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:45,500
Figuring the snow would melt 
eventually, and there was no 

5259
04:48:45,500 --> 04:48:49,000
point in fighting it. 
But isolation was becoming a 

5260
04:48:49,000 --> 04:48:51,800
serious problem. 
Communities have been cut off 

5261
04:48:51,800 --> 04:48:55,100
from each other for over three 
weeks, Food Supplies were 

5262
04:48:55,100 --> 04:48:58,700
running, critically low firewood
that had seemed adequate in 

5263
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:02,500
February, was nearly exhausted. 
People needed to reconnect 

5264
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:06,500
needed to trade goods and needed
to know if the rest of the world

5265
04:49:06,500 --> 04:49:10,100
still existed. 
This necessity drove her 

5266
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:12,900
remarkable efforts to create 
pathways through the snow. 

5267
04:49:13,800 --> 04:49:16,500
The solution that emerged was 
essentially a combination of 

5268
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:19,400
tunneling and tramping. 
Groups of men would work 

5269
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:23,200
together to create packed down 
Trails walking the same path. 

5270
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:25,600
Repeatedly until it was 
compressed enough to support 

5271
04:49:25,600 --> 04:49:28,700
regular traffic. 
It was exhausting work. 

5272
04:49:28,700 --> 04:49:32,600
Imagine hiking through deep snow
for hours, while carrying tools,

5273
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:37,100
but gradually slowly paths, 
began to connect neighboring, 

5274
04:49:37,100 --> 04:49:39,100
farms, and eventually linked to 
main roads. 

5275
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:43,000
These early Pathways were more 
like trenches than roads. 

5276
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:46,600
You'd walk along the bottom of a
corridor whose walls with snow. 

5277
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:51,200
Sometimes 15 feet high on either
side, unable to see anything, 

5278
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:53,500
but the sky above and the path 
ahead. 

5279
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:57,600
It was disorienting and slightly
claustrophobic, but it was 

5280
04:49:57,600 --> 04:50:01,800
better than complete isolation. 
Travelers met in these trenches 

5281
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:04,800
with the relief of survivors. 
Finding other humans after a 

5282
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:08,700
disaster, exchanging news and 
supplies and reassurances that 

5283
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:13,100
they weren't alone, Boston being
a port city with more resources 

5284
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:16,500
and Manpower organized more, 
systematic clearing efforts, 

5285
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:20,200
Teams of workers attack the snow
with a determination. 

5286
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:24,600
Born of economic necessity. 
The city's Commerce depended, on

5287
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:28,000
ship traffic and ships. 
Couldn't move while the harbor 

5288
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:29,700
was frozen and streets were 
impossible. 

5289
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:34,300
The work was brutal shoveling 
snow all day in conditions, that

5290
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:37,200
range from barely tolerable to 
actively hostile. 

5291
04:50:38,100 --> 04:50:42,100
But wages were good by Colonial,
standards and Desperation made 

5292
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:43,800
many willing to take on the 
tasks. 

5293
04:50:45,000 --> 04:50:48,300
The clearing efforts in Boston, 
created mountains of snow that 

5294
04:50:48,300 --> 04:50:51,600
had to go somewhere. 
Without modern snow removal 

5295
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,000
equipment, the only option was 
to pile it up. 

5296
04:50:54,900 --> 04:50:58,600
These artificial Hills of plowed
snow grew taller than buildings,

5297
04:50:58,600 --> 04:51:02,800
creating a strange new cityscape
where snow mountains loomed over

5298
04:51:02,808 --> 04:51:05,800
streets. 
Children found these mountains 

5299
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:09,500
irresistible for sledding, 
despite parental warnings about 

5300
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:12,400
the dangers. 
Some of these snow piles would 

5301
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:16,400
remain visible well Into Summer 
slowly shrinking but stubbornly 

5302
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:20,900
refusing to disappear entirely. 
Rural areas, relied more on 

5303
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:24,500
nature, to do the work? 
As temperatures gradually warmed

5304
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:27,400
the snow began to settle and 
compress under its own weight. 

5305
04:51:28,200 --> 04:51:31,800
Paths that had been impossible 
slowly became navigable as the 

5306
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,600
surface hardened and lowered. 
It was still difficult travel. 

5307
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:39,700
You'd sink to your knees or 
thighs with regularity, but it 

5308
04:51:39,700 --> 04:51:42,300
was, at least possible to move 
around your property and reach 

5309
04:51:42,300 --> 04:51:43,200
nearby. 
Neighbors. 

5310
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:47,700
The livestock situation was 
becoming critical animals that 

5311
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:51,300
had survived this long needed, 
fresh air exercise and grazing 

5312
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:54,300
as soon as possible. 
But releasing them into deep 

5313
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:57,800
snow risk losing them in drifts 
or having them in the themselves

5314
04:51:57,800 --> 04:51:59,700
trying to navigate impossible to
rain. 

5315
04:52:00,600 --> 04:52:04,500
Farmers had to create enclosed 
areas near Barnes, where snow 

5316
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:08,900
was compressed enough animals to
move safely, horses and oxen 

5317
04:52:08,900 --> 04:52:12,200
were particularly valuable and 
received the most careful 

5318
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:15,100
attention while chickens were 
basically left off to fend for 

5319
04:52:15,108 --> 04:52:18,700
themselves, which they did with 
their usual combination of luck 

5320
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:22,200
and spite. 
As communication, resumed 

5321
04:52:22,200 --> 04:52:25,700
people, discovered that the 
great snow had affected, all of 

5322
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:27,900
New England with varying degrees
of severity. 

5323
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:32,800
Some coastal areas had received 
less accumulation while Inland 

5324
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:35,900
regions and higher elevations, 
were buried even deeper than 

5325
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:38,900
most places. 
Stories began to circulate, 

5326
04:52:38,900 --> 04:52:43,500
Tales of whole house, is being 
lost until spring of Travelers. 

5327
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:47,100
Who perished attempting to cross
impossible, distances of 

5328
04:52:47,100 --> 04:52:49,800
Creative, Solutions to 
unprecedented problems. 

5329
04:52:50,800 --> 04:52:53,300
One story that made the rounds 
involved, a family, whose 

5330
04:52:53,300 --> 04:52:55,800
chimney became so packed with 
snow that smoke could not 

5331
04:52:55,800 --> 04:52:58,500
Escape. 
Rather than suffocate the 

5332
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:02,400
carefully, extinguish their fire
and spent several days in bitter

5333
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:05,000
cold while working to clear the 
chimney from inside. 

5334
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,600
When they finally succeeded and 
relit the fire, the sudden draft

5335
04:53:09,600 --> 04:53:13,500
nearly blew the roof off. 
Family survived the house 

5336
04:53:13,500 --> 04:53:17,200
survived and they became local 
celebrities for their ordeal. 

5337
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:20,900
Another account described a man 
who'd been visiting Neighbors, 

5338
04:53:20,900 --> 04:53:22,400
when the worst of the storms 
hit. 

5339
04:53:23,200 --> 04:53:26,300
Unable to return home. 
He was trapped for nearly three 

5340
04:53:26,300 --> 04:53:29,200
weeks. 
His wife assuming he'd taken 

5341
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:32,100
shelter, somewhere wasn't 
particularly worried until he 

5342
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:35,600
finally made it back half 
starved and with a beard that 

5343
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:40,600
had grown wild. she reportedly 
greeted him with relief, then 

5344
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:43,700
immediately put him to work on 
clearing their paths because 

5345
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:47,300
priorities the gradual 
reconnection of communities 

5346
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:51,500
brought news both good and 
troubling the death toll while 

5347
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:54,500
lower than might be expected. 
Given the severity of the storms

5348
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:58,500
was still significant. 
Mostly elderly people who 

5349
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,800
couldn't handle the cold a few 
Travelers caught between 

5350
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:05,400
destinations and some children 
who wandered from safety. 

5351
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:08,300
Livestock losses were 
substantial. 

5352
04:54:08,300 --> 04:54:12,900
Estimates suggested that 
hundreds of cattle, sheep and 

5353
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:18,300
other animals had died from cold
starvation or injuries sustained

5354
04:54:18,300 --> 04:54:20,600
in panic to attempts to escape 
their shelter's. 

5355
04:54:20,600 --> 04:54:24,100
But there was also remarkable 
news of resilience and survival.

5356
04:54:24,900 --> 04:54:26,500
Families. 
Who had been certain, they 

5357
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:29,100
wouldn't make it through. 
Had found ways to endure. 

5358
04:54:29,900 --> 04:54:33,200
communities that had seemed on 
the brink of Crisis discovered, 

5359
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:36,500
they had more resources and 
creativity than they'd realized 

5360
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:39,700
The shared experience of 
surviving something 

5361
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:43,200
unprecedented, created bonds 
between neighbors that would 

5362
04:54:43,200 --> 04:54:47,000
last for Generations. religious 
leaders, interpreted the great 

5363
04:54:47,000 --> 04:54:51,100
snow, according to their 
theological Frameworks, Some saw

5364
04:54:51,100 --> 04:54:54,100
it as Divine punishment. 
For Colonial sins, though. 

5365
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,100
There was considerable debate 
about which specific sins had 

5366
04:54:57,100 --> 04:54:59,500
angered God enough to Warrant 20
feet of snow. 

5367
04:55:00,200 --> 04:55:03,700
Others viewed it as a test of 
faith, a trial that would 

5368
04:55:03,700 --> 04:55:06,300
strengthen the community's 
relationship with the divine. 

5369
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:10,300
Few practical minded, ministers 
suggested, it was simply weather

5370
04:55:10,300 --> 04:55:13,600
and perhaps they should focus on
helping each other rather than 

5371
04:55:13,600 --> 04:55:15,600
debating its spiritual 
significance. 

5372
04:55:16,700 --> 04:55:19,800
As March gave way to April, the 
pace of melting accelerated 

5373
04:55:19,800 --> 04:55:22,200
warmer temperatures. 
And longer days. 

5374
04:55:22,200 --> 04:55:25,600
Finally began to make a visible 
dent in the snow accumulation. 

5375
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:30,800
Roofs emerged from under their 
white bird fence is reappeared 

5376
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:34,200
trees that had been bent doubles
slowly straightened. 

5377
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:37,900
As their load of snow, melted 
the landscape began to remember 

5378
04:55:37,900 --> 04:55:40,800
its original shape though. 
It would be weeks before it 

5379
04:55:40,800 --> 04:55:44,400
fully returned to normal the 
melting created its own set of 

5380
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:46,500
problems. 
All that snow had to go 

5381
04:55:46,500 --> 04:55:49,000
somewhere and where it went was 
everywhere. 

5382
04:55:49,800 --> 04:55:53,700
Rivers and streams swell to 
flood stage roads. 

5383
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:58,000
Turned into muddy rivers 
basements flooded The spring 

5384
04:55:58,000 --> 04:56:01,900
runoff, typically a manageable 
annual event became a deluge 

5385
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:05,400
that overwhelmed normal drainage
and created temporary lakes in 

5386
04:56:05,408 --> 04:56:08,600
low-lying areas. 
It was like watching winter 

5387
04:56:08,600 --> 04:56:12,500
turned directly into a very wet,
very muddy version of Springs. 

5388
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:16,600
Skipping all the pleasant parts.
But with the melting came hope 

5389
04:56:16,600 --> 04:56:20,400
every day, the world looked a 
little more familiar every day 

5390
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:23,900
travel became a little easier 
every day, brought them closer 

5391
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:26,900
to the farming season when they 
could begin to recover from 

5392
04:56:26,900 --> 04:56:29,800
Winter's assault. 
Garden's could be planned 

5393
04:56:29,800 --> 04:56:35,600
animals, could graze a normal 
life could resume, First flowers

5394
04:56:35,600 --> 04:56:40,300
to emerge crocuses and 
snowdrops, ionically became 

5395
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:43,500
objects of Celebration 
disproportionate to their size 

5396
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:46,700
or beauty. 
After months of nothing but 

5397
04:56:46,700 --> 04:56:50,800
white and gray and brown the 
sight of actual color in the 

5398
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,400
landscape. 
Felt like a miracle children. 

5399
04:56:53,400 --> 04:56:56,500
Brought handfuls of early 
flowers to their mothers who 

5400
04:56:56,500 --> 04:56:58,900
placed them, in whatever 
containers could hold water. 

5401
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:01,200
Treating them like Precious 
Treasures. 

5402
04:57:02,100 --> 04:57:04,300
Birds returned in force and 
their songs. 

5403
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:06,800
Seemed louder and more 
enthusiastic than anyone 

5404
04:57:06,800 --> 04:57:09,500
remembered. 
Or perhaps it was just that 

5405
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:13,700
after weeks of muffled, silenced
under snow, any sound felt 

5406
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:16,300
remarkable. 
The geese flying overhead in 

5407
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:18,500
their V. 
Formations the robins hunting 

5408
04:57:18,500 --> 04:57:22,600
for worms in newly exposed soil.
The hawk circling above looking 

5409
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:26,200
for prey, all of its signal that
the world was returning to its 

5410
04:57:26,200 --> 04:57:30,600
normal rhythms. 
A spring truly arrived and life 

5411
04:57:30,600 --> 04:57:33,400
returned to something 
approaching normal, new 

5412
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,700
englanders began to reckon with 
what the great snow had done to 

5413
04:57:36,700 --> 04:57:39,900
their world. 
The physical impact were obvious

5414
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:45,400
damage to buildings lost 
livestock and depleted supplies.

5415
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:48,900
That the psychological and 
social impacts would resonate 

5416
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:51,900
for much longer. 
The great snow became the 

5417
04:57:51,900 --> 04:57:55,000
defining event against which all
other weather was measured for 

5418
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:57,600
Generations. 
Grandparents would tell their 

5419
04:57:57,600 --> 04:57:59,900
grandchildren about the winter. 
When the snow reached, the 

5420
04:57:59,900 --> 04:58:03,200
Second Story windows, and the 
children would roll their eyes. 

5421
04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:06,100
The way children always do when 
elderly relatives, start talking

5422
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:08,100
about how much harder things 
were in their day. 

5423
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:12,900
Except in this case, the elderly
relatives were actually telling 

5424
04:58:12,900 --> 04:58:15,900
the truth, even if they 
embellish the details with each 

5425
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:19,800
retelling. 
Diaries and letters from 1717 

5426
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:23,200
provide glimpses into how people
process their experience. 

5427
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,500
Cotton Mather, the famous 
Puritan Minister wrote 

5428
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:31,000
extensively about the storms 
interpreting them through a 

5429
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:33,500
religious lens while also 
providing detailed 

5430
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:37,800
meteorological observations. 
His accounts described snow 

5431
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:42,000
depths drift patterns, and the 
challenges of daily life with 

5432
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:44,900
the Precision of someone who 
understood this was historically

5433
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,700
significant. other written 
records are more personal and 

5434
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:52,200
immediate one woman wrote about 
the strange intimacy of being 

5435
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:55,400
confined with her family for 
weeks, how they learned things 

5436
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:58,400
about each other that years of 
normal life had never revealed 

5437
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:02,400
Another described the terror of 
hearing, the roof Creek, under 

5438
04:59:02,400 --> 04:59:06,500
the weight of snow wondering, if
each Creek might be the one that

5439
04:59:06,500 --> 04:59:09,400
preceded collapse. 
A farmer. 

5440
04:59:09,400 --> 04:59:12,600
Catalogued his livestock losses 
with the resignation of someone 

5441
04:59:12,600 --> 04:59:16,000
who understood that, survival, 
sometimes meant accepting 

5442
04:59:16,000 --> 04:59:20,000
things, you couldn't control. 
The economic impact of the great

5443
04:59:20,000 --> 04:59:22,000
snow rippled through New, 
England for months. 

5444
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,600
Spring planting was delayed 
which meant smaller harvests in 

5445
04:59:26,608 --> 04:59:29,400
the fall lost livestock had to 
be replaced. 

5446
04:59:29,400 --> 04:59:32,800
A significant expense for 
families whose margins were 

5447
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:35,800
already thin. 
Buildings, needed repairs, 

5448
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:37,700
Gardens. 
That have been carefully 

5449
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:41,400
established over years were 
damaged or destroyed and needed 

5450
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:45,800
to be started from scratch. 
The snow had essentially reset 

5451
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:49,400
progress for many families. 
Forcing them to rebuild what had

5452
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:51,900
been lost. 
But there were unexpected 

5453
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:55,000
benefits as well. 
The Deep snowpack meant 

5454
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:58,500
exceptional, water availability 
through the summer Wells, that 

5455
04:59:58,500 --> 05:00:02,800
sometimes ran low stayed full 
streams that occasionally dried 

5456
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,600
up, kept flowing. 
The moisture in the soil 

5457
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:08,900
produced crops that despite the 
late start grew with unusual 

5458
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:12,700
Vigor nature, having delivered 
an unprecedented winter. 

5459
05:00:12,700 --> 05:00:16,700
Apparently decided to compensate
with an uncommonly productive 

5460
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:19,500
growing season. 
The shared experience of 

5461
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:23,300
surviving the great snow created
social bonds that transcended 

5462
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,500
previous divisions. 
Disputes between neighbors, 

5463
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:29,200
seemed Petty and light of what 
everyone had endured together. 

5464
05:00:30,100 --> 05:00:33,100
Communities that have been 
fractious, found new Unity. 

5465
05:00:33,900 --> 05:00:36,900
People who had survived the same
ordeal developed a kinship that 

5466
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:41,000
came from understanding, what it
meant to face nature at its most

5467
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:43,300
imposing and come through the 
other side. 

5468
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:46,600
Children who lived through the 
great snow would carry its 

5469
05:00:46,600 --> 05:00:48,100
memory for the rest of their 
lives. 

5470
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:51,200
For them. 
It became the dividing line 

5471
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:55,000
between before and after the 
event that marked their 

5472
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,800
transition from childhood. 
Innocence to an understanding 

5473
05:00:57,800 --> 05:01:00,500
that the world could be both 
beautiful and dangerous. 

5474
05:01:01,400 --> 05:01:04,800
Some would develop a lifelong, 
weariness of winter always 

5475
05:01:04,800 --> 05:01:08,400
preparing more than necessary. 
Always worried that another such

5476
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:12,100
storm might arrive Others, would
remember it with a strange 

5477
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:15,900
Nostalgia recalling. 
The adventure and excitement of 

5478
05:01:15,900 --> 05:01:17,700
living through something 
extraordinary. 

5479
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,400
The physical evidence of the 
great snow lasted, surprisingly 

5480
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:24,300
long. 
Those massive piles of plowed 

5481
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:26,800
snow in Boston, melted slowly 
through the summer. 

5482
05:01:26,800 --> 05:01:31,200
Creating muddy pools that became
unofficial swimming holes for 

5483
05:01:31,200 --> 05:01:33,100
children and newsons for 
everyone else. 

5484
05:01:34,200 --> 05:01:37,600
Some snow remained in deep 
shaded valleys well into June. 

5485
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,400
Stubborn patches of winter 
refusing to admit that spring 

5486
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:45,400
had won trees that had been 
damaged by the weight of snow or

5487
05:01:45,400 --> 05:01:49,300
scars visible for years. 
Afterwards, bent trunks, missing

5488
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:52,600
branches and growth patterns 
that marked where they'd be 

5489
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:56,400
broken and healed. 
Architecture changed subtly in 

5490
05:01:56,400 --> 05:01:59,600
response to the great snow. 
New buildings were constructed 

5491
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,200
with steeper roofs to shed snow 
more effectively. 

5492
05:02:03,000 --> 05:02:06,700
Bonds were reinforced with 
additional supports storage. 

5493
05:02:06,700 --> 05:02:09,800
Buildings were designed with 
better access during High snow 

5494
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:12,600
conditions. 
These weren't dramatic changes 

5495
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:15,400
but they reflected a 
recalibration of what new 

5496
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:17,000
englanders understood winter 
could do. 

5497
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:20,100
They'd have been reminded that 
nature could exceed their 

5498
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:23,300
expectations and they adjusted 
their plans accordingly. 

5499
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:28,600
The great snow entered folklore,
almost immediately stories, 

5500
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:32,300
began to circulate, the probably
had some basis in truth, but 

5501
05:02:32,300 --> 05:02:33,800
grew more elaborate with each 
telling. 

5502
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:37,900
Tales of people walking over 
houses without realizing they 

5503
05:02:37,900 --> 05:02:41,200
were there. 
Of deer being found Frozen in 

5504
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:44,600
standing positions preserved in 
ice, like statues. 

5505
05:02:45,500 --> 05:02:49,500
Stories of tunnels collapsing 
and miraculous rescues of 

5506
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:52,100
supplies running out just as a 
Thor allowed. 

5507
05:02:52,100 --> 05:02:55,000
Resupply of providential 
intervention. 

5508
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:57,000
That save families from 
disaster. 

5509
05:02:58,000 --> 05:03:01,500
Some stories focused on human 
Ingenuity and creativity under 

5510
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:04,400
pressure. 
The man who fashioned snowshoes 

5511
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:07,800
from barrel staves and managed 
to walk across drifts that 

5512
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:11,300
swallowed everyone else The 
family that rationed their food.

5513
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,400
So carefully they ended the 
ordeal with supplies to spare, 

5514
05:03:14,400 --> 05:03:18,300
the woman, who kept her family 
spirits up through the darkest 

5515
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,000
days with nothing but stories 
and songs. 

5516
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,700
These Tails celebrated, the 
resilience and resourcefulness 

5517
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:27,000
that had allowed the community 
to survive. 

5518
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:31,100
Other stories had a darker tone 
acknowledging, the losses, and 

5519
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,900
the moments of despair. 
Traveler was found Frozen 

5520
05:03:34,900 --> 05:03:38,900
halfway between settlements. 
His final thoughts are known. 

5521
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:43,200
The elderly couple who simply 
didn't have the strength to 

5522
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,900
endure another month of cold and
hardship. 

5523
05:03:46,600 --> 05:03:49,600
The animals that died despite 
their owners, best efforts, 

5524
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:53,100
these stories served as 
reminders, that survival had 

5525
05:03:53,100 --> 05:03:56,600
come at a cost and that luck 
played as much a role as 

5526
05:03:56,600 --> 05:04:00,300
preparation or strength. 
The great snow also entered 

5527
05:04:00,300 --> 05:04:03,300
religious discourse in ways that
reflected the theological 

5528
05:04:03,300 --> 05:04:06,500
debates of the era. 
Some ministers used it as 

5529
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:10,500
evidence, of divine displeasure,
pointing to specific sins, they 

5530
05:04:10,500 --> 05:04:12,300
believed to triggered God's 
judgment. 

5531
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:17,100
Others saw it as a test at the 
community had passed evident of 

5532
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:20,500
their faith and righteousness, 
still others argued. 

5533
05:04:20,500 --> 05:04:25,400
It was simply whether remarkable
but natural and a tributing, 

5534
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:28,500
moral significance to 
meteorology was perhaps missing 

5535
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:31,500
the point. 
These debates, probably mattered

5536
05:04:31,500 --> 05:04:34,400
less to the average colonist 
than the Practical, question of 

5537
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:36,400
whether they are chickens. 
Would start laying again. 

5538
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:40,500
Scientific observation in the 
early 18th century was informal 

5539
05:04:40,500 --> 05:04:44,400
and often mixed with folklore. 
But the great snow prompted, 

5540
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:46,900
some genuine attempts to 
understand what had happened. 

5541
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:51,400
People compared experiences, 
trying to establish patterns in 

5542
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:55,500
snowfall and drift formation. 
They noticed that certain areas 

5543
05:04:55,500 --> 05:04:58,000
consistently received more or 
less snow. 

5544
05:04:58,000 --> 05:05:02,100
That wind patterns, created, 
predictable drift locations and 

5545
05:05:02,100 --> 05:05:05,000
that temperature fluctuations 
influence snow quality. 

5546
05:05:06,200 --> 05:05:08,800
This informal meteorology 
wouldn't impress modern 

5547
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:12,400
scientists, but it represented 
colonists trying to make sense 

5548
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:14,600
of their world through 
observation and reason. 

5549
05:05:15,700 --> 05:05:18,600
The great snows Legacy extended 
Beyond New England. 

5550
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,500
News of the extraordinary 
Winters bred to other colonies 

5551
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,600
and eventually to England where 
it was received with a mixture 

5552
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:31,400
of sympathy and skepticism. 
English readers accustomed to 

5553
05:05:31,400 --> 05:05:34,900
milder Winters struggled to 
imagine 20 ft of snow. 

5554
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:39,400
Some assumed the accounts were 
exaggerated, surely the 

5555
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:41,300
colonists were embellishing for 
effect. 

5556
05:05:42,600 --> 05:05:46,900
This skepticism frustrated new 
englanders who knew exactly how 

5557
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,800
extraordinary their experience 
had been and resented having it 

5558
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:52,500
questioned by people. 
Who'd never seen snow that deep.

5559
05:05:53,600 --> 05:05:57,100
In the decades that followed the
great snow became a benchmark. 

5560
05:05:57,900 --> 05:06:00,800
Other harsh Winters were 
compared to it and found wanting

5561
05:06:02,100 --> 05:06:06,200
bad but not 1717 bad became a 
common refrain. 

5562
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:10,000
The event established a ceiling 
for what winter could do. 

5563
05:06:10,000 --> 05:06:13,700
A worst case scenario that 
seemed unlikely to be repeated 

5564
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:18,000
And indeed, while New England 
has experienced many harsh 

5565
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,900
Winters since 1717. 
None have quite matched that 

5566
05:06:21,900 --> 05:06:25,400
remarkable season when the sky 
opened and didn't closed for 

5567
05:06:25,400 --> 05:06:28,400
nearly a month. 
As you sit here in your climate 

5568
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:31,800
controlled Comfort, perhaps with
a warm drink and a soft blanket,

5569
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:36,000
it's worth reflecting on what 
the great snow can teach us 

5570
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:39,800
about resilience community and 
the human relationship with 

5571
05:06:39,800 --> 05:06:42,900
nature. 
We're separated from those 

5572
05:06:42,900 --> 05:06:45,100
Colonial. 
New englanders by over three 

5573
05:06:45,100 --> 05:06:48,300
centuries. 
Countless technological advances

5574
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,100
and such dramatic changes in 
daily life. 

5575
05:06:51,100 --> 05:06:53,200
That they barely recognize our 
world. 

5576
05:06:54,500 --> 05:06:57,500
Yet their experience speaks to 
something Timeless about how 

5577
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:00,200
people cope with circumstances 
beyond their control. 

5578
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:04,600
The colonists of 1717 didn't 
have weather forecasting, 

5579
05:07:04,600 --> 05:07:08,200
climate control, instant 
communication or any of the 

5580
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:10,800
Technologies, we can consider 
essential for dealing with harsh

5581
05:07:10,800 --> 05:07:13,200
weather. 
What they had was knowledge 

5582
05:07:13,200 --> 05:07:17,700
passed down through generations,
strong Community bonds, a 

5583
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:19,100
remarkable tolerance for 
discomfort. 

5584
05:07:19,100 --> 05:07:22,400
And an understanding that 
survival sometimes meant simply 

5585
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:26,900
enduring When faced with 
unprecedented circumstances, 

5586
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,300
they adapted improvised and 
supported each other through the

5587
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:32,500
crisis. 
There's something almost 

5588
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:35,200
enviable about the Simplicity of
their challenges. 

5589
05:07:35,200 --> 05:07:38,600
Not enviable in the sense that 
we'd want to experience what 

5590
05:07:38,600 --> 05:07:41,900
they did spending weeks. 
Trapped in a cold house within 

5591
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:44,700
adequate food. 
While buried under 20 feet of 

5592
05:07:44,708 --> 05:07:48,100
snow sounds terrible. 
No matter how you frame it but 

5593
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:51,500
enviable in its directness The 
problems were clear. 

5594
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:56,300
Stay warm, stay fed, keep 
animals alive and wait for 

5595
05:07:56,300 --> 05:07:59,600
spring. 
The solutions while difficult 

5596
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:02,700
were equally clear. 
There was no ambiguity about 

5597
05:08:02,700 --> 05:08:06,100
what needed doing Modern Life, 
really offers, such clarity. 

5598
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:10,300
Our challenges are often 
abstract long-term and difficult

5599
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:14,600
to Define precisely. 
Climate change, economic 

5600
05:08:14,600 --> 05:08:19,400
uncertainty social division. 
These are the storms we face now

5601
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:23,100
and they don't have the simple 
directness of too much snow. 

5602
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:26,900
We can't tunnel through them or 
wait for them to melt. 

5603
05:08:28,000 --> 05:08:30,900
colonists, who survived the 
great snow had the advantage of 

5604
05:08:30,908 --> 05:08:34,400
knowing their ordeal had a 
definite endpoint eventually 

5605
05:08:34,400 --> 05:08:38,300
spring would arrive in the snow 
would melt They just had to last

5606
05:08:38,300 --> 05:08:41,800
until then perhaps we can learn 
something from how they approach

5607
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:44,300
their crisis. 
They didn't waste energy 

5608
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:47,900
complaining about the Injustice 
of this situation or debating, 

5609
05:08:47,900 --> 05:08:51,500
whether the snow was really that
deep or speculating about 

5610
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:53,600
whether better leadership could 
have prevented it. 

5611
05:08:54,800 --> 05:08:57,900
They accepted the reality they 
face and focused on what they 

5612
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:01,700
could control their own actions,
their families welfare, and 

5613
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:05,800
their neighbor's needs. there's 
wisdom in that Acceptance in 

5614
05:09:05,800 --> 05:09:09,600
choosing to work with reality 
rather than arguing with it The 

5615
05:09:09,608 --> 05:09:11,900
community bonds strengthened by 
the great snow. 

5616
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:15,900
Offer another lesson modern 
society often prioritizes 

5617
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:19,300
individual achievement and 
self-sufficiency in ways that 

5618
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,500
Colonial new englanders, would 
find both bizarre and dangerous.

5619
05:09:22,500 --> 05:09:26,500
They understood that survival 
depended on community on 

5620
05:09:26,500 --> 05:09:29,400
neighbor's helping each other 
and on sharing resources and 

5621
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,900
knowledge and labor. 
The great snow reinforced these 

5622
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:35,500
bonds by making their importance
undeniable. 

5623
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,300
You survived not just through 
your own efforts, but through 

5624
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:42,200
the web of relationships that 
connected you to others. 

5625
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:45,900
We've built a world where such 
interdependence is less visible.

5626
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,700
Your heat comes from distant 
power plants or gas lines. 

5627
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:53,500
Your food comes from industrial 
Farms, hundreds or thousands of 

5628
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,000
miles away. 
Your water arrives through 

5629
05:09:56,000 --> 05:09:59,100
underground pipes from treatment
facilities, you've never seen 

5630
05:10:00,000 --> 05:10:03,600
this system is remarkably 
efficient, but it obscures the 

5631
05:10:03,600 --> 05:10:07,500
reality that we're just as 
dependent on others as those 

5632
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:11,400
Colonial families were We've 
just outsourced that dependence 

5633
05:10:11,400 --> 05:10:14,100
to systems, so large and complex
that we forget. 

5634
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:18,000
They're there until they fail. 
The great snow also reminds us 

5635
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:19,600
of Nature's power and 
indifference. 

5636
05:10:19,600 --> 05:10:23,100
The storms didn't care about 
human plans or needs or 

5637
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:26,100
survival. 
They weren't punishment or tests

5638
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:29,700
or lessons, they were whether 
operating according to 

5639
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:33,500
atmospheric physics, that has no
concern for whether humans, find

5640
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:37,100
the results convenient. 
Colonial new englanders. 

5641
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:40,500
Understood this at a visceral 
level that modern people often 

5642
05:10:40,500 --> 05:10:42,900
don't. 
They lived much closer to 

5643
05:10:42,900 --> 05:10:46,700
Nature's raw power and had fewer
buffers between themselves and 

5644
05:10:46,700 --> 05:10:49,700
its effects. 
Our technology has given us 

5645
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:54,300
unprecedented ability to predict
prepare for and protect 

5646
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:57,900
ourselves from natural events. 
We have weather satellites, 

5647
05:10:57,900 --> 05:11:02,500
climate models building codes, 
emergency services and 

5648
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,500
infrastructure designed to 
handle extreme conditions. 

5649
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:09,300
These are real advantages that 
save countless lives. 

5650
05:11:10,100 --> 05:11:12,900
But they can also create an 
illusion of control that doesn't

5651
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:15,400
match. 
Reality nature retains the 

5652
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:18,300
ability to overwhelm our 
preparations as hurricanes 

5653
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:21,900
floods wildfires. 
And yes occasionally severe. 

5654
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,800
Winter storms, continue to 
demonstrate. there's also 

5655
05:11:25,800 --> 05:11:28,400
something to be said about the 
pace of Life, the great snow in 

5656
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:32,800
forced for weeks, colonists had 
nothing to do but exists with 

5657
05:11:32,800 --> 05:11:36,400
their families, maintain basic 
necessities, and wait. 

5658
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:39,300
No. 
Rushing to appointments know 

5659
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:43,700
checking device is no consuming 
media, no busy work. 

5660
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:45,300
That creates the illusion of 
productivity. 

5661
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,800
Just being in the most 
fundamental sense. 

5662
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:54,500
Many people who have experienced
similar Force, slowing, whether 

5663
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:57,900
through illness isolation or 
circumstance. 

5664
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:03,400
Report that while difficult it 
provided unexpected insights and

5665
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:07,400
a recalibration of priorities, 
the stories that emerge from the

5666
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:10,500
great snow highlight Humanities 
need to make meaning from 

5667
05:12:10,500 --> 05:12:13,600
experienced. 
People didn't just survive the 

5668
05:12:13,600 --> 05:12:16,800
storms, they needed to 
understand them to fit them into

5669
05:12:16,800 --> 05:12:18,800
narratives that made sense of 
their world. 

5670
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,500
Some narratives were religious 
others, practical and still 

5671
05:12:23,500 --> 05:12:26,100
others focused on human heroism 
or failure. 

5672
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,500
What matters isn't which 
interpretation was correct. 

5673
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:33,200
But the creating these stories 
helped people process their 

5674
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:37,600
experience and pass its lessons 
to Future Generations in our 

5675
05:12:37,608 --> 05:12:40,900
owner of Rapid change. 
And uncertainty were creating 

5676
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:44,900
similar stories to make sense of
our experience is, we argue 

5677
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:47,600
about their meaning, their 
implications and their lessons. 

5678
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:50,900
Like those Colonial new 
englanders were trying to 

5679
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:53,800
understand events that exceed 
our previous Frameworks for 

5680
05:12:53,800 --> 05:12:56,100
comprehension. 
There are arguments about 

5681
05:12:56,100 --> 05:12:58,700
whether the great snow was 
divine judgment or natural 

5682
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,500
weather, mirror our debate about
current challenges. 

5683
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:04,700
We're all just trying to make 
sense of things that don't fit 

5684
05:13:04,700 --> 05:13:06,600
comfortably into our existing 
understanding. 

5685
05:13:07,800 --> 05:13:10,300
The great snows eventual, end 
offers perhaps the most 

5686
05:13:10,300 --> 05:13:13,500
important lesson hard times do 
end. 

5687
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:18,400
Spring did arrive the snow. 
Did melt life did return to 

5688
05:13:18,400 --> 05:13:21,900
normal or at least to a new 
normal shape by the experience. 

5689
05:13:22,800 --> 05:13:25,200
For people in the midst of 
Crisis, this can be hard to 

5690
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:28,700
believe when you're trapped 
under 20 feet of snow with 

5691
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:31,200
dwindling supplies and no 
certain end date. 

5692
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:33,200
It's difficult to maintain 
faith. 

5693
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,500
That better days are coming but 
they came anyway, as they 

5694
05:13:36,500 --> 05:13:40,300
generally do, this isn't empty 
optimism or toxic positivity. 

5695
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,700
It's simply an observation based
on history. 

5696
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,400
Humans are remarkably good at 
surviving difficult 

5697
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:52,000
circumstances, adapting to new 
realities and rebuilding after 

5698
05:13:52,000 --> 05:13:54,200
disasters. 
We've done it. 

5699
05:13:54,200 --> 05:13:56,600
Countless times in countless 
places. 

5700
05:13:56,600 --> 05:14:00,200
Facing challenges that seemed 
insurmountable and they were 

5701
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:03,900
surmounted The colonists who 
survived the great snow didn't 

5702
05:14:03,900 --> 05:14:07,000
have any special abilities. 
We lack, they were ordinary 

5703
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,600
people who found themselves in 
extraordinary circumstances and 

5704
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:13,800
did what needed doing until the 
circumstances changed. 

5705
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:17,100
As we come to the end of our 
journey through that remarkable 

5706
05:14:17,100 --> 05:14:19,900
winter. 
It's time to settle deeper into 

5707
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:23,100
your comfortable spot. 
And let the story find its 

5708
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:29,000
resting place in your mind. 
The great snow of 1717 happened 

5709
05:14:29,000 --> 05:14:32,500
over three centuries ago. 
But it's lessons remain as 

5710
05:14:32,500 --> 05:14:37,300
relevant as fresh snowfall. 
Those Colonial families living 

5711
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:40,000
through week, after week of 
isolation and uncertainty. 

5712
05:14:41,000 --> 05:14:43,400
Probably didn't feel 
particularly heroic. 

5713
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:48,700
They felt cold tired, worried, 
and thoroughly sick of being 

5714
05:14:48,700 --> 05:14:52,400
trapped indoors with the same 
people, eating the same food and

5715
05:14:52,400 --> 05:14:55,700
having the same conversations 
heroism. 

5716
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:58,800
Like most important human 
qualities is usually just 

5717
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:02,000
ordinary people doing what needs
doing without much. 

5718
05:15:02,000 --> 05:15:04,000
Thought about how it looks to 
others or history. 

5719
05:15:04,000 --> 05:15:07,700
The physical evidence of the 
great snow has long since melted

5720
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:10,300
away. 
The drifts that seemed permanent

5721
05:15:10,300 --> 05:15:13,000
proved as temporary as all snow,
eventually must be. 

5722
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:17,300
The damage was repaired the 
losses mourned and moved past 

5723
05:15:17,300 --> 05:15:21,300
and the extraordinary slowly 
absorbed into ordinary life's 

5724
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:25,000
continuing flow. 
What remains are the stories 

5725
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:29,700
passed down and reshape with 
each generation and the quiet 

5726
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,700
knowledge that humans can endure
a remarkably difficult 

5727
05:15:32,700 --> 05:15:37,400
circumstances when necessary 
Tonight, as you drift towards 

5728
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,800
sleep, in your warm bed, you 
might spare a thought for those 

5729
05:15:40,800 --> 05:15:44,400
Colonial families huddled around
their fires, waiting for a 

5730
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:46,800
winter. 
That seemed endless to finally 

5731
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:50,700
release its grip. 
They made it through. spring 

5732
05:15:50,700 --> 05:15:55,400
arrived, life continued, the 
snow despite its overwhelming 

5733
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:59,100
presence was ultimately just 
whether and whether always 

5734
05:15:59,100 --> 05:16:03,300
changes eventually, There's 
comfort in that persistence. 

5735
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:07,300
In the knowledge that difficult 
times pass and seasons change 

5736
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:12,300
and life finds ways to continue.
The great snow was exceptional, 

5737
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:16,500
but what's truly remarkable is 
how people lived through it, not

5738
05:16:16,500 --> 05:16:19,400
through any special magic or 
Supernatural intervention. 

5739
05:16:19,400 --> 05:16:23,600
But through the ordinary magic 
of human resilience community 

5740
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:28,100
support and simple, stubborn 
refusal to give up Sleep. 

5741
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:31,100
Well knowing that whatever 
storms we face in our own lives.

5742
05:16:31,100 --> 05:16:34,200
Spring does eventually arrived 
the snow does melt. 

5743
05:16:34,200 --> 05:16:37,400
The world does return to green 
and growth and warmth. 

5744
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:41,200
And the stories we tell about 
how we survived become part of 

5745
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,600
the continuous human narrative, 
that stretches from those 

5746
05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:48,300
Colonial families to us. 
And from us to whoever will 

5747
05:16:48,300 --> 05:16:52,300
listen to these tales in 
centuries to come The great snow

5748
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,100
of 1717 is waiting for you in 
dreams. 

5749
05:16:55,100 --> 05:16:59,700
If you want to visit All that 
white silence, all that Force 

5750
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:03,600
Stillness, all those small human
moments of survival and 

5751
05:17:03,600 --> 05:17:07,200
community and endurance. 
But you're experiencing it from 

5752
05:17:07,200 --> 05:17:11,000
the warm side of History, which 
is exactly where you should be 

5753
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:15,100
rest. 
Easy, tomorrow will come as it 

5754
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:19,000
always does bringing whatever 
weather it brings And if you 

5755
05:17:19,000 --> 05:17:22,200
wait to find snow outside your 
own window, you can smile 

5756
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:24,600
knowing it probably won't reach 
the Second Story. 

5757
05:17:25,400 --> 05:17:31,200
Probably. 
We're starting off with the 

5758
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:34,900
veteran and the sacred spring 
Republic, 2nd Century BC. 

5759
05:17:36,000 --> 05:17:38,000
Marcus licinius let out a pained
breath. 

5760
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:40,700
As he lowered his battle. 
Scarred body into the steaming 

5761
05:17:40,700 --> 05:17:43,500
Stone Basin. 
The midday Sun filtered through 

5762
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,600
olive trees around The Rustic. 
Bathhouse turning the rising 

5763
05:17:46,600 --> 05:17:50,300
Vapors, golden From a man who 
had spent years renting in 

5764
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:53,400
frigid Camp Rivers. 
This language heat was a luxury.

5765
05:17:54,400 --> 05:17:57,600
He closed his eyes feeling old 
Javelin wounds in his shoulder 

5766
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:00,300
and thighs for the first time 
since the wars against Carthage 

5767
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,400
standing nearby. 
The Greek physician feel on 

5768
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:07,400
watched and smiled, knowingly 
ladling centered, warm water 

5769
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,700
over the veterans back. 
These Greek contrivances. 

5770
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:14,900
Marcus began to Grumble but his 
voice softened into a sigh as 

5771
05:18:14,900 --> 05:18:18,900
warmth, seeped into his bones. 
Bathing was accustomed to Italy 

5772
05:18:18,900 --> 05:18:21,100
from Greece. 
Only recently and traditional 

5773
05:18:21,100 --> 05:18:23,800
Romans like him still met it 
with equal parts. 

5774
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:27,600
Curiosity and skepticism yet 
pain had a way of overcoming 

5775
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:30,700
Pride. 
Fillon recalled how Marcus had 

5776
05:18:30,700 --> 05:18:33,100
limped into the Grove that 
morning leaning on a staff and 

5777
05:18:33,100 --> 05:18:35,900
refusing help. 
Now, the soothing Aromas of 

5778
05:18:35,900 --> 05:18:39,500
lavender and Laurel in the water
softened, the soldiers hard 

5779
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:41,900
expression. 
Philon had come to Rome as a 

5780
05:18:41,908 --> 05:18:44,800
captive Greek healer and earned 
his freedom through medical 

5781
05:18:44,800 --> 05:18:47,800
skill. 
Back home healers understood the

5782
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:50,800
power of balneum the bath as a 
place of cure. 

5783
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:54,700
He had learned illness came from
imbalances within and believed 

5784
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:56,600
water and heat could help 
restore Harmony. 

5785
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:00,100
The Physician gently helped 
Marcus lean against the pool's 

5786
05:19:00,100 --> 05:19:04,700
Edge and with a bronze drill 
began, scraping sweat and oil 

5787
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:08,600
from the skin removing Grime, as
well as what he called, Bad 

5788
05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:11,700
humors. 
Marcus did not fully grasp the 

5789
05:19:11,700 --> 05:19:15,400
theory of the four humors but he
understood one thing, the ritual

5790
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:17,100
felt cleansing and oddly. 
Renewing. 

5791
05:19:18,000 --> 05:19:20,800
They were not alone in this 
modest bath house by the sacred 

5792
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:23,300
Springs. 
Nearby a pair of villagers 

5793
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:26,300
quietly, soaked their aching 
Limbs and inhaled herbal Steam 

5794
05:19:26,300 --> 05:19:27,400
for stubborn. 
Coughs. 

5795
05:19:28,000 --> 05:19:31,200
The atmosphere was hushed and 
reverent, this place wasn't a 

5796
05:19:31,200 --> 05:19:34,800
grand public, the may, but a 
simple balance, a beside an 

5797
05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:38,500
ancient spring, long believed to
be touched by the gods, Markus 

5798
05:19:38,500 --> 05:19:41,400
recalled, Tales of miraculous 
Waters, curing, The Afflicted, 

5799
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:44,800
the spring fed, a small, hot 
bath chamber, and a cold pool 

5800
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:47,800
Downstream and its reputation. 
Had spread after soldiers, 

5801
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:50,400
wounds healed faster here than 
elsewhere. 

5802
05:19:51,100 --> 05:19:54,700
As Marcus's body grew acclimated
to the heat Phil on guided him 

5803
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:56,000
to the next step of the 
regiment. 

5804
05:19:56,700 --> 05:19:59,900
Now, for the cold plunge, The 
Physician said, Marcus grimmest,

5805
05:19:59,900 --> 05:20:03,000
but complied. 
Hobbling to the frigidarium, a 

5806
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:07,100
circular Stone pool under the 
Open Sky, he braced himself and 

5807
05:20:07,100 --> 05:20:09,000
descended, the cold water 
gripped. 

5808
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:12,800
His skin like an icy fist. 
Drawing a sharp gas, every 

5809
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:16,300
Instinct screamed to LEAP out 
but Marcus stayed recalling, 

5810
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:18,900
felons Council, that the sudden 
change in temperature would 

5811
05:20:18,900 --> 05:20:20,900
stimulate his blood and 
invigorate the body. 

5812
05:20:21,800 --> 05:20:25,100
After a few breaths, the ache in
his leg, dulled to a manageable 

5813
05:20:25,100 --> 05:20:28,600
throb. the shock of cold 
following, the Deep warmth left 

5814
05:20:28,600 --> 05:20:32,300
him breathless yet, strangely 
revitalized Shivering. 

5815
05:20:32,300 --> 05:20:35,900
But smiling Marcus emerged and 
wrapped himself in a Woolen 

5816
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:37,400
Tower. 
Offered by an attendant, he 

5817
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:39,700
rolled his shoulder and found it
looser. 

5818
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:44,000
The usual stabbing pain, notably
diminished, There is something 

5819
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:48,400
to These Bars after all, he had 
admitted meeting onesies the 

5820
05:20:48,400 --> 05:20:50,500
Greek patted. 
His arm, not magic. 

5821
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:54,900
Friend Nature's gift and water 
can do more than any salve. 

5822
05:20:55,700 --> 05:20:58,600
Marcus had to agree. 
That the edge of the spring fed,

5823
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:02,200
pools, stood, a small altered 
in, thank offerings, play 

5824
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:05,100
votives shaped like Limbs and 
tablets etched with words of 

5825
05:21:05,100 --> 05:21:08,400
gratitude. 
Despite years of battle hardened

5826
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:10,800
skepticism. 
Marcus felt compelled to step 

5827
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:12,800
over. 
He murdered a few words to 

5828
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,500
aesculapius the god of healing 
giving quiet. 

5829
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:17,900
Thanks in the old way. 
A breeze. 

5830
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:19,300
Rustled the olive branches 
overhead. 

5831
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:22,300
As if in gentle approval, Marcus
stood taller. 

5832
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,500
The weight of his armor was 
gone, replaced by a lightness, 

5833
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:29,100
he hadn't felt in decades, In 
the silence broken. 

5834
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,800
Only by trickling water a battle
weary, Roman discovered a new 

5835
05:21:32,808 --> 05:21:36,200
kind of Victory, the healing 
power of water and rest. 

5836
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:40,800
With phelons helped Marcus 
Dante's tunic, the veteran scars

5837
05:21:40,800 --> 05:21:43,400
would remain, but he felt that a
piece of the wars bird and had 

5838
05:21:43,408 --> 05:21:46,500
been lifted from him left behind
in those sacred Waters. 

5839
05:21:47,600 --> 05:21:50,600
As they Departed, the Grove 
Marcus glanced back at the 

5840
05:21:50,608 --> 05:21:54,300
spring one last time in that 
tranquil Refuge of warmth and 

5841
05:21:54,300 --> 05:21:56,000
Faith. 
He had found hope that even the 

5842
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:59,600
deepest wounds might One Day Men
A Day At A grippers thermae 

5843
05:21:59,600 --> 05:22:04,400
between 27 BC and 12 BC. 
Early Empire, steam swirled 

5844
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:07,800
through the cavernous Kildare as
Lucius suggested a bronze pipe 

5845
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:12,200
redirecting hot air beneath the 
marble floor. he was a service 

5846
05:22:12,200 --> 05:22:15,900
Bell near us both attendant in 
the Magnificent baths of a 

5847
05:22:15,900 --> 05:22:19,500
gripper starting work before 
Dawn in the furnace room face 

5848
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:23,100
flushed from stoking the Wood 
Fired hippo course Lucius 

5849
05:22:23,100 --> 05:22:25,900
finally climbed out into the 
main Halls carrying baskets of 

5850
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:29,500
fresh olive oil and folded in 
The Bars were already coming 

5851
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:32,300
alive. 
Aristocrats in a locant togas, 

5852
05:22:32,300 --> 05:22:36,900
weathered legionaries Merchants 
from afar and even freedmen and 

5853
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:38,600
slaves. 
Scraped together, the tiny fee 

5854
05:22:38,600 --> 05:22:41,800
for entry all arriving in the 
Morning, Light, Social 

5855
05:22:41,800 --> 05:22:45,700
distinctions melted away. 
Once inside Senators, Merchant 

5856
05:22:45,700 --> 05:22:48,500
soldiers and even slaves. 
Mingled freely here on Common 

5857
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:51,500
Ground by mid-morning. 
They stationed Lucius in the 

5858
05:22:51,508 --> 05:22:54,900
appetite him a changing room 
filled with cubby holes for 

5859
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:57,600
clothes. 
A kindly Senator pressed, a 

5860
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:01,700
quadrans, the customary fee into
Lucius is Palm as a gratuity, 

5861
05:23:01,700 --> 05:23:04,600
since agrippa's death. 
The Magnificent thermae were 

5862
05:23:04,600 --> 05:23:07,600
left free to the people. 
So any payment now was a 

5863
05:23:07,600 --> 05:23:10,600
personal gift. 
Lucius smiled gratefully and 

5864
05:23:10,600 --> 05:23:13,500
tucked. 
The queen away suddenly a shout 

5865
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:16,200
at The Far Side signal that 
obeys could Gone Missing. 

5866
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:20,600
Lucius stomach dropped theft in 
the crowded bars was 

5867
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,500
unfortunately, common in the 
gods would receive another 

5868
05:23:23,500 --> 05:23:25,800
bitter prayer against a thief 
before nightfall. 

5869
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,200
As the Russia of bathers. 
Slowed Lucius took a moment to 

5870
05:23:29,200 --> 05:23:30,900
breathe. 
He wondered through the 

5871
05:23:30,900 --> 05:23:34,600
tepidarium the warm room where 
clusters of men reclined on 

5872
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,800
heated benches. 
Two Scholars soaked and debated 

5873
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:40,100
in Greek about Aristotle, 
nearby. 

5874
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:42,700
A poet Declan new verses to an 
appreciative Circle. 

5875
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:46,500
He often saw philosophers and 
Poets here, sharing wisdom with 

5876
05:23:46,500 --> 05:23:49,200
anyone. 
Who would listen He did not 

5877
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:52,300
interject Lucius, felt proud to 
work in a place where knowledge 

5878
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:56,900
flowed as freely as water. 
His reprieve was briefed a call 

5879
05:23:56,900 --> 05:23:59,900
from the palaisa exercise yard 
sent him running. 

5880
05:24:00,700 --> 05:24:03,500
One of the wrestling trainers 
needed more oil for athletes to 

5881
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:06,600
anoint themselves. 
Lucius fetched a jug of scented 

5882
05:24:06,600 --> 05:24:09,000
oil and marveled at the 
surroundings as he trotted 

5883
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:12,200
through a Colonnade. 
A grip has complex was not only 

5884
05:24:12,200 --> 05:24:16,900
baths and gyms but also Gardens 
and promenades through arched 

5885
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,000
doorways, he glimpsed manicured 
Courtyards and Colonnades like 

5886
05:24:20,000 --> 05:24:24,100
the Greek gymnasia but even more
sumptuous Patron strolled those 

5887
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:27,800
paths to cool down surrounded by
statues and Greenery, a 

5888
05:24:27,800 --> 05:24:29,900
carefully crafted landscape of 
leisure and health. 

5889
05:24:31,100 --> 05:24:33,900
In the main bath Hall. 
Lucius carefully poured oil into

5890
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:36,800
the hands of a Burley veteran 
preparing for a massage. 

5891
05:24:36,800 --> 05:24:40,600
The man nodded in. 
Thanks scars Criss, Crossing his

5892
05:24:40,600 --> 05:24:42,800
back. 
He mentioned that his old war, 

5893
05:24:42,800 --> 05:24:46,600
wounds paint him less after a 
hot soak, Lucius offered a 

5894
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:49,500
polite smile and moved on, but 
inside, he felt a spark of 

5895
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:52,400
satisfaction. 
He saw daily, how much relief 

5896
05:24:52,400 --> 05:24:53,900
the bars brought to weary 
bodies. 

5897
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:56,900
People left, these Halls walking
taller than when they entered. 

5898
05:24:58,200 --> 05:25:00,100
By late afternoon, the crowds 
thinned. 

5899
05:25:00,100 --> 05:25:03,700
Lucius helped sweep the. 
Now empty Frigidaire area, the 

5900
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:06,700
cold plunge room, shivering, a 
bit in the clam are left behind.

5901
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:11,400
He gathered stray struggles and 
tidied shelves of oils at last 

5902
05:25:11,400 --> 05:25:14,000
as dusk approached. 
The Fermi closed for cleaning. 

5903
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:17,800
Sore and exhausted, Lucius crept
to a quiet corner of the 

5904
05:25:17,800 --> 05:25:20,100
caldarium. 
With no patrons around. 

5905
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:22,800
He finally dared to slip into 
the warm bath himself. 

5906
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:26,300
The Embrace of hot water was 
immediate Bliss to his aching 

5907
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:30,300
muscles eyes closed, he floated 
for a minute letting healing 

5908
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:34,800
warmth wash over him in that 
brief moment, the grand bath, he

5909
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:38,600
served each day became his 
Sanctuary 2 Lamplight flickers 

5910
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:40,600
in the corridors as he finished 
his duties. 

5911
05:25:41,400 --> 05:25:44,100
Before leaving, he pulls by the 
small altar, where Patron's 

5912
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:47,400
offered thanks to the goddess of
Health Sailors and bowed his 

5913
05:25:47,408 --> 05:25:50,000
head. 
He had witnessed both doors of 

5914
05:25:50,000 --> 05:25:54,600
Nobles and workers, find Solace 
cleanliness and companionship 

5915
05:25:54,600 --> 05:25:57,000
beneath these voltage. 
Ceilings Lucius locked, the 

5916
05:25:57,000 --> 05:26:00,300
massive, bronze doors from 
outside in the Amber glow of 

5917
05:26:00,308 --> 05:26:02,500
Sundown. 
The baths of a gripper, stood, 

5918
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:06,300
silent and steamy behind him. 
An enduring gift to Rome 

5919
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,600
tomorrow at dawn, he would 
return to ignite its fires in 

5920
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:11,400
you. 
Knowing that within those walls,

5921
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:14,100
the aches of rich and poor alike
were soothe by the same. 

5922
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:17,200
Healing Waters in The Sacred 
Waters of soulless. 

5923
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:20,800
Aquae sulis Britannia second 
century ad. 

5924
05:26:21,700 --> 05:26:25,000
A barakah lifted her hands above
the steaming pool as Dawn's. 

5925
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:28,000
First light crept through the 
open roof as a priestess of 

5926
05:26:28,008 --> 05:26:30,800
Soleus Minerva. 
She began each day in Prayer by 

5927
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:34,100
The Sacred spring. 
Tendrils of mist curled around 

5928
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:37,600
her and the loan Roman veteran 
who stood shivering in the cool 

5929
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:40,600
morning air. 
Marcus Julius a retired 

5930
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:44,200
Centurion had traveled. 
Hundreds of miles to Aqua suis 

5931
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:45,900
in hopes these famous thermal 
Waters. 

5932
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,200
Might ease the agonizing pain in
his joints, he watched with 

5933
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:51,700
cautious reverence as the 
Priestess invoke, the goddess 

5934
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:54,900
sulis? 
Minerva healer reveals bless us.

5935
05:26:54,900 --> 05:26:58,100
She intoned. 
Suis was venerated as a healing 

5936
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:00,900
Divinity, who sacred Hot Springs
could cure physical and 

5937
05:27:00,900 --> 05:27:04,200
spiritual suffering and I Baraka
felt the goddesses presence in 

5938
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:07,800
the rising Steam. 
At her nod, Mark, Marcus 

5939
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:11,600
destroyed, his tools scared 
frame and gingerly descended the

5940
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:15,800
stone steps into the great bath.
He inhaled sharply the water was

5941
05:27:15,800 --> 05:27:19,600
near scolding rich with sulfur 
and minerals that tinged it, a 

5942
05:27:19,600 --> 05:27:22,800
translucent green. 
Every day a bureaucracy or 

5943
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:25,500
newcomers, react the same way, a
gasp at the heat. 

5944
05:27:25,508 --> 05:27:30,200
Then a sigh is the warmth 
penetrated aching bones Marcus 

5945
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:33,000
settled Neck Deep his muscles. 
Gradually unclenching. 

5946
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:37,100
A barakah took up a shallow 
pewter bowl, dipped it and 

5947
05:27:37,100 --> 05:27:40,000
slowly poured, the hot mineral 
water over the Veteran's 

5948
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:42,300
shoulders. 
This act was part of the healing

5949
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:44,700
ritual. 
The water trickling off his body

5950
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:46,200
was thought to carry the 
Springs. 

5951
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:50,100
Healing Essence into him The 
Centurion closed his eyes while 

5952
05:27:50,100 --> 05:27:52,300
the Priestess gently poured the 
shimmering water. 

5953
05:27:52,300 --> 05:27:55,400
Again and again murmuring 
prayers in both Latin. 

5954
05:27:55,400 --> 05:27:57,400
And the ancient brittonic tongue
of this land. 

5955
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:00,300
All around them. 
The baths of soulless were 

5956
05:28:00,300 --> 05:28:03,100
stirring away. 
Fellow pilgrims and local 

5957
05:28:03,100 --> 05:28:05,600
townsfolk began to arrive their 
footsteps. 

5958
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,900
Echoing under the Portico 
families with sick children and 

5959
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:11,300
elderly Farmers with crutches 
came seeking relief. 

5960
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:14,300
A barakah greeted each quietly 
though. 

5961
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:17,600
Rome governed, Britannia now in 
this complex, the goddess 

5962
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:21,100
welcomed all with Healing Waters
within the adjacent Temple, 

5963
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:24,200
acolytes prepared, offerings of 
food and carved plaques to 

5964
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:28,100
present miners as alter. 
The air smelled of moist Stone, 

5965
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,300
burning incense and the metallic
Tang of the spring. 

5966
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,300
For a moment at Baraka glanced 
toward the temples, in a 

5967
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:38,400
sanctum, where a gilded bronze 
statue of the Goddess caught the

5968
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:40,600
light. 
She whispered a promise under 

5969
05:28:40,600 --> 05:28:43,800
her breath, that solaces power 
would never be forsaken here. 

5970
05:28:43,800 --> 05:28:48,400
Even as foreign Customs swirled 
around her, Marcus roused, her 

5971
05:28:48,400 --> 05:28:49,900
from her, thoughts with a quiet,
grown. 

5972
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:52,700
He had been soaking for a while 
eyes. 

5973
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:55,000
Half closed as the thermal heat 
worked on him. 

5974
05:28:55,800 --> 05:28:57,500
The Priestess stepped to The 
Waters Edge. 

5975
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,100
How do you feel? 
She asked softly. 

5976
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:03,400
The soldier rolled his shoulder.
Experimentally beneath the green

5977
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,100
surface. 
Etter. 

5978
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:08,300
Think he replied and notable one
in his voice. 

5979
05:29:08,300 --> 05:29:11,100
He moved his knee that had been 
stiff with arthritis. 

5980
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:14,400
It was still in flexible, but 
the stabbing pain had lessened. 

5981
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:18,500
The goddess Smiles on you. 
A bureaucracy said with a gentle

5982
05:29:18,500 --> 05:29:22,300
smile, she offered him a cup of 
the spring water, many believe, 

5983
05:29:22,300 --> 05:29:24,300
drinking it cleansed one from 
within as well. 

5984
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:28,400
Markus drank, the warm metallic 
tasting water and managed to 

5985
05:29:28,400 --> 05:29:30,000
grin. 
It was the first time ever 

5986
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:32,400
Baraka had seen the stern man, 
smile that morning. 

5987
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:37,500
By midday Markus now raped in a 
Woolen cloak joined Iberia and 

5988
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,000
other supplements at the 
circular spring for a communal 

5989
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:41,500
ritual. 
One by one. 

5990
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:44,200
They placed tokens in the 
bubbling water in, thanks or 

5991
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:48,300
petition, Marcus dropped a warn 
Legion pendant Into the Depths 

5992
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:50,800
as an offering. 
While others tossed coins. 

5993
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:54,300
That glinted beneath the ripples
the group, then chanted A Hymn 

5994
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:57,400
of healing in unison. 
Their Latin and brittonic 

5995
05:29:57,400 --> 05:29:59,200
prayers intermingling under the 
high roof. 

5996
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:04,200
A baraka's voice, Rose strong 
and clear, invoking Solace, as a

5997
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:06,900
nourishing mother and Vigilant 
Minerva all at once. 

5998
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:11,200
When the rights concluded, a 
barakah noticed tears in the 

5999
05:30:11,200 --> 05:30:14,500
centurions eyes. 
I feel New Again markers. 

6000
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,900
Whispered amazed. 
He flexed his hands finding the 

6001
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:19,400
usual morning. 
Stiffness gone. 

6002
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:22,100
Despite his scars from war and 
age. 

6003
05:30:22,100 --> 05:30:24,400
The hot water's had restored, 
his vitality. 

6004
05:30:25,300 --> 05:30:27,900
Iraqi helped him to his feet and
guided him to give. 

6005
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:31,200
Thanks at the altar, Markus 
bowed, deeply and left his old 

6006
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:34,700
crutch propped against a pillar 
a silent testimony that he hoped

6007
05:30:34,700 --> 05:30:37,600
not to need it again. 
That evening, as the last 

6008
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:40,200
devotees, departed. 
A bureau lingard. 

6009
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:43,200
Thank the goddess. 
She sprinkled rose petals into 

6010
05:30:43,200 --> 05:30:46,000
the steaming pool and fed the 
altar until it glowed. 

6011
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:49,800
Many would depart a clockwise 
soonest, carrying Tales of 

6012
05:30:49,800 --> 05:30:51,500
relief, and healing back to 
their homes. 

6013
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:56,100
To see Baraka offered one. 
Final prayer that the sacred 

6014
05:30:56,100 --> 05:30:59,400
Springs would remain a sanctuary
of healing for all who truly 

6015
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:01,500
needed it. 
The Physicians Council. 

6016
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:06,200
ROM, see a 1888 Julius from Tina
arrived at the baths of trajan 

6017
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:10,000
at dawn, a trained physician. 
He often met patients here amid.

6018
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,500
The marble halls and Healing 
Waters This morning, he had 

6019
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:16,500
invited his friend Fabius for a 
private consultation in the bath

6020
05:31:16,500 --> 05:31:19,500
soothing environment. 
Fabius had been listless and 

6021
05:31:19,500 --> 05:31:22,400
sorrowful since losing his wife.
Last winter, a classic 

6022
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:26,400
Melancholia as Julia saw it 
Julius believed the bars could 

6023
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:29,500
succeed, where months of morning
had failed to restore his 

6024
05:31:29,500 --> 05:31:31,600
friend's body and spirit by 
rebalancing. 

6025
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:35,400
The humours thrown off by grief.
They found a quiet corner of the

6026
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:39,000
tepidarium where gentle warmth 
emanated from the floors and 

6027
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:41,800
walls. 
Julius encouraged Fabius to 

6028
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:45,500
recline on a heated bench. 
We will begin here to warm your 

6029
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:49,700
blood, he explained in the soft 
light Mosaic of hija looked down

6030
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:53,700
as if supervising therapy Julius
mixed a few drops of eucalyptus 

6031
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:56,600
oil into fabulous. 
As palm trick, he had learned to

6032
05:31:56,600 --> 05:32:00,200
open the lungs and lift the mood
as Fabius inhaled the shop scent

6033
05:32:00,200 --> 05:32:02,600
Julius noted, his friends 
posture change. 

6034
05:32:03,300 --> 05:32:07,200
The philosophers shoulders, long
tents began to relax gradual 

6035
05:32:07,200 --> 05:32:09,900
warmth was known to purge on 
wholesome Vapors and prepare the

6036
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:14,200
body to release its birds and 
indeed fabia's chest seem to 

6037
05:32:14,200 --> 05:32:17,600
lighten with each breath. 
Next Julius LED his friend into 

6038
05:32:17,600 --> 05:32:21,800
the caldarium, the hot steam 
chamber, a wave of moist heat 

6039
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,300
and enveloped them. 
Fabulous, frowned at the 

6040
05:32:24,300 --> 05:32:28,100
discomfort, but Julius Satin by 
The Hot Fountain and urged him 

6041
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:31,500
to breathe deeply. 
Soon, sweat was streaming down 

6042
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:34,600
fabus his body. 
Julius gently, scraped it away 

6043
05:32:34,600 --> 05:32:37,400
with a bronze struggle. 
As if peeling off a layer of 

6044
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:41,200
Sorrow along with the sweat, the
intense heat began to loosen his

6045
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:43,900
stiff muscles and even ease his 
tight chest. 

6046
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:47,100
Fabulous is breathing shallow at
first grew deeper and more 

6047
05:32:47,100 --> 05:32:49,700
rhythmic. 
After a thorough, sweat Julius, 

6048
05:32:49,700 --> 05:32:52,500
guided the trembling philosopher
toward the domed Frigidaire. 

6049
05:32:53,600 --> 05:32:57,600
circular pool of cold, Clear 
Water weighted, Fabius bought on

6050
05:32:57,600 --> 05:33:01,300
the edge eyeing, the chili 
basement with Dread Trust me, 

6051
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:05,200
Julius said with a supportive 
arm, he helped Fabius step down 

6052
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:09,700
the cold, hit him with a brutal 
shock, Fabius gasped and almost 

6053
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:13,300
bolted out, but Julius held him 
a moment until the Panic passed.

6054
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:17,800
His heart pounded and his skin 
tingled such as Sudden Change in

6055
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:20,100
temperature was believed to 
stimulate circulation and 

6056
05:33:20,100 --> 05:33:23,300
sharpen the senses. 
And In Deed Fabius, felt more 

6057
05:33:23,300 --> 05:33:26,600
alert than he had in ages. 
He waited out of the pool on his

6058
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,300
own, a look of astonishment and 
his face. 

6059
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:32,800
Feel awake. 
He marveled through chattering 

6060
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:36,200
teeth, Julius bristly rubbed him
down with a course, towel 

6061
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:40,400
restoring warmth to his skin. 
Color returned to fabi's cheeks 

6062
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,600
and a light to his eyes. 
They rested in a sunlit, 

6063
05:33:43,600 --> 05:33:45,700
courtyard wrapped in Fresh 
Linen. 

6064
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:48,400
Robes and sipping watered wine 
Vapes. 

6065
05:33:48,400 --> 05:33:49,800
His limbs were loose in his 
mind. 

6066
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,700
Clear. 
He grasped julius's hand, 

6067
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:56,500
gratefully grief, had driven his
humors to imbalance but nature. 

6068
05:33:56,500 --> 05:33:59,900
Aided by hot water and cold, had
helped to restore. 

6069
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:03,200
What was lost Julius, gently 
reminded him, that regular 

6070
05:34:03,200 --> 05:34:05,900
bathing purifies the body of 
toxins and cannot lift the 

6071
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:09,600
spirit. as they prepared to 
depart Julius observed, a 

6072
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:12,400
cluster of men by The Colony 
engaged in a lively debate on 

6073
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:16,800
Aristotle's, ethics the 
Physicians smiled bathhouses 

6074
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:19,600
often served as informal forums 
for Scholars and Physicians 

6075
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:22,000
alike. 
He himself had exchanged 

6076
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:25,100
remedies insights in these 
Halls, many times, knowledge, 

6077
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:27,100
flowing freely, among those 
dedicated to Wellness. 

6078
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:29,700
Indeed this place cared for the 
spirit. 

6079
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:33,100
Just as much as the body. 
He noted that Fabius now sat 

6080
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:36,100
upright, calmly watching the 
morning, bustle, the haunted. 

6081
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:39,400
Look gone from his face. 
Before departing Julius. 

6082
05:34:39,400 --> 05:34:41,700
Kay Fabius. 
A small vial of soothing herbal 

6083
05:34:41,700 --> 05:34:43,800
oil, instructing him to use it 
at each night. 

6084
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,500
Fairy Fabius thanked him and 
promised to return to the balls 

6085
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:50,000
soon. 
Not as a patient but as a 

6086
05:34:50,000 --> 05:34:52,100
friend. 
For Julius. 

6087
05:34:52,100 --> 05:34:55,800
This was the true reward of 
medicine easing an ailment and 

6088
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:59,500
seeing hope rekindled in the 
vaulted Halls of the baths. 

6089
05:34:59,500 --> 05:35:02,700
A soul weighed down by sorrow 
had truly been lightened, 

6090
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:06,200
healing had come through hot and
cold water medicine and 

6091
05:35:06,200 --> 05:35:08,300
friendship. 
All in harmony together. 

6092
05:35:08,300 --> 05:35:14,000
In Rome 217 add a merchant at 
caracals bars named Lysander of 

6093
05:35:14,008 --> 05:35:17,000
Tire stepped through the 
Towering entrance of the baths 

6094
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:18,800
of caracalla and felt his 
breath. 

6095
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:22,400
Catch in his throat, he had 
traveled across half the Empire,

6096
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:26,400
but never seen a monument to 
Leisure as magnificent as this a

6097
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:30,000
vast Hall stretched before him. 
Its vaulted ceiling held a loft 

6098
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:33,800
by dozens of columns everywhere,
stood, marble statues of gods 

6099
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:36,500
and heroes. 
Colossal Hercules leaning on his

6100
05:35:36,500 --> 05:35:39,900
Club, dominated the scene. 
The complex was renowned for its

6101
05:35:39,908 --> 05:35:43,700
unparalleled lavish decoration, 
the merchant passed bronze, 

6102
05:35:43,700 --> 05:35:46,800
fountains tinkling gently, their
water music. 

6103
05:35:46,800 --> 05:35:50,700
Echoing off the high walls, clad
only in a simple loin cloth 

6104
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:54,000
provided At the entrance, I sand
a moved from the grand Atrium 

6105
05:35:54,000 --> 05:35:58,900
into the bustling of poo, deer 
garments of rich and poor Hank 

6106
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:01,900
side by side in the wall. 
Niches two young bath 

6107
05:36:01,900 --> 05:36:03,700
attendance. 
Helped Lysander stole his 

6108
05:36:03,700 --> 05:36:06,100
belongings. 
He cast a cautious eye toward 

6109
05:36:06,100 --> 05:36:09,600
his Satchel of precious spices 
until an attendant assured him. 

6110
05:36:09,600 --> 05:36:11,900
It would be safe. 
With a knot of. 

6111
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:15,500
Thanks Lysander, stepped 
gingerly onward, the smooth 

6112
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:17,700
marble floor. 
Warm under his bare feet, thanks

6113
05:36:17,700 --> 05:36:22,500
to the hypocrisy below. he first
entered, the tepidarium a warm 

6114
05:36:22,500 --> 05:36:25,500
chamber, where an inviting heat 
caressed, his travel weary 

6115
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,500
muscles, Golden Light, filtered 
through high Windows, 

6116
05:36:28,500 --> 05:36:31,400
Illuminating mosaics of sea 
creatures across the floor, 

6117
05:36:32,300 --> 05:36:35,200
Groups of men reclined on heated
benches, along the walls 

6118
05:36:35,200 --> 05:36:39,400
chatting in a dozen tongues 
Latin Greek, Egyptian Aramaic 

6119
05:36:39,400 --> 05:36:43,000
and even his native Syriac 
despite differences in speech 

6120
05:36:43,000 --> 05:36:45,700
and Status. 
Hey, here always simply bathers 

6121
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:49,500
at ease Portly, Roman negotiator
struck up a friendly 

6122
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,300
conversation of about Caravan 
routes and even offered. 

6123
05:36:52,300 --> 05:36:55,800
Lysander a dab of citrus 
centered oil from his flask, the

6124
05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:59,500
merchant graciously, accepted 
rubbing it into his skin as the 

6125
05:36:59,508 --> 05:37:01,900
tension of months on the road 
began to melt from his 

6126
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,300
shoulders. 
Next, he followed the flow of 

6127
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:08,500
bathers, in to the caldarium. 
The enormous hot room at end of 

6128
05:37:08,508 --> 05:37:11,400
this Hall Road. 
A circular pool of steaming 

6129
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:13,500
Water flanked by enormous marble
tubs. 

6130
05:37:13,500 --> 05:37:15,900
The air was thick and steamy 
muffling. 

6131
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:19,800
Every sound to a murmur lyanda. 
Eased himself into the central 

6132
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:23,800
hot pool, the water embraced him
almost too hot at first but he 

6133
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:27,400
slowly sank up to his chest 
waves of heat unfolded through 

6134
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:30,400
his limbs dissolving, the 
stiffness in his spine, from 

6135
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:32,700
weeks of jostling, and a camel 
drawn wagon. 

6136
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:36,600
Nearby, a pair of off-duty, 
legionaries sighed with relief 

6137
05:37:36,600 --> 05:37:40,300
as they submerge themselves. 
Lysander closed, his eyes and 

6138
05:37:40,300 --> 05:37:43,700
let sweat bead on his brow. 
A bath attendant appeared with a

6139
05:37:43,708 --> 05:37:45,900
bronze drizzle and Lysander 
allowed. 

6140
05:37:45,900 --> 05:37:48,800
The young man to briskly scrape 
the perspiration and oil from 

6141
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:51,300
his skin. 
He marveled at the sight of even

6142
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:53,400
this humble task in the Palace 
of well-being. 

6143
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:57,700
Properly steamed and scrubbed 
Lysander was ready for the final

6144
05:37:57,700 --> 05:38:01,700
trial The Frigid area. 
He braced himself as he stepped 

6145
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:05,200
into the next chamber and Airy 
Hall with a vast cold swimming 

6146
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:08,300
pool. 
Natalia open to the sky, the 

6147
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,200
Sun, a higher. 
Now it's raised dancing on the 

6148
05:38:11,200 --> 05:38:13,900
turquoise water. 
With a hearty XL. 

6149
05:38:13,900 --> 05:38:17,500
Like stand up plunge forward, 
the cold, shocked him to his 

6150
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:21,000
core, he gasped as the chill in 
developed his overheated skin. 

6151
05:38:21,900 --> 05:38:24,000
When he surfaced invigorated, he
was glad for it. 

6152
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,900
He laughed out loud and surprise
some nearby bathers chuckled at 

6153
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:31,700
his shocked face. 
And he grinned back the sudden 

6154
05:38:31,700 --> 05:38:34,600
contrast from hot to cold Cent 
new energy course in through his

6155
05:38:34,600 --> 05:38:37,200
veins, leaving him alert and 
renewed. 

6156
05:38:38,300 --> 05:38:40,900
After swimming, like sander 
wandered into a landscape 

6157
05:38:40,900 --> 05:38:44,100
Garden, a joining the 
natatorium, clipped Hedges and 

6158
05:38:44,100 --> 05:38:45,800
fruit trees offered dappled 
shade. 

6159
05:38:45,800 --> 05:38:49,300
He strolled along a portico 
where others Lounge, cooling off

6160
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:53,200
some enjoying a light snack. 
In one corner, stood a small 

6161
05:38:53,200 --> 05:38:55,500
trying to escalate Pius the god 
of healing. 

6162
05:38:56,500 --> 05:38:59,600
Though not to Devout man. 
Lysander paused to Bow his head 

6163
05:38:59,600 --> 05:39:01,800
and offer a silent. 
Thanks to the powers watching 

6164
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:04,400
over weary Travelers. 
Only that morning. 

6165
05:39:04,400 --> 05:39:07,600
He had arrived in Rome bone, 
tired, and soar in every joint 

6166
05:39:07,600 --> 05:39:10,500
now. 
He felt practically Reborn. 

6167
05:39:11,400 --> 05:39:14,500
As he prepared to leave. 
Lysander felt the days burdens 

6168
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,700
completely lifted. 
Stepping back out through those 

6169
05:39:17,700 --> 05:39:19,500
grand doors into the bustling 
streets. 

6170
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:22,500
The Syrian Merchants carried 
with him, a newfound Vigor. 

6171
05:39:22,500 --> 05:39:26,100
The baths of caracalla had, 
cleansed the dust from his skin 

6172
05:39:26,100 --> 05:39:28,200
and washed away the weary of his
long journey. 

6173
05:39:28,900 --> 05:39:31,900
Refreshed and optimistic, 
Lysander hefted, his Satchel of 

6174
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:34,200
spices. 
Surprisingly lighter on his 

6175
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:37,000
shoulders now and set off to 
conclude his business in the 

6176
05:39:37,008 --> 05:39:40,300
capital rejuvenated, by the 
restorative powers of Rome's, 

6177
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:44,700
grandest baths, the saint of the
barthes, Rome sea 428. 

6178
05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:49,400
The late afternoon sun cast Long
Shadows through the half empty 

6179
05:39:49,400 --> 05:39:53,200
bars of Titus Illuminating moats
of dust swirling above, the 

6180
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:55,600
tepidarium pool, Flavia a 
middle. 

6181
05:39:55,608 --> 05:39:58,900
Aged Deaconess of the Christian 
Church, rang out, a linen cloth 

6182
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:02,500
in warm water and gently laid it
over an old woman's arthritic 

6183
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:05,100
knees. 
Around them, a handful of the 

6184
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:08,400
sick and poor soaked quietly in 
the small bath Hall. 

6185
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:12,500
This once Grand facility had 
seen better days, mosaics 

6186
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:15,300
missing tiles. 
A dry Fountain Niche, where a 

6187
05:40:15,300 --> 05:40:18,000
statue of Apollo had stood yet 
to Flavia. 

6188
05:40:18,000 --> 05:40:20,100
It was a sacred place of 
healing. 

6189
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:24,300
In the corner, where a fresco of
nymphs was fading, a simple 

6190
05:40:24,300 --> 05:40:27,700
wooden cross hung on the wall, 
she offered a silent prayer as 

6191
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:30,500
she worked. 
Not to Pagan, nymphs or Gods, 

6192
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:33,700
but asking Christ to bless these
Waters as he wants to the pool 

6193
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:37,200
of Bethesda. 
Cities Elite now, shunned public

6194
05:40:37,200 --> 05:40:40,600
baths, preferring private tubs 
or avoiding them on moral 

6195
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:42,400
grounds. 
Church leaders. 

6196
05:40:42,400 --> 05:40:44,600
Condemned bathhouses as dense of
sin. 

6197
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:48,000
Outlawing mixed bathing and 
segregating men and women by 

6198
05:40:48,000 --> 05:40:50,700
ours. 
Many once great bath, complexes 

6199
05:40:50,700 --> 05:40:54,400
were closing due to neglect the 
flavius saw opportunity in the 

6200
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:57,900
decline with few Pleasure 
Seekers left, One Wing of the 

6201
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:02,400
baths of Titus, now served as an
unofficial Infirmary, It's warm 

6202
05:41:02,400 --> 05:41:05,100
rooms and water. 
Comforted those two poor or ill 

6203
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:09,500
to that home her patients. 
This day, included septimius, a 

6204
05:41:09,500 --> 05:41:13,200
feverish Stone, Mason near us, 
retired legionary with a 

6205
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:17,100
festering leg, wound, an old 
Olivia, whose knees robbed with 

6206
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:20,000
arthritis. 
One by one Flavia guide, the 

6207
05:41:20,000 --> 05:41:25,000
gentle bathing regiment in the 
tepidarium mild warmth stiff, 

6208
05:41:25,000 --> 05:41:27,200
joints loosened and fevers began
to break. 

6209
05:41:28,300 --> 05:41:31,000
She crushed a bit of Rosemary 
and Eucalyptus into hot water, 

6210
05:41:31,000 --> 05:41:34,900
filling the air with sharp 
cleansing Vapors that Drew a 

6211
05:41:34,900 --> 05:41:36,800
weak smile from feverish 
septimius. 

6212
05:41:37,600 --> 05:41:40,700
Next with help from a few 
volunteers, former bath 

6213
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:43,600
attendance now serving as 
Christian helpers, Flavia 

6214
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:45,300
brought them into the small 
caldarium. 

6215
05:41:45,900 --> 05:41:49,800
In the hazy steam, she softly 
sang A Hymn nerius, the old 

6216
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:52,500
Soldier closed his eyes and 
joined in between deep. 

6217
05:41:52,500 --> 05:41:55,900
Breaths of hot air. 
This beats the Army Camps, he 

6218
05:41:55,900 --> 05:41:59,800
murmured with a faint grin, even
if we sing to a different God. 

6219
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:04,100
Now, Flavia chuckled even as 
times changed, the enduring 

6220
05:42:04,100 --> 05:42:08,600
practice of soothing weary 
bodies with heat remained After 

6221
05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:12,300
the steam bath, Flavia led the 
group to The Frigid area, only a

6222
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:14,800
trickle of cold water still 
flowed but it was enough. 

6223
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:17,600
Livia gasped. 
As Flavia poured, a bowl of the 

6224
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:22,100
cool water over her swollen 
knees, easy flavius suede the 

6225
05:42:22,100 --> 05:42:25,200
brief Cold Shot brought relief 
Olivia sighed as the 

6226
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:28,800
inflammation in her joints, ease
Flavia thought of how ancient 

6227
05:42:28,800 --> 05:42:31,600
Physicians praised, the contrast
of hot and cold to stimulate 

6228
05:42:31,600 --> 05:42:34,700
healing and how even a Christian
Bishop had urged, the use of 

6229
05:42:34,700 --> 05:42:38,900
god-given Remedies like bars. 
Their circuit complete Flavia 

6230
05:42:38,900 --> 05:42:41,500
helped, the weakened, by these 
dry off and rest along the 

6231
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:43,100
courtyard Colonnade for fresh 
air. 

6232
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:47,400
Twilight approached a breeze 
carrying in the center of olive 

6233
05:42:47,400 --> 05:42:50,400
trees outside. 
She ladled out cups of warm 

6234
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:54,000
broth from a pot simmering where
perfumed oils were once heated 

6235
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,600
in the fading light, the group 
murmured prayers of thanks. 

6236
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:02,200
Septimus is fever, had broken 
sweat beaded on his brow, but 

6237
05:43:02,200 --> 05:43:05,500
his eyes were clear. 
Nearest flexed his leg and found

6238
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:09,500
the wound clean, the pain 
abated, Livia squeezed flavia's 

6239
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:13,700
hand, and gratitude, and for the
first time in weeks, Livia felt 

6240
05:43:13,700 --> 05:43:17,200
her pain ease. 
As Flavia packed away, her 

6241
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:20,700
supplies, young alkaline lit, a 
few oil lamps along the walls. 

6242
05:43:20,700 --> 05:43:24,300
They're gentle glow on faded 
painting of Roman gods and the 

6243
05:43:24,300 --> 05:43:28,600
simple crosses scratched by the 
old and new converged here. 

6244
05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:33,500
These bars once echoed with 
Pagan Odes and idle gossip now 

6245
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,700
they heard prayers and hymns. 
The water that Romans once 

6246
05:43:36,700 --> 05:43:39,500
dedicated to Escalade Pierce was
now blessed in Christ's name 

6247
05:43:39,508 --> 05:43:42,500
different prayers led to the 
same Healing Waters. 

6248
05:43:43,300 --> 05:43:46,500
Before closing for the night. 
Flavia knelt by the pool and 

6249
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:47,900
dipped her hand into the warm 
water. 

6250
05:43:47,900 --> 05:43:50,300
Whispering a final prayer of 
thanks. 

6251
05:43:50,300 --> 05:43:54,100
This derelict, Bath House, 
turned in fermery felt as holy 

6252
05:43:54,100 --> 05:43:58,200
to her as any Chapel Place where
suffering was eased and dignity 

6253
05:43:58,200 --> 05:44:00,800
restored. 
With that thought warming her 

6254
05:44:00,800 --> 05:44:05,200
heart, Flavia shuttered, the 
doors, the baths of Titus fell 

6255
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:08,100
into quiet Darkness, say for The
Gleam of the wooden cross on the

6256
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:12,200
wall, a reminder that even as 
Empires fade, the call to care 

6257
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:16,200
for the sick endures under a 
legend winter Sky, Marcus pushed

6258
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:18,600
open the heavy doors of the 
baths of Diocletian. 

6259
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:22,800
In our final story of the 
Twilight of the thermae, romae 

6260
05:44:22,800 --> 05:44:27,200
537, add a sharp wind followed 
him in swirling. 

6261
05:44:27,200 --> 05:44:30,900
Fallen leaves across the floor, 
only a dozen patrons huddled in 

6262
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:33,600
the vast complex. 
The baths emptiness was 

6263
05:44:33,600 --> 05:44:38,300
palpable, Markus had served as 
curator a water engineer for 

6264
05:44:38,300 --> 05:44:42,200
over 30 years, tending, Rome's 
aqueducts and bathhouses. 

6265
05:44:42,200 --> 05:44:45,500
He remembered when these Halls 
echoed with laughter each after 

6266
05:44:45,500 --> 05:44:50,000
noon, now, many pools, set dry 
or lukewarm still, he made his 

6267
05:44:50,000 --> 05:44:53,300
rounds determined to offer what 
Comfort he could to those few 

6268
05:44:53,300 --> 05:44:57,600
Romans who clung to the old ways
in the tepidarium only two 

6269
05:44:57,600 --> 05:45:00,200
loyal. 
Patrons lingard, In the lukewarm

6270
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:04,200
pool, Marcus checked the water 
with his hand cooler than it 

6271
05:45:04,200 --> 05:45:06,600
should be. 
The furnaces had barely any fuel

6272
05:45:06,600 --> 05:45:09,000
left would being scared during 
the seed. 

6273
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:13,800
He fed the last bits of charcoal
into the boiler coaxing Amiga 

6274
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:16,500
flame, moving on. 
He passed through the empty 

6275
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:20,400
palestra now, strewn with dust. 
In a corner weed sprouted 

6276
05:45:20,400 --> 05:45:24,100
between cracked marble tiles. 
Where athletes once wrestled He 

6277
05:45:24,100 --> 05:45:25,900
sighed and entered the 
caldarium. 

6278
05:45:26,500 --> 05:45:29,900
Only one pool here was still in 
use fed by a trickle of warm 

6279
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:32,700
water. 
A gaunt mother bathed her young 

6280
05:45:32,700 --> 05:45:35,300
son in the shallows of the one 
remaining warm pool. 

6281
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:39,100
The same need for warmth and 
water, which had sustained so 

6282
05:45:39,100 --> 05:45:43,000
many before them drew them here.
The mother looked up at Marcus 

6283
05:45:43,000 --> 05:45:46,200
and gave a polite hopeful smile 
markers mustered. 

6284
05:45:46,200 --> 05:45:49,300
And in return, even as his heart
clenched with the knowledge, he 

6285
05:45:49,300 --> 05:45:53,000
bore Adorn, Marcus had scouted 
the aqueduct outside the city 

6286
05:45:53,000 --> 05:45:56,500
and discovered the Grim truth. 
Gothic soldiers, had cut the 

6287
05:45:56,500 --> 05:45:59,400
aqua Marcia topping its arches 
to choke off Hermes water. 

6288
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:02,000
The lifeblood of the bars was 
severed. 

6289
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:04,800
What little water remained in 
the pools was all there would 

6290
05:46:04,800 --> 05:46:07,400
ever be. 
By tomorrow, the bards of 

6291
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:10,700
Diocletian would fall summoned. 
He made his way to The Frigid 

6292
05:46:10,700 --> 05:46:12,700
area. 
A cavernous Hall that once 

6293
05:46:12,700 --> 05:46:15,000
housed a cold swimming pool 
larger than a forum. 

6294
05:46:15,000 --> 05:46:18,700
Now it was dry the Mosaic of 
Neptune on its floor exposed and

6295
05:46:18,700 --> 05:46:21,300
dull. 
Marcus ran a hand along a 

6296
05:46:21,300 --> 05:46:24,200
cracked column, how many 
generations had cooled their 

6297
05:46:24,200 --> 05:46:26,600
brows here. 
After the steam, he could almost

6298
05:46:26,600 --> 05:46:28,300
hear ghostly, splashes, and 
Youthful. 

6299
05:46:28,300 --> 05:46:31,600
Shouts from centuries, past 
returning to the tepidarium 

6300
05:46:31,600 --> 05:46:34,000
Marcus gently informed. 
The few remaining bathers that 

6301
05:46:34,000 --> 05:46:36,200
he baths would like to close off
to today. 

6302
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:40,000
The old man bowed their heads in
resigned under standing and that

6303
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:43,100
young mothers eyes primed with 
tears, as she held her son 

6304
05:46:43,100 --> 05:46:45,700
closer. 
A patron placed a rolled 

6305
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:49,200
parchment into Marcus's hand as 
a token of appreciation for his 

6306
05:46:49,208 --> 05:46:52,300
years of service, causing 
markers to swallow a lump in his

6307
05:46:52,300 --> 05:46:54,800
throat. 
He promised the mother, he would

6308
05:46:54,800 --> 05:46:57,500
direct her to a nearby church 
offering heated rooms for 

6309
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:02,200
refugees a small solace. 
As Twilight fell in the last 

6310
05:47:02,200 --> 05:47:04,700
bathers. 
Departed, Marcus remained alone 

6311
05:47:04,700 --> 05:47:07,400
in the cooling Caldera of water 
gone. 

6312
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:11,400
He sat by an empty basement and 
old saying echoed. 

6313
05:47:11,400 --> 05:47:17,900
While the baths remain Rome 
remains but Rome had changed its

6314
05:47:17,900 --> 05:47:21,800
people scattered. 
Its aqueducts broken communal 

6315
05:47:21,800 --> 05:47:24,900
bathing once the pride of Roman 
life was now slipping into 

6316
05:47:24,900 --> 05:47:27,200
memory. 
Yet in the Gathering, Darkness 

6317
05:47:27,200 --> 05:47:31,200
Marcus felt a measure of Peace. 
The legacy of the therme would 

6318
05:47:31,200 --> 05:47:34,500
not vanish. 
In the Eastern Empire. 

6319
05:47:34,500 --> 05:47:37,600
Massive baths, still thrived. 
And in country Villages, people 

6320
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:40,900
still sought natural hot springs
for Relief just as they always 

6321
05:47:40,900 --> 05:47:43,800
had. 
Rome had introduced the world to

6322
05:47:43,800 --> 05:47:46,700
the benefits of bathing. 
And subsequent Generations, 

6323
05:47:46,700 --> 05:47:50,500
would continue this Legacy. 
Perhaps future Generations. 

6324
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:54,400
In better times would build new 
bathhouses or find new ways to 

6325
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:58,100
use waters Healing Touch. 
Marcus Rose and made his final 

6326
05:47:58,100 --> 05:48:00,600
rounds, snuffing out lamps and 
securing doors. 

6327
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:03,200
He took one last look at the 
silent Halls. 

6328
05:48:03,200 --> 05:48:07,600
This chapter was closing, but he
did not feel despair water. 

6329
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:11,200
Soothing power was eternal and 
he believed that someday its 

6330
05:48:11,200 --> 05:48:13,000
fountains would flow again for 
those in need. 

6331
05:48:13,800 --> 05:48:17,200
With that hope, Marcus Fallon's 
left, the baths of diakon and 

6332
05:48:17,200 --> 05:48:19,900
shut its doors behind him in the
fading light. 

6333
05:48:19,900 --> 05:48:22,900
The great complex, stood dark, 
and still a sleeping giant 

6334
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:24,900
waiting. 
A new dawn in some distant 

6335
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:25,300
future.