A Calm Childhood in 1709 | How Young Washington Learned the Ways of the World | Boring History

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How do my sleepy friends? 
Tonight we're going to walk 

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through the early years of a boy
who would become a legend, not 

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the marble statue in monuments. 
But the real breathing young man

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who learned to read the land, 
navigate society's expectations 

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and discover who he might 
become. 

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This is the story of young 
George Washington before the 

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wars and presidency when he was 
simply a tall awkward teenager. 

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Trying to figure out his place 
in the world. 

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So before we begin, as always, 
please take a moment to like the

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video and subscribe if you don't
mind. 

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And let me know where you're 
tuning in from and what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, dim your light, get 

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comfortable, and let's Sue that 
anxiety. 

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Imagine waking up on a February 
morning in 1732 in a modest 

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wooden house on Pope's Creek in 
Virginia. 

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The air carries that particular 
dampness, that clings to the 

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Tidewater region, where rivers, 
meet the Chesapeake Bay, and 

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everything smells faintly of 
salt Pine and would smoke. 

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This is where George Washington.
First opened his eyes to the 

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world, not in a grande 
Plantation Mansion as many 

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imagine. 
But in a comfortable Farmhouse 

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that his father Augustine was 
still working to expand. 

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The Virginia of Georgia's 
childhood wasn't. 

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The elegant columned world, you 
might picture from movies. 

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It was rougher newer and still 
finding its identity between 

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English traditions and American 
realities. 

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The Washington family occupied a
middle rung on Virginia's, 

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social ladder. 
Comfortable, but not wealthy 

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respected, but not among the 
elite Tidewater aristocracy. 

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They owned land and enslaved, 
people participating in a system

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that defined Colonial, 
Virginia's, prosperity, and 

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shame. 
This was the moral landscape. 

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George was born in two when he 
would never fundamentally 

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questioned, despite later, 
discomfort with slavery's 

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realities. 
The house at Pope's Creek was 

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built of wood. 
Not brick with a few rooms 

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warmed by fireplaces, that 
demanded. 

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Constant attention. 
You can picture young, George 

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watching, his mother Mary 
Baldwin supervising the 

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household with the kind of stern
efficiency that made people step

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Lively. 
She was not by any account, a 

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woman giving to softness or 
excessive affection. 

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Where others might caudal Mary 
bull washing prepared. 

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Her children for a world that 
offered no guarantees. 

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George's father, Augustine 
called Gus. 

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By friends was often away on 
business, managing his various 

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properties, and the iron 
furnaces. 

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Owned with partners. 
He was the kind of man who saw 

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opportunity in Virginia's 
expanding economy and worked to 

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transform land into prosperity. 
When Gus was home, the household

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took on a different energy. 
He brought stories from his 

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travels news from Fredericksburg
and Beyond and most importantly 

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for young, George a glimpse of 
how men navigated the colonial 

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world of Commerce reputation and
ambition. the rhythm of days in 

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this Virginia childhood followed
patterns that have mostly 

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vanished from Modern Life. 
You woke with the sun because 

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candles were expensive and 
darkness. 

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Absolute Meals appeared through 
Labor. 

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You could see the chicken that 
became dinner the vegetables 

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from Gardens tended by in slaved
workers and the bread made from 

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wheat grown on Washington 
allowed. 

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Nothing arrived in packages or 
through mysterious Supply 

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chains. 
The connection between work and 

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survival was visible in every 
aspect of daily life. 

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George had older half-brothers 
from his father's first 

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marriage, Lawrence and Augustine
Junior who everyone called 

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Austin. 
These young men represented, 

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everything, George might aspire 
to become, they'd been educated 

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in England. 
Spoke with polish that came from

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English schools, and carried 
themselves. 

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With the confidence of those who
knew their place in society was 

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Secure. 
For young, George still finding 

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his footing in the world, his 
half-brothers were like, 

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previews of possible. 
Futures the landscape itself 

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shaped childhood in ways that 
Modern Life has erased. 

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The Washington property sprawled
across land where forests still 

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held their Primacy where creeks 
and rivers served as highways 

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and where the edge of 
civilization felt close enough 

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to touch. 
Young George's. 

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Playground was a semi-wild world
of Woods and Water, tobacco 

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fields and Tangled underbrush. 
Here a boy could spend hours 

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exploring learning to read 
Landscapes the way other 

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children learn to read books. 
This Virginia was a place where 

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distances were measured not in 
miles but in hours of difficult 

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travel where neighbors might 
live far Enough away. 

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That visiting was an event 
requiring planning. 

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It was simultaneously intimate, 
everyone knowing everyone else's

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business and isolated with each 
Plantation or farming its own 

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small universe. 
Into this world of 

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contradictions. 
Young George was learning to 

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navigate absorbing lessons about
class race labor, and 

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aspirational, that would shape 
everything he later became when 

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George was three. 
The family moved to a larger 

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property along the Rappahannock 
River near Fredericksburg. 

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The new home later called Ferry 
Farm offered more space and 

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better prospects. here, the 
river became George's constant 

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companion, a highway of 
commercial traffic, the source 

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of fish and Recreation, and a 
reminder that Virginia was still

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a colony oriented toward water 
toward the Atlantic trade, that 

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connected, it to England and the
Wider world, picture young, 

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George watching ships, pass on 
the Rappahannock vessels 

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carrying Virginia, tobacco, to 
London and returning with 

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manufactured goods, but books, 
and luxuries, that colonists 

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could not yet produce 
themselves. 

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Each ship represented 
connections to a larger world to

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the great Metropolis of London 
that existed in colonial 

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imaginations as the center of 
civilization culture and Power. 

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For a boy in Virginia, England 
was both impossibly distant and 

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intimately connected to daily 
life through Commerce law, and 

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the ever-present awareness of 
being Colonial, subjects of the 

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crown. when George was 11, 
something happened that would 

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Shape. 
His entire trajectory, his 

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father died. 
Augustine Washington's death in 

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a 1743 wasn't dramatic or 
particularly unusual for the 

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time. 
People died of illnesses. 

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We'd now treat with antibiotics 
but for George it meant that 

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certain doors quietly closed. 
There would be no English 

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education, like his 
half-brothers had received. 

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There would be no inherited. 
Fortune sufficient to live as a 

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gentleman without effort. 
The comfortable middle-class 

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existence is father had been 
building more precarious. 

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What George did inherit was 
access to his half-brother 

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Lawrence's world. 
Lawrence 14 years older than 

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George had returned from 
education in England, to 

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establish himself at little 
Hunting Creek a property. 

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He would rename Mount Vernon. 
Here was a young man who 

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embodied, everything George 
might aspire to become educated 

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socially connected. 
Married into the powerful 

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Fairfax, Family, and 
commissioned as an officer in 

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the colonial militia. 
Lawrence became the North Star. 

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George would have navigate by 
for the next crucial years of 

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his adolescents. but before 
Lawrence's influence could fully

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flower George had to acquire the
basic tools of literacy and 

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numeracy, his educational was 
sporadic Court between local 

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tutors and what his mother could
afford there was no formal 

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School in the sense, we'd 
recognize no systematic 

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curriculum and no graduation 
ceremonies In Stead George 

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learned from whoever was 
available local clergyman 

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itinerant teachers and quite 
possibly his own determination 

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to master what he needed. 
The surviving school exercises 

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from George's. 
Youth reveal someone 

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methodically teaching. 
Himself to function in 

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Virginia's commercial world. 
His copy books contain pages of 

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practiced handwriting, 
mathematical calculations for 

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surveying and most tellingly a 
copied set of maxims called 

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Rules of Civility and Decent 
Behavior in company. 

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And conversation these 110 Rules
which George Painstakingly 

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transcribed weren't just 
penmanship practice. 

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They were a manual for 
navigating social situations 

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when you didn't naturally know 
the rules. 

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Reading through these rules now 
creates an odd mix of amusement 

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and poignant sea. 
Kill no Vermin or flee, Laos or 

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tick in the sight of others. 
Spit, not into the fire. 

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But, you know, man's face with 
your spittle by approaching to 

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near him when you speak. 
These were not instructions for 

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a boy born to privilege and 
polish. 

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They were guidelines for someone
aware that his manners needed 

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work. 
That his path. 

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That would require conscious 
attention to behaviors. 

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That others absorbed naturally. 
Young George's. 

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Handwriting itself. 
Tells a story. 

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His early attempts are awkward 
and Ernest the letters, formed 

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with Care by someone who knows 
that penmanship matters in a 

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world where your written word 
might be the first impression 

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you make on important people. by
his mid-teens, his hand had 

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developed into something, clear 
and purposeful, if never 

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particularly elegant, It was the
handwriting of someone more 

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interested in being understood 
than in displaying flourishes. 

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Mathematics came more naturally 
to George than classical 

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education. 
While his half-brothers could 

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quote Latin and discuss 
classical philosophy, George 

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applied himself to practical 
geometry to the calculations, 

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that would let him measure land.
Calculate acreage and determine 

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property boundaries. 
In colonial Virginia where land 

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was wealth and disputes over 
boundaries could lead to 

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violence, surveying was both a 
respectable profession and a 

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lucrative skill. 
George seems to have recognized 

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this opportunity early. 
The books available to young 

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George were limited but telling 
Virginia. 

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Plantations didn't maintain the 
extensive libraries that wealthy

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English Estate, boasted What 
books existed tended toward the 

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Practical? 
Agricultural, manuals, legal 

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references, navigation, guides, 
and accounts of exploration and 

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Military campaigns. 
George read, about Warfare about

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Land Management and about the 
exploits of British military 

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Heroes. 
His reading shaped a particular 

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kind of ambition, one oriented 
toward action and achievement, 

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rather than intellectual 
contemplation. 

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But perhaps George's, most 
important education came from 

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Simply watching and listening at
Mount Vernon. 

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When he visited Lawrence, and he
visited often finding any excuse

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to escape very far. 
And his mother's Stern 

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household. 
George could observe how the 

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colonial Gentry actually lived. 
Here were people who knew which 

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Fork to use how to discuss 
politics, without giving a 

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fence, how to dance the latest 
English country dances, and how 

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to carry themselves with the 
Casual confidence that comes 

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from a secure social position. 
Lawrence's. wife Anne Fairfax, 

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Washington connected the family 
to one of Virginia's, most 

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powerful Clans The Fairfax is 
controlled enormous land grants 

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in Virginia's interior. 
Maintained connections to 

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British nobility and represented
the Apex of colonial society. 

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Through Lawrence George gained 
access to a world that would 

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have been closed to the ferry 
farm boy. 

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Whose father had died. 
Leaving a modest estate. 

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The education Georgia received 
wasn't systematic or 

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comprehensive by English 
standards. 

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He never learned Latin that Mark
of classical education that 

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distinguished gentleman from 
merely prosperous Tradesmen. 

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He wouldn't have been 
comfortable discussing ancient 

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philosophy or contemporary 
European literature. what he 

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gained in Stead was something 
perhaps more valuable for his 

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time and place, the ability to 
move between worlds to learn 

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from observation and to 
understand that knowledge was a 

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tool to be wielded rather than 
an ornament to be displayed the 

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First time, George Washington 
really looked at land. 

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Not just walked across it or 
lived on it, but truly examined 

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it with an eye toward 
measurement and understanding 

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something clicked into place. 
Surveying wasn't just a 

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profession. 
It was a way of reading the 

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world that suited his particular
talents. 

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Where others saw Wilderness or 
Farmland. 

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Surveyor lines, angles bearing 
and the mathematical Precision 

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that transformed chaotic nature 
into property. 

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The tools of surveying had a 
satisfying solidity, the 

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circumferentially, a 
sophisticated Compass mounted on

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a tripod used for measuring 
angles. 

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The gunters chain. 66 ft long 
with 100 links. 

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Perfect for measuring distance 
and calculating acreage. 

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The Jacobs staff for supporting 
instruments and the field. 

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Book where measurements were 
recorded with careful precision.

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These instruments represented 
the intersection of mathematics,

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craftsmanship and practical 
application, a combination that 

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appealed to George's methodical 
mind. 

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00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,800
Picture 16 year old George 
already. 

236
00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:02,000
Shooting up toward his eventual,
6 foot 2. 

237
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,900
Height learning to set up. 
A circumference Tour on 

238
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,500
uncertain ground. 
The process required patience 

239
00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:12,900
finding level ground or 
improvising with stones and wood

240
00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:16,500
shims adjusting, the instrument,
until its Compass, sat perfectly

241
00:13:16,500 --> 00:13:20,300
horizontal sighting, along the 
ruler toward a distant, landmark

242
00:13:20,300 --> 00:13:22,400
and recording the magnetic 
bearing. 

243
00:13:23,800 --> 00:13:27,300
With precision. 
Each measurement was a small Act

244
00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:30,700
of transformation turning 
undefined space into numbered 

245
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:33,600
reality. 
The mathematics of surveying 

246
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:36,700
offered certainties that other 
aspects of George's life lacked.

247
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:40,600
If you measured the angles 
correctly, applied the right, 

248
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,600
trigonometric relationships, and
kept accurate records. 

249
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,500
You could create a plot that 
represented truth, a piece of 

250
00:13:47,508 --> 00:13:50,400
paper that courts would 
recognize as a legitimate 

251
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,200
description of physical. 
Reality. 

252
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,900
For a young man, still uncertain
of his place in Virginia 

253
00:13:56,900 --> 00:14:00,900
Society, this power to Define 
and describe property must have 

254
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:03,700
felt like grasping something 
solid in an uncertain world. 

255
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:06,900
But surveying wasn't just 
mathematics and instruments. 

256
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:12,000
It required the ability to read 
Landscapes to understand how 

257
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,600
water flowed and shaped land to 
recognize the difference between

258
00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:18,900
clay soil and loamy Earth. and 
to notice the trees that 

259
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,800
indicated, good Farmland versus 
those that suggested swamp, or 

260
00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:27,500
Exhausted ground. 
George was learning a practical 

261
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:30,600
literacy that transformed how he
saw everything around him. 

262
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:34,300
A hillside became a question of 
elevation change and drainage 

263
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,900
patterns. 
A creek wasn't just water, but a

264
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:43,300
boundary marker and Mill site. 
Of Timbre represented board feet

265
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,000
and potential profit. 
His first real surveying work 

266
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:48,500
came through the Fairfax 
Connection. 

267
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:51,600
Lord. 
Fairfax the aristocratic 

268
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:55,000
proprietor of vast land, grants,
and Virginia's interior needed. 

269
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,600
Surveyors to help organize. 
His Holdings beyond the Blue 

270
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:01,000
Ridge Mountains. 
These were the cultivated 

271
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,300
Tidewater regions George new, 
but the frontier. 

272
00:15:04,100 --> 00:15:08,000
Places where Native American 
still hunted existed more on 

273
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,200
paper than in reality and we're 
settlers were pushing into 

274
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:15,200
territory that Virginia claimed.
But Didn't truly control. 

275
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,400
In March 1748 when George was 
just 16. 

276
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,800
He joined a surveying party 
headed into the Shenandoah 

277
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,800
Valley. 
Imagine the excitement mixed 

278
00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:29,900
with apprehension. 
A teenager leaving the settled 

279
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:31,900
regions. 
He knew for genuine Wilderness 

280
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,200
traveling with experienced 
frontiersmen into territory, 

281
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,400
where the rules of Tidewater 
Society didn't quite apply. 

282
00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,900
His journal from this Expedition
reveals, someone paying close 

283
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,100
attention to everything, 
recording not just survey data. 

284
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:49,700
But observations about the 
people places and experiences he

285
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:52,900
encountered The journey took 
them across the Blue Ridge 

286
00:15:52,900 --> 00:15:56,200
Mountains. 
That long barrier that separated

287
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,100
Eastern Virginia, from the vast 
interior. 

288
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:02,000
The Passage through Mountain 
gaps would have been George's 

289
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,000
first real experience with 
landscape. 

290
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:08,100
That humans have not 
substantially modified, These 

291
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:11,500
were forests that had stood for 
centuries ridges, that Rose like

292
00:16:11,500 --> 00:16:15,000
walls and streams that crashed 
through Rocky Channels with a 

293
00:16:15,008 --> 00:16:17,400
force that made the Placid 
Rappahannock seem tame. 

294
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:21,700
Someone learning to survey the 
mountains were both a challenge 

295
00:16:21,700 --> 00:16:24,800
and an education. 
How do you measure land that 

296
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:26,600
rises and Falls? 
So dramatically? 

297
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:29,500
How do you create accurate 
plots? 

298
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:31,300
Where nothing is level or 
straightforward? 

299
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,000
beyond the mountains, the 
Shenandoah Valley opened up like

300
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,600
a revelation mile after mile of 
fertile, bottom land along, the 

301
00:16:38,608 --> 00:16:43,400
Shenandoah River mountain ridges
running, parallel on Either 

302
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:45,800
side, like protective walls and 
land. 

303
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:48,200
So rich, you could almost see 
why settlers were willing to 

304
00:16:48,208 --> 00:16:51,200
push into territory where their 
presence wasn't entirely 

305
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:53,100
welcomed by its original 
inhabitants. 

306
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,800
George was seeing first-hand the
opportunity that Drew Europeans,

307
00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:01,700
ever Westwood the promise of 
land that represented, wealth, 

308
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:04,099
autonomy, and social 
advancement. 

309
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:08,400
The surveying, work itself was 
physically demanding in ways 

310
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:09,800
that life at Ferry Farm or 
mount. 

311
00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:15,599
Vernon hadn't prepared him for. 
Days began at dawn and continued

312
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:17,800
until Darkness made Reading 
instruments and possible. 

313
00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:22,300
You walked miles carrying 
equipment Crossing streams, that

314
00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:25,700
required wading through, Cold 
War, pushing through underbrush,

315
00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:29,100
the clothes, and instruments, 
and dealing with terrain, that 

316
00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:30,600
seemed designed to resist 
measurement. 

317
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:33,900
George's journal entries from 
this expedition. 

318
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,300
Note sleeping in the opening 
with whether that range from 

319
00:17:37,300 --> 00:17:40,600
unseasonable snow to Reign, that
turned everything to mud and 

320
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,100
encountering Frontier, settlers 
whose lives bore little 

321
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:46,700
resemblance to Tidewater 
gentility. 

322
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:51,100
One journal entry describes 
sleeping in their clothes beside

323
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:53,900
a fire because they lacked 
proper shelter only to be 

324
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,700
invaded by lice. 
Flees and other Vermin from the 

325
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,000
straw, they'd used as bedding. 
Another note. 

326
00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:04,600
Encountering a group of Frontier
settlers whose manners were so 

327
00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:06,800
rough. 
That George's carefully learned 

328
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:09,200
Rules of Civility, seemed to 
belong to a different world 

329
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,800
entirely. 
These experiences were stripping

330
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:15,200
away any romantic Notions about 
frontier life. 

331
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:18,300
While teaching practical lessons
about human adaptability and 

332
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:22,000
resilience. the survey work 
produced something tangible 

333
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:27,300
plots of land that could be 
registered sold and Developed. 

334
00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:31,300
Each completed survey was a 
small piece of the larger 

335
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:34,800
process by which Virginia was 
being mapped claimed and 

336
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,100
organized into a system of 
property ownership. 

337
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:39,400
That benefited some While 
dispossessing others. 

338
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,500
George wasn't yet reflecting 
deeply on the implication of 

339
00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:46,600
this transformation, but he was 
learning the mechanics of how 

340
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:48,500
European settlement actually 
worked. 

341
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:52,300
How will this became property, 
how measurement became ownership

342
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:57,000
and how paper documents in? 
Distant offices, determined who 

343
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:59,100
could build a home on land. 
Their family had never seen. 

344
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:03,700
The 1748 surveying expedition 
was George's introduction to 

345
00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:06,600
Frontier life. 
The following years made him an 

346
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,200
expert. 
Between ages 16 and 20 George 

347
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:12,700
worked as a professional 
surveyor primarily for the 

348
00:19:12,708 --> 00:19:15,300
Fairfax Family, but increasingly
on his own account. 

349
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,500
These years, transformed him 
from a somewhat awkward teenager

350
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:22,800
into a young man, comfortable 
with physical hardship, capable 

351
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,800
of quick decision-making and 
knowledgeable about the Virginia

352
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,300
Backcountry and ways that few 
tied water, gentlemen, could 

353
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:30,800
match this. 
Work. 

354
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:33,600
Took George repeatedly into the 
Shenandoah Valley and Beyond 

355
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,400
Each expedition was a small 
Adventure, required. 

356
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:40,200
Careful planning. 
Hiring chain men to help with 

357
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:42,300
measurements securing 
Provisions. 

358
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,500
That would last for weeks in the
field, arranging for horses 

359
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:48,900
capable of handling rough 
terrain and timing departures to

360
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:53,200
Of the worst weather while still
completing work during Seasons, 

361
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,700
when vegetation wouldn't obscure
property boundaries. 

362
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,700
George was learning the 
unglamorous skills of logistics 

363
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,400
and planning that would serve 
him well in later military 

364
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,000
campaigns. 
The physical demands of 

365
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,700
surveying toughened. 
A young man who'd grown up in 

366
00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:12,200
relative comfort. 
They spent slogging through 

367
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:16,200
Creek, bottoms climbing ridges, 
to establish sight lines, and 

368
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:19,300
hacking through brush to run 
property lines, built endurance,

369
00:20:19,300 --> 00:20:22,500
and a tolerance for discomfort 
that few of his Tidewater 

370
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:26,300
contemporaries possessed. 
By his late, teens George could 

371
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,000
ride all day, sleep on the 
ground, eat whatever was 

372
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,800
available, and wake up ready to 
do it again capabilities, that 

373
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,400
would prove surprisingly rare 
among Virginia gentlemen. 

374
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,000
When physical hardship was 
required? 

375
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:41,100
But surveying. 
Also taught, something less 

376
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,400
tangible. 
How to read people and 

377
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:45,600
situations with the same careful
attention. 

378
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:49,600
He applied to landscapes. 
The frontier attracted a 

379
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,200
particular type of settler 
people willing to risk. 

380
00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,200
Everything for land ownership 
refugees from Eastern 

381
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,900
settlements where property was 
expensive or unavailable 

382
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:01,500
immigrants from Germany and 
Scotland seeking Fresh Starts. 

383
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:06,100
And In individuals whose reasons
for leaving settled areas. 

384
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:07,600
Didn't bear too much 
examination. 

385
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,200
George learned to assess 
character quickly to recognize 

386
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:15,400
when someone was reliable or 
dangerous and to navigate social

387
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:18,600
situations where the wrong word,
could create lasting enemies. 

388
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,800
The German and Scots Irish 
settlers in countered. 

389
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,500
In the Shenandoah Valley. 
Lived differently from English, 

390
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:30,500
descended Tidewater planters. 
Their homes were logged. 

391
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,800
Cabins, rather than frame houses
their Farms smaller and worked 

392
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,900
by Family, labor, rather than 
enslaved people and their 

393
00:21:36,900 --> 00:21:39,000
churches Lutheran or 
Presbyterian rather than 

394
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,100
Anglican. 
Georges exposure to this 

395
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:44,800
cultural diversity was unusual 
for someone of his social 

396
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,900
aspirations. 
Most Virginia gentlemen, viewed.

397
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,500
The settlers as lesser people's 
valuable primarily as a buffer 

398
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:54,300
between plantation society and 
Native American territory 

399
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,200
George's direct experience with 
Frontier communities. 

400
00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:00,900
Gave him a more nuanced 
understanding that would prove 

401
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,000
valuable when he later needed to
build coalitions across cultural

402
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,100
lines. 
The land itself continued 

403
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:10,800
teaching lessons. 
George learned to recognize soil

404
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,800
quality by examining vegetation 
to spot potential Mill sites by 

405
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:18,200
studying Creek flow and to 
identify the best routes through

406
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:21,000
mountainous, terrain by reading 
Ridge, lines and water gaps. 

407
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:26,000
He developed what we might call 
Wilderness literacy, the ability

408
00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:29,500
to look at seemingly chaotic 
nature and discern patterns, 

409
00:22:29,500 --> 00:22:33,600
resources and opportunities. 
This skill was rare among 

410
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,900
Virginia gentlemen, most of whom
experience the frontier, only 

411
00:22:36,900 --> 00:22:40,400
through land office, records and
settlement reports surveying. 

412
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,900
Also provided something crucial 
for a young man without 

413
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:47,900
inherited wealth income. 
George charged competitive rates

414
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:50,300
for his work. 
And the demand for surveys in 

415
00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:54,400
rapidly settling regions ensured
steady employment. by his late 

416
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,400
teens, he was earning 
respectable money and more 

417
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:02,400
importantly beginning to acquire
land of his own The first plot 

418
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,900
he purchased was in the 
Shenandoah Valley, 453 Acres 

419
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:09,400
along Creeks, chosen with the 
educated eye of someone who 

420
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,700
understood land value. 
It was a statement. 

421
00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:16,900
George Washington was becoming a
property owner. establishing the

422
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:19,600
foundation for the wealth, that 
would later support his position

423
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:25,500
as a gentleman planter, The 
survey work also taught careful,

424
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:27,000
record-keeping, and 
documentation. 

425
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:31,700
Every survey generated paperwork
field notes, recording 

426
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:34,500
measurements and bearing draft 
plots showing property 

427
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:37,700
boundaries Fair copies suitable 
for submission to the county 

428
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:40,300
surveyor's office and 
correspondence with property 

429
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:43,400
owners and officials. 
George learned to maintain 

430
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,900
organized, files to keep copies 
of important documents and to 

431
00:23:46,900 --> 00:23:49,700
understand that written records 
often mattered more than verbal 

432
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:52,800
agreements. 
This systematic approach to 

433
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,100
documentation would characterize
his entire career where the 

434
00:23:56,100 --> 00:23:58,600
managing Mount Vernon's 
agricultural operations or 

435
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:02,800
commanding the Continental Army.
between surveying Expeditions 

436
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:07,300
George returned to the settled 
portions of Virginia moving 

437
00:24:07,300 --> 00:24:09,800
between his mother's household 
at Ferry Farm and the more 

438
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:11,700
congenial atmosphere at Mount 
Vernon. 

439
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:14,800
The contrast between Frontier 
roughness. 

440
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:18,000
And Tidewater refinement, must 
have been jarring from sleeping 

441
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,200
on the ground to dining on 
China, from Days of hard 

442
00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:24,500
physical labor to evening of 
dancing and conversation. 

443
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,300
George was learning to inhabit, 
Both Worlds to switch between 

444
00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:31,800
Frontier practicality, and 
gentleman's polish as 

445
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:36,100
circumstances required. 
This flexibility would serve him

446
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,100
throughout his life, allowing 
him to connect with common 

447
00:24:39,100 --> 00:24:41,200
soldiers. 
While commanding respect from 

448
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:46,100
aristocratic officers. 
The surveying years were also 

449
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:48,700
teaching George about the darker
realities of Virginia's 

450
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:52,000
expansion. 
The land he surveyed was being 

451
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,300
claimed under English law, but 
Native Americans who hunted 

452
00:24:55,300 --> 00:24:58,900
lived and traveled through these
territories for Generations had 

453
00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:01,600
never ceded their rights to 
these lands in any meaningful 

454
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:05,000
way. 
The surveys, George conducted 

455
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,200
were tools of dispossession 
transforming, traditional 

456
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:11,900
hunting grounds into property, 
that could be bought sold and 

457
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:15,100
defended with European legal 
Concepts that indigenous 

458
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:17,200
people's had never agreed to 
accept. 

459
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:21,700
George wasn't yet questioning 
the system few colonists did, 

460
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:24,900
but he was becoming aware that 
settlement wasn't a peaceful 

461
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,200
process of filling, empty land. 
But a contested claiming of 

462
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:32,100
territory, where others had 
prior connections sometime 

463
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:36,200
between his Teenage surveying. 
Adventures in his early 20s, 

464
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,600
George Washington, began 
consciously shaping himself into

465
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:43,400
a particular kind of person. 
This wasn't the organic 

466
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,200
development of Personality, that
happens naturally, as children 

467
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:48,700
mature. 
It was a deliberate project of 

468
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:52,600
self-construction motivated by 
an awareness that he needed to 

469
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,300
compensate for educational and 
social disadvantages. 

470
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:58,800
If he Wanted to advance in 
Virginia Society. 

471
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,200
The Rules of Civility that 
George had copied. 

472
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:05,800
As a school exercise weren't 
just penmanship practice. 

473
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:08,900
They became a template for 
behavior that he applied with 

474
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:13,000
surprise and consistency. 
What young George at a social 

475
00:26:13,008 --> 00:26:14,800
gathering at Mount Vernon or 
Belvoir. 

476
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,900
The Fairfax estate. 
And you'd see someone carefully 

477
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:21,400
managing his presentation 
standing when women entered the 

478
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:24,800
room, speaking only when spoken 
by his Elders maintaining 

479
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:29,100
posture, The projected presence 
without presumption and 

480
00:26:29,100 --> 00:26:31,800
generally conducting himself 
with a formality that sometimes 

481
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,500
struck others as stiffness. 
This wasn't natural Grace. 

482
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:38,800
It was learned behavior applied 
with determination. 

483
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,300
George knew he was tall and 
physically imposing prone to 

484
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,300
awkwardness and social 
situations and lacking the easy 

485
00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:50,300
polish that came from English 
education. so he replaced 

486
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:53,100
spontaneity with control, 
letting careful adherence to 

487
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,600
rules substitute for intuitive, 
understanding of social nuances,

488
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,600
some found this formality of 
putting others redditors, 

489
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:04,200
dignity and self-command. 
George was learning that 

490
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:06,900
people's interpretations of your
behavior matter, less than the 

491
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,200
consistency with which you 
present yourself, this physical 

492
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,900
Grace came more naturally to 
George when it involves Sports 

493
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:16,900
and Outdoor activities. 
He was an exceptional Horseman, 

494
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:20,200
which in 18th century. 
Virginia was almost as important

495
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:23,800
as literacy. 
The ability to control a horse 

496
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,100
with skill and confidence was a 
mark of gentility and George 

497
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:29,700
excelled at this in ways he 
didn't at conversation or 

498
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:33,600
intellectual display. 
Watch him ride and you'd see the

499
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:37,200
awkwardness vanished by natural 
athleticism and on 

500
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:41,100
self-conscious competence. 
Hunting on Horseback, which was 

501
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:43,900
a social activity as much as a 
sporting colonial, Virginia 

502
00:27:43,900 --> 00:27:47,500
allowed George to demonstrate 
capabilities that earned respect

503
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:51,500
from men whose approval, he saw 
it. he was also developing a 

504
00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:55,700
reputation for physical strength
and endurance that became part 

505
00:27:55,700 --> 00:27:59,800
of his personal Legend. 
Story circulated about George 

506
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,800
throwing a piece of slate across
the Rappahannock River or a 

507
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:06,200
silver dollar across the Potomac
Feats, probably exaggerated. 

508
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:10,600
But based on genuine athletic 
ability, In a society where 

509
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:13,600
physical prowess still mattered 
where disputes might be settled 

510
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:16,900
with fists or weapons, and where
leadership was often associated 

511
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:20,400
with martial capabilities, 
George's strength was an asset. 

512
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:24,000
He cultivated and displayed when
Appropriate. 

513
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,500
The Gorge was also learning the 
limits of physical capabilities 

514
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:31,700
and determining social standing.
Virginia was hierarchical in 

515
00:28:31,700 --> 00:28:33,600
ways that made advancement 
difficult for those. 

516
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:38,000
Not born to the top tier The 
great Tidewater families, the 

517
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,800
birds Carters Randolph's legs 
and fairfax's. 

518
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,100
Formed an aristocracy that 
controlled political officers, 

519
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:47,200
social Prestige, and economic 
opportunities. 

520
00:28:48,500 --> 00:28:51,100
Marriage into these families was
the most reliable path to 

521
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:55,000
advancement but that required 
precisely the kind of refined 

522
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,900
education and social connections
that George lacked. 

523
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:01,400
He was acceptable in the 
circle's even. 

524
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:03,700
Welcome to because of his 
connection to Lawrence and the 

525
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:06,200
fairfax's, but he wasn't quite 
one of them. 

526
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:10,000
This ambiguous social position, 
created a particular kind of 

527
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:14,100
hunger. 
George wanted recognition status

528
00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:17,200
and the security that came from 
being established rather than 

529
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,500
striving. 
You can see this ambition in how

530
00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:23,100
carefully he managed, his 
appearance, he was always 

531
00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:24,700
well-dressed. 
According to his means 

532
00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,400
maintaining standards that 
suggested Prosperity even when 

533
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,900
his finances were uncertain. 
You can see it in his careful 

534
00:29:32,900 --> 00:29:37,200
attention to title and rank his 
sensitivity to slights real or 

535
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,700
imagined and his determination 
to secure positions, that would 

536
00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:45,900
establish his standing. 
Lawrence is death in 1752 when 

537
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:48,700
George was just 20 was 
devastating. 

538
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,000
Personally and complicated 
George's position. 

539
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,800
Lawrence had been a mentor 
Patron and gateway to the 

540
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:58,900
Fairfax world. 
His death meant George lost his 

541
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:01,500
most important Advocate 
precisely when he was trying to 

542
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:05,400
establish himself as an adult. 
More practically it raised 

543
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,900
questions about Mount Vernon's 
future, Lawrence's Widow, and 

544
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,800
inherited the estate, but 
various Provisions. 

545
00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:13,700
Meant George might have 
eventually acquire it. 

546
00:30:15,100 --> 00:30:17,800
The uncertainty Force. 
George to think seriously about 

547
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,700
his long-term prospects and the 
kind of a life he wanted to 

548
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:25,400
build during these years, George
was also developing the habit of

549
00:30:25,408 --> 00:30:28,500
self-documentation that would 
make him one of history's most 

550
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:34,800
completely Recorded figures. 
He kept Diaries copied important

551
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,200
correspondence. 
Maintained account books, that 

552
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,800
tracked every expense and saved 
documents that others might have

553
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:43,800
discarded. 
This wasn't just careful 

554
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,500
record-keeping, it was, 
evidenced that George understood

555
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,700
documents created reality in 
ways that memory couldn't. 

556
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,700
The written record of who you 
were, what you've done and what 

557
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,600
others owed, you mattered more 
than personal recollection. 

558
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,800
George was creating an archival 
version of himself that would 

559
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,400
Outlast memory. 
The character emerging from 

560
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,100
these formative years was 
complex and ambitious. 

561
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:11,400
Yet careful, physically brave, 
but socially cautious methodical

562
00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,300
implanting yet capable of 
decisive. 

563
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:18,400
Action aware of his limitations 
but determined to overcome them 

564
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:19,300
through effort and 
self-discipline. 

565
00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:23,800
These weren't the qualities of a
natural leader whose authority 

566
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:26,600
was simply assumed. 
They were the characteristics of

567
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:28,800
someone who'd studied 
leadership, and was 

568
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,700
systematically, developing the 
capabilities, it required. 

569
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:36,400
George was also learning when to
Display emotion. 

570
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:38,600
And when to maintain the 
controlled facade that would 

571
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:42,300
become his trademark. 
His surviving letters from these

572
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:46,000
years show, someone capable of 
warm friendships, playful humor 

573
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:49,300
and genuine affection quite 
different from the marble 

574
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:51,000
Monument image that would 
develop later. 

575
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:55,100
But in public and formal 
situations, George was already 

576
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:57,500
practicing the emotional 
restraint that would make him 

577
00:31:57,500 --> 00:32:00,600
seem remote and dignified to 
those who didn't know him. 

578
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:04,200
Well, He was learning that 
leadership, often required 

579
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,300
performing a role and the 
authenticity mattered less than 

580
00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:12,400
effectiveness. in October 1753 
something happened, that would 

581
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:15,700
give 20 year old George 
Washington, his first real 

582
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:19,800
opportunity to Demonstrate 
leadership capabilities, Beyond 

583
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:21,800
surveying, competence and social
ambitions. 

584
00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:26,000
Virginia's Governor Dinwiddie 
needed someone to carry a 

585
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:28,600
message deep into disputed 
territory warning. 

586
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:31,400
French forces that they were 
trespassing on land claimed by 

587
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,200
Virginia. 
And by extension the British 

588
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:38,100
crown, It was a diplomatic 
mission that required, someone 

589
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:41,700
capable of Wilderness Travel 
willing to accept significant 

590
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:45,100
risks and Expendable enough that
failure wouldn't embarrass 

591
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:48,200
important people. 
George volunteered. 

592
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:50,600
The missions context is 
important. 

593
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:54,600
European powers were maneuvering
for control of the Ohio country 

594
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,600
that vast region between the 
Appalachian Mountains and the 

595
00:32:57,608 --> 00:33:01,400
Mississippi River where French 
British and Native American 

596
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:03,900
interests. 
Collided. 

597
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:07,500
France was building Forts and 
establishing trading 

598
00:33:07,500 --> 00:33:11,200
relationships with indigenous 
Nations Britain, the territory 

599
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:13,800
based on Colonial Charters and 
Virginia Land Company 

600
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,100
Investments. 
Native American peoples who 

601
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:18,700
actually lived. 
There had their own complex, 

602
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:22,300
diplomatic strategies playing 
European powers, against each 

603
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:23,700
other. 
While trying to preserve their 

604
00:33:23,700 --> 00:33:27,700
autonomy and territory. 
In to this Tinderbox, George 

605
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,000
Washington was being sent with a
letter, essentially telling the 

606
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,300
French to leave. 
Why did George volunteer for 

607
00:33:34,300 --> 00:33:38,900
this dangerous assignment? 
Hartley youthful, ambition, here

608
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:41,700
was a chance to gain notice from
the governor and demonstrate 

609
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:43,400
capabilities Beyond land 
surveying. 

610
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:47,500
Partly genuine public 
spiritedness Virginia's interest

611
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:50,200
needed protecting and someone 
had to do it. 

612
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:54,400
And partly the recognition that 
advancement required seizing 

613
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:57,100
opportunities when they appeared
even risky ones. 

614
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,100
George had spent years watching 
how Virginia social system 

615
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:02,900
worked. 
He understood that. 

616
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:05,500
Dramatic service could open 
doors that years of steady 

617
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,600
competence might not The journey
itself tested. 

618
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:11,000
Everything George had learned in
his surveying years. 

619
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,500
He assembled a small party 
hired, an experienced 

620
00:34:15,500 --> 00:34:17,800
Frontiersman named Christopher 
gist as a guide. 

621
00:34:18,500 --> 00:34:21,800
And set out from Williamsburg in
November late enough in the 

622
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,000
season that whether would be a 
constant threat. 

623
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:28,000
The route took them through the 
Appalachian, Backcountry to Fort

624
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,500
Lauder birth, the French Outpost
near Lake Erie. 

625
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:33,600
A journey of several hundred 
miles through territory, where 

626
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:36,800
Winter was setting in and 
reliable shelter was rare. 

627
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:41,699
George's from this. 
Expedition revealed someone 

628
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:43,199
paying careful attention to 
everything. 

629
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:46,800
The terrain, the locations of 
potential Fort site. 

630
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,199
The disposition of Native 
American communities, the 

631
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:53,600
strength of French positions, 
and the Diplomatic nuances of 

632
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:56,800
meetings with. 
Indigenous leaders and French 

633
00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:59,700
officers. 
He was gathering intelligence 

634
00:34:59,700 --> 00:35:01,300
while performing his nominal 
Mission. 

635
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:04,800
Understanding the information 
about Frontier conditions might 

636
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:07,100
prove as valuable as the message
he carried. 

637
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:10,400
The meetings with Native 
Americans along the Route would 

638
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,700
George's first. 
Substantial diplomatic. 

639
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:15,500
Encounters with indigenous 
peoples. 

640
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:19,500
These were the encounters with 
individual natives he'd had 

641
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:22,600
during surveying trips but 
formal negotiations with leaders

642
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:26,100
who controlled territory 
commanded Warriors and were 

643
00:35:26,100 --> 00:35:29,100
sophisticated political actors 
navigating between competing 

644
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:31,200
European. 
Powers. 

645
00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:35,000
George was learning that Native 
Americans weren't simple 

646
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,800
obstacles to settlement but 
political entities with their 

647
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,000
own interests, alliances, and 
strategies. 

648
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:43,800
It was an education in 
complexity that few young 

649
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,800
Virginians received. 
The journey also tested 

650
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,200
George's, physical endurance, 
and survival skills. 

651
00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:54,000
The party faced severe weather 
including snow and freezing 

652
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,300
temperatures that made travel 
miserable and dangerous. 

653
00:35:57,200 --> 00:35:59,900
Food was scarce, requiring 
hunting to supplement 

654
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:02,400
inadequate. 
Provisions Rivers had to be 

655
00:36:02,408 --> 00:36:06,600
crossed despite ice and current 
George recorded nearly falling 

656
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,900
through ice, while crossing a 
partially frozen stream, an 

657
00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:12,300
incident that could easily have 
ended the Expedition and his 

658
00:36:12,300 --> 00:36:15,600
life. 
The Romantic Notions of Frontier

659
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,600
Adventure, that young men might 
have entered the reality of wet 

660
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:22,900
clothes in adequate food and 
cold that penetrated every 

661
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,700
layer. at Fort leebeth George 
finally delivered his message to

662
00:36:26,700 --> 00:36:30,200
the French commander who 
received it with the kind of 

663
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:33,300
polite formality that Europeans 
used when delivering diplomatic 

664
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:37,400
rejections, The French had no 
intention of leaving territory. 

665
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:41,000
They claimed and fortified. 
They would send a written 

666
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,900
response to Virginia's Governor 
but the response would amount to

667
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:46,600
thanks for your concern but 
we're staying. 

668
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:49,400
George's Mission from a 
diplomatic perspective. 

669
00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:53,900
Was a failure before it started.
But that wasn't really the 

670
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:57,100
point, the real value of the 
expedition was the information, 

671
00:36:57,100 --> 00:36:59,500
George gathered and the 
opportunity to demonstrate 

672
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:04,000
capabilities Beyond his years. 
His journal which he wrote up 

673
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:06,600
and presented to Governor 
Dinwiddie provided details, 

674
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:09,600
intelligence about French 
strength Native, American 

675
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:13,400
allegiances potential Fort 
locations and the quality of 

676
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:17,400
routes through the Ohio country.
It was the work of someone 

677
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,200
thinking strategically about 
larger military and political 

678
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,000
implications. 
Not just completing an assigned 

679
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,900
errand. 
Governor Dinwiddie was impressed

680
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:28,900
enough to have George's Journal 
published, which meant young 

681
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:32,200
Washington's name. 
Suddenly appeared in print 

682
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,300
throughout the colonies and even
in London, associated with 

683
00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:37,600
Frontier, economists, and 
diplomatic service. 

684
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:42,500
For someone building a 
reputation, this was invaluable 

685
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:45,400
publicity. 
George Washington became known 

686
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,400
as someone who'd ventured into 
contested territory met with 

687
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,400
French forces and returned with 
useful intelligence. 

688
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:55,300
The missions, diplomatic failure
mattered less than the 

689
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:58,200
capabilities. 
It demonstrated the recognition 

690
00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:02,800
brought opportunity. 
In 1754 as tensions with France,

691
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,700
escalated toward open Warfare. 
Virginia raised militia forces 

692
00:38:06,700 --> 00:38:10,800
to defend Frontier interests. 
George received a commission as 

693
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:12,300
lieutenant colonel in the 
Virginia. 

694
00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:15,700
Regiment a remarkable rank for 
someone who never commanded 

695
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:17,300
troops or received military 
training. 

696
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:22,200
It was a position based entirely
on his Frontier experience, his 

697
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,600
demonstrated initiative and the 
political connections, he had 

698
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,100
cultivated through the Fairfax 
Family and his own efforts. 

699
00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:32,000
This military commission would 
lead to experiences that mixed. 

700
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,500
Success, failure and lessons 
that George would remember for 

701
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:39,800
the rest of his life. 
But that belongs to a different 

702
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:43,600
chapter of his story. 
For now, what matters is 

703
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,900
understanding that by his early 
twenties, George Washington had 

704
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:49,300
transformed himself from a 
middling, Planter's, son with 

705
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:52,700
limited prospects into someone 
Virginia's Governor considered 

706
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:54,700
capable of important diplomatic 
missions. 

707
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:59,800
And Military command. 
It was a remarkable achievement 

708
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,500
built on years of careful. 
Self-education Frontier 

709
00:39:03,500 --> 00:39:06,300
experience and willingness to 
seize opportunities. 

710
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:09,300
When they appeared picture, 
George Washington at 22, 

711
00:39:09,300 --> 00:39:12,300
standing at the intersection of 
Youth and experience. 

712
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:16,200
He's tall enough to command 
attention in any room, 

713
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:19,300
physically stronger than most 
men and possessed a frontier 

714
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:21,300
experience. 
That few Virginia gentleman 

715
00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,300
could match. 
He is also still young enough to

716
00:39:24,308 --> 00:39:27,500
be uncertain and ambitious 
enough to want more than he has 

717
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,800
an inexperienced enough to not 
yet know, all the ways things 

718
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:35,600
can go wrong. he standing on a 
threshold about to step into 

719
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:38,100
responsibilities, that will 
shape not just his own future, 

720
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:42,500
but the fate of an Empire, the 
military commission came with 

721
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:45,800
command of a small Force sent to
protect Virginia's interest in 

722
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,000
the Ohio. 
Country. 

723
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:51,200
The same disputed territory. 
Georgia recently visited as a 

724
00:39:51,208 --> 00:39:54,300
messenger. 
The expedition was supposed to 

725
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:57,500
reinforce the Ohio companies 
position, build fortifications 

726
00:39:57,500 --> 00:40:02,600
and discourage French expansion.
In reality, it was sending young

727
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:05,400
Washington with inadequate 
forces in to a situation where 

728
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:08,500
diplomacy had already failed. 
And larger forces were 

729
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:12,200
assembling on both sides. 
It was the kind of assignment 

730
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:13,900
that could make or destroy 
reputations. 

731
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:17,400
What happened next? 
The Skirmish at jumonville, 

732
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:19,600
Glen. 
The Hasty construction of Fort 

733
00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:23,200
Necessity and the battle and 
surrender that followed these 

734
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:27,300
events belong to Washington's 
military, Career rather than his

735
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,800
formative years. 
But the completed, his education

736
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,000
and crucial ways. 
George learned that Frontier 

737
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,900
experience, didn't automatically
translate to military command. 

738
00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:41,300
He learned that enthusiasm and 
courage couldn't compensate for 

739
00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:44,300
inadequate, supplies 
insufficient forces, and 

740
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:48,700
unclear, strategic objectives. 
He learned in the hardest way 

741
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:52,000
possible that failure could come
even when you did everything you

742
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:55,000
thought was, right. 
The surrender at Fort Necessity 

743
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:59,700
in July 1754, was humiliated. 
Washington had to sign articles 

744
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:03,500
of capitulation written in 
French that he Didn't fully 

745
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,200
understand agreeing to terms 
that suggested, he'd 

746
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:10,200
assassinated a French officer. 
He retreated back to Virginia 

747
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:14,200
with his reputation damaged his 
confident shaken and the 

748
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:16,700
certainly that is military 
career was probably finished 

749
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:20,500
before it really began. 
For someone who spent years 

750
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:21,800
carefully, building his 
position. 

751
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,900
This failure must have felt 
catastrophic But here's what's 

752
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:30,300
remarkable, George didn't quit. 
He could have returned to 

753
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:32,700
surveying focused on building 
Mount Vernon, which he would 

754
00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:34,700
soon inherit. 
After Anne, Washington's, death,

755
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:37,100
and lived, comfortably, as a 
Virginia planter. 

756
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,600
Instead he sought another 
military commission determined 

757
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:46,400
to redeem himself and learn from
his mistakes. when Virginia's 

758
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,000
new forces to fight in what was 
becoming the French and Indian 

759
00:41:49,008 --> 00:41:52,300
War George joined, as a 
volunteer Aid to British general

760
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:55,800
Edward Braddock accepting a 
position without rank or pay 

761
00:41:55,800 --> 00:42:00,100
because it offered a chance to 
learn from professional British 

762
00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:03,400
officers. 
The Braddock expedition of 1755 

763
00:42:03,400 --> 00:42:07,400
provided different lessons. 
George watched a confident 

764
00:42:07,400 --> 00:42:09,400
British general lead. 
Professional troops into 

765
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,700
disaster through stubborn 
adherents to European military 

766
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:14,400
doctrine. 
That didn't work in the American

767
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,400
wilderness. 
The Ambush and defeat of 

768
00:42:17,408 --> 00:42:19,900
products force was even more 
catastrophic than Fort 

769
00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:22,900
Necessity. 
But this time George emerged 

770
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:26,200
with an enhanced reputation, 
he'd helped organize. 

771
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:29,600
The retreat had horses shot from
under him and demonstrated 

772
00:42:29,600 --> 00:42:33,500
courage Under Fire They 
impressed even British officers 

773
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,200
who previously dismissed 
Colonial militia as amateurs. 

774
00:42:37,300 --> 00:42:39,700
These early military experiences
taught George something. 

775
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:44,100
Crucial, the reputation was 
built not just on success but on

776
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:46,100
how you handled failure and 
adversity. 

777
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,100
His conduct during defeats 
earned, more respect than the 

778
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:53,800
easy victories might have. 
He was learning that leadership 

779
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,500
required resilience the ability 
to function when plans collapsed

780
00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,500
and the capacity to maintain 
composure when everything was 

781
00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:04,300
falling apart. 
These Lessons Learned painfully 

782
00:43:04,300 --> 00:43:07,300
in his early twenties would 
serve him decades later when he 

783
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:10,400
commanded the Continental Army 
through year, after year of 

784
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:13,500
defeats Retreats and near 
disasters. 

785
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:16,400
But military service also taught
George. 

786
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:18,700
What he didn't want. 
To be. 

787
00:43:20,100 --> 00:43:22,900
He saw how British officers 
treated Colonial, soldiers as 

788
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:25,500
inferior. 
How they dismissed American 

789
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:28,900
Military capabilities, and how 
they expected, deference based 

790
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:31,800
on regular British commission's,
while offering little respect in

791
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:35,100
return. 
George wanted recognition as an 

792
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,400
equal but British officers made 
clear that Colonial service. 

793
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:41,500
No matter how distinguished 
would never quite measure up to 

794
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:44,000
holding a commission in the 
regular British Army. 

795
00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:47,500
This experience planted seeds of
resentment. 

796
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:49,500
That would take years to fully 
Germany. 

797
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,500
By 1758, when George 
participated in the successful 

798
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:58,000
Forbes Expedition that finally 
secured the Ohio country for 

799
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:00,600
British interests. 
He was ready to leave military. 

800
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:05,600
Service. 
He'd gained experience enhanced 

801
00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:08,500
his reputation and learned 
important lessons about 

802
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:12,200
leadership and warfare. 
But he'd also discovered that 

803
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:15,900
military Glory came with 
constant frustration, inadequate

804
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:18,900
supplies, contentious 
relationships with British 

805
00:44:18,900 --> 00:44:22,600
officers political interference 
from Virginia's government, and 

806
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:25,300
the grinding reality that 
Warfare was less. 

807
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:30,300
Glorious Adventure, then it was 
logistical nightmare punctuated 

808
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:33,400
by moments of Terror. 
George resigned his Commission 

809
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,300
in December 1758. 
Just weeks before his 27th, 

810
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:40,300
birthday. 
He was ready to pursue a 

811
00:44:40,300 --> 00:44:42,800
different kind of Life. 
One built around the landed 

812
00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:45,600
prosperity in social position. 
He'd been working towards since 

813
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:49,900
childhood. the frontier teenager
who learned to survey and the 

814
00:44:49,908 --> 00:44:53,100
young officer who'd experienced 
Wilderness Warfare were about to

815
00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:56,800
become George Washington, the 
planter husband, and Virginia 

816
00:44:56,800 --> 00:45:00,900
gentlemen, But all those 
formative experience is the 

817
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:03,700
surveying Expeditions. 
The frontier encounters, The 

818
00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:06,700
Diplomatic mission's, the 
military service had shaped 

819
00:45:06,700 --> 00:45:10,900
someone capable of far, more 
than he yet imagined When George

820
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:13,200
Washington married. 
Martha, Dandridge custis. 

821
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:18,300
In January 1759, he was making 
the kind of strategic move that 

822
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:20,500
Virginia Society understood and 
approved. 

823
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,500
Martha was a wealthy Widow with 
substantial property and two 

824
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:27,100
young children. 
The marriage brought George, not

825
00:45:27,100 --> 00:45:30,500
just companionship, but the 
financial security that would 

826
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,600
allow him to establish himself 
definitively as a gentleman 

827
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,900
planter It was by the standards 
of 18th century, Virginia, and 

828
00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,800
excellent match and evidence 
that George had learned. 

829
00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:43,200
How to navigate social 
advancement through appropriate 

830
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,300
channels. 
But Focus for a moment, not on 

831
00:45:46,300 --> 00:45:50,100
the marriage itself. 
But on what George was Building 

832
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:51,500
at Mount Vernon during these 
years. 

833
00:45:52,900 --> 00:45:55,400
The property inherited from 
Lawrence was modest. 

834
00:45:56,300 --> 00:45:59,500
Frame house that needed 
expansion fields, that required 

835
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:03,200
better management and workers 
whose labor would make the whole

836
00:46:03,200 --> 00:46:07,000
Enterprise profitable. 
George approached transforming 

837
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,100
Mount Vernon with the same 
methodical attention. 

838
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:11,700
He'd applied to surveying and 
military logistics. 

839
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:16,600
He kept detailed records of 
everything crop yields weather 

840
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:19,400
patterns soil, conditions, 
expenses, and the complex 

841
00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:22,300
accounting of an operation. 
That was part Farm part 

842
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:25,900
manufacturing facility and part 
experiment in agricultural 

843
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,100
Improvement. 
The daily. 

844
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:31,800
Rhythm of Plantation, life was 
intricate and demanding. 

845
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:35,600
You woke Before Dawn to begin 
organizing, the days labor, 

846
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:39,000
which feels would be plowed, 
which crops needed attention, 

847
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,800
which repairs couldn't wait and,
which enslaved workers would be 

848
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:47,000
assigned to which tasks. 
George wrote his property, daily

849
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:50,200
inspecting work making 
decisions, and maintaining the 

850
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,100
kind of personal oversight that 
he believed, distinguished good 

851
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:57,600
management from merely adequate.
It was exhausting and consuming 

852
00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:01,000
requiring attention to details 
that range from the sublime to 

853
00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:03,600
the ridiculous crop rotation 
strategies. 

854
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:05,900
And the best way to prevent 
slaves from stealing food from 

855
00:47:05,900 --> 00:47:09,300
The Smokehouse, George was 
learning agriculture through. 

856
00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:13,600
Trial and error experimenting 
with different crops when 

857
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,900
tobacco prices proved 
unreliable, trying new plowing 

858
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:19,700
techniques and corresponding 
with other Planters about 

859
00:47:19,700 --> 00:47:23,300
agricultural Innovations. 
He was applying the same 

860
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:26,100
practical intelligence that had 
made him a good surveyor to the 

861
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:27,700
problem of making land 
productive. 

862
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:32,100
The frontier literacy, he 
developed the ability to read 

863
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:35,900
Landscapes and understand soils.
Now served him as he worked to 

864
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:38,300
transform. 
Mount Vernon in to a profitable 

865
00:47:38,300 --> 00:47:41,700
operation. 
But running a plantation in 18th

866
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:44,300
century, Virginia meant managing
enslaved. 

867
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:47,400
Labor. 
And this is where George's story

868
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:49,300
becomes, most complicated and 
uncomfortable. 

869
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:53,700
Mount Vernon's Prosperity rested
on the labor of people who had 

870
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:56,600
no choice in working. 
There, whose families could be 

871
00:47:56,600 --> 00:48:00,200
separated by George's decisions.
And whose entire lives were 

872
00:48:00,200 --> 00:48:04,300
constrained by his authority. 
George participated in this 

873
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:06,800
system without a parent moral 
qualms during these years 

874
00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:10,100
viewing enslaved workers as 
property whose labor made his 

875
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:13,700
lifestyle possible. 
He wasn't unusual in this 

876
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:17,400
virtually every Virginia 
Planters life rested on the same

877
00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:20,400
Foundation, but that doesn't 
make it less troubling to 

878
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:23,000
contemplate. 
The young people he'd brought 

879
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:26,400
from Martha's estate, the 
enslaved workers, who belong to?

880
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:30,900
The first husband now worked at 
Mount Vernon under George's 

881
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:35,900
Direction. they tended to 
backhoe corn and wheat, they 

882
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:39,400
maintained the house, prepared, 
meals made clothes, and perform 

883
00:48:39,400 --> 00:48:43,700
the 1000 small tasks that kept a
plantation functioning They 

884
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:46,800
lived in quarters that George 
build, ate food that he 

885
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:49,400
allocated and followed. 
Schedule's that he established. 

886
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,600
Their lives were completely 
shaped by George's decisions. 

887
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:56,900
Yet, we know, almost nothing 
about their thoughts, feelings 

888
00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:59,600
or in our lives. 
Because enslaved people left. 

889
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:03,200
Few records that survived. 
George's account books from 

890
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:07,500
these years recorded people. 
With the same attention to 

891
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:11,300
detail, he applied to farm 
animals or tools names ages, 

892
00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,400
work assignments, clothing 
allowances and medical expenses.

893
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:18,000
It's a reminder that the 
comfortable life George was 

894
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:21,900
building came at enormous, human
cost to people who had no voice 

895
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:26,000
in how that life was structured.
This moral blindness was common 

896
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:29,400
to his time and class, but 
recognizing that doesn't erase 

897
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:32,500
the reality of what it meant for
the people whose labor made 

898
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,300
Mount Vernon possible. 
By his early 30s. 

899
00:49:35,300 --> 00:49:38,500
George Washington had a many of 
the goals he does. 

900
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:43,700
Pursued, since youth. he was 
Master of Mount Vernon married 

901
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:46,600
in to Virginia's, wealthy 
planter class and served in the 

902
00:49:46,608 --> 00:49:50,900
House of Burgesses, Virginia's, 
Colonial legislature, He 

903
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:53,400
transformed himself from a 
surveyor son with modest 

904
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:56,700
prospects into someone 
recognized as a substantial 

905
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:00,900
figure in Virginia Society. 
It was the culmination of years,

906
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:03,700
of careful efforts, strategic 
choices and determined 

907
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:06,900
self-improvement. 
Life is a Virginia gentleman 

908
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:10,400
involved, responsibilities and 
expectations that extended far 

909
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:14,900
beyond managing a plantation. 
George was expected to serve on 

910
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:18,000
local committees, adjudicate 
disputes among neighbors, 

911
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,900
represent his counties interest 
in Williamsburg and maintain the

912
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:25,200
kind of hospitality that made 
Mount Vernon a regular stopping 

913
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:29,200
point for travelers. the house 
was frequently full of guests, 

914
00:50:29,200 --> 00:50:33,000
relatives, political Associates,
Business connections, and people

915
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:35,800
who simply appeared expecting 
the hospitality that gentleman 

916
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:39,900
were obligated to provide 
Managing this constant social 

917
00:50:39,900 --> 00:50:42,600
obligation required skills. 
George had been cultivating 

918
00:50:42,600 --> 00:50:45,300
since his teenage years. 
Copying, those Rules of 

919
00:50:45,300 --> 00:50:48,300
Civility. 
George's service in the House of

920
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:50,400
Burgesses was initially under 
distinguished. 

921
00:50:51,700 --> 00:50:54,900
He wasn't a natural orator like 
some Virginia politicians and 

922
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:56,900
his contributions to debate were
infrequent. 

923
00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:01,500
But he was learning how Colonial
politics worked understanding 

924
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:04,000
the relationships between 
Virginia's government and Royal 

925
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:06,200
Authority. 
And observing the growing 

926
00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:08,900
tensions between Colonial 
interests and British policies. 

927
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:13,100
These lessons absorbed during 
years of relatively routine, 

928
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:16,600
legislative service would prove 
invaluable when those tensions 

929
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:18,500
finally exploded Into 
Revolution. 

930
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:22,200
The Virginia George was learning
to navigate was changing in 

931
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:23,500
ways, that weren't always 
obvious. 

932
00:51:24,700 --> 00:51:28,700
But were profoundly important. 
British policies after the 

933
00:51:28,700 --> 00:51:31,100
French and Indian War. 
The war George had 14. 

934
00:51:31,100 --> 00:51:33,400
As a young officer were 
Shifting, the relationship 

935
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:37,600
between the colonies and the 
mother country New taxes, new 

936
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:39,900
regulations, and new. 
Assertions of parliamentary 

937
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,200
Authority were creating friction
that would eventually ignite 

938
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:46,900
into Rebellion. 
During the 1760s and early 

939
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:49,200
1770s. 
George was gradually. 

940
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:51,400
Recognizing that the comfortable
Colonial World. 

941
00:51:51,400 --> 00:51:55,500
He'd worked so hard to join was 
becoming untenable. but those 

942
00:51:55,500 --> 00:51:59,000
political developments belong to
Washington's mature career, not 

943
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:02,900
his formative years, What 
matters for understanding young 

944
00:52:02,900 --> 00:52:06,200
Washington is recognizing that 
by his mid-thirties, he'd 

945
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:10,200
completed a remarkable Journey. 
The boy who'd grown up in a 

946
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:13,100
modest Farmhouse who'd never 
received formal English 

947
00:52:13,100 --> 00:52:15,600
education. 
And who'd started with limited 

948
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:18,000
prospects and no guaranteed path
to success. 

949
00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:21,500
A transformed himself into 
exactly the kind of Virginia 

950
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:25,200
gentleman. 
He despised To become the 

951
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:27,000
transformation. 
Required sustained effort. 

952
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:31,200
Georgia taught himself surveying
when that skilled opportunity. 

953
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:34,900
He'd endured Frontier hardships.
That most gentlemen, avoided 

954
00:52:34,900 --> 00:52:38,000
he'd sought military service 
when it promised to advancement.

955
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,300
He'd carefully, managed his 
reputation, his finances, and 

956
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:46,800
his social connections. 
He'd married, strategically He'd

957
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,600
learned to move between 
different worlds, Frontier and 

958
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:53,200
Tidewater Military, and civilian
rough surveyors camps and 

959
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:56,600
elegant Plantation homes with a 
flexibility that made him 

960
00:52:56,600 --> 00:53:00,700
effective in diverse situations,
the character that emerged from 

961
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:04,000
these. 
Formative experiences combined 

962
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,000
ambition with patients 
capability with careful 

963
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:10,200
self-presentation and confidence
earned through actual 

964
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:12,200
achievement rather than 
inherited status. 

965
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:16,700
George Washington at. 35 was 
someone who'd learned to read 

966
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:20,500
Landscapes, navigate social 
hierarchies command soldiers 

967
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:24,600
manage complex, agricultural 
operations, and maintain the 

968
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:27,600
composed dignity that Virginia 
Society expected from its 

969
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:31,700
leaders as a settled deeper into
your pillows. 

970
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:35,300
And perhaps finish that last sip
of tea consider how the young 

971
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:38,200
Washington we've been following 
connects to the leader, he would

972
00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:42,200
become The famous Washington 
commander of the Continental 

973
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,800
Army president of the United 
States and the figure on the 

974
00:53:45,808 --> 00:53:47,900
dollar bill didn't emerge. 
Fully formed. 

975
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:51,700
He was built piece by piece 
through the experiences and 

976
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:53,100
lessons of those formative 
years. 

977
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:56,700
We've been exploring together. 
The surveying years taught 

978
00:53:56,700 --> 00:54:00,200
George to read Landscapes with 
precision and to understand that

979
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:02,000
careful, measurement could 
transform. 

980
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:07,000
Chaos into order. 
When he later needed to select 

981
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,000
offensive positions for the 
Continental Army to understand 

982
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,800
terrain advantages and to plan 
military movements across vast 

983
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:17,000
distances, he drew on literacy 
developed while measuring 

984
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:18,700
property boundaries in the 
Shenandoah. 

985
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:23,700
Valley. 
The frontier teenager carrying 

986
00:54:23,700 --> 00:54:25,800
surveying instruments, became 
the general who could assess 

987
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:29,400
ground with a professional. 
I The frontier experience is 

988
00:54:29,400 --> 00:54:31,000
taught resilience and 
adaptability. 

989
00:54:32,600 --> 00:54:35,200
George learned to function when 
comfortable amenities were 

990
00:54:35,200 --> 00:54:39,000
available to make decisions with
incomplete information and to 

991
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:41,400
maintain Focus despite physical 
hardship. 

992
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:45,400
When he later commanded an army,
that was perpetually short of 

993
00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:49,400
supplies inadequately clothed, 
and camping in conditions that 

994
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:51,800
regular British forces would 
have considered impossible. 

995
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:55,600
George's Frontier experience, 
gave him empathy for soldiers. 

996
00:54:56,900 --> 00:54:59,500
hardships and understanding of 
what people could endure when 

997
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:03,600
circumstances demanded it The 
early military failures Fort 

998
00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:05,800
Necessity surrender and the 
disaster. 

999
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:08,700
He witnessed with Braddock, 
taught George how, to handle 

1000
00:55:08,700 --> 00:55:12,900
defeat, He learned that failure 
wasn't permanent unless you let 

1001
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:16,400
it be the reputation, could 
survive setbacks if you 

1002
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,800
maintained integrity and that 
learning from mistakes mattered,

1003
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:21,200
more than avoiding them 
entirely. 

1004
00:55:22,700 --> 00:55:25,200
These lessons sustained him 
through the long difficult years

1005
00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:28,800
of the Revolutionary War when 
defeat was common and victory 

1006
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:32,300
often seemed impossible. 
The years building Mount Vernon 

1007
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:34,500
taught administrative skills. 
That proved surprisingly 

1008
00:55:34,500 --> 00:55:40,300
applicable to military command. 
running a plantation required 

1009
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:44,000
coordinating diverse activities,
maintaining detailed records 

1010
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:47,300
managing people with different 
skills and motivations and 

1011
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:50,600
thinking ahead about supplies, 
whether and countless other 

1012
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,800
variables, Georgia approached 
commanding the continental army,

1013
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:57,800
with the same systematic 
attention to detail he'd applied

1014
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:01,400
to managing Mount Vernon. 
Understanding that Logistics and

1015
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,200
administration often mattered 
more than Battlefield tactics. 

1016
00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:09,400
Perhaps most Importantly, the 
years of social climbing taught 

1017
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:12,500
George how, to manage His Image 
and navigate complex, social and

1018
00:56:12,500 --> 00:56:16,500
political situations. 
The boy who copied Rules of 

1019
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:18,200
Civility? 
Became the man who understood 

1020
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:20,800
that leadership required 
carefully managing, how others 

1021
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,300
perceived you. 
Washington's famous dignity, 

1022
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:28,100
which sometimes struck people as
stiffness, or aloofness was the 

1023
00:56:28,100 --> 00:56:31,600
adult version of that teenage 
determination to master social 

1024
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,400
rules through conscious effort. 
His ability to work with 

1025
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,500
difficult personalities, to 
maintain composure, under 

1026
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:41,300
stress, and to project Authority
without arrogance. 

1027
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:44,600
All of these Grew From Lessons 
Learned while trying to 

1028
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:46,700
establish himself in Virginia 
Society. 

1029
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:51,100
The young Washington's. 
Determination to overcome 

1030
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:54,300
limited formal education, shaped
how he approached problems 

1031
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:57,900
throughout his life. 
Because he taught himself what 

1032
00:56:57,900 --> 00:57:00,300
he needed to know. 
He never assumed that formal 

1033
00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:03,100
credentials guaranteed 
competence or that lack of 

1034
00:57:03,100 --> 00:57:07,800
credentials meant in capability.
This made him remarkably good at

1035
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,800
recognizing talent in unexpected
places and surprisingly willing 

1036
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:14,700
to promote based on demonstrated
ability rather than social 

1037
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:18,900
background. the Army commanded 
During the Revolution included 

1038
00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:21,700
officers from diverse 
backgrounds, chosen for 

1039
00:57:21,700 --> 00:57:25,100
capability, rather than breeding
a pattern that started with 

1040
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:27,900
George's own experience of 
advancement through Merit rather

1041
00:57:27,900 --> 00:57:32,900
than birth even George's. 
Complicated relationship with 

1042
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:36,100
British Authority, which Grew 
From his military service in the

1043
00:57:36,100 --> 00:57:38,500
French and Indian War shaped his
later choices. 

1044
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:42,100
He'd experienced the 
condescension of British 

1045
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,500
officers who dismissed, Colonial
capabilities, while depending on

1046
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,700
Colonial support. 
He'd seen British policies. 

1047
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:51,300
That prioritized Imperial 
interests over Colonial, 

1048
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:54,200
welfare. 
He'd felt the frustration of 

1049
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:57,200
being treated as perpetually 
inferior, despite genuine 

1050
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,200
achievements. 
When the revolution came 

1051
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,400
George's decision to support 
Independence, wasn't sudden or 

1052
00:58:03,400 --> 00:58:07,300
impulsive it grew from Decades 
of accumulated experience 

1053
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:10,300
showing that Colonial interests 
and British Authority were 

1054
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:14,700
increasingly incompatible. 
The young man who Emerges, from 

1055
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:17,400
these formative years is someone
whose greatness wasn't 

1056
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:21,000
inevitable or obvious. 
George Washington became 

1057
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:23,400
historically important. 
Not because he started with 

1058
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:26,400
overwhelming advantages but 
because he systematically 

1059
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:29,500
developed capabilities that 
proved valuable when 

1060
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:34,300
circumstances demanded them. 
He transformed limitations into 

1061
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:38,500
strengths experiences into 
lessons and ambition into actual

1062
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:42,100
achievement. 
Process took decades and 

1063
00:58:42,100 --> 00:58:45,500
required sustained effort, 
multiple failures and constant 

1064
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:48,800
adaptation. 
What makes young Washington's 

1065
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:52,400
story compelling isn't just that
he became famous but how he 

1066
00:58:52,400 --> 00:58:54,100
built the foundation for that 
Fame. 

1067
00:58:55,400 --> 00:58:58,400
He shows us that historical 
figures weren't marble statues, 

1068
00:58:58,400 --> 00:59:01,100
waiting to be revealed, But 
Ordinary People who made 

1069
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:05,000
themselves extraordinary through
choices effort, and sometimes 

1070
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:07,200
just showing up when 
opportunities appeared. 

1071
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,200
The surveyor measuring property 
lines in the Shenandoah Valley, 

1072
00:59:11,200 --> 00:59:14,400
the young officer surrendering 
at Fort Necessity and the 

1073
00:59:14,400 --> 00:59:17,500
planter experimenting with crop 
rotations at Mount Vernon. 

1074
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:20,300
These weren't separate people 
from the commander at Yorktown 

1075
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:23,100
or the president in 
Philadelphia. 

1076
00:59:24,600 --> 00:59:27,000
They were the same person at 
different stages of becoming. 

1077
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:29,700
As you lie, there, in the 
comfortable Darkness. 

1078
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:32,600
Imagine for a moment, what it 
would have been like to be 

1079
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:36,000
young, George Washington, waking
up each morning, uncertain of 

1080
00:59:36,000 --> 00:59:39,700
your future, but determined to 
Build something better than your

1081
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:41,700
circumstances. 
Suggested was possible. 

1082
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:45,000
The weight of not knowing how 
things would turn out. 

1083
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:47,900
The constant awareness. 
That one wrong move, could 

1084
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:51,400
destroy years of careful 
advancement, The loneliness of 

1085
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:55,400
always being Between Worlds, 
never quite Frontier rough but 

1086
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:58,200
never quite tied. 
Water elite think. 

1087
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:03,700
About the physical sensations of
his world. the of muscles after 

1088
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:07,200
days of surveying through rough 
terrain, the smell of wood smoke

1089
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:10,800
that clung to everything in 
colonial homes and the sounds of

1090
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:16,800
a Virginia night insects distant
animals and the Creaking of 

1091
01:00:16,800 --> 01:00:20,300
wooden building settling. 
The taste of plain food. 

1092
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:22,400
Eaten after hard, physical work,
when anything. 

1093
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:26,300
Hot and filling was welcome. 
The cold of sleeping Outdoors. 

1094
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:29,700
During winter Expeditions curled
near a fire that never quite 

1095
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:33,800
kept the chill away. 
Consider the emotional landscape

1096
01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:36,800
of constant striving. 
The pride of completing a 

1097
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:39,600
difficult survey, the 
embarrassment of social 

1098
01:00:39,600 --> 01:00:43,300
missteps. 
Among people born to advantages 

1099
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:46,300
you lacked the fear during that 
first military command. 

1100
01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:48,700
When you realize, you didn't 
actually know what you were 

1101
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:52,000
doing and the satisfaction of 
watching Mount Vernon slowly, 

1102
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:53,400
transformed under your 
management. 

1103
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,200
The loneliness of always being 
observed, always judged, and 

1104
01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:00,800
always aware that your position 
was never quite secure. 

1105
01:01:01,700 --> 01:01:04,600
Young Washington's world was 
both impossibly distant and 

1106
01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:08,000
strangely familiar. 
He worried about money and 

1107
01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:11,000
reputation about making the 
right choices and avoiding 

1108
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:14,600
catastrophic mistakes and about 
building something lasting in an

1109
01:01:14,600 --> 01:01:18,100
uncertain world. 
These are Universal human 

1110
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:21,300
concerns that connect us across.
Centuries to people who lived in

1111
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,900
very different circumstances 
that face fundamentally similar 

1112
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:28,600
challenges. 
The story of young Washington is

1113
01:01:28,600 --> 01:01:32,700
ultimately about becoming about 
the long unglamorous. 

1114
01:01:33,900 --> 01:01:37,000
Process of developing 
capabilities, building character

1115
01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:39,500
and transforming potential into 
achievement. 

1116
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:43,400
It's a reminder that the people 
we remember, as historical 

1117
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:46,200
Giants, were once uncertain 
young people trying to figure 

1118
01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:50,600
out their paths, making mistakes
learning from experience and 

1119
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:53,700
gradually becoming the figures. 
We know from history books as 

1120
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:57,400
you drift, Towards sleep. 
Let yourself appreciate the 

1121
01:01:57,400 --> 01:01:58,700
journey, more than the 
destination. 

1122
01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:01,900
Young George Washington is 
interesting. 

1123
01:02:01,900 --> 01:02:04,900
Not because he became famous, 
but because of how he got there 

1124
01:02:04,900 --> 01:02:09,100
through persistence adaptation, 
countless small decisions, 

1125
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:12,800
occasional failures and the 
determination to keep building. 

1126
01:02:12,800 --> 01:02:16,300
Even when the foundation Seemed 
uncertain. 

1127
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:20,200
His story suggests that 
significance is built, rather 

1128
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:23,600
than bestowed that limitations 
can be overcome through 

1129
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:26,200
sustained effort. 
And that the person you become 

1130
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,500
is shaped by how you respond to 
the circumstances you encounter.

1131
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:34,400
tomorrow, when you wake up, And 
face your own challenges, 

1132
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:38,000
whatever they might be perhaps 
you'll carry with you. 

1133
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:41,500
A small reminder that growth is 
gradual that setbacks aren't 

1134
01:02:41,500 --> 01:02:44,300
permanent and that building 
something worthwhile requires 

1135
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:47,400
patient attention to countless 
small details. 

1136
01:02:48,600 --> 01:02:52,500
Over time. 
These Lessons Learned by a 

1137
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:54,000
Virginia surveyor over two 
centuries ago. 

1138
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:56,900
Remain as relevant today as they
were when young George 

1139
01:02:56,900 --> 01:03:00,000
Washington was measuring 
property lines in the Shenandoah

1140
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:02,700
Valley. 
Sleep. 

1141
01:03:02,700 --> 01:03:05,200
Well, knowing that you've spent 
this evening walking? 

1142
01:03:06,400 --> 01:03:09,400
Alongside someone from another 
era, understanding, not just 

1143
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:12,000
what he achieved, but how he 
built the foundation for that 

1144
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:15,000
achievement. 
The young man who learned to 

1145
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,900
read Landscapes, by measuring 
them, who taught himself the 

1146
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:21,000
rules of society, by copying 
them out, who built a life 

1147
01:03:21,008 --> 01:03:23,900
through careful effort rather 
than inherited Advantage. 

1148
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:28,700
His story reminds us that 
becoming someone Significant is 

1149
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:30,500
possible. 
Even when the starting point 

1150
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:33,700
seems unpromising and perhaps, 
that's the most comforting 

1151
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:36,300
thought to carry into sleep. 
The tomorrow is another 

1152
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:40,000
opportunity to build to learn 
and to grow towards something 

1153
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:43,800
better than today. 
Just as young washing to each 

1154
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:46,800
morning, to continue his own 
becoming so will you wait to 

1155
01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:51,100
continue yours? 
process is gradual often 

1156
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:54,400
invisible in the moment but 
ultimately transformative when 

1157
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:58,400
sustained over years, The story 
of young Washington is finished 

1158
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:01,000
for tonight, but your own story 
continues. 

1159
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:06,200
Rest, well, dream peacefully and
know that every life contains 

1160
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:09,800
the potential for Journeys as 
remarkable as his even if the 

1161
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:13,800
destinations prove different. 
The qualities that made young 

1162
01:04:13,800 --> 01:04:16,800
Washington, ultimately 
significant persistence, 

1163
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:20,700
adaptability attention to 
detail, willingness to learn 

1164
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:23,700
from experience. 
Are available to anyone willing 

1165
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:29,100
to cultivate them Good night. 
May your dreams, be gentle, your

1166
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:31,000
rest complete, and your 
Tomorrow. 

1167
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:34,200
Full of the kind of quiet 
possibilities that young George 

1168
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:37,100
Washington, pursued across the 
Landscapes of colonial, Virginia

1169
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:40,900
The past is a country. 
We can visit, but never quite 

1170
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:45,100
inhabit. yet its lessons remain 
timelessly available to guide us

1171
01:04:45,100 --> 01:04:53,600
in our own becoming If you will 
imagine that your 

1172
01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:56,300
great-great-great times, a 
thousand grandmother is sitting 

1173
01:04:56,300 --> 01:05:00,000
around a fire, some 40,000 years
ago and she has just created the

1174
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:02,200
most groundbreaking technology 
of hero. 

1175
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:06,300
Know, it won't be the wheel for 
another 35,000 years. 

1176
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,600
She has discovered a way to 
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 

1177
01:05:09,600 --> 01:05:13,300
Walls prior to this point, human
knowledge was like water 

1178
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:16,700
attempting to survive. 
In a sieve entire library of 

1179
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:18,600
knowledge, just vanished into 
the Smoky. 

1180
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:21,200
Prehistoric are whenever an 
elder passed away. 

1181
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:24,500
Imagine having no other way to 
transmit that knowledge than 

1182
01:05:24,500 --> 01:05:26,800
through the delicate telephone 
game of human memory. 

1183
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:30,400
Imagine being the one who knew, 
exactly, which berries wouldn't 

1184
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:33,200
kill you. 
Which animal tracks meant dinner

1185
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:36,200
versus which meant you were 
about to become dinner or how to

1186
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,500
track, Mammoth migration 
patterns across Seasons. 

1187
01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:41,800
Remember, your forefathers 
weren't sluggish. 

1188
01:05:41,800 --> 01:05:46,000
Their brains were identical to 
ours in every way including 

1189
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:49,300
their ability to think 
abstractly and solve challenging

1190
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:51,700
problems. 
They simply did not have the 

1191
01:05:51,700 --> 01:05:55,300
convenience of filing systems, 
Post-it notes or even the most 

1192
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,800
basic written reminder. 
They created extremely complex, 

1193
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,800
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival. 

1194
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:05,700
Knowledge into stories songs and
rituals that could be remembered

1195
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:08,300
for weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable 

1196
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:11,000
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

1197
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:15,100
amazing examples of human. 
Creativity epic poetry that mask

1198
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:18,200
created as Heroes Journeys and 
included intricate Geographic 

1199
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:20,200
details. 
There were songs that 

1200
01:06:20,200 --> 01:06:23,100
communicated water source 
locations over great distances, 

1201
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,500
children were tall which plants 
to stay away from through 

1202
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:29,500
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

1203
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:32,000
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures. 

1204
01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:35,700
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge as Central to the 

1205
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:39,200
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind into

1206
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:42,100
a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

1207
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:45,400
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

1208
01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:47,500
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

1209
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:51,400
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty our

1210
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:54,000
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

1211
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:56,700
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

1212
01:06:56,700 --> 01:06:59,600
party over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

1213
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:02,900
medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

1214
01:07:02,900 --> 01:07:06,000
That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

1215
01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:08,500
breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

1216
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:11,300
print on a cave, wall, could 
mean more than just una was 

1217
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,500
here, it could mean una herself,
even when she wasn't there, 

1218
01:07:14,500 --> 01:07:16,900
let's call her owner. 
Because history, forgot to 

1219
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:18,800
record her name which is 
deliciously. 

1220
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:22,400
Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

1221
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:26,000
present in part permanent to the
transient and build a bridge 

1222
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:28,100
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

1223
01:07:28,100 --> 01:07:32,100
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

1224
01:07:32,100 --> 01:07:35,800
that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

1225
01:07:35,800 --> 01:07:38,800
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

1226
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:41,900
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

1227
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,300
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

1228
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:48,900
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

1229
01:07:48,900 --> 01:07:51,800
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

1230
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:54,500
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

1231
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:59,000
social media sites ever used by 
humans images of horses bison, 

1232
01:07:59,000 --> 01:08:02,000
and the occasional self-portrait
of a cave artists, who was quite

1233
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,000
proud of their hunting skills, 
but interspersed with hand 

1234
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:08,200
stencils, But these weren't just
old Instagram posts. 

1235
01:08:08,200 --> 01:08:12,000
They were the first attempts by 
Humanity to say this happened, 

1236
01:08:12,000 --> 01:08:16,500
we were here, this matters. 
Remember us not only with the 

1237
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:20,100
caves at lascaux Chauvet and 
Altamira galleries, but they 

1238
01:08:20,100 --> 01:08:22,500
also represented the first 
attempts by humans to 

1239
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:25,600
communicate permanently. 
The painters their realize, 

1240
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:29,000
something profound pictures 
could have deeper meanings than 

1241
01:08:29,000 --> 01:08:32,100
just their visual impact 
information about hunting 

1242
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,100
methods seasonal, migration 
patterns, or the religious 

1243
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:37,500
beliefs that governed. 
The relationship between humans 

1244
01:08:37,500 --> 01:08:41,000
and animals, may be included in 
a painting, depicting a bison 

1245
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:42,899
hunt. 
This is where things start to 

1246
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:45,800
get intriguing though. 
Simple representation wasn't 

1247
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:49,000
enough for those early artists. 
They started to symbolize and 

1248
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:54,000
Abstract, zigzag line could 
stand for lightning water or a 

1249
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:58,700
River's course, the Sun, the 
moon or the idea of completeness

1250
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:02,399
could all be represented by a 
circle dots could stand for 

1251
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:06,000
seeds stars or the concept of 
plurality. 

1252
01:09:07,100 --> 01:09:10,000
Before you knew it, people are 
discovered the groundbreaking 

1253
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:14,100
notion that symbols could stand 
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract

1254
01:09:14,100 --> 01:09:16,000
relationships. 
In addition, to tangible 

1255
01:09:16,000 --> 01:09:19,200
objects, it's similar to when 
your dog discovers that the word

1256
01:09:19,200 --> 01:09:23,100
walk can actually call forth, 
leashes excitement and the 

1257
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:25,800
prospect of Adventure in 
addition, to describing the 

1258
01:09:25,800 --> 01:09:30,100
activity of moving on four legs.
However, our ancestors received 

1259
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:32,800
the foundation of civilization, 
instead of tail wagging. 

1260
01:09:32,800 --> 01:09:35,899
These early symbol systems were 
not writing as we know it today 

1261
01:09:35,899 --> 01:09:39,300
because they could not capture 
the full complexity of spoken 

1262
01:09:39,300 --> 01:09:42,000
language. 
However, this realization by 

1263
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,399
humans was the pivotal First 
Step demonstrating, that 

1264
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:48,200
meaning, could be permanently 
encoded and decoded by other 

1265
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:52,399
Minds, even though, separated by
great time and space in ancient 

1266
01:09:52,399 --> 01:09:57,800
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the
Sumerians attacking a problem 

1267
01:09:57,800 --> 01:09:59,700
that would make any contemporary
accountant. 

1268
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:03,200
Cry with recognition, how to 
keep track of, who owes what to 

1269
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,600
whom when your economy is twice 
as dramatic and more complicated

1270
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:07,800
than a soap. 
Opera family. 

1271
01:10:07,800 --> 01:10:10,900
Tree agriculture may seem 
straightforward but it's 

1272
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:13,700
actually a highly intricate 
system of resource management, 

1273
01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:16,500
seasonal planning and economic 
coordination. 

1274
01:10:16,500 --> 01:10:20,700
That the Sumerians had perfected
The temples collected offerings 

1275
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:24,800
from worshipers provided daily 
rations to priests and workers 

1276
01:10:24,800 --> 01:10:27,700
organized labor, gangs for 
large-scale construction 

1277
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,100
projects and oversaw 
cross-continental trade networks

1278
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,500
that brought silver from 
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 

1279
01:10:34,500 --> 01:10:37,000
Afghanistan, and cedar wood from
Lebanon. 

1280
01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:40,100
Try using just your memory and a
few knots in string to keep 

1281
01:10:40,108 --> 01:10:43,400
track of all that something had 
to give because the Sumerian 

1282
01:10:43,400 --> 01:10:46,400
economy, had expanded Beyond 
human memories ability to 

1283
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:49,000
control. 
They would have to discover a 

1284
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:52,000
method to expand, human memory 
beyond the confines of the 

1285
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:55,200
individual mind, or they would 
have to reduce their society to 

1286
01:10:55,200 --> 01:10:58,400
the level of a small village. 
The protagonist of our tail is 

1287
01:10:58,400 --> 01:11:00,500
an anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

1288
01:11:00,500 --> 01:11:03,200
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

1289
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:04,800
your workplace. 
Who remembers. 

1290
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:08,400
Everyone's birthdays organizes 
the Supply Closet without being 

1291
01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:11,200
asked, and actually reads the 
terms and conditions. 

1292
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:14,700
This administrative Wiz thought 
there has to be a better way. 

1293
01:11:14,700 --> 01:11:18,200
After observing the disarray of 
record, keeping the initial 

1294
01:11:18,200 --> 01:11:23,200
attempts were exquisitely, basic
tiny tokens made of clay each 

1295
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:25,100
signifying. 
A certain amount of a particular

1296
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,400
good. 
Sheep is worth one token, a 

1297
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:29,700
bushel of barley as worth 
another. 

1298
01:11:29,700 --> 01:11:34,500
And an oil jar is worth a third.
To represent real transactions. 

1299
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:36,500
These tokens could be 
transferred, counted. 

1300
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:39,300
And stored you could give 
someone 10 sheep tokens. 

1301
01:11:39,300 --> 01:11:42,600
If you owed them 10 sheep and 
the debt was noted in a way that

1302
01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:45,400
was more flexible than engraving
marks on Stone but more 

1303
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:48,900
permanent than memory tokens, 
however had their own issues. 

1304
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:52,800
They were tiny challenging to 
store securely and prone to 

1305
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:55,700
being misplaced. 
The discovery was made that it 

1306
01:11:55,700 --> 01:11:57,100
was possible to permanently 
record. 

1307
01:11:57,100 --> 01:12:00,300
The meaning of the tokens by 
pressing them into clay tablets 

1308
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:04,200
rather than storing them loose. 
The tangible tokens turned into 

1309
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:06,700
Clay impressions and writing 
appeared out of nowhere. 

1310
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:09,800
They developed cuneiform which 
is a system of wedge-shaped 

1311
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:13,300
marks that a pressed into clay 
tablets using a reed stylus. 

1312
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:18,000
The literal meaning of cuneiform
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 

1313
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:21,800
All About Sumerian priorities. 
They were pragmatic individuals 

1314
01:12:21,800 --> 01:12:25,000
who named their writing system 
after the marks shape, rather 

1315
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:28,400
than after Cosmic principles or 
Gods, the Sumerians soon 

1316
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:30,600
realized they were onto 
something more significant than 

1317
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:32,900
livestock inventories even 
though it began. 

1318
01:12:32,900 --> 01:12:37,000
Beautifully simple, one sheep 
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals

1319
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:40,900
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 
different Mark that meant many 

1320
01:12:40,900 --> 01:12:42,800
sheep. 
In the future. 

1321
01:12:42,800 --> 01:12:45,500
The system could represent the 
sounds of words that refer to 

1322
01:12:45,508 --> 01:12:48,100
things in addition to quantities
of things. 

1323
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:51,600
Imagine the moment when a scribe
likely working through the night

1324
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:54,500
with flickering, lamp light 
discovered, that the symbol for 

1325
01:12:54,500 --> 01:12:58,700
Bali could also stand for the 
sound, she because that was how 

1326
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:02,600
Bali was pronounced in Sumerian.
It was like learning that Lego 

1327
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:06,200
blocks could create not just 
spaceships and castles but whole

1328
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:09,000
worlds of emotion, abstract, 
thought and Imagination. 

1329
01:13:10,200 --> 01:13:13,400
All of a sudden you could write 
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 

1330
01:13:13,400 --> 01:13:16,600
by fusing the symbol for Bali 
for the sound. 

1331
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:20,500
She with the symbol for man? 
After this phonetic Discovery 

1332
01:13:20,500 --> 01:13:24,100
cuneiform evolved from a basic 
accounting system to a complete 

1333
01:13:24,100 --> 01:13:27,200
writing system that could 
represent any spoken idea. 

1334
01:13:28,100 --> 01:13:30,800
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

1335
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:34,600
just 10 sheep, but the shepherd,
who tends 10 sheep is my 

1336
01:13:34,600 --> 01:13:36,600
brother. 
And he lives beyond the hill 

1337
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:40,000
where the barley grows tall in 
the spring rains for the first 

1338
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:43,000
time in human history. 
At First Look, the clay tablets.

1339
01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:45,500
That emerged from this discovery
are delightfully ordinary. 

1340
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:49,300
These old spreadsheets conceal, 
the seeds of literature, law and

1341
01:13:49,300 --> 01:13:51,900
human expression. 
But the majority of them read, 

1342
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:55,600
like the most dull email, inbox 
in the world received three, 

1343
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:59,600
bushels of barley from Mainland 
Barney due to Sheep by the new 

1344
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:03,100
moon witnessed by Uno. 
One of the most prestigious 

1345
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:05,800
occupations in human history, 
was that of the scribes who 

1346
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:09,200
produced these tablets. 
acquiring knowledge of cuneiform

1347
01:14:09,200 --> 01:14:12,600
was akin to mastering an ancient
language, accounting software 

1348
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:16,100
and artistic technique all at 
once they were intricate 

1349
01:14:16,100 --> 01:14:19,300
grammatical rules to learn 
hundreds of symbols to commit to

1350
01:14:19,308 --> 01:14:23,100
memory and Professional 
Standards to uphold These 

1351
01:14:23,100 --> 01:14:25,600
individuals knew they were 
engaging in Magic because they 

1352
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:28,600
were the first to actually 
solidify thoughts and turn 

1353
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:30,600
spoken words into permanent 
objects. 

1354
01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:33,500
Is it understandable that they 
developed a sense of 

1355
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:35,500
Professional Pride that bordered
on overconfidence? 

1356
01:14:36,400 --> 01:14:39,800
They were the Defenders of 
civilization itself contracts 

1357
01:14:39,800 --> 01:14:42,900
laws, literature and history 
would all be impossible without 

1358
01:14:42,900 --> 01:14:45,600
scribes. 
They served as a tangible link 

1359
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:48,900
between their societies memory. 
And Eternity, young men spent 

1360
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:52,200
years copying classical, texts 
honing their handwriting and 

1361
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:54,600
acquiring the sophisticated 
legal and mathematical 

1362
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:56,300
knowledge. 
Necessary for professional 

1363
01:14:56,300 --> 01:14:59,600
administration at Sumerian 
scribes schools which resembled 

1364
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:03,100
medieval monasteries. 
They preserve this tale of 

1365
01:15:03,100 --> 01:15:06,000
friendship mortality, and the 
pursuit of meaning for future 

1366
01:15:06,000 --> 01:15:08,700
Generations, like copying the 
Epic of Gilgamesh. 

1367
01:15:08,700 --> 01:15:12,800
Humanity's first, Monumental 
literary Masterpiece, thousands 

1368
01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:16,100
of times the ancient Egyptians 
were creating their own method 

1369
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:19,100
of permanent communication while
the Sumerians were busy 

1370
01:15:19,100 --> 01:15:22,600
refining, their wedge-shaped 
filing system, And because they 

1371
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,300
were Egyptians, they decided to 
make it utterly beautiful. 

1372
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:27,900
Why settle for something that 
works? 

1373
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:30,800
When you can make something that
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 

1374
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:33,900
Around the same time as 
cuneiform hieroglyphics 

1375
01:15:33,900 --> 01:15:37,400
appeared, however, Egyptian 
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 

1376
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:40,700
intricate picture book in the 
world where a Sumerian writing 

1377
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:43,100
appeared as though someone had 
been piercing clay with a very 

1378
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,700
methodical Fork. 
Every symbol was a miniature 

1379
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:50,700
artwork eyes that followed you 
with age-old wisdom, birds that 

1380
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:53,900
appeared ready to take flight 
and human figures that posed 

1381
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:57,100
with such dignity that even 
grocery lists appeared to be 

1382
01:15:57,100 --> 01:15:58,800
statements of cosmic 
significance. 

1383
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:02,300
The definition of hieroglyph, 
which literally translates to 

1384
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:04,500
Sacred. 
Carving provides all the 

1385
01:16:04,500 --> 01:16:07,100
information you require about 
the Egyptians perspective on 

1386
01:16:07,100 --> 01:16:10,100
their writing system. 
This was more than just useful 

1387
01:16:10,100 --> 01:16:13,200
communication. 
It was a gift from God, a 

1388
01:16:13,200 --> 01:16:16,700
conduit between the world of the
Gods and the mortal world, a 

1389
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:18,900
means of engaging with the 
Eternal through writing, 

1390
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:21,100
according to Egyptian creation 
myths. 

1391
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:25,100
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 

1392
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:27,700
noticing the footprints. 
That birds made in the mud along

1393
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,500
the Nile. 
The idea that writing started 

1394
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:33,000
because someone noticed that 
movement could leave permanent 

1395
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:35,400
traces and that life could 
inscribe itself on the 

1396
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:36,600
landscape. 
Is a lovely one. 

1397
01:16:36,600 --> 01:16:39,600
Regardless of whether you 
believe, in divine inspiration, 

1398
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:43,000
Thoth who is said to have 
invented writing and functioned 

1399
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:46,800
as the Scribe of the Gods was so
revered by Egyptian scribes that

1400
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:50,800
they had their own Patron deity.
Imagine working in a profession.

1401
01:16:50,800 --> 01:16:53,200
So, esteemed that it was 
believed the gods themselves 

1402
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:57,200
practiced it The instruction of 
dwarf from ancient Egypt. 

1403
01:16:57,200 --> 01:16:59,400
Asserts that scribes are the 
best at what they do. 

1404
01:17:00,400 --> 01:17:02,800
There is no trade without a 
director except that Of The 

1405
01:17:02,800 --> 01:17:05,000
Scribe. 
He is the director. 

1406
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:07,700
However, the intricacy of 
hieroglyphs would make 

1407
01:17:07,700 --> 01:17:09,700
contemporary computer, 
programmers cry. 

1408
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:13,800
Depending on the situation, the 
same symbol May stand for a word

1409
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:17,600
sound or concept. 
A picture of a house could stand

1410
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:22,100
for house the sound PR or 
something related to domestic 

1411
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:26,200
life in general. 
In addition to literacy reading 

1412
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:28,900
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 
visual puzzle solving that 

1413
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:32,400
required years of practice and a
mine that could suspend several 

1414
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:35,800
possible meanings until the 
context clarified, the intended.

1415
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:38,000
Meaning with typical Egyptian 
Flair. 

1416
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:41,900
The Egyptians came up with three
distinct writing systems each 

1417
01:17:41,900 --> 01:17:45,300
tailored to a particular set of 
Social contexts and purposes. 

1418
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:49,600
In order to impress the gods and
future Generations, Egyptians 

1419
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:53,500
used hieroglyphs for important 
religious or Monumental texts. 

1420
01:17:54,400 --> 01:17:57,300
For common religious and 
administrative documents higher 

1421
01:17:57,300 --> 01:18:00,800
attic, which means Priestly 
refers to hieroglyphs written in

1422
01:18:00,808 --> 01:18:03,900
cursive which a quicker to write
while still retaining the 

1423
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:05,600
dignity required for official 
business. 

1424
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:10,700
Later Egyptian writing adopted 
demotic, which means of the 

1425
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:13,400
people for both personal and 
professional correspondence, 

1426
01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:17,000
it's similar to using different 
writing systems for grocery 

1427
01:18:17,000 --> 01:18:21,200
lists office memos and wedding 
invitations realistic maybe not 

1428
01:18:21,200 --> 01:18:23,300
in terms of Effectiveness 
classy. 

1429
01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:26,900
Of course, the Egyptians realize
that different forms of 

1430
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:29,300
communication required. 
Varying degrees of aesthetic 

1431
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:31,700
appeal, that the medium was an 
integral part of the message. 

1432
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:34,600
And that writing was about 
honoring information rather than

1433
01:18:34,600 --> 01:18:37,900
merely preserving it in ancient 
Egypt, becoming a scribe was 

1434
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:41,000
akin to joining a sacred order. 
In addition to learning how to 

1435
01:18:41,008 --> 01:18:43,700
write young boys. 
And sometimes girls, though, 

1436
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:46,600
this was uncommon would spend 
years in scribble schools, 

1437
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:50,000
learning how to mix inks, 
prepare Papyrus and make the 

1438
01:18:50,000 --> 01:18:52,900
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled
hieroglyphic writing. 

1439
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:56,900
They practiced by learning 
grammar and Mathematics copying 

1440
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:00,300
classical texts and honing, the 
exact hand eye, coordination 

1441
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:03,900
needed to produce beautiful and 
readable symbols, in addition to

1442
01:19:03,900 --> 01:19:08,000
writing, Egyptian scribes served
as the fair's confidants and 

1443
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,200
Ministers of the Empire Lauren 
forces and historians. 

1444
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:14,700
They oversaw the intricate 
irrigation systems that enabled,

1445
01:19:14,700 --> 01:19:18,300
Egyptian, agriculture plan, the 
enormous building projects that 

1446
01:19:18,300 --> 01:19:20,900
produced the temples and 
pyramids and kept up the 

1447
01:19:20,900 --> 01:19:23,900
Diplomatic correspondence that 
allowed Egypt to remain in touch

1448
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:27,500
with the outside world Egyptian 
writing was as beautiful as its 

1449
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:30,900
instruments. 
Papyrus was a smooth flexible 

1450
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:33,800
writing surface, that could be 
rolled into Scrolls for 

1451
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:35,500
convenient storage and 
transportation. 

1452
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:39,700
It was made from the pith of 
Papyrus plants, which grew along

1453
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:42,600
the Nile, the delicate curves 
and fine lines. 

1454
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:45,800
That characterized hieroglyphic 
writing were made possible by 

1455
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:49,700
Reed pens which were carved from
Marsh plants and precisely 

1456
01:19:49,700 --> 01:19:53,000
shaped to hold ink. 
Rich blacks and Vivid. 

1457
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:56,200
Reds could be produced with ink 
made from soot and plant gums, 

1458
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:57,900
which would stay readable and 
clear. 

1459
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:00,800
For Millennia, most 
significantly, though Egyptian 

1460
01:20:00,800 --> 01:20:02,500
writing was intended to be 
permanent. 

1461
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,400
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved
into stone temples and tombs 

1462
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:09,000
with the express purpose of 
remaining forever. 

1463
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:12,500
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 
tablets were prone to Breaking 

1464
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,300
or crumbling and many other 
ancient writing systems have 

1465
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,700
completely vanished. 
The Egyptians held that writing 

1466
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,400
could Grant him mortality. 
And that a part of oneself 

1467
01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:23,800
persisted in the world. 
As long as one's name could be, 

1468
01:20:23,800 --> 01:20:26,400
read our story. 
Now, takes a turn, that would be

1469
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:28,900
proudly featured in any Underdog
Sports film. 

1470
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:31,900
A small group of people in the 
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 

1471
01:20:31,908 --> 01:20:34,400
the verge of unintentionally 
revolutionizing human 

1472
01:20:34,400 --> 01:20:37,100
communication forever. 
While the Egyptians were 

1473
01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:40,600
perfecting, their beautiful 
complexity and the Mesopotamians

1474
01:20:40,600 --> 01:20:42,400
were growing their empire based 
on wedges. 

1475
01:20:42,400 --> 01:20:45,500
The Phoenicians were academics. 
They were Traders. 

1476
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:48,800
They were the equivalent of that
friend who always knows where to

1477
01:20:48,808 --> 01:20:50,600
get the best bargains in the 
ancient world. 

1478
01:20:51,500 --> 01:20:54,700
Except instead of selling cheap 
electronics, they dealt in 

1479
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:58,100
purple dye that was worth more 
than gold Cedar would so fine 

1480
01:20:58,100 --> 01:21:01,300
that it was used in Kings 
temples and silver, so pure that

1481
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:03,400
it became the Benchmark for 
Value throughout the 

1482
01:21:03,408 --> 01:21:07,000
Mediterranean. 
They required a portable easily 

1483
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:08,700
learned and effective writing 
system. 

1484
01:21:08,700 --> 01:21:11,600
Cuneiform required too much. 
Specialized equipment 

1485
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:15,000
hieroglyphs were too complicated
for Fast, Business records. 

1486
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:18,200
And to be honest, they had no 
time for either. 

1487
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:21,400
When there were fortunes to be 
made in every port from Spain to

1488
01:21:21,400 --> 01:21:24,600
the Black Sea living in a 
practical era, the Phoenicians 

1489
01:21:24,600 --> 01:21:29,300
were pragmatic individuals, 
their cities tired and byblos 

1490
01:21:29,300 --> 01:21:32,800
were erected on Slender, coastal
plains, with their faces, toward

1491
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,000
the sea and their backs to the 
mountains. 

1492
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:38,300
They had to trade in order to 
survive because they couldn't 

1493
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:41,800
produce enough food to sustain 
large populations, additionally,

1494
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:45,000
contracts, correspondence and 
record keeping that were 

1495
01:21:45,000 --> 01:21:47,400
comprehensible despite 
linguistic, and cultural 

1496
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:50,100
barriers were necessary for 
successful trade. 

1497
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:53,100
Therefore the most elegant Act 
of simplification in human 

1498
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:55,700
history was carried out by a 
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 

1499
01:21:55,700 --> 01:22:00,300
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 
him as the ancient equivalent of

1500
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,300
someone who unintentionally 
revolutionizes storage 

1501
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:06,500
technology and finds a better 
way to organize their garage, 

1502
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:10,000
the Phoenicians produced only 22
symbols Each of which 

1503
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:13,900
represented a single consonant 
sound as a hundreds of symbols, 

1504
01:22:13,900 --> 01:22:16,900
that represented words, sounds 
and Concepts. 

1505
01:22:16,900 --> 01:22:21,200
That's all No, images of birds 
that depending on the context 

1506
01:22:21,200 --> 01:22:25,500
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 
There are no abstract ideas that

1507
01:22:25,500 --> 01:22:28,600
take years of study to grasp. 
There was no Divine symbolism, 

1508
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:32,000
that linked writing to Cosmic 
laws any word in their language 

1509
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,400
could be represented by 
combining just 22 basic marks. 

1510
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:39,200
It was incredibly useful. 
Instead of the years needed to 

1511
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:42,800
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 
a Merchants child, could learn 

1512
01:22:42,800 --> 01:22:46,400
the entire system in months. 
The symbols were easy enough to 

1513
01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:50,000
paint onto wooden boards, 
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly

1514
01:22:50,000 --> 01:22:53,200
carve into stone. 
The most revolutionary aspect of

1515
01:22:53,200 --> 01:22:56,700
the system was its adaptability 
and logic, which allowed it to 

1516
01:22:56,700 --> 01:22:58,900
be, used to write entirely 
different languages. 

1517
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:02,700
The Phoenician alphabet was 
straightforward effective and 

1518
01:23:02,700 --> 01:23:05,300
highly adaptable. 
Making it comparable to the 

1519
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:09,500
Swiss army knife of writing 
systems Once you mastered the 22

1520
01:23:09,500 --> 01:23:11,500
letters. 
You could write any word you 

1521
01:23:11,508 --> 01:23:14,300
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

1522
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:17,800
sound, there was no need for 
costly materials, or specialized

1523
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:20,100
training. 
No, need to memorize hundreds of

1524
01:23:20,108 --> 01:23:23,100
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

1525
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:26,700
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

1526
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:29,300
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity, 

1527
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:30,900
the secret to widespread 
literacy. 

1528
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:33,900
There are only goals were to 
improve business records, 

1529
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:37,900
expedite correspondence, and 
shorten the time needed to train

1530
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:40,900
new scribes. 
However, Phoenician Traders 

1531
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:43,300
brought their alphabet to every 
port where they conducted 

1532
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:45,500
business. 
And it quickly spread like the 

1533
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:47,900
most popular viral video in the 
ancient world. 

1534
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:51,600
The Phoenicians system only 
marked consonant sounds leaving 

1535
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:53,700
readers to infer vowels from 
Context. 

1536
01:23:53,700 --> 01:23:57,800
It would be like reading 
beateats s and knowing it means 

1537
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,200
by the house. 
This worked well in Semitic 

1538
01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:04,100
languages like Phoenicians and 
Hebrew, where the consonants 

1539
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:06,200
carry, the majority of the 
meaning but it was problematic 

1540
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:09,700
for Greek Where vowels sounds 
were essential for 

1541
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:12,200
comprehension. 
Greek Traders commented. 

1542
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:15,800
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

1543
01:24:15,800 --> 01:24:18,800
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

1544
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:20,800
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

1545
01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:24,800
The Greeks, use those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

1546
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:27,400
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present in 

1547
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:30,200
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 
letter. 

1548
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:32,900
A was derived from The 
Phoenician aleph, the Greek 

1549
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:35,500
beta, and our letter b and so 
forth. 

1550
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:38,900
Vowels were added to the 
alphabet, making it much more 

1551
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,500
accurate and simpler to learn. 
readers could see the precise 

1552
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:46,100
pronunciation of words, rather 
than having to guess the missing

1553
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:49,100
vowel sounds Because of its 
accuracy. 

1554
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:52,100
The Greek alphabet was ideal for
recording, not only business 

1555
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,500
transactions, but also intricate
literary works like poetry and 

1556
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:57,600
philosophy. 
Where precise wording was 

1557
01:24:57,600 --> 01:25:00,500
crucial through their 
interactions with Greek colonies

1558
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:03,200
in southern Italy. 
The Romans came into contact 

1559
01:25:03,200 --> 01:25:06,500
with the Greek, alphabet, and 
recognized its potential for use

1560
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:08,600
in law and administration right 
away. 

1561
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:12,400
By standardizing the alphabet 
throughout their empire and 

1562
01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:14,600
using it to produce the 
administrative and legal 

1563
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,000
documents that bound their 
enormous territories together. 

1564
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,300
Roman efficiency, transformed 
the alphabet into an instrument 

1565
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:25,200
of Empire and that Latin script 
perfected and refined by Roman 

1566
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:27,500
scribes. 
And bureaucrats it is currently 

1567
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:31,300
being read by you. 
The 26 letters that you see on 

1568
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:34,200
your keyboard, a direct 
descendants of those 22, 

1569
01:25:34,200 --> 01:25:37,700
Phoenician consonants, they were
altered by Greek creativity, and

1570
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:40,700
Roman pragmatism and were passed
down through centuries and 

1571
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:43,300
continents to reach the page or 
screen in front of you. 

1572
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:46,300
The success of the alphabet was 
neither inevitable, nor 

1573
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:50,200
instantaneous, It coexisted with
various writing systems for 

1574
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:52,500
centuries, each with unique 
benefits. 

1575
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:55,600
For more than a millennium 
following, the invention of the 

1576
01:25:55,600 --> 01:25:58,900
alphabet cane form continued to 
be the language of scholarship, 

1577
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:02,500
and diplomacy and Mesopotamia up
until the Roman era. 

1578
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:05,600
Hieroglyphs were still utilized 
in the Egypt for religious and 

1579
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:08,700
ceremonial purposes. 
The fact that Chinese characters

1580
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:11,100
evolved on their own and are 
still in use today. 

1581
01:26:11,100 --> 01:26:13,400
Shows that there are other 
options for solving the writing 

1582
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:15,100
problem. 
Besides the alphabet one 

1583
01:26:15,100 --> 01:26:18,000
significant benefit of the 
alphabet, however, was that it 

1584
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,300
significantly reduced the 
barrier to literacy. 

1585
01:26:21,300 --> 01:26:23,900
A person could become 
functionally literate in months 

1586
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:27,000
as opposed to years of learning,
hundreds, or thousands of 

1587
01:26:27,000 --> 01:26:30,600
symbols. 
As a result writing was no 

1588
01:26:30,600 --> 01:26:32,900
longer the sole domain of 
affluent Elites and 

1589
01:26:32,908 --> 01:26:37,200
professional, scribes soldiers, 
Artisans merchants and 

1590
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:39,300
eventually common. 
People could all learn to read 

1591
01:26:39,300 --> 01:26:42,100
and write writing remained the 
domain of specialist. 

1592
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:44,600
For approximately a millennium, 
following the adoption of the 

1593
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:47,100
alphabet. 
But these Specialists were far 

1594
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:49,500
more numerous than in the past 
books. 

1595
01:26:49,500 --> 01:26:52,100
Were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

1596
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:55,600
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

1597
01:26:55,600 --> 01:26:59,000
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

1598
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,000
it took a monk three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

1599
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:03,700
Stone Monastery on bread and 
weekend. 

1600
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:07,400
Ale based on the Latin words 
Manus, which means hand and 

1601
01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:10,500
scriptus which means written 
this was the era of the 

1602
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,800
manuscript. 
Letter by letter word by word 

1603
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,000
Page by Page each book was 
literally written by hand. 

1604
01:27:17,800 --> 01:27:20,800
Single book was worth months or 
years of human labor due to the 

1605
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:22,500
labor intensive nature of the 
process. 

1606
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:27,100
Making each volume extremely 
valuable the improbable stewards

1607
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:29,600
of human knowledge turned out to
be medieval monasteries. 

1608
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:33,600
Imagine brother Benedict bent 
over his writing desk in a 

1609
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:36,600
scriptorium, a special room used
for copying manuscripts 

1610
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:40,400
carefully, copying the writings 
of ancient philosophers as his 

1611
01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:44,000
back ached from hours of 
painstaking exacting work and 

1612
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:46,200
his fingers gradually turned 
blue from the cold. 

1613
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:49,100
In their meticulously copied 
books. 

1614
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,300
These monks, preserved 
everything from agricultural 

1615
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:55,600
methods to mathematical theorems
to theological, arguments, 

1616
01:27:55,600 --> 01:27:57,700
making them more the more than 
just scribes. 

1617
01:27:57,700 --> 01:28:01,100
They were the first backup hard 
drives of human civilization. 

1618
01:28:01,100 --> 01:28:04,000
It was almost Supernatural. 
How much work it took to create 

1619
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:07,400
a medieval manuscript. 
Initially you needed parchment 

1620
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:10,600
or Vellum, which required weeks 
of meticulous, preparation, 

1621
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:14,800
using the skins of dozens of 
animals such as goats sheep or 

1622
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:17,600
carbs. 
To produce a smooth, long 

1623
01:28:17,600 --> 01:28:20,900
lasting writing surface. 
The Skins needed to be soaked 

1624
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:26,000
scraped stretched and lime 
treated. 300 sheep skins could 

1625
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,100
be needed for one Bible. 
The creation of inks followed 

1626
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:31,900
some of which called for 
substances more unusual than 

1627
01:28:31,900 --> 01:28:34,200
anything found in a contemporary
chemistry set. 

1628
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:39,000
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 
Oak Galls growth produced by 

1629
01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:41,600
wasp larvae were used to make 
black ink. 

1630
01:28:42,200 --> 01:28:44,800
Cinnabar or red Oaker were used 
to make the red ink that was 

1631
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:47,200
used for chapter headings and 
significant passages. 

1632
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:51,600
Real gold leaf was ground with 
gum and honey to create gold ink

1633
01:28:51,600 --> 01:28:55,100
which was saved for the most 
valuable writing the writing 

1634
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,800
itself, necessitated specific 
instruments and methods to hold 

1635
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:02,500
ink and create accurate marks 
quill pens, which were fashioned

1636
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:04,200
from the flight feathers of 
geese or swans. 

1637
01:29:04,200 --> 01:29:08,600
Had to be precisely cut and 
shaped Sand was used to block 

1638
01:29:08,600 --> 01:29:12,500
excess ink and speed drying and 
the scribes desk was angled to 

1639
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:15,900
avoiding pooling. 
However, the illumination the 

1640
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:18,900
addition of ornamental elements 
that transformed every page into

1641
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:21,800
a work of art was where the true
Artistry was found. 

1642
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:25,400
Details initial letters, that 
could include whole mental 

1643
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:29,200
Landscapes marginal decorations,
that told visual stories and 

1644
01:29:29,200 --> 01:29:32,600
full page illustrations, that 
infused text with Rich details. 

1645
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:35,800
And vibrant colors were all 
characteristics of illuminated 

1646
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:39,200
manuscripts among the most 
Exquisite items ever made by 

1647
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:40,900
human hands. 
Are the most well, known 

1648
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:44,500
illuminated manuscripts such as 
the Book of Kells or the trailer

1649
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:49,200
to bury hundreds of hours of 
Labor by talented artists 

1650
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,200
employing methods that took 
decades to perfect a represented

1651
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:54,500
on each page. 
The pigments were made from 

1652
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:55,800
Vellum. 
So fine, it was almost 

1653
01:29:55,800 --> 01:29:58,700
translucent. 
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 

1654
01:29:58,700 --> 01:30:01,800
made from single hairs and Lapis
Lazuli imported from 

1655
01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:04,400
Afghanistan. 
It sounds romantic to say that 

1656
01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:07,600
each book was unique, but it 
also means that each one cost 

1657
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:08,800
enough to wipe out a small 
Kingdom. 

1658
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:12,300
A complete collection of 
Aristotle's writings could cost 

1659
01:30:12,300 --> 01:30:15,400
more than a small farm. 
A single Bible could cost as 

1660
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:18,600
much as a house and even basic 
prayer books were luxury items. 

1661
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:21,600
Only the wealthy could afford 
because of this scarcity. 

1662
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:25,400
The majority of people continue 
to rely on memory oral tradition

1663
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,600
and the occasional helpful 
neighbor who could read while 

1664
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:31,300
the wealthy in the clergy can 
continue to enjoy the privilege 

1665
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:34,300
of literacy. 
However, something significant 

1666
01:30:34,300 --> 01:30:37,400
was taking place, even in this, 
secluded realm of handwritten 

1667
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:40,600
books in a way. 
Never seen before, knowledge was

1668
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:44,300
becoming portable from Monastery
to Monastery, a manuscript could

1669
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:46,600
spread Concepts across centuries
and continents. 

1670
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:50,100
These meticulously reproduced 
books brought the writings of 

1671
01:30:50,108 --> 01:30:53,500
Greek philosophers who had been 
preserved by Islamic scholars 

1672
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:56,500
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 
back to Christian Europe. 

1673
01:30:57,500 --> 01:31:01,400
through Thomas aquinas's work, 
Aristotle's physics, which was 

1674
01:31:01,400 --> 01:31:05,000
translated from Greek to Arabic,
to Latin, had an impact on 

1675
01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:08,700
Christian theology, during the 
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's geography

1676
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:14,500
which has been reproduced and 
recuperation Expeditions that 

1677
01:31:14,500 --> 01:31:16,200
brought Europeans to the new 
world. 

1678
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:19,000
The scribes and monks who 
produced these manuscripts 

1679
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:21,300
established a culture of 
knowledge preservation of their 

1680
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:23,500
own. 
Each book became a dialogue 

1681
01:31:23,500 --> 01:31:26,700
across time as a result of the 
marginalia comments and 

1682
01:31:26,708 --> 01:31:28,600
observations in the margins that
they added. 

1683
01:31:29,400 --> 01:31:32,000
Reading a medieval manuscript 
today is similar to listening to

1684
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:34,800
a group of academics who are 
centuries apart debate the same 

1685
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,900
text adding their own 
interpretations and insights 

1686
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:39,400
while also agreeing and 
disagreeing. 

1687
01:31:39,400 --> 01:31:42,700
While some of these side remarks
are academic and somber. 

1688
01:31:42,700 --> 01:31:45,200
Others are surprisingly, 
relatable and human. 

1689
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:48,000
The whether it's raining heavily
outside. 

1690
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:52,000
The scriptorium complaints about
the cold, my hand is numb from 

1691
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:56,100
writing and even drawing of cats
which it seems medieval monks 

1692
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:58,000
found just as adorable as we do 
today. 

1693
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,800
Can all be found in medieval 
manuscripts new types of books 

1694
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:04,400
with distinct functions also 
emerged during the manuscript 

1695
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:06,800
era. 
Both clergy and lay people 

1696
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:10,500
adopted the sultan as they go to
prayer book because it contained

1697
01:32:10,500 --> 01:32:14,200
the 150 biblical Farms. 
Among the most popular 

1698
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:17,200
manuscripts for affluent, people
were books of hours which 

1699
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:19,400
contained prayers for various 
times of the day. 

1700
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:23,200
Through that descriptions of 
mythical and real animals. 

1701
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:27,100
Best juries Blended natural 
history with moral teaching in 

1702
01:32:27,100 --> 01:32:31,600
ways that were both entertaining
and instructive when universe is

1703
01:32:31,608 --> 01:32:33,100
first appeared in the 12th 
century. 

1704
01:32:33,100 --> 01:32:35,700
They brought with them new 
production, techniques and 

1705
01:32:35,700 --> 01:32:39,000
demands for books. 
Multiple copies of the same text

1706
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:42,900
could be produced more quickly. 
Thanks to the PCS system, which 

1707
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:46,000
divided text into sections. 
That could be copied by multiple

1708
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,900
scribes at once. 
Although it's still took months 

1709
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:52,200
to produce a single book, this 
was the Medieval equivalent of 

1710
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:54,700
mass production. 
China had been subtly 

1711
01:32:54,700 --> 01:32:58,300
transforming, the very medium of
writing while Europe continued 

1712
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:00,900
to treat books as Priceless 
artifacts that needed the 

1713
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:02,700
sacrifice of whole herds of 
sheep. 

1714
01:33:03,800 --> 01:33:06,400
Making paper from plant. 
Fibers was a technique that 

1715
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:09,400
would eventually change the 
world and it was perfected by a 

1716
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:13,100
court official name, Cai Lun 
around 105 CE during the 

1717
01:33:13,100 --> 01:33:15,400
Huntington estate. 
When you take into account, the 

1718
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:18,300
Alternatives, that dominated 
writing surfaces for centuries. 

1719
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:21,100
This invention may not seem like
a game changer. 

1720
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,900
Imagine attempting to transport 
a library of clay tablets on a 

1721
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:27,300
journey, they were both heavy 
and brittle. 

1722
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:30,000
Although Stone was permanent. 
It was not practical for 

1723
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:32,300
inscription other than the most 
significant ones. 

1724
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:36,400
Papyrus was costly to make and 
transport and it required 

1725
01:33:36,400 --> 01:33:39,400
particular plants that only 
thrived in particular climates. 

1726
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:43,200
Parchment was extremely costly 
and required animal skins. 

1727
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:47,200
A single book could require 
hundreds of animal skins Rags 

1728
01:33:47,200 --> 01:33:50,000
bark, bamboo mulberry, trees, 
and pretty much. 

1729
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:52,500
Any other plant fiber could be 
used to make paper. 

1730
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:56,100
This made it possible to produce
writing materials in large 

1731
01:33:56,100 --> 01:33:58,900
quantities locally and at a low 
cost. 

1732
01:33:59,900 --> 01:34:01,900
The cost of the information 
written on the writing. 

1733
01:34:01,900 --> 01:34:05,400
Surface became insignificant for
the first time in human history.

1734
01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:09,300
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 
into pulp combined with water 

1735
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,500
and then lifted out on screens 
to form, thin sheets that 

1736
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:16,600
eventually dried into paper. 
Kailens method was elegantly 

1737
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:19,900
straightforward, the method 
became so wide in China. 

1738
01:34:19,900 --> 01:34:21,900
That paper was used for more 
than just writing. 

1739
01:34:21,900 --> 01:34:25,100
It was used for packaging 
decoration and even clothing 

1740
01:34:25,100 --> 01:34:28,600
papers served as a medium for 
art decoration and even money 

1741
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:31,400
for the Chinese who used it for 
more than just writing. 

1742
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:34,800
Centuries before the rest of the
world realized that you could 

1743
01:34:34,800 --> 01:34:37,700
use something other than piece 
of metal to represent value, 

1744
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:41,100
they created paper money. 
Chinese Traders were using 

1745
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:44,700
exquisitely designed paper notes
backed by Imperial authority to 

1746
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:47,800
pay for goods while European 
Merchants continued to carry 

1747
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:51,400
bags of gold and silver coins. 
Additionally, new forms of 

1748
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:53,700
artistic expression were made 
possible by Chinese. 

1749
01:34:53,700 --> 01:34:57,900
Papermaking Writing itself was 
regarded as a visual art form 

1750
01:34:57,900 --> 01:35:01,400
when calligraphy the art of 
beautiful writing Advanced to 

1751
01:35:01,400 --> 01:35:04,300
new heights. 
Chinese poets produced verses 

1752
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:07,500
that were Exquisite to look at 
as they were to read with the 

1753
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:10,000
ink flow and brushwork adding to
the poem's meaning. 

1754
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:13,000
This type of creative. 
Experimentation was made 

1755
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,400
feasible and affordable by paper
along trade routes the 

1756
01:35:16,400 --> 01:35:20,300
technology gradually spread. 
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 

1757
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:26,300
tourists who saw its potential 
Around 750 CE it made its way to

1758
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:30,100
the Islamic world. 
Most likely via Chinese pows 

1759
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:31,700
taken during the battle of 
talas. 

1760
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:34,900
With the same further as those 
who had been attempting to 

1761
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:38,500
preserve libraries on pricey, 
animal hides, Islamic scholars 

1762
01:35:38,500 --> 01:35:41,400
and administrators embraced. 
Paper paper books. 

1763
01:35:41,400 --> 01:35:44,300
Flooded The Great Library of 
Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, 

1764
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,500
establishing educational hubs, 
that preserved and advanced 

1765
01:35:47,500 --> 01:35:52,300
ancient knowledge, Greek Persian
Sanskrit and other works were 

1766
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:55,300
translated into Arabic and 
printed as paper books at the 

1767
01:35:55,300 --> 01:35:58,400
house of wisdom in Baghdad which
developed into a translation 

1768
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:01,000
hub. 
Cheap paper made this enormous 

1769
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:04,400
translation project possible 
saving classical education that 

1770
01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:07,800
might have been lost forever. 
Otherwise Islamic paper makers. 

1771
01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:11,200
Improved upon Chinese processes 
and created new ones that were 

1772
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:15,000
appropriate for various climates
and the materials at hand From 

1773
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:18,100
Spain to Central Asia, they set 
up paper mills across their 

1774
01:36:18,100 --> 01:36:21,400
lands establishing a production 
Network that made books more 

1775
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:23,900
widely available and more 
reasonably priced than ever. 

1776
01:36:23,900 --> 01:36:26,200
Before in the 12th century 
paper. 

1777
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:29,200
Finally made its way to Europe 
where it encountered, the kind 

1778
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:31,900
of opposition usually reserved 
for National Security threats. 

1779
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:35,500
The Safeguard their business 
parchment manufacturers 

1780
01:36:35,500 --> 01:36:38,700
organized, strong guilds, and 
pushed policy makers to limit 

1781
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:41,500
the use of paper. 
Despite the fact that many paper

1782
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:43,800
manuscripts have fared better 
than parchment ones. 

1783
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:47,200
In terms of survival religious, 
authorities were concerned that 

1784
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:50,700
paper books might not be robust 
enough to preserve sacred texts 

1785
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,600
in certain locations. 
Using paper for official 

1786
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:56,600
documents is outright 
prohibited, the Holy Roman 

1787
01:36:56,600 --> 01:36:58,500
Emperor. 
Frederick the second insisted 

1788
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:01,000
that only parchment was 
appropriate for significant 

1789
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:03,800
legal records. 
Declaring in 1231. 

1790
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:06,300
The official documents written 
on paper would be deemed 

1791
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,000
invalid. 
This opposition to paper was 

1792
01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:12,300
partially cultural reflecting 
long held ideas about the 

1793
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:15,100
appropriate materials for 
significant writing and 

1794
01:37:15,100 --> 01:37:18,300
partially economic as the 
production of parchment was a 

1795
01:37:18,300 --> 01:37:20,500
significant industry. 
That employed thousands of 

1796
01:37:20,500 --> 01:37:24,400
people, however paper had a 
compelling Advantage it was 

1797
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,300
inexpensive. 
Parchment was unable to keep up 

1798
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,400
with the growing number of 
universities in Europe and the 

1799
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:33,200
resulting demand for books. 
Throughout their studies. 

1800
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:36,300
The University student may 
require access to dozens of 

1801
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:39,100
different texts. 
More animal skins were needed 

1802
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:42,400
for even a small Library than 
most areas could provide in the 

1803
01:37:42,400 --> 01:37:45,900
13th and 14th centuries. 
Paper mill started to appear all

1804
01:37:45,900 --> 01:37:48,300
over Europe. 
They were frequently constructed

1805
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:50,700
next to rivers, that could 
Supply electricity for the 

1806
01:37:50,708 --> 01:37:54,000
equipment that was used to 
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 

1807
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:57,300
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

1808
01:37:57,300 --> 01:38:00,700
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

1809
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,700
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

1810
01:38:03,700 --> 01:38:06,700
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

1811
01:38:06,700 --> 01:38:08,000
the cheap papers of 
availability. 

1812
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:11,900
For the first time writing 
supplies were reasonably priced 

1813
01:38:11,900 --> 01:38:16,100
allowing people to try out novel
written Expressions because 

1814
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:18,800
paper made writing more 
affordable personal letters 

1815
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:22,600
increased in frequency, business
records became more details and 

1816
01:38:22,600 --> 01:38:24,200
governments became more 
bureaucratic. 

1817
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:28,000
Johannes Gutenberg was arguably 
the most irritated metal work in

1818
01:38:28,000 --> 01:38:31,700
Minds Germany and perhaps all of
Europe by the 1440s. 

1819
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:35,500
He had invested years and a lot 
of money into creating a system 

1820
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:39,100
of movable type which consisted 
of separate metal letters that 

1821
01:38:39,108 --> 01:38:41,400
could be rearranged to print 
various texts. 

1822
01:38:41,400 --> 01:38:45,000
However, each prototype, he 
created brought with it, new 

1823
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:47,700
problems, that seem to arise 
more quickly than he could 

1824
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:50,100
resolve them. 
The intricacy of the technical 

1825
01:38:50,100 --> 01:38:53,600
issues was astounding, the 
printing would be uneven with 

1826
01:38:53,600 --> 01:38:55,700
some letters, pressing harder 
into the paper than others. 

1827
01:38:55,700 --> 01:38:59,700
If the letters weren't all 
precisely the same height, to 

1828
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:02,300
account for the inherent 
proportions of various letters, 

1829
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:06,500
the needed to have slightly 
different widths for example, AI

1830
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:10,000
should be narrower than a w, but
both had to line up precisely 

1831
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:13,400
with every other letter in the 
alphabet, the type required, a 

1832
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,500
carefully, formulated metal 
alloy, If it were too soft 

1833
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:19,700
pressure would cause the letters
to distort, they would chip or 

1834
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,500
shatter. 
If they were too hard, the alloy

1835
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:25,700
needed to be able to capture 
find Details, be robust enough 

1836
01:39:25,700 --> 01:39:28,900
to print thousands of copies and
be affordable enough to make the

1837
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:32,400
system as a whole profitable to 
transfer from metal to paper 

1838
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,800
without smearing or fading, the 
ink needed to be precisely the 

1839
01:39:35,800 --> 01:39:39,200
correct consistency. 
Metal type on paper, just didn't

1840
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,500
work with traditional manuscript
Inc which was made for quill 

1841
01:39:42,500 --> 01:39:45,900
pens on parchment in order to 
stick to metal and transfer 

1842
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:49,500
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 
to create a completely new kind 

1843
01:39:49,500 --> 01:39:53,400
of ink that was oil-based rather
than water-based a Pages whole 

1844
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:56,200
surface required, precisely the 
correct amount of pressure from 

1845
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,100
the Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

1846
01:39:59,100 --> 01:40:01,000
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

1847
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:05,400
Excessive pressure could cause 
the paper to tear or the type to

1848
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:07,000
be pushed. 
So deeply into the paper that 

1849
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:10,100
holds would form. 
However, the economic issue was 

1850
01:40:10,100 --> 01:40:13,900
arguably the most difficult. 
with no Assurance of return, 

1851
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:17,400
starting a printing business 
required, a significant upfront 

1852
01:40:17,400 --> 01:40:21,000
investment in supplies, 
machinery and trained labor, 

1853
01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:26,000
Single misaligned letter, a 
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue

1854
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:28,400
could destroy hundreds of copies
and cause the business to go 

1855
01:40:28,408 --> 01:40:30,800
bankrupt. 
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 

1856
01:40:30,808 --> 01:40:33,100
only in his individual solutions
to these issues. 

1857
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,500
But also in his realization, 
that printing was an entirely 

1858
01:40:36,500 --> 01:40:40,600
new method of book production. 
Manuscripts were copied one at a

1859
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:43,800
time by medieval scribes who 
worked for months on each copy, 

1860
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:47,100
after the initial setup, was 
finished printing. 

1861
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,200
Produced a template that could 
create 100 of identical copies. 

1862
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:53,200
There were significant 
ramifications of this transition

1863
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:56,700
from artisanal to industrial 
production that went well beyond

1864
01:40:56,700 --> 01:41:00,000
the printing shop. 
Printed books were identical 

1865
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:03,100
rather than distinct each with 
its own unique qualities and 

1866
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:06,300
possible mistakes because 
everyone else reading the same 

1867
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:09,500
book would find the same text in
the same place scholars in 

1868
01:41:09,500 --> 01:41:11,400
different cities. 
Could now, refer to particular 

1869
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:14,800
pages and lines naturally, the 
Bible was the first book that 

1870
01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:18,600
good and Berg decided to print 
However this was a wise business

1871
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:20,100
move, as well as a religious 
one. 

1872
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:22,900
The one book that was sure to 
have a sizeable and steady 

1873
01:41:22,900 --> 01:41:26,200
Market was the Bible. 
Every Church required copies 

1874
01:41:26,200 --> 01:41:29,800
affluent, people desired their 
own copies and the text was 

1875
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,500
sufficiently uniformed to 
eliminate any doubts regarding 

1876
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:36,000
its veracity or correctness. 
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 

1877
01:41:36,000 --> 01:41:39,000
finished around 1455 and is 
still regarded as one of the 

1878
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:41,200
most Exquisite books ever 
created. 

1879
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:44,400
Demonstrated that hand. 
Alumination, could compete with 

1880
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:48,900
mechanical reproduction in terms
of artistic quality Gutenberg 

1881
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:51,300
created books that fuse the 
Elegance of traditional 

1882
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:54,700
manuscript art with the accuracy
of printing by hiring. 

1883
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:57,400
Talented artists to add 
decorative elements to each copy

1884
01:41:57,400 --> 01:42:00,300
more significantly, though. 
The Gutenberg Bible. 

1885
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:02,800
Proved that books could be 
produced in large quantities 

1886
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:04,500
without compromising their 
quality. 

1887
01:42:05,600 --> 01:42:09,600
With handed decorations. 
Each of the 180 copies was 

1888
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:14,100
unique, despite having the same 
text and layout resulting in a 

1889
01:42:14,100 --> 01:42:16,600
hybrid form that connected 
medieval craftsmanship and 

1890
01:42:16,600 --> 01:42:19,600
contemporary industry with the 
rapidity of a particularly 

1891
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:22,400
potent plague. 
But with far greater advantages,

1892
01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:27,000
the printing press spread 
throughout Europe by 1500 more 

1893
01:42:27,000 --> 01:42:31,500
than 250 cities ranging from 
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 

1894
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:35,500
to Moscow had printing presses. 
Millions of books were being 

1895
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:39,100
produced by these presses every 
year changing, Europe from a 

1896
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:42,000
place where books were rare and 
valuable to one, where printed 

1897
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,800
materials were becoming widely 
available. 

1898
01:42:43,800 --> 01:42:48,300
The ramifications for society, 
were profound, the simultaneous 

1899
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:51,300
existence of identical copies of
the same text in several 

1900
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:53,800
locations was unprecedented in 
human history. 

1901
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:57,200
With the assurance that their 
peers would be reading the same 

1902
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,000
words academics. 
Could now participate in 

1903
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:02,500
authentic, intellectual 
discourse by citing particular 

1904
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:06,200
passages and page numbers. 
Scholarly discourse became more 

1905
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:10,200
cumulative, more collaborative 
and more precise after being 

1906
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:14,400
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 
door in 1517, Martin, Luther's 

1907
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:16,500
95. 
The Seas were reprinted and 

1908
01:43:16,500 --> 01:43:19,900
disseminated throughout Germany,
in a matter of weeks translated 

1909
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:22,600
into several languages in a 
matter of months, and then 

1910
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:24,300
dispersed throughout Europe in a
year. 

1911
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:28,300
Luther's accusations of church. 
Corruption might have remained a

1912
01:43:28,300 --> 01:43:30,600
local theological dispute in the
absence of printing. 

1913
01:43:31,400 --> 01:43:33,900
Their invention of printing cerb
as the Catalyst for the 

1914
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:36,500
Protestant Reformation, which 
fundamentally altered 

1915
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,000
Christianity in Europe. 
Researchers on different 

1916
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:42,200
continents could now instantly 
share, significant discoveries, 

1917
01:43:43,100 --> 01:43:46,000
Within months of its publication
in the revolution ebooks and 

1918
01:43:46,000 --> 01:43:50,000
1543, kapernick is 
groundbreaking theory that the 

1919
01:43:50,008 --> 01:43:53,200
Earth revolved around the Sun 
was known to astronomers all 

1920
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:56,600
over Europe. 
Published in the humani corporis

1921
01:43:56,600 --> 01:43:59,600
Fabrica that same year. 
The salius is precise 

1922
01:43:59,600 --> 01:44:01,900
anatomical. 
Illustrations provided medical 

1923
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:05,400
students worldwide with access 
to intricate illustrations that 

1924
01:44:05,400 --> 01:44:08,100
were previously limited to a 
small number of hand-drawn 

1925
01:44:08,100 --> 01:44:11,400
manuscripts in both subtle and 
Revolutionary Ways, the printing

1926
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:15,700
press democratized knowledge 
with less expensive bindings, a 

1927
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:17,500
farmer's son. 
Could now own the same books as 

1928
01:44:17,500 --> 01:44:20,800
a nobleman instead of competing 
based on the wealth of their 

1929
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:23,500
Patron ideas could do so on 
their own Merit. 

1930
01:44:24,200 --> 01:44:27,500
Simply being able to reproduce 
text at low cost and disseminate

1931
01:44:27,500 --> 01:44:30,900
it, widely enabled, the 
Protestant Reformation, the 

1932
01:44:30,900 --> 01:44:34,900
Scientific Revolution and the 
enlightenment, however, printing

1933
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:36,900
all gave rise to new kinds of 
control. 

1934
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:40,600
And inequality, even though the 
cost of books decreased their 

1935
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:42,600
production still required a 
large investment. 

1936
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,700
By determining which texts were 
worthy of being printed and 

1937
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:49,100
which Concepts merited. 
Widespread dissemination 

1938
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:51,800
Publishers took on the role of 
new information. 

1939
01:44:51,800 --> 01:44:55,600
Gatekeepers Governments 
implemented, license programs, 

1940
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:57,800
censorship, and printing, press 
control. 

1941
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:01,000
After realizing the power of 
printing, the spread of 

1942
01:45:01,000 --> 01:45:03,900
protestant text through printing
prompted the Catholic Church to 

1943
01:45:03,900 --> 01:45:07,300
create the index laboratorium 
prohibitorum a list of books 

1944
01:45:07,300 --> 01:45:11,000
that Catholics were prohibited 
from reading Realizing that 

1945
01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:13,700
controlling the presses meant, 
controlling the information flow

1946
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,300
governments across Europe, set 
up official, printers and 

1947
01:45:16,300 --> 01:45:18,400
mandated, licenses for printing 
businesses. 

1948
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:21,700
It was impossible to fully 
regulate printing in spite of 

1949
01:45:21,708 --> 01:45:25,100
these control attempts, 
Smugglers transported, banned 

1950
01:45:25,100 --> 01:45:28,000
texts across borders, 
underground, presses produced 

1951
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:30,800
books that were prohibited and 
the sheer volume of printed 

1952
01:45:30,800 --> 01:45:32,700
material. 
Made complete censorship in 

1953
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,200
practicable Since mass 
communication had escaped, it 

1954
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:39,500
would never be able to be reined
in in the 17th and 18th. 

1955
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:42,800
Centuries, something 
extraordinary occurred, common 

1956
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:46,100
people started reading for 
enjoyment, not for Religious 

1957
01:45:46,100 --> 01:45:49,700
Education, not for work-related 
reasons, but just because 

1958
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:53,400
reading was now a fun 
inexpensive and socially 

1959
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:55,900
acceptable Pastime. 
In addition to reflecting 

1960
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:57,700
broader shifts in European 
Society. 

1961
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:00,700
This change was partially 
brought about by the printing 

1962
01:46:00,700 --> 01:46:04,500
press, which made books more 
affordable and accessible more 

1963
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,700
people had free time and 
disposable income as a result of

1964
01:46:07,700 --> 01:46:11,200
growing prosperity. 
A cities grew more populated, 

1965
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:14,200
bookshops lending, libraries and
literary discussions became 

1966
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:18,600
commonplace as literacy rates. 
Increased more people were able 

1967
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:20,700
to read the increasingly 
accessible books. 

1968
01:46:20,700 --> 01:46:23,900
Most significantly though author
started producing content 

1969
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:25,600
especially for this new 
readership. 

1970
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:29,300
Published in 1719, Daniel 
defoe's Robinson. 

1971
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:33,700
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 

1972
01:46:33,700 --> 01:46:38,400
and anybody else with a few free
hours and the cost of a book It 

1973
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:41,800
was not written for academics or
Aristocrats written in simple 

1974
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:43,300
terms that anyone could 
understand. 

1975
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:46,700
And appreciate the book told the
tale of an average man, dealing 

1976
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:49,600
with extraordinary 
circumstances, the 18th century.

1977
01:46:49,600 --> 01:46:53,700
Social media platforms, were 
coffee shops, more than 3,000 

1978
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,100
coffee shops in London, 
functioned as Gathering spots, 

1979
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,800
where people congregated to read
newspapers, talk about pamphlets

1980
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,500
and debate, the concepts that 
were being discussed in print, 

1981
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,500
these were places where common 
people could engage in the 

1982
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:08,800
intellectual life of their era. 
Debating politics science, 

1983
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,200
literature and philosophy, over 
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 

1984
01:47:12,200 --> 01:47:14,100
pipes. 
They were not official 

1985
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:16,700
educational institutions, every 
coffee shop. 

1986
01:47:16,700 --> 01:47:20,200
Had its own personality and 
customer base after becoming the

1987
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,700
epicenter of Maritime Insurance,
Lloyd's Coffee House changed, 

1988
01:47:23,700 --> 01:47:27,500
its name to Lloyds of London, 
Publishers and booksellers came 

1989
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:30,500
to the chapter Coffee House. 
Jonathan's Coffee House 

1990
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:32,300
developed into a hub for stock 
trading. 

1991
01:47:32,300 --> 01:47:35,300
While Wills was well known for 
its literary discussions. 

1992
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:39,000
The coffee shop served as a hub 
for social networks business 

1993
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:43,000
transactions, and the formation 
of public opinion, a literary 

1994
01:47:43,000 --> 01:47:45,300
genre that was ideal for this. 
New reading culture, was the 

1995
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:48,600
novel novels told stories about 
people like the readers 

1996
01:47:48,600 --> 01:47:52,200
themselves in contrast to 
philosophical treaties or epic 

1997
01:47:52,200 --> 01:47:55,900
poems which required specialized
knowledge or classical education

1998
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:59,800
to fully appreciate They looked 
at the moral dilemma of daily 

1999
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:03,800
life, the social dynamics of 
modern society and the inner 

2000
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:06,900
lives of Regular People, the 
popularity of Samuel Richardson,

2001
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:11,200
1740 novel, Pamela was so great 
that readers wrote fan letters 

2002
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:14,400
to the fictional heroine sent 
the author ideas for new plot 

2003
01:48:14,400 --> 01:48:17,600
points and convened in groups to
debate the moral decisions and 

2004
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:20,800
motivations of the characters. 
Individuals were developing 

2005
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:23,800
emotional bonds with fictional 
characters in ways that any 

2006
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:26,800
contemporary fiction. 
Reader would recognize Pamela 

2007
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:29,200
became a literary phenomenon as 
a result of its success. 

2008
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:33,900
The 18th century equivalent of 
appointment, television was 

2009
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:37,800
created by Richardson subsequent
publication of Clarissa and even

2010
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,500
longer novel that was released 
in installments over a year. 

2011
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,100
As each new book came out 
reader's scheduled their months 

2012
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:47,100
in advance congregating, in 
coffee shops, and private 

2013
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:49,800
residences to talk about the 
most recent events, in 

2014
01:48:49,800 --> 01:48:52,900
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 
in previously, unheard of 

2015
01:48:52,900 --> 01:48:56,300
numbers, women began to produce 
and consume this new literary 

2016
01:48:56,300 --> 01:48:59,100
culture. 
Because the novel was regarded. 

2017
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:02,700
As a new literary form, devoid 
of long-standing masculine 

2018
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:05,400
traditions and because women 
were acknowledged for their 

2019
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:08,100
unique understanding of the 
emotional and domestic themes 

2020
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:11,300
that novels addressed. 
It was one of the few literary 

2021
01:49:11,300 --> 01:49:14,000
genres in which female authors 
could compete on an equal 

2022
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:18,200
footing with men in the late. 
17th century afraid, often 

2023
01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:20,200
regarded as the first 
professional English woman 

2024
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:23,300
writer proved that women could 
produce fiction that was 

2025
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:27,100
profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 

2026
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:30,600
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

2027
01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:33,700
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

2028
01:49:33,700 --> 01:49:35,800
English. 
Literature were among the many 

2029
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:38,500
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

2030
01:49:38,500 --> 01:49:42,500
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

2031
01:49:42,500 --> 01:49:45,500
complexity and intelligence of 
women while riding for female 

2032
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:47,600
readers. 
They're novels directly 

2033
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:48,900
addressed. 
The issues of their female 

2034
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,500
readership by examining 
marriage, finance's, family, 

2035
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:54,900
Dynamics and social 
expectations. 

2036
01:49:55,900 --> 01:49:59,600
Instead of being passive objects
of male attention, they crafted 

2037
01:49:59,600 --> 01:50:02,900
heroines who were active agents 
in their own stories, knowledge 

2038
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:05,500
and entertainment spread more 
quickly, as a result of feedback

2039
01:50:05,500 --> 01:50:08,200
loops produced by the growth of 
literacy and reading culture. 

2040
01:50:09,300 --> 01:50:11,700
Larger, bookmarks. 
Resulted from an increase in 

2041
01:50:11,708 --> 01:50:13,800
readers. 
There were more specialized 

2042
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:17,300
Publications in larger markets 
more specialized Publications, 

2043
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:19,500
allowed for more accurate 
targeting of particular, 

2044
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:23,300
communities and interests 
magazines started to appear with

2045
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:25,800
the purpose of providing 
specific audiences, with 

2046
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:29,400
frequent doses, of opinion, 
information and entertainment. 

2047
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:33,000
One of the first popular 
general, interest magazines. 

2048
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:37,900
The gentleman's magazine was 
established in 1731 and combined

2049
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,200
news literature science and 
commentary and a monthly format.

2050
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:45,700
Sun after came Magazine's for 
women kids and people with 

2051
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:48,800
particular interests or 
occupations, reading became even

2052
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,000
more accessible and communal 
with the circulation of 

2053
01:50:51,008 --> 01:50:53,700
library's readers. 
Could check out books from the 

2054
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:55,600
library. 
Return them when they were done 

2055
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:58,200
and choose new ones from the 
collection for a subscription 

2056
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:02,400
fee, Through the creation of 
reader communities, that 

2057
01:51:02,400 --> 01:51:05,300
exchange recommendations and 
discussed what they had read. 

2058
01:51:05,300 --> 01:51:09,000
This system made pricey novels 
accessible to those who couldn't

2059
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:12,400
afford to buy them, Reading had 
become so widespread by the end 

2060
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:15,900
of the 18th century that social 
critics began to worry that it 

2061
01:51:15,900 --> 01:51:18,600
might jeopardize moral order and
social stability. 

2062
01:51:19,600 --> 01:51:22,600
Young people were accused of 
reading too much fiction and 

2063
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:25,500
ignoring their practical 
obligations especially young 

2064
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:27,900
women. 
Novels were accused of fostering

2065
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:31,600
dangerous, Notions of social 
equality fostering, female 

2066
01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:34,700
Independence, and generating a 
rational expectations about 

2067
01:51:34,700 --> 01:51:38,700
romance later, panics about 
radio television video games and

2068
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:42,200
social media, or striking 
similarities to these fears 

2069
01:51:42,200 --> 01:51:44,000
about the consequences of 
reading fiction. 

2070
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:47,900
Every new Mass entertainment 
media has been charged with 

2071
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:51,300
destroying Traditional Values. 
Corrupting young people and 

2072
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:54,500
eroding social ties. 
That's the first instance of 

2073
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:57,500
moral panic over mass media, was
the reading Panic of the 18th 

2074
01:51:57,500 --> 01:52:00,600
century, which established 
trends that would be replicated 

2075
01:52:00,600 --> 01:52:04,000
with every new communication 
technology writing and reading 

2076
01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:07,100
became industrial processes in 
the 19th century and 

2077
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:09,100
information. 
Once a limited resource 

2078
01:52:09,100 --> 01:52:12,700
accessible, only to the elite 
became a mass produced good that

2079
01:52:12,700 --> 01:52:14,900
was accessible to all societal 
levels. 

2080
01:52:16,500 --> 01:52:19,300
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

2081
01:52:19,300 --> 01:52:23,100
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

2082
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:26,400
facet of economic life. 
Also drove, this change books 

2083
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:29,200
and newspapers could be produced
more quickly than anyone had 

2084
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:30,900
thought possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

2085
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:34,400
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

2086
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,900
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

2087
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:40,100
change. 
Since gutenberg's day, could 

2088
01:52:40,100 --> 01:52:42,300
possibly produce 300 pages every
day. 

2089
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:46,400
With little assistance, from 
humans steam, powered presses 

2090
01:52:46,400 --> 01:52:48,600
could generate 3,000 pages per 
hour. 

2091
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:51,200
The same need for an expensive 
materials that was 

2092
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:54,200
revolutionizing. 
Textile production also drove 

2093
01:52:54,200 --> 01:52:58,300
the mechanization and efficiency
of paper making The handmade 

2094
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:01,100
sheets that had restricted paper
production for centuries. 

2095
01:53:01,100 --> 01:53:04,600
Could be replaced by continuous 
roles of paper of consistent, 

2096
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:07,700
quality and thickness. 
Thanks to the Foreigner machine,

2097
01:53:07,700 --> 01:53:09,800
which was created in the early 
1800s. 

2098
01:53:10,900 --> 01:53:13,700
Rag started to give way to Wood 
pulp as the main raw material 

2099
01:53:13,700 --> 01:53:16,700
for paper, which increased its 
affordability and availability 

2100
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:19,000
for the first time in human 
history. 

2101
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,300
The dissemination of knowledge 
was not hampered by the physical

2102
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:25,800
creation of reading materials. 
At prices, low enough for 

2103
01:53:25,800 --> 01:53:28,200
working class families, to 
afford, books and newspapers 

2104
01:53:28,200 --> 01:53:31,400
Publishers could print as many 
copies as the market would 

2105
01:53:31,400 --> 01:53:34,400
demand, the first real mass 
media was thus produced. 

2106
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:38,300
Newspapers evolved from pricey 
weekly indulgences that were 

2107
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:41,900
mostly read by professionals and
Merchants to inexpensive every 

2108
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:44,300
day as centrioles that were 
accessible to all societal 

2109
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:47,100
classes. 
By the 1830s. 

2110
01:53:47,100 --> 01:53:50,700
America's Penny press was 
printing, one cent newspapers 

2111
01:53:50,700 --> 01:53:55,000
that were jam-packed with local 
news, Sensational stories, and 

2112
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:57,400
adverts, meant to reach as many 
people as possible. 

2113
01:53:57,400 --> 01:54:00,300
Compared to the commercial and 
political newspapers of the 

2114
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:02,900
previous Century. 
The content of these Penny 

2115
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:06,600
papers was very different, the 
penny press reported on crime 

2116
01:54:06,600 --> 01:54:10,300
accidents, human interest, 
stories, and entertainment, 

2117
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,700
rather than politics 
international trade, and topics 

2118
01:54:13,700 --> 01:54:17,300
of interest to affluent readers.
They were the forerunners of 

2119
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:20,400
contemporary tabloid journalism 
which was created to be 

2120
01:54:20,400 --> 01:54:23,400
interesting readable and 
accessible to those with little 

2121
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:26,300
free time or education. 
When ships arrived with the 

2122
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,100
newest edition of the old 
curiosity shop or Great 

2123
01:54:29,100 --> 01:54:32,800
Expectations readers on both 
sides of the Atlantic line up at

2124
01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:35,400
docks, making Charles Dickens. 
Possibly. 

2125
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:39,100
The first True Media celebrity. 
His novels was serialized in 

2126
01:54:39,108 --> 01:54:42,100
magazines, which created the 
19th century equivalent of 

2127
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:45,000
appointment television. 
People devoted their entire 

2128
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,600
month to learning the fate of 
their favorite fictional 

2129
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:49,500
characters. 
And Dickens earnings from 

2130
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,700
writing allowed him to live like
a King novels published in 

2131
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:56,000
serial form, gave rise to new 
kinds of authorial response and 

2132
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:59,200
reader interaction. 
Dickens is renowned for 

2133
01:54:59,200 --> 01:55:01,700
altering, plot points in 
response to read a responses to 

2134
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:05,300
previous chapters. 
Dickens changed his plans for 

2135
01:55:05,300 --> 01:55:08,500
other characters in the old 
curiosity, shop after readers, 

2136
01:55:08,500 --> 01:55:11,000
expressed dissatisfaction with 
little nails fate. 

2137
01:55:11,900 --> 01:55:14,400
The more responsive and 
Democratic form of literature 

2138
01:55:14,400 --> 01:55:17,500
was produced by this direct 
feedback, loop between writers 

2139
01:55:17,500 --> 01:55:21,200
and readers as education. 
Grew basically literacy ceased 

2140
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,100
to be an elite achievement and 
instead became a practical 

2141
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:26,800
necessity. 
Workers who could follow written

2142
01:55:26,800 --> 01:55:30,300
instructions, read, simple 
instructions and comprehend, 

2143
01:55:30,300 --> 01:55:33,300
basic contracts and legal 
documents were needed during the

2144
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:37,100
Industrial Revolution. 
Commercial activities, railroad 

2145
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:41,000
operations and factory work all 
required literacy skills that 

2146
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:44,200
were previously optional for the
majority of people the majority 

2147
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,000
of industrialized nations 
implemented, public education 

2148
01:55:47,000 --> 01:55:50,000
systems in the 19th century, 
with the goal of creating 

2149
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:53,100
literate workers who could 
navigate an increasingly complex

2150
01:55:53,100 --> 01:55:56,800
economy, Using standardized 
technique that could be used on 

2151
01:55:56,800 --> 01:55:59,400
a large scale, children learn to
read, and write quickly. 

2152
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:02,000
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

2153
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:04,700
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

2154
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:08,300
nature of communication, 
Messages could be sent across 

2155
01:56:08,300 --> 01:56:10,900
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

2156
01:56:10,900 --> 01:56:15,100
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spread

2157
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:17,200
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

2158
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:21,100
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism and 

2159
01:56:21,100 --> 01:56:24,300
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

2160
01:56:25,100 --> 01:56:28,100
Markets, thousands of miles 
apart, could coordinate their 

2161
01:56:28,100 --> 01:56:31,000
stock prices, nearly 
instantaneous, news reporting 

2162
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:32,800
was possible from remote 
locations. 

2163
01:56:32,800 --> 01:56:36,800
In real time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

2164
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:40,000
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

2165
01:56:40,000 --> 01:56:42,300
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System. 

2166
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:46,000
The telegraph produced the first
genuinely worldwide Information.

2167
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,400
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

2168
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:51,900
speed were necessary for 
telegraph communication. 

2169
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:55,700
Messages had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

2170
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:58,300
money. 
Other writings were impacted by 

2171
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:01,500
the telegram style, which pushed
for directness and efficiency 

2172
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:05,100
The headlines of newspapers 
became more witty business 

2173
01:57:05,100 --> 01:57:08,400
letters, became more targeted, 
the clip to cost effective 

2174
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:12,000
style, originally created for 
telegraph communication started 

2175
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:13,800
to be adopted, even in private 
correspondence. 

2176
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:17,600
The act of writing itself was 
mechanized with the invention of

2177
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:21,900
the typewriter in the 1870s. 
Expert type is could create more

2178
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:26,500
readable, text used, less space,
and produce clean, identical 

2179
01:57:26,500 --> 01:57:29,300
copies of documents more quickly
than any handwriter. 

2180
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:33,100
The typewriter gave women their 
first widespread office job 

2181
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:36,100
opportunity and the sound of 
typing became the background 

2182
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:37,700
music of contemporary office 
work. 

2183
01:57:37,700 --> 01:57:41,000
Additionally, typewriting 
standardized written documents 

2184
01:57:41,000 --> 01:57:45,300
appearance in ways that had 
unanticipated repercussions, The

2185
01:57:45,300 --> 01:57:47,900
handwriting on handwritten 
documents provided insight into 

2186
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:50,000
the author's. 
Social class, educational 

2187
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:53,100
attainment, emotional state, and
personal traits. 

2188
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,500
Due to the anonymity and 
consistency of type documents. 

2189
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:01,300
Written communication became 
more democratic, an ideas could 

2190
01:58:01,300 --> 01:58:03,900
be evaluated without regard to 
the personal traits of their 

2191
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:07,900
authors writing, was not only 
altered by the 20th century, but

2192
01:58:07,900 --> 01:58:10,800
it was also multiplied, 
exponentially resulting, in an 

2193
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:13,700
information environment. 
So complex and Rich that it 

2194
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:15,600
would have been overwhelming to 
earlier, centuries. 

2195
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,700
However, each new technology 
seemed to increase the desire 

2196
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:22,100
for more written content, rather
than replace written 

2197
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:25,000
communication despite their 
apparent threats to written 

2198
01:58:25,000 --> 01:58:28,200
communication radio and 
television, actually increased 

2199
01:58:28,200 --> 01:58:31,100
the demand for written 
materials, people wanted to read

2200
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:33,900
more in-depth articles in 
newspapers and magazines after 

2201
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:35,800
hearing fascinating news on the 
radio. 

2202
01:58:36,800 --> 01:58:39,600
Watches of Television looked for
books written by authors they 

2203
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:42,900
had heard on talk shows. 
Instead of taking the place of 

2204
01:58:42,900 --> 01:58:46,600
the others, each new medium seem
to enhance them the development 

2205
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:50,100
of offset printing in the early 
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,

2206
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:52,700
and increase the versatility of 
high-quality reproduction. 

2207
01:58:53,700 --> 01:58:56,200
Any image or text that could be 
photographed, could be 

2208
01:58:56,200 --> 01:58:59,900
reproduced using offset printing
as a traditional Letterpress 

2209
01:58:59,900 --> 01:59:02,900
printing, which required the 
manual setting of individual 

2210
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:06,000
pieces of metal type. 
This allowed Publishers to 

2211
01:59:06,000 --> 01:59:09,700
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

2212
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:13,000
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

2213
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:16,400
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

2214
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,700
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

2215
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:23,500
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

2216
01:59:23,500 --> 01:59:26,500
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

2217
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:30,300
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

2218
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:33,000
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

2219
01:59:33,000 --> 01:59:36,000
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

2220
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,100
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

2221
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:42,400
sparked a national dialogue, 
among women about fashion social

2222
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:45,700
issues and domestic life, 
Popular Science helped, make 

2223
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:48,000
technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

2224
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:50,700
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain and 

2225
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,000
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

2226
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:56,700
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

2227
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,500
Complete novels collections of 
poetry, or non-fiction could be 

2228
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:03,500
published in paperback books, 
that cost, no more than a 

2229
02:00:03,500 --> 02:00:05,900
magazine. 
All of a sudden, serious 

2230
02:00:05,900 --> 02:00:09,000
literature was as disposable as 
Magazine's and as easily 

2231
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:12,000
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities. 

2232
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:14,400
And reading habits were spawned 
by this accessibility 

2233
02:00:14,400 --> 02:00:18,100
individuals could afford to 
gamble on on proven writers or 

2234
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:21,500
Uncharted Territory. 
Book stopped being significant 

2235
02:00:21,500 --> 02:00:24,500
Investments and instead became 
impulsive purchases. 

2236
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:27,700
Millions of people were exposed 
to authors and genres. 

2237
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:30,100
They might not have otherwise 
come across in traditional 

2238
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:32,500
bookstores. 
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 

2239
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:35,600
pharmacies and airports over the
course of the industrialized 

2240
02:00:35,600 --> 02:00:38,500
World typewriters went from 
being a luxury piece of office 

2241
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:41,500
equipment to become everyday 
household objects, that were 

2242
02:00:41,500 --> 02:00:45,700
used in homes, schools and small
businesses ordinary. 

2243
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:47,700
People were able to create 
documents that looked 

2244
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:50,900
professional in their homes. 
For the first time in ways that 

2245
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:52,600
would have astounded medieval 
scribes. 

2246
02:00:52,600 --> 02:00:55,900
Who spent years honing, their 
handwriting, the typewriter 

2247
02:00:55,900 --> 02:01:00,000
democratized neat readable 
writing the nature of private 

2248
02:01:00,000 --> 02:01:01,800
correspondence. 
Was also altered by the 

2249
02:01:01,800 --> 02:01:05,100
widespread of availability of 
typewriters for Speed and 

2250
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:07,300
Clarity. 
Letters could be typed while 

2251
02:01:07,300 --> 02:01:09,800
retaining the unique writing 
style of each individual. 

2252
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:13,300
Standardized format and 
appearance for business letters,

2253
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,300
led to the development of 
templates and convention's that 

2254
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:18,100
continued to shape formal 
correspondence. 

2255
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:21,400
Today, the speed and reach of 
written communication, however, 

2256
02:01:21,400 --> 02:01:24,800
were undergoing a true 
Revolution, With the Advent of 

2257
02:01:24,800 --> 02:01:28,700
the airmail, service in the 
1920s, and 1930s letters could 

2258
02:01:28,700 --> 02:01:31,800
now be sent across Ocean's in a 
matter of days as a post to 

2259
02:01:31,808 --> 02:01:34,600
weeks. 
International trade and 

2260
02:01:34,600 --> 02:01:37,300
cooperation were made possible 
at a speed that would have seen 

2261
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:39,000
miraculous to earlier 
Generations. 

2262
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,300
A business letter sent from New 
York on Monday could arrive in 

2263
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:45,600
London, by Thursday newspapers 
were able to instantly share 

2264
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:48,100
stories across continents. 
Thanks to teleprinting. 

2265
02:01:50,300 --> 02:01:52,900
More integrated, Global 
awareness of current events 

2266
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:54,500
could result from the 
simultaneous. 

2267
02:01:54,500 --> 02:01:58,100
Publication of the same news 
story in newspapers, from Tokyo 

2268
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:01,500
to New York reports from the 
front lines, could be filed by 

2269
02:02:01,500 --> 02:02:03,700
War correspondents and published
the following day. 

2270
02:02:03,700 --> 02:02:06,800
In local newspapers, due to the 
extraordinary demand for 

2271
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:09,600
communication and information 
brought about by World War Two, 

2272
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:13,400
many of these Trends were 
accelerated improvements. 

2273
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:16,600
In information processing, 
Printing and Telecommunications 

2274
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:18,500
were driven by military 
requirements. 

2275
02:02:19,200 --> 02:02:21,800
Markets for new kinds of 
Publications and Reporting 

2276
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:24,100
techniques were opened by the 
demand for news. 

2277
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:28,000
Millions of people were exposed 
to writers and Concepts that 

2278
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:29,700
they might not have otherwise 
come across. 

2279
02:02:29,700 --> 02:02:33,300
Thanks to the pocket sized books
that soldiers carried perhaps no

2280
02:02:33,300 --> 02:02:36,300
single publishing initiative in 
history has contributed more to 

2281
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:38,800
the democratization of 
literature than the armed 

2282
02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:41,800
services editions which were 
small paperback books, sent to 

2283
02:02:41,808 --> 02:02:43,500
American soldiers during World 
War 2. 

2284
02:02:44,400 --> 02:02:47,900
These books were printed on 
inexpensive paper made to fit in

2285
02:02:47,900 --> 02:02:51,400
uniform pockets, and given away 
for free to all active military 

2286
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:54,000
personnel. 
They created a reading program 

2287
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:57,400
that transcended all social and 
educational boundaries by 

2288
02:02:57,400 --> 02:03:00,000
including everything from 
technical manuals to popular 

2289
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:02,500
novels to classical literature 
expanded. 

2290
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:05,000
Expectations and tastes in 
literature were brought back by 

2291
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,400
veterans from the war. the 
greatest expansion of higher 

2292
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:12,000
education in American history 
was made possible by the g bill 

2293
02:03:12,000 --> 02:03:15,000
which offered educational 
benefits to returning veterans, 

2294
02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:18,300
the explosion of college 
enrollment opened up enormous 

2295
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:21,100
new markets for serious 
nonfiction academic, 

2296
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,600
Publications and textbooks the 
first truly Mass literate 

2297
02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:27,900
Society in human history was 
brought about by the post-war 

2298
02:03:27,900 --> 02:03:30,700
economic boom. 
Instead of being exceptional, 

2299
02:03:30,700 --> 02:03:34,700
college education, became the 
norm, everyone could now afford 

2300
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:36,400
literature. 
Thanks to paperback, books 

2301
02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:39,600
public, libraries developed into
Community, hubs where anyone 

2302
02:03:39,600 --> 02:03:42,800
seeking information from any 
social or economic background. 

2303
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:45,900
Could obtain it for free, new 
reading and writing habits were 

2304
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:47,500
brought about by Suburban 
development. 

2305
02:03:48,400 --> 02:03:51,100
On their daily commutes 
commuters used busses and trains

2306
02:03:51,100 --> 02:03:54,500
as makeshift reading rooms where
they read paperback novels, 

2307
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:58,400
periodicals and newspapers. 
Because most suburban homes had 

2308
02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:01,800
a den or family room with 
built-in bookcases middle-class,

2309
02:04:01,800 --> 02:04:04,900
people were accustomed to owning
and displaying books, social 

2310
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:07,600
critics started to worry about 
information overload, by the 

2311
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,500
1960s because written 
communication had become so 

2312
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:14,400
commonplace books, magazines and
newspapers were all over the 

2313
02:04:14,400 --> 02:04:17,400
place with all the written 
material being produced daily, 

2314
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:21,900
how could anyone keep up in his 
1970 book, Future Shock? 

2315
02:04:21,900 --> 02:04:25,100
Alvin Toffler made the case that
the amount of information and 

2316
02:04:25,100 --> 02:04:28,100
the rate of change were becoming
too much for the average person 

2317
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:31,200
to handle psychologically, the 
explosion of information in the 

2318
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:33,800
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 
what was to come. 

2319
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:35,800
But no one could have predicted 
that. 

2320
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:40,200
It was only the beginning in the
1940s and 1950s computers looked

2321
02:04:40,200 --> 02:04:43,000
like a normal calculators with 
text processing as an 

2322
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:46,600
afterthought. 
These compact devices which were

2323
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:50,200
packed with Magnetic drums and 
vacuum tubes were made mainly 

2324
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,300
for mathematical computations 
used in large-scale data 

2325
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:56,600
processing military applications
and scientific research. 

2326
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,100
The notion that they could 
transform human communication 

2327
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,900
seemed as unrealistic as the 
notion that locomotive might one

2328
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:05,200
day be employed for space 
travel. 

2329
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,700
Punched cards were fed into 
these devices by early computer 

2330
02:05:08,700 --> 02:05:12,100
operators who then had to wait 
hours or even days for the 

2331
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:15,600
results to print. 
Compared to typewriters writing 

2332
02:05:15,600 --> 02:05:19,300
on computers was slower and more
difficult and it took months to 

2333
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:21,900
acquire the specialized 
knowledge of operating systems 

2334
02:05:21,900 --> 02:05:23,300
and programming languages 
needed. 

2335
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:27,400
Text processing, was viewed as a
trivial use of computing, power 

2336
02:05:27,400 --> 02:05:30,400
by the few individuals who 
worked with computers, who are 

2337
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:33,700
highly skilled technicians and 
scientists, however, computers 

2338
02:05:33,700 --> 02:05:36,300
had a huge advantage over all 
earlier writing Technologies. 

2339
02:05:36,300 --> 02:05:39,700
They could transmit edit and 
copy text without any physical 

2340
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:42,800
restrictions. 
A computer-generated document 

2341
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:45,700
was made up of electrical or 
magnetic signal patterns. 

2342
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:48,600
That could be precisely 
duplicated as many times as 

2343
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:50,000
necessary without losing 
quality. 

2344
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:54,100
It was possible to make changes 
without having to retype whole 

2345
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:57,200
pages. 
Electronically, stored searched 

2346
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:00,500
and retrieved text could be done
with speed and accuracy, that 

2347
02:06:00,500 --> 02:06:03,300
physical documents could not 
match the Revolutionary. 

2348
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:06,000
Potential of computerized 
writing became apparent in the 

2349
02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:10,100
1960s and 1970s with the 
development of word processing 

2350
02:06:10,100 --> 02:06:13,200
software. 
With previously unheard of ease 

2351
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:17,400
and efficiency, authors could 
alter text on screen rearranging

2352
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:21,500
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and
updating content with out having

2353
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:26,200
to retype entire documents. 
By doing away with the tiresome 

2354
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,700
mechanical parts of writing such
as retyping rearranging and 

2355
02:06:29,700 --> 02:06:32,800
proofreading. 
Several drafts authors were free

2356
02:06:32,800 --> 02:06:35,300
to concentrate on ideas and 
content rather than the actual 

2357
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:38,800
Act of writing this power was 
brought to Common desks in homes

2358
02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:42,100
and offices across the developed
world in the 1980s with the 

2359
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:45,700
Advent of personal computers, in
addition to being sufficiently 

2360
02:06:45,700 --> 02:06:49,000
powerful, to manage complex, 
word processing data management,

2361
02:06:49,000 --> 02:06:52,500
and communication tasks 
computers, such as the Apple 2, 

2362
02:06:52,500 --> 02:06:56,500
Commodore 64, and IBM PC were 
reasonably priced for individual

2363
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:59,100
homes and small. 
Enterprises in addition to 

2364
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:02,500
making editing as simple as 
typing word processing programs.

2365
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:06,400
Like wordstar wordperfect and 
eventually Microsoft Word added 

2366
02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:09,100
capabilities that were 
previously unattainable with 

2367
02:07:09,100 --> 02:07:12,900
mechanical writing instruments. 
Spell checking automatically 

2368
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,300
detected typos. 
Fine, and replace features could

2369
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:18,800
instantly make Global changes to
lengthy documents. 

2370
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:23,000
With the help of numerous fonts 
and formatting choices, authors 

2371
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:25,600
were able to manipulate the text
appearance in ways that were 

2372
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:27,700
previously exclusive to 
professional Publishers, 

2373
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:30,500
professional quality. 
Documents could now be produced 

2374
02:07:30,500 --> 02:07:32,200
at home. 
Thanks to personal printers. 

2375
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:35,700
Anyone with a computer could now
create documents that looked as 

2376
02:07:35,708 --> 02:07:38,000
professional as those from 
specialized print shops. 

2377
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:41,800
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 
which were followed by inkjet 

2378
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:44,900
and Laser Printers. 
As revolutionary as the original

2379
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,700
printing invention, the 
democratization of document 

2380
02:07:47,700 --> 02:07:50,300
production made publishing 
accessible to anyone with a 

2381
02:07:50,300 --> 02:07:54,500
computer however, networking 
which linked individual PCS into

2382
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:57,400
Global Communication networks 
was the true Revolution. 

2383
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:01,500
Originally restricted to users 
of the same computer system. 

2384
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:05,200
Electronic mail developed into a
Global Communication tool that 

2385
02:08:05,200 --> 02:08:07,800
could link anyone with computer 
access to anybody else. 

2386
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:10,700
Anywhere in the world, written 
communication became 

2387
02:08:10,700 --> 02:08:14,600
instantaneous and interactive 
with email instead of days or 

2388
02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:18,000
weeks, you could compose a 
message, send it to someone on 

2389
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:20,800
the other side of the globe and 
get a response in a matter of 

2390
02:08:20,808 --> 02:08:24,000
minutes or hours. 
While maintaining the accuracy 

2391
02:08:24,000 --> 02:08:27,100
and permanents that set writing 
apart from speech, written 

2392
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:30,500
communication started to catch 
up to conversational speed, more

2393
02:08:30,500 --> 02:08:33,100
sophisticated forms of 
computer-mediated communication,

2394
02:08:33,100 --> 02:08:36,300
were made possible by the 
protocols and standards that 

2395
02:08:36,300 --> 02:08:39,600
made e-mail possible. 
Anyone with system access could 

2396
02:08:39,600 --> 02:08:42,600
read the messages, that users 
posted on bulletin board systems

2397
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:46,500
BBS, Global discussion forum 
centered on particular, topics 

2398
02:08:46,500 --> 02:08:48,900
of Interest were established by 
using Net News groups. 

2399
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:52,400
These early online communities 
showed that new kinds of social 

2400
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:56,000
interaction that relied solely 
on written communication could 

2401
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:57,800
be supported by computer 
networks. 

2402
02:08:57,800 --> 02:09:01,100
The largest library in human 
history was created almost 

2403
02:09:01,100 --> 02:09:04,700
instantly after the worldwide. 
Web was made available to the 

2404
02:09:04,700 --> 02:09:06,700
general public in the early 
1990s. 

2405
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:10,900
You could access millions of 
documents from any computer with

2406
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:13,500
an internet connection. 
Eliminating, the need to 

2407
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:15,300
physically visit places to find 
information. 

2408
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,500
Most of the obstacles that had 
previously restricted access to 

2409
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,000
information and publication were
removed by the internet, which 

2410
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:25,300
turned every computer into a 
printing press. 

2411
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:28,300
And every person into a 
potential publisher, the markup 

2412
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:32,600
language used to create web 
pages, HTML, was flexible enough

2413
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:36,000
to support complex multimedia, 
presentation while still being 

2414
02:09:36,000 --> 02:09:38,200
easier enough for anyone to 
learn and publish online. 

2415
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,100
Since the majority of early 
websites were text-based, the 

2416
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:44,900
internet was essentially a huge 
collection of links documents 

2417
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:48,500
that could be read searched and 
linked to one another in ways 

2418
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:50,800
that were not possible with 
traditional books and papers. 

2419
02:09:50,800 --> 02:09:53,700
No one completely foresaw the 
consequences of this 

2420
02:09:53,700 --> 02:09:58,300
democratization of publishing 
Publishers editors Librarians, 

2421
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:00,800
journalists and other 
traditional information, 

2422
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:03,900
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 
themselves in competition with 

2423
02:10:03,900 --> 02:10:07,000
anyone with an internet 
connection and something to say.

2424
02:10:07,800 --> 02:10:10,900
Information grew exponentially 
and quantity and accessibility 

2425
02:10:10,900 --> 02:10:13,500
but its quality and 
dependability became 

2426
02:10:13,500 --> 02:10:16,300
increasingly erratic. 
The challenge of locating 

2427
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:18,000
information. 
In this enormous Digital 

2428
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,800
Library, was resolved by search 
engines, web specific search 

2429
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:25,100
engines like Alta Vista, and 
Yahoo replaced early, search 

2430
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:29,200
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 
And finally, Google The entire 

2431
02:10:29,200 --> 02:10:31,700
Corpus of human written 
knowledge, could be searched in 

2432
02:10:31,700 --> 02:10:34,000
a matter of seconds from any 
location in the world. 

2433
02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:37,600
Thanks to Google's page rank 
algorithm, which could sift 

2434
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:40,600
through billions of web pages to
find the most pertinent results 

2435
02:10:40,600 --> 02:10:43,900
for any query Universal. 
Search ability had significant 

2436
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:47,500
ramifications researchers, could
locate pertinent information, 

2437
02:10:47,500 --> 02:10:50,800
nearly instantly rather than 
spending hours in libraries 

2438
02:10:50,800 --> 02:10:52,700
searching through card catalogs 
and indexes. 

2439
02:10:53,800 --> 02:10:56,300
Writers had access to more 
sources than the greatest 

2440
02:10:56,300 --> 02:10:59,500
Scholars of early centuries. 
Could have hoped for rather than

2441
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:01,900
depending on their own 
collections or institutional 

2442
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,600
Holdings. 
Any writing projects, research 

2443
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:07,400
phase was shortened from weeks 
or months to a few hours or 

2444
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:09,800
days. 
Additionally, digital text 

2445
02:11:09,800 --> 02:11:12,700
opened up new Avenue for 
multimedia and interactive 

2446
02:11:12,700 --> 02:11:15,000
writing. 
Authors were able to produce 

2447
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:17,900
non-linear documents, with 
hypertext links that readers 

2448
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:20,600
could navigate based on their 
own needs and interests. 

2449
02:11:21,400 --> 02:11:24,300
Compared to traditional print 
media websites. 

2450
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:27,100
Could create richer and more 
captivating reading experiences 

2451
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:32,200
by fusing text with images audio
and video websites email, and 

2452
02:11:32,200 --> 02:11:35,000
forums that mirrored traditional
publishing models were 

2453
02:11:35,000 --> 02:11:36,700
transplanted to digital 
platforms. 

2454
02:11:36,700 --> 02:11:39,700
And the early internet was 
largely used for publishing and 

2455
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:41,700
consuming relatively formal 
written content. 

2456
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:45,200
However, the emergence of a new 
generation of online platforms, 

2457
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:48,700
at the turn of the 21st century,
drastically altered, the nature 

2458
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:52,100
of digital communication 
unexpectedly, social media 

2459
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:56,000
sites, like Friendster Myspace, 
and eventually Facebook restored

2460
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:57,700
writing as a means of 
communication. 

2461
02:11:58,500 --> 02:12:01,200
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

2462
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:05,400
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal documents or 

2463
02:12:05,400 --> 02:12:07,800
well-written letters. 
Instead of publishing 

2464
02:12:07,800 --> 02:12:10,800
information, these platforms 
were made to promote social 

2465
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,600
interaction and they were 
successful in developing new 

2466
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:16,700
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

2467
02:12:16,708 --> 02:12:19,200
conventional writing. 
People's use of written 

2468
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:21,900
language, was significantly 
impacted by this return to 

2469
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:25,600
conversational writing. 
Emotional connection, an 

2470
02:12:25,600 --> 02:12:28,600
instantaneous expression, took 
precedence over formal grammar, 

2471
02:12:28,600 --> 02:12:33,100
in ways that traditional texts 
could not emoticons and acronyms

2472
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:35,700
evolved into a new type of 
written short hand that could 

2473
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:39,100
express emotion and tone. 
As people started writing as 

2474
02:12:39,100 --> 02:12:43,800
they spoke using slang, informal
constructions and interruptions,

2475
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:45,900
that would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

2476
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:48,400
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

2477
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:51,800
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

2478
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:55,400
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

2479
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:59,000
autobiographical writing in 
which users shared brief posts 

2480
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:00,600
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

2481
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:03,900
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

2482
02:13:03,908 --> 02:13:07,400
self-documentation that captured
everyday moments and Casual 

2483
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,700
thoughts in ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

2484
02:13:10,700 --> 02:13:14,600
insignificant record rather than
the meticulously planned 

2485
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:18,300
self-presentation of traditional
autobiography by restricting 

2486
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:23,500
post to 140 characters later 
increased to 280 Twitter, which 

2487
02:13:23,500 --> 02:13:26,600
was launched in 2006 took 
conversational writing to the 

2488
02:13:26,600 --> 02:13:29,800
next level. 
Stream concision was required by

2489
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:33,500
this restriction, which prompted
the creation of new brevity 

2490
02:13:33,500 --> 02:13:37,300
optimized, forms of writing. 
Twitter users developed a poetic

2491
02:13:37,300 --> 02:13:41,300
form that prioritized wit 
insight and emotional impact 

2492
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:44,300
over conventional literary 
elaboration by learning to 

2493
02:13:44,300 --> 02:13:46,700
convey the most meaning in the 
least amount of space. 

2494
02:13:46,700 --> 02:13:49,700
Additionally, the character 
limit altered the Cadence of 

2495
02:13:49,700 --> 02:13:52,900
written correspondence. 
Twitter users posted short 

2496
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:55,200
updates throughout the day 
rather than writing long 

2497
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:58,000
messages that were sent 
occasionally resulting, in a 

2498
02:13:58,000 --> 02:14:01,300
constant flow of written content
that was more akin to ongoing 

2499
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:03,500
conversation than traditional 
correspondence. 

2500
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:06,800
Millions of users were able to 
engage in simultaneous 

2501
02:14:06,800 --> 02:14:10,200
conversations about current 
affairs, individual experiences 

2502
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:13,700
and cultural phenomena on the 
platform which evolved into a 

2503
02:14:13,700 --> 02:14:16,100
global chat room. 
Beginning as a straightforward 

2504
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:18,600
method of sending quick 
messages, between mobile phones 

2505
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:22,400
in the 1990s, text messaging, 
Rose to prominence as a written 

2506
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:24,300
communication method in the 
early 2000s. 

2507
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:29,200
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages
were restricted to 160 

2508
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:31,900
characters and emphasized, 
private communication over 

2509
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:34,200
public broadcasting. 
There are linguistic, 

2510
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:37,500
conventions, abbreviations and 
cultural norms specific to 

2511
02:14:37,500 --> 02:14:42,300
texting. 
The terms loaf allowed, BRB be 

2512
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:46,800
right back and TTY L talk to you
later became widely used. 

2513
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:50,000
The way people formed written 
thoughts was altered by 

2514
02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:53,500
predictive text and autocorrect 
features which occasionally 

2515
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:56,200
resulted in misunderstandings 
but also made composition 

2516
02:14:56,200 --> 02:14:59,400
faster, mobile technology. 
Also changed the physical act of

2517
02:14:59,408 --> 02:15:02,800
writing texting could be done 
with thumbs on small screens 

2518
02:15:02,800 --> 02:15:05,500
while walking taking public 
transit or doing other 

2519
02:15:05,500 --> 02:15:08,800
activities, whereas traditional 
writing had been done with pens 

2520
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:12,400
on paper, or fingers on 
keyboards writing, was genuinely

2521
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,200
portable and incorporated into 
everyday life in previously, 

2522
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:18,600
Unthinkable ways with the 2007 
release of the iPhone 

2523
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:22,500
smartphones further expanded the
accessibility and versatility of

2524
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:25,500
mobile writing. 
Every phone became a portable 

2525
02:15:25,500 --> 02:15:28,300
writing and Publishing tool. 
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards

2526
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:32,300
voice to text capabilities and 
constant internet connectivity. 

2527
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:35,800
The amount and speed of written 
communication increased 

2528
02:15:35,800 --> 02:15:39,000
dramatically, as a result of 
people being able to create and 

2529
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:40,700
share written content at any 
time. 

2530
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:43,900
And from any location in 
Instagram, which debuted in 

2531
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:47,900
2010, created new storytelling 
formats by fusing textual and 

2532
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:51,500
Visual Communications users 
posted pictures with captions, 

2533
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,300
that varied from brief summaries
to in-depth stories. 

2534
02:15:55,100 --> 02:15:58,100
People's writing about their 
experiences was impacted by a 

2535
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,400
new kind of categorization and 
search ability brought about by 

2536
02:16:01,400 --> 02:16:04,600
the platform's hashtag system. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

2537
02:16:04,600 --> 02:16:08,000
However, social media brought 
writing back into the mainstream

2538
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:09,900
in ways not seen since 
prehistoric. 

2539
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:14,200
Cultures, oral traditions 
Writing had been a solitary act 

2540
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:17,000
for the majority of human 
history producing a document 

2541
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:19,800
that would later be read by 
others, writing became 

2542
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:23,700
instantaneous interactive and 
collaborative with social media.

2543
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:27,200
Responding to each other's posts
within minutes or seconds of 

2544
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:29,900
their publication. 
People could collaborate in real

2545
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:32,799
time, fostering conversations 
across various platforms and 

2546
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:36,200
time zones, new kinds of group 
meaning making were spawned by 

2547
02:16:36,200 --> 02:16:39,100
the comment sections that sprang
up beneath news articles, blog 

2548
02:16:39,100 --> 02:16:43,400
entries and social media posts 
of responses to a single post 

2549
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:47,299
could challenge expand or 
totally recontextualize. 

2550
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:50,600
The original message as readers 
began to co-create, meaning 

2551
02:16:50,600 --> 02:16:52,400
through their responses and 
interactions. 

2552
02:16:52,400 --> 02:16:54,900
The line between author and 
reader became less. 

2553
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:58,100
Clear, new types of collective 
authorship were also spawned by 

2554
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,000
the collaborative nature of 
digital writing. 

2555
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:04,400
When Wikipedia was first 
launched in 2001, it showed that

2556
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,799
volunteer contributors could 
collaborate online to create and

2557
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:09,600
maintain extensive reference 
works. 

2558
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:13,100
Through a collaborative writing 
and editing process, that would 

2559
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:15,500
not have been feasible without 
digital technology. 

2560
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:19,700
The encyclopedia expanded to 
include millions of articles in 

2561
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:22,600
hundreds of languages, 
traditional beliefs regarding 

2562
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:25,400
authorship or authority and 
quality control in written work 

2563
02:17:25,400 --> 02:17:28,000
were called into question by 
Wiki's success. 

2564
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:32,299
Wikipedia used peer review and 
crowdsourcing to produce content

2565
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:34,900
that was frequently more up to 
date and thorough than 

2566
02:17:34,900 --> 02:17:37,700
traditional reference works. 
Despite occasionally, being less

2567
02:17:37,700 --> 02:17:40,500
trustworthy than professional 
editors and expert, authors, 

2568
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:43,799
social media and digital 
communication have produced an 

2569
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:46,900
unprecedented amount of writing.
Humans were creating more 

2570
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:49,799
written material every day by 
the 2010s, that had been 

2571
02:17:49,808 --> 02:17:52,400
contained in all of the ancient 
world's libraries put together. 

2572
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:56,000
Although, the majority of this 
writing was conversational, 

2573
02:17:56,000 --> 02:18:00,700
transient and informal status 
updates comments, text messages,

2574
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:03,299
tweets. 
It marked a significant change. 

2575
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:06,299
In the way people use written 
language, you are living through

2576
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:09,100
the most significant change in 
writing since the creation of 

2577
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:11,600
the alphabet. 
So, keep this in mind as you 

2578
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:14,500
curl up with your blankets and 
feel your eyelids getting 

2579
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:17,299
heavier. 
What is taking place in your 

2580
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:20,100
immediate surroundings is as 
revolutionary as anything that 

2581
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:22,700
took place in gutenberg's 
printing shop, medieval 

2582
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:25,400
monasteries or ancient 
Phoenician these days. 

2583
02:18:25,400 --> 02:18:28,400
Artificial intelligence can 
produce text that looks human 

2584
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:31,500
and his frequently identical to 
content written by humans. 

2585
02:18:32,299 --> 02:18:36,299
Poetry business letters, 
technical documentation and even

2586
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:39,200
intricate conversations are all 
possible with large language 

2587
02:18:39,200 --> 02:18:41,000
models like GPT and its 
Offspring. 

2588
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:44,100
Which showing awareness of 
context subtlety and emotional 

2589
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:48,000
nuances, The distinction between
machine and human writing is 

2590
02:18:48,008 --> 02:18:51,000
becoming more and more hazy. 
People can now write by 

2591
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:53,000
speaking. 
Instead of typing thanks to 

2592
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:55,900
advancements in voice, 
recognition, software, that can 

2593
02:18:55,907 --> 02:18:58,600
now convert speech to text with 
astounding accuracy. 

2594
02:18:59,600 --> 02:19:03,799
While walking driving or doing 
other tasks writers can compose 

2595
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:07,400
text at the speed of speech with
Dragon NaturallySpeaking, Siri 

2596
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:09,299
dictation and Google Voice 
typing. 

2597
02:19:10,000 --> 02:19:13,000
Writing which involves moving a 
pain across paper or fingers 

2598
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:15,700
across a keyboard is becoming a 
less necessary. 

2599
02:19:15,700 --> 02:19:19,200
Activity text can be instantly 
translated between languages 

2600
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:22,299
using real-time translation. 
Algorithms removeing the 

2601
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:26,400
barriers that have divided human
communities for millennia One 

2602
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:29,299
can write in their native tongue
and have it instantly understood

2603
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:30,700
by readers anywhere in the 
world. 

2604
02:19:30,700 --> 02:19:33,799
Thanks to Google Translate and 
similar Services which can 

2605
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:37,200
handle dozens of languages with 
increasing sophistication new 

2606
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:39,900
types of spatial writing in 
which text is embedded in 

2607
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:42,299
three-dimensional. 
Environments, a starting to be 

2608
02:19:42,308 --> 02:19:45,500
made possible by augmented 
reality and virtual reality 

2609
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:49,200
Technologies. 
Future authors May create text 

2610
02:19:49,200 --> 02:19:52,900
that floats in space, reacts to 
movement and changes depending 

2611
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:56,100
on the readers perspective and 
interaction as an alternative to

2612
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:58,900
write on flat surfaces. 
Although they are still in the 

2613
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:01,500
experimental. 
Stage grain computer interface 

2614
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,300
is raise the prospect of direct 
neural control, over text 

2615
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,500
composition. people may 
eventually be able to think 

2616
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,100
words that are automatically 
translated into written 

2617
02:20:10,100 --> 02:20:13,400
communication rather than 
speaking typing or writing by 

2618
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:16,400
hand, the permanence and 
accuracy of writing could be 

2619
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:19,500
paired with the quickness and 
closeness of thought, despite 

2620
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:22,800
all of these technological 
advancements, writings primary 

2621
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:25,600
function hasn't changed since 
the first cave paintings were 

2622
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:30,100
created 40,000 years ago, He 
continued to use writing to 

2623
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:33,100
leave behind traces of our 
existence that will outlive our 

2624
02:20:33,100 --> 02:20:34,700
actual physical presence in the 
world. 

2625
02:20:34,700 --> 02:20:39,100
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

2626
02:20:39,100 --> 02:20:43,100
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

2627
02:20:43,100 --> 02:20:46,900
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

2628
02:20:46,900 --> 02:20:48,800
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

2629
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:51,800
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a hand 

2630
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:55,700
print and show a cave and the 
social media user, who posts a 

2631
02:20:55,700 --> 02:20:59,100
status update today in reality, 
the story of writing is the 

2632
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:03,000
story of human connection and 
the tenacious will to transcend 

2633
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:04,400
the boundaries of personal 
awareness. 

2634
02:21:05,400 --> 02:21:09,100
From Sumerian cuneiform to 
contemporary digital text, every

2635
02:21:09,100 --> 02:21:12,400
writing system, aims to address 
the same fundamental issue. 

2636
02:21:13,100 --> 02:21:15,300
How can we communicate our 
thoughts to, those who aren't 

2637
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:17,800
there in person? 
How can we ensure that our 

2638
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:19,600
thoughts in Duo beyond our own 
death? 

2639
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:23,400
From those initial symbolic 
inscriptions on Cave walls, we 

2640
02:21:23,400 --> 02:21:26,000
have come along way. 
The greatest Scholars of 

2641
02:21:26,008 --> 02:21:28,600
antiquity could not have 
predicted, the amount of written

2642
02:21:28,600 --> 02:21:30,900
knowledge available to a child 
learning to read today. 

2643
02:21:31,700 --> 02:21:34,200
Professional scribes in 
medieval, monasteries are not as

2644
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,500
quick at writing as the teen 
texting friends compared to the 

2645
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:39,600
most powerful rulers of previous
centuries. 

2646
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:42,500
The office worker writing an 
email has greater access to 

2647
02:21:42,500 --> 02:21:44,100
information and communication 
tools. 

2648
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:48,300
However, the magic is 
essentially unchanged, same 

2649
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,500
miracle that astounded our 
ancestors and still astounds us 

2650
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:54,700
when we pause to consider. 
It is happening to you as you 

2651
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:58,200
read these words right now, 
ideas generated in one mind 

2652
02:21:58,200 --> 02:22:02,400
being replicated in another mind
across time and space using only

2653
02:22:02,400 --> 02:22:06,100
marks on a Surface, be at a 
printed page, a digital screen, 

2654
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,700
a Papyrus scroll, a cave wall or
a clay tablet. 

2655
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:12,800
The Wonder endures despite 
changes in technology. 

2656
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,800
Although the particular tools 
change over time the basic human

2657
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:20,500
desire to connect communicate 
and share Consciousness, never 

2658
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:23,900
changes. 
From ancient pictographs to 

2659
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:27,300
contemporary Emoji writing in 
all its forms symbolizes 

2660
02:22:27,300 --> 02:22:30,300
Humanity's, continuous effort to
go beyond the confines of 

2661
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:33,500
personal experience and 
establish a common meaning of 

2662
02:22:33,500 --> 02:22:36,800
cross the enormous gaps that. 
Divide different Minds every 

2663
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:39,900
text message, email and comment 
you send contributes to the 

2664
02:22:39,900 --> 02:22:42,700
extent of dialogue that people 
have been having via writing for

2665
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:46,300
more than 5,000 years. 
Not only are you utilizing 

2666
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:49,600
technology but you are also 
engaging in one of the oldest 

2667
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,900
and most fundamental human 
Endeavors which has been updated

2668
02:22:52,900 --> 02:22:55,800
with contemporary instruments 
while maintaining its Timeless 

2669
02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:58,400
objectives. 
Today's kids will grow up in a 

2670
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:00,600
world where voice recognition 
replaces typing. 

2671
02:23:00,600 --> 02:23:03,900
Artificial intelligence helps 
with writing real-time 

2672
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:07,300
translation eliminates language 
barriers and new technologies 

2673
02:23:07,300 --> 02:23:10,100
that we can hardly fathom will 
continue to revolutionize the 

2674
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:13,300
way people write and 
communicate, however, they will 

2675
02:23:13,300 --> 02:23:15,600
continue to use writing for the 
same purposes. 

2676
02:23:15,600 --> 02:23:19,000
That humans have always used it 
for memory preservation, 

2677
02:23:19,000 --> 02:23:23,100
knowledge, exchange creative, 
expression, relationship, 

2678
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:25,600
building and Bridging the Gap 
between two, different 

2679
02:23:25,600 --> 02:23:27,800
consciousnesses one, word at a 
time. 

2680
02:23:27,808 --> 02:23:31,000
Billions of people worldwide are
writing the future of writing 

2681
02:23:31,000 --> 02:23:33,400
today. 
The great human endeavor of 

2682
02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:36,200
making thoughts permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

2683
02:23:36,200 --> 02:23:39,800
scientist recording. 
New discoveries students taking 

2684
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:43,700
notes in class poets, writing 
verses journalists covering 

2685
02:23:43,700 --> 02:23:46,100
current affairs. 
Friends communicating over 

2686
02:23:46,100 --> 02:23:49,100
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

2687
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:52,200
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

2688
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:55,208
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

2689
02:23:55,216 --> 02:23:57,600
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

2690
02:23:57,600 --> 02:24:00,700
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

2691
02:24:00,700 --> 02:24:03,200
the Cozy space as between waking
and sleeping. 

2692
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:07,600
You're connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

2693
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:11,600
share an idea, preserve a 
thought or reach across time to 

2694
02:24:11,600 --> 02:24:14,600
touch another Mind through the 
book, you're reading the device 

2695
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:17,600
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

2696
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:20,800
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

2697
02:24:20,800 --> 02:24:23,600
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

2698
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:26,900
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

2699
02:24:26,900 --> 02:24:29,400
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

2700
02:24:29,400 --> 02:24:32,200
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about far away 

2701
02:24:32,200 --> 02:24:34,700
places and made up friends, 
their eyes, enlarged. 

2702
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:37,200
From medieval apprentices 
learning to form. 

2703
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:39,700
Letters with quill pens to 
children in one room School 

2704
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:43,100
houses laboriously copying 
letters on slate boards. 

2705
02:24:43,100 --> 02:24:46,100
They are continuing a tradition 
that dates back to ancient. 

2706
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:48,700
Sumerian school children, 
practicing their cuneiform on 

2707
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,400
clay tablets. 
A writer is working on a story 

2708
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:53,600
that could be read for centuries
to come somewhere tonight. 

2709
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:57,200
Picking every word with the same
care that unites all 

2710
02:24:57,200 --> 02:25:00,400
storytellers who have ever 
attempted to permanently depict 

2711
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:03,400
Human Experience. 
Even though they are writing on 

2712
02:25:03,400 --> 02:25:06,600
a computer, they are performing 
the same, fundamental tasks, as 

2713
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:10,200
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.
The scribes who documented King,

2714
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,300
Arthur stories, all the 
innumerable bars who turned oral

2715
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:15,700
Traditions into written works 
tonight. 

2716
02:25:15,700 --> 02:25:18,900
A scientist is adding their 
observations to the extensive 

2717
02:25:18,900 --> 02:25:21,500
body of human knowledge that 
started with Mesopotamian 

2718
02:25:21,500 --> 02:25:24,500
astronomers recording the motion
of planets and stars 

2719
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:26,700
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

2720
02:25:26,700 --> 02:25:29,800
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

2721
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:34,200
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

2722
02:25:34,200 --> 02:25:36,600
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

2723
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:39,800
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

2724
02:25:39,808 --> 02:25:42,900
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

2725
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:46,100
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

2726
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:49,000
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondents that kept 

2727
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:52,200
relationships, strong over years
of separation lovers who are 

2728
02:25:52,208 --> 02:25:55,400
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

2729
02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:57,600
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

2730
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:02,200
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

2731
02:26:02,200 --> 02:26:04,000
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

2732
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:06,700
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via a written 

2733
02:26:06,700 --> 02:26:09,400
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

2734
02:26:09,400 --> 02:26:12,100
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

2735
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:14,400
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

2736
02:26:14,400 --> 02:26:17,200
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

2737
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:22,000
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom The 

2738
02:26:22,000 --> 02:26:24,600
fundamental purpose of these 
family histories is the same as 

2739
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:28,600
that of the great historical 
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any

2740
02:26:28,608 --> 02:26:30,400
other chronicler of Human 
Experience. 

2741
02:26:30,400 --> 02:26:33,300
Even though they may never be 
published or read widely 

2742
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:37,300
somewhere tonight, a student is 
engaged in the same process of 

2743
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:38,800
acquiring and preserving 
knowledge. 

2744
02:26:38,800 --> 02:26:41,500
That has propelled, human 
learning since the founding of 

2745
02:26:41,508 --> 02:26:44,900
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

2746
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:47,000
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

2747
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:49,100
world. 
Their computer files and 

2748
02:26:49,100 --> 02:26:51,900
notebooks represent the most 
recent development in Humanities

2749
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:55,600
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

2750
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:57,900
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

2751
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:00,800
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

2752
02:27:00,800 --> 02:27:03,300
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

2753
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:06,900
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

2754
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:09,400
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

2755
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:13,000
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

2756
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,900
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experience as 

2757
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:20,300
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

2758
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:23,200
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

2759
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:26,800
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

2760
02:27:26,800 --> 02:27:31,000
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

2761
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:34,300
trying to find the perfect words
to convey an emotion or 

2762
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:37,100
experience that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

2763
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:42,000
They're part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by

2764
02:27:42,000 --> 02:27:45,700
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

2765
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:48,100
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

2766
02:27:48,100 --> 02:27:51,400
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

2767
02:27:51,400 --> 02:27:54,900
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions 

2768
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:58,300
more are contributing their 
words to the extensive dialogue 

2769
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:00,400
that started. 
When the first human decided 

2770
02:28:00,400 --> 02:28:04,200
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

2771
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,300
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

2772
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,700
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

2773
02:28:11,700 --> 02:28:15,300
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

2774
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,200
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

2775
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:21,700
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader, but you are also 

2776
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:24,900
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

2777
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,400
write an email, write a note or 
Express an idea in writing 

2778
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,700
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

2779
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:34,700
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

2780
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:37,300
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

2781
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:41,100
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly 

2782
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:42,900
imagine what writing 
Technologies are. 

2783
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:46,200
Great grandchildren will take 
for granted the Lasko cave 

2784
02:28:46,200 --> 02:28:47,800
painters. 
Could never have imagined 

2785
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:51,700
smartphones and social media. 
However, despite all 

2786
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:55,300
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

2787
02:28:55,300 --> 02:28:59,100
writing the need to remember. 
Communicate, share preserve and 

2788
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,500
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

2789
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:06,000
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

2790
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:08,700
might dream of future 
Technologies and ancient scribes

2791
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:12,000
of writers are glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

2792
02:29:12,000 --> 02:29:15,200
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders, 

2793
02:29:15,200 --> 02:29:18,400
keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

2794
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:20,800
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

2795
02:29:20,800 --> 02:29:23,000
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

2796
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:25,500
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

2797
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:28,400
been documented, all the 
connections that have not yet 

2798
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,800
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

2799
02:29:31,800 --> 02:29:36,500
from page to page in your mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer, 

2800
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,800
dear participant in this ancient
and continuing Human Adventure 

2801
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:43,000
will contribute to the writing 
of the greatest chapter of the 

2802
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:44,700
writing story. 
Good night. 

2803
02:29:44,700 --> 02:29:46,300
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow. 

2804
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:58,900
William Tecumseh, Sherman was 
born on February 8th 1820 in 

2805
02:29:58,900 --> 02:30:02,800
Lancaster Ohio, Frontier Town, 
on the verge of tremendous 

2806
02:30:02,800 --> 02:30:05,600
development. 
His mother dubbed him camp. 

2807
02:30:05,600 --> 02:30:08,900
And he displayed a Restless 
Spirit from a young age for 

2808
02:30:08,900 --> 02:30:11,500
shadowing, the vast influence, 
he would one day wheeled on the 

2809
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,600
nation's battlefields. 
Although his father Charles 

2810
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:18,200
Robert, Sherman was a respected,
Ohio Supreme Court Judge the 

2811
02:30:18,200 --> 02:30:21,100
family struggled, financially, 
then tragedy came. 

2812
02:30:21,100 --> 02:30:24,600
When Sherman was nine years old,
his father died abruptly leaving

2813
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:28,300
behind a poor household, the 
boy's future while uncertain 

2814
02:30:28,300 --> 02:30:31,100
found a guiding influence in the
form of his father's close 

2815
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:34,500
friend, Thomas Ewing who 
welcomed him into his own Lively

2816
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:38,100
home, growing up in the Ewing 
household exposure and to a more

2817
02:30:38,100 --> 02:30:41,500
privileged Society. 
But it was not Carefree Ewing 

2818
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:44,000
was politically connected. 
Having worked in government 

2819
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:47,300
positions, that exposed Sherman 
to the complexity of national 

2820
02:30:47,300 --> 02:30:51,000
policy and political squabbling.
Something about those encounters

2821
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:54,600
prepared him to see the country 
as a web of dynamic forces, law 

2822
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:58,300
Commerce, and ambition, 
interacting in ways that altered

2823
02:30:58,300 --> 02:31:01,500
entire neighborhoods despite his
academic abilities. 

2824
02:31:01,500 --> 02:31:04,800
He was never a standout student 
in the traditional sense. 

2825
02:31:04,800 --> 02:31:08,400
His true, aptitude was in 
observation and the ability to 

2826
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:12,300
translate what he saw into Deer 
strategic insights Sherman. 

2827
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:14,700
Absorb the action with an 
intensity that occasionally 

2828
02:31:14,700 --> 02:31:17,400
surprised others. 
Whether it was a local election 

2829
02:31:17,400 --> 02:31:21,700
or heated dinner table dispute, 
Sherman was 16 when he received 

2830
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:24,600
a coveted invitation to the 
United States Military Academy 

2831
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:28,300
at West Point, Thanks in part to
Ewing's political clout. 

2832
02:31:29,100 --> 02:31:32,400
When he arrived at West Point in
1836, he discovered that the 

2833
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:35,800
regiment was both difficult and 
stimulating mathematics 

2834
02:31:35,800 --> 02:31:38,700
engineering and tactics. 
Dominated the curriculum 

2835
02:31:38,700 --> 02:31:42,800
combining practical skills with 
theoretical knowledge although 

2836
02:31:42,800 --> 02:31:46,800
he did not Excel academically. 
He graduated sixth in his class.

2837
02:31:46,800 --> 02:31:49,700
He was known for being clever, 
pragmatic. 

2838
02:31:49,700 --> 02:31:51,700
And unromantic about his 
military service. 

2839
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:55,900
Classmates noticed his Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

2840
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:58,000
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

2841
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:01,400
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

2842
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:02,900
a second lieutenant in the 
third. 

2843
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:06,500
US Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840, He 

2844
02:32:06,508 --> 02:32:09,500
served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

2845
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,400
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation. 

2846
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:16,200
The Florida job in broiled him 
in the Seminole Wars, a brutal 

2847
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:18,500
milieu of swamp Warfare and 
uncertain goals. 

2848
02:32:19,300 --> 02:32:21,700
Sherman quietly. 
Recorded the lessons combat was 

2849
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,900
chaotic objectives, shifted 
quickly, and success, required a

2850
02:32:24,908 --> 02:32:26,800
combination of planning and 
sheer tenacity. 

2851
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:30,600
You also developed a dislike for
half-hearted confrontations 

2852
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:34,100
believing that if a battle was 
unavoidable, it must be pursued 

2853
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:37,100
with utmost. 
Determination despite periodic 

2854
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:39,000
promotions and the Allure of new
assignments. 

2855
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:42,600
Sherman, never felt completely 
at ease in the peace time Army. 

2856
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:47,400
Bureaucratic red tape restricted
chances for growth and a desire 

2857
02:32:47,400 --> 02:32:50,700
for new experiences. 
Nord at him his restlessness, 

2858
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:54,400
prompted him to quit from the 
Army in 1853 in the decade that 

2859
02:32:54,408 --> 02:32:58,500
followed, he dabbled in various 
Endeavors, including banking in 

2860
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:01,600
San Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

2861
02:33:01,600 --> 02:33:04,800
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

2862
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:07,800
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

2863
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:11,300
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

2864
02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:15,200
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

2865
02:33:15,200 --> 02:33:18,700
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

2866
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:20,600
richest might vanish when 
markets crashed. 

2867
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,500
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

2868
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:27,700
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

2869
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:30,600
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

2870
02:33:30,600 --> 02:33:33,900
over slavery, state rights and 
economic disparities. 

2871
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:37,500
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

2872
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:40,400
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

2873
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:43,200
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. 

2874
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:46,900
He was recognized for his 
organizational talents, but he 

2875
02:33:46,908 --> 02:33:49,100
treaded carefully when 
discussions became political 

2876
02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:53,300
Despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist, he did not take to

2877
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:56,300
the concept of secession. 
For Sherman. 

2878
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,500
Unity was America's best Hope 
For Success. 

2879
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:03,800
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 
signals of Discord and concluded

2880
02:34:03,800 --> 02:34:05,400
that the country was on the 
verge of War. 

2881
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:07,900
Sherman on the verge of the 
Civil War. 

2882
02:34:07,900 --> 02:34:11,900
Stood at a pivotal juncture. 
He had a family, a diverse set 

2883
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:14,100
of experiences in both service 
and civilian sectors. 

2884
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:17,000
And a perspective that grasped 
how badly the country was 

2885
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:19,500
fracturing. 
He was concerned if war 

2886
02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:22,800
occurred, it would be unlike the
small-scale battles of previous 

2887
02:34:22,800 --> 02:34:25,100
decades. 
The tremendous industrial 

2888
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,500
potential of both parts. 
Combined with the moral fervor 

2889
02:34:28,500 --> 02:34:32,600
around slavery, predicted a 
devastating Clash despite his 

2890
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:35,800
reluctance to enter the battle. 
Sherman returned to service in 

2891
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:39,900
early, 1861 motivated by a sense
of responsibility to maintain 

2892
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:42,900
the Union. 
In the early months of the Civil

2893
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:45,600
War, William to come to Sherman.
Served in several positions 

2894
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:49,200
looking for a secure footing, in
a war that appeared chaotic from

2895
02:34:49,200 --> 02:34:52,200
the start, initially assigned to
a training facility. 

2896
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,600
He disagreed with authorities 
when he anticipated that the 

2897
02:34:55,600 --> 02:34:58,900
fight would require at least 
200,000 men in his area alone. 

2898
02:34:59,700 --> 02:35:00,800
His fourth, right? 
Remarked. 

2899
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:02,500
That the union was 
underestimating. 

2900
02:35:02,500 --> 02:35:04,800
The scale of the Insurrection of
listed suspicion. 

2901
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:09,400
If not derision, however, time 
would vindicate, his misgivings?

2902
02:35:10,500 --> 02:35:13,400
By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

2903
02:35:13,400 --> 02:35:17,100
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

2904
02:35:17,108 --> 02:35:19,700
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, but he quickly

2905
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:23,300
became overwhelmed reports of 
Confederate, military movements 

2906
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:26,700
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington, left, 

2907
02:35:26,700 --> 02:35:29,300
him tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

2908
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:30,400
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

2909
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:34,800
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

2910
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:38,000
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

2911
02:35:38,000 --> 02:35:39,900
threatened to his career in an 
era. 

2912
02:35:39,900 --> 02:35:42,100
When mental stress was less 
tolerated. 

2913
02:35:42,100 --> 02:35:46,300
Nevertheless, Sherman recovered,
he gained new Purpose. 

2914
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:48,700
With General Ulysses, S Grant's 
direct help. 

2915
02:35:48,700 --> 02:35:52,000
Their bond will form the 
foundation of Union success 

2916
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:57,900
Grant was calm silent and 
unyielding under duress, where a

2917
02:35:57,900 --> 02:36:01,400
Sherman was more combustible 
publicly expressing concerns or 

2918
02:36:01,400 --> 02:36:04,100
complaints. 
Their Mutual regard, however, 

2919
02:36:04,100 --> 02:36:08,600
was established through shared 
Battlefield experiences in early

2920
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:11,800
1862. 
Grants daring Maneuvers at Fort 

2921
02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:14,300
Henry, and Fort, Donaldson 
secured, critical Confederate. 

2922
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:16,700
Outposts and Sherman's role 
though. 

2923
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:19,200
Subordinate, displayed 
dependability in the face of 

2924
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:24,000
Fire. the Battle of Shiloh in 
April, 1862 would be Sherman's, 

2925
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:28,200
true baptism into large-scale 
fighting Confederate surprise 

2926
02:36:28,200 --> 02:36:31,500
strike near Pittsburgh upon 
Landing in Tennessee waves of 

2927
02:36:31,508 --> 02:36:33,700
enemy soldiers. 
Smashed the union defenses, 

2928
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:36,700
Sherman's division took the 
brunt of the early fighting 

2929
02:36:36,700 --> 02:36:40,900
despite being taken by surprise.
He rallied his troops riding 

2930
02:36:40,900 --> 02:36:43,000
along. 
The front lines, ignoring her 

2931
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,200
personal danger, and encouraging
them to hold. 

2932
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:48,900
Despite massive fatalities 
Union, with stood, the attack 

2933
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:52,200
and grants counter-attack, the 
following day, forced the 

2934
02:36:52,200 --> 02:36:55,300
Confederates to retire. 
Sherman's leadership under 

2935
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,500
duress gained him to a promotion
to Major General and more 

2936
02:36:58,500 --> 02:37:02,300
crucial, strengthened, his 
alliance with Grant, The two men

2937
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,200
came from Shiloh with a stronger
determination to achieve total 

2938
02:37:05,200 --> 02:37:08,200
Victory acknowledging. 
The confederacies to nasty 

2939
02:37:08,200 --> 02:37:11,400
Sherman, followed Shiloh with 
operations along the Mississippi

2940
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:15,200
River ending in the Vicksburg 
campaign Vicksburg. 

2941
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:18,600
A fortress stronghold was 
essential to Confederate control

2942
02:37:18,600 --> 02:37:22,100
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

2943
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:25,000
seizing, it would split the 
Confederacy in two isolating, 

2944
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:28,500
the state's west of the river. 
Grant, Siege was long with 

2945
02:37:28,500 --> 02:37:31,700
supply lines strained and 
morale, shaky Sherman's, 

2946
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:34,400
involvement included, 
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 

2947
02:37:34,400 --> 02:37:36,600
that Confederate reinforcements,
could not break through the 

2948
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:39,800
seed. 
Vicksburg finally fell on July 

2949
02:37:39,800 --> 02:37:44,700
4th 1863 marking a watershed 
moment in the western theater. 

2950
02:37:45,800 --> 02:37:49,400
Sherman's fames soared, although
he frequently downplayed 

2951
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:53,100
personal responsibility publicly
praising Grant strategic vision.

2952
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:56,900
Sherman did not take command of 
Union forces in the west until 

2953
02:37:56,900 --> 02:37:59,500
1864. 
When Grant was ordered to the 

2954
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:01,400
Eastern theater to confront 
Robert E Lee. 

2955
02:38:02,300 --> 02:38:06,500
His primary aim is Atlanta. 
The city was a confederate hub 

2956
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:09,000
for railroads manufacturing and 
supply. 

2957
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:12,100
Taking, it could jeopardize the 
southern battle effort. 

2958
02:38:13,000 --> 02:38:14,900
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

2959
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:19,900
1864 moving across North Eastern
Georgia confederate, general 

2960
02:38:19,900 --> 02:38:24,100
Joseph E, Johnson utilized an 
effective defense of plan but 

2961
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:27,400
Sherman's numerical superiority,
and willingness to engage in 

2962
02:38:27,400 --> 02:38:29,900
flanking actions, gradually 
pushed Johnston back. 

2963
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:34,000
Johnston's replacement, by the 
more aggressive, John Bell, Hood

2964
02:38:34,000 --> 02:38:37,800
increased Confederate. 
Casualties by September 

2965
02:38:37,800 --> 02:38:41,900
Sherman's Army had conquered at 
Atlanta, dealing a strategic and

2966
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,400
cycle. 
Blow to the South, the cities 

2967
02:38:44,400 --> 02:38:47,700
fall echoed throughout the north
helping President, Lincoln's 

2968
02:38:47,700 --> 02:38:51,400
re-election, chances, Sherman 
believed that simply occupying 

2969
02:38:51,400 --> 02:38:54,700
Atlanta would be insufficient. 
He wanted to crippled the 

2970
02:38:54,708 --> 02:38:57,000
Confederate capacity for future 
resistance. 

2971
02:38:58,000 --> 02:39:00,900
After ordering civilian 
evacuations, he permitted 

2972
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:03,200
elements of the city's 
infrastructure to be destroyed. 

2973
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:06,500
fueling suspicions that he was 
carrying out a destruction 

2974
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:10,100
campaign, Sherman then focused 
on a bold and controversial 

2975
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:14,200
strategy, the march to the sea. 
The plan was to cut lines of 

2976
02:39:14,208 --> 02:39:17,800
communication damage resources, 
critical to the southern War 

2977
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,900
Machine and show that 
Confederate authorities could no

2978
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:25,700
longer Safeguard their heart. 
In mid-november 1864, he led 

2979
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:29,300
60,000 men from Atlanta to 
Savannah, cutting a path across 

2980
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:32,100
Georgia, unlike traditional 
movements tether by supply 

2981
02:39:32,100 --> 02:39:35,900
lines, Sherman's columns would 
live off the land, foraging 

2982
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:39,900
freely demolishing, railroads 
and targeting factories this 

2983
02:39:39,900 --> 02:39:43,300
bold tactic at the time, 
attempted to break, the South's 

2984
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:47,400
resolve to continue fighting. 
During these campaigns Sherman's

2985
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:50,500
views on Wars, solidified. 
He believed that the faster and 

2986
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:53,200
harder the conflict was pursued 
the sooner, it would be 

2987
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:55,900
resolved. 
In his letters to subordinates. 

2988
02:39:56,700 --> 02:39:58,900
He emphasized a harsh Lord of 
logic. 

2989
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:02,000
If southern people felt the 
effects of the war, the 

2990
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:05,700
confederacy's morale would 
plummet While many union leaders

2991
02:40:05,700 --> 02:40:09,100
sought Victory, through pitched 
battles alone, Sherman embraced,

2992
02:40:09,100 --> 02:40:12,100
Total War leaving a reputation. 
That would Eclipse his other 

2993
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:14,500
accomplishments and to find his 
place in American military 

2994
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:22,200
history, the march to the sea 
started on November 15th from 

2995
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:25,300
the charred remains of Atlanta. 
The trip to Savannah covered 

2996
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:30,500
about 300 miles, calculating 
about 483 kilometers and lasted 

2997
02:40:30,500 --> 02:40:33,200
almost a month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

2998
02:40:33,200 --> 02:40:35,900
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

2999
02:40:35,900 --> 02:40:39,800
Farm, they encountered, however,
the foraging so wide-spread, 

3000
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:43,100
occasionally turning into 
looting that local population's 

3001
02:40:43,100 --> 02:40:46,400
remembered the campaign with 
lasting bitterness Union 

3002
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:49,200
Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

3003
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:51,700
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

3004
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:57,000
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

3005
02:40:57,000 --> 02:41:00,400
livestock taken. 
Many Southern civilians fled 

3006
02:41:00,400 --> 02:41:02,800
before the advancing columns 
While others remained, 

3007
02:41:02,800 --> 02:41:06,500
witnessing Guardians Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

3008
02:41:06,500 --> 02:41:09,400
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

3009
02:41:10,400 --> 02:41:12,900
Sherman's official position, was
that his troop should only 

3010
02:41:12,900 --> 02:41:16,300
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

3011
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:20,600
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

3012
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:22,700
later. 
The question lingard were these 

3013
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:26,000
acts Justified militarily or 
simply a vengeful Rampage. 

3014
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:29,900
Sherman supporters claim that 
the confederacy's capacity to 

3015
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:33,100
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources. 

3016
02:41:33,100 --> 02:41:36,600
Rendering such destruction are 
regrettable necessity. 

3017
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,400
Critics argue that the campaign 
violated moral boundaries by 

3018
02:41:40,400 --> 02:41:43,800
punishing innocent civilians. 
Sherman believed that only by 

3019
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:46,300
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight. 

3020
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:48,800
Could the wars violence, be 
decisively ended. 

3021
02:41:49,800 --> 02:41:52,400
Sherman's forces entered 
Savannah on December the 20th, 

3022
02:41:52,400 --> 02:41:57,600
1864 facing minimal resistance. 
He sent a telegram to President 

3023
02:41:57,600 --> 02:42:00,900
Lincoln proposing the city of 
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 

3024
02:42:02,100 --> 02:42:05,100
The capture of the nearly intact
Port offered a strategic base on

3025
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,500
the Atlantic coast. 
Enabling Union forces to advance

3026
02:42:08,500 --> 02:42:11,800
into the Carolinas Northern 
newspapers, celebrated the 

3027
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:16,000
success lauding Sherman as a 
master strategist, Southern 

3028
02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:19,100
newspapers erupted in Anger, 
portraying him as a ruthless 

3029
02:42:19,100 --> 02:42:22,900
Destroyer Confederate civilians.
Criticized, the perceived 

3030
02:42:22,900 --> 02:42:26,200
barbarism in Diaries and letters
while some Northern voices 

3031
02:42:26,200 --> 02:42:28,900
discomfort at the campaigns 
brutality. 

3032
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:34,000
The union War Machine continued 
and Sherman's prominence grew in

3033
02:42:34,000 --> 02:42:37,000
early 1865. 
Sherman, turn north to unite 

3034
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,100
with Grant. 
The Carolinas campaign sought to

3035
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,000
pressure Confederate resources 
from a new angle. 

3036
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,400
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 
Lee's army between two. 

3037
02:42:45,400 --> 02:42:49,200
Formidable Union forces as his 
men move through South Carolina,

3038
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:53,300
the birthplace of succession 
Sherman's tactics, became even 

3039
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:58,800
harsher. in February 1865, 
Columbia burned with ongoing 

3040
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,600
debate over whether Union or 
Confederate forces started the 

3041
02:43:01,600 --> 02:43:05,800
fire Sherman denied starting the
fire, that suspicion remains 

3042
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:08,400
woven into local. 
Tales that the union 

3043
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:10,900
intentionally set, a blaze, the 
birthplace of rebellion. 

3044
02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:14,600
Sherman Advanced into North 
Carolina with a slightly softer 

3045
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:17,300
approach, recognizing that the 
state had not been. 

3046
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:21,000
As eager to see the South 
Carolina, the operational logic,

3047
02:43:21,000 --> 02:43:25,900
persisted weaken, Confederate 
capabilities disrupt, railroads 

3048
02:43:25,900 --> 02:43:28,400
and harassed. 
The demoralized southern forces 

3049
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:31,700
in April. 
It was reported that Lee's army 

3050
02:43:31,700 --> 02:43:33,900
of Northern Virginia surrendered
to granted at Appomattox 

3051
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:38,500
Sherman's, men sent the war was 
nearing its conclusion, hopes 

3052
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:40,800
rose that they could finish the 
campaign without more major. 

3053
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,900
Clashes An unforeseen twist 
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 

3054
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:49,900
assassinated President Lincoln 
on April 14th 1865, shockingly 

3055
02:43:49,900 --> 02:43:54,300
entire Union, High command, 
grief and anger surged through 

3056
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:58,000
Sherman's ranks. 
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 

3057
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:00,700
with confederate general, Joseph
E Johnston in North Carolina 

3058
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:04,700
became increasingly strained. 
Sherman aiming for a quick 

3059
02:44:04,708 --> 02:44:08,200
reconciliation proposed terms 
that many in Washington viewed 

3060
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:11,600
as excessively generous 
including political concessions 

3061
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:15,400
that exceeded his authority. 
The war department shaken by 

3062
02:44:15,408 --> 02:44:17,800
Lincoln's assassination and 
favoring tougher actions 

3063
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:21,900
rejected Shermans agreement. 
Reports suggested that Sherman 

3064
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:23,600
was either naive or 
overreaching. 

3065
02:44:23,600 --> 02:44:26,300
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his
reputation. 

3066
02:44:26,300 --> 02:44:29,300
A revised negotiation resulted 
in Johnston. 

3067
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:32,800
Surrender on April 26th, 
effectively ending the war in 

3068
02:44:32,808 --> 02:44:36,400
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 
to heal wounds quickly 

3069
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,000
conflicted with the mood in 
Washington creating 

3070
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:41,100
misunderstanding that would 
persist for years. 

3071
02:44:41,100 --> 02:44:44,900
Despite the friction points, the
north celebrated Sherman as a 

3072
02:44:44,908 --> 02:44:48,800
hero, his soldiers, admired him 
referring to him as Uncle Billy 

3073
02:44:48,800 --> 02:44:52,100
impressed by his Relentless 
energy and talent for boosting 

3074
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:54,500
morale. 
Southerners condemned him as the

3075
02:44:54,508 --> 02:44:57,900
cause of Devastation. 
He really attempted to soften 

3076
02:44:57,900 --> 02:45:01,900
that image stating that war was 
cruelty and efforts to refine. 

3077
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:05,300
It were pointless. 
That straightforward view shaped

3078
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,500
his strategic approach. 
Sherman believed that war should

3079
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:10,900
be pursued with full commitment 
or not at all. 

3080
02:45:10,908 --> 02:45:14,700
After the fall Sherman oversaw. 
Military districts in the South 

3081
02:45:14,700 --> 02:45:17,700
attempting to maintain order 
during reconstructions 2 malt. 

3082
02:45:18,400 --> 02:45:21,500
He found the political 
squabbling exhausting, favoring 

3083
02:45:21,500 --> 02:45:24,300
direct military leadership over 
the complexities of civil 

3084
02:45:24,300 --> 02:45:27,200
policy. 
Sherman's Legacy was solidified 

3085
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:30,000
by his wartime campaigns. 
Despite the post-war 

3086
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:31,300
complexities that overshadowed 
it. 

3087
02:45:32,200 --> 02:45:35,100
The challenge for him. 
And for the nation was how to 

3088
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:38,300
address the resentment caused by
Total War, while also focusing 

3089
02:45:38,300 --> 02:45:42,500
on rebuilding a unified country.
After hostilities concluded, 

3090
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:45,300
William to come to Sherman 
expected. 

3091
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:48,400
The clear structure of wartime 
command to translate into a 

3092
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,600
simple post-war position. 
However, the aftermath of 

3093
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:55,800
conflict, rarely produces smooth
transitions in 1865. 

3094
02:45:55,800 --> 02:45:58,300
He was appointed commander of 
the military division of the 

3095
02:45:58,300 --> 02:46:02,300
Mississippi covering most of the
devastated South During 

3096
02:46:02,300 --> 02:46:05,200
Reconstruction conflicts arose 
between President and Andrew 

3097
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:08,500
Johnson's, consolation approach 
and the severe demands of 

3098
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:09,900
Radical Republicans and 
Congress. 

3099
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:14,700
Sherman proceeded, gingerly in 
this climate, avoiding political

3100
02:46:14,700 --> 02:46:18,000
disputes constantly differed 
with civil officials and 

3101
02:46:18,000 --> 02:46:19,800
politicians about how to best 
manage. 

3102
02:46:19,800 --> 02:46:23,100
The amounts of painted African 
American population, former 

3103
02:46:23,100 --> 02:46:25,700
Confederates and the Region's 
destroyed infrastructure. 

3104
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:30,000
Sherman believed the Army's job 
was to maintain order, not to 

3105
02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:32,200
influence the inevitable social 
upheaval. 

3106
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:35,500
He questioned whether Union 
troops should remain in the 

3107
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:38,600
South indefinitely. 
Citing the lack of a quick way 

3108
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:41,100
to heal. 
Grave wounds his reluctance to 

3109
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:42,400
fully Embrace reconstruction 
ideas. 

3110
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:45,700
Frustrated, radical reformers, 
who wanted strong Federal 

3111
02:46:45,700 --> 02:46:49,700
enforcement of civil rights, 
white Southerners, apprehensive 

3112
02:46:49,700 --> 02:46:52,900
of the northern presents 
frequently, opposed even basic 

3113
02:46:52,900 --> 02:46:56,100
Army commands understanding that
he was in a precarious 

3114
02:46:56,100 --> 02:46:58,700
situation. 
Sherman, sought solace in his 

3115
02:46:58,700 --> 02:47:02,600
family. 
Life in 1866, he relocated to 

3116
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:05,200
Saint Louis. 
Missouri to oversee the military

3117
02:47:05,200 --> 02:47:08,100
division of Missouri. 
The territory stretched from the

3118
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:10,100
Mississippi River to the 
Rockies. 

3119
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:14,300
Conflicts Fred Westwood as 
American expansion collided with

3120
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:17,700
numerous indigenous groups. 
Sherman's orders, required him 

3121
02:47:17,700 --> 02:47:19,300
to protect settlers and 
railroads. 

3122
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:22,900
Which frequently resulted in 
battles with tribes that opposed

3123
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:26,100
the invasion of their areas this
period of Sherman's career is 

3124
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:27,600
not as well. 
Known as his Civil War 

3125
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:30,400
achievements. 
Native people beset with 

3126
02:47:30,408 --> 02:47:33,800
violated treaties and forced 
relocations met Sherman. 

3127
02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:37,100
A military figure who advocated 
employing, Superior, Force to 

3128
02:47:37,108 --> 02:47:39,900
achieve Federal objectives 
Sherman's perspective. 

3129
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:42,500
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his
entire War philosophy. 

3130
02:47:42,500 --> 02:47:46,700
Decisively smash resistance to 
minimize prolonged Carnage. 

3131
02:47:46,700 --> 02:47:49,400
He ordered campaigns that 
destroyed communities, 

3132
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:53,100
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 
pushed people onto reserves, 

3133
02:47:53,100 --> 02:47:56,700
historians, decried, his 
measures, likening them to his 

3134
02:47:56,700 --> 02:48:00,000
previous, scorched-earth 
policies, Sherman strategy was 

3135
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:04,100
straightforward, smash any 
opposition as quickly and 

3136
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:07,200
decisively as possible. 
He perceived, no, ethical. 

3137
02:48:07,200 --> 02:48:10,000
Dilemma in forcefully. 
Displaying indigenous peoples in

3138
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:11,800
pursuit of the nation's ultimate
goal. 

3139
02:48:11,800 --> 02:48:15,800
This unwavering stance cemented 
his reputation as a sort of 

3140
02:48:15,800 --> 02:48:19,200
strong answers. 
Changes in Washington impacted 

3141
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:23,600
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 
S Grant became president in 1869

3142
02:48:23,600 --> 02:48:26,600
in Sherman was appointed. 
Commanding General of the United

3143
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:30,200
States Army, His new position 
allowed wide oversight of 

3144
02:48:30,200 --> 02:48:32,900
military operations but 
disagreements with the water 

3145
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:36,200
department arose fast. 
Sherman believed that the line 

3146
02:48:36,200 --> 02:48:38,900
of command was harmed by 
civilian authorities, desire for

3147
02:48:38,900 --> 02:48:40,600
greater control, over Army 
matters. 

3148
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:43,800
The tension Rose under Secretary
of War, William W. 

3149
02:48:45,000 --> 02:48:47,300
Belknap who resigned under 
scandal? 

3150
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:51,200
Sherman's private letters into 
dedicated, this displeasure with

3151
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:54,000
the political maliar and a 
desire for the disciplined 

3152
02:48:54,000 --> 02:48:57,700
cooperation of wartime. 
Sherman suffered family issues, 

3153
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:01,500
Ellen, hailed from a devout 
Catholic household where a 

3154
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:04,200
Sherman had no interest in 
organized religion, there are 

3155
02:49:04,200 --> 02:49:06,400
opposing viewpoints 
occasionally, produced tension, 

3156
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:11,000
one son, Willie died, tragically
during the war leaving an 

3157
02:49:11,000 --> 02:49:13,800
emotional scar on the family and
other son Thomas. 

3158
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:17,300
Ewing, Sherman became a Jesuit 
priest, which Sherman? 

3159
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:20,100
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 
composed. 

3160
02:49:20,100 --> 02:49:23,100
His Memoirs during these changes
and they were first published in

3161
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:27,200
1875. 
This two-volume book, Memoirs of

3162
02:49:27,200 --> 02:49:30,000
General William t-shirt and 
gives a plain account of his 

3163
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,700
life from birth until the Civil 
War critics praised, its 

3164
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:36,500
readability, and honesty. 
While several Express concern 

3165
02:49:36,500 --> 02:49:39,900
about a mission and biases. 
He openly said at the outset 

3166
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:43,100
that he would report events as 
he saw them, regardless of 

3167
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:47,300
whether they Disturbed anyone, 
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 

3168
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:49,700
perception of him as a general 
who believed in direct action 

3169
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:53,100
and open communication. 
Sherman, headed, an army that 

3170
02:49:53,108 --> 02:49:55,500
was struggling to find its place
in a changing country in the 

3171
02:49:55,508 --> 02:49:58,800
1870s. 
Industrialization accelerated 

3172
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:02,100
questions about global 
development arose and the 

3173
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:05,900
frontier vanished. 
The Army shrank overshadowed by 

3174
02:50:05,900 --> 02:50:08,900
new Millionaires and the 
volatile politics of the Gilded 

3175
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:10,700
Age. 
Sherman frequently. 

3176
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:13,400
Bemoaned that the populace had 
grown complacent about National 

3177
02:50:13,400 --> 02:50:16,200
Defense. 
Ignoring the painful lessons of 

3178
02:50:16,200 --> 02:50:18,700
the Civil War in quite a 
moments. 

3179
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:22,000
He realized that a diminished 
Army presence was precisely what

3180
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:25,500
a reunited country needed. 
Even if it left him feeling a 

3181
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:30,100
little lost, the great Railroad 
Strike of 1877, which saw 

3182
02:50:30,100 --> 02:50:32,500
federal troops dispatched to 
quell labor unrest. 

3183
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:35,300
Was the final major dispute of 
his tenure. 

3184
02:50:36,300 --> 02:50:39,000
Sherman struck a compromise 
between compassion for workers 

3185
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:40,900
concerns and the necessity for 
order. 

3186
02:50:40,900 --> 02:50:44,200
Directing a reaction that sought
to minimize Bloodshed. 

3187
02:50:44,200 --> 02:50:47,600
The incident pointed at a new 
sort of internal, conflict 

3188
02:50:47,600 --> 02:50:51,100
industrial turmoil, supplying 
sectional conflicts. 

3189
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:55,600
Sherman noted for his directness
and rigidity was reminded that 

3190
02:50:55,600 --> 02:50:58,500
war is never static. 
It changes with the intricacies 

3191
02:50:58,500 --> 02:51:03,500
of civilization As the 1880s 
began to come to Sherman entered

3192
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:07,800
retirement but stayed a notable 
public figure in 1882 he stepped

3193
02:51:07,800 --> 02:51:11,100
down as Commanding General 
concluding nearly 20 years of 

3194
02:51:11,100 --> 02:51:13,400
consistent leadership in a 
transforming Army. 

3195
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,500
Civic groups, lecture circuits 
and political activists often 

3196
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:20,000
pursued him. 
Some urged him to run for 

3197
02:51:20,000 --> 02:51:22,500
president thinking. 
His combat experience and 

3198
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:25,400
integrity would resonate with 
Americans Sherman famously 

3199
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:29,100
declined stating. 
I will not accept if nominated 

3200
02:51:29,100 --> 02:51:32,400
and will not serve if elected 
the statement reflected his 

3201
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:34,900
post-war identity as a someone 
who had witnessed the harsh 

3202
02:51:34,900 --> 02:51:37,900
reality of politics, leading him
to avoid more profound 

3203
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:40,500
involvement. 
His reluctant to run for 

3204
02:51:40,500 --> 02:51:42,300
government came from several 
factors. 

3205
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:45,600
He was wary of the constant 
maneuvering that characterized 

3206
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:48,600
national elections, his 
straightforward attitude 

3207
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:51,300
conflicted with the need to 
appease groups and trade favors.

3208
02:51:51,300 --> 02:51:54,800
He understood that his 
reputation forged through tough 

3209
02:51:54,800 --> 02:51:57,500
tactics in Georgia, and the 
Caroline as could provoke 

3210
02:51:57,500 --> 02:51:59,900
significant backlash in the 
South and among moderate 

3211
02:51:59,900 --> 02:52:02,900
Northern voters. 
He felt his skills were better 

3212
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:05,500
suited for organizing and 
leading in challenging 

3213
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:07,900
situations. 
Rather than in standard 

3214
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,600
governance. 
Negotiations Sherman traveled 

3215
02:52:10,600 --> 02:52:14,100
extensively, giving speeches on 
Civil War events, and promoting 

3216
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:17,400
a strong practical military 
policy, even after leaving 

3217
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:21,600
formal duties. 
He seldom softened his remarks a

3218
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:24,800
veterans reunions, he portrayed 
the stern, Uncle reminding 

3219
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:28,100
formats, that war was not a 
glorious Adventure, he 

3220
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:31,100
emphasized to younger audiences 
that the Civil War was much more

3221
02:52:31,100 --> 02:52:32,900
complex than just heroes and 
villains. 

3222
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:36,500
He stood firm in his decisions 
asserting that his aggressive 

3223
02:52:36,500 --> 02:52:38,400
campaigns had reduced the 
conflicts length. 

3224
02:52:39,200 --> 02:52:42,300
He was honest about his views on
reconstructions outcomes, he 

3225
02:52:42,300 --> 02:52:45,400
observed the South's economic 
recovery, the emergence of Jim 

3226
02:52:45,400 --> 02:52:49,600
Crow laws and ongoing social 
inequalities he did not advocate

3227
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:53,100
for radical solutions to racial 
disparity viewing, it mainly. 

3228
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,100
As a civilian issue, some 
critics viewed Sherman's 

3229
02:52:56,100 --> 02:52:58,800
attitude as a veces claiming he 
was dodging moral 

3230
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:01,500
responsibility. 
He said, his name was to 

3231
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:04,100
preserve the union, not to 
create an equal Society. 

3232
02:53:04,100 --> 02:53:07,700
Well, those Sherman was 
strategically, skilled his 

3233
02:53:07,700 --> 02:53:10,600
limited view on social fairness 
reflects the shortcomings of his

3234
02:53:10,600 --> 02:53:12,500
era, which is clear in 
hindsight. 

3235
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:16,800
At the same time narratives 
about his private life became 

3236
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:19,300
gentler. 
He enjoyed engaging with former 

3237
02:53:19,300 --> 02:53:23,600
allies, especially Ulysses, S 
Grant whose presidency concluded

3238
02:53:23,600 --> 02:53:27,200
amid controversy and failure. 
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 

3239
02:53:27,200 --> 02:53:28,800
honoring their bond from the 
Ward. 

3240
02:53:28,800 --> 02:53:31,900
Despite any controversies, they 
occasionally gathered to voice 

3241
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:34,500
their discontent regarding how 
their legacies turned into 

3242
02:53:34,500 --> 02:53:38,700
political issues. 
When grant deed in 1885 Sherman 

3243
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,600
mourned publicly, delivering 
eulogies that highlighted 

3244
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:44,600
Loyalty, The Virtue that had 
United them, through numerous 

3245
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:48,400
conflicts, In the 1880s, new 
Industries and Technologies, 

3246
02:53:48,400 --> 02:53:51,400
captured public attention 
railroaded. 

3247
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:54,400
The continent telephone's 
connected people and 

3248
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:58,000
corporations grew. 
Sherman felt torn after 

3249
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,200
observing these changes, he 
appreciated America's ambition 

3250
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,200
for growth, but worried about 
possible societal in stability. 

3251
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:07,900
The great Railroad Strike 
indicated, Rising unrest among 

3252
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,200
industrial workers. 
He warned that class tensions 

3253
02:54:11,200 --> 02:54:14,700
were handled correctly. 
They could erupt violently well,

3254
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:16,300
though. 
He wasn't an economist, he 

3255
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:19,000
identified conflict patterns, 
and warned political leaders 

3256
02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:22,300
that neglecting labor demands 
could lead to chaos, similar to 

3257
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:26,000
the devastation of War. 
Sherman, who relocated to New 

3258
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:29,300
York City later in the decade 
joined various clubs and wrote 

3259
02:54:29,300 --> 02:54:31,700
letters condemning the rise of 
Sensational journalism. 

3260
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:34,900
He was accustomed to Media 
scrutiny during the war. 

3261
02:54:34,900 --> 02:54:38,700
He was portrayed as either a 
hero or a criminal tabloids 

3262
02:54:38,700 --> 02:54:42,300
thrived on sensationalism making
him cautious about interviews. 

3263
02:54:42,300 --> 02:54:45,300
Young journalists sought his 
views on military issues. 

3264
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:48,700
He emphasized that future Wars 
could lead to unimaginable 

3265
02:54:48,700 --> 02:54:51,600
destruction. 
If not quickly contained 

3266
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:55,500
particularly with Advanced 
Weaponry, he insisted that the 

3267
02:54:55,500 --> 02:54:59,700
only real strategy was to either
fully engage in war or not at 

3268
02:54:59,700 --> 02:55:02,700
all. 
Sherman's Health declined as he 

3269
02:55:02,700 --> 02:55:05,600
got older. 
Stiff joints, persistent pain, 

3270
02:55:05,600 --> 02:55:08,500
and years of fatigue, in uniform
consumed him? 

3271
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:12,700
He refused to discuss himself as
a weak elderly General. 

3272
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:15,900
He walked through the streets of
Manhattan in casual clothes 

3273
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:18,200
tipping his hat. 
To those who noticed his 

3274
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,300
distinctive gray hair, he 
visited West Point and other 

3275
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:23,800
Army locations. 
Rarely providing straightforward

3276
02:55:23,800 --> 02:55:28,000
advice train with discipline but
hope you never have to use it in

3277
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:30,700
a civil war. 
Listeners felt that beneath his 

3278
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:32,900
tough. 
Exterior would deep wounds shape

3279
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:35,800
by the harsh realities of war in
his late years. 

3280
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:39,000
The people embraced him as a 
grandfather figure his once. 

3281
02:55:39,000 --> 02:55:42,700
Fierce demeanor mellowed over 
time fundamentally, he was the 

3282
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:46,100
man who bravely marched through 
Georgia firmly, believing that 

3283
02:55:46,100 --> 02:55:49,700
such harshness was essential. 
In the evolving landscape of 

3284
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:53,100
modern America, William to come 
to Sherman remained prominent 

3285
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:55,800
his influence softened rather 
than faded. 

3286
02:55:55,800 --> 02:55:59,300
A reminder of when cities 
trembled at the sight of blue, 

3287
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:02,700
clad troops, William to comes as
Sherman spent his final months 

3288
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:04,800
in New York, surrounded by 
family and friends. 

3289
02:56:04,800 --> 02:56:08,000
He was stoic yet he 
occasionally, made sad remarks 

3290
02:56:08,000 --> 02:56:10,000
about how the Civil War ruined 
his reputation. 

3291
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,600
He recognized that for many 
Southerners, his name, 

3292
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:17,400
symbolized Terror, a reminder of
burned houses, ruined, railroads

3293
02:56:17,400 --> 02:56:20,700
and the unrelenting. 
March of Union forces to many 

3294
02:56:20,700 --> 02:56:23,500
particularly in the north, he 
was the driving Factor behind 

3295
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:26,900
the confederacy's demise 
ultimately sparing, many lives, 

3296
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:31,500
by ending the war, The dichotomy
left him, resigned historical 

3297
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:35,100
assessments are really balanced,
especially for those who shape 

3298
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,600
conflict in new disputed ways. 
Sherman became ill with 

3299
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,200
pneumonia, in January 1891, 
doctors tried to restore his 

3300
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,500
health, but difficulties 
occurred by early February. 

3301
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:47,400
It was clear. 
He was unlikely to recover. 

3302
02:56:47,400 --> 02:56:50,900
He faced his declined, 
discreetly assuming some 

3303
02:56:50,900 --> 02:56:54,200
treatments and his mortality 
with the same candle, he used in

3304
02:56:54,200 --> 02:56:58,500
strategy Family members watched 
him closely recalling how the 

3305
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:01,300
once Unstoppable man appeared 
weak under the light of the 

3306
02:57:01,300 --> 02:57:05,100
bedside lamp. 
He died on February 14th, 1891 

3307
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:10,100
at the age of 71 new spread 
across the country Southerners 

3308
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:12,700
reacted, calmly to the 
announcement, some newspapers, 

3309
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:15,700
ran brief obituaries, While 
others recalled, the misery 

3310
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:19,700
caused in the north. 
Praises poured in hailing him as

3311
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:22,400
a hero who broke the wars 
Illusions and drove the South to

3312
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:25,100
its knees. 
Foreign commentators reflected 

3313
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,100
on how the American Civil War 
influenced worldwide military 

3314
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:30,800
thinking. 
Observing that Sherman's death 

3315
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:33,700
marked, the end of an era of 
bold large-scale. 

3316
02:57:33,700 --> 02:57:36,900
Maneuver a Warfare. 
Sherman's funeral in New York, 

3317
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:40,100
Drew massive crowds to the 
streets veterans, wearing 

3318
02:57:40,100 --> 02:57:42,400
uniforms saluted, the casket 
young. 

3319
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:45,300
Observers were captivated by The
Legend and listened to Serious 

3320
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:47,300
comments from generals who had 
served under him. 

3321
02:57:47,300 --> 02:57:49,900
The Army provided full honors as
a final. 

3322
02:57:49,900 --> 02:57:52,400
Homage to the man, whose 
worldview was defined by his 

3323
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,500
dedication to duty. 
Pall, bearers included, notable 

3324
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:58,900
Civic and Military figures, 
emphasizing his life's impact on

3325
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:01,400
American growth. 
They brought his remains to 

3326
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:04,500
Saint Louis with quiet solemnity
where he was buried. 

3327
02:58:04,500 --> 02:58:07,800
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 
had died a few years before 

3328
02:58:07,800 --> 02:58:10,900
afterward newspapers and 
magazines began to look back 

3329
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:15,300
writers, debated morality and 
necessity determines campaigns 

3330
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:17,300
enhance combat or spark new 
conflicts. 

3331
02:58:18,100 --> 02:58:21,000
Some editorial lists credited 
him with inventing the concept 

3332
02:58:21,000 --> 02:58:25,600
of modern Total War emphasizing 
how entire communities not just 

3333
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,400
soldiers become involved in 
massive Warfare. 

3334
02:58:29,300 --> 02:58:31,800
Some voiced worried about the 
impact on civilian, life and 

3335
02:58:31,800 --> 02:58:34,000
property. 
Claiming that his approach 

3336
02:58:34,000 --> 02:58:36,600
called into question. 
The ethics of War military 

3337
02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:38,600
academies around the world 
evaluated. 

3338
02:58:38,600 --> 02:58:42,500
His Maneuvers adopting or 
criticizing his ideas before 

3339
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:45,900
World War 1 German officers 
thoroughly researched the march 

3340
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:48,400
to the sea to establish their 
philosophy. 

3341
02:58:49,300 --> 02:58:51,100
Sherman's notion that war should
be conducted. 

3342
02:58:51,100 --> 02:58:54,200
Decisively eliminating Illusions
and safe. 

3343
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:57,200
Haven's has far reaching 
consequences Beyond American 

3344
02:58:57,200 --> 02:59:00,000
borders. 
Many nations romanticized, 

3345
02:59:00,000 --> 02:59:02,600
notion of combat, would conflict
with the brutal reality. 

3346
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:06,500
He highlighted Decades. 
Later, European nations would 

3347
02:59:06,500 --> 02:59:09,300
participate in even more divest.
Dating Wars prompting, the 

3348
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,100
question was Sherman. 
A Visionary, a prophet of 

3349
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,600
mechanized destruction. 
Personal stories about Uncle. 

3350
02:59:15,600 --> 02:59:20,000
Billy were well known among 
aging Union, veterans, Hannah to

3351
02:59:20,000 --> 02:59:22,800
speak with a terrified child or 
having a humble lunch with a 

3352
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:25,300
rural household. 
These pieces are tempted to 

3353
02:59:25,300 --> 02:59:27,800
portray the man who was 
frequently despised by many 

3354
02:59:27,800 --> 02:59:30,800
Southerners. 
Historians who read his letters 

3355
02:59:30,800 --> 02:59:34,200
discovered that he had a comic 
side frequently calming tense 

3356
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:38,300
situations with dry humor. 
Contradictions are bound a kind,

3357
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,400
Father Figure to his men and 
unrelenting Terror to his 

3358
02:59:41,400 --> 02:59:44,500
adversaries and a scathing 
critic of half measures in 

3359
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:47,100
combat. 
Sherman along with Grant Lee and

3360
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:50,200
Jackson was recognized as 
pivotal figures in the Civil War

3361
02:59:50,200 --> 02:59:53,200
over time. 
Statues appeared some in the 

3362
02:59:53,208 --> 02:59:57,100
north depicting him on Horseback
with a determined expression and

3363
02:59:57,100 --> 03:00:00,000
fewer in the South where he was 
frequently overshadowed by Local

3364
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:02,600
Heroes. 
The older generation that lived 

3365
03:00:02,600 --> 03:00:04,200
through the conflict as died 
away. 

3366
03:00:04,200 --> 03:00:08,300
Leaving a legacy characterized 
by textbooks speeches and 

3367
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:10,900
Battlefield tours. 
Sherman's historical 

3368
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:13,700
significance, was substantial, 
but challenging for a nascent 

3369
03:00:13,700 --> 03:00:16,100
Nation. 
Historians developed fresh 

3370
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:19,500
perspectives over time. 
Some of investigated, the cycle 

3371
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:23,100
impact of the Florida Wetlands 
on the young Lieutenant, some of

3372
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:25,800
suggested that his family's 
links to Thomas, Ewing had an 

3373
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:27,200
important impact on his early 
success. 

3374
03:00:28,300 --> 03:00:30,700
Many questioned his performance 
during the Indian Wars 

3375
03:00:30,700 --> 03:00:33,600
questioning, how a commander 
known for defending the union 

3376
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:36,500
could Advocate harsh measures 
against indigenous tribes. 

3377
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:39,500
These layers underscore the 
complexities of his life. 

3378
03:00:39,500 --> 03:00:43,600
He was neither a simple hero or 
a villain but rather a figure of

3379
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:47,300
a changing America managing 
crises technological 

3380
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:49,600
developments and expanding 
Frontiers. 

3381
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:53,700
Sherman's name conjures up, 
pictures of Relentless columns 

3382
03:00:53,700 --> 03:00:56,800
flaming Depots and a war that 
changed the face of conflict. 

3383
03:00:57,500 --> 03:01:00,400
William to come say, Sherman is 
still regarded as a key 

3384
03:01:00,400 --> 03:01:03,200
character in The Civil War 
Pantheon, yet views of his 

3385
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:07,700
actions continue to shift over 
130 years after his death, 

3386
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:11,000
historians military Scholars and
interested. 

3387
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:14,100
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 
search of nuanced insights. 

3388
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:18,300
Many people are talking about 
his hardwar theory, which holds 

3389
03:01:18,300 --> 03:01:21,000
that determinator struggle and 
Nation must attack. 

3390
03:01:21,000 --> 03:01:24,000
The opponent's ability to 
sustain itself rather than 

3391
03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:28,100
simply defeating forces in open 
battle His Effectiveness in this

3392
03:01:28,100 --> 03:01:31,100
area is widely attributed to 
hastening the confederacies 

3393
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:33,800
demise. 
Sherman's techniques are 

3394
03:01:33,800 --> 03:01:36,700
sometimes compared to those used
in 20th century, total conflicts

3395
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:40,000
in which entire economies and 
civilian populations, are 

3396
03:01:40,000 --> 03:01:43,600
targeted critics, questioned if 
the practices establishes a 

3397
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:46,100
troubling precedent that moral 
barriers can be crossed for the 

3398
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:49,900
sake of expediency, others argue
that Sherman's, tough attitude, 

3399
03:01:49,900 --> 03:01:51,800
and doubtedly. 
Shortened, the walls duration 

3400
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:55,000
preventing thousands of further 
Battlefield casualties. 

3401
03:01:56,000 --> 03:01:58,900
When military doctrines develop 
Beyond Frontline, engagements 

3402
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:02,000
the tension between practicality
and morality becomes 

3403
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:06,000
increasingly essential. 
In the South memories of Sherman

3404
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:09,900
are still shaped by generational
stories families, carry down 

3405
03:02:09,900 --> 03:02:13,700
stories about ancestors, who 
lost to my houses animals or 

3406
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:16,900
Enterprises along his path 
museums in Georgia, South 

3407
03:02:16,900 --> 03:02:19,500
Carolina and other states. 
Periodically display, 

3408
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:22,200
exhibitions about the march to 
the Seas local influence. 

3409
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:25,400
Some historians work to 
differentiate myth from reality 

3410
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:30,200
was not every fire was started 
by a Union soldier nor was every

3411
03:02:30,200 --> 03:02:33,500
structured torched. 
However, the psychological toll 

3412
03:02:33,500 --> 03:02:36,500
of an Unstoppable Army marching 
across the countryside was 

3413
03:02:36,500 --> 03:02:40,400
evident Meanwhile, Northern 
cities that formerly supported 

3414
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:42,500
him attempt to analyze his full 
Legacy. 

3415
03:02:42,500 --> 03:02:46,300
War memorials in areas like New 
York and Ohio depict him as a 

3416
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:48,100
pivotal figure in the Union's 
Deliverance. 

3417
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,900
School textbooks, stresses 
Devotion, to Grant his 

3418
03:02:51,900 --> 03:02:55,900
operational genius, and the 
conclusion, he helped bring to a

3419
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:58,100
war that threatened to fracture 
the country irrevocably. 

3420
03:02:59,200 --> 03:03:01,900
A few paragraphs might describe 
how he disliked political power 

3421
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:05,700
and preferred clear command. 
Younger Generations, perceive a 

3422
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:10,000
nearly cinematic, figure Brazen 
Unstoppable, a contradiction of 

3423
03:03:10,000 --> 03:03:13,300
savagery and compassion who 
altered Americans perceptions of

3424
03:03:13,308 --> 03:03:16,600
battle. 
Sherman's personal documents, 

3425
03:03:16,600 --> 03:03:19,700
which are preserved in 
libraries, Illustrate, the 

3426
03:03:19,700 --> 03:03:23,200
intricacies of his relationships
letters to his wife, Ellen 

3427
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:24,700
expressed love, and parental 
care. 

3428
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:27,400
Particularly when they lost 
their son, William Memphis. 

3429
03:03:28,500 --> 03:03:31,500
Correspondence with fellow 
officers illustrates the stress 

3430
03:03:31,500 --> 03:03:33,700
that weighed on him. 
Particularly in the Dark 

3431
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:36,300
Knights, preceding important 
operations. 

3432
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,100
There's a fleeting impression 
that beneath the stern 

3433
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:42,100
General's. 
Public face a man struggled with

3434
03:03:42,100 --> 03:03:45,200
the internal reservations about 
the Unstoppable machine. 

3435
03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:49,800
He'd set in Motion in scholarly 
areas studies of reconstruction 

3436
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:53,400
address his post-war Deeds. 
Some argue that despite his 

3437
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:56,500
ability to affect Southern 
reintegration, he mostly 

3438
03:03:56,500 --> 03:03:59,400
deferred to Civil Authorities 
and focused on limited Army 

3439
03:03:59,400 --> 03:04:01,600
duties. 
Did he demonstrate smart 

3440
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:03,700
statesmanship? 
Or did he allow systemic 

3441
03:04:03,700 --> 03:04:07,000
Injustice to continue? 
The discussion continues, 

3442
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:11,100
according to the record Sherman,
considered himself, first and 

3443
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:14,000
foremost, to Soldier. 
And he rarely saw the Army as an

3444
03:04:14,000 --> 03:04:17,400
instrument for sweeping social 
engineering, this perspective, 

3445
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:21,000
aligning, with his pragmatic 
approach significantly shaped 

3446
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,000
the course of reconstruction, 
both positively and negatively, 

3447
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:27,400
Sherman's image appears in 
novels documentaries and 

3448
03:04:27,400 --> 03:04:30,500
historical dramas, that aimed to
capture the passion of the Civil

3449
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:33,000
War. 
Filmmakers show, him poised on 

3450
03:04:33,008 --> 03:04:37,600
Horseback watching a horizon. 
Tinged orange by fires or in 

3451
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:39,900
frenetic staff meetings with 
maps strewn out over. 

3452
03:04:39,900 --> 03:04:43,500
Rickety tables these portrayals 
frequently exaggerated for 

3453
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:46,500
dramatic effect. 
But they reflect a long-standing

3454
03:04:46,500 --> 03:04:50,300
fascination with the man who 
accepted the brutal facts of war

3455
03:04:50,300 --> 03:04:54,500
and forced the South to taste. 
The bitter fruit of defeat the 

3456
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:57,900
conflict between actuality and 
myth is rarely resolved. 

3457
03:04:57,900 --> 03:05:00,800
Expressing the essence of a 
character who thrived on 

3458
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:04,100
contradiction. 
Finally, Sherman story is a 

3459
03:05:04,100 --> 03:05:07,900
microcosm of American history in
the mid-19th century, a country.

3460
03:05:07,900 --> 03:05:11,100
Stumbling from compromised, to 
come from front of debating, 

3461
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:13,700
whether to remain a single 
political unit or split 

3462
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:16,000
irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

3463
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:18,800
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

3464
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:22,200
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

3465
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:25,000
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

3466
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:27,300
battle. 
His traces are still visible, 

3467
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:30,800
not only on Georgian territory 
but also in how America deals 

3468
03:05:30,800 --> 03:05:32,900
with the duties and costs of 
military Conflict. 

3469
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:37,000
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

3470
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,100
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

3471
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:43,000
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

3472
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:47,000
tragedy Sculpted by the Steely 
will of individuals who once 

3473
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:49,700
marched across the stage of an 
evolving National drama. 

3474
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:01,500
The Faded color photographs from
1938 Germany present a paradox 

3475
03:06:01,500 --> 03:06:05,400
smiling families at lakeside. 
Resorts industrial workers 

3476
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,300
leaving modern factories with 
steady paychecks and cultural 

3477
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:10,500
festivals celebrating Regional 
Traditions. 

3478
03:06:10,500 --> 03:06:14,100
These images Clash dramatically 
with the historical narrative, 

3479
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,700
many of internalized, yet for 
millions of ordinary Germans, 

3480
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:21,900
the late, 1930s represented, not
Darkness descending, but rather 

3481
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:26,600
of bewildering economic 
Renaissance, Horst Mueller, a 

3482
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:29,000
machinist from duesberg 
represented. 

3483
03:06:29,000 --> 03:06:32,900
A typical experience. 
After years of humiliating 

3484
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:35,400
unemployment during the 
hyperinflation of the vimara 

3485
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:39,800
Republic by 1938. 
He supervised 12 workers in a 

3486
03:06:39,800 --> 03:06:44,600
steel manufacturing plant. 
His salary, afforded him simple.

3487
03:06:44,600 --> 03:06:48,900
But previously unimaginable 
luxuries, small radio occasional

3488
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:52,100
restaurant meals and a savings 
account for his family's future.

3489
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:55,100
Politics. 
We discussed little is surviving

3490
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:58,400
letters reveal. 
The feeling was why question 

3491
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,100
what seems to be working? 
Propaganda. 

3492
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:03,800
Minister, Joseph Goebbels, built
this economic transformation. 

3493
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:07,800
Dubbed, the German economic 
Miracle on unsustainable 

3494
03:07:07,800 --> 03:07:10,300
foundations. 
Massive military spending 

3495
03:07:10,300 --> 03:07:14,300
accumulating foreign debt and 
fiscal sleight of hand disguised

3496
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:17,200
by the appropriation of Jewish 
assets and later plundering of 

3497
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,000
foreign resources, but for 
ordinary Germans like Mueller, 

3498
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:23,700
These macroeconomic realities 
remained abstracted from daily 

3499
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:26,600
experience. 
The contrast with the traumatic 

3500
03:07:26,600 --> 03:07:29,300
post World War one year's proved
powerful enough to Garner 

3501
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:33,900
genuine if contingent popular 
support. the regime's 

3502
03:07:33,900 --> 03:07:36,900
cultivation of Volkswagen 
Mineshaft People's Community, 

3503
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:40,000
fostered, a paradoxical 
environment where many Germans 

3504
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,400
simultaneously experienced new 
forms of social Mobility me 

3505
03:07:43,400 --> 03:07:47,200
while witnessing increasing 
exclusion of designated outside,

3506
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:52,500
as Organizations like craft Durk
freuder strength through Joy 

3507
03:07:52,500 --> 03:07:56,500
offered working class Germans 
unprecedented access to leisure 

3508
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:59,800
activities previously reserved 
for the wealthy subsidized, 

3509
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:02,800
cruises concert tickets and spa 
treatments. 

3510
03:08:02,800 --> 03:08:05,500
That fostered a sense of 
national unity and advancement. 

3511
03:08:06,600 --> 03:08:10,900
Helga Schneider. a secretary at 
a Berlin Insurance firm recorded

3512
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:14,700
in her diary Attended the Berlin
Philharmonic for the first time,

3513
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:17,800
father would never have imagined
his daughter in such 

3514
03:08:17,808 --> 03:08:20,500
surroundings. 
It is strange to think about how

3515
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:23,600
much has changed in five years. 
This sense of social 

3516
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,800
transformation, created genuine 
attachment to the regime among 

3517
03:08:26,800 --> 03:08:30,100
many who had previously felt 
marginalized the educational 

3518
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,100
system. 
Underwent Swift transformation, 

3519
03:08:32,100 --> 03:08:36,100
curriculum changes emphasized 
Germanic cultural contributions 

3520
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:38,600
while gradually diminishing 
humanistic education. 

3521
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:43,000
Teachers navigated complex 
allegiances with many quietly 

3522
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,000
preserving older, educational 
Traditions, while superficially 

3523
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:48,300
complying with the ideological 
mandates. 

3524
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:51,700
Students found themselves caught
between competing values 

3525
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:54,100
systems. 
Traditional parental values 

3526
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:56,800
versus new ideological, 
imperatives and classrooms and 

3527
03:08:56,800 --> 03:09:00,000
youth organizations religion. 
Contrary to simplified 

3528
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:03,200
historical accounts, maintained 
considerable influence. 

3529
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:06,000
While some not see, officials 
envisioned. 

3530
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,700
Eventually eliminating religious
institutions, the pragmatic 

3531
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:13,800
reality saw complex 
accommodations the 19303 Concord

3532
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:16,000
act with the Vatican temporarily
stabilized. 

3533
03:09:16,000 --> 03:09:19,100
Catholic State relations, while 
Protestant churches fragmented 

3534
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:22,000
between the regime aligned 
German Christians and the 

3535
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:25,500
oppositional confessing Church. 
Most Germans maintained 

3536
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:28,500
religious practices, creating 
compartmentalized belief 

3537
03:09:28,500 --> 03:09:31,300
systems, that allowed 
simultaneous adherence to 

3538
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:33,700
traditional faith and new 
ideological commitments. 

3539
03:09:34,600 --> 03:09:37,800
Media transformation proceeded 
rapidly after 1933. 

3540
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,700
State control of radio 
broadcasting Film Production and

3541
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:44,400
print media created an 
information environment where 

3542
03:09:44,400 --> 03:09:47,200
alternative perspectives became 
increasingly inaccessible. 

3543
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:51,100
Foreign radio broadcasts remain 
technically available but were 

3544
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,800
criminalized in 1939. 
The sophisticated propaganda 

3545
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:58,100
apparatus under gerbils, didn't 
simply fabricate reality but 

3546
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:01,000
rather selectively emphasized 
certain facts while suppressing 

3547
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:03,400
others. 
Making critical evaluation 

3548
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:05,400
increasingly difficult for 
average citizens. 

3549
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:09,600
As in international tensions, 
mounted through 1938 and 9 

3550
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:13,700
ordinary Germans responded with 
complex emotions, the bloodless 

3551
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:16,300
annexation of Austria and the 
Sudan generated. 

3552
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:20,200
Genuine nationalist Pride, yet 
War fears remained pronounced 

3553
03:10:20,200 --> 03:10:23,400
the generation that had 
experienced the catastrophic 

3554
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:25,600
losses of the first world war 
Harbor. 

3555
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:27,700
Deep anxiety is about renewed 
conflict. 

3556
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:31,900
When mobilization orders finally
arrived in August 1939, 

3557
03:10:31,900 --> 03:10:34,700
contemporary accounts, reveal 
more resignation than 

3558
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:38,000
enthusiasm. 
Stark contrast to the jubilant 

3559
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:42,400
crowds of, August 1914. 
As German forces massed on the 

3560
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:45,300
Polish border. 
The foundations for catastrophe 

3561
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:49,100
were set the economic Miracle. 
Had created, genuine material 

3562
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:51,300
improvements without sustainable
foundations. 

3563
03:10:51,300 --> 03:10:55,700
Ideological indoctrination had 
proceeded unevenly but had 

3564
03:10:55,700 --> 03:10:57,800
successfully isolated critical 
perspectives. 

3565
03:10:58,600 --> 03:11:01,200
Most crucially, the moral 
framework for evaluating 

3566
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:04,200
leadership decisions had been 
systematically undermined. 

3567
03:11:04,200 --> 03:11:07,500
Millions of ordinary Germans 
became participants in 

3568
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:11,300
extraordinary crimes. 
Setting the stage on September 

3569
03:11:11,300 --> 03:11:16,900
27th. 1939 Warsaw capitulated to
German forces as Feld. 

3570
03:11:16,900 --> 03:11:20,900
Vable Sergeant called degenhart,
wrote home the campaign ended so

3571
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:23,300
quickly, many of us still have 
the food rations, we packed 

3572
03:11:23,300 --> 03:11:26,200
three weeks ago. 
My company lost just two men. 

3573
03:11:26,200 --> 03:11:29,300
Father's stories of the Somme 
seem like Tales From Another 

3574
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:32,200
Universe. 
The Polish campaign established 

3575
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,600
a cycle pattern that would prove
devastating in the coming years.

3576
03:11:35,600 --> 03:11:40,300
Military success came so swiftly
and at such minimal cost. 

3577
03:11:40,300 --> 03:11:43,600
That it fundamentally altered 
German perceptions of warfare 

3578
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:46,100
itself. 
Unlike the protracted trench 

3579
03:11:46,100 --> 03:11:50,200
warfare of 1914 to 1918 that a 
traumatized degeneration, 

3580
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:54,400
Blitzkrieg Victory is reinforced
a dangerous misconception that 

3581
03:11:54,400 --> 03:11:58,000
Modern Warfare could be limited 
decisive, and relatively 

3582
03:11:58,000 --> 03:12:01,000
bloodless for the victors. 
This perception would later. 

3583
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:03,400
Make the grinding a traditional 
Warfare on the Eastern Front, 

3584
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:05,300
all the more cycle, logically 
devastating. 

3585
03:12:06,300 --> 03:12:09,200
The domestic experience of these
early victories created an 

3586
03:12:09,200 --> 03:12:13,800
atmosphere that historians now 
term performance legitimacy, the

3587
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:16,600
regime's ability to deliver 
military successes temporally 

3588
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:20,100
overshadowed critiques, even 
among those Germans harboring 

3589
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:24,400
private reservations. 
Newsreels showing German forces 

3590
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:27,900
entering Paris in June 1940 
generated authentic national 

3591
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:31,600
pride across political divides. 
As one Social Democratic 

3592
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:34,700
Underground activist reluctantly
confessed in a monitored 

3593
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:39,200
conversation I detest everything
about them but I never imagined 

3594
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:41,700
I would live to see France 
defeated in six weeks. 

3595
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:44,600
Occupational policies across 
Western Europe. 

3596
03:12:44,600 --> 03:12:47,800
Initially reflected strategic 
restraint more than ideological 

3597
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:51,600
moderation in countries. 
Deemed racially acceptable like 

3598
03:12:51,600 --> 03:12:54,600
Denmark Norway and parts of 
France. 

3599
03:12:55,600 --> 03:12:57,100
Occupational authorities. 
Established. 

3600
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,500
What historians now termed soft 
to Germany maintaining 

3601
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,500
fundamental control while 
allowing substantial autonomy in

3602
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:06,500
non-military matters. 
This calculated approach 

3603
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:09,500
minimized resistance while 
extracting economic benefits at 

3604
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:12,400
sustainable levels. 
Food rationing in Germany 

3605
03:13:12,400 --> 03:13:16,400
remained, remarkably generous 
through 1940 and 1941 compared 

3606
03:13:16,400 --> 03:13:20,600
to WWE standards. 
Creating an illusion of economic

3607
03:13:20,600 --> 03:13:23,300
sustainability. 
German civilians, received 

3608
03:13:23,300 --> 03:13:26,300
approximately 2400 calories 
daily during this period. 

3609
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:31,900
Stark contrast to the turnip 
winter of 1916 and 17 when 

3610
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:34,000
rations fell below 1000 
calories. 

3611
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:37,300
This relative abundance. 
Stemmed from systematic 

3612
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:40,300
exploitation of occupied 
territories, particularly 

3613
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:44,100
Poland, where caloric intake for
non-germans, was deliberately 

3614
03:13:44,100 --> 03:13:46,100
depressed to support German 
consumption. 

3615
03:13:47,000 --> 03:13:49,800
The ethical implications of this
Comfort remained largely 

3616
03:13:49,800 --> 03:13:52,900
invisible to ordinary Germans 
military success. 

3617
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:54,800
Transformed. 
The relationship between the 

3618
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:59,100
bear Market in the regime, 
Before 1939, the officer Corps 

3619
03:13:59,100 --> 03:14:01,900
had maintained a certain 
institutional distance from Nazi

3620
03:14:01,900 --> 03:14:06,000
ideology preserving vestiges of 
traditional military values. 

3621
03:14:06,000 --> 03:14:08,900
The unexpected triumph over 
France shattered. 

3622
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,500
This Detachment General Wilhelm 
Keitel reflected the 

3623
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:16,700
institutional shift, when he 
declared in July 1940, the furor

3624
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,600
has proven himself, a military, 
genius, beyond the comprehension

3625
03:14:19,600 --> 03:14:23,200
of traditional strategy. 
We are privileged to serve in 

3626
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:26,100
this historic mission. 
This subordination of 

3627
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:28,800
professional military judgment 
to Hitler's intuitive 

3628
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:32,500
decision-making would have 
catastrophic consequences when 

3629
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:36,500
facing the Soviet Union. 
Tourism represents an overlooked

3630
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:41,600
aspect of early War experiences 
between 1940 and 1941 over 

3631
03:14:41,600 --> 03:14:45,800
150,000, German civilians 
visited Paris was tourists 

3632
03:14:45,800 --> 03:14:48,900
staying in requisition hotels 
and enjoying preferential 

3633
03:14:48,900 --> 03:14:52,200
exchange rates that made luxury 
goods affordable to middle-class

3634
03:14:52,200 --> 03:14:55,900
Germans for the first time. 
Photographs show, German 

3635
03:14:55,900 --> 03:14:58,600
families pausing at the Eiffel 
Tower while wearing their best 

3636
03:14:58,600 --> 03:15:01,000
clothes. 
An experience of Imperial 

3637
03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:04,400
tourism that normalized 
occupation and created an 

3638
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:06,800
emotional investment and 
continued German dominance. 

3639
03:15:07,500 --> 03:15:10,300
The absence of significant 
Allied bombing During the period

3640
03:15:10,300 --> 03:15:13,500
maintained, an artificial 
barrier between military fronts 

3641
03:15:13,500 --> 03:15:17,100
and civilian experience, 
luftwaffe Pilot helmet Bergman 

3642
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:21,100
wrote home in October 1940. 
We fly daily against England. 

3643
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:24,700
While our cities remain 
untouched, the presidency was a 

3644
03:15:24,700 --> 03:15:27,400
different kind of War entirely 
than what grandfather described.

3645
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:31,000
This separation of combat from 
Homefront experience, would 

3646
03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:34,400
collapse dramatically and 
subsequent years, educational 

3647
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:37,400
institutions, intensified 
ideological components as 

3648
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:41,300
victories accumulated, chemistry
lessons, Incorporated examples 

3649
03:15:41,300 --> 03:15:45,400
from poison, gas development, 
mathematics problems, calculated

3650
03:15:45,400 --> 03:15:49,400
bomb trajectories and literature
classes studied only a probe 

3651
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:51,800
texts emphasizing Germanic 
cultural superiority. 

3652
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:55,600
This curricular transformation 
accelerated. 

3653
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:58,700
Pre-existing Tendencies, while 
systematically eliminating 

3654
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:02,100
alternative perspectives. 
Preparations for Operation 

3655
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:04,600
Barbarossa. 
The invasion of the Soviet Union

3656
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:08,300
in early 1941, revealed the 
first serious resource 

3657
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:11,400
constraints. 
Strategic materials like rubber 

3658
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:15,000
certain metals and petroleum 
products faced increasing 

3659
03:16:15,000 --> 03:16:17,900
restrictions. 
These limitations were presented

3660
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:19,800
to the public as temporary 
sacrifices. 

3661
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,600
Necessary for the final great 
campaign, that would secure 

3662
03:16:23,600 --> 03:16:25,400
Germany's resource needs 
permanently. 

3663
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:29,000
This framing established a 
psychological pattern that would

3664
03:16:29,000 --> 03:16:32,300
persist even as military 
setbacks accumulated present 

3665
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:35,000
difficulties were always 
portrayed as temporary obstacles

3666
03:16:35,000 --> 03:16:36,300
before. 
Inevitable victory. 

3667
03:16:37,300 --> 03:16:40,400
As German forces prepared to 
invade the Soviet Union in June 

3668
03:16:40,400 --> 03:16:43,100
1941. 
A fundamental transformation. 

3669
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:47,200
Had occurred in German Society. 
Military success had created 

3670
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:49,900
genuine popular investment in 
continued expansion. 

3671
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,100
Economic benefits. 
Derived from Conquest to 

3672
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:55,700
established material 
dependencies, on the continued 

3673
03:16:55,700 --> 03:16:58,100
occupation professional 
institution. 

3674
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:00,900
Had surrendered critical 
Independence to align with 

3675
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:04,900
perceived historical momentum. 
Most crucial alternative 

3676
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:07,700
perspectives had been 
systematically eliminated from 

3677
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:10,900
public discourse, creating an 
information environment where 

3678
03:17:10,900 --> 03:17:13,800
even pragmatic assessment of 
risks became nearly impossible. 

3679
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:17,800
The German invasion of the 
Soviet Union on the June 22nd 

3680
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:21,400
1941 proceeded with such initial
momentum. 

3681
03:17:21,400 --> 03:17:22,800
That Victory appeared 
inevitable. 

3682
03:17:24,200 --> 03:17:27,500
By early October Army group 
Center had encircled, massive 

3683
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:31,000
Soviet formations of the asthma 
and bryansk, capturing over 

3684
03:17:31,000 --> 03:17:35,300
600,000 prisoners, German 
newsreels proclaim the Soviet 

3685
03:17:35,300 --> 03:17:38,400
military effectively destroyed 
as a fighting force. 

3686
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:43,000
Maps displayed in public spaces 
throughout Germany, showed 

3687
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:46,300
dramatic Eastern advances 
represented by flags and arrows 

3688
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:49,800
sweeping toward Moscow. 
This visual propaganda created a

3689
03:17:49,800 --> 03:17:52,300
widespread expectation. 
That the war would end by 

3690
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:55,800
Christmas 1941. 
This expectation made the 

3691
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:58,300
subsequent winter crisis. 
All the more psychologically 

3692
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:02,100
devastating Letters from 
soldiers on the Eastern Front 

3693
03:18:02,100 --> 03:18:04,800
revealed a shocking 
transformation Lieutenant. 

3694
03:18:04,800 --> 03:18:09,200
Verna, Haas wrote in September, 
1941 the campaign proceeds 

3695
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:12,200
faster than we can follow on our
maps by December. 

3696
03:18:12,200 --> 03:18:13,900
His tone had fundamentally 
changed. 

3697
03:18:14,700 --> 03:18:16,900
We sleep in holes scraped and 
frozen ground. 

3698
03:18:16,900 --> 03:18:21,000
Our equipment fails in this 
cold, the enemy keeps coming 

3699
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:23,000
with fresh troops from 
somewhere. 

3700
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,100
This abrupt reversal shattered, 
confidence across military ranks

3701
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:29,200
and created. 
The first significant 

3702
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:31,900
credibility, gap between 
Frontline reality and Homefront 

3703
03:18:31,900 --> 03:18:34,000
perceptions. 
The logistical systems 

3704
03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:36,600
sustaining, German forces 
collapsed under the Dual 

3705
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:39,600
pressures of distance and 
whether Railway gauges in the 

3706
03:18:39,608 --> 03:18:43,000
Soviet Union differed from 
European standards, requiring 

3707
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,400
extensive conversion work, 
Soviet scorched-earth policies, 

3708
03:18:46,400 --> 03:18:49,900
left, few usable resources in 
captured territories most 

3709
03:18:49,900 --> 03:18:53,100
critically equipment designed 
for Western European conditions.

3710
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:56,900
Fail catastrophically, an 
extreme cold tank engines. 

3711
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:00,700
Wouldn't start weapon lubricants
froze and soldiers suffered 

3712
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:04,200
frostbite due to inadequate. 
Winter clothing. these failures 

3713
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:07,500
fundamental flaws in German 
planning assumptions about the 

3714
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:11,600
campaign's duration, and nature,
Herbert Richter a supply officer

3715
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:16,800
with the sixth Army documented 
the theater, Our requisition 

3716
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:19,300
system, assumed short, 
Transportation, distances and 

3717
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:22,300
Rapid Victory. 
We Now operate on all planned 

3718
03:19:22,300 --> 03:19:25,300
parameters, improvising, daily 
solutions, to Impossible 

3719
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:28,300
problems. 
The German Advanced stalled, not

3720
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:31,500
primarily from enemy action. 
But from internal systemic 

3721
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:33,500
failures that revealed planning 
short. 

3722
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:38,500
Sightedness On the home front, 
the winter of 1941 and 2 marked.

3723
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:40,900
The first significant erosion of
Civilian morale. 

3724
03:19:40,900 --> 03:19:44,900
The winter relief collection 
winter, hilfswerk took on 

3725
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:47,500
Desperate urgency, as 
authorities scrambled to collect

3726
03:19:47,500 --> 03:19:49,100
warm clothing for freezing 
troops. 

3727
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,200
This emergency measure 
inadvertently signal to 

3728
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:55,800
observant civilians that the 
campaign faced unforeseen 

3729
03:19:55,800 --> 03:19:59,800
difficulties Elaine Schmidt, a 
schoolteacher from Dresden 

3730
03:19:59,800 --> 03:20:03,300
recorded in her diary. 
We are told to donate our 

3731
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:05,400
warmest items for men, fighting 
in Russia. 

3732
03:20:06,300 --> 03:20:08,500
The situation was as favorable 
as reported. 

3733
03:20:08,500 --> 03:20:11,100
Why would they need our civilian
coats? 

3734
03:20:11,100 --> 03:20:15,300
So urgently, The declaration of 
war against the United States 

3735
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:17,100
following the Japanese attack on
Pearl. 

3736
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,900
Harbor received surprisingly, 
little attention in Germany, 

3737
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:23,100
compared to Eastern Front 
developments. 

3738
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:26,600
This, deliberate minimization 
reflected leadership awareness 

3739
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:30,700
that adding another major power 
to the conflict represented a 

3740
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:33,800
strategic catastrophe. a few 
Germans with International 

3741
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:36,100
perspective, recognized the 
implication immediately 

3742
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:40,200
Economist Heinrich, Bruning, 
wrote privately, American 

3743
03:20:40,200 --> 03:20:43,400
industrial capacity alone makes 
opposition ultimately untenable.

3744
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:45,500
This decision ranks among his 
history. 

3745
03:20:45,500 --> 03:20:49,300
His biggest miscalculation 
Resource constraints, became 

3746
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:53,700
increasingly visible throughout 
1942 rubber shortages led to The

3747
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:57,600
Disappearance of Civilian tires,
metal collection drives stripped

3748
03:20:57,600 --> 03:20:59,300
public spaces of decorative 
elements. 

3749
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:03,400
Textile rationing introduced 
increasingly synthetic fabrics 

3750
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:05,800
into clothing. 
These material changes 

3751
03:21:05,800 --> 03:21:07,600
represented. 
Daily reminders that the 

3752
03:21:07,600 --> 03:21:11,500
promised short Victorious War 
had transformed into something 

3753
03:21:11,500 --> 03:21:15,200
far more demanding Government 
messaging shifted accordingly 

3754
03:21:15,200 --> 03:21:19,500
emphasizing resilience rather 
than imminent Triumph. the 

3755
03:21:19,500 --> 03:21:22,000
character of the Eastern France,
fighting degraded moral 

3756
03:21:22,000 --> 03:21:25,500
constraints, with shocking, 
repeatedly surviving letters, 

3757
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:28,600
reveal this transformational 
Infantry Soldier. 

3758
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:31,000
Friedrich Kellner, wrote in July
1941. 

3759
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:34,700
We conduct ourselves as a 
disciplined Force, representing 

3760
03:21:34,700 --> 03:21:38,600
European civilization. 
By October, his perspective had 

3761
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:42,200
shifted drastically, the things 
occurring here defy description,

3762
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:45,500
we have entered a conflict 
Beyond conventional military 

3763
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:48,900
understanding. 
This moral degradation, stemmed 

3764
03:21:48,900 --> 03:21:52,100
partly from ideological 
indoctrination, but equally from

3765
03:21:52,100 --> 03:21:55,200
the extreme conditions, troops 
and countered constant parties 

3766
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:58,700
on threats, logistical 
desperation and survivalists 

3767
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:02,100
psychology. 
The first significant industrial

3768
03:22:02,100 --> 03:22:06,000
bombing of German cities in 1942
shattered, the psychological 

3769
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:08,700
separation between military 
fronts and civilian experience. 

3770
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:13,800
The Lubec raid of March 1942 
destroyed 30% of the historic 

3771
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:17,100
City Center, raising Vivid 
awareness, that Germany itself 

3772
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:20,700
had become a Battleground civil 
defense preparations intensified

3773
03:22:20,700 --> 03:22:23,600
with civilian spending 
increasing time in shelters, and

3774
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:27,300
basements work productivity, 
suffered as sleep, deprivation 

3775
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:29,400
became endemic in targeted 
areas. 

3776
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:32,400
Medical Systems showed 
increasing strain throughout 

3777
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:36,200
1942 Hospital trains returning 
from the Eastern Front 

3778
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:39,600
overwhelmed facilities designed 
for much lower casualty 

3779
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:42,600
rational, The wounded became 
visible throughout German 

3780
03:22:42,600 --> 03:22:45,100
cities. 
Their presence contradicted 

3781
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:48,400
official Narrative of manageable
military challenges, Dr. 

3782
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:52,800
Elizabeth Krueger working at a 
Berlin Military Hospital noted 

3783
03:22:53,600 --> 03:22:56,700
We receive men with injuries, 
indicating prolonged exposure 

3784
03:22:56,700 --> 03:23:00,000
before treatment frostbitten 
limbs, requiring amputation. 

3785
03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:03,000
Infections Advanced Beyond 
normal progress. 

3786
03:23:03,000 --> 03:23:06,800
Something is clearly failing in 
our Frontline Medical Systems by

3787
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:11,500
late 1942 rationing expanded to 
previously protected categories,

3788
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:15,300
coffee disappeared, entirely 
replaced, by ersatz, substitute 

3789
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:17,100
versions, made from roasted 
grains. 

3790
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:22,100
Meet allocations, dropped below 
300 grams, weekly red quality, 

3791
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:25,700
deteriorated as wheat flour was 
extended with potato starch and 

3792
03:23:25,700 --> 03:23:29,400
other fillers, these daily 
deprivations, created a visceral

3793
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,400
understanding that Germany 
facing constraint rather than 

3794
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,600
approaching victory. 
Starling gradon, Circle in 

3795
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:39,900
November 1942 represented, the 
decisive psychological turning 

3796
03:23:39,900 --> 03:23:42,500
point though. 
Its full implications weren't 

3797
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:45,600
immediately comprehended. 
The regime attempted to frame 

3798
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,500
the situation as a temporary 
setback, within a still viable, 

3799
03:23:48,500 --> 03:23:51,800
larger strategy. 
Radio announcements emphasized 

3800
03:23:51,800 --> 03:23:54,600
heroic resistance, rather than 
strategic catastrophe. 

3801
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:57,600
This message in temporarily 
delayed full public. 

3802
03:23:57,600 --> 03:24:01,000
Recognition of the disaster 
magnitude, but could not prevent

3803
03:24:01,000 --> 03:24:03,900
information leakage through 
millions of concerned families 

3804
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:08,600
with relatives in the encircled 
forces, As 1942 concluded, 

3805
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:11,700
German Society, had entered a 
fundamentally different 

3806
03:24:11,700 --> 03:24:15,600
relationship with the war. 
The certainties of 1940 had 

3807
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:20,400
evaporated material conditions, 
deteriorated visibly Information

3808
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,200
Management became increasingly 
difficult as gaps between 

3809
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,000
official, narratives, and 
observable reality, widened. 

3810
03:24:26,000 --> 03:24:29,000
Most significantly, the 
psychological momentum had 

3811
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:32,300
reversed rather than 
anticipating imminent victory. 

3812
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:35,900
Both military personnel, and 
civilians began adjusting to an 

3813
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:39,000
open-ended struggle with. 
No clearly articulated endpoint.

3814
03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:42,300
The foundations for eventual 
collapse were now, firmly 

3815
03:24:42,300 --> 03:24:47,000
established, By early 1943, the 
confirmation of the Starling 

3816
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:49,800
grad disaster Force to 
fundamental recalibration of 

3817
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:53,500
German war time consciousness. 
The announcement of the sixth 

3818
03:24:53,500 --> 03:24:55,500
armies. 
Destruction could be disguised 

3819
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:58,300
as a tactical setback over 
90,000 men. 

3820
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:00,700
Had been lost in a single 
catastrophic defeat. 

3821
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:05,800
Three days of official morning 
were declared an unprecedented 

3822
03:25:05,800 --> 03:25:07,500
acknowledgment of military 
failure. 

3823
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:10,200
Public spaces. 
Displayed black crepe 

3824
03:25:10,200 --> 03:25:13,300
decorations, while theaters, 
Cinemas and restaurants closed 

3825
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,000
temporarily. 
This organized grieving, ritual 

3826
03:25:16,000 --> 03:25:18,900
marked a decisive transition 
point in how Germans understood 

3827
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,200
the war's trajectory, the 
regime's response centered 

3828
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:25,900
around Joseph Goebbels, famous 
Total War speech at the Berlin 

3829
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:31,000
Sport Palace on February 18th 
1943 is carefully choreographed 

3830
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:33,600
event represented a 
sophisticated attempt to 

3831
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:37,000
transform military, disaster 
into psychological mobilization.

3832
03:25:37,900 --> 03:25:41,200
When gerbils asked his audience,
do you want Total War? 

3833
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:44,400
The enthusiastic affirmative 
response captured on film 

3834
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:48,100
reflected, not necessarily 
ideological fanaticism, but 

3835
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:51,100
rather a psychological mechanism
that social psychologists now 

3836
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,900
term escalation of commitment, 
having invested heavily in the 

3837
03:25:54,908 --> 03:25:57,900
war effort, many Germans 
responded to setbacks by 

3838
03:25:57,900 --> 03:26:00,100
increasing rather than 
questioning their investment. 

3839
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:03,300
Civilian life, underwent 
accelerated militarization 

3840
03:26:03,300 --> 03:26:07,900
throughout 1943 work weeks 
extended to 60 plus hours in 

3841
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:11,500
Almond, Industries, women 
previously, Exempted from Labor 

3842
03:26:11,500 --> 03:26:15,900
Service received conscription 
notices children's educationally

3843
03:26:15,900 --> 03:26:18,400
focused on practical War 
contributions, rather than 

3844
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:22,600
academic content. 16 year old 
Eric Kastner recorded his 

3845
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,500
experience school. 
Now consists primarily of 

3846
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:29,000
Salvage Collection, Air Raid 
response, training, and 

3847
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,600
agricultural, labor assignments,
actual classroom, instruction 

3848
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:34,600
occupies, perhaps, 10 hours 
weekly. 

3849
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:40,100
Material conditions deteriorated
as resource allocation shifted 

3850
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:42,200
decisively toward military 
priorities. 

3851
03:26:42,200 --> 03:26:46,000
Civilian clothing production 
virtually ceased families 

3852
03:26:46,000 --> 03:26:48,900
adapted by endlessly. 
Modifying existing garments. 

3853
03:26:48,900 --> 03:26:53,600
A dark joke, circulated. 
How do you recognize a 1943 

3854
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:56,100
fashion design? 
It's made from curtains with the

3855
03:26:56,100 --> 03:26:59,900
rod holds still visible. 
Building Maintenance ended for 

3856
03:26:59,900 --> 03:27:02,800
non-essential structures with 
weathering damage left 

3857
03:27:02,800 --> 03:27:05,600
unrepaired. 
Public transportation operated 

3858
03:27:05,600 --> 03:27:09,000
on reduced schedules leading to 
overcrowded vehicles. 

3859
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:12,600
These daily friction, created 
cumulative, psychological 

3860
03:27:12,600 --> 03:27:14,800
strain, that affected 
productivity, and social 

3861
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:18,300
cohesion, the Allied bombing 
campaign intensified 

3862
03:27:18,300 --> 03:27:23,200
dramatically reaching sustained 
strategic Levels by mid 1943, 

3863
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:26,500
the Hamburg Firestorm of July 
1943. 

3864
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:30,200
Operational killed, 
approximately 307,000 civilians 

3865
03:27:30,200 --> 03:27:33,000
and destroyed over 250,000 
homes. 

3866
03:27:33,000 --> 03:27:36,900
In a single concentrated attack 
sequence, The psychological 

3867
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,500
impact extended far beyond 
Hamburg itself, citizens 

3868
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:42,600
throughout Germany. 
Now, understand that similar 

3869
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:46,000
destruction could visit their 
communities at any time air, 

3870
03:27:46,000 --> 03:27:48,700
raid precautions consumed 
increasing energy and resources 

3871
03:27:48,700 --> 03:27:51,900
with substantial portions of the
population experienced in. 

3872
03:27:51,900 --> 03:27:53,900
Chronic sleep deprivation, from 
Nighttime alerts. 

3873
03:27:54,800 --> 03:27:57,900
Private correspondence, reflects
this deteriorating psychological

3874
03:27:57,900 --> 03:28:01,600
climate, Ursula Maurer a 
municipal office worker in 

3875
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:03,400
Stuttgart wrote to her evacuated
children. 

3876
03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:07,800
One lives from alert to all 
clear signal sleeping in daytime

3877
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:11,100
hours when possible carrying 
critical documents and valuables

3878
03:28:11,100 --> 03:28:14,600
everywhere, normal life rhythms 
have dissolved entirely. 

3879
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:18,300
This Perpetual stress State. 
Contributed to decline in health

3880
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:21,600
metrics across the civilian 
population with stress-related 

3881
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:23,100
ailments increasing 
dramatically. 

3882
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:26,400
Food security became an 
increasing concern, as 

3883
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:29,800
agricultural production, 
suffered from Manpower shortages

3884
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:33,300
and fertilizer constraints. 
Urban residents, established 

3885
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:35,700
informal networks. 
With rural connections, 

3886
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:38,900
arranging weekend, trips to 
farming areas for direct food 

3887
03:28:38,900 --> 03:28:42,300
purchases or barter exchanges, 
authorities, tolerated. 

3888
03:28:42,300 --> 03:28:44,600
This technically illegal 
circumvention of rationing 

3889
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:47,700
systems, recognizing its 
necessity for maintaining 

3890
03:28:47,700 --> 03:28:52,100
minimal nutrition. 
Standards By late 1943 official,

3891
03:28:52,100 --> 03:28:56,100
rations provided approximately 
1500 daily calories for normal 

3892
03:28:56,100 --> 03:28:59,700
consumers, technically 
sufficient for survival but 

3893
03:28:59,700 --> 03:29:02,200
inadequate for workers 
performing physical labor. 

3894
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:06,000
Information Management became 
increasingly challenging for 

3895
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:08,800
authorities. 
The Reich Security, main office,

3896
03:29:08,800 --> 03:29:12,300
documented growing defeatist 
conversations in public spaces, 

3897
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:15,400
while intersected private 
correspondence, revealed 

3898
03:29:15,400 --> 03:29:18,600
declining, confidence in 
official narratives rather than 

3899
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,700
direct censorship which would 
acknowledge information 

3900
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:25,500
problems, authorities responded 
with intensified propaganda, 

3901
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:29,700
emphasizing Miracle Weapons 
Under development and potential 

3902
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:33,500
divisions among allied powers. 
These narrative lost credibility

3903
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,700
among segments of the population
who had access to Alternative 

3904
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:39,500
information sources. 
Specially those who could listen

3905
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:41,900
to forbidden foreign radio 
broadcasts. 

3906
03:29:42,700 --> 03:29:45,600
Religious institutions 
experienced a notable Revival. 

3907
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:48,500
During this period Church. 
Attendance increased 

3908
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:52,400
significantly in both Protestant
and Catholic congregation with 

3909
03:29:52,400 --> 03:29:54,800
the religious authorities, 
carefully balancing spiritual 

3910
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:58,500
comfort against regime position.
Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer 

3911
03:29:58,500 --> 03:30:01,800
secret Seminary activities, 
represented the most organized 

3912
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,800
theological resistance but 
thousands of local clergy 

3913
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:07,400
provided more subtle. 
Moral alternatives to official 

3914
03:30:07,400 --> 03:30:11,100
World Views, this religious 
revitalization represented, a 

3915
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:13,900
significant cultural current 
running counter to the regime 

3916
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:17,400
totalitarian aspirations. 
The family unit, underwent 

3917
03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:20,300
profound Transformations, as 
female-headed households became 

3918
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:23,500
the norm rather than the 
exception with most working. 

3919
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:27,300
A just men in military service. 
Women assumed unprecedented 

3920
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:31,000
responsibilities managing family
finances, making educational 

3921
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:32,900
decisions and maintaining 
property. 

3922
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:36,800
This practical experience 
contradicted official, gender 

3923
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,000
ideology while creating post-war
expectations. 

3924
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:41,900
That would prove impossible to 
reverse. 

3925
03:30:42,500 --> 03:30:44,500
Sociologist Elizabeth heinemann 
terms. 

3926
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:48,800
This the negotiated patriarchy 
nominal adherence to traditional

3927
03:30:48,800 --> 03:30:51,800
gender roles while practical 
circumstances required their 

3928
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:56,700
systematic violation. 
By late 1943, German Society 

3929
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:59,400
existed in a state of 
contradictory consciousness. 

3930
03:31:00,500 --> 03:31:02,400
I shall rhetoric maintained 
Victory remained. 

3931
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:05,400
Achievable, while daily 
experience provided mounting 

3932
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:07,300
evidence of unsustainable 
decline. 

3933
03:31:07,300 --> 03:31:11,200
This cognitive dissonance 
produced social behaviors that 

3934
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:14,700
external observers often 
misinterpreted as fanaticism, 

3935
03:31:14,700 --> 03:31:17,700
but actually represented 
adaptive mechanisms for 

3936
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:21,300
navigating impossible, 
contradictions German Society 

3937
03:31:21,300 --> 03:31:23,900
had entered a condition of 
paradoxical functionality 

3938
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:27,600
maintaining productive activity.
While fundamental systems, 

3939
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:31,100
degraded beneath the surface, 
this tenuous equilibrium would 

3940
03:31:31,100 --> 03:31:34,500
face even greater challenges as 
military reversals accelerated 

3941
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:37,700
in the coming year. 
The Allied Landings in Normandy 

3942
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:42,800
on June the 6th 1944 shattered a
critical psychological bulwark. 

3943
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:48,700
since 1940 German propaganda had
emphasized, the impregnat wall 

3944
03:31:48,700 --> 03:31:52,200
defensive system, elaborate 
media reports had showcased 

3945
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:56,300
massive, concrete bunkers 
underwater obstacles and dense 

3946
03:31:56,300 --> 03:32:00,000
minefields supposedly making 
Invasion impossible. when 

3947
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:02,800
anglo-american forces 
established a viable, beachhead,

3948
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,900
despite these defenses, The 
credibility gap between official

3949
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:09,900
claims and observable reality, 
widened irreparably, Heinz 

3950
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:13,300
guderian later wrote. 
The cycle impact of the 

3951
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:16,500
successful Invasion exceeded its
immediate military significance.

3952
03:32:16,500 --> 03:32:19,900
It demonstrated that nothing 
proclaimed Impossible by our 

3953
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:22,500
leadership was actually Beyond 
Allied capabilities. 

3954
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,000
The assassination attempt 
against Hitler on the July, the 

3955
03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:29,500
20th. 1944 revealed deep 
fractures. 

3956
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,100
Within the German Elite that had
been carefully concealed from 

3957
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:34,500
public View. 
The involvement of senior 

3958
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:38,000
Military Officers Aristocrats 
diplomats and civil servants 

3959
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:40,500
contradicted, the image of 
unified National purpose, 

3960
03:32:40,500 --> 03:32:44,500
carefully, cultivated since 1933
the regime's response. 

3961
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:49,300
Approximately 5,000 execution 
and 7,000 arrests represents an 

3962
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:51,300
unprecedented in internal 
security crisis. 

3963
03:32:51,300 --> 03:32:55,900
Requiring substantial, resources
diverted from military needs 

3964
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,700
this internal Purge particularly
devastated. 

3965
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:02,200
Professional military leadership
removing experienced officers 

3966
03:33:02,200 --> 03:33:04,400
during a period of maximal 
external threat. 

3967
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:08,500
Industrialized production 
achieved paradoxical Peak 

3968
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:13,000
outputs in mid 1944 despite 
intensifying Allied bombing 

3969
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:17,000
Albert speer's, rationalization 
initiatives coupled with the 

3970
03:33:17,000 --> 03:33:20,800
exploitation of approximately 
7.6 million foreign forced 

3971
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:23,800
laborers, temporarily offset 
resource limitations. 

3972
03:33:23,800 --> 03:33:27,800
This production, Miracle created
false confidence among some 

3973
03:33:27,800 --> 03:33:31,300
leadership circles while masking
fundamental systemic 

3974
03:33:31,300 --> 03:33:33,800
vulnerabilities, the 
transportation infrastructure 

3975
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:37,200
supporting this industrial 
output particularly Railways and

3976
03:33:37,200 --> 03:33:40,200
canals faced increasing 
disruption from Precision 

3977
03:33:40,200 --> 03:33:42,400
bombing creating distribution 
bottle. 

3978
03:33:42,400 --> 03:33:44,800
Necks that left finish weapons 
stranded at production 

3979
03:33:44,800 --> 03:33:48,500
facilities foreign workers 
represented at an increasingly 

3980
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:50,300
visible presence throughout 
Germany. 

3981
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:53,100
Creating complex daily 
interactions. 

3982
03:33:53,100 --> 03:33:54,800
That contradicted racial 
ideology. 

3983
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:59,400
By 1944 approximately one 
quarter of the German Workforce 

3984
03:33:59,400 --> 03:34:02,900
consisted of foreign Nationals. 
Some voluntary workers from 

3985
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:07,300
Allied or neutral countries. 
Others conscripted laborers and 

3986
03:34:07,300 --> 03:34:11,100
still are others concentration 
camp, inmates allocated to 

3987
03:34:11,100 --> 03:34:15,000
Industrial Enterprise's while 
official policy mandated strict 

3988
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:18,800
separation practical necessity 
required working, relationships 

3989
03:34:18,800 --> 03:34:21,200
that sometimes developed into 
human connections, despite 

3990
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:24,600
severe penalties, Factory 
supervisor Wilhelm Hauser 

3991
03:34:24,600 --> 03:34:27,800
recorded Theory, dictates 
minimum interaction with Polish 

3992
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:30,200
workers. 
Reality requires, teaching, the 

3993
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:33,200
Machinery operation, which 
inevitably leads to conversation

3994
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:36,600
Beyond technical matters. 
The Soviet summer offensive, 

3995
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:43,400
operation bagration, beginning 
June 22nd 1944, destroyed Army 

3996
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:46,400
group Center inflicting losses 
from which the vermac never 

3997
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:48,600
recovered. 
The scale of This Disaster 

3998
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:53,200
surpassed even Stalingrad. 
With approximately 350000 

3999
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:55,300
German, casualties in a five 
week period. 

4000
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,900
The psychological impact was 
magnified by the timing 

4001
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:01,700
occurring simultaneously with 
the Normandy campaign. 

4002
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,700
It created inescapable awareness
that Germany faced overwhelming 

4003
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:09,100
pressure on multiple fronts 
without adequate resources for 

4004
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:12,200
Effective response. 
Military Communications from 

4005
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:15,900
this period reflect Dawning 
recognition of Inevitable. 

4006
03:35:15,900 --> 03:35:18,700
Defeat among field commanders 
though such as assessments 

4007
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:20,800
remained, criminalized if 
expressed officially. 

4008
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:25,800
Civilian evacuation programs 
expanded dramatically as Eastern

4009
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:29,500
territories became threatened. 
Approximately 1.8 million 

4010
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:32,800
Germans fled from East Prussia, 
Silesia and other Eastern 

4011
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:36,600
regions in late 1944 creating 
massive resource demands for 

4012
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:39,800
temporary housing, food 
distribution and administrative 

4013
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:42,700
services in receiving areas 
already under severe strain. 

4014
03:35:43,800 --> 03:35:46,600
These Refugee populations 
brought first-hand accounts of 

4015
03:35:46,600 --> 03:35:48,800
the military collapse that 
contradicted. 

4016
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:52,300
Sanitized official information 
accelerating awareness of the 

4017
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:55,800
Strategic situation among 
Western populations previously 

4018
03:35:55,800 --> 03:35:57,700
insulated from direct War 
effects. 

4019
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:00,200
Transportation Systems 
approached. 

4020
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:04,600
Systemic failure by Autumn 1944.
Allied bombings, specifically 

4021
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,800
targeted, Railway Junctions, 
Bridges, and Canal, locks 

4022
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:11,000
creating cascading, disruptions 
throughout the logistics 

4023
03:36:11,000 --> 03:36:13,700
Network. 
Coal deliveries to urban areas, 

4024
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:17,300
became increasingly unreliable 
leading to heating restrictions 

4025
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,500
even before winter weather 
arrived, the Ripple effects 

4026
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:24,000
extended through all sectors 
industrial production declined, 

4027
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:27,100
despite of available raw 
materials and labor food, 

4028
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:30,100
distribution suffered, despite 
adequate harvests in some 

4029
03:36:30,100 --> 03:36:34,000
regions military units, received
decreasing Supply percentages. 

4030
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:37,600
Despite prioritization efforts, 
this logistical unraveling 

4031
03:36:37,600 --> 03:36:39,600
represented. 
The Practical manifestation of 

4032
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:42,100
strategic defeat that 
theoretical analyzes had 

4033
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:45,600
predicted months early 
Propaganda messaging underwent 

4034
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,500
subtle but significant Evolution
emphasizing endurance, rather 

4035
03:36:49,500 --> 03:36:52,300
than Victory. 
The concept of holding out to 

4036
03:36:52,300 --> 03:36:55,900
her health and replace previous 
Naruto's inevitable Triumph. 

4037
03:36:56,700 --> 03:36:59,400
References to historical 
examples of national resilience 

4038
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:02,600
became prominent, particularly 
the Seven Years War, when 

4039
03:37:02,600 --> 03:37:05,700
Frederick the Great's Prussia 
survived despite seemingly 

4040
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:09,700
hopeless military circumstances.
This messaging shift, implicitly

4041
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:13,200
acknowledged the deteriorating 
situation while attempting to 

4042
03:37:13,208 --> 03:37:16,700
maintain civilian cooperation 
with the Desperate Measures. 

4043
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:21,000
The Volks Sturm people storm 
militia established in September

4044
03:37:21,000 --> 03:37:25,000
1944 represented, both practical
military, desperation, and 

4045
03:37:25,000 --> 03:37:29,100
psychological manipulation by 
conscripting males between 16 to

4046
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:31,100
60 previously, Exempted from 
service. 

4047
03:37:32,000 --> 03:37:35,400
Authorities gained approximately
175,000 poorly. 

4048
03:37:35,400 --> 03:37:37,800
Trained Personnel. 
While simultaneously creating 

4049
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:39,800
broader investment in continued 
resistance? 

4050
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:44,900
The cycle calculation proved 
partly successful families with 

4051
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:48,000
Volkswagen members Felton 
increased commitment to defense 

4052
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:51,600
measures despite recognition of 
the overall strategic situation.

4053
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:55,300
This force was military 
ineffective, but played a 

4054
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,000
socially significant role in 
maintaining civil functioning 

4055
03:37:58,000 --> 03:37:59,500
during the accelerating 
collapse. 

4056
03:38:00,900 --> 03:38:05,000
Christmas 1914 marked a poignant
cycle, Milestone, despite 

4057
03:38:05,000 --> 03:38:08,700
unprecedented material, 
shortages families, maintained 

4058
03:38:08,700 --> 03:38:10,500
holiday traditions with 
remarkable. 

4059
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:13,000
Determination Surviving records 
show. 

4060
03:38:13,000 --> 03:38:15,700
Elaborate efforts to create 
meaningful, celebrations, 

4061
03:38:15,700 --> 03:38:19,600
decorations, manufactured from 
salvaged materials gifts, 

4062
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:23,400
fashioned from repurposed items.
Special meals assembled from 

4063
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:27,000
hoarded ration portions. this 
determination reflected, not 

4064
03:38:27,000 --> 03:38:29,600
necessarily ideological 
commitment, but rather 

4065
03:38:29,600 --> 03:38:33,500
psychological necessity 
maintaining cultural continuity 

4066
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:37,900
amid disintegration The contrast
between these intimate 

4067
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:40,200
celebrations and the 
catastrophic military situation.

4068
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:44,100
The Ardennes offensive had 
already stalled, created a 

4069
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,200
dissociative experience that 
many survivors later struggled 

4070
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:52,500
to articulate coherently As 1944
concluded, German Society 

4071
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:55,000
existed in multiple 
contradictory realities 

4072
03:38:55,000 --> 03:38:58,000
simultaneously. 
Military defeat had become 

4073
03:38:58,000 --> 03:39:01,000
mathematically, inevitable given
resource disparities and 

4074
03:39:01,000 --> 03:39:04,600
territorial losses. 
Yet daily life continued with 

4075
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:08,100
remarkable functionality in 
areas, not directly affected by 

4076
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:10,700
combat. 
Institutional structures 

4077
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:13,500
maintained operational, 
continuity, despite leadership 

4078
03:39:13,500 --> 03:39:17,600
losses and resource constraints 
individual Germans navigated 

4079
03:39:17,600 --> 03:39:19,700
impossible. 
Ethical dilemmas with varying 

4080
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:21,300
degrees of compromise and 
resistance. 

4081
03:39:21,300 --> 03:39:25,200
This complex condition 
functioning organizations within

4082
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:27,800
a failing system and ethical 
individuals within a criminal 

4083
03:39:27,800 --> 03:39:31,200
State defies, simplified 
historical categorization and 

4084
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:33,300
continues to challenge 
historical, understanding 

4085
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:37,600
decades later, January 1945 
marked, the beginning of 

4086
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:41,500
comprehensive system, collapse, 
the Soviet Vistula odor 

4087
03:39:41,500 --> 03:39:43,200
offensive launched on January. 
12th. 

4088
03:39:43,200 --> 03:39:46,600
Represent Warfare of 
unprecedented ferocity on German

4089
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:49,600
soil. 
Civilized behaviors deteriorated

4090
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:53,400
rapidly on all sides Johannes 
Henshaw a municipal 

4091
03:39:53,400 --> 03:39:56,600
administrator in East Prussia, 
documented, the psychological 

4092
03:39:56,600 --> 03:40:00,300
environment, survival replaced 
all other considerations, those 

4093
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,100
with Transportation fled 
Westward immediately those 

4094
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:06,600
without became desperate Beyond 
description civil Authority. 

4095
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:09,900
Ceased functioning entirely 
within hours, this dissolution 

4096
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:12,700
of organized Society occurred 
with shocking rapidity in 

4097
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:15,200
eastern regions, creating 
behavioral dynamics, that 

4098
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:18,100
institutional structures had 
previously constrained. 

4099
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,300
The refugee crisis reached 
catastrophic proportions 

4100
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:26,600
approximately 8.5 million 
Germans fled Westward during the

4101
03:40:26,600 --> 03:40:29,100
Wars final months. 
Most during harsh. 

4102
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:32,600
Winter conditions, with minimal 
Provisions the Baltic Sea. 

4103
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:36,200
Evacuation operation, Hannibal 
moved, approximately 2 million 

4104
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:38,900
civilians from East Prussia and 
surrounding regions, despite 

4105
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:42,000
Soviet submarine attacks. 
The produced Maritime disaster 

4106
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:45,800
like The Wilhelm gustloff 
sinking 9400 deaths. 

4107
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:49,300
These desperate population, 
movements created overwhelming, 

4108
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:52,100
humanitarian challenges and 
hindered affective defense 

4109
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:54,200
preparations. 
In the western regions that were

4110
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:58,000
receiving this influx of people 
Allied bombing reached maximum 

4111
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:00,400
intensity. 
During this period, targeting 

4112
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,700
mid-sized cities, previously, 
spared, systematic destruction. 

4113
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:09,500
The Dresden firebombing of 
February 13-15, 1945, killed 

4114
03:41:09,500 --> 03:41:13,800
approximately 25,000, civilians 
and devastated, a city swollen 

4115
03:41:13,800 --> 03:41:17,100
with refugees. 
Similar attacks struck four time

4116
03:41:17,100 --> 03:41:20,500
wuertzburg and dozens of smaller
communities with limited 

4117
03:41:20,500 --> 03:41:21,700
Military. 
Significance. 

4118
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,800
This final bombing phase created
profound psychological trauma. 

4119
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,400
The post-war German Society 
struggled for decades to process

4120
03:41:29,400 --> 03:41:32,500
adequately. 
The apparent purposelessness of 

4121
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:35,000
Destruction at this late stage 
generated lasting moral 

4122
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:37,700
questions that transcended 
typical War, narratives, 

4123
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:41,900
resource systems, collapsed 
entirely Food distribution 

4124
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:45,700
became localised in a regular 
municipal water and sanitation 

4125
03:41:45,700 --> 03:41:47,500
services. 
Functioned intermittently 

4126
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:51,100
electricity, availability 
declined to a few hours daily in

4127
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,500
most regions medical supplies 
disappeared from civilian 

4128
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:57,800
facilities, currency, 
effectively lost practical 

4129
03:41:57,800 --> 03:42:02,000
value, replaced by direct barter
arrangements for essential 

4130
03:42:02,000 --> 03:42:04,300
items. 
Despite these catastrophic 

4131
03:42:04,300 --> 03:42:07,600
conditions, remarkable instances
of organizational continuity, 

4132
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:10,800
persisted hospital, 
administrator Ruth, Elke 

4133
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:13,400
documented. 
We maintain surgical Services 

4134
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:16,700
despite lacking basic 
antiseptics staff perform 

4135
03:42:16,700 --> 03:42:19,100
procedures during daylight 
hours, due to frequent 

4136
03:42:19,100 --> 03:42:22,700
electricity failures instead of 
using Supply systems staff. 

4137
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:26,000
Garden's, provide food to 
patients medicine continues, 

4138
03:42:26,000 --> 03:42:29,700
amid societal collapse. 
Military age. 

4139
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:33,700
Males face, impossible choices, 
desertion rates increased 

4140
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:36,800
dramatically despite field 
executions for undermining 

4141
03:42:36,800 --> 03:42:40,600
military morale. 
Approximately 30,000 German 

4142
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:43,500
soldiers were executed for 
disciplinary violations during 

4143
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:46,600
the war with the majority 
occurring during these final 

4144
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:49,100
months. 
Many soldiers, sought medical 

4145
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:52,900
excuses, self-inflicted 
injuries, or unauthorized home 

4146
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:54,700
visits, rather than formal 
desertion. 

4147
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:58,500
Others continue fighting despite
recognizing strategic 

4148
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:02,500
hopelessness, motivated by unit,
cohesion rather than ideological

4149
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,500
commitment. 
This complex response, pattern 

4150
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:10,200
defies simple, categorization as
either fanaticism or resistance 

4151
03:43:10,200 --> 03:43:13,500
most participants navigated 
impossible ethical terrain with 

4152
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,800
limited available options. 
Leadership psychology 

4153
03:43:16,800 --> 03:43:20,500
deteriorated markedly Hitler's 
physical decline. 

4154
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:24,000
Accelerated following the July 
1944 assassination attempt. 

4155
03:43:24,800 --> 03:43:27,700
With Witnesses describing, 
Trembling Hands, shuffling. 

4156
03:43:27,700 --> 03:43:31,000
Gait and increasing Detachment 
from operational realities. 

4157
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:34,500
His strategic directives 
becoming increasingly divorced 

4158
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:37,600
from military capabilities, 
often ordering non-existent 

4159
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:39,600
units to conduct impossible 
operations. 

4160
03:43:39,600 --> 03:43:43,200
This leadership collapse created
a vacuum filled by competing 

4161
03:43:43,200 --> 03:43:48,000
power centers himmler's and 
various military factions 

4162
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:51,000
pursued contradictory agendas 
while maintaining nominal 

4163
03:43:51,000 --> 03:43:53,700
loyalty. 
This fragmentation prevented 

4164
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:55,300
coordinated surrender, 
negotiations. 

4165
03:43:55,300 --> 03:43:57,800
That might have limited Final 
Phase destruction. 

4166
03:43:58,900 --> 03:44:02,000
The Concentration Camp system. 
Underwent frantic evacuation as 

4167
03:44:02,000 --> 03:44:05,400
Allied Forces approached 
producing notorious death. 

4168
03:44:05,400 --> 03:44:08,300
Marches with extraordinary. 
Mortality rates. 

4169
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:12,100
Camp guards forced inmates to 
walk Westwood in harsh, winter 

4170
03:44:12,100 --> 03:44:15,500
conditions with minimal 
Provisions executing. 

4171
03:44:15,500 --> 03:44:19,900
Those unable to maintain pace. 
Approximately 250,000 prisoners 

4172
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:23,800
died during these evacuations. 
German civilians and communities

4173
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:26,800
along these routes faced moral 
decisions about intervention 

4174
03:44:26,800 --> 03:44:30,800
Assistance or passive 
observation choices many would 

4175
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:34,300
later struggle to explain 
satisfactorily during post-war 

4176
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:37,500
accounting. 
This Final Phase of systemic 

4177
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:41,600
atrocity occurred amid broader 
societal disintegration creating

4178
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:45,600
complex moral entanglements, 
between perpetrators victims and

4179
03:44:45,600 --> 03:44:48,700
bystanders children experience 
particularly severe 

4180
03:44:48,700 --> 03:44:52,200
psychological trauma during this
period with schools closed 

4181
03:44:52,200 --> 03:44:54,900
indefinitely. 
Normal developmental structures 

4182
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:57,600
disappeared. 
Many youths assumed adult 

4183
03:44:57,600 --> 03:45:01,100
responsibilities managing 
households with absent parents. 

4184
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,500
The Hitler Youth Organization 
transformed from ideological 

4185
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:07,800
indoctrination, into practical 
military, auxiliary with 

4186
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:11,100
teenagers, operating 
anti-aircraft batteries serving 

4187
03:45:11,100 --> 03:45:14,300
as Courier Runners and providing
Emergency Services during 

4188
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,200
bombing raids. 
This militarization of childhood

4189
03:45:17,200 --> 03:45:20,400
created lasting psychological 
effects that psychiatrists would

4190
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:24,500
document for decades afterward 
religious resources provided 

4191
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:27,400
crucial psychological support 
for many Germans during the 

4192
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:30,300
terminal phase. 
Church attendance reached 

4193
03:45:30,300 --> 03:45:33,500
unprecedented levels despite 
building damage and clergy 

4194
03:45:33,500 --> 03:45:36,900
shortages, improvised worship 
Services occurred in basements, 

4195
03:45:36,900 --> 03:45:41,500
bunkers and damaged sanctuaries.
Theology emphasized apocalyptic 

4196
03:45:41,500 --> 03:45:44,100
themes while providing 
Frameworks for understanding 

4197
03:45:44,100 --> 03:45:46,100
suffering outside political 
narratives. 

4198
03:45:47,200 --> 03:45:51,300
Pastor Ernst, Nueve recorded. 
People who never previously, 

4199
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:55,000
showed religious interests, now 
crowd our damaged Church, they 

4200
03:45:55,000 --> 03:45:57,800
seek meaning system that 
transcends immediate 

4201
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:00,600
catastrophe. 
This religious, revival 

4202
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:04,300
represented significant movement
away from State, idology, toward

4203
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:08,100
alternative, value Frameworks, 
as Allied, Forces, penetrated 

4204
03:46:08,100 --> 03:46:11,800
deeper into Germany, civilian 
encounters with Western troops 

4205
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:14,100
often contradicted propaganda 
expectations. 

4206
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:18,200
Their marked veteran Heinrich 
bill later wrote American 

4207
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,000
soldiers, Distributing chocolate
to children, did more to 

4208
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:23,700
demolish nutsy. 
Ideology, the 12 years of 

4209
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:26,700
opposition could accomplish 
these direct interactions 

4210
03:46:26,700 --> 03:46:30,700
revealed enemy monsters as 
recognizably human accelerating 

4211
03:46:30,700 --> 03:46:34,500
psychological separation. 
From regime narratives Soviet 

4212
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:37,200
zone experience is often proved 
dramatically different. 

4213
03:46:38,100 --> 03:46:41,000
With wide spread atrocities 
creating lasting, trauma that 

4214
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:42,900
shape post-war political 
alignments. 

4215
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:47,800
Hitler's suicide on April 30th. 
1945, followed by Germany's 

4216
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:51,700
unconditional surrender on May 
8th created the formal endpoint 

4217
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:54,400
of the Nazi state. 
However, the psychological 

4218
03:46:54,400 --> 03:46:58,000
process of regime collapsed 
unevenly across German Society 

4219
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:01,000
over the preceding months and 
would continue long afterward. 

4220
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:06,200
Military historian Joachim Fest 
noted Germany experienced not 

4221
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:10,500
one surrender, but thousands of 
local capitulations occurring at

4222
03:47:10,500 --> 03:47:12,000
different moments for different 
reasons. 

4223
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:16,600
This fragmented ending created 
inconsistent experiences that 

4224
03:47:16,600 --> 03:47:19,800
complicated post-war memory 
formation and accountability 

4225
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,700
processes. 
The wars conclusion found German

4226
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:25,100
Society in catastrophic material
condition. 

4227
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:28,700
Approximately 20% of housing 
stock had been destroyed. 

4228
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:32,600
Transportation infrastructure 
had collapsed in industrial 

4229
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:36,400
production had ceased almost 
entirely food production had 

4230
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,700
fallen to approximately 35% of 
pre-war levels. 

4231
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:44,500
Beyond physical Devastation, the
cycle condition, proved equally 

4232
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:48,300
damaged Collective, trauma 
disrupted, identity formation, 

4233
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:51,700
and moral compromise, created 
lasting effects that would 

4234
03:47:51,700 --> 03:47:53,800
shape, German development for 
Generations. 

4235
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:57,200
The societal challenge 
transitioned from military 

4236
03:47:57,200 --> 03:48:00,100
conflict to fundamental 
questions of physical survival. 

4237
03:48:00,100 --> 03:48:03,800
Ethical, reconstruction and 
cultural meaning-making. 

4238
03:48:03,800 --> 03:48:08,200
Amid unprecedented devastation. 
The immediate post surrender, 

4239
03:48:08,200 --> 03:48:11,200
period created experiences that 
defied conventional categories 

4240
03:48:11,200 --> 03:48:15,700
of peace or post-war for most 
Germans daily existence centered

4241
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:18,600
on basic survival challenges 
rather than political 

4242
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:21,600
reorientation. 
Caloric intake in the British 

4243
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:24,900
American occupation zones, 
averaged approximately 1200 

4244
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:29,900
daily calories through. 1945 and
6 above starvation levels, but 

4245
03:48:29,900 --> 03:48:32,800
producing chronic malnutrition 
and Associated health 

4246
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:35,700
conditions. 
Housing shortages forced 

4247
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:38,700
multiple families into damage, 
dwellings designed for single 

4248
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:41,300
households. 
Fuels guest, he made winter 

4249
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:43,800
heating incomplete while 
destroyed infrastructure. 

4250
03:48:43,800 --> 03:48:47,500
Limited Basic sanitation. 
These material conditions 

4251
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:49,900
created a persistent emergencies
mentality. 

4252
03:48:49,900 --> 03:48:53,800
That hindered the community's 
ability to cycle process recent 

4253
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:56,100
events. 
The current currency collapse. 

4254
03:48:56,100 --> 03:48:58,800
Produced, economic conditions 
that normalized irregular 

4255
03:48:58,800 --> 03:49:01,300
transactions. 
The cigarette emerged as the 

4256
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:05,200
functional monetary unit with 
complex exchange rate systems. 

4257
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:08,800
Developing spontaneously a 
skilled workers daily wage might

4258
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:12,100
purchase two cigarettes, which 
could be traded for three pounds

4259
03:49:12,100 --> 03:49:14,700
of potatoes, or half a pound of 
butter on Gray markets. 

4260
03:49:14,700 --> 03:49:17,900
This economic disruption, 
particularly disadvantaged those

4261
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:20,900
lacking access to Agricultural 
Connections or valuable trade 

4262
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:24,000
items specially, the urban 
elderly, and War widows. 

4263
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:28,700
Social worker, MLV, skirk noted.
Those who survived bombing and 

4264
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:30,700
Invasion. 
Now, faced starvation amid 

4265
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,500
technical piece, many questioned
whether survival itself, 

4266
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:37,600
constitutes victory, Did not 
Suffocation procedures, created 

4267
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:39,500
profound ambiguity for 
individuals. 

4268
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,200
Navigating occupation systems. 
The classification categories, 

4269
03:49:43,200 --> 03:49:47,200
major offenders, offenders 
lesser offenders followers, 

4270
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:51,300
exonerated required complex, 
documentation character, 

4271
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:54,400
Witnesses and narrative 
explanations of past activities.

4272
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:57,900
This process generated. 
What historian Norbert Frey, 

4273
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:02,800
terms, exculpatory, creativity, 
retrospective reinterpretation 

4274
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:06,400
of actions within acceptable, 
Frameworks by 1948. 

4275
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:10,400
Approximately 25% of adult 
Germans had completed some form 

4276
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:14,000
of denazification procedure. 
Creating inconsistent, 

4277
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:16,600
accountability that satisfied. 
Neither Justice requirements. 

4278
03:50:16,600 --> 03:50:19,600
Nor practical reintegration 
needs family. 

4279
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:23,500
Reunification proceeded unevenly
as approximately 11 million 

4280
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:25,800
military personnel returned from
captivity over. 

4281
03:50:25,800 --> 03:50:28,800
Several years. 
Soviet, prisoners in particular,

4282
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:33,000
extended detention with the last
of the returning only in 1945 

4283
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:37,700
these delayed homecoming created
Plex reintegration challenges as

4284
03:50:37,700 --> 03:50:39,700
families. 
Had established new functional 

4285
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:42,600
patterns during men's absence. 
Psychologist. 

4286
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:46,200
Alexander Mitchell, documented 
widespread reintegration 

4287
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:49,400
syndrome psychological 
difficulties as returning men 

4288
03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:52,500
encountered, wives and children,
who had developed Independence 

4289
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:54,600
and decisional autonomy 
children. 

4290
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:57,800
Often struggled with fathers, 
they barely remembered or never 

4291
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:01,000
knew creating intergenerational 
communication barriers that 

4292
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:05,500
persisted for decades, the 
student and null 0 hour, concept

4293
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:08,200
emerged as psychological 
framework, for managing recent, 

4294
03:51:08,200 --> 03:51:12,100
past this metaphor suggested, 
complete historical, rupture 

4295
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:15,200
dividing, experience, into 
separate before, and after 

4296
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:19,300
periods with minimal continuity.
While historically inaccurate, 

4297
03:51:19,300 --> 03:51:23,200
this conceptualization provided 
psychological utility by 

4298
03:51:23,200 --> 03:51:26,800
allowing, compartmentalization 
of uncomfortable memories and 

4299
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,800
moral compromises historian 
Conrad gerau identifies. 

4300
03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:34,300
The practice as protective 
periodization creating mental 

4301
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:37,400
boundaries that facilitated 
daily functioning while 

4302
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:41,100
postponing genuine historical 
Reckoning, This separation 

4303
03:51:41,100 --> 03:51:44,400
particularly manifested in 
family, Silence about Nazi era 

4304
03:51:44,400 --> 03:51:46,800
experiences. 
Creating what psychologists 

4305
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:49,000
later termed? 
The communicative Gap. 

4306
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:52,800
Many German households 
established implicit rules 

4307
03:51:52,800 --> 03:51:56,000
against discussing, certain 
topics, particularly personal 

4308
03:51:56,000 --> 03:51:58,500
involvement, in Nazi 
organizations, knowledge of 

4309
03:51:58,500 --> 03:52:02,000
atrocities or moral compromises 
made during the regime years. 

4310
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:06,100
children born after 1945, often 
reported growing up with 

4311
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:08,700
nebulous understanding of their 
parents, War experiences, 

4312
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,600
receiving fragmentary, or 
sanitized accounts that 

4313
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:15,500
emphasize suffering rather than 
agency This intergenerational 

4314
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:18,500
silence created psychological 
inheritance patterns that 

4315
03:52:18,500 --> 03:52:22,500
psychoanalyst Nicholas barbian 
called transmitted trauma. 

4316
03:52:22,500 --> 03:52:25,900
Younger Generations experience 
in emotional disturbances from 

4317
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:28,100
events. 
They never personally witnessed,

4318
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:32,500
but absorbed through family 
Dynamics, The Silence about the 

4319
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,700
Nazi passed within families, 
reflected a broader societal 

4320
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:38,000
pattern where public discourse 
focused. 

4321
03:52:38,000 --> 03:52:41,500
Overwhelmingly on German 
suffering bombing expulsion from

4322
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:45,200
Eastern territories, post-war 
hardships, while minimizing 

4323
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:48,800
questions of complicity or 
responsibility This selective 

4324
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:51,400
memory approach allowed. 
Many Germans to navigate daily 

4325
03:52:51,400 --> 03:52:53,200
existence. 
Without crippling guilt. 

4326
03:52:53,800 --> 03:52:56,900
But created substantial barriers
to genuine moral Reckoning. 

4327
03:52:56,900 --> 03:53:00,400
That would only be confronted 
decades later by a subsequent 

4328
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:13,500
Generations. 
Alexander Hamilton was born 

4329
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:18,400
around, January 11th, 1755 or 
1757 given. 

4330
03:53:18,400 --> 03:53:22,100
Conflicting records in Nevis a 
small island in the Caribbean's 

4331
03:53:22,100 --> 03:53:25,800
Leeward chain, his father, James
Hamilton, hailed from Scotland, 

4332
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:29,100
and drifted financially. 
While his mother Rachel faucet 

4333
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:33,000
was a strange from a prior 
marriage, social stigma dogged, 

4334
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:36,500
the family as Hamilton was 
deemed, illegitimate childhood 

4335
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:39,200
brought precarious, living 
conditions amid the sugar-based 

4336
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:42,700
economy reliant on enslaved 
labor Still the bright 

4337
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:45,500
Caribbean, Sun, and bustle of 
Ireland, trade shaped his early 

4338
03:53:45,500 --> 03:53:47,200
impressions of Commerce and 
hierarchy. 

4339
03:53:47,200 --> 03:53:51,000
By the time, Hamilton reached 
adolescence familial hardships, 

4340
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:54,500
worsened his father left 
compounding, the family's 

4341
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:57,200
instability. 
Then a fever came to his mother 

4342
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:01,100
when he was around 11:00 
orphaned Hamilton found Refuge 

4343
03:54:01,100 --> 03:54:03,700
with local Merchants who 
recognized a keen mind behind 

4344
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:05,100
the boys formal, but urgent 
letters. 

4345
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:08,100
He took a clock in job at 
Beekman and Kruger's. 

4346
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:11,100
Trading firm absorbing the 
mechanics of shipping manifests,

4347
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:13,700
currently exchange and 
negotiation. 

4348
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:18,400
Observers noted a precocious 
skill in accountancy and a calm 

4349
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:20,800
Under Pressure. 
When Storms disrupted, cargo 

4350
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:23,800
arrivals, this apprenticeship 
would lay the groundwork for 

4351
03:54:23,800 --> 03:54:25,900
Hamilton's later Mastery of 
financial systems. 

4352
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:29,400
Crucial moment arrived. 
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 

4353
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:33,500
letter describing A hurricane's,
Devastation his prose published 

4354
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,300
in a local paper. 
So impressed leading citizens 

4355
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:38,500
that they raised funds to send 
him to Mainland. 

4356
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,800
Colonies for Education, the 
budding writer set sail, 

4357
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:44,600
eventually Landing in. 
British North America. 

4358
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:48,100
They precisely how he arranged 
for the schooling remains partly

4359
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:50,700
obscure. 
By the time, he stepped onto 

4360
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:54,000
Mainland soil, Hamilton 
possessed, an unshakable resolve

4361
03:54:54,000 --> 03:54:57,400
to escape the constraints of 
colonial class, Prejudice, and 

4362
03:54:57,400 --> 03:54:59,400
his intellect in a broader 
Arena. 

4363
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,400
He enrolled at King's College 
later, Columbia University in 

4364
03:55:03,400 --> 03:55:06,400
New York City. 
Political tension sword as 

4365
03:55:06,400 --> 03:55:09,200
Britain, impose new taxes and 
cracked down on Colonial 

4366
03:55:09,200 --> 03:55:12,200
resistance. 
Hamilton originally cautious 

4367
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,500
soon, found himself stirred by 
pamphlets on natural rights. 

4368
03:55:16,400 --> 03:55:20,600
He contributed Anonymous essays 
defending Colonial, protesting a

4369
03:55:20,600 --> 03:55:23,200
knack for political writing 
Spike, his youthful status 

4370
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:26,500
readers found his arguments. 
Chris blending logic with moral 

4371
03:55:26,500 --> 03:55:28,900
further. 
However, the outbreak of open 

4372
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,600
Conflict at Lexington and 
Concord disrupted studies at 

4373
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,500
King's College Hamilton, though.
Short of stature was physically 

4374
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:39,000
active and spirited, He joined a
volunteer artillery company 

4375
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:43,300
drilling near City squares. 
Even a shots from British ships,

4376
03:55:43,300 --> 03:55:46,000
threatened Manhattan. 
He balanced academics with 

4377
03:55:46,000 --> 03:55:49,100
preparing for possible war in 
1776. 

4378
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:53,800
Amid, the swirl of confusion 
over Independence, Hamilton left

4379
03:55:53,800 --> 03:55:57,700
formal schooling to commit, 
fully to the Patriot cause some 

4380
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:00,600
peers found in bold to do so, 
but Hamilton believed in 

4381
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:04,600
forging, a new order, that might
reward Merit over birth after 

4382
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:08,000
forming, an artillery unit 
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 

4383
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:10,900
and quick strategic. 
Thinking at the disastrous 

4384
03:56:10,900 --> 03:56:14,000
Battle of Long Island, his unit 
helped secure a retreat. 

4385
03:56:14,900 --> 03:56:18,100
The next months through near 
collapses, he drew the notice of

4386
03:56:18,100 --> 03:56:21,600
key figures. 
During the harsh, winter of 1776

4387
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:25,800
to 1777 with the Army, battered 
Hamilton's diligence in 

4388
03:56:25,808 --> 03:56:28,400
orchestrating supplies and 
maintaining morale stood out. 

4389
03:56:29,100 --> 03:56:31,700
General George Washington, 
recognized these talents 

4390
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:35,300
inviting Hamilton to serve as an
aide to Camp an assignment that 

4391
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:39,200
while staff bound gave Hamilton 
unprecedented exposure to 

4392
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,400
high-level decision-making in 
Washington's Camp, Hamilton 

4393
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:45,800
became indispensable drafting 
letters, shaping policy briefs, 

4394
03:56:45,800 --> 03:56:48,000
and forging alliances with other
officers. 

4395
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:51,100
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 
From the generals balancing of 

4396
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:52,800
caution and daring. 
Yet. 

4397
03:56:52,800 --> 03:56:55,100
Hamilton always seeking direct 
action. 

4398
03:56:55,100 --> 03:56:59,300
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearn to lead troops on 

4399
03:56:59,300 --> 03:57:02,400
the battlefield tensions, with 
senior officers, sometimes 

4400
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:06,600
flared once Hamilton fell out 
with Washington, for a perceived

4401
03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:10,400
slight over tardiness, but they 
eventually reconciled despite 

4402
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:14,300
these brief spats the Synergy 
between them grew Hank, anchored

4403
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:16,700
in mutual respect for diligence 
and strategy. 

4404
03:57:17,700 --> 03:57:21,900
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 
Hamilton's writing skill 

4405
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:23,500
extended to political 
commentary. 

4406
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:26,700
He published essays advocating 
for a stronger Central 

4407
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:30,200
authority, to unify the war 
effort, the rickety Continental 

4408
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:33,400
Congress lacking stable finance 
and overshadowed by state 

4409
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:36,400
autonomy. 
Troubled him, he believed only a

4410
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:39,400
robust National structure, could
defeat Britain this conviction 

4411
03:57:39,400 --> 03:57:41,400
would later inform his 
championing of a Federal 

4412
03:57:41,400 --> 03:57:45,900
Constitution Meanwhile, in the 
immediate series of War, he 

4413
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:49,600
juggled mission after mission 
for Washington, coordinating 

4414
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:52,700
intelligence planning for 
Combined franco-american 

4415
03:57:52,700 --> 03:57:56,000
operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

4416
03:57:56,000 --> 03:58:00,000
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

4417
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:03,300
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

4418
03:58:03,300 --> 03:58:06,000
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

4419
03:58:06,000 --> 03:58:09,900
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

4420
03:58:09,900 --> 03:58:13,000
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

4421
03:58:13,000 --> 03:58:16,100
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

4422
03:58:17,000 --> 03:58:20,600
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly, Elizabeth often called 

4423
03:58:20,600 --> 03:58:24,100
Eliza shared Hamilton's 
patriotic further and admired 

4424
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:27,500
his wrestler intellect. 
They married in December, 1780 

4425
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,400
forging a partnership that would
steady Hamilton through 

4426
03:58:30,400 --> 03:58:33,800
tumultuous times. 
The Skylar connections, to 

4427
03:58:33,808 --> 03:58:36,600
social standing, giving him a 
link to one of the colonies, 

4428
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:40,100
influential Clan's some 
whispered that Hamilton a once 

4429
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:43,100
penniless immigrant had upped, 
but he dismissed such 

4430
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:46,200
insinuation cherishing Eliza's 
steadfast support. 

4431
03:58:46,200 --> 03:58:50,300
Meanwhile Hamilton's yearning 
for field command, lingard. 

4432
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:54,900
He finally saw the action at the
siege of Yorktown in 1781 

4433
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:59,800
leading a knight of salt on 
British redoubts this bold for a

4434
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:02,000
brief. 
Gave him the battlefield 

4435
03:59:02,000 --> 03:59:03,600
credibility. 
He had long craved. 

4436
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:08,000
After Yorktown success. 
The wars momentum shifted. 

4437
03:59:08,800 --> 03:59:10,400
Peace. 
Negotiations, Advanced 

4438
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:13,600
culminating in Britain's formal 
acknowledgment of American 

4439
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:16,700
independence. 
With the conflict winding down 

4440
03:59:16,700 --> 03:59:19,100
Hamilton resigned from 
Washington staff. 

4441
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:22,700
Now, his energy is turned to the
new nations post-war 

4442
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:26,000
reconstruction, he recognized 
that Independence alone, didn't 

4443
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,500
guarantee Prosperity, a more 
cohesive Union was necessary. 

4444
03:59:29,500 --> 03:59:33,500
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 
studied law intensively. 

4445
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:38,300
Passing the bar in 1782 settling
in New York, he found a city 

4446
03:59:38,300 --> 03:59:41,700
grappling with war debts, local 
factionalism and tension between

4447
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:45,500
wealthy, merchants and populist 
artists, and Hamilton opened a 

4448
03:59:45,500 --> 03:59:49,000
law, practice specializing in 
commercial disputes, revealing a

4449
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:51,000
knack for clarifying intricate 
financial matters. 

4450
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:54,900
Through these cases, he saw 
first-hand how the Articles of 

4451
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:57,600
Confederation left the national 
government too, weak to regulate

4452
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:01,000
trade or imposed taxes. 
Leaving State's in disarray and 

4453
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:04,200
stifling economic growth. 
He started writing articles 

4454
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:06,000
calling for a stronger Central 
authority. 

4455
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:08,900
Over shadowing. 
The patchwork of State based 

4456
04:00:08,900 --> 04:00:12,400
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

4457
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,600
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

4458
04:00:15,600 --> 04:00:19,100
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

4459
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:21,700
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten Broadus 

4460
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:24,200
stability. 
Hamilton used it as fodder to 

4461
04:00:24,200 --> 04:00:26,700
argue that the current 
Confederation risked fracturing 

4462
04:00:26,700 --> 04:00:29,600
under internal stress. 
He joined with others such as 

4463
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:32,100
James Madison to push for 
convention. 

4464
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,000
That would revise the Articles 
Although the Annapolis 

4465
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:39,000
convention of 1786 was sparsely 
attended, it led to the more 

4466
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:41,000
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

4467
04:00:42,600 --> 04:00:46,100
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with well-honed convictions. 

4468
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,400
He believed the new government 
needed, robust Powers the 

4469
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:53,400
capacity, tax regulate commerce,
maintain, an army and ensure, 

4470
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:56,400
domestic peace yet. 
He faced considerable skepticism

4471
04:00:56,400 --> 04:01:00,900
from delegates, who feared 
monarchy indeed howls personal 

4472
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:03,800
proposal at the convention. 
Favoring lifetime terms for 

4473
04:01:03,800 --> 04:01:07,300
executives and Senators seemed 
too close to monarchy for many 

4474
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,200
Realizing the group's mood 
Hamilton set aside. 

4475
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:15,000
Those extremes he worked at 
broke a compromise though. 

4476
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:18,500
Overshadowed by Madison's 
systematic plan, Hamilton's, 

4477
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:21,400
rhetorical skill and one-on-one 
lobbying helped shape the final 

4478
04:01:21,400 --> 04:01:25,000
Constitution. 
After four taxing months, the 

4479
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:29,200
Constitutional was signed in 
September 1787, yet ratification

4480
04:01:29,200 --> 04:01:32,500
required, each State's approval,
sensing a fierce debate 

4481
04:01:32,500 --> 04:01:35,800
Hamilton, collaborated with 
Madison and John Jay to pen The 

4482
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:37,800
Federalist Papers under the suit
and Publius. 

4483
04:01:38,700 --> 04:01:42,000
Hamilton wrote, the majority 
decking proposed structures, 

4484
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:45,700
like the president, see Senate 
and Judiciary and addressing 

4485
04:01:45,700 --> 04:01:49,200
Anti-Federalists. 
Fears His essays emphasized 

4486
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:52,100
checks and balances the 
necessity of a central authority

4487
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:56,200
to manage Commerce and defense. 
and the improbability of tyranny

4488
04:01:56,200 --> 04:01:59,900
under the new system, these 
Federalist essays profoundly 

4489
04:01:59,900 --> 04:02:03,200
influence, the ratification 
discourse marking Hamilton as a 

4490
04:02:03,200 --> 04:02:06,000
top tier constitutional, 
interpreter with the 

4491
04:02:06,000 --> 04:02:10,200
Constitution ratified in 1788 
Hamilton died, a new challenge 

4492
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:14,900
forging actual governance When 
George Washington became the 

4493
04:02:14,900 --> 04:02:18,000
first president, he tapped 
Hamilton as Secretary of the 

4494
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:20,500
Treasury. 
Hamilton, embracing the role 

4495
04:02:20,500 --> 04:02:23,500
discovered, an untapped 
opportunity to establish a 

4496
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:26,600
National Financial system. 
He inherited a war debt that 

4497
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:28,100
threatened the new nation's 
credit. 

4498
04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:31,300
In a flurry of reports to 
Congress, he proposed the 

4499
04:02:31,300 --> 04:02:34,000
federal Assumption of State 
debts, the issuance of new 

4500
04:02:34,000 --> 04:02:36,400
government bonds and the 
creation of a National Bank. 

4501
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:39,900
These measures aim to unify 
finance's spurring economic 

4502
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:42,600
confidence. 
However, they ignited, Fierce 

4503
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:46,100
opposition led by Thomas 
Jefferson and James Madison who 

4504
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:48,400
deemed them. 
Expansion of federal power to 

4505
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:51,700
the detriment of State. 
Autonomy, despite pushback, 

4506
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:55,000
Hamilton's financial plan, 
largely prevailed in Congress. 

4507
04:02:55,800 --> 04:02:59,000
Carefully negotiated with 
Southerners trading the idea of 

4508
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:01,800
placing the national capital on 
the Potomac for their backing on

4509
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:06,900
debt assumption, the bank of the
United States authorized in 1791

4510
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:10,000
Consolidated. 
Federal financial might and 

4511
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:14,100
fostered stable currently This 
forging of a national economy 

4512
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:18,200
was overshadowed by ideological.
Splits what some labeled 

4513
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:21,500
Hamilton's acceptance of 
Consolidated, Authority, even 

4514
04:03:21,500 --> 04:03:25,100
quasi monarchical forms but 
Hamilton believed it was 

4515
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:29,700
essential for a dynamic 
Republic. by the early 1790s, he

4516
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:32,800
had become a central figure in 
Washington's cabinet driving a 

4517
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:35,500
vision of an industrial 
commercially robust, America, 

4518
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:39,600
rivalries with Jefferson however
would soon erupt shaping the 

4519
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:42,900
political landscape for years to
come A Secretary of the 

4520
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,400
Treasury, Alexander Hamilton 
found himself in twined in 

4521
04:03:46,408 --> 04:03:49,800
ideological showdowns with 
Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary

4522
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:53,400
of State, Jefferson envisaged 
and agrarian Republic of 

4523
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:57,200
independent Farmers with limited
Federal intrusion, Hamilton, 

4524
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:00,900
conversely believed, Commerce 
industry and robust National 

4525
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:03,600
structures would anchor the 
nation's progress. 

4526
04:04:04,600 --> 04:04:07,300
Both men recognized George 
Washington, as a stabilizing 

4527
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:10,700
presence, yet their friction, 
fueled early factional lines 

4528
04:04:10,700 --> 04:04:14,400
Federalists, rallied around 
Hamilton while Jefferson's 

4529
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:17,600
faction later the Democratic 
Republicans grew around his 

4530
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:19,400
agrarian, limited government 
stance. 

4531
04:04:20,500 --> 04:04:23,700
Foreign policy, stoked further 
tension the French Revolution 

4532
04:04:23,700 --> 04:04:29,000
launched in 1789, escalated into
European War by the early 1790s 

4533
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:31,200
France pressed for us 
assistance. 

4534
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:35,800
Citing the 1778 Alliance 
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a

4535
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:38,400
crucial trading partner and 
believing the US lacked 

4536
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:42,000
resources. 
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more

4537
04:04:42,000 --> 04:04:45,200
sympathetic to revolutionary 
ideals favored measured support 

4538
04:04:45,200 --> 04:04:48,800
for France Washington adopted a 
policy of official neutrality in

4539
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:53,000
1793 endorsing Hamilton's 
pragmatic approach. 

4540
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:57,100
This decision, outraged, Ardent 
francophiles and the public, but

4541
04:04:57,100 --> 04:04:58,600
secured commercial ties with 
Britain. 

4542
04:04:59,200 --> 04:05:02,100
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 
domestic policies that 

4543
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:05,400
integrated State's deeper into 
the federal system, he 

4544
04:05:05,400 --> 04:05:09,000
introduced excise taxes, 
including one on Whiskey aiming 

4545
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:13,500
to bolster federal revenue. 
In 1794 this whiskey, tax 

4546
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:16,300
incited unrest among Frontier 
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.

4547
04:05:16,300 --> 04:05:19,400
Culminating in the so called 
Whiskey Rebellion. 

4548
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:22,800
Hamilton urged Washington to a 
certain National Authority. 

4549
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:26,400
And the president dispatched 
militia to quell the Revolt, the

4550
04:05:26,400 --> 04:05:28,900
rebellious Farmers dispersed 
without major Bloodshed 

4551
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:33,200
Hamilton's critics though. 
Branded him a tyrant accusing 

4552
04:05:33,200 --> 04:05:37,200
him of trampling local freedoms.
Hamilton argued that only firm 

4553
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:38,700
enforcement. 
Proved the Constitution's 

4554
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:41,500
viability over the old feeble 
Articles of Confederation. 

4555
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:45,200
Is over the bank of the United 
States further deepened, the 

4556
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:48,100
Hamilton Jefferson. 
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank

4557
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:51,900
as constitutionally suspect not 
enumerated in the founding 

4558
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:55,500
document Hamilton invoked. 
The Constitution's necessary and

4559
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:59,200
proper clause contending that 
the bank was an implied power 

4560
04:05:59,200 --> 04:06:01,400
vital for the government's 
Financial operations. 

4561
04:06:02,200 --> 04:06:04,800
Washington sided with Hamilton 
signing. 

4562
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:08,400
The bank bill into law, this 
incident set a precedent for 

4563
04:06:08,408 --> 04:06:11,200
broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

4564
04:06:11,200 --> 04:06:14,400
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

4565
04:06:14,400 --> 04:06:18,100
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing, implied

4566
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,100
federal powers and Jeff's. 
Republicans insisting on 

4567
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:24,100
narrower, interpretations by 
1795. 

4568
04:06:24,100 --> 04:06:27,500
Hamilton having established a 
stable Financial footing 

4569
04:06:27,500 --> 04:06:31,400
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

4570
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:34,400
legal sphere. 
He continued to provide discreet

4571
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,500
advice to Washington, drafting 
speeches and shaping policy 

4572
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:41,600
directions in 1796 Washington's 
Farewell Address, partly 

4573
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,100
authored by Hamilton warned 
against partizan. 

4574
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:48,300
In foreign alliance's. 
Ironically, Hamilton himself was

4575
04:06:48,300 --> 04:06:52,000
a Primark of Parsons lines. 
The presidential election that 

4576
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:54,800
year saw John Adams, a 
federalist defeat Jefferson 

4577
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,900
Hamilton who harbored doubts 
about atoms endeavored to exert 

4578
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,200
influence on the administration 
from hidden position. 

4579
04:07:02,100 --> 04:07:04,000
But friction with atoms soon, 
spiraled. 

4580
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:06,200
Culminating in an irreparable 
Rift. 

4581
04:07:07,100 --> 04:07:10,700
During Adams's presidency. 
The US found itself in a 

4582
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:12,200
quasi-war with revolutionary 
France. 

4583
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,200
Hamilton who believed in a 
robust defense, spurred the 

4584
04:07:16,208 --> 04:07:19,000
creation of a provisional army 
with himself as an influential 

4585
04:07:19,000 --> 04:07:21,700
Major General. 
He hoped to unify Federalist 

4586
04:07:21,700 --> 04:07:24,500
power, but Adams seeking to 
maintain peace. 

4587
04:07:24,500 --> 04:07:26,700
Eventually negotiated, with 
France. 

4588
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:29,900
This scotched Hamilton's 
Ambitions for an expanded 

4589
04:07:29,900 --> 04:07:32,700
military role. 
The Federalist Party, the split 

4590
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:34,900
between atoms, Loyalists, and 
Hamilton's faction. 

4591
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:39,000
Meanwhile, the Alien and 
Sedition Acts championed by some

4592
04:07:39,000 --> 04:07:41,400
Federalists stifled free speech 
and outrage. 

4593
04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:46,100
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 
feelings recognizing the acts as

4594
04:07:46,100 --> 04:07:49,900
overreaching but not vigorously,
condemning them The controversy 

4595
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:53,200
is fueled, Jefferson's eventual 
victory, in the 1800 election. 

4596
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:58,400
That election turned bitter. 
Hamilton dislike both Jefferson 

4597
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,100
and his Party's candidate Aaron 
Burr. 

4598
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:04,600
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

4599
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:07,500
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

4600
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:11,200
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton Lobby for Jefferson 

4601
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:13,600
feeling. 
He was at least consistent while

4602
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:15,400
Burr was Dangerously 
opportunistic. 

4603
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:19,300
Jefferson's win ended. 
The Federalist grip on power 

4604
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:22,200
despite undermining his nominal 
Ally Burr. 

4605
04:08:22,200 --> 04:08:24,800
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

4606
04:08:24,800 --> 04:08:29,800
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

4607
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:31,400
retreated. 
Partially from National 

4608
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,600
politics. 
He resumed law, founded the New 

4609
04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:37,100
York evening post to promote 
Federalist ideals. 

4610
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,100
And wrote fervent editorials 
criticizing Jefferson's 

4611
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:43,000
presidency. 
He also scolded John Adams in a 

4612
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:46,000
notorious pamphlet fracturing 
Federalist. 

4613
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:48,800
Unity further. 
Meanwhile tensions with burst 

4614
04:08:48,800 --> 04:08:53,300
simmered in 1804 Burr by then 
vice president ran for governor 

4615
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:56,200
of New York. 
Hamilton openly opposed Burrs 

4616
04:08:56,200 --> 04:09:00,200
bid, claiming he was unfit, 
burst blaming Hamilton for 

4617
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:02,400
scarless remarks that cost him 
the election. 

4618
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:07,000
There are acrimony peaked in 
personal insults culminating and

4619
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:09,300
demands for an apology that 
Hamilton Shrugged off. 

4620
04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:14,100
The stage was set for a final 
confrontation, a duel that would

4621
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:16,100
reverberate across the nation's 
Consciousness. 

4622
04:09:16,100 --> 04:09:22,400
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 
storied career in compass the 

4623
04:09:22,400 --> 04:09:25,700
forging of National Finance. 
The creation of a stable federal

4624
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:29,400
government, deep personal 
rivalries, and the impetus for 

4625
04:09:29,400 --> 04:09:33,300
fractious Party politics. 
While overshadowed by his Feud 

4626
04:09:33,300 --> 04:09:35,900
with Burr, his broader impact on
shaping early. 

4627
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:39,500
American governance, was vast 
the looming conflict with Burr 

4628
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:41,500
in a Weehawken, duel, might 
overshadow many achievements. 

4629
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:44,900
But it also exemplified the 
periods intense code of honor 

4630
04:09:44,900 --> 04:09:48,200
revealing how personal Pride 
could overshadow reason in The 

4631
04:09:48,208 --> 04:09:51,600
Early Republic. 
On the morning of July 11th, 

4632
04:09:51,600 --> 04:09:56,500
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 

4633
04:09:56,500 --> 04:10:00,400
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 
perched, above the Hudson River.

4634
04:10:01,400 --> 04:10:04,100
Duels were technically illegal 
in both New York and New Jersey 

4635
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:06,800
but we Hawken was a known 
neutral ground. 

4636
04:10:06,800 --> 04:10:11,000
The tradition demanded formal 
rituals second oversaw, loaded 

4637
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:14,800
pistols In fairness. 
Hamilton though, in accomplished

4638
04:10:14,800 --> 04:10:17,700
Marksman in the Revolutionary 
War Harvard, moral qualms about 

4639
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:19,700
dueling in letters to 
conference. 

4640
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:23,000
He expressed an intention not to
fire at bourbon to throw away 

4641
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:25,700
his shot hoping to meet the code
of honor without a lethal 

4642
04:10:25,700 --> 04:10:29,100
outcome Burr. 
Next by Hamilton's public sites 

4643
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,900
approached the confrontation 
more aggressively as a Count's 

4644
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:35,700
differ on the precise sequence. 
We rely on the second 

4645
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:38,100
conflicting. 
Recollections, one shot rang 

4646
04:10:38,100 --> 04:10:40,600
out. 
Then another Hamilton was struck

4647
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:42,900
in the lower abdomen. 
The bullet lodging near his 

4648
04:10:42,900 --> 04:10:47,600
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally. 

4649
04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:51,600
Wounded Hamilton was carried 
back across the river delirious 

4650
04:10:51,600 --> 04:10:55,200
and in agony. 
By the next afternoon July 12th.

4651
04:10:55,200 --> 04:11:00,100
He died at a friend's house, 
newsreader with accusations of 

4652
04:11:00,100 --> 04:11:02,700
murder. 
Even many of Burr's allies found

4653
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,400
his act. 
Reprehensible shock reverberated

4654
04:11:05,400 --> 04:11:08,500
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 
47. 

4655
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:12,600
A Founding Father, the Chief 
Architect of federal finance and

4656
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:16,000
a voice for a strong union that 
he fell in a personal duel 

4657
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:19,800
seemed tragic, borderline 
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 

4658
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:21,900
scorn and though indicted for 
murder. 

4659
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:26,500
He Slipped Away his political 
career never recovered The Duel.

4660
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:28,800
Also propelled. 
A reevaluation of such honor 

4661
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:32,200
bound Traditions public 
condemnation swelled though 

4662
04:11:32,200 --> 04:11:35,200
dueling remained embedded in 
certain subcultures for decades 

4663
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,100
to come in the immediate 
aftermath Hamilton's family 

4664
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:41,300
faced Financial insecurity. 
His estate was less robust than 

4665
04:11:41,300 --> 04:11:44,600
many assumed reflecting that 
Hamilton had poured resources 

4666
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:46,600
into speculative deals and 
lifestyle. 

4667
04:11:47,400 --> 04:11:50,000
Morning Federer lists Champion 
him as a martyr to Prince. 

4668
04:11:50,000 --> 04:11:52,900
Paul ignoring the messy politics
that led him to that, fateful 

4669
04:11:52,900 --> 04:11:57,300
ground, eulogies to his 
Brilliance managerial Acumen and

4670
04:11:57,300 --> 04:12:00,800
unwavering patriotism critics. 
While acknowledging his 

4671
04:12:00,800 --> 04:12:03,900
achievements pointed out, how is
ambition and personal Feud 

4672
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:08,200
shaped a harsh style that fanned
party Rancor nonetheless the 

4673
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:10,400
sense of a towering figure 
losing too soon. 

4674
04:12:10,408 --> 04:12:13,000
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

4675
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:17,000
His funeral in New York Drew 
massive crowds professions in 

4676
04:12:17,000 --> 04:12:18,600
black. 
With the city's shipping at 

4677
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,000
half-mast. 
Showcased Hamilton's local 

4678
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:23,900
significance. 
People recalled, his rise from 

4679
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:26,900
impoverished Caribbean youth to 
key founding Statesman. 

4680
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:29,500
Hush fell over the city's usual 
clamor. 

4681
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,600
This wave of Sorrow. 
Ironically, softened, some of 

4682
04:12:32,600 --> 04:12:34,600
the political vitriol that a 
dogged him in life. 

4683
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:39,500
Over time though party lines 
continue to shift and the nation

4684
04:12:39,500 --> 04:12:43,200
turned to new challenges from 
the War of 1812 to expansions 

4685
04:12:43,200 --> 04:12:46,400
West. 
Hamilton's memory lodged in 

4686
04:12:46,400 --> 04:12:49,300
history as the brilliant but 
intense figure overshadowed by 

4687
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:52,600
The Final Duel. 
In that Gloom an essential 

4688
04:12:52,600 --> 04:12:55,800
question, remained how to 
interpret Hamilton's lasting 

4689
04:12:55,800 --> 04:12:58,300
impact. 
As the immediate swirl of grief,

4690
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:03,000
ease intellectuals examined, his
extensive writings reports on 

4691
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:06,300
Public Credit, the Federalist 
essays and personal letters. 

4692
04:13:07,600 --> 04:13:10,300
They recognize that the federal 
government stable Finance is 

4693
04:13:10,300 --> 04:13:13,800
owed much to Hamilton's early 
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 

4694
04:13:13,800 --> 04:13:16,100
broad interpretation that 
spurred the bank of the United 

4695
04:13:16,100 --> 04:13:18,400
States shaped future 
developments in federal 

4696
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,100
Authority. 
The tension he introduced with 

4697
04:13:21,100 --> 04:13:24,100
Jefferson over implied powers, 
would remain a fixture in legal 

4698
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:28,200
debate for centuries? 
At the personal level Hamilton's

4699
04:13:28,200 --> 04:13:31,500
family, endured heartbreak, 
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 

4700
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,300
longer. 
Dedicating herself to preserving

4701
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:36,500
his papers and championing 
philanthropic work. 

4702
04:13:37,400 --> 04:13:40,100
He co-founded charitable 
societies, including an 

4703
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:43,200
orphanage in New York, perhaps 
reflecting her empathy for 

4704
04:13:43,208 --> 04:13:46,800
fatherless children mindful of 
Hamilton's own orphaned 

4705
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,200
beginnings. 
Over time Eliza's curation of 

4706
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:51,800
Hamilton's letters and 
manuscripts. 

4707
04:13:51,800 --> 04:13:55,800
Cured that his role in founding 
the nation wouldn't fade without

4708
04:13:55,800 --> 04:13:58,600
her stewardship. 
Many of his insights might have 

4709
04:13:58,600 --> 04:14:01,500
been lost overshadowed by the 
swirl of other founding figures.

4710
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:06,500
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 
public life, although he briefly

4711
04:14:06,500 --> 04:14:10,200
re-emerged and conspiratorial 
escapades in the west Cole, 

4712
04:14:10,200 --> 04:14:13,100
culminating in a high-profile 
treason trial that Fiasco. 

4713
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:17,200
Further tarnished his name over 
the 19th century Bears, memory 

4714
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:20,300
was entwined with villainy while
Hamilton became the heroic 

4715
04:14:20,300 --> 04:14:23,400
victim. 
This moral narrative though. 

4716
04:14:23,400 --> 04:14:27,300
Over simple, oversimplified 
found residents in society, 

4717
04:14:27,300 --> 04:14:30,700
seeking tidy lessons about the 
cost of personal feuds among 

4718
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:33,700
Statesman. 
Hence, the jewels tragedy 

4719
04:14:33,700 --> 04:14:36,100
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 
years of potential. 

4720
04:14:36,900 --> 04:14:41,400
He left behind partial drafts of
essays a life, cut short and a 

4721
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:43,200
legacy that historians would 
piece together. 

4722
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,100
The subsequent swirl of politics
or the Federalist Party fade 

4723
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:50,400
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and
Jacksonian movements. 

4724
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:54,800
Yet as the new Republic faced 
Wars and expansions Hamilton's 

4725
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:58,000
institutional Frameworks. 
Endured shaping how the union 

4726
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:01,600
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time. 

4727
04:15:01,600 --> 04:15:05,000
The memory of Hamilton Grew From
the dust of partisan fights into

4728
04:15:05,000 --> 04:15:09,300
a near legend of the unsilence 
for a strong union, a testament 

4729
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:13,600
to how brilliant can shine even 
after tragic, demise Hamilton's 

4730
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,700
reputation experience, both 
highs and lows as the 19th 

4731
04:15:16,700 --> 04:15:20,600
century unfolded. 
In the 1800s supporters, who 

4732
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:23,900
revered his Federalist Vision 
championed him as an 

4733
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,500
intellectual Giant. 
While Jeffersonian loyalists 

4734
04:15:27,500 --> 04:15:29,100
found him. 
Dangerously elitist. 

4735
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:33,100
The War of 1812 under scored the
value of robust, Federal 

4736
04:15:33,100 --> 04:15:36,000
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's
arguments. 

4737
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:39,500
However, the rise in tide of 
Jacksonian Democracy in the 

4738
04:15:39,500 --> 04:15:42,900
1820s and 30s, resurrected 
negative images of Hamilton as 

4739
04:15:42,900 --> 04:15:45,000
the father of a financial 
aristocracy. 

4740
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:48,200
His preference for a central 
bank and Industrial growth, 

4741
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:50,500
clashed with The Agrarian 
populism. 

4742
04:15:50,500 --> 04:15:54,000
That saw big government as 
suspect in historical writing of

4743
04:15:54,000 --> 04:15:56,800
the mid-1800s. 
Hamilton was overshadowed by 

4744
04:15:56,800 --> 04:16:00,300
Washington's, soldierly Aura, 
Jefferson's philosophical 

4745
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:02,500
romance and the dramatic 
expansion. 

4746
04:16:02,500 --> 04:16:05,900
Shaping the continent. 
His ideas about manufacturing 

4747
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:10,700
shaped by the reading Adams from
Smith's Works found fresh 

4748
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,200
appreciation in some northern 
states pushing early 

4749
04:16:13,200 --> 04:16:15,800
industrialization. 
But the memory of his direct 

4750
04:16:15,800 --> 04:16:19,400
political battles, had receded. 
Meanwhile his widow allies are 

4751
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:21,100
persistently. 
Championed her husband's memory 

4752
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:23,300
carefully, organizing his 
letters. 

4753
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:27,300
She lived until 1854 bridging 
eras, from the founding to the 

4754
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:29,200
eve of sectional crisis over 
slavery. 

4755
04:16:30,300 --> 04:16:33,500
As the Civil War approached, 
some Northern intellectuals, 

4756
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:36,000
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis
on a strong union. 

4757
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:38,900
Seeing him as a prophet of 
National Authority. 

4758
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:43,000
They noted that had Hamilton's 
brand of federal cohesion, fully

4759
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:46,400
blossomed, perhaps states rights
Doctrine, fueling secession 

4760
04:16:46,400 --> 04:16:50,600
might have been curtailed early 
writers vote Hamilton as the 

4761
04:16:50,600 --> 04:16:53,300
founder who best grasped. 
The necessity of a controlling 

4762
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:55,900
Center that could override local
fractiousness. 

4763
04:16:57,200 --> 04:16:59,700
Opponents of such 
interpretations pointed out that

4764
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:02,800
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 
explicitly addressed the moral 

4765
04:17:02,800 --> 04:17:06,600
contradiction of slavery. 
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 

4766
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:10,000
opposed enslavement but parted 
from radical anti-slavery moves 

4767
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:13,900
his stance overshadowed by 
political pragmatism after the 

4768
04:17:13,900 --> 04:17:16,900
Civil War industrial capitalism 
boomed. 

4769
04:17:16,900 --> 04:17:19,600
Prompting new appreciation for 
Hamilton's foresight about 

4770
04:17:19,600 --> 04:17:22,800
manufacturing, Gilded Age 
finances, admired him. 

4771
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:25,600
As the original champion of a 
stable currency in Big Business 

4772
04:17:25,600 --> 04:17:29,400
critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

4773
04:17:29,400 --> 04:17:32,100
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

4774
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:35,100
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

4775
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:37,300
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

4776
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:39,900
Bank. 
Especially regarding gold versus

4777
04:17:39,900 --> 04:17:42,200
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

4778
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:46,500
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

4779
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:50,900
father of corporate overreach 
this relit, his legacy fueling a

4780
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:55,000
fresh wave of scholarly interest
in the 20th century historian, 

4781
04:17:55,000 --> 04:17:58,800
systematically uncovered more of
Hamilton's personal writings, 

4782
04:17:58,800 --> 04:18:01,800
they found a figure Often 
overshadowed by his own towering

4783
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:04,700
intensity. 
Riven by internal anxiety is 

4784
04:18:04,700 --> 04:18:08,800
about identity and acceptance 
Borneo to lacking wealth. 

4785
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:11,200
He soared through brilliant 
alone. 

4786
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,000
That personal Dimension gave a 
new angle. 

4787
04:18:14,700 --> 04:18:17,600
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 
elitist, but a man. 

4788
04:18:17,608 --> 04:18:20,800
Forging personal progress in a 
world dominated by landed 

4789
04:18:20,800 --> 04:18:24,200
aristocracy. 
Simultaneously, the renewed 

4790
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:26,700
scholarship dissected how The 
Federalist Papers shaped the 

4791
04:18:26,700 --> 04:18:28,800
Supreme Court's approach to 
constitutional interpretation 

4792
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:33,400
cultural depictions. 
Varied in some plays Hamilton 

4793
04:18:33,400 --> 04:18:38,100
was the stiff proud foiled to 
the warm Jefferson in textbooks.

4794
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:41,600
He appeared as the founder of 
the American Financial system. 

4795
04:18:42,400 --> 04:18:45,500
overshadowing, the fact that he 
also practiced law with further,

4796
04:18:46,100 --> 04:18:49,900
Championed reforms in local 
governance and penned scathing 

4797
04:18:49,900 --> 04:18:51,600
critiques of political 
adversaries. 

4798
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:56,400
Hollywood took scammed interest.
Overshadowed by the flamboyant 

4799
04:18:56,400 --> 04:18:58,000
stories of the war of 
independence. 

4800
04:18:58,000 --> 04:19:01,000
All the Civil War Hamilton's 
presents. 

4801
04:19:01,000 --> 04:19:04,200
Mostly stuck to academic circles
until the wave of musicals or 

4802
04:19:04,200 --> 04:19:07,100
pop culture references in the 
21st century suddenly 

4803
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:10,700
catapulted, him back into 
mainstream conversation. in that

4804
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:14,500
modern reimagining, a more 
complex, portrait emerges, the 

4805
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:18,400
Visionary, who overcame humble 
Origins shaped institutions but 

4806
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:23,000
self-destructed in Lethal Feud 
This duel narrative, resonates 

4807
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:25,800
with a public intrigued by 
Underdog success, stories and 

4808
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:30,200
cautionary tales about ambition.
Meanwhile historians continue 

4809
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:33,600
unraveling his personal letters 
for glimpses of how he wrestled 

4810
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,900
with his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label 

4811
04:19:36,900 --> 04:19:40,300
like nationalist or elitist. 
They see in him, the Deep 

4812
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:43,200
tension between moral 
convictions and the messy realm 

4813
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:46,500
of real world, politics, 
consequently Hamilton's Legacy 

4814
04:19:46,500 --> 04:19:48,400
stands as a testament to a 
Founder. 

4815
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:51,600
Who's brilliant forged the 
Frameworks of American Finance, 

4816
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:55,900
ushering, in a strong union that
could handle crises from 1812 to

4817
04:19:55,900 --> 04:19:59,300
Beyond his life. 
Truncated by a bullet, in a 

4818
04:19:59,308 --> 04:20:03,100
duel, exemplifies the era's 
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 

4819
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:06,500
the institutional Frameworks, he
championed endured over 

4820
04:20:06,500 --> 04:20:10,500
shadowing, a femoral parties and
feuds as American Commerce and 

4821
04:20:10,500 --> 04:20:13,400
governance matured. 
Many of his ideas about credit 

4822
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:17,400
outsystems minted, currency and 
regulated trade blossomed. 

4823
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:20,700
Therefore the overshadowed in 
certain historical arcs, 

4824
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,600
Hamilton's imprint remains woven
into the fabric of the modern 

4825
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:28,100
American state region, the 
intangible line from rebellious 

4826
04:20:28,100 --> 04:20:31,700
colony to global economic power.
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

4827
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:35,900
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

4828
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:38,500
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

4829
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:40,200
climb political and financial 
Summits. 

4830
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:43,100
His story, underscores how 
Relentless learning and a 

4831
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:46,800
willingness to challenge Norms 
can yield transformative 

4832
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:50,000
results. 
And yet it also warns of how 

4833
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:53,600
personal vendettas and impulsive
decisions like The Final Duel 

4834
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,200
can overshadow, even the 
grandest achievements. 

4835
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:00,300
The interplay of success and 
tragedy and Hamilton's life 

4836
04:21:00,300 --> 04:21:04,100
offers a cautionary Dimension 
about letting rivalry overshadow

4837
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:07,100
reason. 
One, dimension, often overlooked

4838
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:09,000
is Hamilton's approach to social
Mobility. 

4839
04:21:09,000 --> 04:21:14,800
He believed in meritocracy, that
Talent not lineage should Define

4840
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:17,500
one station. 
His views clashed with the 

4841
04:21:17,508 --> 04:21:19,800
prevailing. 
Aristocratic mores that granted 

4842
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:23,400
advantage to established 
families in championing, a 

4843
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:25,700
strong central government 
Hamilton believed it would 

4844
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:28,000
break. 
Local oligarchies allowing new 

4845
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:31,400
men of skill to advance. 
That conviction shaped his 

4846
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:35,100
financial Blueprinting that the 
nation's credit system, extended

4847
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:37,400
Beyond a handful of wealthy 
Planters yet. 

4848
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:40,400
It also invited accusations of 
favoritism toward banking. 

4849
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:43,900
Elites ironically suggesting 
that merits still found 

4850
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:47,600
expression, primarily among 
well-connected City, financiers 

4851
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:50,900
another lesson. 
Known angle is how Hamilton 

4852
04:21:50,900 --> 04:21:54,000
viewed foreign policy. 
He favored Commerce base 

4853
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:57,800
alliances, but distrusted in 
tangling, the US in ideological 

4854
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:00,200
battles. 
While acknowledging Britain as a

4855
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:03,000
trade partner, despite the 
rancor left from the revolution.

4856
04:22:03,000 --> 04:22:06,600
He saw stable trade routes as 
essential for revenue and Global

4857
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:09,900
standing. 
Jefferson and Madison criticized

4858
04:22:09,900 --> 04:22:12,800
the strategy as an over cozy 
approach with a recent foe. 

4859
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:17,100
At Hamilton saw post-war British
power as a practical anchor for 

4860
04:22:17,108 --> 04:22:20,600
commercial expansion. 
In this sense, his realism. 

4861
04:22:20,600 --> 04:22:24,600
Overshadowed older resentments, 
that stance was a Harbinger for 

4862
04:22:24,600 --> 04:22:27,400
how modern states were economic 
tires against historic 

4863
04:22:27,400 --> 04:22:30,700
grievances. 
Additionally, Hamilton's 

4864
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:33,200
personal style at Social 
Gatherings and in Daily 

4865
04:22:33,200 --> 04:22:35,600
interactions reveals a man who 
could be both charmingly 

4866
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:39,600
eloquent and abrasively direct. 
Contemporaries described him as 

4867
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,300
intense with a quick mind, that 
occasionally battered 

4868
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:45,300
conversation partners he thrived
on intellectual debate. 

4869
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,200
Some say, he embraced 
confrontation to refine ideas 

4870
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:50,000
yet. 
This habit might have 

4871
04:22:50,000 --> 04:22:53,400
contributed to the accumulation 
of enemies culminating in the 

4872
04:22:53,400 --> 04:22:57,200
Fateful spat with Burr in an 
era, where honor was a 

4873
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:01,200
Cornerstone of social standing 
Hamilton's cutting wit, proved a

4874
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:05,000
dangerous asset at home Hamilton
and Eliza raise to Growing 

4875
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:07,900
family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

4876
04:23:07,900 --> 04:23:10,500
their son, Philip in a duel. 
Reminiscent of his father's 

4877
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:14,000
Fierce approached. 
A personal disputes, this sorrow

4878
04:23:14,000 --> 04:23:17,300
weighed heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

4879
04:23:17,300 --> 04:23:20,300
the code of honor. 
Paradoxically he's still ended 

4880
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:24,600
up abiding by that same code 
accepting Burr's challenge, The 

4881
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:27,100
Duality of a brilliant mind 
trapped by the period. 

4882
04:23:27,100 --> 04:23:30,800
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

4883
04:23:30,800 --> 04:23:32,400
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

4884
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,100
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

4885
04:23:35,100 --> 04:23:39,600
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic Statesman Examining 

4886
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:42,800
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced topic. 

4887
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:46,100
Late in life. 
Particularly after Philip's 

4888
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:50,400
death, he re-engaged with 
spiritual considerations while 

4889
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,100
not as devout as John Jay or 
Patrick Henry Hamilton 

4890
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:55,600
expressed. 
His belief that moral Frameworks

4891
04:23:55,600 --> 04:23:56,900
were crucial to stable 
governance. 

4892
04:23:57,900 --> 04:24:00,700
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 
Christian Orthodoxy in his final

4893
04:24:00,700 --> 04:24:03,700
years overshadowing, the early 
secular aura. 

4894
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:06,900
This dimension of moral or 
religious introspection is 

4895
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:08,700
overshadowed. 
In many popular accounts that 

4896
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:11,900
focus on battles of Finance or 
partisan ship. 

4897
04:24:12,800 --> 04:24:16,400
Lastly, the robust myth-making 
around Hamilton in the 21st 

4898
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:19,500
century, particularly following 
a certain successful musical 

4899
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:22,400
reflects how malleable 
historical figures can become 

4900
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:25,100
for decades overshadowed in 
public memory. 

4901
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:28,900
Hamilton found new admirers in 
thrall by his Underdog 

4902
04:24:28,900 --> 04:24:31,500
narrative. 
The musical Drew from historical

4903
04:24:31,500 --> 04:24:35,100
sources, but adapted the for 
modern, audience's highlighting,

4904
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:38,700
themes of immigration ambition 
and the forging of identity. 

4905
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:42,200
Meanwhile professional 
historians maintain a more 

4906
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:45,800
measured stance acknowledging, 
the genius behind the bank and 

4907
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:48,300
The Federalist Papers, but also 
the moral complexities 

4908
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:51,300
involvement in a scandalous 
Reynolds Affair. 

4909
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,900
The backing of harsh policies 
like the Alien and Sedition Acts

4910
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:58,200
and the overshadowed complicity 
in a system that tolerated 

4911
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:02,000
slavery, hence Hamilton's life, 
embodies many contradictions, 

4912
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,200
Hamilton was a brilliant 
champion of American finance, an

4913
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:08,800
immigrant success story and a 
defender of robust National 

4914
04:25:08,800 --> 04:25:11,600
institutions yet. 
He was also entangled in 

4915
04:25:11,600 --> 04:25:14,900
political vendettas, personal 
heartbreak, and moral. 

4916
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:18,500
Ambiguity is the lethal code of 
personal honor of the era. 

4917
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:21,300
Brought him down from the 
Pinnacle of policy influence. 

4918
04:25:22,100 --> 04:25:24,400
Contemporary observers can glean
from his Saga. 

4919
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:28,500
How Vision intellect and 
determination can reshape a 

4920
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:32,600
society while cautioning that 
untempered ambition and rivalry 

4921
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:34,400
risk. 
Overshadowing, even the grandest

4922
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,400
legacies in the modern Mosaic of
American History. 

4923
04:25:37,400 --> 04:25:42,000
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 
unique Niche, straddling Realms 

4924
04:25:42,000 --> 04:25:44,800
of Finance, politics and 
personal drama. 

4925
04:25:45,700 --> 04:25:48,600
Behind the scenes, he shaped the
national domain by delivering 

4926
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,100
pragmatic, solutions, to 
fundamental questions about, 

4927
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:54,600
governance and economy. 
Yet his flamboyant final act, 

4928
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:57,900
the duel with Aaron Burr. 
Long overshadowed, the breadth 

4929
04:25:57,900 --> 04:26:01,700
of his achievements? 
Over the past two centuries, the

4930
04:26:01,700 --> 04:26:04,400
perception of Hamilton has 
fluctuated between critical 

4931
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:07,900
weariness and near heroic 
adulation leading to a 

4932
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:10,400
reexamination that highlights 
his full complexity. 

4933
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:14,800
For many decades Hamilton served
as a reference point for strong 

4934
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:17,700
central governance. 
In debates about tariffs, 

4935
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:20,900
internal improvements and the 
role of a National Bank, 

4936
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:25,600
legislators invoke his name. 
The hamiltonian vision signified

4937
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:28,300
a dynamic industrializing. 
America. 

4938
04:26:28,300 --> 04:26:31,200
That invests in large-scale 
infrastructure and cultivates. 

4939
04:26:31,200 --> 04:26:35,100
A robust bond market. 
Penance retorted that such 

4940
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:36,900
policies undercut, local 
autonomy. 

4941
04:26:37,800 --> 04:26:41,900
Coin Jeffersonian concerns about
overreach this cyclical debate 

4942
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:45,000
recurs whenever the nation 
confronts a crisis or looks to 

4943
04:26:45,008 --> 04:26:48,400
expand Federal influence. 
Be it in response to economic 

4944
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:51,900
depression or modern Financial 
bailouts among Scholars, 

4945
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:55,200
Hamilton's contribution to the 
Federalist remains a crowning 

4946
04:26:55,200 --> 04:26:58,400
literary feat. 
Essays like Federalist number 78

4947
04:26:58,400 --> 04:27:01,600
shape, the judiciaries 
conceptual role championing 

4948
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:04,700
judicial Independence, and the 
power of constitutional review. 

4949
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:09,200
Federer's number 84 argued that 
enumerating rights might risk. 

4950
04:27:09,200 --> 04:27:11,900
Constraining them though. 
Ironically, the Bill of Rights 

4951
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:13,900
was soon appended to the 
Constitution anyway. 

4952
04:27:14,600 --> 04:27:17,900
Such Works left a lasting 
intellectual deposit frequently.

4953
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,000
Cited in Supreme Court 
decisions, the interplay between

4954
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:23,500
Hamilton's preference for strong
federal courts, and modern 

4955
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:26,700
jurisprudence reveals the 
longevity of his influence. 

4956
04:27:27,400 --> 04:27:31,100
Public interests sword. 
A new in the 21st century with a

4957
04:27:31,100 --> 04:27:34,300
popular musical, recasting 
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 

4958
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:35,900
immigrant shaping the nation's 
destiny. 

4959
04:27:35,900 --> 04:27:39,200
That retelling lending. 
Hip hop, and historical 

4960
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,300
references stoked. 
Fresh curiosity about details of

4961
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:44,800
his Caribbean, youth. 
The Heartbreak of losing his 

4962
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:47,500
mother and the unexpected 
mentorship from Merchants. 

4963
04:27:47,500 --> 04:27:51,200
It also reintroduced figures 
like John Lawrence, Hercules, 

4964
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:54,200
Mulligan or Elizabeth Schuyler 
to mainstream conversation. 

4965
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:57,800
This phenomenon demonstrates, 
how historical figures can be 

4966
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:00,600
revived and reinterpreted to 
speak to current cultural 

4967
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:04,200
dialogues about immigration 
representation and the forging 

4968
04:28:04,200 --> 04:28:07,900
of American identity that said 
the musicals creative Liberties 

4969
04:28:07,900 --> 04:28:10,000
overshadow. 
Certain complexities for 

4970
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:13,600
instance the Deep potentials 
around slavery or Hamilton's 

4971
04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:16,300
relationship with Haitian 
Independence yet. 

4972
04:28:16,300 --> 04:28:19,000
It undeniably catapulted him 
back into the public eye. 

4973
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:23,500
Critically modern reflection 
contends with Hamilton stance on

4974
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:25,200
slavery. 
Though. 

4975
04:28:25,200 --> 04:28:27,800
Personally, not an owner of 
large plantations, he married 

4976
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:30,300
into a family that benefited 
from enslaved. 

4977
04:28:30,300 --> 04:28:32,300
Labor. 
He opposed the international 

4978
04:28:32,300 --> 04:28:35,200
slave trade, but was less vocal 
about immediate abolition. 

4979
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:38,700
Some historians, see him as 
moderately anti-slavery and 

4980
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:41,100
principle yet. 
Overshadowed by the era's 

4981
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:45,100
political constraints This mild 
stance differs from the fur of 

4982
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:48,700
an abolitionist highlighting 
that even bright Minds can 

4983
04:28:48,700 --> 04:28:51,800
compromise on pressing moral 
issues for perceived political 

4984
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:54,800
necessity. 
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 

4985
04:28:54,800 --> 04:28:56,600
would respond to the subsequent 
expansion. 

4986
04:28:56,600 --> 04:29:00,600
He died before industrialization
truly took flight or the 

4987
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:04,000
question of slavery, overtook 
National politics, would he have

4988
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:06,800
advocated for federal solutions 
to keep the union intact in the 

4989
04:29:06,800 --> 04:29:09,200
1850s? 
Or would he have favored more 

4990
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,700
localized pragmatic deals? 
The counterfactual is 

4991
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:16,100
tantalizing, but unanswerable, 
like many Founders. 

4992
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:19,400
His ideas form the skeleton for 
future developments, but 

4993
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:22,100
subsequent Generations, molded 
them to new contexts. 

4994
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:27,400
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 
letters uncovered in archives 

4995
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,100
over time. 
Reveal the emotional complexity 

4996
04:29:30,100 --> 04:29:34,500
Behind The Confident public 
Persona he could be warm witty 

4997
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:37,900
or scathing anxious about 
respect and standing. 

4998
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:41,700
Specter of Orphan Hood, never 
fully left him. 

4999
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:45,100
A sense of precariousness 
pervaded his ambition. 

5000
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:49,500
He engaged in verbal battles 
with the Press establishing, a 

5001
04:29:49,500 --> 04:29:52,600
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 
Affair in which he admitted to 

5002
04:29:52,600 --> 04:29:55,100
an extramarital relationship 
tarnished. 

5003
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:57,600
His moral standing yet 
underscored his willingness to 

5004
04:29:57,600 --> 04:30:00,800
publicly confess in a swirl of 
political blackmail. 

5005
04:30:01,400 --> 04:30:04,400
All these episodes illustrate, a
Founder who was no pristine 

5006
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:06,300
statue. 
But a flawed participant in the 

5007
04:30:06,308 --> 04:30:10,200
messy birth of a republic in 
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 

5008
04:30:10,200 --> 04:30:14,400
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 
America's early audacity someone

5009
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:18,200
forging National Frameworks with
unstoppable further, bridging 

5010
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,500
personal adversity and political
upheaval, he hammered out 

5011
04:30:21,508 --> 04:30:24,300
Financial Machinery, that 
stabilized a precarious Union 

5012
04:30:24,300 --> 04:30:27,100
wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

5013
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:31,300
centuries of legal thought, and 
valiantly served in war only to 

5014
04:30:31,300 --> 04:30:34,400
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

5015
04:30:35,200 --> 04:30:38,000
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ambition, 

5016
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:42,100
printable rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

5017
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:44,600
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprint endures in 

5018
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:47,100
the institutions. 
He shaped the arguments, he 

5019
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:50,500
Advanced and the persistent 
puzzle of how brilliant mind can

5020
04:30:50,500 --> 04:30:53,000
fall victim to a bullet 
summoned, by the code of honor 

5021
04:30:53,000 --> 04:31:02,600
with confusing reasoning. 
Before there were goddesses that

5022
04:31:02,600 --> 04:31:05,000
transformed people into spiders 
because they were better. 

5023
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:08,600
Weavers, or gods that through 
lightning bolts, there was just 

5024
04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:11,000
chaos. 
Not the kind of chaos you get 

5025
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,500
when your internet goes down 
during a crucial video called 

5026
04:31:13,500 --> 04:31:16,800
but real primordial emptiness, 
you can see why the ancient 

5027
04:31:16,800 --> 04:31:19,200
Greek simply Shrugged and 
referred to it as chaos. 

5028
04:31:19,200 --> 04:31:22,700
If you try to explain what 
existed before existence itself,

5029
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:25,900
the first being appeared from 
this Cosmic soup of nothingness.

5030
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:29,600
Eros, the force of attraction, 
that would later cause more 

5031
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:33,000
trouble than a dating app. 
Algorithm gone, awry Tartarus, 

5032
04:31:33,000 --> 04:31:36,100
the deepest darkest pit. 
You can imagine think of your 

5033
04:31:36,100 --> 04:31:40,200
basement but infinitely worse 
and with more screening and 

5034
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:42,300
Gaia, who was essentially Mother
Earth before. 

5035
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:43,800
Environmental awareness was 
fashionable. 

5036
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:48,300
Being the productive type guard 
decided that life was boring on 

5037
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:52,300
its own and made the sky. 
Uranus in ancient Greece, family

5038
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:55,700
trees, resembled family, reefs 
and everything was connected in 

5039
04:31:55,700 --> 04:31:58,300
awkward ways. 
You might think that having your

5040
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,100
mother create your husband 
sounds like the start of serious

5041
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:04,300
therapy session. 
The fact that Uranus and Gaia 

5042
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:07,100
had children together should 
have been the first clue that 

5043
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:08,800
something was amiss in the 
family. 

5044
04:32:08,800 --> 04:32:13,000
Dynamic among their descendants 
with the Titans giant creatures.

5045
04:32:13,000 --> 04:32:15,200
That were essentially the first 
draft of godhood. 

5046
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:19,400
Strong unkillable and devoid of 
all sense of proportion or 

5047
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:23,000
self-control consider them Gods 
who have never been trained in 

5048
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:26,000
customer, service Cronus. 
Who would have been a perfect 

5049
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:29,800
fit at any corporate takeover 
was one of these Titans after 

5050
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:32,900
observing his father. 
Uranus Cronus concluded that 

5051
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:35,700
committing patricide was a great
way to advance his career. 

5052
04:32:35,700 --> 04:32:39,100
Kronos castrated his father and 
tossed the parts into the sea. 

5053
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:42,100
Using a scythe that is 
supportive mother Gaia had given

5054
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:43,900
him. 
The fact that this act gave 

5055
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:47,200
birth to the goddess of love, 
Aphrodite, tells you all, you 

5056
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:50,300
need to know about the Greeks 
perception of romance, lovely. 

5057
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:53,300
But with a history, you probably
don't want to delve too deeply 

5058
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:55,800
into since Uranus was no longer 
involved. 

5059
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:59,000
Cronus assumed control of the 
universe, where his sister Rhea 

5060
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:01,000
again, the dynamic of ancient 
Greek. 

5061
04:33:01,000 --> 04:33:04,099
Families were complex and began 
what ought to have been a 

5062
04:33:04,099 --> 04:33:06,500
peaceful rain. 
But Chronos had heard a prophecy

5063
04:33:06,500 --> 04:33:09,599
that like his father, he would 
be overthrown by one of his 

5064
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:12,500
children. 
Being a pragmatic person. 

5065
04:33:12,500 --> 04:33:15,000
Cronus came up with a 
straightforward idea of eating 

5066
04:33:15,000 --> 04:33:19,300
each newborn right away at this 
point, the narrative takes a 

5067
04:33:19,300 --> 04:33:21,099
turn that makes even the most 
dysfunctional holiday. 

5068
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:24,500
Dinners seem like fun as real. 
Watched Cronus gobble up. 

5069
04:33:24,500 --> 04:33:27,000
Their first five children like 
some kind of immortal baby 

5070
04:33:27,000 --> 04:33:29,800
eating monster. 
She was understandably upset 

5071
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:33,400
about her husband's unusual 
approach to childcare Rhea had 

5072
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:35,599
finally had enough of this 
particular parenting approach 

5073
04:33:35,599 --> 04:33:39,099
when Zeus their sixth child was 
born Rhea wrapped a stone in 

5074
04:33:39,099 --> 04:33:42,400
swaddling cloths and offered it 
to Cronus instead of baby Zeus, 

5075
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:46,000
who was presumably to e-girl two
naive to notice the difference 

5076
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:48,700
rear spirited. 
The real use away to be raised 

5077
04:33:48,700 --> 04:33:51,400
in secret by goats and nymphs on
the island of Crete. 

5078
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:56,099
Which explains much about Zeus's
later personality, while Cronus 

5079
04:33:56,099 --> 04:33:58,200
swallowed, the rock with his 
usual Zeal. 

5080
04:33:58,200 --> 04:34:00,900
Imagine Zeus. 
As a teenager growing up on a 

5081
04:34:00,908 --> 04:34:03,000
Mediterranean island surrounded 
by goats. 

5082
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:06,099
Discovering that he was destined
to defeat his cannibalistic 

5083
04:34:06,099 --> 04:34:09,599
father and free his siblings 
from their unusual prison. 

5084
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,900
This type of origin story would 
make superhero comics seem 

5085
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:15,000
uninteresting. 
And it certainly clarified why? 

5086
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,000
Zeus never acquired what one 
could refer to as typical social

5087
04:34:18,000 --> 04:34:21,900
skills with the help of metis. 
A tightness, whose name means 

5088
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:25,300
cunning intelligence and who 
would go on to become Zeus's 

5089
04:34:25,300 --> 04:34:28,900
first wife, Zeus returned to 
confront Chronos after he'd 

5090
04:34:28,900 --> 04:34:32,400
reached adulthood Cronus became 
so sick from the emetic that 

5091
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:35,200
metis made him throw up, Zeus's 
five siblings in the opposite 

5092
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:38,200
order that they were consumed. 
Just think of how awkward it 

5093
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:40,599
would be, to be reintroduced to 
siblings who had lived their 

5094
04:34:40,599 --> 04:34:43,500
entire lives in their father's 
stomach beside him. 

5095
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,200
The god of the seas, who had 
apparently developed, a 

5096
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:48,599
permanent case of motion, 
sickness from his time, in 

5097
04:34:48,608 --> 04:34:52,700
kronos's stomach. 
Hades, the underworld's destined

5098
04:34:52,700 --> 04:34:54,500
ruler. 
Who was already displaying signs

5099
04:34:54,500 --> 04:34:56,099
of preferring Solitude to 
family? 

5100
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:59,800
Gatherings Hera who had become 
Zeus's, wife and regret it for 

5101
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:03,500
all eternity, Demeter, the 
future goddess of agriculture, 

5102
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:06,300
and the only one who appeared to
have come out of the experience 

5103
04:35:06,300 --> 04:35:10,099
with any sense of nurturing and 
Hestia the goddess of the half, 

5104
04:35:10,099 --> 04:35:13,700
who looked at her family and 
decided that staying by the fire

5105
04:35:13,700 --> 04:35:16,300
was far more important than 
participating in their drama. 

5106
04:35:16,300 --> 04:35:19,900
The titanomachy a 10 year war 
between the Titans and the 

5107
04:35:19,900 --> 04:35:23,300
Olympians followed making 
contemporary conflicts seemed 

5108
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:26,599
like parking lot, quarrels. 
Prometheus, who was reportedly. 

5109
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:29,800
The only Titan with anything 
approaching foresight, literally

5110
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:32,800
what his name meant and other 
Titans who were fed up with 

5111
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,800
kronos's management style formed
an alliance with Zeus and his 

5112
04:35:35,808 --> 04:35:39,500
siblings, natural disasters, 
would seem like minor annoyances

5113
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:42,200
compared to the devastation 
caused by the war that raged 

5114
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:46,099
across the Earth and Heaven 
Ocean's Boyd mountains, were 

5115
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:49,900
flung like softballs and reality
itself was strained to its limit

5116
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:52,800
Zeus learned that he had 
inherited the ability to control

5117
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:56,300
lightning and thunder which made
him extremely effective in 

5118
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:58,200
combat. 
But for the rest of Eternity, 

5119
04:35:58,200 --> 04:36:02,300
utterly awful at having 
conversations indoors, this a 

5120
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,300
clopes, were eventually released
from Tartarus, where Cronus had 

5121
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:08,500
imprisoned them, due to their 
differences by Zeus as a token 

5122
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:11,000
of appreciation. 
These one-eyed Smith's created 

5123
04:36:11,000 --> 04:36:15,400
Hades helmet of invisibility 
Poseidon's, trident and Zeus's. 

5124
04:36:15,400 --> 04:36:18,500
Well, known Thunderbolts. 
It was like getting the ultimate

5125
04:36:18,500 --> 04:36:21,300
package of divine weapons with 
eternal warranties. 

5126
04:36:21,300 --> 04:36:24,500
Zeus, release of the 100 handed,
ones being so strong and 

5127
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:28,099
terrifying that even Cronus had 
been terrified of them marked a 

5128
04:36:28,099 --> 04:36:30,000
turning point. 
The Titans were ultimately 

5129
04:36:30,000 --> 04:36:33,200
vanquished by the Olympians with
the help of these allies and 

5130
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:35,900
they were banished to Tartarus 
where they would live forever 

5131
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:38,599
thinking about the consequences 
of choosing the wrong side. 

5132
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:42,200
In a family conflict, the three 
brother Gods, split the universe

5133
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:44,500
like Partners dividing a 
business after winning the 

5134
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:46,599
battle. 
With all the wisdom and 

5135
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:49,400
self-control of a child who had 
never learned to share toys, 

5136
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:53,300
Zeus took the sky and assumed 
the role of King of the Gods, 

5137
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,599
because the Seas were large, 
strong and prone to abrupt 

5138
04:36:56,599 --> 04:37:00,200
violence. 
Storms, that was a perfect fit 

5139
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:02,800
for his temperament. 
Although, his brothers initially

5140
04:37:02,800 --> 04:37:04,099
believed, they had gotten a 
better deal. 

5141
04:37:04,099 --> 04:37:07,300
Hades would demonstrate that he 
was arguably the most powerful 

5142
04:37:07,300 --> 04:37:10,599
of the three because he can 
control both death and wealth. 

5143
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:14,599
Hades drew, the underworld Zeus 
and his siblings needed a 

5144
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:17,200
headquarters worthy of their 
Newfound position as Universe 

5145
04:37:17,200 --> 04:37:20,300
rulers after they defeated their
father and won the cosmic 

5146
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:22,400
Lottery. 
They picked Mount Olympus 

5147
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:25,599
Greece's highest peak in part 
because of the breathtaking 

5148
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:29,000
views and in part because it was
close enough to humans to meddle

5149
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:31,000
in human Affairs, whenever they 
felt bored. 

5150
04:37:31,000 --> 04:37:34,400
But far enough away to preserve 
a sense of mystery with its 

5151
04:37:34,400 --> 04:37:37,599
Golden Palaces and brochure 
Gardens, and overall sense of 

5152
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:41,599
divine superiority Mount Olympus
developed into the first gated 

5153
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:44,599
community in the ancient world. 
While the other gods set up 

5154
04:37:44,599 --> 04:37:46,800
their own Realms within this 
Celestial neighborhood. 

5155
04:37:46,800 --> 04:37:50,200
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 
construct him, a throne room 

5156
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:53,000
that would make any Earthly 
Palace appear like a garden 

5157
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:56,300
shed, a family tree that would 
make any genealogist question. 

5158
04:37:56,300 --> 04:37:59,700
Their sanity was represented by 
the 12th, Olympian gods. 

5159
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:02,800
Who would govern from this 
mountain Paradise suits had 

5160
04:38:02,800 --> 04:38:05,200
never met a Divine being. 
He didn't want to have children 

5161
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:08,200
with regardless of whether he 
was married to someone else at 

5162
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:10,800
the time. 
So the pantheon grew to include 

5163
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:14,900
some of Children, in addition to
the original six siblings, Zeus,

5164
04:38:14,900 --> 04:38:18,400
and the tightness Leto, had twin
children Apollo and Artemis who 

5165
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,099
introduced hunting. 
Archery, poetry and music to the

5166
04:38:21,108 --> 04:38:24,599
Divine family Apollo was the 
first Triple Threat performer in

5167
04:38:24,608 --> 04:38:27,900
the ancient world, becoming the 
god of the sun music and 

5168
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:30,000
prophecy as the goddess of the 
hunt. 

5169
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:32,800
And the moon Artemis made the 
decision to remain eternally 

5170
04:38:32,800 --> 04:38:35,099
virgin. 
So, she avoided her relatives 

5171
04:38:35,099 --> 04:38:38,400
Drama by spending most family. 
Get togethers in the woods after

5172
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:41,099
Zeus swallowed. 
Her pregnant mother metis to 

5173
04:38:41,099 --> 04:38:43,300
stop a prophecy that is 
children, would overthrow him 

5174
04:38:43,300 --> 04:38:47,000
Athena grew fully from his head 
armed and prepared for battle. 

5175
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,200
Everyone seemed to be unaware of
the irony that Zeus was now 

5176
04:38:50,200 --> 04:38:53,400
adopting his father's child 
eating tactic albeit in a 

5177
04:38:53,408 --> 04:38:56,000
different way. 
Being born from your father's 

5178
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:57,599
skull. 
After eight, your mother did not

5179
04:38:57,599 --> 04:39:01,099
prevent you from becoming one of
the most revered Gods as Athena 

5180
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:04,099
went on, to become a goddess of 
wisdom and war after Cronus 

5181
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:06,800
castrated. 
Uranus Aphrodite emerged from 

5182
04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:10,400
the Sea Foam, bringing Beauty 
and love to Olympus and more 

5183
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:12,400
relationship drama. 
Than a soap opera during the 

5184
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:14,200
day. 
She had a knack for making 

5185
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:15,599
everyone fall in love with the 
wrong. 

5186
04:39:15,599 --> 04:39:17,400
People at the worst possible 
times. 

5187
04:39:17,400 --> 04:39:19,700
So her very presence ensured 
that. 

5188
04:39:19,707 --> 04:39:23,599
No, Divine Gathering would be 
peaceful Zeus's, son with Hera 

5189
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:27,599
Ari's became a God of War, but 
not the kind of war that Athena 

5190
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:31,400
stood for one, that was 
strategic and Noble Rees, who is

5191
04:39:31,400 --> 04:39:34,500
basically the Divine counterpart
of that relative who turns every

5192
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:38,100
family Barbecue into a political
argument was more interested in 

5193
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:41,200
the violent, bloody and chaotic 
aspects of combat. 

5194
04:39:41,200 --> 04:39:43,800
It says something about his 
character that even his own 

5195
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:46,700
parents didn't like him. 
Depending on your preferred 

5196
04:39:46,700 --> 04:39:49,500
version of the story, her Feist 
us, the god of fire and 

5197
04:39:49,500 --> 04:39:52,800
metalworking was either Heroes 
Son by himself or another child 

5198
04:39:52,800 --> 04:39:56,200
of Zeus and Hera Hera through 
him off Mount Olympus in shame 

5199
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:59,600
because he was so ugly and had a
serious disability from birth 

5200
04:39:59,600 --> 04:40:02,700
after surviving the fall and 
learning from seen him, how to 

5201
04:40:02,700 --> 04:40:05,300
make things. 
A feisty has returned to Olympus

5202
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:08,800
as the main maker of impossible 
things for the gods, his Forge 

5203
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:11,300
evolved into the Heavenly 
equivalent of a posh custom. 

5204
04:40:11,300 --> 04:40:14,400
Shop crafting everything from 
Achilles armor to Zeus 

5205
04:40:14,400 --> 04:40:17,400
Thunderbolts anybody who had 
ever dealt with ancient Commerce

5206
04:40:17,400 --> 04:40:20,600
would understand why Hermes 
Zeus's son with the nymph Maya. 

5207
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:24,100
We came the messenger god, the 
underworld's guide, and the 

5208
04:40:24,108 --> 04:40:28,700
patron of Travelers, merchants 
and thieves, Hermes served, as 

5209
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:32,000
the gods translator and Diplomat
as well, which was extremely 

5210
04:40:32,000 --> 04:40:34,900
helpful in a household where 
poor communication frequently 

5211
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:39,300
resulted in plagues Wars and the
transformation of humans into 

5212
04:40:39,300 --> 04:40:42,200
different plants and animals 
because she was primarily 

5213
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:45,300
concerned with providing food 
for Mortals rather than becoming

5214
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:48,800
embroiled in the power struggles
and romantic entanglements, that

5215
04:40:48,800 --> 04:40:52,500
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 
the goddess of agriculture and 

5216
04:40:52,500 --> 04:40:55,600
the Harvest remained. 
One of the more stable figures 

5217
04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:58,800
in the pantheon later when her 
daughter Persephone became the 

5218
04:40:58,800 --> 04:41:02,100
focus of the first kidnapping 
scandal in the Underworld, her 

5219
04:41:02,100 --> 04:41:04,600
major drama would unfold. 
You would think that the 

5220
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:08,100
Olympians would have spent their
time as Sage kind Lords of the 

5221
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:10,900
universe after they had taken up
residence, in their new digs and

5222
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,200
established their various Divine
portfolios. 

5223
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:16,000
Rather they acted like a very 
strong hybrid of middle 

5224
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:18,800
management. 
And reality TV stars, complete 

5225
04:41:18,800 --> 04:41:21,000
with the petty envious and bad 
decision-making. 

5226
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:24,000
Rates that go along with that, 
with his views on marriage, 

5227
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:28,200
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 
The king of the Gods established

5228
04:41:28,200 --> 04:41:31,200
the standard for the entire 
Pantheon, Zeus, pursued, 

5229
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,500
romantic relationships with 
Gods, nymphs, and Mortals with 

5230
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:36,700
the Zeal of someone collecting 
rare stamps. 

5231
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:39,700
Treating monogamy as more of a 
suggestion than a commitment, 

5232
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,400
even though he was married to 
Hera his inventive methods of 

5233
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,200
courtship involved changing into
different animals, natural 

5234
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:48,400
phenomena, and inanimate 
objects. 

5235
04:41:48,400 --> 04:41:51,700
Anything, it took to get past is
Target's common sense or his 

5236
04:41:51,700 --> 04:41:55,400
wife's crying eyes for her part.
Hera handled her husband's 

5237
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,500
adultery with the forbearance of
someone who had long since given

5238
04:41:58,500 --> 04:42:01,800
up on a traditional marriage and
determined that retaliation was 

5239
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:03,300
more fulfilling than 
forgiveness. 

5240
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:05,500
Zeus did control lightning after
all. 

5241
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,500
So here are usually vented, her 
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 

5242
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:10,900
their offspring. 
Rather than directly facing Zeus

5243
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:14,400
with its imaginative, tortures, 
impossible, tasks and 

5244
04:42:14,400 --> 04:42:16,200
Transformations. 
That would make contemporary 

5245
04:42:16,200 --> 04:42:19,000
horror films. 
Seem mild a persecution of 

5246
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:21,100
Zeus's Conquest became so 
methodical. 

5247
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:24,300
That it resembled A Small 
industry, the marriage of the 

5248
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:27,100
couple turned into an example of
how to fail at managing 

5249
04:42:27,100 --> 04:42:31,000
relationship issues. 
When Zeus had an affair here, I 

5250
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:33,300
would discover it and punish 
everyone but Zeus. 

5251
04:42:33,300 --> 04:42:36,400
Zeus would then get upset about 
Harrah's meddling and the 

5252
04:42:36,400 --> 04:42:39,800
ensuing marital conflict would 
materialize as natural disasters

5253
04:42:39,800 --> 04:42:42,800
that would make life miserable 
for everyone on the planet 

5254
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:48,200
frequently, earthquakes, floods,
droughts and plagues were merely

5255
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,200
unintended consequences of the 
Divine couple resolving their 

5256
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,000
problems. 
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 

5257
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,500
governed, the Seas approached 
marriage with the same 

5258
04:42:56,500 --> 04:42:59,900
temperament that his brother did
because Poseidon was Notorious 

5259
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:03,200
for taking personal offense at 
small, slights and expressing. 

5260
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:06,700
His refer through storms that 
could sink entire fleet sea 

5261
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:10,300
monsters and tsunamis Sailors 
learned to make offerings before

5262
04:43:10,300 --> 04:43:13,000
every Voyage. 
Not because they were deeply 

5263
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:16,400
religious, he was the type of 
God who would destroy your ship,

5264
04:43:16,400 --> 04:43:19,600
because he didn't, like the way 
you treated him and then accuse 

5265
04:43:19,600 --> 04:43:21,200
you of not treating him with the
respect. 

5266
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:23,800
He deserved with less 
shape-shifting and more 

5267
04:43:23,800 --> 04:43:26,800
involuntary conversion of his 
romantic interest into various 

5268
04:43:26,800 --> 04:43:30,600
sea creatures, the Sea Gods love
life, was nearly as complicated 

5269
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:34,300
as Zeus's Poseidon reportedly 
thought that the ideal way to 

5270
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:36,800
remember A Love Affair was to 
transform his ex-lover into a 

5271
04:43:36,808 --> 04:43:41,000
species of fish or a coral reef 
resulting in a Mediterranean 

5272
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:44,600
teeming with aquatic creatures 
with deeply personal history, as

5273
04:43:44,600 --> 04:43:47,800
the lord of the underworld Hades
gained a reputation for being 

5274
04:43:47,800 --> 04:43:49,400
the most practical of the Three 
Brothers. 

5275
04:43:49,400 --> 04:43:53,100
Presumably due to the fact that 
handling the Dead Called for 

5276
04:43:53,108 --> 04:43:56,300
more administrative expertise 
than artistic Flair with 

5277
04:43:56,300 --> 04:43:59,000
appropriate admissions. 
Procedures classification, 

5278
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:02,700
schemes for various Soul types 
and explicit protocols for 

5279
04:44:02,700 --> 04:44:05,700
exceptional situations. 
The underworld functioned like a

5280
04:44:05,708 --> 04:44:09,200
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 
avoided most of his family's 

5281
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:12,300
drama and concentrated on the 
pragmatics of divine rule 

5282
04:44:12,300 --> 04:44:13,700
because he seldom left his 
domain. 

5283
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:17,700
Even though they were twins 
Apollo and Artemis had quite 

5284
04:44:17,708 --> 04:44:20,800
different approaches to their 
Divine duties, with the Zeal of 

5285
04:44:20,800 --> 04:44:22,900
a performer who never 
encountered an audience, he 

5286
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:26,500
didn't wish to Dazzle, Apollo 
embraced his role, as the god of

5287
04:44:26,500 --> 04:44:30,900
poetry music and the sun 
inspired poets created Music. 

5288
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:34,300
Contests and moved the sun 
across the sky every day with 

5289
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:36,900
the punctuality of someone who 
knew that crops and plants 

5290
04:44:36,900 --> 04:44:39,400
relied on him. 
On the other hand, Artemis 

5291
04:44:39,400 --> 04:44:41,800
approached her responsibilities,
as the moon and Hunt goddess 

5292
04:44:41,800 --> 04:44:44,800
with the gravity of a wildlife 
preserve manager. 

5293
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:47,600
She kept a pack of hunting 
hounds that could follow anyone 

5294
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:50,700
over any terrain, demanded 
complete Chastity from her 

5295
04:44:50,700 --> 04:44:53,900
followers and dealt swiftly, and
often fatally with those who 

5296
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:56,800
disobeyed her a successful hunt 
followed by an evening. 

5297
04:44:56,800 --> 04:45:00,100
With her nymphs away from the 
complexity of Olympic family 

5298
04:45:00,100 --> 04:45:03,300
Dynamics. 
Was her idea of a good time with

5299
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:05,500
the methodical accuracy of a 
military strategist. 

5300
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:09,000
And the intellectual curiosity 
of a scholar Athena approached 

5301
04:45:09,000 --> 04:45:12,100
her dual roles as goddess of 
wisdom and warfare after 

5302
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:15,000
defeating Poseidon in a 
competition to determine And who

5303
04:45:15,008 --> 04:45:16,700
could give the city, the most 
useful gift. 

5304
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:19,200
She was made the patron goddess 
of Athens. 

5305
04:45:19,200 --> 04:45:22,700
Athena offered an olive tree 
while Poseidon offered a 

5306
04:45:22,700 --> 04:45:24,900
saltwater Spring by selecting 
the tree. 

5307
04:45:24,900 --> 04:45:28,300
The Athenians showed that even 
in Antiquity people valued 

5308
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:31,300
sustainable agriculture over 
ostentatious, but unworkable 

5309
04:45:31,300 --> 04:45:34,500
gestures examining. 
Aphrodite is distinct role in 

5310
04:45:34,500 --> 04:45:37,500
Divine chaos is essential to any
discussion of Olympic 

5311
04:45:37,500 --> 04:45:40,900
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 
The Goddess of beauty and love 

5312
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:44,000
had the ability to make anyone 
fall in love with anyone else. 

5313
04:45:44,000 --> 04:45:47,700
Regardless of their existing 
relationships tastes or common 

5314
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:50,500
sense, with all the Restraint of
someone who had been granted 

5315
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:53,700
access to a nuclear reactor and 
told it was a new type of 

5316
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,000
NightLight she used this 
ability. 

5317
04:45:57,400 --> 04:46:00,500
For deities, own romantic life. 
So served as an example of the 

5318
04:46:00,500 --> 04:46:02,200
difficulties, her realm could 
bring about. 

5319
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:05,900
She had an egregious affair with
orys the God of War, even though

5320
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:08,900
she was married to her fists, 
the most loving, and loyal of 

5321
04:46:08,900 --> 04:46:11,300
the Gods. 
The Greeks were fascinated by 

5322
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:13,600
The Cosmic irony. 
That resulted from the 

5323
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:16,200
relationship between the God of 
War and the goddess of love. 

5324
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:19,600
It seemed that the two were more
closely related than anyone 

5325
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:20,400
wanted. 
To acknowledge. 

5326
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,300
One of Olympus is biggest 
scandals arose from their 

5327
04:46:23,300 --> 04:46:25,700
Affair. 
When her fists leaving, his wife

5328
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,900
was cheating, created an 
impenetrable invisible web After

5329
04:46:29,900 --> 04:46:32,500
putting it over his marital bed,
he declared that he would be 

5330
04:46:32,508 --> 04:46:36,400
gone for a few days believing. 
They had privacy, Aphrodite and 

5331
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:38,900
ares, were caught in the act 
when the net and snared them in 

5332
04:46:38,900 --> 04:46:42,400
a precarious situation. 
The other gods were then invited

5333
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:45,000
by her Faustus to observe, his 
wife's disloyalty. 

5334
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:47,500
The goddess is remained at home 
in embarrassment. 

5335
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:51,800
While the male Gods came to gaze
and chuckle the entire incident 

5336
04:46:51,800 --> 04:46:54,400
showed that even Divine beings 
could suffer public humiliation 

5337
04:46:54,400 --> 04:46:57,300
comparable to that of 
contemporary social media 

5338
04:46:57,300 --> 04:46:59,300
scandals. 
Greek mythologies. 

5339
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,200
Most well known Tales are the 
result of Aphrodite meddling in 

5340
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:05,500
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite 
bribed, Paris of Troy with the 

5341
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:08,600
love of Helen who was already 
married to Menelaus of Sparta 

5342
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:12,200
starting the Trojan War, which 
claimed thousands of lives. 

5343
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:14,000
And destroyed. 
One of the greatest cities in 

5344
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:17,600
Antiquity Paris is choice of 
Aphrodite is offer over here and

5345
04:47:17,600 --> 04:47:21,100
Athena's Alternatives set off a 
series of events that would 

5346
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:24,400
change the ancient world and 
Inspire epic poetry for 

5347
04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:26,900
centuries to come. 
Additionally, the goddess was 

5348
04:47:26,900 --> 04:47:29,600
skilled at fabricating and 
probable romantic scenarios. 

5349
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:33,300
She caused King Minos of Crete's
wife, pacifier to fall in love 

5350
04:47:33,300 --> 04:47:36,100
with a bull, which resulted in 
the creation of the Minotaur. 

5351
04:47:36,100 --> 04:47:38,300
In the requirement, for a 
complex, Labyrinth to keep the 

5352
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:41,500
beast in check she made Mara 
fall in love with Own father 

5353
04:47:41,500 --> 04:47:44,800
which led to a family Scandal 
that even the gods found awkward

5354
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:48,100
and the birth of Adonis, she 
inspired the sculptor pigmalion 

5355
04:47:48,100 --> 04:47:49,700
to fall in love with his own 
statue. 

5356
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:53,200
But in that instance she felt 
sorry for him and made the 

5357
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:56,400
Statue come to life as galatea. 
Aphrodite is approached to her 

5358
04:47:56,408 --> 04:47:59,300
Divine duties, was exemplified 
by these interventions. 

5359
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:03,100
She felt that love was the most 
potent force in the universe and

5360
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:04,800
that everyone should experience 
it. 

5361
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:08,400
Regardless of whether they 
desired, it were prepared for it

5362
04:48:08,400 --> 04:48:12,600
or could bear its consequences. 
A gift of love was like getting 

5363
04:48:12,600 --> 04:48:16,900
a wild animal as a pet. 
Beautiful, thrilling and able to

5364
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:19,400
ruin your entire life. 
If you don't treat it with the 

5365
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:23,300
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 
is meddling in their Affairs, 

5366
04:48:23,300 --> 04:48:25,000
taught the other gods to be 
cautious. 

5367
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:27,800
She was not above using her 
power to settle scores, or 

5368
04:48:27,800 --> 04:48:30,600
further her own agenda and she 
could make them fall in love 

5369
04:48:30,608 --> 04:48:33,800
with Mortals with each other, or
with totally inappropriate 

5370
04:48:33,800 --> 04:48:36,300
targets. 
The last things you needed was 

5371
04:48:36,300 --> 04:48:39,500
for hero to have Divine help. 
Complicate, his already complex,

5372
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:42,000
love life. 
So even he was cautious, not to 

5373
04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:45,000
offend his daughter too much. 
Despite his own difficult 

5374
04:48:45,000 --> 04:48:48,300
relationship with Fidelity 
Hermes approached, godhood like 

5375
04:48:48,300 --> 04:48:51,700
someone attempting to construct 
the perfect resume or as his 

5376
04:48:51,700 --> 04:48:54,800
fellow Olympians focused on 
specific facets of divine 

5377
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:58,100
responsibility, despite having 
more job titles than a 

5378
04:48:58,100 --> 04:49:01,500
contemporary startup CEO. 
Hermes was able to excel at all 

5379
04:49:01,500 --> 04:49:05,900
of them, messenger of the Gods 
Guide to the underworld, patron 

5380
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:09,800
of merchants protector of 
Travelers, and divine sponsor of

5381
04:49:09,800 --> 04:49:13,800
Thieves Hermes, adaptability 
resulted from both necessity, 

5382
04:49:13,800 --> 04:49:17,700
and his personality being Zeus's
youngest son, he had to 

5383
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:20,900
establish his own place in a 
Pantheon, or is older more. 

5384
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:23,600
Established relatives had 
already claimed all the evident 

5385
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:26,700
Divine portfolios being the god.
You called, when you needed 

5386
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:30,300
something done, fast, quietly, 
or creatively was his answer to 

5387
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:33,200
becoming indispensable to 
everyone, both Divine and 

5388
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:35,700
Mortal, his position as a Divine
messenger. 

5389
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:39,100
Demanded diplomatic abilities 
that would stump experts and 

5390
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:42,300
contemporary international 
relations, Hermes frequently, 

5391
04:49:42,300 --> 04:49:45,800
mediated truces in Wars where 
both sides viewed compromise as 

5392
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:48,700
a sign of weakness, delivered 
news that would have made 

5393
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:50,300
recipients want to shoot the 
messenger. 

5394
04:49:51,000 --> 04:49:53,700
Except that he was Immortal and 
Incredibly Swift. 

5395
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:57,400
And carried messages between 
Gods who were actively 

5396
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:00,100
attempting to kill one another. 
The scoring souls to the 

5397
04:50:00,108 --> 04:50:03,000
underworld was another of the 
messenger Gods responsibilities.

5398
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:06,800
This task called for a special 
blend of efficiency and empathy 

5399
04:50:06,800 --> 04:50:10,300
without becoming overly invested
in each person's unique story, 

5400
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:13,300
Hermes had to assist recently 
deceased Mortals in 

5401
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,500
comprehending, their predicament
navigating, the formalities of 

5402
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:20,400
death, and transporting them to 
their ultimate destinations with

5403
04:50:20,400 --> 04:50:23,500
a path that extended from Earth 
to the lowest reaches of Hades. 

5404
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:27,500
It was similar to being a cosmic
social worker Hermes recognized 

5405
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,200
that last name Camaros were 
frequently separated by little 

5406
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:33,600
more than legal nuances, and 
clever marketing, which is why 

5407
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:36,900
he supported both thieves and 
Merchants the skills. 

5408
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:39,800
Necessary for ancient trade, 
such as the ability to quickly 

5409
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:43,400
determine value, negotiate under
pressure and occasionally make 

5410
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:45,800
quick exits. 
When deals went wrong were very 

5411
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,200
similar to those needed for 
theft though. 

5412
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:50,600
He favored his Protege to 
concentrate on the former 

5413
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:53,700
whenever Feasible Herm is 
recognized the entrepreneurial 

5414
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:56,800
Spirit inherent in both legal 
business and creative theft 

5415
04:50:56,800 --> 04:51:00,500
since travel was risky. 
Uncertain, unnecessary for 

5416
04:51:00,500 --> 04:51:02,900
survival. 
In those days, he was one of the

5417
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:05,700
most widely worshiped gods in 
Antiquity for protecting 

5418
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:08,100
Travelers prayers. 
To Hermes, could mean the 

5419
04:51:08,100 --> 04:51:11,100
difference between arriving at 
your destination and becoming a 

5420
04:51:11,108 --> 04:51:13,100
cautionary tale for future 
Travelers. 

5421
04:51:13,100 --> 04:51:17,300
His symbols, also indicated safe
lodging and trusted Merchants. 

5422
04:51:17,300 --> 04:51:21,500
Hermes is roadside shrines 
marked, safe, places to rest the

5423
04:51:21,500 --> 04:51:24,000
gods creativity. 
Went beyond his work obligations

5424
04:51:24,000 --> 04:51:27,000
to include his Hobbies after 
transforming a tortoise shell 

5425
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,600
into a musical instrument 
Hermes, created the liar, and 

5426
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:33,400
gave it to Apollo in return for 
being acknowledged as the Divine

5427
04:51:33,400 --> 04:51:36,900
patron of animal husbandry, in 
addition, to creating the first 

5428
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:39,900
alphabet, and the panpipes. 
He also set the rules for 

5429
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:42,400
athletic competitions. 
Like someone who viewed 

5430
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,000
immortality as a chance to 
become an expert in every 

5431
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:48,300
possible skill and Pastime. 
His Creative Energy seemed 

5432
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:51,800
Limitless because of his many 
roles that Kept him busy and on 

5433
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,700
the road as well as the fact 
that he had mastered, the art of

5434
04:51:54,708 --> 04:51:58,100
remaining impartial in family 
disputes hermes' relationship. 

5435
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:00,900
With his family was noticeably 
more harmonious than most 

5436
04:52:00,900 --> 04:52:03,500
Olympic relationships in 
general. 

5437
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:06,200
He was the family member who 
could be relied upon, not to 

5438
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:10,100
exacerbate already, existing 
issues mediated compromises that

5439
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,500
allowed everyone to save face 
and conveyed messages between 

5440
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:15,600
warring relatives without taking
sides. 

5441
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:18,900
Perhaps because he was too busy 
to become deeply involved in the

5442
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,500
kind of dramatic relationships 
that took up so much of his 

5443
04:52:21,500 --> 04:52:23,900
family's time. 
His romantic life was 

5444
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,100
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs, 

5445
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,000
although Hermes had 
relationships and Affairs, they 

5446
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:32,100
were usually short-lived 
Pleasant and devoid of the 

5447
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:36,300
curses Metamorphoses and natural
catastrophes that marked other 

5448
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:39,900
Divine romance's Demeter was 
arguably, the most useful and 

5449
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:41,300
necessary of all the Olympic 
Gods. 

5450
04:52:41,300 --> 04:52:44,700
She governed whether people ate 
or starved where the crops 

5451
04:52:44,700 --> 04:52:48,500
thrived or faild and whether 
civilization survived or fell 

5452
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:51,200
apart due to famine, as the 
goddess of agriculture, The 

5453
04:52:51,200 --> 04:52:53,200
Harvest and the fertility of the
earth. 

5454
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:56,000
She was one of the more steady 
independable members of the 

5455
04:52:56,008 --> 04:52:58,900
pantheon because of her work 
which required patience 

5456
04:52:58,900 --> 04:53:02,000
attention to detail and a 
thorough, understanding of 

5457
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:04,600
natural cycles Demeter. 
Took her Heavenly 

5458
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,600
responsibility. 
Seriously, as if she knew that 

5459
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:11,300
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with the 

5460
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:14,000
commitment of a scientist and 
the power of someone, who could 

5461
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:17,400
personally modify these 
variables when needed, She kept 

5462
04:53:17,400 --> 04:53:21,100
an eye on plant diseases, where 
the patterns and soil conditions

5463
04:53:21,100 --> 04:53:24,200
because Demeter's mood could 
affect whether their family, 

5464
04:53:24,200 --> 04:53:27,400
survived the winter Farmers, 
learned to keep an eye out for 

5465
04:53:27,400 --> 04:53:29,400
indications of her favor or 
disapproval. 

5466
04:53:29,400 --> 04:53:32,700
In contrast to some of her 
relatives who appear to see 

5467
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:36,100
humans, mainly as Amusement. 
She had a generally positive 

5468
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:39,000
relationship with Mortals 
Demeter established, the 

5469
04:53:39,008 --> 04:53:41,900
religious festivals that enabled
communities to commemorate 

5470
04:53:41,900 --> 04:53:44,800
Bountiful harvests while 
preparing for the upcoming. 

5471
04:53:44,800 --> 04:53:48,700
Lean months, taught agriculture 
to early civilization and 

5472
04:53:48,700 --> 04:53:51,700
imparted the knowledge of bread 
making and food preservation. 

5473
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,800
She was the type of goddess who 
genuinely wished for her 

5474
04:53:54,800 --> 04:53:57,700
followers to succeed and was 
prepared to put in the effort 

5475
04:53:57,700 --> 04:54:01,300
necessary to achieve that goal. 
The trauma of losing her 

5476
04:54:01,300 --> 04:54:03,200
daughter. 
Persephone was exacerbated by 

5477
04:54:03,200 --> 04:54:07,200
this pragmatic caring approach. 
The story started, when Hades 

5478
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:09,900
decided he needed a wife because
he was lonely in his underworld 

5479
04:54:09,900 --> 04:54:12,700
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 
the dead alone. 

5480
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:15,600
Hades, simply abducted, 
Persephone as she was gathering 

5481
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:18,600
flowers in a meadow and dragged 
her down to his realm through a 

5482
04:54:18,600 --> 04:54:21,200
fissure in the ground. 
By passing the intricate 

5483
04:54:21,200 --> 04:54:23,100
courtship rights. 
That other gods had to go 

5484
04:54:23,108 --> 04:54:25,000
through when her daughter 
vanished. 

5485
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:27,000
Demeter's response was prompt 
and decisive. 

5486
04:54:27,000 --> 04:54:31,100
She neglected, the crops the 
seasons, and the whole natural 

5487
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:32,500
cycle, that kept the world 
running. 

5488
04:54:32,500 --> 04:54:35,400
As she turned her back on her 
Divine duties, and started 

5489
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:36,900
looking for Persephone on the 
earth. 

5490
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:40,800
Fruit trees, withered Fields, 
went arid and the planet 

5491
04:54:40,800 --> 04:54:42,600
entered. 
What was effectively the first 

5492
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:47,100
nuclear winter only this time 
aging mother with supernatural 

5493
04:54:47,100 --> 04:54:50,500
abilities was to blame rather 
than Atomic Fallout, the 

5494
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:53,700
goddess, followed every room and
possibility as she searched the 

5495
04:54:53,700 --> 04:54:56,800
known world and Beyond while 
living among Mortals, and 

5496
04:54:56,800 --> 04:55:00,500
disguising herself as an elderly
woman, she witnessed their Volte

5497
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:03,500
and kindness firsthand and never
gave up on finding her daughter.

5498
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:06,600
Nothing could grow while Demeter
was in mourning because her 

5499
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:08,900
grief was so deep that it 
impacted the very nature of 

5500
04:55:08,900 --> 04:55:11,600
fertility and growth. 
The other gods realized they 

5501
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:14,000
were facing a crisis. 
When famine swept the planet and

5502
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:17,700
Mortal started to perish from 
starvation, empty temples do not

5503
04:55:17,708 --> 04:55:20,800
produce the ore and adoration 
that God's need for their mental

5504
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:23,800
health and dead worshipers, do 
not offer sacrifices. 

5505
04:55:23,800 --> 04:55:26,700
When it became evident that 
Demeter's, labor strike would 

5506
04:55:26,700 --> 04:55:29,200
bring civilization to an end 
unless something was done. 

5507
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:32,500
Zeus who had previously ignored 
the issue in the hopes that it 

5508
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,900
would end on its own was 
compelled to step in a delicate 

5509
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:38,000
diplomatic issue. 
Confronted the king of the Gods 

5510
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:41,700
since the underworld was Hades 
Sovereign territory, and forcing

5511
04:55:41,700 --> 04:55:44,200
him to give up his bride would 
set a precedent that might 

5512
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:46,400
restrict Zeus's own romantic 
Adventures. 

5513
04:55:46,400 --> 04:55:50,500
He couldn't just order Hades to 
return Persephone since Demeter 

5514
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:53,600
had justifiable complaints and 
the other gods were beginning to

5515
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:56,300
feel sorry for her. 
He was unable to order her to 

5516
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:59,200
return to her duties. 
He required a solution that 

5517
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:02,700
would save face for all parties 
while also satisfying, everyone 

5518
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:05,500
Zeus despatched. 
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 

5519
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:07,900
proposing to acknowledge the 
Union in return for 

5520
04:56:07,908 --> 04:56:11,400
Persephone's, Liberty to visit, 
her mother Hades consented, but 

5521
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:13,800
only on the Proviso that anyone 
who ate in the realm of the 

5522
04:56:13,808 --> 04:56:16,600
Dead, would inevitably return 
there because Persephone had 

5523
04:56:16,600 --> 04:56:19,800
eaten pomegranate seeds while in
the Underworld, the compromise 

5524
04:56:19,800 --> 04:56:22,800
reached during the negotiations,
gave everyone a sense of partial

5525
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,200
success, but did not fully 
satisfy anyone. 

5526
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:28,200
Every year, Persephone would 
spend some time with her mother 

5527
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:31,500
on Earth and sometime with her 
husband in the Underworld only, 

5528
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,100
when her daughter was present 
would Demeter return to her 

5529
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:35,900
duties. 
The arrangement established, the

5530
04:56:35,908 --> 04:56:39,600
seasons ottoman winter, when 
Persephone returned to Hades and

5531
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:43,700
Demeter sorrow, put the world to
rest and spring and summer when 

5532
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:46,800
Persephone returned to Earth and
Demeter's happiness, caused 

5533
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:49,500
everything to bloom because of 
her exceptional. 

5534
04:56:49,500 --> 04:56:52,600
Blend of military skill and 
intellectual prowess Athena 

5535
04:56:52,600 --> 04:56:56,200
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 

5536
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,600
She stood for the deliberate 
calculated approach to fighting 

5537
04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:03,300
as a posed to the violent Mayhem
that defined her half-brother 

5538
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:07,500
Ari's realm Athena stood for the
strategy tactics and strategic 

5539
04:57:07,500 --> 04:57:10,600
application of force that could 
win conflicts with the fewest 

5540
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:12,900
possible. 
Casualties, while Aries, 

5541
04:57:12,900 --> 04:57:15,700
symbolized, the heedless rage 
and bloodlust of combat. 

5542
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:19,500
Her peculiar birth emerging 
fully developed an armed from 

5543
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:23,100
Zeus's head after he ingested 
her pregnant mother, Represented

5544
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:26,300
the kind of instantaneous 
comprehensive knowledge that 

5545
04:57:26,300 --> 04:57:29,600
defined her method of 
problem-solving in contrast to 

5546
04:57:29,600 --> 04:57:32,000
other gods who acquired 
knowledge through experience or 

5547
04:57:32,000 --> 04:57:34,800
gradually. 
Improve their skills Athena came

5548
04:57:34,800 --> 04:57:38,200
into being fully in control of 
her Realms and aware of the ways

5549
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:40,500
in which war and wisdom could 
work in tandem. 

5550
04:57:40,500 --> 04:57:44,000
Athena's, wisdom was useful 
actionable intelligence. 

5551
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:47,400
That could be used to solve 
actual issues, not the abstract 

5552
04:57:47,400 --> 04:57:50,300
philosophical, kind that is 
discussed in academic settings, 

5553
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:53,400
by teaching Mortals, how to make
better tools, stronger, 

5554
04:57:53,400 --> 04:57:56,600
buildings and innovations that 
enhance their daily lives. 

5555
04:57:56,600 --> 04:58:00,500
She Rose to become the patroness
of craftsmanship, architecture 

5556
04:58:00,500 --> 04:58:03,500
and Technology. 
Her contributions to humanity 

5557
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:06,300
were practical abilities that 
enabled civilization, rather 

5558
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:09,800
than impersonal ideas. 
This practical wisdom was 

5559
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:13,400
reflected in her approach to 
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 

5560
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:16,600
that won battles with few 
resources and casualties or as 

5561
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:19,400
Aries favored direct conflict 
and over Force. 

5562
04:58:19,400 --> 04:58:21,900
She was the goddess. 
You prayed to when you had to 

5563
04:58:21,900 --> 04:58:25,500
defeat a stronger foe, defend 
your city against insurmountable

5564
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:29,800
odds or win by cunning rather 
than Brute Force, Athena 

5565
04:58:29,800 --> 04:58:32,500
strategic thinking was 
exemplified by her competition 

5566
04:58:32,500 --> 04:58:34,600
with Poseidon for the patronage 
of Athens. 

5567
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:37,700
Both gods were asked to present 
gifts that would help the 

5568
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:41,000
populace when the city needed, a
patron, deity, impressive, 

5569
04:58:41,000 --> 04:58:43,800
dramatic, and ultimately 
pointless for a city that 

5570
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:47,300
already had access to the Sea 
Poseidon, struck the ground with

5571
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:49,600
his Trident and created a spring
of saltwater. 

5572
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,700
By planting an olive. 
Tree Athena gave the city access

5573
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:56,100
to food, lamp oil, building 
materials, and a sustainable 

5574
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:58,000
resource that would last for 
many generations. 

5575
04:58:58,000 --> 04:59:01,400
The Athenian selected Athena's 
gift because they understood 

5576
04:59:01,400 --> 04:59:03,500
that its usefulness. 
Outweighed ostentatious 

5577
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:06,200
displays. 
This Choice made Athens, a hub 

5578
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,000
of knowledge, wisdom and 
strategic thinking. 

5579
04:59:09,800 --> 04:59:12,200
Values that would go on to 
produce some of the greatest 

5580
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:15,800
philosophers Architects and 
Military commanders in history. 

5581
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:20,100
Long after faith, in the ancient
gods had waned Athena's 

5582
04:59:20,100 --> 04:59:22,500
influenced continued to shape 
the city's personality. 

5583
04:59:23,500 --> 04:59:26,500
She served as an example of how 
Divine wisdom could impact 

5584
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:30,100
mortal conflicts during the 
Trojan War Athena sided with the

5585
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:32,800
Greeks because she thought they 
embodied the values of tactical 

5586
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:36,500
Innovation and strategic 
thinking that she valued while 

5587
04:59:36,500 --> 04:59:39,500
other gods made their decisions 
based on personal preferences or

5588
04:59:39,500 --> 04:59:42,500
familial allegiances. 
She helped create the Trojan 

5589
04:59:42,500 --> 04:59:45,500
Horse strategy that ultimately 
put an end to the 10-year Siege 

5590
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:48,800
and gave advice to Heroes, like 
Odysseus who approached 

5591
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,100
obstacles with cunning rather 
than force compared to other 

5592
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:53,800
gods. 
Athena had very different 

5593
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:56,500
relationships. 
With Mortals, Athena established

5594
04:59:56,500 --> 04:59:59,900
mentoring relationships, based 
on respect for one another and a

5595
04:59:59,900 --> 05:00:02,600
common interest in ideas as 
opposed to the intense 

5596
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:05,000
frequently destructive romantic 
entanglements. 

5597
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:07,700
The defined her relatives 
interactions with humans. 

5598
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:10,900
She inspired inventors to 
develop new technologies 

5599
05:00:10,900 --> 05:00:14,500
mentored Artisans to hone their 
craft and Council military 

5600
05:00:14,500 --> 05:00:16,800
leaders on tactics to safeguard 
their troops. 

5601
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:19,500
She made a philosophical 
statement about the nature of 

5602
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:21,800
wisdom by choosing to remain a 
virgin forever. 

5603
05:00:21,800 --> 05:00:25,000
Athena was aware that Romantic 
relationships, frequently, 

5604
05:00:25,000 --> 05:00:29,100
weaken, judgment and calls 
loyalties to be split traits 

5605
05:00:29,100 --> 05:00:31,800
that were incompatible with the 
rational thought, necessary for 

5606
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:34,000
both wisdom and successful 
combat. 

5607
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:37,200
She was able to maintain the 
objectively required to base 

5608
05:00:37,200 --> 05:00:40,300
decisions on Merit, rather than 
Emotion by staying unattached. 

5609
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:44,600
When disputes arose between 
Mortals and other gods, the 

5610
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:48,200
goddess also acted as a Divine 
mediator, she was uniquely 

5611
05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:51,400
suited to comprehend both sides 
of arguments and come up with 

5612
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:53,600
solutions. 
That met everyone's justifiable 

5613
05:00:53,600 --> 05:00:56,800
interests while averting 
needless violence because of her

5614
05:00:56,800 --> 05:01:00,900
wisdom and fighting prowess. 
Not only could she help you win 

5615
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:04,000
but she could do so without 
causing you any new issues which

5616
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,500
made her the god you wanted on 
your side Apollo exemplified 

5617
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:10,500
Divine multitasking on a scale 
that would impress contemporary 

5618
05:01:10,500 --> 05:01:14,800
productivity experts if Athena 
stood for focused expertise as 

5619
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:18,600
the god of the sun music, poetry
prophecy healing and archery 

5620
05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:21,700
Apollo oversaw duties, that 
would have overwhelmed many 

5621
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:24,600
other gods while upholding 
standards of excellence the 

5622
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:27,300
established benchmarks for 
Mortals in each of these domains

5623
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:29,900
driving the sun across the sky 
every day. 

5624
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:33,300
Required a level of consistency 
and punctuality that would be 

5625
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,400
difficult for anyone. 
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 

5626
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:39,300
ensured that daylight reached 
every corner of the Earth at the

5627
05:01:39,300 --> 05:01:44,000
right time and intensity by. 
Tying his Chariot to 45 horses 

5628
05:01:44,000 --> 05:01:47,900
and driving across the heavens 
every morning because the entire

5629
05:01:47,900 --> 05:01:51,100
natural world relied on his 
dependability, it was a duty 

5630
05:01:51,100 --> 05:01:54,200
that did not permit sick days 
vacation time or the opportunity

5631
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:57,400
to sleep in. 
He became the first crossover 

5632
05:01:57,400 --> 05:01:59,800
artists in history. 
Thanks to his musical abilities.

5633
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:02,000
Apollo was more than just a 
musician. 

5634
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:05,600
He created musical, instruments 
established, the concepts of 

5635
05:02:05,608 --> 05:02:09,000
Rhythm and Harmony and served as
an inspiration to his fellow 

5636
05:02:09,000 --> 05:02:12,600
gods and Mortal musicians, his 
musical contest established, the

5637
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:15,400
bar for artistic Brilliance, 
that mortal musicians would aim 

5638
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:17,600
to reach for centuries. 
And his liar. 

5639
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:21,000
Became the standard instrument 
for divine performance is poetry

5640
05:02:21,000 --> 05:02:23,200
that was both entertaining. 
And prophetic was produced by 

5641
05:02:23,208 --> 05:02:25,900
the gods, through a combination 
of technical skill and divine 

5642
05:02:25,900 --> 05:02:28,500
inspiration. 
In addition to telling tales and

5643
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:31,900
expressing feelings Apollo's, 
poetry also offered moral 

5644
05:02:31,900 --> 05:02:35,400
advice, disclosed future 
realities and preserve the 

5645
05:02:35,408 --> 05:02:38,300
cultural knowledge that 
societies required to endure and

5646
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:42,000
Thrive his impact on Mortal 
poets was so great that 

5647
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:44,900
inspiration itself, came to be 
seen as a sign of divine 

5648
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,200
possession by Apollo or his 
muses. 

5649
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:50,700
The most significant source of 
prophetic guidance. 

5650
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:54,700
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 

5651
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:57,200
Priestess pythia, gave 
prophecies that affected. 

5652
05:02:57,200 --> 05:03:01,500
Greek politics colonization war,
and Private Affairs city-states 

5653
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:03,500
sort advice before founding new 
colonies. 

5654
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:06,300
Individual sort advice on 
everything from Marriage 

5655
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:09,700
prospects to career choices, and
King sought the Oracle before 

5656
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:12,800
making important decisions, the 
oracle's predictions were 

5657
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:16,200
renowned for being cryptic, 
necessitating interpretation 

5658
05:03:16,200 --> 05:03:18,800
that frequently became clear 
only after the events had taken 

5659
05:03:18,808 --> 05:03:20,800
place. 
This ambiguity was a 

5660
05:03:20,808 --> 05:03:23,600
characteristic that represented 
Apollo's view of the proper 

5661
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:27,800
operation of Prophecy, not a 
weakness in the system Free Will

5662
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:31,000
and the lessons that Mortals 
needed to learn via experience 

5663
05:03:31,000 --> 05:03:33,200
would be eliminated by direct 
predictions. 

5664
05:03:33,200 --> 05:03:35,800
While maintaining the 
flexibility to make decisions 

5665
05:03:35,800 --> 05:03:38,200
and grow from them. 
Cryptic guidance offered 

5666
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:41,900
guidance because of his 
expertise in medicine Apollo was

5667
05:03:41,900 --> 05:03:44,700
able to both cause and cure 
plagues making him. 

5668
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:47,900
The Divine physician Apollo's 
arrows, have the power to spread

5669
05:03:47,900 --> 05:03:50,500
disease, that Wiped out entire 
populations when Mortals 

5670
05:03:50,500 --> 05:03:54,200
offended him or other gods, he 
could heal wounds Holt epidemics

5671
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:57,100
and in part medical knowledge to
Mortals so they could take care 

5672
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:58,900
of themselves. 
If he was duly honored and 

5673
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:01,400
placated, the Greek 
understanding that Health 

5674
05:04:01,400 --> 05:04:03,800
depended on upholding 
appropriate, relationships, with

5675
05:04:03,800 --> 05:04:07,900
Divine forces, was reflected in 
his dual role as both the cause 

5676
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:11,100
and the Cure of illness. 
Even among the gods, his archery

5677
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:14,400
as was legendary fusing 
Supernatural, accuracy with 

5678
05:04:14,400 --> 05:04:17,200
physical dexterity. 
Whether he was hunting, wild 

5679
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:20,500
animals reprimanding Mortals who
had wronged him or engaging in 

5680
05:04:20,500 --> 05:04:24,000
competition with other archers 
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 

5681
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:26,500
hit their targets. 
He was the patron, deity of 

5682
05:04:26,508 --> 05:04:29,100
athletes and competitors, who 
aimed for flawless performance, 

5683
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:32,600
because his skill with the bow 
represented, the accuracy and 

5684
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:36,000
concentration needed for success
in any Endeavor, despite his 

5685
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:39,500
Divine status and impressive 
array of talents Apollo's 

5686
05:04:39,500 --> 05:04:42,000
romantic relationships were 
notably unsuccessful. 

5687
05:04:43,000 --> 05:04:45,300
When Daphne changed into a 
laurel tree to get away from 

5688
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:49,100
him, he stopped pursuing her 
Apollo curse Casandra because 

5689
05:04:49,100 --> 05:04:51,700
she had promised to be his lover
in exchange for the gift of 

5690
05:04:51,700 --> 05:04:54,300
Prophecy. 
She had broken the agreement. 

5691
05:04:54,300 --> 05:04:56,800
Making her predictions. 
Unbelievable. 

5692
05:04:57,500 --> 05:04:59,700
He became more understanding of 
Mortals going through similar 

5693
05:04:59,700 --> 05:05:01,900
struggles, after learning from 
these failed relationships. 

5694
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,600
That even Divine Perfection 
could not ensure love success, 

5695
05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:09,300
Artemis chose a path that valued
Solitude Independence and the 

5696
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:12,900
wild places that existed outside
of human civilization while her 

5697
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:15,900
twin brother Apollo embraced, 
the public aspects of godhood 

5698
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:19,600
with its contests oracles and 
constant interaction with 

5699
05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:24,000
Mortals like a cosmic mashup of 
wilderness guide and emergency 

5700
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:26,900
room director. 
She carved out a Divine identity

5701
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:31,000
as the goddess of the hunt, the 
moon and childbirth one, that 

5702
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,700
was both nurturing and fiercely 
protective Artemis made a 

5703
05:05:34,708 --> 05:05:36,900
philosophical statement about 
autonomy in self-determination 

5704
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:41,100
when she chose to remain 
eternally virgin in addition to 

5705
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:44,600
it, being a personal choice, as 
a young girl, she begged Zeus to

5706
05:05:44,600 --> 05:05:47,500
give her Chastity for all the 
ternatea as well as a bow and 

5707
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:50,700
arrows a pack of hunting hounds 
and a group of nymphs to be her 

5708
05:05:50,700 --> 05:05:52,800
friends. 
It was akin to requesting the 

5709
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:56,300
ideal feminist starter kit, 
which included weapons devoted 

5710
05:05:56,300 --> 05:05:58,400
Companions. 
And the Absence of romantic 

5711
05:05:58,400 --> 05:06:01,500
complications a Hunting 
Expeditions through the ancient 

5712
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:04,400
world's mountains and forests 
were renowned for their accuracy

5713
05:06:04,400 --> 05:06:06,900
and efficiency. 
Artemis hunted to keep the 

5714
05:06:06,900 --> 05:06:10,400
balance between civilization and
Wilderness ensuring that wild 

5715
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:13,400
animals remained wild while 
safeguarding human settlements 

5716
05:06:13,400 --> 05:06:15,600
from creatures that posed real 
threats. 

5717
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:19,000
She did not hunt for fun or to 
collect trophies. 

5718
05:06:19,000 --> 05:06:22,200
She was the patroness of moral 
Hunters because our arrows were 

5719
05:06:22,208 --> 05:06:25,600
quick, and kind made to kill 
cleanly and without needless 

5720
05:06:25,600 --> 05:06:28,600
suffering, one of the most 
effective instances of female, 

5721
05:06:28,600 --> 05:06:32,100
camaraderie, and supporting 
mythology was the goddesses bond

5722
05:06:32,100 --> 05:06:35,000
with her nymphs. 
These nature Spirits formed a 

5723
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:37,600
community that functioned 
without the consent or authority

5724
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:41,100
of men, having taken the same 
vow of Chastity as their 

5725
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,100
mistress with the effectiveness 
of an old fashioned security 

5726
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:46,300
detail. 
They hunted traveled and 

5727
05:06:46,300 --> 05:06:48,900
defended one another from 
unwelcome romantic advances. 

5728
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:52,500
This selected family was 
completely and frequently 

5729
05:06:52,500 --> 05:06:56,500
brutally protected by Artemis. 
Acton the hunter was killed by 

5730
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,400
his own hunting dogs after she 
changed him into a stag when he 

5731
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:01,200
unintentionally witnessed her 
bathing. 

5732
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,100
This punishment made it very 
evident that privacy and consent

5733
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,000
should be respected in order to 
prove that intelligence could 

5734
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:11,000
overcome physical strength. 
Artemis deceived the giant 

5735
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:13,700
Hunters Otis and he is into 
killing each other with their 

5736
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:15,500
own Spears. 
When they tried to take her and 

5737
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:19,000
hear as wives, her status, as a 
virgin was interestingly 

5738
05:07:19,000 --> 05:07:21,100
contrasted with her role as the 
goddess of childbirth. 

5739
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:23,500
When their mother Leto was in 
labor. 

5740
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:25,700
Artemis helped. 
Give birth to her own brother, 

5741
05:07:25,700 --> 05:07:28,400
which provided her, with a 
unique perspective on the 

5742
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:31,300
difficulties and risks involved 
in bringing a new life into the 

5743
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:33,400
world. 
She evolved into the Divine 

5744
05:07:33,400 --> 05:07:36,700
Midwife called upon by goddesses
going through their own maternal

5745
05:07:36,700 --> 05:07:39,200
struggles, as well as mortal 
women having a difficult time. 

5746
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:42,300
Giving birth. 
Because of this Duty Artemis 

5747
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:45,400
became extremely protective of 
expectant, mothers and new 

5748
05:07:45,400 --> 05:07:47,800
mothers, extending her 
guardianship Beyond her 

5749
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:51,200
immediate nymphal circle to 
Encompass any woman who was 

5750
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:54,100
vulnerable during childbirth, 
regardless of their other 

5751
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:56,400
religious preferences. 
She was one of the most 

5752
05:07:56,400 --> 05:07:59,900
practically significant deities 
for ancient families because her

5753
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:02,200
interventions could mean the 
difference between life and 

5754
05:08:02,200 --> 05:08:05,300
death for both mother and child,
since Luna Cycles were 

5755
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:08,400
traditionally linked to both 
female biology and the nocturnal

5756
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:11,800
activities that defined much of 
ancient hunting artemisas 

5757
05:08:11,800 --> 05:08:14,800
association with the moon 
complimented her hunting and 

5758
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:18,300
childbirth responsibilities with
the same dependability that 

5759
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:21,400
Apollo's son Chariot. 
Exhibited during the day, her 

5760
05:08:21,400 --> 05:08:24,200
silver Chariot pulled by four 
golden horned deer. 

5761
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:28,200
Followed the moon's course. 
Across the night sky, the 

5762
05:08:28,200 --> 05:08:31,300
goddess had high, but reasonable
expectations for her devotees. 

5763
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:34,900
She required her nymphs to be 
completely chased, fully 

5764
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:37,700
committed to the hunt and loyal 
to the group at all times. 

5765
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:40,200
She offered them safety 
friendship. 

5766
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:42,500
And the opportunity to live 
their lives. 

5767
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:46,200
As they saw fit independent of 
the expectations of their 

5768
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:48,900
families, communities or future 
husbands. 

5769
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:52,600
It was a social contract that 
provided alternatives to the few

5770
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:55,200
choices that the majority of 
ancient women had because 

5771
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:57,700
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 
that was fundamentally 

5772
05:08:57,700 --> 05:09:01,100
incompatible with conventional 
relationships, her infrequent 

5773
05:09:01,100 --> 05:09:04,300
romantic relationships, 
typically ended tragically not, 

5774
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,200
because she was naturally, 
unlucky in love her fleeting 

5775
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:10,200
interest in the hunter, Orion 
ended when according to one 

5776
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:12,800
version of events, he died and 
became a constellation. 

5777
05:09:13,700 --> 05:09:16,100
Her belief that Independence was
better than the hassles of 

5778
05:09:16,100 --> 05:09:18,100
romance was strengthened by 
these encounters. 

5779
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,000
Her relationship with her family
was significantly, more 

5780
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,700
harmonious than most Olympic 
relationships in part because 

5781
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:27,300
she avoided getting involved in 
their disputes due to her 

5782
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:29,900
self-imposed seclusion. 
And in part, because she was 

5783
05:09:29,900 --> 05:09:32,200
useful to everyone. 
Due to her practical 

5784
05:09:32,200 --> 05:09:35,100
contribution, such as managing 
Wildlife, populations, and 

5785
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:38,300
assisting with difficult births.
She was the family member who 

5786
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:40,000
didn't cause trouble during the 
quiet time. 

5787
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:43,400
But was there, when needed a 
feisty stood out among the many 

5788
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:46,800
lovely strong and captivating 
gods in the pantheon because he 

5789
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,100
had overcome major personal 
obstacles to become 

5790
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:52,200
indispensable through talent and
willpower alone. 

5791
05:09:52,200 --> 05:09:55,900
He turned his early experience 
of rejection and disability into

5792
05:09:55,900 --> 05:09:58,000
a special kind of strength that 
made him. 

5793
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:00,600
Perhaps the most practically 
useful member of the Olympic 

5794
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:02,600
family. 
He was the god of fire 

5795
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:06,100
craftsmanship and Technology as 
well as the Divine blacksmith. 

5796
05:10:07,300 --> 05:10:10,000
The origin story of Hephaestus 
seems to be an old-fashioned 

5797
05:10:10,000 --> 05:10:12,600
tale of triumphing over hardship
by virtue of One's Own 

5798
05:10:12,608 --> 05:10:15,900
greatness. 
His mother Hera was ashamed of 

5799
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:18,100
his appearance and threw him 
from Mount Olympus. 

5800
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:20,600
Because he was born with 
physical limitations that made 

5801
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:24,200
him ugly by Divine standards. 
He became even more crippled, as

5802
05:10:24,208 --> 05:10:27,100
a result of the fall, but it 
also brought him to the Sea, 

5803
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:30,200
nymphs thetis, and your enemy 
who saved him and taught him. 

5804
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:33,400
The skills of craftsmanship, and
metalworking growing up with the

5805
05:10:33,400 --> 05:10:34,900
scene. 
Nymphs, taught him how to turn 

5806
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:38,800
disadvantages into strengths, 
her face to acquired abilities, 

5807
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:41,700
that made him indispensable, 
because he was unable to match 

5808
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:44,400
other gods in terms of physical 
Perfection or fighting skill. 

5809
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:48,300
He gained skills in working with
fire metal and precious stones, 

5810
05:10:48,300 --> 05:10:50,600
producing items that were so 
beautiful. 

5811
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:53,300
And useful that they were 
considered legendary, an 

5812
05:10:53,300 --> 05:10:56,500
Antiquity, his Forge evolved in 
to the Heavenly counterpart of 

5813
05:10:56,508 --> 05:10:59,600
an upscale custom Workshop. 
Creating everything from 

5814
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:02,900
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts as an adult. 

5815
05:11:02,900 --> 05:11:05,600
Have Festus returned to Olympus.
As a master Craftsman, Who 

5816
05:11:05,600 --> 05:11:08,800
services were much needed, 
Rather than, as a supplicant 

5817
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:11,500
looking for acceptance, the 
other God soon, realized that 

5818
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:14,400
only her Feist us could make the
tools weapons and ornaments 

5819
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:16,300
needed for their Divine way of 
life. 

5820
05:11:16,300 --> 05:11:19,700
He was invaluable to a family 
that had previously rejected him

5821
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:22,600
due to his appearance because of
his ability to create the 

5822
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:25,900
impossible, his Workshop was the
Pinnacle of ancient technology. 

5823
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,300
Her Feist made tools that could 
operate on their own with his 

5824
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:32,500
guidance automated Bellows that 
kept the forge, at the ideal 

5825
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,800
temperature and golden servants 
to help him because of his 

5826
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:37,800
Superior knowledge of 
engineering design and 

5827
05:11:37,800 --> 05:11:40,300
Metallurgy. 
He was the patron deity of 

5828
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:43,400
blacksmiths Crafts People. 
And anyone else who used their 

5829
05:11:43,408 --> 05:11:47,100
hands to make practical things, 
the gods method of craftsmanship

5830
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:49,600
Blended practical utility with 
Creative Vision. 

5831
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:52,700
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, his 

5832
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:55,700
creation's, fulfilled functions 
and provided solutions that were

5833
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:57,200
not possible. 
With just Divine. 

5834
05:11:57,200 --> 05:12:00,300
Might have a feisty, has created
chains that could contain a 

5835
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:04,000
Titan when Zeus needed a means 
of tying Prometheus to a bond 

5836
05:12:04,000 --> 05:12:06,800
for stealing fire. 
The fiestas made a shield that 

5837
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:08,900
represent. 
Entered the entire universe and 

5838
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:11,600
offered Achilles the ideal 
defense when he needed armor. 

5839
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:14,400
That would keep him safe when 
fighting gods and heroes. 

5840
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,500
One of the most intricate 
Partnerships in mythology, was 

5841
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,800
his Union with Aphrodite, the 
combination of the physically 

5842
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:23,900
impaired, God of craftsmanship 
and the goddess of beauty 

5843
05:12:23,900 --> 05:12:26,200
upended. 
Preconceived, notions about 

5844
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:30,700
compatibility attraction. 
And the nature of love a feist 

5845
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:33,200
is response revealed his 
intelligence and his grasp of 

5846
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:35,800
divine politics. 
Even as Olympic rumors 

5847
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:40,100
circulated about Aphrodite's 
adultery with Rees in his wife 

5848
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:43,400
and her lover head on her face 
to use his skill to reveal their

5849
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:45,500
fair in a way that preserved his
own honor. 

5850
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:49,300
While making them appear foolish
and iconic, illustration of how 

5851
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:51,800
skill and intelligence could 
overcome physical strength. 

5852
05:12:51,800 --> 05:12:54,400
And conventional Beauty, was the
invisible net. 

5853
05:12:54,400 --> 05:12:57,200
That held the lovers in bed. 
He was different from other 

5854
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:00,200
wronged gods in that, his 
retaliation was both imaginative

5855
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:03,800
and appropriate. 
Compared to most other gods, the

5856
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:06,300
fastest had a noticeably more 
benevolent relationship with 

5857
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,200
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 
and labourers. 

5858
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:12,400
He recognized the importance of 
hard work and the difficulties 

5859
05:13:12,400 --> 05:13:15,500
faced by those who use their 
hands to create useful objects. 

5860
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:18,900
His festivals honored, the kind 
of fruitful labor that enabled 

5861
05:13:18,900 --> 05:13:22,000
civilization and his Temple 
served as meeting spots for 

5862
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:25,300
Artisan guilds his contribution 
to the creation of the first 

5863
05:13:25,300 --> 05:13:28,100
mortal woman. 
Pandora, revealed his technical 

5864
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:30,600
prowess as well as his grasp of 
divine politics. 

5865
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:33,800
Zeus ordered her Feist us to 
create a woman who would both 

5866
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,900
bless and curse Humanity after 
he decided to punish Mortals for

5867
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:40,300
prometheus's. 
Gift of fire though, he was 

5868
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:42,800
aware that Zeus's gift had 
complications, that would impact

5869
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:46,200
mortal life for Generations. 
A feisty skillfully, crafted 

5870
05:13:46,200 --> 05:13:50,000
Pandora to be indistinguishable 
from a goddess under Mount Etna 

5871
05:13:50,000 --> 05:13:52,600
and other active volcanoes. 
The gods volcanic forges 

5872
05:13:52,600 --> 05:13:55,000
developed into hubs of heavenly 
industrial production. 

5873
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,100
These mountains rumbling and 
eruptions were interpreted as 

5874
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:02,200
the sounds of her fist at work, 
producing the tools and Weapons.

5875
05:14:02,200 --> 05:14:04,900
The gods needed for their 
various escapades and duties 

5876
05:14:04,900 --> 05:14:08,200
even by Divine standards. 
His productivity was legendary 

5877
05:14:08,200 --> 05:14:11,200
indicating that he found 
fulfillment in his work that 

5878
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:13,100
went beyond the need for 
approval from others. 

5879
05:14:13,100 --> 05:14:17,100
It's important to consider the 
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs

5880
05:14:17,100 --> 05:14:20,600
and most spectacular failures as
our exploration of their lives 

5881
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:23,700
and times comes to an end, 
despite their immortality and 

5882
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:27,700
Cosmic, might these Divine being
showed that wisdom, happiness, 

5883
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:31,200
and healthy family. 
Relationships are not always the

5884
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:34,000
results of having boundless 
resources and eternal life. 

5885
05:14:34,000 --> 05:14:36,900
Perhaps the creation of 
civilization itself was the 

5886
05:14:36,900 --> 05:14:38,900
greatest accomplishment of the 
Gods as a whole. 

5887
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:41,900
They gave man kind the 
foundation for everything that 

5888
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,300
sets Human Society apart from 
the Animal Kingdom, fire from 

5889
05:14:45,300 --> 05:14:49,100
Prometheus agriculture from 
Demeter, craftsmanship from her 

5890
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:52,000
feisty. 
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 

5891
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:55,500
from Apollo their temples 
developed into educational hubs,

5892
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:58,600
their festivals, offered chances
for cross-cultural interaction 

5893
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:02,300
and their moral teachings. 
Despite the hip Hop of their own

5894
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:05,700
actions provided ethical 
Frameworks that governed human 

5895
05:15:05,700 --> 05:15:08,800
conduct for Centuries. 
With each God in charge of 

5896
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:12,300
particular, facets of human and 
natural activity and working 

5897
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:14,500
with their peers to preserve 
Cosmic Harmony. 

5898
05:15:15,200 --> 05:15:17,500
The Olympic system. 
Also produced the first 

5899
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:20,700
multinational management 
structure in history, when it, 

5900
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:23,200
functioned properly, this Divine
bureaucracy, made sure that 

5901
05:15:23,200 --> 05:15:27,200
crops grew as planned Seasons 
changed on time and natural 

5902
05:15:27,200 --> 05:15:29,400
disasters. 
Only happened when Mortals had 

5903
05:15:29,400 --> 05:15:31,700
Gravely offended. 
Someone important, the 

5904
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:33,400
interpersonal relationships of 
the Gods. 

5905
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:36,400
However, showed the same 
dysfunctional patterns that have

5906
05:15:36,408 --> 05:15:40,300
flicked any family business by 
conceded relatives with 

5907
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:43,800
unrestricted, Authority and 
inadequate communication skills 

5908
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,200
from mine and nymphs to Major 
heroes. 

5909
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:49,200
Everyone was impacted by the 
collateral damage, caused by 

5910
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:51,400
Zeus's adultery and her as 
retaliation. 

5911
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:55,500
Poseidon's outbursts, destroyed 
coastal cities and sank ships 

5912
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:59,000
Apollo's romantic rejections 
changed lovers and produced 

5913
05:15:59,000 --> 05:16:02,000
profits who were cursed the 
political frequently turned 

5914
05:16:02,000 --> 05:16:04,400
disastrous. 
And the personal had a nasty 

5915
05:16:04,408 --> 05:16:07,300
habit of turning political 
instead of using mediation, 

5916
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:09,600
their method of resolving 
disputes, usually involved, 

5917
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:13,100
escalation the Trojan War, 10 
years of Bloodshed that 

5918
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:15,900
destroyed both sides and 
provided fodder for epic, poetry

5919
05:16:15,900 --> 05:16:19,900
was the outcome of paris's 
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 

5920
05:16:19,900 --> 05:16:22,500
Bribe over those offered by Hera
and Athena. 

5921
05:16:22,500 --> 05:16:26,000
It also showed that Divine Pride
was more significant than human 

5922
05:16:26,000 --> 05:16:28,400
life. 
Instead of seeking diplomatic 

5923
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:31,500
Solutions, Demeter's response to
the kidnapping of her daughter, 

5924
05:16:31,500 --> 05:16:35,300
brought the world to the verge 
of agricultural collapse the way

5925
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:38,300
the gods treated Mortals, 
demonstrated their incapacity to

5926
05:16:38,300 --> 05:16:41,300
uphold moral principles or grow 
from past errors. 

5927
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:44,100
They penalized disrespect and 
rewarded devotion. 

5928
05:16:44,100 --> 05:16:47,600
But their definitions of these 
terms were arbitrary and could 

5929
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,500
alter according to their 
emotions hobbies and family 

5930
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:53,200
Dynamics. 
Mortal, Who appeared one God, 

5931
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:56,600
might unintentionally offend. 
Another leading to improbable 

5932
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,700
circumstances in which virtue 
was largely dependent on Good 

5933
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:02,500
Fortune. 
However, the Olympic Pantheon 

5934
05:17:02,500 --> 05:17:05,300
also produced some of the most 
inspirational Tales of moral 

5935
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:09,400
courage, inventiveness and 
tenacity in history, by 

5936
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:11,800
supporting Athens. 
Athena established a hub of 

5937
05:17:11,808 --> 05:17:14,900
scholarship and democracy that 
shaped civilization for 

5938
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,800
thousands of years communities. 
Use the advice from Apollo's 

5939
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:22,100
Oracle at Delphi to make tough 
choices and steer clear of 

5940
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:25,700
needless confrontations her 
feisty showed that a person's 

5941
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:28,100
physical limitations need not 
stop them from contributing 

5942
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:29,900
significantly to their 
Community. 

5943
05:17:29,900 --> 05:17:32,800
Ancient people used the stories 
of the Gods as a kind of 

5944
05:17:32,808 --> 05:17:35,800
psychology to help them 
comprehend and deal with the 

5945
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:39,600
complexity of human nature here 
as jealousy and need for respect

5946
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:44,000
Apollo's, quest for Perfection 
artemis's need for Independence 

5947
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:47,100
and Zeus's battles with 
authority and responsibility. 

5948
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:50,200
We're all Divine figures. 
That represented common human 

5949
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:54,500
experiences while allso implying
the Devon Immortal beings had 

5950
05:17:54,500 --> 05:17:57,400
difficulties most significantly.
The Olympian showed the 

5951
05:17:57,408 --> 05:17:59,500
potential and Perils of 
unbridled power. 

5952
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:03,600
They have the power to change 
reality, as they saw fit before,

5953
05:18:03,600 --> 05:18:06,700
Miracles and resolve, impossibly
challenging issues. 

5954
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:09,900
They could also let personal 
grievances take precedence over 

5955
05:18:09,900 --> 05:18:13,800
their obligations to the world, 
they ruled Destroy civilizations

5956
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:16,900
and torture innocent people 
their experiences served as 

5957
05:18:16,908 --> 05:18:19,400
warnings about the value of 
restraint discernment and 

5958
05:18:19,400 --> 05:18:23,500
responsibility lessons that hold
true in any time period where 

5959
05:18:23,500 --> 05:18:26,700
people, or organizations have 
substantial influence over 

5960
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:29,800
others, their cultural influence
was changed rather than 

5961
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:32,100
eradicated. 
By the slower erosion of belief 

5962
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:35,100
in the Olympic Gods. 
Their conflicts became metaphors

5963
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:37,800
for the Timeless human conflicts
between Duty and desire, 

5964
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:41,300
individual ambition, and 
Collective responsibility and 

5965
05:18:41,300 --> 05:18:45,000
reason and passion, and their 
stories became literature rather

5966
05:18:45,000 --> 05:18:47,500
than religion think about the 
amazing impact. 

5967
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:50,400
These ancient Divine figures of 
had on our contemporary world, 

5968
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:54,100
as you curl up deeper under your
blanket and feel the soft pull 

5969
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,200
of sleep Drawing Near, even 
though they no longer Reign from

5970
05:18:57,200 --> 05:19:00,200
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods
can continue to have an impact 

5971
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,600
on our language literature 
psychology, and perception of 

5972
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:06,900
human nature in ways that would 
have surprised their original 

5973
05:19:06,900 --> 05:19:09,200
devotees. 
When you say that, someone has 

5974
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:12,000
not kill his heal, your bringing
up the tail of a hero. 

5975
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:16,200
Who Divine protection at one 
crucial moment when you refer to

5976
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:19,300
a long challenging Voyage as an 
odyssey, you're alluding to 

5977
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:22,500
Odysseus's wanderings which were
both aided and hindered by 

5978
05:19:22,508 --> 05:19:24,700
different Olympian gods who 
couldn't agree on, whether he 

5979
05:19:24,700 --> 05:19:27,700
should be punished or assisted. 
The young man who fell in love 

5980
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:30,600
with his own reflection, thanks 
to divine intervention. 

5981
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:33,600
That punished his vanity comes 
to mind when you call someone 

5982
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:37,200
narcissistic the personalities 
of the gods have evolved into 

5983
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:41,200
models for comprehending. 
Human psychology Kalyan realized

5984
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:43,800
that the Olympic Pantheon, 
reflected archetypal patterns 

5985
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:46,400
that have existed throughout 
history and in many cultures 

5986
05:19:46,400 --> 05:19:50,000
aspects of human nature that we 
still recognize and grapple 

5987
05:19:50,000 --> 05:19:51,900
with. 
Today, are reflected in the 

5988
05:19:51,900 --> 05:19:55,300
Divine personalities of the 
rebellious trickster Hermes. 

5989
05:19:55,300 --> 05:20:00,700
The nurturing mother Demeter, 
the creative artist Apollo and 

5990
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:04,800
the wise Mentor Athena, the 
stories of The Olympian gods are

5991
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:08,400
still told and reimagined in 
contemporary literature film and

5992
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:11,800
television, which find fresh 
significant in their Antiquated 

5993
05:20:11,800 --> 05:20:14,100
rival. 
And relationships, Greek 

5994
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:17,000
mythology is introduced to new 
generations, through Percy 

5995
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:19,800
Jackson's Adventures. 
Which also modernized Divine 

5996
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:22,600
figures for audiences today, 
Wonder Woman, embodies, 

5997
05:20:22,600 --> 05:20:25,800
contemporary ideals of justice. 
And equality, while obtaining 

5998
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:29,100
her abilities from the Olympic 
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of

5999
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,000
powerful beings using their 
abilities to protect or torment.

6000
05:20:32,000 --> 05:20:36,300
Common Mortals is even reflected
in superhero comics, our 

6001
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:38,300
conceptions of leadership 
bureaucracy and power 

6002
05:20:38,300 --> 05:20:41,600
distribution have been shaped by
the gods approach to governance 

6003
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:44,700
which combines specialized 
duties for Millennial 

6004
05:20:44,700 --> 05:20:46,600
relationships and Cosmic 
Authority. 

6005
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:49,800
The Notions that leaders must 
strike a balance between their 

6006
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:51,600
personal interests and their 
public duties. 

6007
05:20:51,600 --> 05:20:54,500
That different facets of Life, 
call for different kinds of 

6008
05:20:54,500 --> 05:20:57,700
expertise and that corruption 
results from Power without 

6009
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:00,900
accountability, can all be 
linked to the myths surrounding 

6010
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:02,900
Zeus. 
And his Divine kin their 

6011
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:05,700
romantic relationships and 
family disputes of giving rise 

6012
05:21:05,700 --> 05:21:08,500
to surprisingly current models 
for comprehending, the 

6013
05:21:08,500 --> 05:21:12,700
intricacies of marriage parent 
hood and love the dysfunctional 

6014
05:21:12,700 --> 05:21:15,600
marriage of Zeus and hero 
provides insight into the impact

6015
05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:18,200
of power disparities on 
interpersonal, relationships, 

6016
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,100
Demeter's. 
Ferocious defense of Persephone 

6017
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:24,400
serves as an example of the 
difficulties parents and counter

6018
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:26,500
when they are kids grow up and 
are on their own. 

6019
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:29,800
Even having the ideal 
credentials, doesn't ensure 

6020
05:21:29,800 --> 05:21:32,600
romantic success as Apollo's 
unfilled. 

6021
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:35,800
Love's show a sophisticated 
understanding of human nature 

6022
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:39,600
that predated modern Psychology 
by Millennia is reflected in the

6023
05:21:39,600 --> 05:21:43,200
gods, moral ambiguity, their 
capacity for both great, 

6024
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:46,900
kindness and terrible, cruelty 
the Olympic Gods, embodied the 

6025
05:21:46,900 --> 05:21:50,000
contradictions that Define real 
people in contrast to the 

6026
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:53,100
purely, good or purely evil 
deities, found in some religious

6027
05:21:53,100 --> 05:21:55,500
Traditions. 
They were able to exhibit both 

6028
05:21:55,500 --> 05:21:59,100
wisdom and foolishness, 
generosity and selfishness, and 

6029
05:21:59,100 --> 05:22:02,900
love and hatred frequently 
within the same story, or even 

6030
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:05,400
the same interaction, their 
stories were more 

6031
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:08,900
psychologically, realistic. 
And as a result, more helpful 

6032
05:22:08,900 --> 05:22:11,300
for comprehending, human 
behavior because of their moral 

6033
05:22:11,300 --> 05:22:14,800
complexity stories about being 
who had unbounded power but 

6034
05:22:14,800 --> 05:22:18,300
still had very human limitations
help us understand situations 

6035
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:22,800
where people act with unexpected
kindness or cruelty When leaders

6036
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:25,500
make choices that seem to go 
against their professed values. 

6037
05:22:25,500 --> 05:22:29,100
And when families Go through 
both intense love and bitter 

6038
05:22:29,100 --> 05:22:31,500
conflict. 
The Olympic Pantheon also, 

6039
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:35,300
created ways of thinking about 
cooperation, specialization and 

6040
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:38,500
diversity, that still shape, the
way we set up complicated and 

6041
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:41,200
institutions. 
These organizational principles 

6042
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,800
were ingrained in myths, about 
Gods, who governed various 

6043
05:22:43,800 --> 05:22:46,500
facets of the universe. 
While upholding an overall 

6044
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,300
Divine government. 
These included the notion that 

6045
05:22:49,300 --> 05:22:52,200
different talents require 
different approaches that 

6046
05:22:52,200 --> 05:22:54,900
effectively leadership, 
frequently entails coordinating 

6047
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:57,000
Specialists, rather than 
micromanaging them. 

6048
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,400
And that even the most capable 
individuals require colleague 

6049
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,800
with complementary skills. 
The ancient Greek belief that 

6050
05:23:03,800 --> 05:23:07,000
the Universe was essentially 
understandable and that humans 

6051
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:09,800
could comprehend their place 
within greater Cosmic, patterns 

6052
05:23:09,800 --> 05:23:13,300
was, perhaps most persistently, 
embodied by the Olympian gods 

6053
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:16,800
despite their strengths and 
immortality the gods were 

6054
05:23:16,800 --> 05:23:19,300
subject to laws. 
Had repercussions for their 

6055
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:21,700
deeds and lived by moral 
standards. 

6056
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:24,300
That Mortals could adopt and use
in their own lives. 

6057
05:23:24,300 --> 05:23:28,000
One of the pillars of Western 
civilization was this Mystic 

6058
05:23:28,000 --> 05:23:31,400
Outlook, which held that life 
had purpose, that knowledge was 

6059
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:34,400
achievable and that people could
shape their own Destinies with 

6060
05:23:34,400 --> 05:23:37,500
hard work and wisdom, the 
stories of the Gods taught that.

6061
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:40,500
Even the most powerful beings 
were subject to moral laws that 

6062
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,900
went beyond their own desires. 
That creativity could overcome 

6063
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,900
constraints and that 
intelligence could triumph over 

6064
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:49,900
Brute Force. 
Dreams of marble temples shining

6065
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:53,500
in Mediterranean sunlight of 
divine voices resonating across 

6066
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:57,000
ancient valleys, or of immortal 
families, assembling on a 

6067
05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:00,000
mountain peak to discuss the 
fate of both gods and Mortals 

6068
05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:03,600
may cross your mind. 
As you drift toward sleep, these

6069
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:06,300
dreams transport you back. 
Thousands of years of human 

6070
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:09,300
storytelling to innumerable 
Generations who drew inspiration

6071
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:12,400
and meaning from stories about 
creatures who are both 

6072
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,900
remarkably similar to us and 
completely different from us, 

6073
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:19,400
the Olympian gods endure because
they represent Universal truths 

6074
05:24:19,400 --> 05:24:22,800
about relationships human nature
and The NeverEnding difficulties

6075
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:26,200
of living in a complex world. 
Not because we believe in their 

6076
05:24:26,200 --> 05:24:29,300
literal existence. 
Their Tales servers are a 

6077
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:31,800
reminder that even Immortal 
beings must learn to strike a 

6078
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:34,300
balance between their 
obligations to others and their 

6079
05:24:34,300 --> 05:24:38,800
own desires, that stupidity and 
wisdom frequently coexist and 

6080
05:24:38,800 --> 05:24:42,300
that power entails both 
opportunities and responsib 

6081
05:24:42,400 --> 05:24:45,000
Entities, you will be using 
insights, that were initially. 

6082
05:24:45,000 --> 05:24:48,200
Conveyed, in Tales of Zeus's 
lightning bolts, Athena 

6083
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:52,300
strategic Acumen Aphrodite's, 
intricate gifts and her fastest,

6084
05:24:52,300 --> 05:24:54,500
inventive tenacity. 
When you awaken tomorrow and 

6085
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:58,100
confront the difficulties of 
your own mortal existence, even 

6086
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:00,700
though the gods are old, their 
teachings are still as current 

6087
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:03,400
as the news of the day. 
And as fresh as your morning, 

6088
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:06,200
Joe rest easy. 
Knowing that you are a part of 

6089
05:25:06,200 --> 05:25:08,900
an ongoing, human tradition of 
using storytelling to find 

6090
05:25:08,900 --> 05:25:10,700
meaning. 
And that the questions you are 

6091
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:14,800
faced with about power and love 
Justice and wisdom personal 

6092
05:25:14,800 --> 05:25:16,600
ambition and group 
responsibility. 

6093
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:20,300
Other same ones that have 
inspired and challenged people 

6094
05:25:20,300 --> 05:25:23,200
ever since they first gazed up 
at the stars and wondered what 

6095
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:26,000
immortal beings might think of 
our short complex lives. 

6096
05:25:34,300 --> 05:25:36,500
You know, that feeling when you 
find something in your attic, 

6097
05:25:36,500 --> 05:25:38,500
that makes you forget about the 
cobwebs in your hair. 

6098
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:43,500
That's exactly what happened to 
Dr. Sarah Chen on a particularly

6099
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:45,400
muggy Tuesday afternoon in 
Athens. 

6100
05:25:46,300 --> 05:25:48,600
She'd been rummaging through the
basement Archives of the 

6101
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,300
National Library, hunting for 
anything related to her 

6102
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:53,200
research. 
On Ancient Greek philosophy, 

6103
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,400
when her fingers brushed against
something that definitely didn't

6104
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:57,800
belong with the other 
manuscripts. 

6105
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,900
The leather binding felt 
different older somehow more? 

6106
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:05,200
Secretive. 
It appeared as though it had 

6107
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:07,800
been concealed for centuries 
awaiting Discovery by the 

6108
05:26:07,800 --> 05:26:12,100
appropriate individual the cover
bore no title just a small 

6109
05:26:12,108 --> 05:26:15,500
symbol that looked suspiciously 
like Aristotle signature, if 

6110
05:26:15,500 --> 05:26:19,400
philosophers had signatures back
then, Although philosophers 

6111
05:26:19,400 --> 05:26:22,500
probably didn't have signatures 
back, then you get the idea. 

6112
05:26:23,700 --> 05:26:26,900
Sarah pulled the manuscript 
closer to the single flickering 

6113
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,300
fluorescent light, that made 
everything in the basement. 

6114
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:33,400
Look like a horror movie set. 
The first page made her eyebrows

6115
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:35,200
shoot up. 
So high, they nearly disappeared

6116
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:37,900
into her hairline. 
Written in faded. 

6117
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:40,300
Greek letters were the words the
teachings. 

6118
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:43,500
They didn't want you to know 
though, in much fancier ancient.

6119
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:47,400
Greek of course. 
Now, Sarah had been studying 

6120
05:26:47,400 --> 05:26:49,700
Aristotle for the better part of
15 years. 

6121
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:53,400
She knew his work, just like 
some people know, their morning 

6122
05:26:53,400 --> 05:26:56,600
coffee routine, she could recite
passages from the nicomachean 

6123
05:26:56,600 --> 05:27:00,100
ethics while brushing her teeth 
and had actually done so, on 

6124
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:04,600
more than one occasion, much to 
her roommates bewilderment This,

6125
05:27:04,600 --> 05:27:09,600
this was entirely new territory.
Aristotle's hand appeared to 

6126
05:27:09,600 --> 05:27:12,800
write the manuscript or at least
it was a convincing forgery. 

6127
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:17,100
Forges usually didn't hide their
work in Dusty basement archives 

6128
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:20,900
where nobody would find them. 
For centuries typically they 

6129
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:24,000
desired for their Creations to 
be discovered especially by 

6130
05:27:24,000 --> 05:27:27,300
individuals with substantial 
financial resources and dubious 

6131
05:27:27,300 --> 05:27:30,800
moral standards. a Sarah 
carefully turned the brittle 

6132
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:33,400
Pages, she realized she was 
looking at what appeared to be 

6133
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:36,700
Aristotle's, personal Journal, 
his thoughts were raw and 

6134
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:39,300
unfiltered. 
Unlike the polished treatises 

6135
05:27:39,300 --> 05:27:40,700
that had endured through 
history. 

6136
05:27:40,700 --> 05:27:43,800
You might jot down notes in the 
margins of your own books. 

6137
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,900
Yet these margins held Concepts 
that could transform our 

6138
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:48,900
understanding of one of 
history's most influential 

6139
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,100
intellectuals. 
The first entry was dated to 

6140
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:57,000
what would have been 335 BCE 
right around the time Aristotle 

6141
05:27:57,000 --> 05:27:58,900
returned to Athens to establish 
his school. 

6142
05:27:58,900 --> 05:28:02,900
The lyceum But in stead of the 
formal measured tone of his 

6143
05:28:02,900 --> 05:28:06,100
Public Works, the passage read 
more like someone venting to 

6144
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:09,400
their diary after a particularly
frustrating day at the office. 

6145
05:28:10,400 --> 05:28:13,100
Alexander keeps sending me 
letters asking for advice on 

6146
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:16,600
Conquering, the world, the entry
began as if I have a manual for 

6147
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:17,900
that sort of thing, lying 
around. 

6148
05:28:19,000 --> 05:28:21,200
I keep telling him that wisdom 
comes from understanding 

6149
05:28:21,200 --> 05:28:25,200
yourself first, but apparently 
that's not nearly as exciting as

6150
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:27,200
charging across continents with 
an army. 

6151
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:30,600
Sarah found herself smiling, 
despite the gravity of her 

6152
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:34,900
Discovery here was Aristotle, 
the great philosopher sounding 

6153
05:28:34,900 --> 05:28:37,500
remarkably like any modern 
Mentor dealing with an 

6154
05:28:37,500 --> 05:28:40,400
overachieving student, who'd 
rather skip, the hard work of 

6155
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:43,700
self-reflection and jumps 
straight to the Glamorous stuff.

6156
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,900
But as she continued reading the
entries, became more intriguing 

6157
05:28:47,900 --> 05:28:50,300
Aristotle. 
Wrote about ideas, that seemed 

6158
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:52,700
to contradict. 
His published Works theories 

6159
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:55,600
that felt centuries ahead of 
their time, knob observations 

6160
05:28:55,600 --> 05:28:58,200
about human nature that were so 
brutally honest, they would have

6161
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,400
probably gotten him exiled from 
Athens faster than you could say

6162
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:04,400
corrupting the youth. 
The basement suddenly felt 

6163
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:08,400
smaller stuff. 
He Became aware that she'd been 

6164
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:10,300
suppressing her emotions 
unknowingly. 

6165
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:12,700
This wasn't just any old 
manuscript. 

6166
05:29:12,700 --> 05:29:15,100
This was potentially the 
philosophical discovery of the 

6167
05:29:15,108 --> 05:29:18,200
century, the kind of fine that 
would make her colleagues. 

6168
05:29:18,200 --> 05:29:21,000
Turn Green With Envy and 
probably result in at least 

6169
05:29:21,000 --> 05:29:23,500
three documentary, Crews 
camping, outside her apartment. 

6170
05:29:24,800 --> 05:29:27,200
Carefully closed the manuscript 
and looked around the empty 

6171
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:30,800
basement, half expecting to see 
some shadowy figure lurking 

6172
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:33,700
behind the filing cabinets. 
Ready to snack away her 

6173
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:36,200
discovery. 
But there was only the gentle 

6174
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,500
hum of the ancient air 
conditioning system and the 

6175
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,700
faint smell of old paper and 
forgotten stories. 

6176
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:43,600
You'd think that finding a 
potentially world changing 

6177
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:46,800
manuscript would keep someone 
awake all night pacing around 

6178
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:49,100
their apartment like a 
caffeinated philosopher. 

6179
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:53,000
But Sarah had always been the 
type to process big Discovery 

6180
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:56,700
slowly like a fine wine or a 
particularly complex piece of 

6181
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,000
music. 
So instead of rushing into 

6182
05:29:59,000 --> 05:30:01,900
anything dramatic, she made 
herself a cup of chamomile tea 

6183
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:04,100
settled into her favorite 
reading chair. 

6184
05:30:04,100 --> 05:30:07,700
The one with the questionable 
upholstery that somehow made 

6185
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:10,500
everything more comfortable and 
began to read more carefully. 

6186
05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:14,600
The second section of 
Aristotle's hidden Journal dealt

6187
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:17,200
with what he called The Art of 
comfortable Rebellion. 

6188
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:20,800
This chapter was fascinating 
because the Aristotle, everyone 

6189
05:30:20,800 --> 05:30:23,400
knew was hardly a rebel. 
He was more like the 

6190
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:26,200
philosophical equivalent of a 
competent, insurance agent, 

6191
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:29,700
reliable thorough, and not 
particularly interested in 

6192
05:30:29,700 --> 05:30:33,000
Rocking boats. 
However his private thoughts 

6193
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:35,600
revealed, a distinct 
perspective, the greatest 

6194
05:30:35,600 --> 05:30:37,700
wisdom. 
He had written often comes from 

6195
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:40,600
quietly questioning everything. 
Even the things you've spent 

6196
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:44,400
your whole life teaching others 
to accept, Sarah had to pause at

6197
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:46,500
that line. 
She'd spent her career studying 

6198
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:49,300
Aristotle's public, teaching 
about logic, ethics and the 

6199
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:52,200
natural world. 
But this private Aristotle 

6200
05:30:52,200 --> 05:30:56,100
seemed to be suggesting that 
maybe just maybe some of those 

6201
05:30:56,100 --> 05:30:58,000
carefully. 
Constructed arguments were more 

6202
05:30:58,000 --> 05:31:01,600
like starting points than Final 
Destination. the philosopher 

6203
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,900
went on to describe what he 
called, gentle heresy, the 

6204
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:07,200
practice of challenging 
established ideas, not through 

6205
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:10,500
dramatic confrontation, but 
through persistent, quiet 

6206
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:15,200
questioning like water slowly 
wearing away Stone, you were 

6207
05:31:15,200 --> 05:31:18,200
instead eroding the assumptions 
that everyone took for granted 

6208
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:23,400
I've noticed Aristotle continued
that the most dangerous ideas 

6209
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,000
are often the most comfortable 
ones. 

6210
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:27,800
The thoughts that feel so 
natural are often ones. 

6211
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,100
We never think to examine like 
assuming that wisdom always 

6212
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:34,400
comes from age, or the happiness
means the same thing to everyone

6213
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:37,600
or that the best way to live is 
the way our parents lived. 

6214
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:40,500
Sarah found herself nodding 
along as she read. 

6215
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,700
This was the kind of philosophy 
that felt less like an academic 

6216
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:48,000
exercise and more like practical
life advice, you could Converse 

6217
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:50,500
about it with a knowledgeable 
companion, over an extended 

6218
05:31:50,500 --> 05:31:53,600
meal, as opposed to engaging in 
a formal discussion with 

6219
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:57,000
accurate citations, and 
footnotes what struck her most 

6220
05:31:57,000 --> 05:32:00,300
was how modern these ideas 
sounded Aristotle was 

6221
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:03,600
essentially, describing what we 
might Now, call mindfulness or 

6222
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:06,800
critical thinking, but he was 
doing it in a way that felt 

6223
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:10,500
gentle rather than aggressive. 
He wasn't suggesting that people

6224
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,000
should go around tearing down 
every belief system they 

6225
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:15,800
encountered. 
Instead he was advocating for a 

6226
05:32:15,808 --> 05:32:19,300
kind of philosophical curiosity,
that could co-exist peacefully 

6227
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,600
with daily life. 
The comfortable Rebel. 

6228
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:25,900
He wrote is someone who can hold
their beliefs likely enough to 

6229
05:32:25,900 --> 05:32:28,600
examine them, but firmly enough 
to live by them. 

6230
05:32:28,600 --> 05:32:31,800
When examination is complete. 
There was something deeply 

6231
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,900
appealing about this approach. 
Sarah had always found 

6232
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:38,300
traditional academic philosophy 
a bit exhausting, all that 

6233
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:41,500
arguing and counter are doing 
all those elaborate systems 

6234
05:32:41,500 --> 05:32:43,100
designed to prove other people 
wrong. 

6235
05:32:44,400 --> 05:32:47,200
But this felt different. 
This approach to philosophy, 

6236
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:50,100
felt more like a way of living 
than merely a means to win 

6237
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:52,800
arguments. 
The journal entries from this 

6238
05:32:52,800 --> 05:32:55,800
section were peppered with small
observations about daily life. 

6239
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,700
In ancient ins. 
Aristotle wrote about 

6240
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:01,300
conversations with his students 
that went in unexpected 

6241
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:04,300
Direction's about moments when 
he realized he'd been wrong 

6242
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,100
about something, he taught for 
years and about the strange 

6243
05:33:07,100 --> 05:33:09,800
comfort of admitting ignorance 
in areas where he was supposed 

6244
05:33:09,800 --> 05:33:14,000
to be an expert. 
Today a student asked me why we 

6245
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:16,000
call certain emotions, good and 
others. 

6246
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:19,800
Bad one entry red. 
I gave him the standards for 

6247
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:23,000
about virtue and vice but 
afterward I realized I wasn't 

6248
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:25,000
entirely sure. 
I believed what I had said. 

6249
05:33:26,100 --> 05:33:29,800
Perhaps emotions are more like 
whether natural phenomena that 

6250
05:33:29,800 --> 05:33:31,900
simply are rather than moral 
categories. 

6251
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:35,100
That should be judged. 
Sarah could almost imagine the 

6252
05:33:35,100 --> 05:33:37,700
scene, the great philosopher 
standing in his school, 

6253
05:33:37,700 --> 05:33:40,900
surrounded by eager students. 
Suddenly confronted with the 

6254
05:33:40,908 --> 05:33:43,500
possibility that one of his 
fundamental assumptions. 

6255
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:47,700
Might be shaky instead of 
doubling down on his position he

6256
05:33:47,700 --> 05:33:50,800
seemed genuinely curious about 
this moment of uncertainty. 

6257
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:55,800
As she continued reading Sarah 
realized that the topic wasn't 

6258
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:59,500
just a historical curiosity. 
These ideas felt remarkably 

6259
05:33:59,500 --> 05:34:02,700
relevant to her life. 
How many of her beliefs had she 

6260
05:34:02,708 --> 05:34:04,700
simply inherited rather than 
examined? 

6261
05:34:04,700 --> 05:34:07,600
How many assumptions was she 
carrying around with without 

6262
05:34:07,600 --> 05:34:11,100
even realizing it? 
The chamomile tea had gone cold 

6263
05:34:11,100 --> 05:34:14,100
in her mug, but she barely 
noticed outside her window, 

6264
05:34:14,100 --> 05:34:16,500
Athens was settling into its 
evening Rhythm. 

6265
05:34:16,500 --> 05:34:19,900
But inside her apartment she was
having a conversation across 

6266
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,600
Centuries with one of history's 
most influential thinkers except

6267
05:34:23,600 --> 05:34:26,500
this version of him felt less 
like a distant authority figure 

6268
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:29,100
and more like someone. 
She might actually want to have 

6269
05:34:29,100 --> 05:34:32,700
coffee with the third section of
Aristotle's Journal had a title 

6270
05:34:32,700 --> 05:34:35,100
that made Sarah nearly snort 
teeth through her nose. 

6271
05:34:36,200 --> 05:34:38,800
On the noble art of making it up
as you go along. 

6272
05:34:38,800 --> 05:34:41,300
This was definitely not the 
Aristotle. 

6273
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:45,100
She remembered from graduate 
school I have a confession at 

6274
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:48,600
the entry began which I suspect 
would horrify my students if 

6275
05:34:48,600 --> 05:34:52,200
they knew most of the time I 
have absolutely no idea what I'm

6276
05:34:52,200 --> 05:34:55,300
talking about. 
Sarah had to read that sentence 

6277
05:34:55,300 --> 05:34:58,700
three times before it sank. 
In here was one of history's 

6278
05:34:58,700 --> 05:35:01,100
most confident sounding 
philosophers admitting to what 

6279
05:35:01,100 --> 05:35:03,200
basically amounted to imposter 
syndrome. 

6280
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:06,900
It was like discovering that 
your high school principal had 

6281
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:09,700
been just as confused about how 
to run a school as everyone 

6282
05:35:09,700 --> 05:35:12,600
else. 
But in being disappointing, this

6283
05:35:12,600 --> 05:35:16,700
Revelation was oddly comforting.
Aristotle went on to explain 

6284
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:19,800
that he'd gradually realized 
that the appearance of certainty

6285
05:35:19,800 --> 05:35:22,000
was often just that and 
appearance. 

6286
05:35:22,900 --> 05:35:25,200
The really interesting stuff 
happened when you admitted, you 

6287
05:35:25,200 --> 05:35:26,900
were figuring things out as you 
went along. 

6288
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:30,300
I've noticed that my best 
insights come not. 

6289
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:32,200
When I'm trying to prove a point
he continued. 

6290
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:35,400
But when I am genuinely puzzled 
by something and willing to sit 

6291
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:38,200
with that puzzlement for a 
while, It's akin to the 

6292
05:35:38,200 --> 05:35:41,600
distinction between forcing a 
key into a lock and patiently 

6293
05:35:41,600 --> 05:35:43,400
waiting for the right key to 
emerge. 

6294
05:35:44,100 --> 05:35:47,300
This was revolutionary stuff. 
Philosophically speaking the 

6295
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:50,600
Aristotle history, remembered 
elaborate logical systems and 

6296
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,900
created comprehensive categories
for understanding everything 

6297
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:57,300
from ethics to biology. 
But this private Aristotle 

6298
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,600
seemed to be suggesting that 
maybe the best wasd came from 

6299
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:04,100
embracing uncertainty rather 
than trying to eliminate it. 

6300
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:07,000
Sarah reflected on her own 
academic career. 

6301
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:10,000
How much energy had she spent 
trying to sound? 

6302
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:11,400
Like she knew what she was 
talking about? 

6303
05:36:12,300 --> 05:36:15,300
How many potentially interesting
ideas and she set aside because 

6304
05:36:15,300 --> 05:36:17,800
they didn't align neatly with 
existing Frameworks. 

6305
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:22,500
The academic world practically 
demanded certainty, or at least 

6306
05:36:22,500 --> 05:36:24,500
the convincing performance of 
certainty. 

6307
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,100
But Aristotle's Journal 
suggested a different approach 

6308
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:32,300
entirely the wisest people. 
I know he wrote other ones who 

6309
05:36:32,300 --> 05:36:36,600
can say, I don't know without 
shame and I might be wrong 

6310
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:39,600
without fear. 
There are also coincidentally 

6311
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:42,600
the most interesting people to 
talk with the entries. 

6312
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,500
In this section were full of 
examples from Aristotle's daily 

6313
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:48,600
life where admitting ignorance 
had led to unexpected 

6314
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,500
discoveries. 
He wrote about a conversation 

6315
05:36:51,500 --> 05:36:54,400
with a pottery maker who had 
casually mention something about

6316
05:36:54,400 --> 05:36:57,500
clay that completely changed our
stops understanding of how 

6317
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:00,600
materials behave. 
He described and discussion with

6318
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:03,100
a child who had asked such a 
simple question about Justice, 

6319
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:06,800
that it forced him to reconsider
an entire chapter of his ethics 

6320
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:09,900
children. 
He noted a natural philosophers 

6321
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:12,300
because they haven't yet learned
to be embarrassed by not knowing

6322
05:37:12,300 --> 05:37:16,000
things. 
They asked why with the same 

6323
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:18,600
enthusiasm whether they're 
talking about the color of the 

6324
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:21,100
sky or the nature of friendship 
adults. 

6325
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:24,100
Unfortunately often lose this 
beautiful shamelessness about 

6326
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:26,800
their ignorance Sarah found 
herself thinking about her 

6327
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:30,200
relationship with uncertainty. 
People expected her to be an 

6328
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:32,800
expert on Ancient philosophy and
her professional life. 

6329
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:36,800
Students came to her classes 
expecting answers colleagues, 

6330
05:37:36,800 --> 05:37:38,700
expected her to have informed 
opinions. 

6331
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:40,900
An academic conference is 
expected. 

6332
05:37:40,900 --> 05:37:44,000
Her to present research as if 
she had definitively solved, 

6333
05:37:44,000 --> 05:37:45,500
whatever puzzle she was working 
on. 

6334
05:37:46,400 --> 05:37:49,300
But sitting in her comfortable 
chair with Aristotle, secret 

6335
05:37:49,300 --> 05:37:52,900
journal. she realized how much 
more captivating her work might 

6336
05:37:52,900 --> 05:37:55,900
become, if she approached it 
with the same kind of curious 

6337
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:59,900
uncertainty that he was 
describing, What if not knowing 

6338
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:03,500
something, wasn't a professional
weakness, but a starting point 

6339
05:38:03,500 --> 05:38:07,500
for genuine inquiry. 
The journal entries from this 

6340
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:09,900
period. 
Showed Aristotle, experimenting 

6341
05:38:09,900 --> 05:38:14,300
with what he called productive 
confusion, instead of rushing to

6342
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,200
resolve every intellectual 
puzzle, he would sometimes 

6343
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:20,300
deliberately sit with questions.
That didn't have clear answers. 

6344
05:38:20,300 --> 05:38:23,300
He would collect observations 
without immediately trying to 

6345
05:38:23,308 --> 05:38:25,700
fit them into theories. 
He would have conversations 

6346
05:38:25,700 --> 05:38:29,500
without trying to win them. 
I've started telling my students

6347
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:32,700
when I don't know, something one
entry red and the strangest 

6348
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:36,100
thing has happened instead of 
losing respect for me, they seem

6349
05:38:36,100 --> 05:38:39,300
more engaged, it's as if 
admitting my ignorance gives 

6350
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:43,400
them permission to explore their
own This was exactly the kind of

6351
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:46,900
teaching approach that Sarah had
always wanted to try, but had 

6352
05:38:46,900 --> 05:38:48,400
never quite had the courage to 
implement. 

6353
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,200
The academic world could be 
brutally competitive, and 

6354
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:54,000
showing vulnerability felt 
risky. 

6355
05:38:55,000 --> 05:38:58,100
But here was Aristotle, the 
renowned philosopher suggesting,

6356
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:00,900
that being intellectually honest
might actually be more effective

6357
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:02,200
than pretending to be 
knowledgeable. 

6358
05:39:03,600 --> 05:39:06,600
As she read on Sarah began, to 
see how this Embrace of 

6359
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:09,400
uncertainty connected to the 
earlier themes in the journal. 

6360
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:13,000
The comfortable Rebellion that 
Aristotle had written about 

6361
05:39:13,000 --> 05:39:15,300
wasn't just about questioning 
established ideas. 

6362
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:18,500
It was about being comfortable 
with the fact that questioning 

6363
05:39:18,500 --> 05:39:20,400
might not lead to neat, final 
answers. 

6364
05:39:21,600 --> 05:39:24,500
The evening was growing darker 
outside and Sarah realized she'd

6365
05:39:24,500 --> 05:39:27,300
been reading for hours without 
noticing the time pass. 

6366
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:30,800
But in stead of feeling worn 
out, she felt energized by these

6367
05:39:30,800 --> 05:39:33,000
ideas. 
It was like discovering that 

6368
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:35,600
someone she'd admired from a 
distance was actually much more 

6369
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:38,900
interesting in humans than she'd
imagined the fourth section of 

6370
05:39:38,900 --> 05:39:41,400
Aristotle's Journal opened with 
what might have been the most 

6371
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:45,100
subversive statement yet. 
I have come to believe that the 

6372
05:39:45,100 --> 05:39:47,800
most revolutionary thing a 
person can do is to live an 

6373
05:39:47,800 --> 05:39:50,200
ordinary life with extraordinary
attention. 

6374
05:39:51,200 --> 05:39:54,400
Sarah had to smile at this. 
The idea that ordinariness might

6375
05:39:54,400 --> 05:39:57,100
be a form of wisdom was not in 
the standard philosophical. 

6376
05:39:57,100 --> 05:40:00,600
Curriculum philosophy was 
supposed to be about Big Ideas, 

6377
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:04,700
Universal truths, and profound 
insights, that elevated human 

6378
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:08,500
thinking above mundane concerns.
However, Aristotle's personal 

6379
05:40:08,500 --> 05:40:11,200
Reflections appear to be moving 
in a completely different 

6380
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:14,000
direction. 
He was becoming fascinated with 

6381
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,000
what he called the philosophy of
Tuesday, afternoons. 

6382
05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:20,400
The idea that wisdom might be 
found not in dramatic moments of

6383
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:23,500
Revelation, but in the simple 
practice of paying attention to 

6384
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:27,500
ordinary experience, I spent 
this morning watching my 

6385
05:40:27,500 --> 05:40:30,900
neighbor, hang laundry on Entry 
began and realized I was 

6386
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:33,200
witnessing a perfect 
demonstration of practical 

6387
05:40:33,200 --> 05:40:35,800
wisdom. 
She knew exactly how much space 

6388
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:38,000
each garment needed how to 
arrange them. 

6389
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:40,800
So they would dry efficiently 
and how to secure them Against 

6390
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:43,700
the Wind without damage. 
This knowledge came not from 

6391
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:47,200
books or lectures but from years
of patient attention to a simple

6392
05:40:47,200 --> 05:40:50,200
task This writing was vintage 
Aristotle. 

6393
05:40:50,200 --> 05:40:53,300
In some ways, he had always been
interested in practical wisdom 

6394
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:56,700
alongside theoretical knowledge,
but there was something 

6395
05:40:56,700 --> 05:41:00,000
different about the tone here. 
Instead of analyzing practical 

6396
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,700
wisdom as a philosophical 
concept, he seemed to be 

6397
05:41:02,700 --> 05:41:07,000
celebrating it as a way of life.
The entries in this section were

6398
05:41:07,000 --> 05:41:10,000
full of similar observations 
Aristotle, wrote about the 

6399
05:41:10,008 --> 05:41:13,000
baker, who could tell by smell. 
Exactly when bread was ready. 

6400
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:15,100
The teacher who knew 
instinctively? 

6401
05:41:15,100 --> 05:41:17,200
When a student was struggling, 
with something beyond the 

6402
05:41:17,200 --> 05:41:19,600
current lesson, and the 
gardener, who understood the 

6403
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:22,500
subtle rhythms of plant growth, 
better than any Botanical 

6404
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:27,200
treaters could explain, These 
people, he wrote up practicing a

6405
05:41:27,200 --> 05:41:29,100
form of philosophy, that doesn't
announce itself. 

6406
05:41:29,100 --> 05:41:32,800
There conducting ongoing 
experiments in how to live well 

6407
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:35,500
but they don't call it research.
Their developing sophisticated 

6408
05:41:35,500 --> 05:41:38,800
theories about human nature and 
the physical world, but they 

6409
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,100
don't write papers about it. 
They're just living with 

6410
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:45,100
intelligence. 
Sarah found this perspective, 

6411
05:41:45,100 --> 05:41:48,100
both refreshing and slightly 
unsettling. she'd spent her 

6412
05:41:48,100 --> 05:41:50,600
career in an environment where 
the value of knowledge was 

6413
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:53,600
largely determined by how 
complex and Abstract it could 

6414
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:57,100
become the idea that the person 
who knew the most about living, 

6415
05:41:57,100 --> 05:41:59,800
well, might be someone who had 
never read a philosophy. 

6416
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:03,400
Book was both liberating and 
threatening to everything, she'd

6417
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:04,900
her professional identity 
around. 

6418
05:42:06,000 --> 05:42:08,900
But as she continued reading, 
she realized that Aristotle 

6419
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:10,600
wasn't dismissing formal 
philosophy. 

6420
05:42:10,600 --> 05:42:12,400
So much as expanding its 
boundaries. 

6421
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:15,500
He seemed to be suggesting that 
the kind of wisdom you might 

6422
05:42:15,508 --> 05:42:18,400
develop through Decades of 
mindful attention to daily life 

6423
05:42:18,400 --> 05:42:21,400
was just as valuable as the 
kind, you might develop through 

6424
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:23,600
years of academic study, maybe 
more. 

6425
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:27,500
So I have students who can argue
brilliantly about the nature of 

6426
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:29,700
virtue. 
He wrote, but who have never 

6427
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:31,800
learned to listen carefully to 
another person. 

6428
05:42:31,800 --> 05:42:35,300
I know Scholars who can analyze 
the structure of a perfect 

6429
05:42:35,300 --> 05:42:39,200
argument but who cannot Comfort 
a friend in distress knowledge 

6430
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:42,100
without practical application is
like a beautiful song that no 

6431
05:42:42,100 --> 05:42:44,800
one ever sings. 
Sarah found this observation 

6432
05:42:44,800 --> 05:42:48,400
particularly poignant, how many 
academic discussions as she 

6433
05:42:48,400 --> 05:42:51,300
participated in that felt 
completely disconnected from 

6434
05:42:51,300 --> 05:42:54,900
actual Human Experience. 
How many brilliant theoretical 

6435
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:56,700
insights? 
Has she encountered that seemed 

6436
05:42:56,700 --> 05:42:59,400
to have no practical relevance 
to the business of living a good

6437
05:42:59,408 --> 05:43:01,800
life? 
But Aristotle's Journal was 

6438
05:43:01,800 --> 05:43:03,600
suggesting a different approach 
entirely. 

6439
05:43:03,600 --> 05:43:07,100
What if the goal wasn't to 
transcend ordinary experience, 

6440
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:11,300
but to inhabit it more fully 
what if wisdom wasn't about 

6441
05:43:11,300 --> 05:43:14,500
Rising above the mundane, but 
about finding depth within it, 

6442
05:43:15,400 --> 05:43:18,100
The entrance from this period 
showed Aristotle, conducting 

6443
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:21,100
what he called experiments in 
ordinary attention. 

6444
05:43:21,900 --> 05:43:24,400
He would spend entire days 
trying to notice things. 

6445
05:43:24,400 --> 05:43:27,600
He usually took for granted. 
The way lights changed 

6446
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:30,900
throughout the day, the subtle 
variations in people's voices, 

6447
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:34,400
when they were tired or excited 
and the small rituals that made 

6448
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:36,500
daily life, feel stable, and 
meaningful. 

6449
05:43:38,200 --> 05:43:40,900
I am trying to learn to see my 
life as if I were an 

6450
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:42,900
anthropologist studying a 
foreign culture. 

6451
05:43:42,900 --> 05:43:46,000
He wrote What are the customs 
and assumptions? 

6452
05:43:46,000 --> 05:43:48,900
I follow without thinking. 
What would a visitor From 

6453
05:43:48,900 --> 05:43:51,100
Another World? 
Find most puzzling about the way

6454
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:54,100
I organize my days. 
This practice seemed to be 

6455
05:43:54,100 --> 05:43:57,600
yielding unexpected insights. 
Aristotle began to notice 

6456
05:43:57,600 --> 05:43:59,800
patterns in his behavior that 
he'd never seen before 

6457
05:43:59,800 --> 05:44:02,600
connections between his 
emotional states and his 

6458
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:05,500
physical environment and small 
habits that were either 

6459
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:07,300
supporting or undermining his 
well-being. 

6460
05:44:08,400 --> 05:44:11,000
Today I realized that I think 
more clearly when I am walking 

6461
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:14,100
than when I'm sitting, still one
entry read but I've been 

6462
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:16,900
conducting most of my important 
conversations while seated. 

6463
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,300
This seems like the kind of 
practical wisdom. 

6464
05:44:19,300 --> 05:44:21,600
That's too obvious to notice 
until you notice it. 

6465
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:25,500
As the evening deepened around. 
Her Sarah found herself 

6466
05:44:25,500 --> 05:44:27,100
wandering. 
What she might discover if she 

6467
05:44:27,100 --> 05:44:29,900
applied this kind of attention 
to her own ordinary days. 

6468
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:33,800
What patterns might emerge if 
she paid closer attention to the

6469
05:44:33,800 --> 05:44:36,900
rhythms of her life, could she 
uncover hidden wisdom in her 

6470
05:44:36,900 --> 05:44:40,500
daily routines? 
The idea was both simple and 

6471
05:44:40,500 --> 05:44:43,200
profound that. 
The most important insights 

6472
05:44:43,200 --> 05:44:45,800
might not come from reading more
books or attending more 

6473
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:49,000
conferences, but from learning 
to inhabit, her experience with 

6474
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:50,400
greater awareness and 
appreciation. 

6475
05:44:50,400 --> 05:44:54,000
The fifth section of Aristotle's
Journal began with a warning 

6476
05:44:54,000 --> 05:44:56,000
that would have made his PR team
very nervous. 

6477
05:44:56,700 --> 05:44:59,500
I must write carefully about 
what I'm going to discuss next 

6478
05:44:59,500 --> 05:45:02,000
because it touches on the most 
dangerous idea. 

6479
05:45:02,000 --> 05:45:05,300
I've encountered the possibility
that the best life might be the 

6480
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:07,000
one where you stop trying to 
become someone else. 

6481
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:10,900
Sarah raised an eyebrow at this.
In her experience. 

6482
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:14,100
Ancient philosophy was usually 
all about self-improvement and 

6483
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:17,000
moral development, the whole 
point was supposed to be 

6484
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:18,600
becoming a better version of 
yourself. 

6485
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:22,000
But Aristotle seem to be heading
towards something that sounded 

6486
05:45:22,000 --> 05:45:25,100
suspiciously like acceptance 
which wasn't typically 

6487
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:26,800
considered a philosophical 
virtue. 

6488
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:30,800
I have spent most of my life, 
the next entry continued, trying

6489
05:45:30,800 --> 05:45:32,600
to become the person. 
I thought I should be. 

6490
05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:36,200
I have strive to become the 
wise, teacher, the respected 

6491
05:45:36,200 --> 05:45:40,000
scholar and the moral Exemplar. 
But lately, I've been wondering 

6492
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:43,500
what if the person I already am 
is actually quite adequate. 

6493
05:45:44,600 --> 05:45:46,400
Such an attitude was definitely 
not. 

6494
05:45:46,400 --> 05:45:48,900
The kind of thing that would 
have appeared in the Nicolas and

6495
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,500
ethics. 
Ancient Greek culture was built 

6496
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:54,600
around ideals of excellence, and
self-improvement the whole 

6497
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:56,800
concept of virtue. 
Was about actualizing your 

6498
05:45:56,800 --> 05:45:59,900
potential and becoming the best 
possible version of yourself. 

6499
05:46:01,100 --> 05:46:03,600
But here was Aristotle, 
suggesting that maybe all that 

6500
05:46:03,600 --> 05:46:05,400
striving was missing something 
important. 

6501
05:46:05,400 --> 05:46:08,600
The entries in this section were
more personal than anything 

6502
05:46:08,600 --> 05:46:11,900
Sarah had read. 
So far Aristotle, wrote about 

6503
05:46:11,900 --> 05:46:14,700
the exhaustion of constantly 
trying to live up to his 

6504
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:17,200
reputation. 
The way he'd begun to feel like 

6505
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,100
a character in a play rather 
than a person living his life. 

6506
05:46:21,000 --> 05:46:24,100
He described the strange relief.
He'd felt when he first allowed 

6507
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:27,300
himself to admit that he didn't 
always enjoy teaching that he 

6508
05:46:27,308 --> 05:46:30,600
sometimes found his students 
tedious that he had days when 

6509
05:46:30,600 --> 05:46:34,000
he'd rather be gardening than 
philosophizing, The most radical

6510
05:46:34,000 --> 05:46:37,500
thing I can imagine, he wrote is
simply being honest about who I 

6511
05:46:37,508 --> 05:46:39,900
actually am, rather than who I 
think I should be. 

6512
05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:44,000
He meant not being honest, in a 
confessional dramatic way, but 

6513
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:46,400
rather being honest in the quiet
manner of someone who has 

6514
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:48,300
stopped performing for an 
invisible audience. 

6515
05:46:49,700 --> 05:46:51,800
Sarah found his words 
surprisingly moving. 

6516
05:46:52,700 --> 05:46:54,900
She reflected on her 
relationship with professional 

6517
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:57,700
expectations and how she 
sometimes felt as if she were 

6518
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,900
playing the role of Professor 
Sarah, instead of Simply being 

6519
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,900
herself. 
The academic world seemed to 

6520
05:47:03,900 --> 05:47:06,800
reward a particular kind of 
personality, articulate, 

6521
05:47:06,800 --> 05:47:09,800
confident, intellectually 
aggressive, and she'd spent 

6522
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:11,900
years trying to fit herself into
that mold. 

6523
05:47:12,800 --> 05:47:15,200
But what would it be like to 
bring more of her actual self to

6524
05:47:15,200 --> 05:47:17,300
her work? 
The parts of her that were 

6525
05:47:17,300 --> 05:47:21,600
uncertain, curious, and 
sometimes confused, could she 

6526
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:24,400
embrace the aspects of herself 
that prioritize comprehension 

6527
05:47:24,400 --> 05:47:27,400
over accuracy, Aristotle's 
journal entries from this 

6528
05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:29,300
period? 
Showed him experimenting with 

6529
05:47:29,300 --> 05:47:32,500
what he called? 
Authentic presence. act of 

6530
05:47:32,508 --> 05:47:36,400
showing up to conversations and 
interactions as himself rather 

6531
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:39,000
than as the version of himself, 
he thought other people wanted 

6532
05:47:39,000 --> 05:47:41,900
to see I tried an experiment 
today. 

6533
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:44,700
One entry read, when a student 
asked me a question. 

6534
05:47:44,700 --> 05:47:47,800
I didn't know how to answer 
instead of deflecting or giving 

6535
05:47:47,800 --> 05:47:50,000
a partial response that made me 
sound knowledgeable. 

6536
05:47:50,000 --> 05:47:53,900
I simply said, that's a 
wonderful question and I 

6537
05:47:53,900 --> 05:47:56,900
genuinely don't know the answer.
What do you think? 

6538
05:47:58,100 --> 05:48:00,600
The conversation that followed 
was more fascinating than any 

6539
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:02,700
lecture. 
I've given this year, this kind 

6540
05:48:02,700 --> 05:48:05,300
of all authenticity seemed to be
having unexpected effects. 

6541
05:48:06,100 --> 05:48:09,000
Aristotle wrote about students 
who began sharing more personal 

6542
05:48:09,000 --> 05:48:12,200
questions about how to apply 
philosophical ideas to their 

6543
05:48:12,200 --> 05:48:14,700
actual lives. 
He described colleague, who 

6544
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:16,900
started admitting their 
uncertainties and doubts. 

6545
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:20,300
It was as if his willingness to 
be himself was giving other 

6546
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:22,000
people permission to be 
themselves as well. 

6547
05:48:23,700 --> 05:48:26,700
I'm beginning to suspect, he 
wrote that what people really 

6548
05:48:26,700 --> 05:48:29,300
want from a teacher is not 
someone who has all the answers,

6549
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,200
but someone who demonstrates 
that it's possible to live 

6550
05:48:32,200 --> 05:48:35,600
thoughtfully with questions. 
Sarah thought about her 

6551
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:39,300
teaching, how much more engaging
might her classes be if she 

6552
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,200
approached them with this kind 
of authenticity, instead of 

6553
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:44,800
trying to be the expert, who 
knew everything about ancient 

6554
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:47,200
philosophy? 
What if she positioned herself 

6555
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:50,600
as someone who was genuinely, 
curious about these ideas and 

6556
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:52,700
wanted to explore them together 
with her students? 

6557
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:56,400
The journal entry is also 
revealed Aristotle grappling 

6558
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:58,200
with the social risks of 
authenticity. 

6559
05:48:58,200 --> 05:49:01,700
Ancient Athens was not 
necessarily a place where being 

6560
05:49:01,700 --> 05:49:04,800
different was celebrated and 
philosophers were already viewed

6561
05:49:04,800 --> 05:49:08,400
with some suspicions, being 
genuinely himself meant risking 

6562
05:49:08,400 --> 05:49:11,000
the disapproval of people whose 
opinions he cared about. 

6563
05:49:12,100 --> 05:49:13,800
There is a particular kind of 
loneliness. 

6564
05:49:13,800 --> 05:49:17,200
He wrote that comes from being 
surrounded by people who know 

6565
05:49:17,200 --> 05:49:19,300
your reputation but not your 
actual thoughts. 

6566
05:49:19,300 --> 05:49:22,700
It's the loneliness of being 
admired for qualities. 

6567
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:26,100
You're not sure you possess and 
respected for achievements. 

6568
05:49:26,100 --> 05:49:28,500
That feel less important to you 
than they do to others. 

6569
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:31,400
But he also wrote about the 
relief of gradually. 

6570
05:49:31,400 --> 05:49:33,500
Letting go of the need to 
maintain that reputation. 

6571
05:49:34,700 --> 05:49:37,200
I'm discovering that the energy 
I've been spending on trying to 

6572
05:49:37,200 --> 05:49:40,300
be impressive, could be much 
better used for actually paying 

6573
05:49:40,300 --> 05:49:42,000
attention to what's happening 
around me. 

6574
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:45,700
A Sarah read these entries. 
She realized that Aristotle was 

6575
05:49:45,700 --> 05:49:47,700
describing something that felt 
very familiar. 

6576
05:49:48,500 --> 05:49:51,300
The tension between who you are 
and who you think you're 

6577
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:54,200
supposed to be the exhaustion of
maintaining a professional 

6578
05:49:54,200 --> 05:49:57,700
Persona and the yearning for 
conversations that felt real 

6579
05:49:57,700 --> 05:50:01,500
rather than performative the 
section ended with an entry that

6580
05:50:01,500 --> 05:50:04,900
felt like a small Revolution? 
Today, I told someone that I 

6581
05:50:04,908 --> 05:50:07,800
don't actually enjoy wine very 
much, even though I've been 

6582
05:50:07,808 --> 05:50:10,700
pretending to appreciate it for 
years because that seemed like 

6583
05:50:10,700 --> 05:50:14,200
the sophisticated thing to do. 
It was such a smaller admission,

6584
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:18,000
but it felt like opening a 
window in a stuffy room, the 

6585
05:50:18,000 --> 05:50:20,900
sixth section of Aristotle's 
Journal opened with what sounded

6586
05:50:20,900 --> 05:50:23,800
like a contradiction. 
I have been working on becoming 

6587
05:50:23,800 --> 05:50:27,600
better at being confused and I 
think I'm finally getting good 

6588
05:50:27,600 --> 05:50:29,800
at it. 
Sarah had to pause at this 

6589
05:50:29,800 --> 05:50:32,600
sentence in her world solving 
confusion. 

6590
05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:35,700
Quickly was the norm students 
were confused until they 

6591
05:50:35,700 --> 05:50:38,800
understood the material. 
Researchers were confused until 

6592
05:50:38,800 --> 05:50:40,400
they found answers to their 
questions. 

6593
05:50:40,400 --> 05:50:44,000
Confusion was a temporary state 
that you passed through on your 

6594
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:47,200
way to clarity. 
But Aristotle seem to be 

6595
05:50:47,200 --> 05:50:49,000
suggesting something entirely 
different. 

6596
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:52,900
He was treating confusion, not 
as a problem, but as a skill 

6597
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:56,600
that could be developed and 
refined, I used to think the 

6598
05:50:56,600 --> 05:50:59,000
goal of thinking was to 
eliminate confusion, the first 

6599
05:50:59,008 --> 05:51:02,700
entry in this section continued.
But now I suspect that the goal 

6600
05:51:02,700 --> 05:51:05,000
might be to become confused 
about more interesting things. 

6601
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:09,000
This was a fascinating 
distinction Aristotle, went on 

6602
05:51:09,000 --> 05:51:11,500
to describe what he called 
productive confusion. 

6603
05:51:11,500 --> 05:51:14,400
The kind of mental state, where 
you're not sure what you think 

6604
05:51:14,400 --> 05:51:17,800
about something, but you're 
engaged with that uncertainty in

6605
05:51:17,800 --> 05:51:19,400
a way that feels alive and 
generative. 

6606
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:24,200
He contrasted this with what he 
called, dead-end, confusion, the

6607
05:51:24,200 --> 05:51:26,700
kind where you are stuck and 
frustrated and just want someone

6608
05:51:26,700 --> 05:51:30,000
to give you the right answer so 
you can move on. the difference,

6609
05:51:30,000 --> 05:51:33,200
he suggested wasn't in the 
confusion itself, but in how you

6610
05:51:33,200 --> 05:51:36,800
related to it, when I am 
productively confused, he wrote.

6611
05:51:36,800 --> 05:51:39,500
I feel like I'm at the edge of 
understanding something 

6612
05:51:39,500 --> 05:51:42,100
important. 
I don't know what it is yet but 

6613
05:51:42,100 --> 05:51:45,400
I can sense its presence. 
When I find myself in a state of

6614
05:51:45,400 --> 05:51:48,700
dead-end confusion, it feels 
like I'm struggling against a 

6615
05:51:48,700 --> 05:51:50,100
barrier that someone else has 
constructed. 

6616
05:51:51,100 --> 05:51:53,300
Sarah found, this distinction 
immediately useful. 

6617
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:56,900
She reflected on her own 
research, considering the 

6618
05:51:56,900 --> 05:51:59,200
moments when she felt genuinely 
puzzled by something. 

6619
05:51:59,200 --> 05:52:02,100
Compared to those when she felt 
frustrated by her inability to 

6620
05:52:02,100 --> 05:52:05,200
make progress, The quality of 
the confusion, really was 

6621
05:52:05,200 --> 05:52:08,700
different in each case. 
Aristotle's journal entries from

6622
05:52:08,700 --> 05:52:11,000
this period were full of 
examples of productive. 

6623
05:52:11,000 --> 05:52:14,800
Confusion in action. 
He wrote about spending an 

6624
05:52:14,800 --> 05:52:17,200
entire afternoon, thinking about
a single question. 

6625
05:52:17,200 --> 05:52:20,200
A student had asked not because 
he was trying to find the 

6626
05:52:20,200 --> 05:52:23,400
answer, but because he wanted to
understand why the question was 

6627
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:26,200
so intriguing. 
A young woman asked me 

6628
05:52:26,200 --> 05:52:28,900
yesterday, whether it's possible
to be brave about small things, 

6629
05:52:28,900 --> 05:52:32,100
one entry read. 
I gave her a standard answer 

6630
05:52:32,100 --> 05:52:35,400
about the nature of Courage, but
the question has been haunting 

6631
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:37,100
me. 
There's something about it. 

6632
05:52:37,100 --> 05:52:40,000
That suggests my usual way of 
thinking about bravery might be 

6633
05:52:40,000 --> 05:52:43,400
incomplete, instead of rushing 
to resolve this confusion 

6634
05:52:43,400 --> 05:52:45,500
Aristotle seem to be 
cultivating. 

6635
05:52:45,500 --> 05:52:48,800
It, he wrote about carrying the 
question with him for days, 

6636
05:52:48,800 --> 05:52:51,900
noticing how it changed. 
His perception of ordinary 

6637
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:55,900
interactions, He observed people
making small acts of courage 

6638
05:52:55,900 --> 05:52:59,200
that he'd never recognized as 
such speaking up in 

6639
05:52:59,200 --> 05:53:01,700
conversations, where they 
disagreed with the majority 

6640
05:53:01,700 --> 05:53:05,100
admitting when they didn't 
understand something and 

6641
05:53:05,100 --> 05:53:07,300
choosing to be kind, when it 
would have been easier to be in 

6642
05:53:07,300 --> 05:53:10,400
different. 
I'm beginning to think he wrote 

6643
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:13,700
that there might be an entire 
category of Virtues that I've 

6644
05:53:13,700 --> 05:53:16,300
been overlooking because they're
too quiet and every day to 

6645
05:53:16,300 --> 05:53:19,500
notice, this was exactly the 
kind of insight, that seemed to 

6646
05:53:19,508 --> 05:53:23,400
emerge from what Aristotle was 
calling productive, Confusion by

6647
05:53:23,400 --> 05:53:26,200
staying with the question, in 
stead of immediately trying to 

6648
05:53:26,200 --> 05:53:28,700
answer it. 
He'd opened up a whole new way 

6649
05:53:28,700 --> 05:53:31,900
of seeing familiar territory. 
Sarah realized that she'd been 

6650
05:53:31,908 --> 05:53:35,100
having a similar experience with
this journal itself, instead of 

6651
05:53:35,108 --> 05:53:38,300
rushing to analyze it or fit it 
into existing categories of 

6652
05:53:38,308 --> 05:53:41,200
philosophical thought. 
She'd been allowing herself to 

6653
05:53:41,200 --> 05:53:44,300
be puzzled by it and that 
puzzlement was leading her to 

6654
05:53:44,300 --> 05:53:47,000
see connections and 
possibilities that she never 

6655
05:53:47,000 --> 05:53:48,900
would have noticed if she'd 
approached it with a 

6656
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:52,600
predetermined agenda. the 
entries in this section, also 

6657
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:55,700
revealed Aristotle developing 
what he called, confusion 

6658
05:53:55,700 --> 05:53:59,800
practices, deliberate exercises 
designed to cultivate productive

6659
05:53:59,800 --> 05:54:03,000
on certainly He would spend time
each day thinking about 

6660
05:54:03,000 --> 05:54:04,300
something. 
He thought he understood. 

6661
05:54:04,300 --> 05:54:07,700
Well, trying to find aspects of 
it that were actually mysterious

6662
05:54:09,600 --> 05:54:12,100
Today I try to really think 
about what happens when I 

6663
05:54:12,108 --> 05:54:14,500
recognize a friend's face, one 
entry red. 

6664
05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:18,500
I know that I know this person, 
but I have no idea how that 

6665
05:54:18,500 --> 05:54:21,500
knowing works. 
What is the mechanism by which 

6666
05:54:21,500 --> 05:54:24,600
patterns of light entering my 
eyes become the experience of 

6667
05:54:24,608 --> 05:54:27,800
recognition? 
the more, I think about it, the 

6668
05:54:27,800 --> 05:54:31,800
more miraculous, it seems This 
kind of practice seemed to be 

6669
05:54:31,800 --> 05:54:35,300
having a profound effect on how 
Aristotle experience daily life.

6670
05:54:35,300 --> 05:54:38,500
Instead of taking familiar 
experiences for granted. 

6671
05:54:38,500 --> 05:54:41,300
He was learning to see them as 
full of mystery and complexity. 

6672
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:44,900
The world was becoming more 
interesting rather than more 

6673
05:54:44,900 --> 05:54:48,000
predictable. 
I'm discovering that confusion 

6674
05:54:48,000 --> 05:54:51,000
is a form of attention. 
He wrote when I'm genuinely 

6675
05:54:51,000 --> 05:54:53,700
puzzled by something. 
I pay attention to it in a way 

6676
05:54:53,708 --> 05:54:55,300
that I don't. 
When I think I already 

6677
05:54:55,300 --> 05:54:58,100
understand it. 
The Sarah read these entries. 

6678
05:54:58,100 --> 05:55:00,800
She found herself wanting to try
some of these confusion 

6679
05:55:00,800 --> 05:55:03,600
practices herself. 
What would it be like to 

6680
05:55:03,600 --> 05:55:06,500
approach familiar aspects of her
life with genuine curiosity 

6681
05:55:06,500 --> 05:55:09,000
rather than automatic 
understanding? 

6682
05:55:10,100 --> 05:55:12,800
what might she notice if she 
allowed herself to be puzzled by

6683
05:55:12,800 --> 05:55:16,200
thinking, she usually took for 
granted The section ended with 

6684
05:55:16,200 --> 05:55:19,200
an observation that felt like a 
summary of everything Aristotle.

6685
05:55:19,200 --> 05:55:21,400
Had been learning the wisest 
people. 

6686
05:55:21,400 --> 05:55:25,000
I know are not the ones who have
the most answers, but the ones 

6687
05:55:25,000 --> 05:55:26,500
who have the most interesting 
questions. 

6688
05:55:27,500 --> 05:55:29,800
And the most interesting 
questions are usually, the ones 

6689
05:55:29,800 --> 05:55:32,400
that make you realize, how 
little you actually know about 

6690
05:55:32,400 --> 05:55:35,200
things, you thought you 
understood perfectly, the final 

6691
05:55:35,200 --> 05:55:38,100
section of Aristotle's Journal, 
felt different from the rest. 

6692
05:55:38,800 --> 05:55:42,700
Aristotle's handwriting appeared
slightly shakier, suggesting 

6693
05:55:42,700 --> 05:55:45,900
that he had written it later in 
his life and his tone was more 

6694
05:55:45,900 --> 05:55:49,100
reflective and settled. 
The opening entry was dated 

6695
05:55:49,100 --> 05:55:53,300
several years after the others, 
and it began simply I have been 

6696
05:55:53,300 --> 05:55:56,300
thinking about what it means to 
live a quietly revolutionary 

6697
05:55:56,300 --> 05:55:59,100
life. 
Sarah sends she was approaching 

6698
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:02,600
something important. this 
passage felt like Aristotle's 

6699
05:56:02,600 --> 05:56:05,200
attempt to synthesize 
everything, he'd been exploring 

6700
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:09,300
in his private, writings to see 
what it all added up to I 

6701
05:56:09,300 --> 05:56:12,100
realized, now that I have been 
describing a particular way of 

6702
05:56:12,100 --> 05:56:14,500
being in the world. 
He wrote though, I didn't set 

6703
05:56:14,500 --> 05:56:16,800
out to do. 
So it's a way of living that 

6704
05:56:16,800 --> 05:56:19,500
doesn't announce itself 
dramatically, but that changes. 

6705
05:56:19,500 --> 05:56:23,000
Everything nonetheless. 
The entries in this final 

6706
05:56:23,000 --> 05:56:25,600
section wove together, all the 
themes that had appeared 

6707
05:56:25,600 --> 05:56:28,200
earlier. 
The comfortable Rebellion, the 

6708
05:56:28,200 --> 05:56:31,800
wisdom of uncertainty, the 
Revolutionary ordinary Nest, the

6709
05:56:31,800 --> 05:56:35,100
dangerous authenticity and the 
Art of productive confusion. 

6710
05:56:36,700 --> 05:56:40,100
But instead of treating them as 
separate ideas Aristotle, was 

6711
05:56:40,100 --> 05:56:42,400
showing how they formed a 
coherent approach to life. 

6712
05:56:43,300 --> 05:56:46,200
The gentle Revolution, he wrote 
is not about overthrowing 

6713
05:56:46,200 --> 05:56:49,000
external systems but about 
changing your relationship to 

6714
05:56:49,000 --> 05:56:51,600
your experience. 
It's about choosing curiosity 

6715
05:56:51,600 --> 05:56:55,900
over certainty authenticity over
performance attention over 

6716
05:56:55,900 --> 05:56:58,000
distraction and questions over 
answers. 

6717
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:00,800
Sarah could see how these 
Concepts tied together. 

6718
05:57:00,800 --> 05:57:04,200
Everything should be reading 
each of the practices Aristotle 

6719
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:06,700
had been exploring, was really a
way of stepping outside 

6720
05:57:06,700 --> 05:57:09,600
conventional approaches to 
living and thinking, but in 

6721
05:57:09,600 --> 05:57:11,800
stead of doing so, through 
dramatic gestures or 

6722
05:57:11,808 --> 05:57:15,000
confrontational Behavior. 
He was advocating for a kind of 

6723
05:57:15,008 --> 05:57:18,600
quiet, subversion. 
The most radical thing you can 

6724
05:57:18,600 --> 05:57:21,000
do. 
One entry red is to pay 

6725
05:57:21,000 --> 05:57:24,100
attention to your actual 
experience rather than to your 

6726
05:57:24,100 --> 05:57:26,000
ideas, about what your 
experience should be. 

6727
05:57:26,800 --> 05:57:29,100
This approach sounds simple, but
it undermines. 

6728
05:57:29,100 --> 05:57:31,800
Almost everything that Society 
tells us is important. 

6729
05:57:33,100 --> 05:57:35,300
Aristotle went on to explain 
what he meant by this. 

6730
05:57:35,300 --> 05:57:38,700
So much of human suffering. 
He suggested came from the gap 

6731
05:57:38,700 --> 05:57:41,600
between how we think our lives 
should be and how they actually 

6732
05:57:41,600 --> 05:57:44,400
are. 
We exhaust ourselves, trying to 

6733
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:47,100
feel the emotions. 
We think we should feel to want 

6734
05:57:47,100 --> 05:57:49,400
the things. 
We think we should want and to 

6735
05:57:49,400 --> 05:57:50,900
be the people, we think we 
should be. 

6736
05:57:52,400 --> 05:57:55,700
But what if he wrote the person 
you already are is actually 

6737
05:57:55,700 --> 05:57:58,100
quite interesting. 
What if the life you're 

6738
05:57:58,100 --> 05:58:00,400
currently leading holds more 
wisdom and Beauty than your 

6739
05:58:00,400 --> 05:58:03,400
training has taught you to 
perceive what if the gentle 

6740
05:58:03,400 --> 05:58:05,800
Revolution is simply learning to
see what's already there. 

6741
05:58:07,000 --> 05:58:09,600
This approach wasn't about 
settling for mediocrity or 

6742
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:13,100
giving up on growth and change. 
Instead, it was about starting 

6743
05:58:13,100 --> 05:58:16,400
from a place of basic acceptance
rather than fundamental 

6744
05:58:16,400 --> 05:58:20,100
dissatisfaction, it was about 
approaching self-improvement 

6745
05:58:20,100 --> 05:58:23,000
from a foundation of 
self-appreciation rather than 

6746
05:58:23,000 --> 05:58:27,400
self-criticism Sarah 
contemplated how different her 

6747
05:58:27,400 --> 05:58:29,600
life might feel if she 
approached it with this kind of 

6748
05:58:29,608 --> 05:58:32,800
gentle attention. 
Instead of constantly measuring 

6749
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:35,300
herself against external, 
standards, or future 

6750
05:58:35,300 --> 05:58:38,800
possibilities, what would it be 
like to genuinely appreciate the

6751
05:58:38,800 --> 05:58:41,000
person? 
She was right now, the work she 

6752
05:58:41,000 --> 05:58:43,200
was already doing and the 
relationships. 

6753
05:58:43,200 --> 05:58:46,100
You already had the journal 
entries from this period, showed

6754
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:48,700
Aristotle, living this 
philosophy rather than just 

6755
05:58:48,700 --> 05:58:51,800
theorizing about it. 
He wrote about small moments of 

6756
05:58:51,800 --> 05:58:54,800
contentment that he might have 
previously overlooked the 

6757
05:58:54,800 --> 05:58:57,700
satisfaction of a good 
conversation with a student, the

6758
05:58:57,700 --> 05:59:00,700
pleasure of a perfectly, right? 
Piece of fruit and the comfort 

6759
05:59:00,700 --> 05:59:04,800
of a familiar walk through the 
city I am learning to treat my 

6760
05:59:04,800 --> 05:59:07,800
life as if it were a work of art
that I'm both creating, and 

6761
05:59:07,800 --> 05:59:11,000
appreciating he wrote. 
Not in a self-conscious way. 

6762
05:59:11,000 --> 05:59:14,000
But in the way that an artist 
might step back from a painting 

6763
05:59:14,000 --> 05:59:17,400
occasionally, to really see what
they've been working on this 

6764
05:59:17,400 --> 05:59:20,800
metaphor struck Sarah as 
particularly beautiful, instead 

6765
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:23,700
of treating Life, as a problem, 
to be solved, or a test to be 

6766
05:59:23,708 --> 05:59:25,500
passed. 
What would it be like to 

6767
05:59:25,500 --> 05:59:27,600
approach it as a creative work 
in progress? 

6768
05:59:27,600 --> 05:59:30,900
Something that was already 
valuable, but there could always

6769
05:59:30,900 --> 05:59:34,800
be developed further. 
The final entries in the journal

6770
05:59:34,800 --> 05:59:38,400
were surprisingly practical. 
Aristotle, offered specific 

6771
05:59:38,400 --> 05:59:41,200
suggestions for anyone who 
wanted to experiment with these 

6772
05:59:41,200 --> 05:59:44,100
ideas. 
Keep a daily record of moments. 

6773
05:59:44,100 --> 05:59:47,100
When you notice something you'd 
usually overlooked Practice 

6774
05:59:47,100 --> 05:59:50,100
saying, I don't know. 
Without embarrassment, spend 

6775
05:59:50,100 --> 05:59:51,100
time. 
Each day doing something 

6776
05:59:51,100 --> 05:59:52,900
ordinary with extraordinary 
attention. 

6777
05:59:52,900 --> 05:59:55,500
Allow yourself to be confused by
things. 

6778
05:59:55,500 --> 05:59:58,500
You think you understand? 
These are not dramatic 

6779
05:59:58,500 --> 06:00:02,100
practices, he wrote, but they 
are surprisingly powerful, they 

6780
06:00:02,100 --> 06:00:04,500
work by gradually, shifting, 
your attention, from what you 

6781
06:00:04,500 --> 06:00:07,200
think should be happening to 
what is actually happening. 

6782
06:00:08,500 --> 06:00:11,700
But what's really going on, is 
often more interesting than what

6783
06:00:11,700 --> 06:00:15,200
you think is going on. 
The journal ended with an entry 

6784
06:00:15,200 --> 06:00:17,900
that felt like both the 
conclusion and a beginning. 

6785
06:00:18,800 --> 06:00:21,700
I have spent my public career 
trying to understand the nature 

6786
06:00:21,700 --> 06:00:25,000
of the good life, but I think 
the good life might be simpler 

6787
06:00:25,000 --> 06:00:27,500
than I imagined. 
It might be nothing more than 

6788
06:00:27,500 --> 06:00:30,400
learning to live your actual 
life with genuine attention and 

6789
06:00:30,400 --> 06:00:32,400
appreciation. 
Everything else? 

6790
06:00:32,400 --> 06:00:36,800
The wisdom, the peace. 
The Joy might Simply Be what 

6791
06:00:36,800 --> 06:00:39,400
emerges when you stop trying so 
hard to be somewhere else? 

6792
06:00:40,600 --> 06:00:42,900
A Sarah closed, the manuscript. 
She realized that the 

6793
06:00:42,900 --> 06:00:45,800
fluorescent light in the 
basement had been replaced by 

6794
06:00:45,800 --> 06:00:49,700
the Warm Glow of early morning. 
She'd been reading all night but

6795
06:00:49,700 --> 06:00:53,200
in stead of feeling tired. 
She felt energized by a quiet 

6796
06:00:53,200 --> 06:00:56,300
excitement. 
The find wasn't just a 

6797
06:00:56,300 --> 06:00:59,400
historical Discovery. 
It was a practical invitation to

6798
06:00:59,400 --> 06:01:01,600
experiment with a different way 
of being in the world. 

6799
06:01:03,200 --> 06:01:06,600
She carefully placed the journal
back in its protective case, but

6800
06:01:06,600 --> 06:01:09,300
she knew she'd be returning to 
these ideas again and again, 

6801
06:01:09,300 --> 06:01:12,900
Aristotle's, forbidden teachings
weren't forbidden because they 

6802
06:01:12,900 --> 06:01:16,100
were dangerous to society. 
They were forbidden because they

6803
06:01:16,100 --> 06:01:18,800
were dangerous to the part of 
each person that preferred The 

6804
06:01:18,800 --> 06:01:21,300
Familiar discomfort of striving 
to the unfamiliar comfort of 

6805
06:01:21,308 --> 06:01:25,200
acceptance. 
Outside Athens was waking up to 

6806
06:01:25,200 --> 06:01:28,800
another ordinary day. 
But Sarah suspected that her own

6807
06:01:28,800 --> 06:01:30,700
ordinary days. 
Might never feel quite the same 

6808
06:01:30,700 --> 06:01:31,000
again.