Boring History | The Full History of the Maya // Ancient America and more

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Hey, friends. 
Tonight, we're going on a trip 

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through time in the jungle to 
learn about one of the most 

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interesting civilizations in 
human history. 

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Imagine floating slowly Through 
The Years seeing beautiful 

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cities, rise from the depths of 
tropical rainforests and smart 

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people. 
Figure out the mysteries of math

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and astronomy. 
This is the story of the Maya, a

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group of people who built 
pyramids that can still be seen 

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from space and made calendars 
that were more accurate than 

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anything Europe would make for 
another 1,000 years. 

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That being said, please take a 
moment to like the video and 

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subscribe if you enjoy your time
here. 

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Also, please tell me where you 
are listening and what time it 

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is where you are today, Turn 
Down the Lights, get your 

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blanket, and let's begin. 
Imagine your standing at the 

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edge of a vast tropical forest 
that stretches from Horizon to 

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Horizon like a green ocean 
Frozen in time. 

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This is the Maya World, a realm 
that encompasses what we now 

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call southern Mexico, Guatemala 
Belize and parts of Honduras and

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El Salvador but forget your 
modern maps from a moment and 

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see this land as the mayor did 
not a separate countries but as 

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one living breathing ecosystem, 
where every mountain river and 

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sunnote held sacred. 
Meaning the landscape here reads

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like poetry written by ancient 
gods. 

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In the north, the Yucatan 
Peninsula. 

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Spreads like a limestone 
platform. 

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Its surface so flat you might 
think Giants used it as their 

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dining table beneath this 
seemingly. 

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Solid Ground lies. 
A hidden world of underground 

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rivers and caverns occasionally 
opening into snows. 

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Those magical circular pools of 
crystal. 

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Clear water that looked like 
doorways to the underworld and 

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in my belief that's exactly what
they were travel South and the 

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land begins to Rumple and fold 
like a blanket pulled from sleep

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mountains, Rising green waves, 
their peaks disappearing into 

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clouds. 
That seem perpetually caught in 

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the act of kissing the Earth 
Rivers. 

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Wine through valleys like silver
ribbons carrying stories from 

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Highland to lowland from the 
cool Mists of Guatemala's, 

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volcanic Peaks to the humid 
Embrace of Caribbean Shores. 

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The climate here, does not 
follow the neat Force season 

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schedule, you might be used to. 
Instead it dances to an older 

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Rhythm, the ancient Waltz of wet
and dry that has shaped life in 

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the tropics for millions of 
years. 

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From May through October, the 
sky opens like a vast Reservoir 

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sending down rains that turn the
world into a paradise, where 

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everything grows with almost 
embarrassing and enthusiasm 

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plants. 
Reach toward the sky, with the 

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urgency of children stretching 
for cookies on a high shelf, and

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the Very air seems to pulse with
life. 

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Then comes the dry season, when 
the rains Retreat and the sun 

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rules unchallenged. 
The landscape doesn't exactly 

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sleep during these months, but 
it does pause can serve and 

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prepare. 
Trees shed. 

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Their leaves, not from cold but 
from Thrift saving water, like, 

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careful housekeepers storing 
supplies for lean times. 

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It was during these dry months 
that the Maya traditionally did 

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much of their building. 
When limestone could be quarried

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and mortar could drive properly 
under the patient's son, this 

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alternating rhythm of abundance 
and restraint shaped Myer 

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civilization in profound ways. 
They learned to work with water,

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like Master Craftsman, capturing
rain in sophisticated, 

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Reservoir, systems reading the 
subtle signs that predicted the 

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arrival of Storms and treating 
water with the reverence it 

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deserved in a land where it 
could mean the difference 

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between feast and famine the 
forest that covered this 

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landscape were nothing like the 
orderly Woodlands you might 

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stroll through on a weekend 
hike. 

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These were jungles with 
personality dents layered and 

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filled with more species than a 
medieval Beast jury societies, 

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spread their umbrella leaves. 
Like giant parasols while 

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mahogany and seeda grew straight
and proud their trunks. 

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So vast that 20 people holding 
hands might not encircle Them 

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Vines draped from tree to tree 
like Nature's Own suspension 

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bridges and somewhere in the 
canopy above howler monkeys 

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announced the dawn with calls 
that could be heard from miles a

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ground level. 
The forest floor was a carpet of

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fallen leaves slowly returning 
to soil punctuated by the 

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occasional splash of color from 
flowering. 

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Plants that seem to Glow in the 
filtered sunlight orchids clung 

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to tree trunks like jeweled 
brooches while smaller trees and

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shrubs created a maze that only 
the most experienced Travelers 

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could Now navigate this wasn't 
Wilderness in the way we usually

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think of it, it was more like a 
vast, three-dimensional Garden 

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that had been growing and 
changing for thousands of years 

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and threading, through this 
green tapestry, where the Maya 

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themselves, who understood their
environment, with the intimacy 

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of Partners in a very long 
marriage, they knew which trees 

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produced the best timber for 
construction and which bark 

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could be pounded into paper. 
They could read the forest like 

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a library, identifying hundreds 
of plants that provided food 

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medicine, dies and tools, they 
understood that the Jag was raw 

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meant different things, 
depending on the season. 

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And they could predict where the
patterns by watching the 

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behavior of butterflies. 
This deep environmental 

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knowledge wasn't just practical,
it was spiritual the Maya saw 

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their landscape. 
Not as a collection of resources

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to be exploited but as a living 
community of which they were 

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just one part, every hill was a 
potential dwelling place for 

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Gods. 
Every cave a portal to other 

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worlds. 
Every tree a potential ancestor,

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the very ground beneath their 
feet was sacred formed from the 

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bones and flesh of previous 
Creations that had been swept 

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away when the gods decided to 
try again. 

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Understanding this worldview is 
crucial to understanding my 

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civilization. 
These were people who saw 

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themselves as separate from or 
Superior to their environment. 

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They were participant in an 
ongoing conversation between 

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human intelligence and natural 
wisdom between the needs of 

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growing communities and The 
rhythms of seasons and 

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centuries. 
Their cities were not imposed 

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upon the landscape. 
They grew from it, like 

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particularly magnificent flowers
in an already. 

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Extraordinary Garden, as you 
drift deeper into sleep tonight.

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Picture, This World vast Forest 
breathing with the patient 

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rhythm of geological time. 
Lime Stone platforms honeycomb 

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with hidden rivers mountains, 
wearing crowns of clouds and 

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Scattered throughout. 
This paradise, the first 

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stirrings of one of Humanity's 
most remarkable civilizations. 

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The Maya were about to teach the
world new ways of thinking about

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time space mathematics and the 
delicate dance between human and

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ambition and environmental 
wisdom. 

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Let yourself float back through 
time. 

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Pass the Spanish Conquest, the 
great classic Maya cities, Past 

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centuries and Millennia until 
you reach a moment roughly 4,000

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years ago when the first Maya. 
Speaking people began to settle 

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in this green Paradise picture 
them arriving not as conquerors 

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or colonists but more like 
gardeners discovering the 

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perfect plot for the most 
ambitious Landscaping project in

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human history these early Maya 
weren't the sophisticated 

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astronomers and mathematicians 
they would eventually become 

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they were farmers and foragers 
people whose greatest 

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Technologies were sharp obsidian
blades and the patient knowledge

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of when and where to plant corn,
but They Carried within their 

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communities. 
Something precious way of 

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looking at the world that would 
eventually flour into one of 

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Humanity's most remarkable 
civilizations, the 

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transformation from nomadic 
bands to settled Villages. 

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Happened gradually like watching
a slow motion dance between 

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human Ingenuity and Natural, 
Abundance, somewhere around 

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2000, BC. 
These early Maya made a 

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discovery that would reshape 
their world. 

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They figured out how to 
domesticate Tia sent a wild 

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grass. 
That looked nothing like modern 

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corn, but Contained within its 
genetic code the potential to 

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become Humanity's most important
crop. 

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Imagine the patients this 
required Tia sinti, produced 

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tiny seeds, barely larger than 
rice grains protected by cases. 

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So hard, they could crack teeth 
Most people would have dismissed

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it as a poor food source and 
moved on to easier pickings. 

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But the mayor saw potential 
where others saw problems. 

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Generation after generation, 
they selected plants with 

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slightly larger seeds. 
Slightly softer cases. 

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Slightly more convenient growth 
patterns. 

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They were essentially having a 
conversation with corn itself. 

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Each growing season, another 
Exchange in a dialogue that 

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would continue for thousands of 
years. 

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This Agricultural Revolution 
wasn't just about food. 

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It was about time. 
Once the Maya could count on 

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Corn Harvest to feed their 
communities, they could afford 

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to have some people do things 
other than search for daily 

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sustenance. 
Some could specialize in making 

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better tools, others, could 
experiment with new building 

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techniques and a few could spend
their time watching the sky and 

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wondering about the patterns. 
They saw their the early as Maya

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Villages were modest Affairs. 
That would look almost cozy by 

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modern standards houses were 
built from local materials with 

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the kind of practical wisdom 
that comes from intimate. 

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Knowledge of local conditions 
walls were made from wooden 

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poles, chinked with mud and 
stone. 

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While roofs were thatched with 
Palm leaves or grass in 

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overlapping patterns that could 
shed even the most determined 

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tropical downpour. 
These were to architectural 

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masterpieces, but they were 
perfectly adapted to their 

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environment. 
Cool in the heat, dry in the 

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rain and easy to repair. 
When the occasional hurricane 

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reminded, everyone who was 
really in charge, what made 

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these early settlements special 
wasn't their buildings, but 

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Social organization. 
Unlike many ancient societies 

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that were strictly hierarchical 
from the beginning. 

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Lee Maya communities seem to 
have been remarkably egalitarian

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archaeological, evidence 
suggests that most families 

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lived in similar houses, eight 
similar food and had access to 

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similar tools and luxuries. 
It was a society where 

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leadership was probably based 
more on knowledge and consensus,

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the non-inherited power or 
accumulated wealth. 

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But even in these early 
centuries, hints of the Maya 

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genius were beginning to appear.
They were experimenting with 

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techniques for shaping, Stone 
learning to read the subtle 

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signs that predicted, good 
farming weather and developing 

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increasingly sophisticated ways 
of organizing their communities.

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Most importantly, they were 
beginning to develop the 

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intellectual Frameworks that 
would eventually support their 

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incredible achievements in 
mathematics astronomy and 

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architecture the Maya creation 
story, which wouldn't be written

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down until much later. 
Probably has roots in these 

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early centuries. 
According to their mythology, 

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the gods tried several times to 
create beings worthy of worship.

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First, making humans from mud 
who dissolved in the rain, then 

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from wood who lacked souls and 
were destroyed by a great flood.

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Finally, they created humans 
from condo and these proof both 

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durable and properly grateful to
their creators. 

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This story isn't just Charming 
mythology. 

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It reflects the Meijer deep 
understanding of their 

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relationship with Korn and by 
extension with the natural world

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that supported them. 
Saw themselves. 

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Not as masters of their 
environment. 

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But as participants in an 
ongoing creation story where 

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humans plants animals and gods 
were all connected in an 

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intricate web of mutual 
dependence. 

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A centuries passed these early 
Maya. 

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Communities began to develop. 
Some of the cultural 

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characteristics that would 
define their civilization. 

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They started creating more 
elaborate Pottery decorated with

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designs that would evolve into 
the complex iconography of 

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later. 
My art, they began building 

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their first ceremonial 
structures, modest platforms and

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plazas were communities could 
gather for religious ceremonies 

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and social events. 
Most significantly, they began 

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to develop their understanding 
of time as something cyclical 

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rather than linear, while many 
cultures see time as an arrow. 

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Flying toward an unknown 
destination, the Maya began to 

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conceive of time as a series of 
interlocking Wheels where 

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patterns repeated but never 
exactly replicated themselves. 

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This Insight would eventually 
lead them to create some of the 

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most sophisticated calendars in 
human history. 

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Buy around 1,000 BCE Meyer 
Society was beginning to show 

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signs of the complexity that 
would characterize its later 

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development. 
Some communities were growing 

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larger and more specialized with
clear evidence of social 

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stratification and occupational.
Diversity trade networks were 

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developing that would eventually
connect Maya cities across 

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hundreds of miles of jungle and 
mountain and most intriguingly 

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00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:51,200
the Maya would begin to 
experiment with their first 

235
00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:54,100
attempts at Monumental 
architecture these early 

236
00:11:54,100 --> 00:11:56,300
buildings, weren't the Towering 
pyramids, that would later 

237
00:11:56,300 --> 00:12:00,000
Astound Spanish conquistadors. 
But they represented something 

238
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,200
revolutionary. 
The organized effort of entire 

239
00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,400
communities working together to 
create something that served no 

240
00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:09,800
immediate practical purpose. 
These structures were built for 

241
00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,200
ceremony for worship, for the 
creation of sacred spaces, where

242
00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,300
humans could interact with the 
Divine, they represented the 

243
00:12:16,300 --> 00:12:19,300
moment when Maya Society had 
produced enough, surplus food 

244
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:22,800
and social organization to 
support, pure human ambition, 

245
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:26,100
the desire to create something 
beautiful and meaningful, that 

246
00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:29,500
would Outlast, its creators, as 
you settle deeper into sleep. 

247
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:33,000
Imagine these early Maya 
communities, small clusters of 

248
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:35,900
thatched, roof houses, scattered
throughout the endless green of 

249
00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:39,900
the Jungle smoke rising from 
cooking Fires, at dusk children,

250
00:12:39,900 --> 00:12:42,900
playing games, that would teach 
them the skills, they need as 

251
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:45,200
adults. 
And everywhere, the patient work

252
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,500
of building a civilization from 
the ground up, one corner, 

253
00:12:48,500 --> 00:12:52,100
Colonel one stone block, one 
shared Insight at a Time. 

254
00:12:52,108 --> 00:12:55,700
Picture yourself floating high 
above the mile World sometime 

255
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:58,700
around, 600 CE and prepare to be
astonished. 

256
00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:04,300
What did once been an endless 
Green carpet of forest is now 

257
00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:07,600
dotted with cities that seemed 
to have grown from the jungle 

258
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:09,900
itself? 
Pyramid temples rise above the 

259
00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:12,900
canopy, like Stone mountains, 
dreamed into existence, by 

260
00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:16,300
particularly ambitious Gods, 
their Limestone surfaces 

261
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:19,600
gleaming, white in the tropical 
Sun Plaza, spread between 

262
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:22,400
buildings like, perfectly 
manicured, clearings and 

263
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:24,600
everywhere. 
You look, there are signs of a 

264
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:26,800
civilization operating at the 
height of its powers. 

265
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:30,800
This is the classic period when 
Maya civilization reached what 

266
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,100
archaeologists like to call its 
peak. 

267
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,100
Though that word hardly does 
Justice to what the mayor 

268
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:38,100
achieved. 
It wasn't just that they built 

269
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:40,800
bigger buildings or supported 
larger populations though. 

270
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,900
They did both it was that they 
had created something entirely 

271
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:46,400
unprecedented. 
The collection of city-states 

272
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,900
that combined Urban 
sophistication with sustainable 

273
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:52,600
agriculture. 
Monumental architecture with 

274
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,300
precise scientific observation 
and political complexity with 

275
00:13:56,300 --> 00:14:01,000
genuine artistic achievement to 
Carl rising from the rainforests

276
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:04,200
of Guatemala was perhaps the 
most magnificent of these Urban 

277
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:06,500
centers. 
Imagine a city that house 

278
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:10,900
somewhere between 50,000 and 
100,000 people at its peak, all 

279
00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:13,700
of them living in a carefully 
planned, Urban environment that 

280
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:17,000
worked in harmony with the 
surrounding Forest, the city's 

281
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,700
Central ceremonial complex 
featured pyramids that reached 

282
00:14:19,700 --> 00:14:23,700
Heights of over 200 feet. 
Taller than a 20 story building.

283
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:27,400
And visible from Miles Away 
Through the Jungle canopy but to

284
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:29,200
Cal wasn't just impressive for 
its size. 

285
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,600
It was a remarkable for its 
sophistication. 

286
00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,600
The Maya had solved problems 
that were challenged urban 

287
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:37,500
planners today. 
How do you provide clean water 

288
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:40,800
for tens of thousands of people 
in a tropical environment to 

289
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,500
Carl's Engineers created an 
intricate system of reservoirs 

290
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:46,500
channels and settling pools that
collected rainwater during the 

291
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,000
wet season and stored it through
the dry months. 

292
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,300
The largest of these reservoirs 
could hold millions of gallons 

293
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:55,400
of water and the entire system 
was designed with such 

294
00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:58,600
Precision, that archaeologists 
are still discovering new 

295
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,300
components. 
How do you feed a larger Urban 

296
00:15:01,300 --> 00:15:03,300
population with without 
destroying the surrounding 

297
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:05,600
environment? 
The Maya developed. 

298
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,200
What might have been the world's
first sustainable agricultural 

299
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:10,700
system? 
Instead of clearing vast fields 

300
00:15:10,700 --> 00:15:13,700
for monoculture farming. 
They created what archaeologists

301
00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:16,400
call Forest. 
Guardians carefully, managed 

302
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,800
areas, where useful trees shrubs
and ground plants. 

303
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:21,300
Grew together. 
In productive Harmony. 

304
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:24,800
They raise the fields and swampy
areas using a technique called 

305
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:28,400
raised field agriculture. 
Creating elevated plots that 

306
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,200
provided excellent drainage 
while building incredibly 

307
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,800
fertile soil from composted 
aquatic plants. 

308
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,200
The city itself was a 
masterpiece of Urban Design that

309
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,700
would make contemporary city. 
Planners weep With Envy 

310
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,100
Different neighborhoods were 
connected by raestone causeways 

311
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,900
that remained possible. 
Even during the wettest months 

312
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:48,600
of the rainy season public 
spaces were designed to 

313
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,800
accommodate both daily 
activities and massive 

314
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:53,300
ceremonial. 
Gatherings residential areas, 

315
00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,800
range from Modest compounds for 
ordinary citizens to elaborate 

316
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:58,800
Palace complexes for the ruling 
Elite. 

317
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:02,000
But even the humblest homes had 
access to clean water and 

318
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:04,600
adequate drainage. 
And then there was palak, 

319
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:07,600
nestled against the foothills of
the Chiapas Highlands like a 

320
00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:10,200
jewel. 
Set in green velvet where to 

321
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:11,800
call impressed through sheer 
scale. 

322
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,000
Palenque a greatness through 
elegance and artistic 

323
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,200
refinement. 
The famous temple of the 

324
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:21,000
inscription built as a tomb for 
the ruler kinich Jana pakal 

325
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,100
represents perhaps the Pinnacle 
of Maya architectural 

326
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,400
achievement a building that 
functions simultaneously as 

327
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:33,100
religious Temple Royals alien 
and artistic Masterpiece artists

328
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:36,300
and Architects of techniques for
creating spaces that felt both, 

329
00:16:36,300 --> 00:16:38,700
monumentally impressive and 
intimately human. 

330
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,200
The palace complex with its 
unique tower. 

331
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,500
That may have served as an 
astronomical Observatory created

332
00:16:44,500 --> 00:16:47,200
Courtyards and galleries that 
would have been perfect venues 

333
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:50,100
for the court ceremonies that 
were Central to Maya political 

334
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:54,100
life in Shadow played across 
carved relief, sculptures within

335
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:56,800
Precision, that suggests the 
builders understood exactly how 

336
00:16:56,800 --> 00:17:00,000
their creation's would look at 
different times of Day and 

337
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,900
different seasons of the year 
kapan and what is now Honduras 

338
00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:08,700
represented yet another approach
to my urbanism. this city became

339
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,099
famous for its incredible, 
artistic achievements, 

340
00:17:11,099 --> 00:17:14,800
particularly in sculpture and 
hieroglyphic writing the 

341
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:18,599
hieroglyphic stairway, at kapan 
contains over 2,500 individual 

342
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:22,200
glyphs making it the longest 
mire inscription ever discovered

343
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,900
But beyond its role as an 
ancient library kapan was 

344
00:17:25,907 --> 00:17:28,400
notable for its integration with
the surrounding landscape. 

345
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:31,600
The city's ball court, where 
Maya played their ritual ball 

346
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,000
game was positioned with such 
Precision that the sun's 

347
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,000
movement during the day, created
changing patterns of light and 

348
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,200
Shadow that probably had 
ceremonial significance. 

349
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,900
Each my city state was unique 
but they all shared certain 

350
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:47,700
characteristics that set them 
apart from other ancient Urban 

351
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:50,000
centers. 
They were remarkably green 

352
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,000
cities, where buildings and 
plazas were integrated with 

353
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,400
carefully maintained Groves of 
trees and Gardens. 

354
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:57,600
They were all so incredibly 
clean. 

355
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,300
My cities had sophisticated 
Waste Management systems and 

356
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:03,800
maintained public spaces with 
the level of civic pride. 

357
00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:07,400
That would be admirable in any 
era, the cities were so centers 

358
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:10,400
of learning and artistic 
creation on a scale that rivaled

359
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:12,700
anywhere. 
In the Ancient World, Maya 

360
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:16,000
scribes and artists worked in 
Palace scriptorium creating 

361
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,100
books from bark paper and 
decorating buildings with murals

362
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:21,700
that combined religious 
symbolism with historical 

363
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:24,200
narrative and pure Artistic 
expression. 

364
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:26,600
These weren't just functional 
Urban centers. 

365
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,600
They were conscious attempts to 
create beautiful spaces where 

366
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:33,600
human beings could live work and
worship in environments that 

367
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:37,100
inspired rather than oppressed. 
Perhaps most remarkably, the 

368
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:39,700
cities weren't created through 
slave, labor, or imperial 

369
00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:42,900
Conquest in the way that many 
ancient Urban centers, were 

370
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:46,300
built archaeological evidence, 
suggests that Maya cities grew 

371
00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:48,200
through the voluntary, 
Association of farming 

372
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,500
communities, craft Specialists, 
and ruling Elites who found 

373
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:53,400
Mutual benefit in urban 
cooperation. 

374
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,600
The Magnificent buildings were 
constructed by communities 

375
00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,600
working together during the 
agricultural offseason when 

376
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,600
farming demands were lighter and
people had time for Monumental 

377
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:07,100
projects by 600 CE, dozens of 
these remarkable cities dotted 

378
00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:10,600
the Maya, landscape each one, a 
unique experiment in how human 

379
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:14,100
beings might live together in 
large complex societies, they 

380
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:16,900
were connected by trade routes. 
That carried Not Just Goods 

381
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:21,700
ideas, Artistic Styles and 
technological innovations across

382
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:24,900
hundreds of miles of Jungle and 
Mountain a merchant traveling 

383
00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:27,100
from palanque to Copan would 
have found familiar 

384
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:30,500
architectural Styles similar 
religious practices and 

385
00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:34,100
inscriptions written in the same
hieroglyphic system but also 

386
00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:37,100
distinctive local variations 
that made each City a unique 

387
00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:39,700
Cultural Center. 
These weren't just cities. 

388
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:44,200
They were Dreams made manifest 
in stone and mortar testimony to

389
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:46,700
what human beings can achieve. 
When they combine practical 

390
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:51,000
intelligence with spiritual 
vision and artistic ambition, as

391
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,800
you drift towards sleep. 
Imagine yourself walking through

392
00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,100
one of these ancient Urban 
centers at dusk when cooking 

393
00:19:57,100 --> 00:19:59,800
fires began to twinkle in 
residential compounds. 

394
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,900
And the last Light of Day 
painted the Limestone pyramids 

395
00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:06,500
in shades of gold and Rose. 
Imagine your city with a Maya 

396
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,200
astronomer on the top of a 
pyramid, Temple sometime around 

397
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:13,200
700 CE watching the sunset while
she explained her latest 

398
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,400
calculations about Venus, 
Cycle's the sky above, you is 

399
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:19,000
beginning to fill with stars 
that seem close enough to touch 

400
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:22,600
in the clear tropical air. 
And in her hands are bark paper.

401
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,000
Filled with numbers and glyphs 
that record centuries of 

402
00:20:26,008 --> 00:20:28,600
careful. 
Observation this, my scholar can

403
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,200
tell you precisely when Venus 
will next appear as the Morning 

404
00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:33,300
Star. 
Then the next solar eclipse will

405
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:35,300
occur. 
And how many days have passed 

406
00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,200
since the current world began. 
She can calculate these things 

407
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:40,700
more accurately than any 
astronomer in Europe will be 

408
00:20:40,708 --> 00:20:42,400
able to do for another 500 
years. 

409
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,400
And she'll explain all of this 
not as abstract mathematics. 

410
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,300
But as part of a grand, Cosmic 
story where numbers and 

411
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:52,100
narratives science and 
spirituality are all aspects of 

412
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:55,700
the same profound truth about 
how the universe works, the Maya

413
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,700
approached knowledge differently
than we often do today where we 

414
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:01,700
tend to separate science from 
religion mathematics from 

415
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:05,000
storytelling and practical 
skills from spiritual practices,

416
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:09,000
the Maya sought all knowledge, 
as interconnected aspects of 

417
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,700
understanding creation itself. 
Their numbers were sacred, their

418
00:21:12,700 --> 00:21:15,900
stories were scientifically 
precise and their practical 

419
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:18,600
achievements Grew From spiritual
insights about the nature of 

420
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:22,200
reality, consider their 
mathematics, which was arguably 

421
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,500
more. 
Decatur than anything being done

422
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,000
in Europe. 
At the same time, the Maya were 

423
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,800
among the first people in the 
world to develop a true concept 

424
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:32,300
of zero. 
Not just as the absence of 

425
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:34,400
something. 
But as a number in its own, 

426
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:35,500
right? 
That could be used in 

427
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:39,200
calculations, their number 
system was vegetable based on 

428
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,600
20s rather than our familiar 
based 10 system which actually 

429
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:45,400
made certain types of 
calculations easier and more 

430
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:47,600
elegant. 
But Maya mathematics wasn't 

431
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,300
developed primarily for trade or
engineering though. 

432
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:53,300
It certainly served those 
purposes, it was created to 

433
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,600
understand time itself. 
The Maya were obsessed with 

434
00:21:56,600 --> 00:21:58,900
temporal patterns in the way 
that some people today are 

435
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:02,100
obsessed with sports statistics 
or stock market fluctuations. 

436
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:05,300
They track Cycles within Cycles 
within Cycles. 

437
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:08,700
Creating calendars that could 
predict events, not just years 

438
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,000
but thousands of years into the 
future, their most famous 

439
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:15,900
kalander often called The Long 
Count measured time from a 

440
00:22:15,900 --> 00:22:20,700
creation date in 3,114 BCE and 
could track individual days 

441
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:22,700
across bands of over 5,000 
years. 

442
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,100
But that was just one of several
interlocking calendar systems. 

443
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:30,200
They use simultaneously the 
sacred calendar or zulk in was a

444
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:34,800
260 day cycle that combined 
20-day names with 13 numbers in 

445
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,400
combinations that were used for 
divination and ceremony. 

446
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:43,000
The solar calendar or Harbaugh 
tractor 365-day year with 18 

447
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:46,200
months of 20 days. 
Each plus five extra days that 

448
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:47,600
were considered a specially 
dangerous. 

449
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:51,500
These calendars work together, 
like gears in an incredibly 

450
00:22:51,500 --> 00:22:53,800
complex, Celestial machine every
day. 

451
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,600
Had multiple names and numbers 
depending on which calendar you 

452
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,900
consulted, and the combinations 
created patterns that repeated 

453
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:04,000
on different scales. 
Some every 52 years, others 

454
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,100
every 18,000 980 years, Amaya 
calendar priest. 

455
00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:10,600
Could tell you not, just what 
day it was, but where that day 

456
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,700
fit into Cosmic cycles, that 
connected, the present moment, 

457
00:23:13,700 --> 00:23:15,500
to the very creation of the 
universe. 

458
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:19,800
This mathematical Precision 
served a practical purpose, Maya

459
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,900
Farmers needed to know exactly 
when to plant their crops when 

460
00:23:22,900 --> 00:23:26,800
to expect rains and when to 
prepare for dry seasons, Maya 

461
00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:29,500
rulers needed to schedule 
ceremonies at astrologically 

462
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:32,600
auspicious times and mayor 
Traders needed to Courtney their

463
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,700
activities across hundreds of 
miles of jungle, but beyond 

464
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:38,800
these practical applications 
Maya calendars, were expression 

465
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,500
of a worldview that saw time not
as an arrow. 

466
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:44,600
Flying toward an unknown 
destination, but as a spiral 

467
00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:47,400
staircase where similar events 
occurred at higher and higher 

468
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:51,300
levels of Complexity, their 
astronomical observations were 

469
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:54,500
equally sophisticated Meyer 
astronomers tracked, not just 

470
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:57,600
the obvious cycles of the sun 
and moon, but the more subtle 

471
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:01,200
movements of Venus, Mars, 
Jupiter, and other celestial 

472
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,200
bodies. 
They knew that Venus takes 

473
00:24:03,208 --> 00:24:07,400
exactly 584 days to complete its
cycle from Morning Star to 

474
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,400
evening star and back again. 
And they had calculated this 

475
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,100
more accurately than European 
astronomers would manage until 

476
00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:16,100
the age of telescopes. 
They also understood Eclipse 

477
00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:18,800
cycles and could predict both 
solar and lunar eclipses years. 

478
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:21,800
In advance, this wasn't just 
academic curiosity. 

479
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:24,800
Eclipses were considered 
potentially dangerous events 

480
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,600
that required proper ceremonies 
to ensure that the sun or moon 

481
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:30,300
would return safely. 
Maya rulers, often scheduled 

482
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:33,500
major military campaigns to 
coincide with astronomical 

483
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:36,000
events. 
Believing that Cosmic conditions

484
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,700
could influence the outcomes of 
Earthly conflicts. 

485
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:41,700
Most remarkably, the Maya 
understood that their 

486
00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:44,500
astronomical observations were 
imperfect and needed constant 

487
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:47,600
correction. 
They knew that their 365-day 

488
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,700
solar year was slight. 
Short and had developed methods 

489
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:53,500
for adjusting their calendars to
account for the accumulation of 

490
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,200
small errors, over long periods.
European calendars of the same 

491
00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:00,200
period were less accurate and 
required frequent arbitrary 

492
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:01,700
adjustments that the Maia 
system. 

493
00:25:01,708 --> 00:25:04,700
Handled automatically my writing
was equally sophisticated 

494
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:08,400
representing one of only four or
five writing systems that were 

495
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,400
independently invented in human 
history. 

496
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:14,000
Maya glyphs combined logo, 
graphic, symbols representing 

497
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,900
whole words or concepts with 
phonetic symbols representing, 

498
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:21,000
sounds creating a flexible 
system that could express 

499
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,200
everything from mundane 
administrative, records to 

500
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:28,000
complex philosophical and 
astronomical Concepts Maya 

501
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,400
books, written on bark paper. 
And coated with lime plaster 

502
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:33,600
covered subjects ranging from 
historical Chronicles to 

503
00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:36,100
astronomical tables to Medical 
prescriptions. 

504
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,800
Sadly Spanish conquistadors and 
missionaries destroyed most Maya

505
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:42,000
books considering them works of 
the devil. 

506
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,900
Only four complete Maya, codices
survived today. 

507
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,000
But these give us glimpses of a 
literature that was probably as 

508
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:49,800
rich and Area. 
Does that of any ancient 

509
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,200
civilization? 
The Maya conception of the 

510
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,800
universe, was both 
scientifically sophisticated and

511
00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:57,500
deeply spiritual. 
They envisioned creation as a 

512
00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:00,900
series of interconnected layers 
with the Earth, floating like a 

513
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:04,400
turtle shell on a primordial sea
surrounded by a multi-layered 

514
00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:07,800
heaven, where various Gods, 
resided time moved in Cycles 

515
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:11,200
with each major cycle, ending in
destruction and renewal as the 

516
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,100
gods. 
Experimented with new forms of 

517
00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:16,700
creation humans made from corn 
dough in the current creation, 

518
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,900
had a responsibility to maintain
the universe through proper 

519
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:23,100
ceremony and ritual, Maya rulers
were just political leaders. 

520
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:26,200
They were intermediaries between
human and divine Realms. 

521
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,500
Responsible for ensuring that 
Cosmic order was maintained 

522
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:31,200
through their actions in 
ceremonies. 

523
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,900
This worldview. 
Produced a unique approach to 

524
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:36,200
knowledge that modern Scholars 
are still trying to fully 

525
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:40,100
understand Maya scribes and 
Priests was simultaneously. 

526
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:44,900
Scientists historians 
mathematicians astronomers and 

527
00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:47,300
theologians. 
They saw no contradiction 

528
00:26:47,300 --> 00:26:49,800
between precise. 
Innovation and mythological 

529
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,000
narrative between practical 
calculation and spiritual 

530
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,100
insight as you settle into 
sleep. 

531
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:58,500
Imagine yourself in a mayor 
scriptorium surrounded by 

532
00:26:58,508 --> 00:27:01,800
Scholars, working by the light 
of pine torches carefully. 

533
00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:04,700
Drawing glyphs that encode 
centuries of accumulated wisdom 

534
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:09,300
about astronomy mathematics 
history and the fundamental 

535
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:12,000
nature of reality itself, 
picture books, filled with 

536
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,200
numbers that track the movements
of planets. 

537
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,100
And Stories. 
That explain why those movements

538
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:20,700
matter all preserved in a 
writing system that was among 

539
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:23,500
Humanity's greatest intellectual
achievements. 

540
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:26,500
Let the Morning Mist in your 
mind's eye part to reveal a 

541
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:29,500
typical day in a classic Maya 
City, perhaps sometime around 

542
00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:32,900
750 CE. 
The sun is just beginning to 

543
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,800
filter through the forest canopy
and you can hear the daily 

544
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,900
Symphony beginning. 
How a monkeys announcing the 

545
00:27:38,900 --> 00:27:42,800
dawn, from the Treetops, the 
soft slap slap of women shaping 

546
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:47,400
corn, tortillas, the scrape of 
obsidian blades against Stone as

547
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,200
Craftsmen prepare for their 
day's work and the gentle murmur

548
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,400
of early Market. 
Conversations your standing in a

549
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,100
residential compound that 
houses, an extended Myer family 

550
00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:00,300
Perhaps 20 or 30 people spread 
across three generations, all 

551
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:02,900
living in interconnected 
buildings, arranged around a 

552
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:05,500
central Courtyard. 
The architecture here tells a 

553
00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:08,100
story of practical wisdom 
accumulated over centuries. 

554
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:10,700
The house is a low Stone 
platforms. 

555
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:13,300
That keep floors dry. 
During the rainy season with 

556
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:16,400
walls of stone and mortar 
supporting roofs thatched with 

557
00:28:16,408 --> 00:28:19,800
palm, fronds laid in overlapping
patterns that can shed the 

558
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,200
heaviest tropical downpour the 
day begins as it has for. 

559
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,700
Countless generations with the 
preparation of corn. 

560
00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:30,100
This isn't just breakfast, it's 
a sacred act, that connects the 

561
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:32,700
family to the gods who created 
humans from kondo. 

562
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,800
The woman of the house Rises 
Before Dawn, to begin the 

563
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:39,400
process of making Masa the 
Corndog that forms the basis of 

564
00:28:39,408 --> 00:28:43,000
almost every mayor meal. 
First, she boils dried corn 

565
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:46,500
kernels, with lime, a technique 
that not only softens the corn 

566
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:49,300
but makes its nutrients more 
accessible to human digestion. 

567
00:28:49,300 --> 00:28:53,200
The Maya discovered this process
in dependently and it still used

568
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:55,000
today in traditional Mexican 
cooking. 

569
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,800
Well, the corn boils, she tends 
to the cooking fire feeding it 

570
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:02,200
with carefully. 
Selected Hardwoods that burn hot

571
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,800
and clean Maya. 
Cooking fires were marvels of 

572
00:29:04,808 --> 00:29:08,600
efficiency designed to provide 
maximum heat with minimum smoke 

573
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,000
important in houses where the 
kitchen might be just steps away

574
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,900
from the sleeping areas. 
The Hearth itself is typically 

575
00:29:14,900 --> 00:29:18,300
composed of three stones 
arranged in a triangle, the 

576
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:20,100
design. 
So practical that it still used 

577
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:22,000
in rural Guatemala and Mexico 
today. 

578
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:26,000
As the corn Cooks other family 
members begin their daily 

579
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,100
routines. 
The men might head to the 

580
00:29:28,100 --> 00:29:31,100
families agricultural plots, 
which could be anywhere from a 

581
00:29:31,108 --> 00:29:33,600
few hundred yards to several 
miles from the residential 

582
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,700
compound. 
Meyer farming was incredibly 

583
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,900
sophisticated adapted to make 
the most of local conditions in 

584
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:43,100
areas with good drainage they 
used raised beds. 

585
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:45,700
That could be intensively 
cultivated year after year. 

586
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:49,400
In swampy areas, they created 
raised fields, that turned 

587
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,000
seasonal Wetlands into some of 
the most productive agricultural

588
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:56,000
land in the ancient world. 
But Maya men didn't just grow 

589
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,000
corn, a typical family plot 
might include dozens of 

590
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,200
different food, plants beans, 
that climbed up corn stalks and 

591
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,400
fixed nitrogen in the soil. 
Squash that spread along the 

592
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,700
ground and provided both food. 
And storage containers, Chili 

593
00:30:08,700 --> 00:30:12,100
Peppers, that added flavor and 
helped preserve food and fruit 

594
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:13,800
trees. 
That provided everything from 

595
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,500
avocado's to cacao beans. 
This polyculture approach wasn't

596
00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:19,600
just more sustainable than 
monoculture farming. 

597
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:22,800
It also provided better 
nutrition and greater food 

598
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:26,100
security. 
Maya women, meanwhile were 

599
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,000
equally busy with activities, 
that required just as much skill

600
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:31,800
and knowledge. 
After grinding corn into Mesa on

601
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,600
Stone metates, grinding stones, 
that were often family, 

602
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:36,500
heirlooms passed down through 
generations. 

603
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:40,500
They would shape the dough into 
tortillas or tamales flavoring 

604
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:43,300
them with beans, meat 
vegetables, or even chocolate. 

605
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:47,200
For special occasions, that food
preparation was just one aspect 

606
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,800
of women's work. 
Maya women were all so 

607
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:51,300
responsible for textile 
production. 

608
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:54,700
Which in the ancient Maya world 
was both a practical necessity 

609
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,300
and a high art form using 
backstrap looms. 

610
00:30:57,300 --> 00:31:00,500
That could be set up anywhere. 
Maya Weaver's created textiles, 

611
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:03,200
so fine, that Spanish 
conquistadors, compared them 

612
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,700
favorably to the best European 
silks, the cotton, or a Garvey. 

613
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:08,400
Fibers were often died with 
colors. 

614
00:31:08,400 --> 00:31:12,700
Extracted from local plants 
insects, and minerals, creating 

615
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:16,300
textiles that served as markers 
of social status, Regional 

616
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:19,300
identity and artistic 
achievement children. 

617
00:31:19,300 --> 00:31:22,000
In Maya households, learned 
through participation rather 

618
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:25,600
than formal instruction, A 
five-year-old might help sort 

619
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,900
beans or feed chickens. 
While older children gradually 

620
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:31,800
took on more complex 
responsibilities boys learned 

621
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,800
farming, techniques construction
skills and perhaps specialized 

622
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:38,100
crafts from their fathers and 
uncles girls learned food, 

623
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:41,800
preparation, textile, production
and household management from 

624
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,800
their mothers and aunts, but 
both boys and girls learned the 

625
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:48,100
basics of Maya mathematics, 
astronomy and calendar 

626
00:31:48,100 --> 00:31:51,300
calculation, Knowledge. 
That was considered essential 

627
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:54,800
for proper participation in 
Maya, Society, education, also 

628
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:57,300
included, learning to read at 
least some Maya. 

629
00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:00,600
Glyphs the full literacy was 
probably limited to scribes 

630
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,300
priests and Nobles. 
Most Maya families would have 

631
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:06,700
known enough glyphs to read 
calendrical dates recognize the 

632
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:10,000
names of gods and rulers and 
understand basic religious, and 

633
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,900
administrative texts. 
This level of literacy was 

634
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:16,200
actually quite remarkable for 
the ancient world, where reading

635
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:19,000
and writing were often 
restricted to Tiny educated 

636
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,500
Elites. 
The mayor work day was 

637
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:24,800
structured around the natural 
rhythms of tropical life, people

638
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,700
Rose Before Dawn when the air 
was cool and the forest was 

639
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:30,200
quiet. 
The most strenuous work was done

640
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,800
in the morning and late 
afternoon with a long rest 

641
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:35,400
period during the hottest part 
of the day, this wasn't 

642
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:38,300
laziness. 
It was intelligent adaptation to

643
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:40,600
a climate where working through 
the midday heat could be 

644
00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:44,400
genuinely dangerous markets, 
were Central to Mayor Daley life

645
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:48,200
serving, not just as places to 
buy and sell Goods, but a social

646
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,900
centers, where news was 
exchanged marriages arranged and

647
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,900
Community decisions discussed 
Typical Maya Market was a riot 

648
00:32:55,908 --> 00:32:59,500
of color sound and smell that 
would overwhelm most modern 

649
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,400
Shoppers vendors. 
Displayed pyramids of chili 

650
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:05,100
peppers in every shade from Deep
Red to bright yellow. 

651
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:08,700
Baskets of cacao beans, that 
served both as flavoring and 

652
00:33:08,700 --> 00:33:12,100
currency Jade, ornaments, that 
caught the light like trapped 

653
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:16,100
sunbeams and textiles, whose 
intricate patterns told stories 

654
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:18,200
of gods Heroes and Cosmic 
events. 

655
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,000
The diversity of goods 
available. 

656
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,800
In Maya markets, testifies to 
the sophistication of their 

657
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:26,700
trade, networks obsidian blades 
from Guatemala, Jade, from the 

658
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:29,900
mountains of Honduras, quetzal 
feathers, from Hyland Cloud. 

659
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:33,800
Forests salt from Coastal, 
lagoons and seashells from both 

660
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:37,200
Pacific and Caribbean coasts, 
all found their way to markets. 

661
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,400
Hundreds of miles from their 
sources. 

662
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,900
Maya Merchants traveled on foot 
along, jungle paths, and stone 

663
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:47,100
Kors carrying goods in large 
baskets supported by Tumblrs, 

664
00:33:47,100 --> 00:33:49,600
across their foreheads, a 
carrying technique that 

665
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,500
distributed weights. 
So efficiently that a single 

666
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:55,800
Porter could transport Foods 
that were Challenger pack mule 

667
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,100
evenings in Maya communities 
were times for social activities

668
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:01,900
that reinforced Community bonds 
and transmitted cultural 

669
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:05,400
knowledge extended families 
gathered around cooking fires to

670
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:08,400
share meals and stories. 
With older, relatives recounting

671
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:10,900
traditional tales, that 
preserved historical memory and 

672
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,600
moral instruction, these weren't
just entertainment. 

673
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,900
They were the primary means by 
which Maya communities maintain 

674
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:19,300
their cultural identity across 
Generations. 

675
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,800
Religious observances were woven
throughout daily life in ways 

676
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,000
that would seem natural to the 
Maya, but might surprise modern 

677
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:28,900
observers. 
Every significant activity began

678
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:30,900
with small sermon is 
acknowledging. 

679
00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:33,199
The gods and Spirits, who 
governed different aspects of 

680
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:36,600
Life Farmers, offered prayers 
and small gifts to the Rain. 

681
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,699
God before planting Craftsman 
blessed, their tools before 

682
00:34:39,699 --> 00:34:42,900
beginning, important projects 
and families performed daily 

683
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:46,000
rituals to honor their ancestors
and maintain spiritual 

684
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:49,800
protection for their homes. 
The mayor day Ended as it began 

685
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:53,400
with ceremony in gratitude, as 
cooking fires burned, low and 

686
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,400
Families. 
Prepared for sleep, they might 

687
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:57,000
offer. 
Thanks to the gods for the days 

688
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,700
blessing and protection incense 
to purify their living spaces 

689
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:02,900
and recite prayers that 
connected. 

690
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:05,900
Their daily activities to the 
larger, Cosmic order that gave 

691
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:08,600
meaning to my life. 
As you drift towards sleep 

692
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,100
yourself. 
Imagine The Gentle sounds of a 

693
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,400
Maya evening, the soft 
conversation of family settling 

694
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,500
in for the night. 
Distant call of nightbirds in 

695
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:20,800
the forest, The Whisper Of Wind 
Through Palm thatch roofs. 

696
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:24,900
And underlying it all the quiet 
confidence of a people who had 

697
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:27,300
learned to live in harmony with 
their environment and with each 

698
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:29,300
other. 
Picture yourself floating above,

699
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:33,200
the mild, World sometime around,
900 CE and noticed that 

700
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,100
something has changed in the 
forest below. 

701
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,300
The great cities that once 
gleamed white through, the 

702
00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:41,000
canopy are beginning to show 
signs of Abandonment. 

703
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,300
Some pyramids are already being 
reclaimed by Vines and young 

704
00:35:44,300 --> 00:35:47,700
trees classes that once hosted 
thousands of people for 

705
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:50,800
religious ceremonies now stand 
empty, except for the occasional

706
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,500
deer or Jaguar picking its way 
carefully across ancient stone 

707
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:56,800
Paving. 
This is one of archeology is 

708
00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:00,700
most fascinating Mysteries. 
The so called Maya collapse. 

709
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:03,500
Though that word suggests 
something more dramatic and 

710
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:05,100
sudden than what actually 
occurred. 

711
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,900
The Maya didn't disappear 
overnight like characters and a 

712
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:11,100
fairy tale. 
Instead their civilization 

713
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:12,900
underwent, a gradual 
transformation that 

714
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:14,900
archeologists are still trying 
to fully understand. 

715
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,700
The changes began subtly like a 
symphony. 

716
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:22,700
Gradually shifting from major to
minor key in some cities fewer 

717
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,700
new monuments were erected in 
others construction. 

718
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:28,800
Projects were left unfinished as
if the workers had simply put 

719
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:31,800
down their tools one day and 
walked away trade routes that 

720
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:34,700
had connected Maya cities for 
centuries began to show less 

721
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:37,500
traffic. 
Careful maintenance that had 

722
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:40,200
kept Urban Water Systems 
functioning started to slack off

723
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:44,600
by around 900 CE. 
Many of the Great classic Maya 

724
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,000
cities have been largely 
abandoned their population, 

725
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,400
scattered to smaller settlements
or migrated to new regions 

726
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:52,800
entirely. 
It was as if the Maya had 

727
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:55,700
decided that urban life, which 
had served them so well for over

728
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:59,000
1,000 years was no longer worth 
the effort it required. 

729
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:01,500
What caused this? 
Dramatic shift. 

730
00:37:01,500 --> 00:37:05,100
Archaeologists have proposed, 
numerous theories and the truth.

731
00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:08,100
Probably involves a combination 
of factors rather than any 

732
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:10,900
single catastrophe. 
Climate data suggests that the 

733
00:37:10,900 --> 00:37:13,700
Maya World experienced a series 
of severe droughts during the 

734
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:16,200
8th and 9th. 
Centuries, some lasting for 

735
00:37:16,208 --> 00:37:19,600
decades, for a civilization that
depended on carefully, managed 

736
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:21,900
Water Systems. 
These droughts would have posed 

737
00:37:21,900 --> 00:37:25,100
enormous challenges. 
Imagine trying to maintain a 

738
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:27,900
city of 50,000 people when your 
reservoirs are running dry and 

739
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,700
the rains that usually refill 
them, keep failing to arrive 

740
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:32,600
Meyer. 
Engineers are designed their 

741
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,300
Urban Water Systems to handle 
normal variations in rainfall, 

742
00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:38,700
but they hadn't planned for the 
kind of extended dry periods 

743
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,000
that apparently occurred during 
this time as water became scarce

744
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:45,600
Urban population, would have 
been forced to disperse to areas

745
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,400
where smaller scale farming and 
water collection were more 

746
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,200
viable. 
Climate change alone probably 

747
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:53,800
wouldn't have caused such 
widespread Urban abandonment. 

748
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,900
Maya cities had survived 
droughts before and had 

749
00:37:56,900 --> 00:37:59,400
developed sophisticated methods 
for water conservation and 

750
00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:01,700
management. 
Something else must have made 

751
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:04,100
their Urban centers less 
resilient than they had been in 

752
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:06,200
earlier centuries one 
possibility. 

753
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,400
Is that Maya cities had simply 
grown too large and complex for 

754
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:11,600
their own good. 
By the 8th Century. 

755
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,600
Some Maya Urban centers 
supported populations that 

756
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,300
strained even their 
sophisticated Agricultural and 

757
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,100
Water Management Systems. 
When environmental stresses 

758
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:23,000
occurred, these large 
concentrations of people may 

759
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,200
have become unsustainable 
There's all evidence for 

760
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,200
increasing Warfare between Maya 
city-states during this period. 

761
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,600
Early Maya, conflicts have been 
relatively limited Affairs. 

762
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:34,800
More like collaborate 
tournaments than walls of 

763
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:38,600
Conquest, but by the late 
classic period, my Warfare seems

764
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,700
to have become more destructive 
with cities being attacked, not 

765
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:45,000
just for Prestige or tribute, 
but for complete conquest and 

766
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:48,500
destruction, this escalation in 
violence, may have been both the

767
00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:50,800
cause and a consequence of the 
other stresses affecting my 

768
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:54,300
Society. 
As resources became scarce due 

769
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:57,500
to drought and overpopulation 
competition between cities 

770
00:38:57,500 --> 00:38:59,800
intensified. 
As Warfare became more 

771
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,800
destructive, it became harder 
for cities to maintain the 

772
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:06,000
Cooperative relationships that 
allowed Maya civilization to 

773
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:09,200
flourish. 
Political factors also played a 

774
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:12,500
role, the elaborate Royal courts
that had governed Maya cities, 

775
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:16,000
required enormous resources to 
maintain Kings and Nobles 

776
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,600
needed. 
Magnificent palaces, elaborate 

777
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:21,600
ceremonies and costly trade 
goods, to demonstrate their 

778
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:26,100
Divine Authority and maintain 
political legitimacy as economic

779
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:28,200
stress increased. 
These costs may have become 

780
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,900
increasingly burdensome for 
ordinary, my farmers and 

781
00:39:30,900 --> 00:39:33,900
Craftsmen. 
Archaeological evidence suggests

782
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:36,900
that during this period, the gap
between Maya Elites and 

783
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,000
commoners was growing wider. 
While Noble's continued to build

784
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:43,000
elaborate palaces and fill their
tombs with Jade and gold 

785
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,300
ordinary. 
Maya household show signs of 

786
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,500
economic stress and reduced 
access to luxury goods. 

787
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:51,100
This growing inequality may have
undermined. 

788
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,000
The social cohesion that had 
made large Maya cities possible.

789
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,500
But perhaps most importantly, 
the environmental knowledge that

790
00:39:57,500 --> 00:40:00,500
has allowed the Maya to create 
sustainable, Urban centers, in 

791
00:40:00,500 --> 00:40:04,800
tropical forests as being 
forgotten, or ignored a cities, 

792
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,600
grew larger and more complex. 
There are inhabitants may have 

793
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:10,600
become increasingly disconnected
from the natural systems that 

794
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:13,000
supported them. 
The careful balance between 

795
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:15,000
human needs and environmental 
capacity. 

796
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,700
That had characterized early, 
Maya civilization seems to have 

797
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,500
been disrupted. 
However, it's crucial to 

798
00:40:21,500 --> 00:40:24,100
understand that what 
archaeologists call the Maya 

799
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:27,800
collapse, wasn't the end of my 
civilization, it was a 

800
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,800
transformation while the great 
cities of the classic period 

801
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,700
were being abandoned. 
Maya communities were adapting 

802
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:37,000
and evolving a new directions. 
Some move to areas that were 

803
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,100
less affected by drought others 
developed, new forms of 

804
00:40:40,108 --> 00:40:43,100
political organization that were
more resilient to environmental 

805
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:47,900
stress and many simply return to
the smaller scale, more 

806
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:50,700
sustainable ways of life that 
had characterized earlier 

807
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:54,300
periods of Maya history in the 
northern Yucatan, Maya 

808
00:40:54,300 --> 00:40:56,800
civilization experience what 
archaeologists call a 

809
00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:58,400
Renaissance During the 
postclassic period. 

810
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:01,800
Cities like Chichen Itza. 
And later, mayor pan became 

811
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:05,200
major centers of trade learning 
and political power. 

812
00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:08,900
These Northern cities developed 
new architectural Styles, new 

813
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:12,300
forms of political organization,
and new relationships with other

814
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:15,900
Mesoamerican civilizations. 
The Maya of the post classic 

815
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:18,900
period were different from their
classic predecessors, but they 

816
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:22,100
weren't lesser They had learned 
from the experience of the 

817
00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:25,400
classic cities and developed 
more flexible adaptable, 

818
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:28,600
approaches to Urban Life instead
of the highly centralized 

819
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:32,300
city-states of the classic 
period post classic Maya Society

820
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,000
was organized around looser 
confederations of cities and 

821
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,700
towns that could better whether 
political and environmental 

822
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:40,600
crises trade became increasingly
important. 

823
00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:43,500
During this period, with mayor 
Merchants establishing 

824
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:46,500
commercial networks, that 
extended from Central Mexico to 

825
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:50,600
Panama Maya Traders traveling. 
In large ocean-going, canoes 

826
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:52,500
carried Goods. 
Along the Caribbean. 

827
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:55,700
And Pacific coasts connecting 
Maya communities with other 

828
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:59,600
Mesoamerican civilizations and 
adapting to new technologies and

829
00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,600
ideas from across the region, 
the Maya continued, their 

830
00:42:02,608 --> 00:42:04,800
scientific and intellectual 
achievements during the 

831
00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,200
postclassic period astronomers 
at Chichen Itza. 

832
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:11,300
Created new observatories and 
refined their understanding of 

833
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:14,900
celestial Cycles, scribes 
continued to develop my writing 

834
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:17,700
and created new types of books 
that preserved historical 

835
00:42:17,700 --> 00:42:20,100
astronomical and religious 
knowledge. 

836
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:23,900
Artists developed new styles 
that combined traditional Mya, 

837
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:26,100
themes with influences from 
Central Mexico and other 

838
00:42:26,108 --> 00:42:29,000
regions. 
Perhaps most importantly, Maya 

839
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,700
communities, during this period 
developed a more decentralized 

840
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:34,900
resilient approach to 
civilization that helped them 

841
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:37,100
survive challenges. 
That might have destroyed more 

842
00:42:37,100 --> 00:42:39,600
rigid societies. 
When Spanish conquistadors 

843
00:42:39,600 --> 00:42:43,000
arrived in the 16th century, 
they found not a collapse 

844
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,200
civilization, but a diverse 
adaptable collection of Maya 

845
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,200
communities. 
That had been successfully 

846
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:50,000
managing the challenges of 
tropical life. 

847
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:53,000
For over 3,000 years. 
The Spanish Conquest was 

848
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:56,400
devastating for my community's, 
but it wasn't completely 

849
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,000
destructive. 
Many Maya communities were 

850
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:01,800
treated to remote areas where 
they maintain traditional ways 

851
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:06,000
of life with minimal outside 
interference others adapted, to 

852
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,000
Colonial rule, while preserving 
a central aspects of Maya 

853
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:13,100
culture, language and identity. 
In the dense forests of the 

854
00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:16,900
potent region of Guatemala. 
Some Maya communities remained, 

855
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:19,300
effectively independent until 
the late 19th century. 

856
00:43:19,300 --> 00:43:22,300
These communities maintain 
traditional agricultural 

857
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:26,200
practices continued to use Maya 
calendars, and writing systems, 

858
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,100
and preserved, religious 
practices that connected them to

859
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:32,200
their ancient Heritage, the 
transformation of Maya 

860
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:34,400
civilization during the late 
classic and post, classic 

861
00:43:34,400 --> 00:43:37,400
periods, offers important 
lessons about resilience and 

862
00:43:37,408 --> 00:43:41,200
adaptation the Maya response to 
environmental and social stress 

863
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:44,600
wasn't to desperately clinging 
to unsustainable practices, but 

864
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,100
a thoughtfully adapt their 
society to changing conditions. 

865
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:50,200
They demonstrated that 
civilizations, like living 

866
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:52,700
organisms can survive by 
changing rather than by 

867
00:43:52,700 --> 00:43:55,500
remaining static. 
This ability to adapt while 

868
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,900
maintaining cultural continuity.
Helps explain why Maya 

869
00:43:58,900 --> 00:44:02,500
civilization has persisted for 
over 4,000 years today. 

870
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:06,400
Millions of people in Mexico, 
Guatemala Belize and Honduras 

871
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:10,100
continued to speak, Maya 
languages, practice, traditional

872
00:44:10,100 --> 00:44:13,400
Agriculture, and maintain. 
Cultural practices that connect 

873
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:16,300
them to their ancient Heritage. 
They are living proof, that the 

874
00:44:16,300 --> 00:44:19,400
Maya didn't disappear. 
They evolved, as you can 

875
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,400
continue drifting towards sleep,
imagine this great 

876
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:25,500
transformation. 
Cities gradually returning to 

877
00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:29,100
Forest families, making 
difficult decisions about where 

878
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:31,800
to build new lives communities 
adapting. 

879
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:35,800
Their ancient wisdom to new 
circumstances and throughout it 

880
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,300
all the patient work of cultural
preservation that ensured Maya 

881
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:42,200
civilization would survive to 
inspire and inform future 

882
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,800
Generations in the gentle quiet 
of your bedtime contemplation. 

883
00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:48,100
Let yourself consider one of 
history's. 

884
00:44:48,100 --> 00:44:51,500
Most remarkable phenomena. 
How a civilization that 

885
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:55,300
supposedly collapsed over a 
thousand years ago, continues to

886
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:58,700
influence the world in ways, 
both profound and surprisingly 

887
00:44:58,700 --> 00:45:01,000
practical. 
The Maya Legacy isn't something 

888
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:02,700
locked away in museums or 
buried. 

889
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:06,500
Under jungle vines, it's woven 
into the fabric of modern life 

890
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:09,900
in ways you encounter almost 
daily without realizing it every

891
00:45:09,900 --> 00:45:12,900
time you buy into a piece of 
chocolate, your participating in

892
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:15,800
a tradition that the Maya 
perfected over 2000 years ago, 

893
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:20,300
the cacao tree, which the mayor 
called the food of the Gods was 

894
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,700
first domesticated in the mayor 
world but the Maya didn't just 

895
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:26,000
discovered chocolate. 
They elevated it to an art form.

896
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:30,000
They created dozens of different
ways to prepare Cacao from 

897
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:31,700
bitter. 
Ceremonial drinks, reserved for 

898
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:34,400
Nobles and Priests to Sweet 
Treats that were probably not 

899
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:35,800
too different from Modern hot 
chocolate. 

900
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,600
My chocolate preparation was. 
So sophisticated that Spanish 

901
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:41,700
canister, doors initially, 
couldn't figure out how to 

902
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:44,400
recreate it. 
The Maya had learned to ferment 

903
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,700
cacao beans to develop their 
full flavor to roast them, at 

904
00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:51,200
precisely the right temperature.
And to Find them with vanilla 

905
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,300
Chili Peppers. 
And other flavorings in 

906
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:56,700
proportions that created 
complex, nuanced beverages that 

907
00:45:56,700 --> 00:46:00,100
were both delicious and 
nutritionally Rich when you see 

908
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:03,700
single origin chocolate in 
upscale stores today, you're 

909
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:05,700
seeing a return to Maya 
principles of chocolate. 

910
00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:09,000
Making that emphasized the 
unique characteristics of Cacao 

911
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:12,000
from specific regions. 
The mathematical concept, the 

912
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:14,500
Maya developed continued to 
influence how we think about 

913
00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:17,700
numbers and time, their 
invention of zero as a 

914
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:19,800
placeholder. 
And mathematical concept, was 

915
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:22,100
one of the most important 
intellectual achievements in 

916
00:46:22,108 --> 00:46:25,600
human history, this Innovation 
developed independently from 

917
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:28,700
similar discoveries in India, 
made possible the kind of 

918
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:31,600
complex calculations that 
underlying, everything from 

919
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:35,100
computer programming to space 
exploration Maya calendar 

920
00:46:35,100 --> 00:46:38,300
systems with their precise. 
Tracking of multiple overlapping

921
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:41,400
Cycles, provided intellectual 
Frameworks, that still 

922
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:45,000
influence, how anthropologists 
historians and even computer 

923
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:48,300
scientists think about time and 
periodicity the Maya 

924
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:51,700
understanding that time moves in
Was rather than straight lines 

925
00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:54,300
has become increasingly relevant
in an era. 

926
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:56,600
When we're beginning to 
recognize that human activities,

927
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,600
follow cyclical patterns that 
need to be understood and 

928
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,500
managed sustainably modern 
Agricultural. 

929
00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:05,500
Science has rediscovered, many 
Maya, farming techniques and 

930
00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:08,500
found them, remarkably 
sophisticated the raised field 

931
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:10,900
agriculture that the Maya used 
to farm in Wetlands. 

932
00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:14,100
Is now being studied as a model 
for sustainable farming in 

933
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:17,000
areas, threatened by climate 
change and rising sea levels. 

934
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:20,400
Maya polyculture techniques 
growing multiple crops together 

935
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:23,300
in mutually beneficial 
combinations are being adapted 

936
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:25,600
by organic farmers and 
permaculture practitioners 

937
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:28,400
around the world. 
The Maya understanding of forest

938
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,900
management has all proven 
remarkably pressured. 

939
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:34,300
Modern ecologist studying the 
forests of Central America have 

940
00:47:34,300 --> 00:47:36,800
discovered that many areas that 
appeared to be virgin. 

941
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:40,300
Wilderness are actually the 
result of thousands of years of 

942
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:43,800
careful Maya Forest management. 
The Maya had learned to enhance.

943
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,300
Natural Forest productivity by 
selectively, encouraging useful 

944
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:49,600
species. 
Creating Forest Guardians that 

945
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:51,700
were more productive. 
And diverse than unmanaged 

946
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:54,200
natural forests. 
This knowledge is now being 

947
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,800
applied in conservation projects
throughout the tropics. 

948
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,900
Instead of trying to preserve 
forests by keeping people out of

949
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,900
them, conservationists are 
learning to work with indigenous

950
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:05,700
communities, who have maintained
traditional ecological 

951
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:08,700
knowledge, that can inform 
sustainable, Forest management 

952
00:48:08,700 --> 00:48:12,000
the Maya approach to living 
within natural systems, rather 

953
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:15,000
than trying to dominate them has
become a model for sustainable 

954
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,200
development in tropical regions,
around the world Maya 

955
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:20,700
architectural techniques, 
continue to inspire Modern, 

956
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,700
Builders and Architects. 
The core belch technique that 

957
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:27,100
the Maya perfected creating 
archers and volts by gradually 

958
00:48:27,100 --> 00:48:29,200
projecting Stones. 
Inward until they meet at the 

959
00:48:29,208 --> 00:48:32,400
top, is being studied by 
Architects interested in 

960
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,300
creating earthquake resistant, 
buildings using local materials 

961
00:48:35,300 --> 00:48:38,900
Maya, understanding of how to 
construct large buildings, that 

962
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:42,000
could withstand both tropical 
storms and seismic activity. 

963
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,500
As applications in modern, 
earthquake and hurricane 

964
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:47,900
engineering, the Maya approached
to urban planning which 

965
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:50,100
integrated cities with natural 
water management. 

966
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,300
Systems and maintained green 
spaces throughout urban areas 

967
00:48:53,300 --> 00:48:57,200
has become a model for 
sustainable City design, urban 

968
00:48:57,200 --> 00:48:59,600
planners studying Maya cities 
have been impressed by their 

969
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:02,800
sophistication in managing 
stormwater providing public 

970
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,600
spaces and creating 
neighborhoods that function as 

971
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,600
integrated communities rather 
than just collections of 

972
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:12,400
individual buildings Maya, 
astronomical knowledge continues

973
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:15,600
to inform our understanding of 
ancient science and to provide 

974
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,500
alternative perspectives on 
Humanity's relationship with the

975
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:22,000
cosmos Maya, astronomers precise
observations of Planetary 

976
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,000
Cycles, their accurate 
predictions of eclipses. 

977
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,500
And their sophisticated 
understanding of calendar 

978
00:49:27,500 --> 00:49:30,900
calculation demonstrate that 
scientific knowledge can develop

979
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:34,500
along different paths than those
followed by European traditions.

980
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:38,300
This has implications Beyond 
historical curiosity as modern 

981
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,200
science, increasingly recognizes
the value of traditional 

982
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,300
ecological knowledge, Maya 
astronomical and mathematical 

983
00:49:44,300 --> 00:49:47,600
Traditions provide examples of 
how indigenous knowledge systems

984
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,300
can complement and enhance 
Western scient. 

985
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,600
Approaches Maya calendar, 
specialist working today in 

986
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,700
Guatemala and Mexico, maintain 
knowledge, that spans thousands 

987
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:00,400
of years and provides insights 
into long-term environmental and

988
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:02,800
social cycles. 
That short-term scientific 

989
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:05,800
observation might miss the Maya 
writing system. 

990
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:09,300
Once considered two complex to 
be fully deciphered, has become 

991
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,100
a model for understanding how 
human communication systems, 

992
00:50:12,100 --> 00:50:15,700
develop and change over time, 
transmitting information, my 

993
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:18,500
literature, as we've come to 
understand it through deciphered

994
00:50:18,500 --> 00:50:20,800
texts. 
Has enriched our understanding 

995
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:24,100
of ancient American intellectual
Traditions Maya. 

996
00:50:24,100 --> 00:50:27,600
Poetry historical narratives and
scientific texts demonstrate 

997
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,100
levels of literary. 
Sophistication the Rival. 

998
00:50:30,108 --> 00:50:34,200
Anything produced in the ancient
world, the Popple view, the Maya

999
00:50:34,200 --> 00:50:36,000
creation story that was 
preserved through the colonial 

1000
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:39,200
period has become recognized as 
one of the world's great 

1001
00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:43,000
mythological texts offering 
insights into my philosophy and 

1002
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:46,500
cosmology that continue to 
influence writers artists and 

1003
00:50:46,508 --> 00:50:50,100
thinkers Around the World. 
Perhaps most importantly, Maya 

1004
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:54,000
civilization provides a powerful
example of how human societies 

1005
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:56,400
can develop. 
Along Pathways different from 

1006
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:58,500
those were familiar with in 
European and Asian 

1007
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:01,400
civilizations. 
The Maya created, Urban centers.

1008
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:02,800
Without wheeled vehicles or 
large. 

1009
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:06,300
Domesticated animals developed 
sophisticated mathematics 

1010
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:10,000
without a base 10 number system 
and maintained complex societies

1011
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:12,700
for thousands of years using 
sustainable agricultural 

1012
00:51:12,700 --> 00:51:14,500
practices in tropical 
environments. 

1013
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:17,500
This alternative model of 
civilization has become 

1014
00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:20,800
increasingly relevant as modern.
Light is grapple with questions 

1015
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:24,300
about sustainability 
Environmental Management and 

1016
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:27,500
social organization. 
The Maya example, demonstrates 

1017
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:30,400
that high levels of cultural 
achievement sophisticated, 

1018
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:34,300
technology and complex, social 
organization, don't require the 

1019
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:37,500
exploitation of Natural 
Resources or the domination of 

1020
00:51:37,508 --> 00:51:39,800
natural systems. 
That characterized many other 

1021
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:44,200
ancient civilizations today. 
Over 6 million people in Mexico,

1022
00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:48,200
Guatemala Belizean, Honduras, 
continue to speak, Maya 

1023
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:51,200
languages and maintain cultural 
practices that connect them 

1024
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:52,800
directly to their ancient 
Heritage. 

1025
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,200
These modern Maya, community's 
aren't living museums preserving

1026
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,700
ancient ways their Dynamic 
cultures that continue to adapt 

1027
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:01,700
traditional knowledge to 
contemporary circumstances. 

1028
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:05,400
My community's today are leaders
in sustainable agriculture 

1029
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:07,700
Forest conservation and cultural
preservation. 

1030
00:52:07,700 --> 00:52:10,700
They maintain traditional 
calendar systems alongside 

1031
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:13,000
modern time. 
Keeping practiced traditional 

1032
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,100
medicine alongside modern 
Healthcare and used traditional 

1033
00:52:16,100 --> 00:52:18,900
ecological knowledge to inform 
contemporary Environmental 

1034
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:21,400
Management. 
They represent living proof that

1035
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:24,800
the Maya Legacy isn't just 
historical, it's a continuing 

1036
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:26,500
contribution to human knowledge 
and wisdom. 

1037
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:31,000
As you settle into the final 
moments before sleep, consider 

1038
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:32,800
that the Maya story isn't really
finished. 

1039
00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:35,700
It's still being written by 
communities throughout Central 

1040
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:39,100
America who maintain ancient 
Traditions while adapting to 

1041
00:52:39,100 --> 00:52:42,200
contemporary challenges the 
pyramids rising from Jungle 

1042
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,800
canopies the sophisticated 
mathematics encoded in ancient 

1043
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:48,300
calendars and the sustainable 
agricultural. 

1044
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,700
Practices developed over 
Millennia, all continued to 

1045
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:54,400
offer, insights and inspiration 
to anyone willing to listen to 

1046
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,400
The Whispers of ancient wisdom 
that still echo through the 

1047
00:52:57,400 --> 00:53:00,900
forests of Maya country In These
Quiet Moments before sleep, 

1048
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:03,200
carries your way from the Maya 
world, and back to your own 

1049
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,300
time. 
Let yourself rest in the 

1050
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:08,200
knowledge that you've just 
completed a journey through one 

1051
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:10,700
of Humanity's most remarkable 
experiments in living. 

1052
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:14,100
The Maya were just another 
ancient civilization that Rose 

1053
00:53:14,100 --> 00:53:16,800
and fell like, so many others. 
They were pioneers and 

1054
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,800
sustainable. 
Living mathematical thinking and

1055
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:22,500
the delicate art of creating 
complex societies that could 

1056
00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:25,400
Thrive within rather than 
despite their natural 

1057
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:27,900
environments. 
Tonight, as you've Traveled 

1058
00:53:27,900 --> 00:53:30,600
through time and jungle, you've 
witnessed the birth of cities 

1059
00:53:30,600 --> 00:53:34,200
that grew like magnificent 
trees, from tropical soil, seen,

1060
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:36,900
mathematical Concepts developed 
that still influence how we 

1061
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:40,400
understand the universe, and 
watched agricultural techniques 

1062
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:42,400
emerged. 
That modern science is only now 

1063
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,400
beginning to fully, appreciate 
you've walked through markets 

1064
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:48,100
filled with Goods carried, 
hundreds of miles through jungle

1065
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:50,300
paths. 
Listen to astronomical 

1066
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,000
observations that were more 
accurate than anything, Europe 

1067
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:55,800
would achieve for centuries and 
observed daily life. 

1068
00:53:55,800 --> 00:53:59,000
In communities that had learned 
to balance individual ambition 

1069
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:01,700
with Collective wisdom. 
The mire story is ultimately 

1070
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:05,200
about adaptation and resilience 
when their great classic cities 

1071
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:07,600
could no longer be sustained. 
The Maya didn't simply 

1072
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:10,500
disappear. 
They evolved, they created new 

1073
00:54:10,500 --> 00:54:14,000
forms of social organization, 
developed new relationships with

1074
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:15,800
their environment and 
maintained. 

1075
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,700
The Essential Elements of their 
culture through changes that 

1076
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,000
would have destroyed less 
flexible civilizations. 

1077
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:24,600
This capacity for thoughtful, 
adaptation has allowed Maya 

1078
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:26,800
culture to survive for over 
4,000 years. 

1079
00:54:27,500 --> 00:54:30,200
Making it one of the longest 
continuing civilizations in 

1080
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,300
human history, the same 
intellectual Traditions that 

1081
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:36,400
produced the mathematical 
concept of 0 and calculated the 

1082
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:38,900
movements of planets with 
extraordinary Precision 

1083
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:42,600
continued today in Maya 
communities, that maintain 

1084
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:45,200
traditional calendars practice, 
sustainable. 

1085
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:48,200
Perhaps these is the most 
important lesson, the Maya offer

1086
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:51,600
to our contemporary world. 
That sustainability isn't about 

1087
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:53,800
returning to some imagined 
simpler past. 

1088
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:57,700
But about developing the wisdom 
to create complex societies that

1089
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:00,900
work in harmony with nature 
systems rather than in 

1090
00:55:00,900 --> 00:55:03,700
opposition to them. 
The Maya demonstrated that human

1091
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:07,900
beings can build cities, develop
sophisticated Technologies and 

1092
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:11,700
create great art without 
destroying the sustain them as 

1093
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:14,300
you drift into dreams. 
You might find yourself walking 

1094
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:18,200
through a Maya forest garden 
where useful trees food plants 

1095
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:21,100
and medicinal herbs grow 
together in productive Harmony 

1096
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:23,700
or perhaps you'll dream of 
astronomers on Pyramid. 

1097
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:27,000
Tops calculating the precise 
moment when Venus will next 

1098
00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:30,000
appear as the Morning Star. 
Maybe you'll find yourself in a 

1099
00:55:30,008 --> 00:55:33,500
Maya script, aureum watching, 
scribes carefully draw, glyphs 

1100
00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:36,400
that encode both practical 
information and sacred stories. 

1101
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:39,500
These dreams can connect you to 
a continuous human Story. 

1102
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:42,400
One that includes the Maya 
farmer who developed new 

1103
00:55:42,400 --> 00:55:45,600
varieties of corn, the Maya 
engineer, who designed water 

1104
00:55:45,600 --> 00:55:48,500
systems that functioned for 
centuries, the Maya 

1105
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:52,100
mathematician who first Stood 
that 0 could be a number, and 

1106
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:53,900
the Maya artist. 
Who combined practical, 

1107
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:56,700
knowledge with spiritual vision,
to create beauty that still 

1108
00:55:56,700 --> 00:55:59,400
moves us today. 
The forest that covers much of 

1109
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,100
the Ancient Maya World continues
to grow and change, but it still

1110
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:04,500
holds the Echoes of their 
achievements. 

1111
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:08,100
Pyramids, rise through the 
canopy, like Stone mountains, 

1112
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:11,200
their Limestone blocks slowly 
returning to the Earth from 

1113
00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:14,300
which they came raised. 
Agricultural Fields abandoned, 

1114
00:56:14,300 --> 00:56:17,500
for centuries have become 
unique, ecosystems where ancient

1115
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:21,100
human wisdom continues to shape 
natural processes and in 

1116
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:24,400
communities throughout Central 
America, Maya languages continue

1117
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:27,700
to be spoken Maya calendars. 
Continue to Mark the passage of 

1118
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:31,400
sacred time and Maya knowledge 
continues to offer insights into

1119
00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:33,500
sustainable ways of living 
tomorrow. 

1120
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:36,400
When you wake, and perhaps 
glance at your calendar to plan 

1121
00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:40,100
your day, remember that you're 
using a system refined by Maya 

1122
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:43,400
mathematicians, who understood 
that time moves in Cycles. 

1123
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:46,400
Rather than straight lines. 
When you enjoy chocolate with 

1124
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:49,500
your breakfast, remember that? 
Your participating in a 

1125
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:51,500
tradition? 
That the Maya elevated to high 

1126
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:53,600
art. 
When you hear about sustainable 

1127
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:56,400
agricultural Forest 
conservation, remember that 

1128
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:58,900
you're encountering ideas. 
That the Maya pioneered and 

1129
00:56:58,908 --> 00:57:02,200
perfected over thousands of 
years, the Maya Legacy isn't 

1130
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:03,700
something distant and 
historical. 

1131
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,100
It's woven into the fabric of 
contemporary life in ways, both 

1132
00:57:07,100 --> 00:57:10,500
obvious, and subtle, their 
mathematical Innovations under, 

1133
00:57:10,500 --> 00:57:13,900
like, computer systems, their 
agricultural techniques, inform 

1134
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:17,400
sustainable, farming practices, 
their astronomical observations 

1135
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:20,800
contribute to our understanding 
of ancient science and their 

1136
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,800
examples of sustainable. 
Urban Design, Inspire modern 

1137
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:27,400
city planners most importantly, 
my civilization demonstrates 

1138
00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:29,800
that there are many different 
ways to create complex, 

1139
00:57:29,800 --> 00:57:33,900
sophisticated societies, the 
paths, they followed emphasizing

1140
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:37,600
cyclical, rather than linear 
thinking developing technology 

1141
00:57:37,600 --> 00:57:40,300
that worked with rather than 
against Natural systems. 

1142
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:43,800
Creating Urban centers that 
enhanced rather than degraded 

1143
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,600
their environments, offer 
alternative models for how human

1144
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:49,000
beings might organize 
themselves. 

1145
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:52,400
And their Rel, And ships with 
the natural world conversation 

1146
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:55,500
between intelligence and 
environment between individual, 

1147
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:59,300
ambition and Collective wisdom 
between the needs of the present

1148
00:57:59,300 --> 00:58:02,800
and the requirements of a 
sustainable future rest. 

1149
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:06,000
Well, knowing that the forests 
of Maya country continue to grow

1150
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:09,300
and change that Maya 
communities, continue to adapt, 

1151
00:58:09,300 --> 00:58:13,000
ancient wisdom to contemporary 
challenges and that The Echoes 

1152
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:15,500
of their achievements. 
Continue to whisper Through Time

1153
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,000
offering guidance and 
inspiration to anyone thoughtful

1154
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:26,600
enough to listen. 
Benjamin Franklin's, life began,

1155
00:58:26,600 --> 00:58:29,300
not in luxury, but in the 
bustling precincts of colonial 

1156
00:58:29,300 --> 00:58:33,700
Boston A port city shaped by 
rigorous piety and Hardy trade. 

1157
00:58:33,700 --> 00:58:38,900
He was born on January 17th, 
1706 the 15th child and a family

1158
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:41,600
that struggled with limited 
means his father. 

1159
00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:45,300
Josiah talo Chandler had 
emigrated from England hoping to

1160
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:48,800
build a modest livelihood, young
Benjamin's earliest memories, 

1161
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:52,000
likely featured the pungent 
smell of rendered fat in candle 

1162
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:54,200
making Vats and the tension of a
crowded household. 

1163
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,200
But beneath those humble 
beginnings, stirred arrest, 

1164
00:58:57,200 --> 00:58:59,100
Restless mind that refused to be
confined. 

1165
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:03,100
In many standard biographies 
Franklin pops up as an 

1166
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:05,800
unflappable genius. 
Who sought easily from a cramped

1167
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:07,400
apprenticeship to transatlantic 
Fame. 

1168
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:11,300
Yet the real story is a tangle 
of near failures calculated 

1169
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:14,200
risk-taking and heated disputes 
with family. 

1170
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:18,400
At age. 12 Benjamin began an 
apprenticeship under his older, 

1171
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:20,400
brother. 
James, a printer whose temper 

1172
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:22,600
matched his drive for 
high-profile pamphlets. 

1173
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:26,300
Initially enthusiastic Benjamin 
soon chafed at James's 

1174
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:29,400
authoritarian Style. 
Printing presses, demanded 

1175
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,500
skilled hands and an eye for 
detail, but also a willingness 

1176
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:36,200
to handle punishing hours. 
Moreover James often undercut 

1177
00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:40,400
Benjamin's ideas about editorial
Direction, Built behind shop 

1178
00:59:40,400 --> 00:59:43,100
doors until Benjamin 
clandestinely, penned letters to

1179
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,600
the local newspaper under the 
pseudonym silence dogood. 

1180
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:50,700
Those witty essays garnered 
attention all while James 

1181
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:54,500
remained ignorant of the true 
author, That Escapade half 

1182
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:57,800
mischief and half aspiration 
sparked Franklins, lifelong 

1183
00:59:57,800 --> 00:59:59,400
Devotion to shaping public 
opinion. 

1184
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:03,200
The Columns criticize Colonial 
authorities and championed free 

1185
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:06,000
expression. 
Forging a path that later would 

1186
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:09,700
turn him into a master 
communicator. however, James's 

1187
01:00:09,700 --> 01:00:12,700
discovery of Benjamin's secret 
authorship precipitated ugly, 

1188
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:17,500
corals In 1723 weary of 
conflicts and the constraints of

1189
01:00:17,508 --> 01:00:21,100
apprenticeship Benjamin, fled 
Boston for Philadelphia that 

1190
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:23,400
covert departure on a leaky 
Sloop. 

1191
01:00:23,400 --> 01:00:26,700
The signaled the first of his 
many reinventions Philadelphia 

1192
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:29,100
at the time, offered a more 
Cosmopolitan atmosphere than 

1193
01:00:29,100 --> 01:00:33,100
Boston Quaker Merchants German 
Artisans and bustling wolves 

1194
01:00:33,100 --> 01:00:36,000
gave the city a distinctly 
commercial but tolerant flavor 

1195
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:40,300
Franklin trudged through its 
streets jobless and nearly broke

1196
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:42,800
searching for any printer who 
might hire him. 

1197
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:47,100
A few local contacts, pointed 
him to Samuel, Kyma who ran a 

1198
01:00:47,100 --> 01:00:51,100
small disorganized print shop, 
recognizing Benjamin's Talent, 

1199
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:53,200
kymer. 
Agreed to take him on for 

1200
01:00:53,200 --> 01:00:55,300
franklyn, it was a step towards 
self-sufficiency. 

1201
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:57,600
He found lodging in a humble 
room. 

1202
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,100
Subsisted on bread rolls, and 
saved every spare coin for 

1203
01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:03,500
books. 
Those books, typically, borrowed

1204
01:01:03,500 --> 01:01:07,200
or second-hand opened vistas of 
scientific philosophical, and 

1205
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:09,600
political thought. 
Well, other young men in 

1206
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:13,800
colonial, America might idle at 
after work, frankly, over SAS on

1207
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:16,200
natural philosophy. 
He also taught himself 

1208
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,300
rudimentary French and Italian 
believing that knowledge of 

1209
01:01:19,308 --> 01:01:22,000
languages could catapult him to 
a broader understanding of the 

1210
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:24,300
world. 
Eager to refine his social 

1211
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,200
skills. 
He adopted a system of self 

1212
01:01:27,200 --> 01:01:30,100
improvement based on virtues. 
He listed in a little notebook. 

1213
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:34,200
This daily practice strikingly, 
systematic for the era. 

1214
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:37,500
Kept him alert to personal 
discipline though. 

1215
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:40,000
Not always successful in 
defeating Temptations. 

1216
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:44,500
Still Franklin was an ambitious 
Tradesman at this juncture, not 

1217
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:46,400
the seasoned Statesman, or 
scientists. 

1218
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:49,800
We envision today, but he 
planted the seeds of a strong 

1219
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:54,200
passion for reading a fixation 
on bettering oneself and a 

1220
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:55,500
Readiness to go against the 
grain. 

1221
01:01:56,300 --> 01:02:00,200
He joined local clubs, most 
notably the hunter a forum of 

1222
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:03,800
curious individuals, who debated
Civic improvements and swap gold

1223
01:02:03,800 --> 01:02:06,200
Village Franklin, thrived in 
that environment. 

1224
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:09,900
Forging friendships with Rising 
Merchants teachers and artists. 

1225
01:02:09,900 --> 01:02:12,200
The hunters premised that 
everyday. 

1226
01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:14,200
Citizens could shape Community 
policies. 

1227
01:02:14,200 --> 01:02:17,700
Resonated deeply with him. 
He began drafting proposals for 

1228
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:20,700
better Street lighting 
suggesting the establishment of 

1229
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:23,800
a lending library and even 
championing Volunteer Fire 

1230
01:02:23,800 --> 01:02:26,300
brigades. 
The small-scale Innovations 

1231
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:29,100
signaled, the mindset that would
later produce loftier Feats. 

1232
01:02:29,100 --> 01:02:33,100
Thus by his mid-20s frankly was 
already a figure to watch and 

1233
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:35,300
Philadelphia. 
A young prince with an 

1234
01:02:35,300 --> 01:02:37,900
entrepreneurial Street, a 
pamphleteer unafraid of 

1235
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:41,600
challenging norms and a network 
skilled at binding like-minded 

1236
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:44,700
Souls together. 
However, Financial Security was 

1237
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:48,800
still a elusive His personal 
life was complicated and his 

1238
01:02:48,800 --> 01:02:52,000
religious skepticism set him 
apart in an era of strict 

1239
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,400
Orthodoxy. 
The next year's would see him 

1240
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,400
expand these early experiments 
slowly weaving. 

1241
01:02:57,400 --> 01:03:00,000
The Persona, that would one day 
grace, the global stage. 

1242
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:04,400
Early in the 17th century. 
Franklin's Printing Shop gained 

1243
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,900
stability, due to its growing 
reputation for punctual 

1244
01:03:06,900 --> 01:03:10,100
deliveries and sharp content. 
His production range from 

1245
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:12,500
political leaflets to visiting 
cards yet. 

1246
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:14,900
Almanacs proved to be his most 
profitable venture. 

1247
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:20,500
In 1732 he introduced. 
Poor Richard's Ormond, a cheeky 

1248
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:23,600
and sightful publication under 
the pseudonym of Richard 

1249
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:26,200
Saunders. 
Unlike stayed almanacs that 

1250
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:28,500
listed only lunar Cycle's and 
harvest tips. 

1251
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:31,900
Franklins version featured, 
witty maximums, so terrible, 

1252
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:34,700
commentary and personal Jabs 
that made each addition and 

1253
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:37,500
eagerly awaited Staple in 
households across the colonies. 

1254
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:40,600
Yet while poor Richard minted 
his reputation. 

1255
01:03:40,600 --> 01:03:43,100
Franklins dated a life was more 
complex. 

1256
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:45,900
He navigated a personal 
relationship with Deborah Reid, 

1257
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:48,300
who would want to be in a 
neighbor's daughter, their 

1258
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:51,500
common law marriage, not 
formally solemnized for various 

1259
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:54,200
reasons, gave franklyn 
assemblance of domestic 

1260
01:03:54,200 --> 01:03:56,700
stability, though, the 
arrangement lack, the official 

1261
01:03:56,700 --> 01:03:59,900
Aura of conventional unions, 
they raise children together, 

1262
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:03,000
but the demands of his printing,
press and swirl of Civic 

1263
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:04,600
projects. 
Often kept him away from 

1264
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:08,500
extended familial devotion. 
Franklin's thirst for civic 

1265
01:04:08,500 --> 01:04:11,500
Improvement, seemed boundless in
1731. 

1266
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:15,100
He formed the library company of
Philadelphia an idea born from 

1267
01:04:15,100 --> 01:04:18,000
the juntos discussions 
subscribing members, pulled 

1268
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:21,200
funds to buy books establishing.
One of America's first lending, 

1269
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,400
libraries this approach 
crystallized Franklin's method 

1270
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:28,100
Harness Collective contributions
to uplift public life. 

1271
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:31,500
Where others saw Financial 
hurdles, Franklin, leveraged 

1272
01:04:31,500 --> 01:04:34,400
group effort. 
The concept proved so successful

1273
01:04:34,400 --> 01:04:37,900
that it sparked similar Ventures
elsewhere, bolstering literacy 

1274
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,100
in an era and many colonists had
limited access to texts. 

1275
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:43,900
As a publisher. 
He also became a de facto 

1276
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:45,600
influence in shaping public 
sentiment. 

1277
01:04:46,400 --> 01:04:47,700
He printed current currency for 
Pennsylvania. 

1278
01:04:48,600 --> 01:04:51,600
Bolstering trust. 
In local finance's, he took up 

1279
01:04:51,600 --> 01:04:54,600
the cause of paper money 
arguing, that a stable local 

1280
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:56,200
currency could invigorate 
Commerce. 

1281
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,400
Through editorials under assumed
names he debated with political 

1282
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:02,700
Rivals. 
Championing a pragmatic Outlook,

1283
01:05:02,700 --> 01:05:06,200
if a policy boosted trade and 
enriched Community Resources. 

1284
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:09,900
It merited consideration. 
Irrespective of dogmatic 

1285
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,300
leanings. 
This flexibility would later 

1286
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:15,200
mark his diplomatic engagements 
yet it sometimes. 

1287
01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:19,100
Riled stunts. 
Beyond the printing realm 

1288
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:21,300
Franklin. 
Dabbled in volunteer projects 

1289
01:05:21,300 --> 01:05:26,200
like establishing Philadelphia's
Union Fire Company in 1736 fire 

1290
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:29,200
disasters had plagued the city 
wiping out blocks of wooden 

1291
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:33,400
structures Franklin's Brigade 
staffed by volunteers offered 

1292
01:05:33,400 --> 01:05:34,900
assemblance of organized 
response. 

1293
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:38,500
Where previously chaos reigned 
this Forward Thinking approach, 

1294
01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:41,600
spread, birthing additional fire
companies that cooperated 

1295
01:05:41,600 --> 01:05:44,600
instead of competing Ever the 
organizer. 

1296
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,200
Franklin helped shape guidelines
for equipment sharing and mutual

1297
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:50,600
Aid. 
Forging a model admired in other

1298
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:53,800
colonies. 
Yet successes alone in slate him

1299
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,100
from adversity, the colonial 
landscape, could be unforgiving 

1300
01:05:57,100 --> 01:05:59,000
to those who ventured unpopular 
opinions. 

1301
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:02,800
Franklin, sometimes rankled 
conservative church leaders by 

1302
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:05,900
printing texts that via two 
secular or criticize certain 

1303
01:06:05,900 --> 01:06:08,300
dogmas. 
He faced tension with other 

1304
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:11,600
printers who resented his rapid 
attention, and willingness to 

1305
01:06:11,600 --> 01:06:14,700
mock Rivals, still his knack for
bridging differences. 

1306
01:06:14,700 --> 01:06:17,600
Often prevailed. 
When Rumours of a severe 

1307
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:21,300
smallpox outbreak loomed. 
Used his press to advocate for 

1308
01:06:21,300 --> 01:06:24,100
an inoculation though. 
He personally endured heartbreak

1309
01:06:24,100 --> 01:06:25,800
when one of his sons died of the
disease. 

1310
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,600
The tragedy, deepened Franklin's
resolved to promote evidence 

1311
01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:31,700
based Solutions over 
Superstition or fear. 

1312
01:06:32,700 --> 01:06:36,300
Simultaneously Franklin. 
Scientific curiosity blossomed. 

1313
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:38,700
He embarked on rudimentary 
experiments. 

1314
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:40,000
Observing local weather 
patterns. 

1315
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:44,100
Speculating that storms and 
winds might follow distinct 

1316
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,500
trajectories across the colonies
at dinner Gatherings. 

1317
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:51,200
He speculated about electricity 
and obscure phenomenon. 

1318
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:54,200
Rarely studied in depth outside 
Europe's learned societies. 

1319
01:06:54,200 --> 01:06:56,700
While his main energy is still 
in publishing. 

1320
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:00,100
And Civic activism that spark of
Interest hinted at Future 

1321
01:07:00,100 --> 01:07:02,800
breakthroughs. 
He collected, glass tubes and 

1322
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:04,500
rods from ships. 
Arriving from England. 

1323
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:07,800
Quietly testing ways to generate
static charges. 

1324
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:10,800
It was Uncharted Territory in 
the North American context. 

1325
01:07:11,800 --> 01:07:15,000
Through these Endeavors 
Franklin, cultivated an image as

1326
01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:19,100
a problem, solver unafraid of 
multiple hats publisher, social 

1327
01:07:19,100 --> 01:07:23,000
entrepreneur protest, his 
approach remained anchored in 

1328
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:25,500
practicality. 
He believed knowledge mattered, 

1329
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:27,400
chiefly when applied to real 
life challenges. 

1330
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:30,100
Whether refining printing 
technique or organizing 

1331
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:34,000
communities to fight fires? 
Meanwhile Poor Richard's Almanac

1332
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:37,400
soared in popularity. 
It's a tourism's turning into 

1333
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:40,100
every day. 
Proverbs phrases, like early to 

1334
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,400
bed and early to rise, makes a 
man healthy wealthy and wise 

1335
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:46,600
laced, casual speech shaping the
moral of the day. 

1336
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:51,000
Many readers have no idea that 
frankly in the comedic mask of 

1337
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:54,500
Richard Saunders, orchestrated 
each aphorism with a shrewd 

1338
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:56,000
sense of what the public would 
embrace. 

1339
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,800
By the mid 1730, he was no 
longer just a scrappy printer. 

1340
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:03,900
He was emerging as a Civic 
figure recognized for Bridging 

1341
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:06,300
the divides of a fractious. 
Colonial society. 

1342
01:08:07,100 --> 01:08:09,900
His illusions of grandeur were 
subdued, though. 

1343
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:13,000
He remained humble enough to 
realize that the bigger the 

1344
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:15,000
stage, the steeper, the 
criticisms. 

1345
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,700
Nevertheless, the path ahead 
beckoned him to new Realms, both

1346
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:21,500
scientific, and political that 
would redefine his standing in 

1347
01:08:21,500 --> 01:08:25,399
the colonies and Beyond in 1723 
Franklin, fled his 

1348
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:28,200
apprenticeship. 
Technically violating the terms 

1349
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:32,600
of the indenture, He traveled to
New York seeking work as a 

1350
01:08:32,608 --> 01:08:35,100
printer but found no 
opportunities there. 

1351
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:40,100
Undeterred he moved on to 
Philadelphia arriving at the age

1352
01:08:40,100 --> 01:08:43,899
of 17 Philadelphia than the 
largest city in the colonies was

1353
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:46,000
a bustling Hub of Commerce and 
culture. 

1354
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:48,800
Franklins. 
Arrival was unremarkable, he 

1355
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:51,100
carried little money and no 
connections, but his 

1356
01:08:51,100 --> 01:08:53,399
determination and 
resourcefulness would soon set 

1357
01:08:53,399 --> 01:08:57,000
him apart. 
In Philadelphia Franklin secured

1358
01:08:57,000 --> 01:08:58,200
worker. 
At a Printing House. 

1359
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:02,200
Run by Samuel kymer. 
His skill and work ethic quickly

1360
01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:05,700
earned him a reputation as a 
competent printer, and he began 

1361
01:09:05,700 --> 01:09:09,000
to establish connections within 
the city's vibrant intellectual,

1362
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:12,800
and entrepreneurial circles. 
It was, during this time that 

1363
01:09:12,800 --> 01:09:15,399
Franklin met Deborah Reid the 
woman. 

1364
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:17,899
Who would later become his wife,
though? 

1365
01:09:17,899 --> 01:09:21,100
Their early interactions were 
complicated Franklin. 

1366
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:23,100
Also caught the attention of 
Pennsylvania. 

1367
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:26,200
Governor William Keith, who 
promised to support him in. 

1368
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:27,700
Starting his own printing 
business. 

1369
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:31,899
With Keith's encouragement, 
Franklin, traveled to London in 

1370
01:09:31,899 --> 01:09:36,100
1724 to procure printing 
equipment, however, upon 

1371
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:38,100
arrival. 
He discovered that Keith's 

1372
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,700
Promises of financial backing 
were empty stranded in London 

1373
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:45,399
without resources, Franklin took
work at a printing house and 

1374
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:48,600
honed his craft further. 
The Experience broadened, his 

1375
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,500
Horizons and exposed him to the 
bustling intellectual and 

1376
01:09:51,500 --> 01:09:53,300
cultural life of the British 
capital. 

1377
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:56,700
Despite the hardships Franklin 
took advantage of the 

1378
01:09:56,708 --> 01:09:59,400
opportunity to learn read a 
network. 

1379
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:03,800
Franklin returned to 
Philadelphia in 1726, determined

1380
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:07,800
to succeed on his terms, he 
partnered briefly with humerus 

1381
01:10:07,800 --> 01:10:12,400
to establish a printing business
which soon flourished Franklin's

1382
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,200
natural business Acumen and 
tireless, work ethic allowed him

1383
01:10:15,200 --> 01:10:18,900
to buy out Meredith, share and 
assumed full control of the 

1384
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:23,300
Enterprise. 
By 1729 Franklin had acquired 

1385
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,400
the Pennsylvania Gazette, which 
he transformed into one of the 

1386
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:28,800
most influential newspapers in 
the colonies. 

1387
01:10:29,500 --> 01:10:33,400
The Gazette was notable not only
for its quality of writing but 

1388
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:36,800
also for Franklin's willingness 
to tackle, controversial topics 

1389
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:39,200
and Champion, the cause of 
public good. 

1390
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,500
Around this time Franklin began 
publishing Poor. 

1391
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:45,400
Richard's Almanac under the 
pseudonym. 

1392
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:50,100
Richard Saunders. 
First released in 1732 the 

1393
01:10:50,100 --> 01:10:54,000
almanac, combined, practical 
advice, weather, forecasts and 

1394
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,500
humor with moral aphorisms and 
Reflections on human behavior. 

1395
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:01,200
It became wildly popular with 
annual editions selling 

1396
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:05,400
thousands of copies. 
Phrases such as early to bed and

1397
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:10,700
early to rise makes a man 
healthy wealthy and wise and a 

1398
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:14,200
penny saved is a penny earned 
became household. 

1399
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:17,200
Saying's, demonstrating 
franklyn's, neck for distilling,

1400
01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:21,800
wisdom into memorable practical 
advice, Franklin success as a 

1401
01:11:21,808 --> 01:11:25,000
printer and writer allowed him 
to pursue other interests. 

1402
01:11:26,200 --> 01:11:30,000
Polymath, with an insatiable 
curiosity, he delved into 

1403
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:32,000
science, philosophy and Civic 
initiatives. 

1404
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:36,700
In 1731, he founded the library 
company of Philadelphia. 

1405
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:41,100
The first lending library in 
America, which gave ordinary 

1406
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:44,400
citizens, access to books and 
fostered, a culture of learning.

1407
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:48,900
Franklin, also established a 
firefighting company, a public 

1408
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:53,200
hospital, and a city Improvement
Society reflecting his belief in

1409
01:11:53,200 --> 01:12:02,100
civic responsibility. 
As if science and commerce 

1410
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:05,000
weren't enough Franklin became, 
increasingly involved in 

1411
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:07,800
Frontier politics. 
Tensions flared between 

1412
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:10,400
Pennsylvania's Quaker. 
Dominated assembly in the pain 

1413
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:12,400
for Molly Proprietors of the 
colony. 

1414
01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,100
Franklyn believed in Fair 
taxation, including taxes on the

1415
01:12:16,100 --> 01:12:19,100
Proprietors vast. 
A state's of view that put him 

1416
01:12:19,100 --> 01:12:22,900
at odds with the privileged few.
Additionally British French 

1417
01:12:22,900 --> 01:12:25,900
competition in North America was
heating up culminating in the 

1418
01:12:25,908 --> 01:12:28,900
French and Indian War. 
Franklyn convinced that defense 

1419
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:32,900
required Unity among colonies 
proposed his famous Join or Die 

1420
01:12:32,900 --> 01:12:36,000
cartoon. 
A segmented, snake representing 

1421
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:38,900
the separate colonies, though. 
It's spurred, dialogue 

1422
01:12:38,900 --> 01:12:43,100
intercolonial Unity remained 
elusive, This interplay of 

1423
01:12:43,100 --> 01:12:46,600
local, squabbles and looming War
tested Franklin's political 

1424
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:49,600
adaptability amid. 
These swirling commitments 

1425
01:12:49,600 --> 01:12:53,300
Franklin's personal Circle 
changed Is partnership with 

1426
01:12:53,308 --> 01:12:55,900
Deborah Reid. 
Persisted though they'd never 

1427
01:12:55,908 --> 01:12:57,500
married in a conventional 
ceremony. 

1428
01:12:57,500 --> 01:13:00,800
He fathered children, including 
William, franklyn. 

1429
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:02,600
Who would later become a royal 
governor? 

1430
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:05,200
A Twist that would strain their 
bond as the revolution 

1431
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:07,900
approached. 
Franklin for all his rational 

1432
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,400
thinking faced heartbreak and 
family tensions. 

1433
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:14,600
He enjoyed comedic relief 
hosting Gatherings, where Brandy

1434
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:17,300
laced conversation, turned to 
improbable ideas like 

1435
01:13:17,300 --> 01:13:20,900
controlling storms, or forging 
alliances with Iroquois 

1436
01:13:20,900 --> 01:13:23,600
confederacies. 
Those evening's captured the 

1437
01:13:23,600 --> 01:13:26,200
spirit of a man at once. 
Playful and profoundly serious, 

1438
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:31,100
about shaping a better Society 
by 1755 Franklin's name carried 

1439
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:35,200
way to cross multiple spheres 
inventor publisher, Civic 

1440
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:37,600
organizer, and budding political
presence. 

1441
01:13:38,900 --> 01:13:41,700
The complexities of colonial 
life demanded more from him 

1442
01:13:41,700 --> 01:13:45,000
especially as War clouds loomed 
on the horizon. 

1443
01:13:45,000 --> 01:13:48,300
And he read these Omens. 
Suspecting that events in 

1444
01:13:48,308 --> 01:13:49,800
Europe. 
Would soon Ripple through the 

1445
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:54,100
colonies in forceful ways. 
His intellectual curiosity sharp

1446
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:57,200
and by successes in science 
prepared him to tackle these 

1447
01:13:57,200 --> 01:14:00,100
challenges yet. 
Even Frankling couldn't fall see

1448
01:14:00,100 --> 01:14:02,700
how drastically the next decade 
would alter his path. 

1449
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,900
The mid 1750s ushered in the 
French and Indian War pitting. 

1450
01:14:06,900 --> 01:14:09,400
British colonists, and their 
native allies against French 

1451
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:11,200
forces. 
For control of North American 

1452
01:14:11,200 --> 01:14:15,100
Frontiers suddenly Franklin's 
calls for coordinated defense, 

1453
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:18,100
took on new urgency. 
Pennsylvania traditionally, 

1454
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:21,900
pacifist under Quaker influence 
hesitated to fund a militia 

1455
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:24,200
Franklin. 
Intervened by rallying the 

1456
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:27,000
public to support the 
fortification of the colonies 

1457
01:14:27,000 --> 01:14:31,300
Western borders, even Trek to 
the Lehigh Valley supervising, 

1458
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:33,700
the construction of simple, 
stockades and negotiating 

1459
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:36,900
Provisions with Frontier 
settlers This experience 

1460
01:14:36,900 --> 01:14:39,700
deepened, his conviction that 
decentralized Colonial 

1461
01:14:39,700 --> 01:14:42,100
governance invited Peril in 
times of crisis. 

1462
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:45,500
During this tumult, the 
Pennsylvania assembly 

1463
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:49,100
dispatched, frankly to London as
a colonial agent, hoping he 

1464
01:14:49,100 --> 01:14:51,500
could Lobby, British officials 
for favorable policies. 

1465
01:14:51,500 --> 01:14:56,100
Arriving in 1757, he was struck 
by London's vastness. 

1466
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:00,300
Teeming Commerce or Nate 
architecture and a lively 

1467
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:04,200
intellectual scene. 
Nomiya tourist Franklin, got 

1468
01:15:04,200 --> 01:15:07,300
into the city's Coffee, House, 
culture mingling with writers 

1469
01:15:07,300 --> 01:15:11,200
scientists and members of 
parliament. he soon realized 

1470
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:13,700
that British politicians often 
held the colonies in lower 

1471
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:17,400
regard, seeing them as sources 
of revenue or strategic buffers 

1472
01:15:17,400 --> 01:15:21,200
rather than partners 
Nevertheless Franklin's wit and 

1473
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:24,100
scientific reputation eased his 
entry into Elite circles. 

1474
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:27,300
He garnered invitations to 
electron electricity 

1475
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:31,200
demonstration in hand. 
Wowing Aristocrats, who marveled

1476
01:15:31,200 --> 01:15:34,700
at the American electrician? 
Some found his plane, Quaker, 

1477
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:37,900
like dress refreshing in a world
of powdered wigs and ruffled 

1478
01:15:37,900 --> 01:15:41,100
cuffs. 
Shrewdly Franklin leveraged 

1479
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:43,600
these social encounters to 
address, Colonial concerns. 

1480
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:46,500
He lobbied for fairer, trade 
regulations. 

1481
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:49,000
And tried to persuade the Penn 
family to shoulder their share 

1482
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:52,300
of taxes in Pennsylvania. 
Though the mission advanced in 

1483
01:15:52,300 --> 01:15:55,400
small increments, franklyn 
chafed at the slow pace of 

1484
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:59,000
British bureaucracy over time he
witnessed the seeds of 

1485
01:15:59,008 --> 01:16:01,800
paternalistic attitudes. 
That would later spark, full 

1486
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:05,000
blown, Colonial resentment, he 
wrote letters back to 

1487
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:07,700
Philadelphia, warning that 
British officials seemed 

1488
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:11,300
oblivious to Colonial 
capacities, He also recognized 

1489
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:13,700
that entrenched Aristocrats in 
Parliament viewed. 

1490
01:16:13,700 --> 01:16:18,300
Colonial assembly as subservient
in subtle ways these experiences

1491
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:21,200
erode for Franklin's loyalty to 
the Empire's status quo. 

1492
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,800
Franklin spent five years, in 
London, returning home in 1762 

1493
01:16:25,800 --> 01:16:28,100
reunited with Deborah and his 
family. 

1494
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:31,200
He found that Philadelphia had 
grown in population and 

1495
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:33,800
ambition. 
Despite success and resolving 

1496
01:16:33,800 --> 01:16:37,100
some Pennsylvania disputes, new 
controversies loomed. 

1497
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,900
The British government having 
incurred massive debts from the 

1498
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:44,800
war considered imposing taxes on
the colonies to recoup costs. 

1499
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:47,100
Franklin saw the probable 
friction. 

1500
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:50,200
That would result Before he 
could settle in. 

1501
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:54,100
However the assembly again, 
tapped him for diplomatic tasks.

1502
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:58,000
Sure enough. 
In 1764 with the Stamp Act on 

1503
01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:01,000
the horizon, Franklin was sent 
back to London to represent 

1504
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:04,100
Pennsylvania's opposition to 
direct taxation without Colonial

1505
01:17:04,100 --> 01:17:06,900
input. 
Stamp Act crisis erupted in 

1506
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,000
1765. 
Igniting unrest, across the 

1507
01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:14,100
colonies Critics on both sides 
hammered plant Franklin from his

1508
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:17,100
vantage point. 
In Britain, colonists suspected.

1509
01:17:17,100 --> 01:17:20,700
He'd been complacent about the 
acts drafting londoners accused 

1510
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:22,600
him of stirring rebellious 
sentiments. 

1511
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:27,300
He testified before the House of
Commons, in 1766, offering a 

1512
01:17:27,300 --> 01:17:29,800
measured but firm explanation of
why the colonies believed. 

1513
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:32,500
They should not be taxed by 
Parliament, where they had no 

1514
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:36,200
elected representatives, his 
argument phrased in calm, 

1515
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:38,400
logical terms. 
Suede, summer opinion 

1516
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:41,500
contributing to the Stamp Acts 
of ventral repeal. 

1517
01:17:41,500 --> 01:17:45,400
Yet tensions didn't subside 
fully the declaratory act 

1518
01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:48,000
followed asserting Britain's 
right to legislate for the 

1519
01:17:48,008 --> 01:17:49,200
colonies in all cases, 
whatsoever. 

1520
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:53,300
Franklin, lingard in Britain, 
dividing his time between 

1521
01:17:53,300 --> 01:17:56,200
official negotiations and 
private scientific Pursuits. 

1522
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:59,700
He joined the Royal Society. 
Forging friendships with 

1523
01:17:59,700 --> 01:18:01,400
luminaries like Joseph 
Priestley. 

1524
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:05,200
They debated the nature of gases
the possibility of manned 

1525
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:09,100
flight, a new Mechanical 
Devices, Franklin's add at mind 

1526
01:18:09,100 --> 01:18:12,100
roved freely, in these circles 
producing incremental 

1527
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,700
contributions to Fields like 
meteorology and oceanography. 

1528
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:18,300
Map, The Gulfstream after 
hearing whaling, captains 

1529
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:21,000
discussed warm, Atlantic 
currents, guiding ships to 

1530
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:22,800
exploit faster routes across the
ocean. 

1531
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:27,700
Yet personal heartbreak struck, 
Deborah passed away in 1774. 

1532
01:18:28,600 --> 01:18:32,000
Franklyn, who'd been abroad for 
years, felt deep regretted, not 

1533
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:35,600
seeing her in her final days. 
Meanwhile, political storms at 

1534
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:40,500
home intensified, The Boston Tea
Party erupted, prompting harsh, 

1535
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:44,000
British retaliation. 
Franklyn found himself once more

1536
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:47,700
the target of criticism even 
singled out by the British privy

1537
01:18:47,700 --> 01:18:51,000
Council for public Century in 
1774 over leaked letters, 

1538
01:18:51,000 --> 01:18:53,600
slanted and humiliated and 
humiliating here. 

1539
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:57,300
He sensed that reconciliation 
might be doomed in that 

1540
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,300
humiliating moment, the cracks 
in his hope for a peaceful 

1541
01:19:00,308 --> 01:19:03,100
resolution to the Imperial 
crisis, widened into a chasm. 

1542
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:08,700
when he finally sailed back to 
America in 1775 War, seemed 

1543
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:12,300
likely Franklin had left the 
colonies as a patient mediator 

1544
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:15,300
seeking compromise. 
He returned an embittered 

1545
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,000
observer convinced that 
Britain's Ministry, would never 

1546
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,400
treat the colonies fairly this 
pivot, would chart the next 

1547
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:24,100
phase of his life. 
Transforming him from loyal 

1548
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:27,300
Colonial agent in to a champion 
of Independence a role that 

1549
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,300
ironically if you might have 
predicted a decade earlier, 

1550
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:34,200
Franklin landed in Philadelphia 
and May 1775. 

1551
01:19:34,200 --> 01:19:38,000
Greeted by an unfolding 
Revolution, Lexington, and 

1552
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:39,900
Concord and battles had already 
erupted. 

1553
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:42,500
Mobilizing militias across the 
colonies. 

1554
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:45,100
The Second Continental Congress.
Convened. 

1555
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:49,300
Grappling, with, whether to seek
reconciliation or assert 

1556
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,600
Independence, Franklin's arrive 
injected, a seasoned 

1557
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:54,800
perspective. 
He had been at the heart of 

1558
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:57,600
negotiations with Britain and 
felt the monarchies and transgen

1559
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:00,400
for first-hand. 
He saw little choice but to 

1560
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:02,600
prepare for armed conflict, 
Nonetheless. 

1561
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:04,700
He did not rush to declare 
separation. 

1562
01:20:05,500 --> 01:20:08,700
Like many delegates Franklin 
believed that a unified approach

1563
01:20:08,700 --> 01:20:11,100
was imperative. 
The Congress formed the 

1564
01:20:11,100 --> 01:20:14,200
Continental Army, naming George 
Washington, as Commander in 

1565
01:20:14,200 --> 01:20:17,500
Chief, meanwhile Franklin 
chaired committees on Postal 

1566
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:19,300
Service. 
Leading the end him becoming 

1567
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:22,300
America's first Postmaster 
General and on forging alliances

1568
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:25,400
with Native groups, his 
pragmatic style. 

1569
01:20:25,400 --> 01:20:28,300
Listening intently forging 
consensus helped nudge the 

1570
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:30,800
Congress forward. 
He also made time to communicate

1571
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:33,900
with friends in Britain, who 
supported Colonial rights 

1572
01:20:33,900 --> 01:20:37,900
regretting, the delay in 
reaching a consensus Crucially, 

1573
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:41,100
franklyn joined a committee 
tasked with drafting a 

1574
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:45,100
declaration of independence in 
mid 1776 that small group 

1575
01:20:45,100 --> 01:20:47,200
included, Thomas Jefferson John 
Adams. 

1576
01:20:47,200 --> 01:20:50,400
Roger Sherman. 
And Robert Livingston Jefferson 

1577
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:53,700
known for his eloquent pain, 
took the primary writing role. 

1578
01:20:54,300 --> 01:20:56,700
Yet franklyn's edits shape the 
final text. 

1579
01:20:57,500 --> 01:20:59,900
He proposed changes to some of 
Jefferson's more fluoride 

1580
01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:02,000
passages. 
Seeking crisp directness. 

1581
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:06,300
When the Declaration was 
ratified on July 4th 1776 

1582
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:10,400
Franklins signature joined 
others at the bottom marking him

1583
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:13,400
as one of the founding signers 
equipped afterward. 

1584
01:21:13,400 --> 01:21:16,100
We must all hang together or 
most assuredly. 

1585
01:21:16,100 --> 01:21:19,400
We shall all hang separately. 
Capturing the precarious Unity 

1586
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:21,900
of the moment. 
The next challenge was 

1587
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,500
international support. 
Diplomatic ties, specially with 

1588
01:21:25,508 --> 01:21:29,800
France, were critical for the 
rebel cause having spent ample 

1589
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,400
time in Europe and possessing a 
flair for interpersonal charm. 

1590
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:37,000
Franklin was the natural Envoy 
in late. 1776, he crossed the 

1591
01:21:37,008 --> 01:21:39,600
Atlantic again. 
Braving winter Seas to reach 

1592
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:41,800
Paris. 
There he took up residence in 

1593
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:43,500
passing near the city's 
outskirts. 

1594
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:48,000
Clad in a fur cap instead of a 
wig Franklin, cut an arresting 

1595
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:50,800
cigarette. 
French salon Aristocrats found 

1596
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:54,300
in both amusing and wise and 
thrall by the notion of a plain 

1597
01:21:54,300 --> 01:21:57,100
spoken philosopher from the new 
world, Franklin's Mission 

1598
01:21:57,100 --> 01:22:01,000
transcended, mere socializing, 
he needed French backing money 

1599
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:03,700
arms, possibly direct military 
intervention. 

1600
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:07,000
Yet the French Court while 
sympathetic to humiliating 

1601
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,600
Britain moved cautiously 
Franklyn leveraged his 

1602
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:13,400
scientific renowned, 
intellectual banter and a subtle

1603
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:16,000
sense of theater. 
He Regale guests with 

1604
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,300
experiments on static 
electricity offered Whitty 

1605
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:22,800
aphorisms and praise for French 
art over dinners. 

1606
01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:29,300
He described the Quest for 
Liberty. 

1607
01:22:30,200 --> 01:22:32,900
Painting it as a global 
struggle, pitting, or talk to 

1608
01:22:32,900 --> 01:22:37,100
see against enlightenment. 
Over time Franklin became a 

1609
01:22:37,100 --> 01:22:41,100
sensation in prison circles. 
Political alliances blossomed 

1610
01:22:41,100 --> 01:22:45,700
behind the scenes culminating in
the 1778 franco-american Treaty 

1611
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:48,400
of Alliance. 
This partnership significant, 

1612
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:51,300
the Triumph for the nascent 
United States, fundamentally 

1613
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:54,700
altered the course of events. 
French naval and Military 

1614
01:22:54,700 --> 01:22:58,000
Support hammered British 
positions, Franklin continued to

1615
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,500
refine the arrangement pressing 
for loans and supplies letters 

1616
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:04,800
from American generals. 
Describing dire needs arrived 

1617
01:23:04,800 --> 01:23:07,400
weekly. 
Franklyn juggled these pleased 

1618
01:23:07,400 --> 01:23:10,900
with the indexes of French Court
politics, while some younger 

1619
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:13,800
French officers, like Lafayette 
romanticized, the revolution, 

1620
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:16,700
King, Louis, the 16th weighed 
the risk of bankrupting his 

1621
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:19,100
Treasury. 
Franklyn navigated these 

1622
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:21,500
cross-currents with a plum 
offering gracious. 

1623
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:24,700
Thanks for every concession 
while quietly pressing for more.

1624
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:28,900
Amid these negotiations Franklin
also displayed his renowned 

1625
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,800
sense of humor. 
One anecdote recounts of dinner 

1626
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:34,800
at which a French Noble 
expressed doubt the new Republic

1627
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:37,800
could succeed. 
Franklyn allegedly responded 

1628
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:40,600
with a Whimsical analogy about 
arising balloon that might 

1629
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:42,500
wobble. 
But ultimately float leaving 

1630
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:46,400
doubt as behind, he understood 
that small symbolic gestures 

1631
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:49,000
combined. 
With rational argument often 

1632
01:23:49,000 --> 01:23:52,900
wielded outside influence in 
diplomatic circles, the Synergy 

1633
01:23:52,900 --> 01:23:55,900
of warmth intelligence and 
subtle persuasion proved 

1634
01:23:55,900 --> 01:24:00,300
invaluable By 1781 the 
franco-american alliance had 

1635
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:02,700
turned the wars. 
Momentum Victory at Yorktown. 

1636
01:24:02,708 --> 01:24:06,800
Aided by French forces ended 
major hostilities yet? 

1637
01:24:06,800 --> 01:24:10,100
Formal piece, took time, 
Franklin joined the American 

1638
01:24:10,100 --> 01:24:13,900
Peace Commission with John Adams
and John Jay forging, the 1783 

1639
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:17,200
Treaty of Paris. 
The negotiations tested 

1640
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:20,500
Franklin's patients as British 
officials jockeyed for favorable

1641
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,300
terms, in the end, the treaty 
recognized us, independence, and

1642
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:26,800
set boundaries, that shape. 
The young Nations prospects. 

1643
01:24:27,800 --> 01:24:30,600
Franklin found satisfaction in 
receiving British diplomats at 

1644
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:33,000
the same city where the monarchy
at once scorned him. 

1645
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:36,200
Yet, he did not gloat. 
The end of War. 

1646
01:24:36,200 --> 01:24:39,400
Demanded reconciliation. 
He believed that forging stable 

1647
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:41,800
commerce between Britain and 
America would benefit both. 

1648
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,800
Having secured Independence, 
franklyn lingard in France as an

1649
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:48,200
unofficial cultural Ambassador 
relishing. 

1650
01:24:48,200 --> 01:24:51,800
The city's intellectual ferment.
His final years in Europe were 

1651
01:24:51,800 --> 01:24:55,000
busy with Banquets scientific 
forums and visits from 

1652
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:57,600
illuminaries yet. 
Philadelphia Beckham. 

1653
01:24:57,600 --> 01:25:01,400
And he would soon return home to
a new set of challenges shaping,

1654
01:25:01,400 --> 01:25:04,100
the Constitution and the future 
of our Republic, he had helped 

1655
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:09,200
birth In 1785, Franklin, last 
returned to the United States 

1656
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:13,400
docking in Philadelphia to warm 
receptions, local citizens, 

1657
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:16,300
lionized him as the architect of
a triumphant Alliance. 

1658
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:20,300
The wise Elder, Statesman, who 
Charmed Paris and aiding the 

1659
01:25:20,300 --> 01:25:23,300
revolution. 
Yet franklyn, then in his late 

1660
01:25:23,300 --> 01:25:27,200
70s, knew the war's end and 
settle how these United Colonies

1661
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:28,900
would operate as a cohesive 
Nation. 

1662
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:33,300
A shaky Confederation still 
governed lacking the power to 

1663
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:35,200
regulate commerce or unify 
States. 

1664
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:39,900
Disputes Royal over boundaries 
tariffs and War debts. 

1665
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:43,900
Despite his age Franklin 
accepted election as president, 

1666
01:25:43,900 --> 01:25:47,300
governor of Pennsylvania. 
Stepping into a largely 

1667
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:50,800
ceremonial but symbolically 
important post, he willed the 

1668
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:54,100
role to Champion policies for 
civic Improvement, roads, 

1669
01:25:54,100 --> 01:25:56,900
firefighting expansions, and 
education. 

1670
01:25:57,700 --> 01:25:59,900
However, an even more pressing 
matter loomed. 

1671
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:06,400
Forging a stronger Federal 
framework in 1785 1787 delegates

1672
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:09,300
convened in Philadelphia for 
what became the Constitutional 

1673
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:12,600
Convention. 
Franklin, physically, frail 

1674
01:26:12,600 --> 01:26:15,900
arrived each day in a sedan 
checked by prisoners from the 

1675
01:26:15,900 --> 01:26:18,200
local jail. 
They were assigned to him as a 

1676
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:21,400
courtesy nevertheless his 
presence galvanized. 

1677
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:24,400
Participants although James 
Madison and others led the 

1678
01:26:24,408 --> 01:26:28,300
drafting Franklin's influence 
often smoothed bitter disputes 

1679
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:32,500
during the sweltering debates, 
tempers flared, small states. 

1680
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:35,800
Feared dominance by large 
states, While others demanded 

1681
01:26:35,800 --> 01:26:39,300
checks on federal Authority, 
Franklin rarely took the floor 

1682
01:26:39,300 --> 01:26:41,800
for extended speeches. 
His hearing was poor and he 

1683
01:26:41,808 --> 01:26:45,700
tired easily, but when he did 
speak used Rye anecdotes to 

1684
01:26:45,700 --> 01:26:49,400
defuse tension. 
Urged compromise cautioning that

1685
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:52,100
no perfect Constitution could be
formed by flawed. 

1686
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:55,300
Humans won Fame. 
Instant saw him proposed daily 

1687
01:26:55,300 --> 01:26:59,100
prayers, not out of strict 
religiosity but to remind 

1688
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:03,300
delegates of shared humility. 
His mediation plus behind the 

1689
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:06,100
scenes, coaxing helped shape the
final product. 

1690
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:09,900
A constitution granting enough 
central power, to unify the 

1691
01:27:09,900 --> 01:27:12,000
state's without trampling local 
progressives. 

1692
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:15,200
At the convention's close a 
bystand asked. 

1693
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:17,100
Franklyn what form of government
had emerged? 

1694
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:21,400
He famously replied a republic. 
You can keep it. 

1695
01:27:22,600 --> 01:27:25,700
That quips, summarized his 
Outlook, the new structure, 

1696
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:28,800
demanded vigilance moral 
leadership, and an informed 

1697
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:31,400
citizenry. 
A lesser known note from that 

1698
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:33,400
day. 
Is that Franklin also commented 

1699
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:37,400
on an emblem, carved into George
Washington's chair, a son 

1700
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,300
perched on the horizon. 
Franklin said, he had long 

1701
01:27:40,300 --> 01:27:42,700
wondered whether that sun was 
rising or setting. 

1702
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:47,700
Now he can concluded, it was a 
Rising Sun, a symbol of renewed 

1703
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:49,900
hope. 
Once the Constitution was 

1704
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:52,700
ratified Franklin's Health, 
deteriorated further. 

1705
01:27:52,700 --> 01:27:57,400
Gout plagued him confining him 
to bed for stretches yet. 

1706
01:27:57,400 --> 01:28:01,000
He remained cognitively sharp 
continuing to correspond with 

1707
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,600
Scientists abroad. 
Exploring everything from ocean 

1708
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:06,400
currents to Refrigeration 
theories. 

1709
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:11,000
He also engaged in philanthropic
efforts donating funds to local 

1710
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:14,200
charities and urging the city to
create better public sanitation 

1711
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:16,300
slavery, weighed on his 
conscience. 

1712
01:28:17,300 --> 01:28:19,800
Having once owned a couple of 
household slaves in early a 

1713
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:22,200
decades, a practice. 
He eventually came to deploy 

1714
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:25,300
franklyn in his final years 
served as president of the 

1715
01:28:25,308 --> 01:28:27,800
Pennsylvania Society for 
promoting the abolition of 

1716
01:28:27,800 --> 01:28:30,800
slavery. in petitioned, the 
first Congress, under the 

1717
01:28:30,808 --> 01:28:34,900
Constitution to Halt the trade a
bold stance that provoked, Anger

1718
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:38,700
from Southern Representatives 
But frankly was Resolute 

1719
01:28:38,700 --> 01:28:41,300
believing that moral 
consistency, required. 

1720
01:28:41,300 --> 01:28:45,800
Confronting America's hypocrisy 
on Liberty, In 1789, the 

1721
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:48,600
Constitution took effect. 
Franklin witnessed the 

1722
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:50,600
inauguration of George 
Washington as the first 

1723
01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:51,900
president under the new 
government. 

1724
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:55,600
Reaffirming that the experiment,
he helped launch would be led by

1725
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:56,700
a figure. 
He respected. 

1726
01:28:57,600 --> 01:29:00,900
That same year, the elderly 
Statesman penned a famous letter

1727
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:02,600
to a friend about life 
certainties. 

1728
01:29:03,500 --> 01:29:06,800
Concluding that in this world, 
nothing can be said to be 

1729
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:12,500
certain except death and taxes. 
The phrase typically repeated in

1730
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:16,300
jest captured franklyn's blend 
of realism and wit. 

1731
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:22,200
By April, 1790 Franklins, Health
had reached a terminal stage on 

1732
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:24,300
his deathbed. 
He asked visitors about the new 

1733
01:29:24,300 --> 01:29:27,200
Congress, expressed hope that 
reason might have eventually 

1734
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:29,900
enslave. 
And in a final flourish of 

1735
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:32,200
humor. 
Reportedly teased that living 

1736
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:34,700
longer might upset immortalities
grand plan. 

1737
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:40,700
He died on April, the 17th 1790 
at age 84, mourners flocked, his

1738
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:42,900
funeral feeling Philadelphia 
streets. 

1739
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:46,300
Eulogies came from Paris where 
he was still adored. 

1740
01:29:46,300 --> 01:29:49,700
And from London acknowledging, 
the loss of a man who though 

1741
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:53,000
pivotal in severing British rule
had also sought Peaceable 

1742
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,000
relations. 
His will reflected a strategic 

1743
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:59,300
mind, even in death besides 
bequests to family and 

1744
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:02,200
Charities, Franklin left money, 
and Trust for Boston and 

1745
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:04,700
Philadelphia to be invested over
centuries. 

1746
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:08,700
The funds supported public works
such as scholarships and 

1747
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:12,100
building improvements. 
That final filmic gesture. 

1748
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:14,800
Mirrored. 
His life's ethos sow seeds. 

1749
01:30:14,800 --> 01:30:16,500
That future Generations might 
Harvest. 

1750
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:19,500
He left behind a blueprint for 
how curiosity practical 

1751
01:30:19,500 --> 01:30:23,100
invention, Civic collaboration 
and diplomacy could fuse into a 

1752
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:26,800
single expansive life. 
Benjamin Franklin's Legacy has 

1753
01:30:26,800 --> 01:30:30,300
often been condensed into tidy. 
Vignettes the perspective 

1754
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,800
founder with a kite in a storm, 
the slide Diplomat at 

1755
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:36,700
Versailles, the venerable 
signature of key documents. 

1756
01:30:37,500 --> 01:30:40,300
However, these brief betrayals 
run the risk of reducing the 

1757
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,000
complexity of a man who embodied
contradiction and 

1758
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:45,300
experimentation, in every aspect
of his life. 

1759
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:47,600
In the centuries since his 
passing. 

1760
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:51,700
Scholars and admirers of 
uncovered layers of nuance a 

1761
01:30:51,700 --> 01:30:54,600
contradictory figure balancing 
skepticism with moral ambition, 

1762
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:58,800
vanity with genuine altruism and
personal failings with public 

1763
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:01,900
Triumph. 
In some respects, franklyn was a

1764
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:05,500
champion of the enlightenment's 
ideals, believing that human 

1765
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,300
progress. 
Hinged on reason science and 

1766
01:31:08,300 --> 01:31:11,200
ethical collaboration. 
The organized scientific 

1767
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:15,400
societies, teased out electric 
laws an improved everyday items 

1768
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:18,600
like stove's, He could also 
indulge in self-promotion. 

1769
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:22,100
Spinning anecdotes to burnish 
his folksy persona. 

1770
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,400
He was cunning in political 
maneuvering, employing 

1771
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:27,200
pseudonyms to nudge public 
debates. 

1772
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:31,000
Critics sometimes paint him as a
manipulator who rarely disclosed

1773
01:31:31,000 --> 01:31:34,200
raw emotions. 
Despite that Detachment, he 

1774
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:37,500
rallied communities toward 
philanthropic causes Advanced 

1775
01:31:37,500 --> 01:31:40,400
Civic infrastructure and 
invented practical solutions 

1776
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:44,700
that ease daily toil. 
The Synergy of personal drive, 

1777
01:31:44,700 --> 01:31:47,000
and social Vision remains a 
Hallmark of his story. 

1778
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:50,900
Educational institutions across 
the United States and Beyond 

1779
01:31:50,900 --> 01:31:54,200
lionize Franklin, as a 
Renaissance figure and 

1780
01:31:54,200 --> 01:31:58,000
inspiration for self-starters 
the Franklin myth, however, 

1781
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:02,300
glosses over the hardships, he 
faced familial a strange men 

1782
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:06,700
heartbreak at losing children. 
The compromise Laden reality of 

1783
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:10,100
forging alliances. 
He also wrestled with ethical 

1784
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:14,100
dilemmas notably regarding 
slavery early in life. 

1785
01:32:14,100 --> 01:32:17,200
He accepts turned it. 
Only in late Year's. 

1786
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:18,900
Did he vocally oppose the 
institution? 

1787
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:22,900
That Evolution typifies 
Franklin's Journey, he rarely 

1788
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:25,900
arrived at moral stances 
instantly, but Advanced through 

1789
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:28,700
observation dialogue and 
reflection. 

1790
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:33,800
Moreover, Franklin's personal 
brand of diplomacy, a blend of 

1791
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:37,700
charm, data-driven argument, and
comedic Flair laid down a 

1792
01:32:37,700 --> 01:32:40,600
blueprint for modern foreign 
relations in France. 

1793
01:32:40,600 --> 01:32:43,400
He recognized that wooing, 
allies transcended, formal 

1794
01:32:43,400 --> 01:32:47,400
treaties it, demanded cultural 
Rapport, he cultivated that 

1795
01:32:47,400 --> 01:32:50,600
Rapport through witty 
conversation, heartfelt flattery

1796
01:32:50,600 --> 01:32:52,900
and honest respect for French 
intellect. 

1797
01:32:53,600 --> 01:32:56,500
Diplomatic historians often, 
cite him as a Pioneer, who 

1798
01:32:56,500 --> 01:32:59,600
recognized that forging 
friendships in salons could be 

1799
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:02,100
as potent as drafting paragraphs
in official documents. 

1800
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:06,300
The result was a transformative 
Alliance, the arguably secured 

1801
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:10,200
American independence. 
Another rarely highlighted facet

1802
01:33:10,200 --> 01:33:12,700
is Franklin's continuing 
influence on philanthropic 

1803
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:15,600
models, his approach forming 
subscription, libraries 

1804
01:33:15,600 --> 01:33:19,900
Volunteer Fire brigades and 
Improvement societies prefigured

1805
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:23,800
modern on profits, by tapping 
small, regular contributions. 

1806
01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:27,400
From many participants franklyn 
mobilized resources far beyond 

1807
01:33:27,400 --> 01:33:29,000
what a loan benefactor could 
Supply. 

1808
01:33:30,000 --> 01:33:33,500
He wrote extensively on how 
clubs structures could unify 

1809
01:33:33,500 --> 01:33:37,000
communities around shared needs.
These principles echo in 

1810
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:38,600
contemporary crowdfunding and 
Civic. 

1811
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:42,800
Volunteer programs in science, 
Franklins, practice of thorough 

1812
01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:45,500
note taking Pierre 
correspondence and willingness 

1813
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:48,500
to correct earlier assumptions, 
exemplify the iterative nature 

1814
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,500
of research. 
Championed open sharing of 

1815
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:54,200
findings rather than hoarding 
them for profit. 

1816
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:57,500
His letters, bristle with calls 
for transatlantic knowledge, 

1817
01:33:57,500 --> 01:34:01,200
exchange indeed his postmaster 
appointment Advanced, the speed 

1818
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:04,600
of male facilitating. 
Scientific networks, in that 

1819
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,900
sense, Franklin's acted as a 
conduit for bridging old world 

1820
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:11,200
academies and New World 
experimenters accelerating the 

1821
01:34:11,200 --> 01:34:15,100
enlightenment's global momentum.
Today's visitors to Philadelphia

1822
01:34:15,100 --> 01:34:19,200
can trace Franklin's sites, like
Independence, Hall, the Franklin

1823
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:22,500
Court Museum or the Christ 
Church, burial ground. 

1824
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:26,500
They might see intangible marks 
to the ethos of Civic 

1825
01:34:26,500 --> 01:34:29,200
collaboration and 
entrepreneurial Zeal remained 

1826
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:32,400
strong in the city's culture. 
Historians debate where the 

1827
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:36,000
Franklin's Legacy looms, too 
large overshadowing lesson known

1828
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:38,900
but equally vital contributors 
to early American Life. 

1829
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:43,000
Yet few deny that his capacity 
pivot from printing to invention

1830
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:46,400
from local activism to Grand. 
Diplomacy stands as an 

1831
01:34:46,408 --> 01:34:49,000
extraordinary demonstration of 
adaptive genius. 

1832
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:52,300
Franklin's example, resonates 
with the possibility of 

1833
01:34:52,300 --> 01:34:55,000
reinvention. 
At any stage, he pivoted, 

1834
01:34:55,000 --> 01:34:58,500
careers Champion, social 
improvements and tackled New 

1835
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:01,600
Frontiers of science. 
Well, into his senior years, his

1836
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,600
failures like the Fiasco at the 
British privy Council or 

1837
01:35:04,608 --> 01:35:07,400
personal regrets about absent, 
fatherhood did not hold his 

1838
01:35:07,400 --> 01:35:10,400
momentum. 
Instead they spurred reflection 

1839
01:35:10,400 --> 01:35:13,800
and course correction that 
Dynamic interplay of aspiration 

1840
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:15,700
and humility. 
Undergirds is adult life, 

1841
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:19,600
providing a refreshing contrast 
to Jude or dogmatic leadership 

1842
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:23,300
styles in summary. 
It is difficult to neatly 

1843
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:25,200
categorize Benjamin Franklin's 
story. 

1844
01:35:25,200 --> 01:35:28,300
He was a printer who saw words 
as the foundation of public 

1845
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:30,700
life. 
A scientist who harnessed the 

1846
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:34,600
power of lightning a Statesman 
whose wit won the favor of a 

1847
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,700
monarchy and a moral innovator, 
who, in his later years, 

1848
01:35:37,700 --> 01:35:40,900
struggled to balance the ideals 
of the new Republic with its 

1849
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:45,600
realities, his life in his 
encourages us to keep exploring 

1850
01:35:45,600 --> 01:35:48,500
and keep experimenting and keep 
forging a lion says. 

1851
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:51,700
By harnessing curiosity and 
Civic mindedness. 

1852
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:55,000
Franklyn believed Society could 
inch closer to Enlightenment 

1853
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:59,200
that belief, still pulses in the
tale of a pragmatic dreamer, 

1854
01:35:59,200 --> 01:36:02,800
whose Footprints crossed Ocean's
Courtyards, the imagination of 

1855
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:13,000
generation to come Now if you 
will imagine that your great 

1856
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:15,400
great great great times a 
thousand grandmother is sitting 

1857
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:19,200
around a fire some 40,000 years 
ago and she has just created the

1858
01:36:19,200 --> 01:36:22,200
most groundbreaking technology 
of her era know. 

1859
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:25,400
It won't be the wheel for 
another 35,000 years. 

1860
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:28,600
She has discovered a way to 
leave meaningful marks on Cave. 

1861
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:32,400
Walls prior to this point, human
knowledge was like water 

1862
01:36:32,400 --> 01:36:35,700
attempting to survive. 
In a sieve entire library of 

1863
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:37,600
knowledge, just vanished into 
the Smoky. 

1864
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:40,200
Prehistoric are whenever an 
elder passed away. 

1865
01:36:40,200 --> 01:36:43,600
Imagine having no other way to 
transmit that knowledge than 

1866
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:45,800
through the delicate telephone 
game of human memory. 

1867
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:49,400
Imagine being the one who knew, 
exactly, which berries wouldn't 

1868
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:52,100
kill you. 
Which animal tracks meant dinner

1869
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:53,700
vs. 
Which meant you were about to 

1870
01:36:53,708 --> 01:36:57,000
become dinner or how to track, 
Mammoth migration patterns 

1871
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,000
across Seasons. 
Remember, your forefathers were 

1872
01:37:00,000 --> 01:37:04,000
sluggish, their brains were 
identical to ours in every way 

1873
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:08,400
including their ability to think
abstractly and solve challenging

1874
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:10,700
problems. 
They simply did not have the 

1875
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:14,400
convenience of filing systems, 
Post-it notes or even the most 

1876
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:17,800
basic written reminder. 
They created extremely complex, 

1877
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:20,900
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival. 

1878
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,800
Knowledge into stories songs and
rituals that could be remembered

1879
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:27,400
for weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable 

1880
01:37:27,400 --> 01:37:30,000
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

1881
01:37:30,000 --> 01:37:33,800
amazing examples of human 
creativity epic poetry that 

1882
01:37:33,800 --> 01:37:36,900
masqueraded as Heroes Journeys 
and included intricate 

1883
01:37:36,900 --> 01:37:39,300
Geographic details. 
There were songs that 

1884
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:42,300
communicated water source 
locations over great distances, 

1885
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:45,600
children were tall which plants 
to stay away from through 

1886
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:48,600
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

1887
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,100
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures. 

1888
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:54,700
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge as Central to the 

1889
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:58,200
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind into

1890
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:01,300
a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

1891
01:38:01,300 --> 01:38:04,400
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

1892
01:38:04,400 --> 01:38:06,500
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

1893
01:38:06,500 --> 01:38:10,100
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty, 

1894
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:12,600
our ancestors faced in 
preserving precise information 

1895
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:15,700
of generations. 
Try playing telephone dinner 

1896
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:17,200
party. 
Over time. 

1897
01:38:17,200 --> 01:38:20,100
The recipe for a life-saving 
medication could evolve into a 

1898
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:23,500
tale of magical medicinal herbs.
That could only be grown during 

1899
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:26,100
a full moon, the first 
breakthrough occurred when 

1900
01:38:26,108 --> 01:38:28,500
someone understood that a hand 
print on a cave, wall, could 

1901
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:32,300
mean more than just una was 
here, it could mean una herself,

1902
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:35,000
even when she wasn't there, 
let's call her owner. 

1903
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:37,900
Because history forgot to record
her name which is deliciously. 

1904
01:38:37,900 --> 01:38:41,400
Ironic when you think about it, 
the ability to make the absent 

1905
01:38:41,400 --> 01:38:45,200
present in part permanent to the
transient and build a bridge 

1906
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:47,200
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

1907
01:38:47,200 --> 01:38:51,100
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

1908
01:38:51,100 --> 01:38:54,900
that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

1909
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,900
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

1910
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:00,900
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

1911
01:39:00,900 --> 01:39:03,400
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

1912
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:07,900
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

1913
01:39:07,900 --> 01:39:10,800
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

1914
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:13,500
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

1915
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:17,300
social media site ever. 
Used by humans images of horses 

1916
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:20,500
bison, and the occasional 
self-portrait of a cave artists 

1917
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:23,500
who was quite proud of their 
hunting skills were interspersed

1918
01:39:23,500 --> 01:39:26,300
with hand stem cells. 
But these were just old 

1919
01:39:26,300 --> 01:39:28,800
Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempts by 

1920
01:39:28,808 --> 01:39:33,200
Humanity to say this happened, 
we were here, this matters. 

1921
01:39:33,200 --> 01:39:37,800
Remember us not only with the 
caves at lascaux show and Elmyra

1922
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:40,900
galleries, but they also 
represented the first attempts 

1923
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:42,600
by humans to communicate 
permanently. 

1924
01:39:43,400 --> 01:39:46,700
The paint is there, realize 
something profound pictures 

1925
01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:49,100
could have deeper meanings than 
just their visual impact. 

1926
01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:52,600
Information about hunting 
methods, seasonal, migration 

1927
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:55,200
patterns, or the religious 
beliefs, that govern, the 

1928
01:39:55,200 --> 01:39:57,100
relationship between humans and 
animals. 

1929
01:39:57,100 --> 01:40:00,400
May be included in a painting, 
depicting a bison hunt. 

1930
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:02,900
This is where things start to 
get intriguing though. 

1931
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:06,200
Simple representation wasn't 
enough for those early artists. 

1932
01:40:06,200 --> 01:40:10,400
They started to symbolize and 
Abstract, zigzag line could 

1933
01:40:10,400 --> 01:40:15,500
stand for lightning water or a 
River's course, the Sun, the 

1934
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:19,100
moon or the idea of completeness
could all be represented by a 

1935
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:24,400
circle dots could stand for 
seeds stars or the concept of 

1936
01:40:24,400 --> 01:40:28,100
plurality. 
Before you knew it, people are 

1937
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:30,600
discovered the groundbreaking 
notion that symbols could stand 

1938
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,600
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract
relationships. 

1939
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:36,800
In addition, to tangible 
objects, it's similar to when 

1940
01:40:36,800 --> 01:40:40,000
your dog discovers that the word
walk can actually call forth, 

1941
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,700
leashes excitement and the 
prospect of Adventure in 

1942
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:46,400
addition, to describing the 
activity of moving on four legs.

1943
01:40:47,200 --> 01:40:50,200
However, our ancestors received 
the foundation of civilization, 

1944
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:53,700
instead of tail wagging. 
These early symbol systems were 

1945
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:56,500
not writing as we know it today 
because they could not capture 

1946
01:40:56,500 --> 01:40:58,700
the full complexity of spoken 
language. 

1947
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:02,700
However, this realization by 
humans was the pivotal First 

1948
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:05,500
Step demonstrating, that 
meaning, could be permanently 

1949
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:09,300
encoded and decoded by other 
Minds, even though, separated by

1950
01:41:09,300 --> 01:41:15,300
great time and space in ancient 
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BCE the

1951
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,200
Sumerians attacking a problem 
that would make any contemporary

1952
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:20,700
accountant. 
Cry with recognition, how to 

1953
01:41:20,700 --> 01:41:24,100
keep track of, who owes what to 
whom when your economy is twice 

1954
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:26,400
as dramatic, and more 
complicated than a soap. 

1955
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:28,600
Opera family. 
Tree agriculture may seem 

1956
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:31,900
straightforward but its actually
a highly intricate system of 

1957
01:41:31,900 --> 01:41:35,100
resource management, seasonal 
planning and economic 

1958
01:41:35,100 --> 01:41:36,800
coordination. 
That the Sumerians had 

1959
01:41:36,800 --> 01:41:39,700
perfected. 
Their temples collected offering

1960
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:43,400
from 100s of worshipers provided
daily rations to priests and 

1961
01:41:43,408 --> 01:41:46,700
workers organized labor, gangs 
for large-scale construction 

1962
01:41:46,700 --> 01:41:50,100
projects and oversaw 
cross-continental trade networks

1963
01:41:50,100 --> 01:41:53,500
that brought silver from 
Anatolia, lapis lazuli, from 

1964
01:41:53,500 --> 01:41:56,000
Afghanistan and cedar wood from 
Lebanon. 

1965
01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:59,200
Try using just your memory and a
few notes and string to keep 

1966
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:01,800
track of all that. 
Something had to give because 

1967
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:04,800
the Sumerian economy, had 
expanded Beyond human memories 

1968
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:08,100
ability to control. 
They would have to discover a 

1969
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:11,000
method to expand, human memory 
beyond the confines of the 

1970
01:42:11,000 --> 01:42:14,300
individual mind or they would 
have to reduce their society to 

1971
01:42:14,300 --> 01:42:17,900
the level of a small village. 
Protagonist of our tale is an 

1972
01:42:17,900 --> 01:42:19,600
anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

1973
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:22,200
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

1974
01:42:22,208 --> 01:42:23,800
your workplace. 
Who remembers. 

1975
01:42:23,800 --> 01:42:27,400
Everyone's birthdays organizes 
the Supply Closet without being 

1976
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:31,100
asked, and actually reads the 
terms and conditions this 

1977
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:33,800
administrative whiz thought, 
there has to be a better way. 

1978
01:42:33,800 --> 01:42:37,300
After observing the disarray of 
record, keeping the initial 

1979
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:42,300
attempts were exquisitely, basic
tiny tokens made of clay each 

1980
01:42:42,300 --> 01:42:44,100
signifying. 
A certain amount of a particular

1981
01:42:44,100 --> 01:42:46,600
good. 
Sheep is worth one token. 

1982
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:50,200
A bushel of Bali is worth 
another and an oil jar is worth 

1983
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:53,500
a third. 
To represent real transactions. 

1984
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:55,600
These tokens could be 
transferred, counted. 

1985
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:58,300
And stored you could give 
someone 10 sheep tokens. 

1986
01:42:58,300 --> 01:43:01,700
If you owed them 10 sheep and 
the debt was noted in a way that

1987
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:04,500
was more flexible than engraving
marks on Stone but more 

1988
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,900
permanent than memory tokens, 
however had their own issues. 

1989
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:11,900
They were tiny challenging to 
store securely and prone to 

1990
01:43:11,900 --> 01:43:14,700
being misplaced. 
The discovery was made that it 

1991
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:16,200
was possible to permanently 
record. 

1992
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:19,400
The meaning of the tokens by 
pressing them into clay tablets 

1993
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:23,200
rather than storing them loose. 
The tangible tokens turned into 

1994
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:25,700
Clay impressions and writing 
appeared out of nowhere. 

1995
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:28,900
They developed cuneiform which 
is a system of wedge-shaped 

1996
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:32,400
marks that a pressed into clay 
tablets using a reed stylus. 

1997
01:43:33,300 --> 01:43:37,100
The literal meaning of cuneiform
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 

1998
01:43:37,100 --> 01:43:40,900
All About Sumerian priorities. 
They were pragmatic individuals 

1999
01:43:40,900 --> 01:43:44,000
who named their writing system 
after the marks shape rather 

2000
01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:47,900
than after Cosmic principles or 
Gods, the Sumerian soon realized

2001
01:43:47,900 --> 01:43:50,100
they were onto something more 
significant than livestock 

2002
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:54,100
inventories even though it began
beautifully simple, one sheep 

2003
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:58,400
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 

2004
01:43:58,408 --> 01:44:00,400
different Mark that meant many 
sheep. 

2005
01:44:01,200 --> 01:44:03,100
In the future. 
The system could represent the 

2006
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:06,700
sounds of words that refer to 
things in addition to quantities

2007
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:09,100
of things. 
Imagine the moment when a 

2008
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:11,300
scribe, like he working through 
the night with flickering 

2009
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:15,100
Lamplight, discovered that the 
symbol for Bali could also stand

2010
01:44:15,100 --> 01:44:18,500
for the sound. 
She because that was how Bali 

2011
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:21,700
was pronounced in Sumerian. 
It was like learning that Lego 

2012
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:25,200
blocks could create not just 
spaceships and castles but whole

2013
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:28,000
worlds of emotion, abstract, 
thought and Imagination. 

2014
01:44:29,200 --> 01:44:32,400
All of a sudden you could write 
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 

2015
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:35,600
by fusing the symbol for Bali 
for the sound. 

2016
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:39,500
She with the symbol for man? 
After this phonetic Discovery 

2017
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:43,200
cuneiform evolved from a basic 
accounting system to a complete 

2018
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:46,300
writing system that could 
represent any spoken idea. 

2019
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:49,800
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

2020
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:53,900
just 10 sheep but the shepherd 
who tends sheep is my brother. 

2021
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:57,500
And he lives beyond the hill 
where the barley grows tall in 

2022
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:00,100
the spring rains for the first 
time in human history. 

2023
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:03,500
At First Look, the clay tablets.
That emerged from this discovery

2024
01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:06,700
are delightfully ordinary. 
These old spreadsheets conceal, 

2025
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:09,300
the seeds of literature, law and
human expression. 

2026
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:12,500
But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull email in box 

2027
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:16,100
in the world received three 
bushels of barley from Menlo 

2028
01:45:16,100 --> 01:45:20,000
Barney due to Sheep by the new 
moon witnessed by. 

2029
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:23,200
Unammo one of the most 
prestigious occupations in human

2030
01:45:23,200 --> 01:45:25,900
history, was that of the scribes
who produced these tablets. 

2031
01:45:26,700 --> 01:45:29,800
acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

2032
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:33,300
language, accounting software 
and artistic technique all at 

2033
01:45:33,300 --> 01:45:36,400
once they were intricate 
grammatical rules to learn 

2034
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:39,800
hundreds of symbols to commit to
memory and Professional 

2035
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:43,300
Standards to uphold These 
individuals knew they were 

2036
01:45:43,300 --> 01:45:45,700
engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

2037
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:49,100
solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words into permanent 

2038
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:51,400
objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

2039
01:45:51,400 --> 01:45:53,700
developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

2040
01:45:53,700 --> 01:45:56,500
on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

2041
01:45:56,500 --> 01:46:00,500
civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

2042
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:02,500
would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

2043
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:06,100
They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

2044
01:46:06,100 --> 01:46:09,400
And Eternity, young men spent 
years copying classical, texts 

2045
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:12,600
honing their handwriting and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

2046
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:14,000
legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

2047
01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:16,600
Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

2048
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,600
scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

2049
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:23,600
They preserve this tale of 
friendship mortality, and the 

2050
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:25,600
pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations. 

2051
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:27,700
By copying the Epic of 
Gilgamesh. 

2052
01:46:27,700 --> 01:46:31,900
Humanity's first, Monumental 
literary Masterpiece, thousands 

2053
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:35,100
of time's the ancient Egyptians 
were creating their own method 

2054
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,100
of permanent communication while
the Sumerians were busy 

2055
01:46:38,100 --> 01:46:41,600
refining, their wedge-shaped 
filing system, And because they 

2056
01:46:41,600 --> 01:46:44,300
were Egyptians, they decided to 
make it utterly beautiful. 

2057
01:46:45,100 --> 01:46:46,900
Why settle for something that 
works? 

2058
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,800
When you can make something that
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 

2059
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:52,900
Around the same time as 
cuneiform hieroglyphics 

2060
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:56,500
appeared, however, Egyptian 
hieroglyphs, resembled the most 

2061
01:46:56,500 --> 01:46:59,800
intricate picture book in the 
world where a Sumerian writing 

2062
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,100
appeared as though someone had 
been piercing clay with a very 

2063
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:05,800
methodical Fork. 
Every symbol was a miniature 

2064
01:47:05,800 --> 01:47:09,800
artwork eyes that followed you 
with age-old wisdom, birds that 

2065
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:12,900
appeared ready to take flight 
and human figures that posed 

2066
01:47:12,900 --> 01:47:16,100
with such dignity that even 
grocery lists appeared to be 

2067
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:17,800
statements of cosmic 
significance. 

2068
01:47:17,800 --> 01:47:21,400
The definition of hieroglyph, 
which literally translates to 

2069
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:23,500
Sacred. 
Carving provides all the 

2070
01:47:23,500 --> 01:47:26,100
information you require about 
the Egyptians perspective on 

2071
01:47:26,108 --> 01:47:29,200
their writing system. 
This was more than just useful 

2072
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:32,200
communication. 
It was a gift from God, a 

2073
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:35,700
conduit between the world of the
Gods and the mortal world, a 

2074
01:47:35,700 --> 01:47:38,000
means of engaging with the 
Eternal through writing, 

2075
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:41,300
according to Egyptian creation 
myths, the Ibis headed god of 

2076
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:45,300
wisdom Thoth Created hieroglyphs
after noticing the footprints. 

2077
01:47:45,300 --> 01:47:47,200
That birds made in the mud along
the Nile. 

2078
01:47:48,100 --> 01:47:50,700
The idea that writing started 
because someone noticed that 

2079
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:53,400
movement could leave permanent 
traces and that life could 

2080
01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:55,000
inscribe itself on the 
landscape. 

2081
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:57,200
Is a lovely one. 
Regardless of whether you 

2082
01:47:57,200 --> 01:48:00,700
believe, in divine inspiration, 
thought who is said to have 

2083
01:48:00,700 --> 01:48:04,000
invented writing and functioned 
as the Scribe of the Gods was so

2084
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:07,400
revered by Egyptian scribes that
they had their own Patron deity.

2085
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:11,100
Imagine working in a profession.
So, esteemed that it was 

2086
01:48:11,108 --> 01:48:14,700
believed the gods themselves 
practiced it The instruction of 

2087
01:48:14,700 --> 01:48:17,800
dwarf from ancient Egypt. 
Asserts that scribes are the 

2088
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:20,800
best at what they do. 
There is no trade without a 

2089
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:22,400
director except that Of The 
Scribe. 

2090
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:25,800
He is the director. 
However, the intricacy of 

2091
01:48:25,800 --> 01:48:27,700
hieroglyphs would make 
contemporary computer, 

2092
01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:31,200
programmers cry. 
Depending on the situation, the 

2093
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,600
same symbol May stand for a word
sound or concept. 

2094
01:48:35,400 --> 01:48:39,900
A picture of a house could stand
for house the sound PR or 

2095
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:41,900
something related to domestic 
life in general. 

2096
01:48:43,300 --> 01:48:46,700
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

2097
01:48:46,708 --> 01:48:50,100
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice and a

2098
01:48:50,100 --> 01:48:53,100
mine that could suspend several 
possible meanings until the 

2099
01:48:53,100 --> 01:48:56,600
context clarified, the intended.
Meaning with typical Egyptian 

2100
01:48:56,600 --> 01:48:58,900
Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

2101
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:02,700
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

2102
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:06,700
Social contexts and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

2103
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:10,300
future Generations, Egyptians 
used Pirate's for important 

2104
01:49:10,300 --> 01:49:14,500
religious or Monumental texts. 
For common religious and 

2105
01:49:14,500 --> 01:49:18,000
administrative documents higher 
attic, which means Priestly 

2106
01:49:18,000 --> 01:49:21,600
refers to higher glyphs written 
in cursive, which are quicker to

2107
01:49:21,600 --> 01:49:24,400
write while still retaining the 
dignity required for official 

2108
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:27,800
business. 
Later Egyptian writing adopted 

2109
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:31,500
demotic, which means of the 
people for both personal and 

2110
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:34,400
professional correspondence, 
it's similar to using different 

2111
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,500
writing systems for grocery 
lists office memos and wedding 

2112
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:41,400
invitations realistic maybe not 
in terms of Effectiveness 

2113
01:49:41,400 --> 01:49:45,200
classy. 
Of course the Egyptians realized

2114
01:49:45,200 --> 01:49:47,100
that different forms of 
communication required. 

2115
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:49,800
Varying degrees of aesthetic 
appeal that the medium was an 

2116
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:52,500
integral part of the message and
that writing was about honoring 

2117
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:55,800
information rather than merely 
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 

2118
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:58,300
becoming a scribe was akin to 
joining a sacred order. 

2119
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:01,200
In addition to learning how to 
write young boys. 

2120
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:04,300
And sometimes girls, though, 
this was uncommon would spend 

2121
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:07,000
years in scribble schools, 
learning how to mix inks, 

2122
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:10,900
prepare Papyrus and make the 
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled

2123
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:13,900
hieroglyphic writing. 
They practiced by learning 

2124
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:17,900
grammar and Mathematics copying 
classical texts, and honing, the

2125
01:50:17,900 --> 01:50:21,000
exact hand eye, coordination 
needed to produce beautiful and 

2126
01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:25,100
readable symbols, in addition to
writing, Egyptian scribes served

2127
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:28,900
as the fares Comfort once and 
Ministers of the Empire Lauren 

2128
01:50:28,900 --> 01:50:32,100
forces and historians. 
They oversaw the intricate 

2129
01:50:32,100 --> 01:50:34,500
irrigation systems that enabled 
Egyptian, agriculture. 

2130
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:37,900
Plan the enormous building 
projects that produced the 

2131
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,200
temples and pyramids and kept up
the Diplomatic correspondence 

2132
01:50:41,200 --> 01:50:43,800
that allowed Egypt to remain in 
touch with the outside world 

2133
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:47,200
Egyptian writing was as 
beautiful as its instruments. 

2134
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,600
Papyrus was a smooth flexible 
writing surface, that could be 

2135
01:50:51,608 --> 01:50:54,000
rolled into Scrolls for 
convenient storage and 

2136
01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:56,700
transportation. 
It was made from the pith of 

2137
01:50:56,700 --> 01:50:59,300
Papyrus plants which grew along 
the Nile. 

2138
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:01,600
The delicate curves and fine 
lines. 

2139
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:04,800
That characterized hieroglyphic 
writing were made possible by 

2140
01:51:04,800 --> 01:51:08,800
Reed pens which were carved from
Marsh plants and precisely 

2141
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:12,000
shaped to hold ink. 
Rich blacks and Vivid. 

2142
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:15,100
Reds could be produced with ink 
made from soot and plant gums, 

2143
01:51:15,100 --> 01:51:17,000
which would stay readable and 
clear. 

2144
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:19,900
For Millennia, most 
significantly, though Egyptian 

2145
01:51:19,900 --> 01:51:21,600
writing was intended to be 
permanent. 

2146
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:25,400
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved
into stone temples and tombs 

2147
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:28,000
with the express purpose of 
remaining forever. 

2148
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:31,500
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 
tablets were prone to Breaking 

2149
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:34,300
or crumbling and many other 
ancient writing systems have 

2150
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:37,700
completely vanished the 
Egyptians held that writing 

2151
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,500
could Grant him mortality. 
And that a part of oneself 

2152
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:42,900
persisted in the world. 
As long as one's name could be 

2153
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:45,500
read, Al storing. 
Now, takes a turn, that would be

2154
01:51:45,508 --> 01:51:47,900
proudly featured in any Underdog
Sports film. 

2155
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:51,000
A small group of people in the 
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 

2156
01:51:51,008 --> 01:51:53,400
the verge of unintentionally 
revolutionizing human 

2157
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,200
communication forever. 
While the Egyptians were 

2158
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:59,600
perfecting their beautiful 
complexity and the Mesopotamians

2159
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:01,500
were growing their empire based 
on wedges. 

2160
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:03,500
The Phoenicians were not 
academics. 

2161
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:06,400
They were Traders. 
They were the equivalent of that

2162
01:52:06,400 --> 01:52:09,000
friend who always knows where to
get the best bargains in the 

2163
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:11,900
ancient world. 
Except instead of selling cheap 

2164
01:52:11,900 --> 01:52:15,000
electronics, they dealt in 
purple dye that was worth more 

2165
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:18,200
than gold Cedar would so fine 
that it was used in Kings 

2166
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:21,600
temples and silver, so pure that
it became the Benchmark for 

2167
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:23,100
Value throughout the 
Mediterranean. 

2168
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:27,500
They required a portable easily 
learned and effective writing 

2169
01:52:27,500 --> 01:52:29,700
system. 
Cuneiform required too much. 

2170
01:52:29,708 --> 01:52:32,700
Specialized equipment 
hieroglyphs were too complicated

2171
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:36,400
for Fast, Business records. 
And to be honest, they had no 

2172
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:38,400
time for either. 
When there were fortunes to be 

2173
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:42,300
made in every port from Spain, 
to the Black Sea living in a 

2174
01:52:42,300 --> 01:52:45,000
practical era, the Phoenicians 
were pragmatic individuals, 

2175
01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:50,000
their cities tire side and 
byblos were arrested on Slender 

2176
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:53,300
coastal plains with their faces 
toward the sea, and their backs 

2177
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,200
to the mountains. 
They had to trade in order to 

2178
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:58,700
survive because they couldn't 
produce enough food to sustain 

2179
01:52:58,700 --> 01:53:02,500
large populations, additionally,
contracts, correspondence and 

2180
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:05,200
record keeping that were 
comprehensible, despite 

2181
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:08,100
linguistic, and cultural 
barriers were necessary for 

2182
01:53:08,100 --> 01:53:10,900
successful trade. 
Therefore, the most elegant Act 

2183
01:53:10,900 --> 01:53:13,600
of simplification in human 
history was carried out by a 

2184
01:53:13,600 --> 01:53:16,300
brilliant Venetian, Merchants 
around 1200 BCE. 

2185
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:19,800
Let's imagine him as the ancient
equivalent of someone who 

2186
01:53:19,800 --> 01:53:24,200
unintentionally revolutionizes 
storage technology and finds a 

2187
01:53:24,200 --> 01:53:27,100
better way to organize their 
garage, the Phoenicians produced

2188
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:30,600
only 22 symbols Each of which 
represented a single consonant 

2189
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:35,100
sound as a posed to symbols. 
That represented words, sounds 

2190
01:53:35,100 --> 01:53:38,800
and Concepts. 
That's all No, images of birds 

2191
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:42,500
that depending on the context 
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 

2192
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:45,900
There are no abstract ideas that
take years of study to grasp. 

2193
01:53:45,900 --> 01:53:49,100
There was no Divine symbolism, 
that linked writing to Cosmic 

2194
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:52,100
laws any word in their language 
could be represented by 

2195
01:53:52,100 --> 01:53:56,000
combining just 22 basic marks. 
It was incredibly useful. 

2196
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,100
Instead of the years needed to 
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 

2197
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:03,400
a Merchants child, could learn 
the entire system in months. 

2198
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:06,700
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

2199
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:09,900
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

2200
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:13,800
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

2201
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:17,200
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

2202
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:19,900
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

2203
01:54:19,900 --> 01:54:22,700
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

2204
01:54:22,700 --> 01:54:25,800
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

2205
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:28,600
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

2206
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:30,600
letters. 
You could write any word you 

2207
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:33,300
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

2208
01:54:33,300 --> 01:54:36,800
sound, there was no need for 
costly materials, or specialized

2209
01:54:36,800 --> 01:54:39,200
training. 
No, need to memorize hundreds of

2210
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:42,100
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

2211
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:45,600
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

2212
01:54:45,608 --> 01:54:48,300
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity, 

2213
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:49,900
the secret to widespread 
literacy. 

2214
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:53,000
There are only goals were to 
improve business records, 

2215
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,900
expedite correspondence, and 
shorten the time needed to train

2216
01:54:56,900 --> 01:55:00,800
new scribes, however, Venetian 
Traders brought their alphabet 

2217
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:03,500
to every port where they 
conducted business and it 

2218
01:55:03,508 --> 01:55:06,200
quickly sprayed, like, the most 
popular viral video in the 

2219
01:55:06,208 --> 01:55:09,400
ancient world, the Phoenicians 
system only marked consonant 

2220
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:13,400
sounds leaving Readers to infer,
the vowels from Context, it 

2221
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:17,600
would be like reading beateats s
and knowing it means by the 

2222
01:55:17,600 --> 01:55:20,300
house. 
This worked well in submitted 

2223
01:55:20,300 --> 01:55:23,100
languages like Phoenicians and 
Hebrew, where the consonants 

2224
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:25,200
carry, the majority of the 
meaning but it was problematic 

2225
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,700
for Greek Where vowel sounds 
were essential for 

2226
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,300
comprehension. 
Greek Traders commented. 

2227
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:34,900
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

2228
01:55:34,900 --> 01:55:37,900
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

2229
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:39,900
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

2230
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:43,800
The Greeks, use those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

2231
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:46,300
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present. 

2232
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:49,100
In Greek, the Greek Alpha and 
our letter. 

2233
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:52,500
A was derived from The 
Phoenician alif, the Greek beta 

2234
01:55:52,500 --> 01:55:56,000
and our letter b and so forth. 
Vowels were added to the 

2235
01:55:56,000 --> 01:55:59,400
alphabet, making it much more 
accurate and simpler to learn. 

2236
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:03,600
Readers could see the precise 
pronunciation of words rather 

2237
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:05,800
than having to get the missing 
vowel sound. 

2238
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,100
Because of its accuracy. 
The Greek alphabet was ideal for

2239
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:13,000
recording, not only business 
transactions, but also intricate

2240
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:16,100
literary works, like poetry and 
philosophy were precise. 

2241
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:19,100
Wording was crucial through 
their interactions with Greek 

2242
01:56:19,100 --> 01:56:22,200
colonies in southern Italy. 
The Romans came into contact 

2243
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:25,600
with the Greek, alphabet and 
recognized its potential for use

2244
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:27,600
in law and administration right 
away. 

2245
01:56:28,700 --> 01:56:31,800
By standardizing the alphabet 
throughout the Empire and using 

2246
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:34,600
it to produce the administrative
and legal documents that bound 

2247
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:36,000
their enormous territories 
together. 

2248
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:39,300
Roman efficiency, transformed 
the alphabet into an instrument 

2249
01:56:39,300 --> 01:56:44,300
of Empire and that Latin script 
perfected and refined by Roman 

2250
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:46,600
scribes. 
And bureaucrats it is currently 

2251
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:50,400
being read by you. 
The 26 letters that you see on 

2252
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:53,400
your keyboard, a direct 
descendants of those 22, 

2253
01:56:53,400 --> 01:56:56,800
Phoenician consonants, they were
altered by Greek creativity, and

2254
01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,800
Roman pragmatism and were passed
down through centuries and 

2255
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,400
continents to reach the page or 
screen in front of you. 

2256
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:05,400
The success of the alphabet was 
neither inevitable, nor 

2257
01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:09,200
instantaneous, Coexisted with 
various writing systems for 

2258
01:57:09,200 --> 01:57:11,600
centuries, each with unique 
benefits. 

2259
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:14,700
For more than a millennium 
following, the invention of the 

2260
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:18,000
alphabet California continued to
be the language of scholarship 

2261
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:21,400
and diplomacy in Mesopotamia. 
Up until the Roman era 

2262
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:24,600
hieroglyphs were still utilized 
in Egypt for religious and 

2263
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:27,700
ceremonial purposes. 
The fact that Chinese characters

2264
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:30,000
evolved on their own and are 
still in use today. 

2265
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:32,400
Shows that there are other 
options for solving the writing 

2266
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:34,200
problem. 
Besides the alphabet one 

2267
01:57:34,200 --> 01:57:37,000
significant benefit of the 
alphabet however, was that it 

2268
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:39,300
significantly reduced the 
barrier to literacy. 

2269
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:44,000
Person could become functionally
literate in months as a supposed

2270
01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:46,500
to years of learning, hundreds, 
or thousands of symbols. 

2271
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:50,900
As a result writing was no 
longer the sole domain of 

2272
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,000
affluent Elite and professional 
scribes. 

2273
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:57,000
Soldiers, Artisans merchants and
eventually common. 

2274
01:57:57,000 --> 01:58:00,100
People could all learn to read 
and write writing Remain the 

2275
01:58:00,100 --> 01:58:02,500
domain of specialist for 
approximately a millennium, 

2276
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:04,100
following the adoption of the 
alphabet. 

2277
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:07,500
But these Specialists were far 
more numerous than in the past. 

2278
01:58:08,300 --> 01:58:11,100
Books were rare expensive and 
handwritten. 

2279
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:14,700
They were like owning an 
original Picasso except that the

2280
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:18,000
Picasso was a copy of 
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 

2281
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:21,000
it took a month three years to 
make while surviving in a Cold 

2282
01:58:21,008 --> 01:58:23,100
Stone Monastery on bread and 
weak ale. 

2283
01:58:23,100 --> 01:58:27,200
Based on the Latin words Manus, 
which means hand and scriptus. 

2284
01:58:27,200 --> 01:58:29,500
Which means written. 
This was the era of the 

2285
01:58:29,500 --> 01:58:32,800
manuscript. 
Letter by letter word by word 

2286
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:36,100
Page by Page each book was 
literally written by hand. 

2287
01:58:36,800 --> 01:58:39,700
A single book was worth months 
or years of human labor due to 

2288
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:43,100
the labor intensive nature of 
the process, making each volume 

2289
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,500
extremely valuable the 
improbable stewards of human 

2290
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:48,600
knowledge turned out to be 
medieval monasteries. 

2291
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:52,300
Imagine brother Benedict bent 
over his writing desk in a 

2292
01:58:52,308 --> 01:58:55,500
scriptorium, a special room used
for copying manuscripts 

2293
01:58:55,500 --> 01:58:59,500
carefully, copying the writings 
of ancient philosophers as his 

2294
01:58:59,500 --> 01:59:03,000
back ached from hours of 
painstaking exacting work and 

2295
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:05,300
his fingers gradually turned 
blue from the cold. 

2296
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:08,100
In their meticulously copied 
books. 

2297
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:12,200
These monks preserved everything
from agricultural methods to 

2298
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:15,300
mathematical theorems to 
theological arguments making 

2299
01:59:15,300 --> 01:59:18,700
them more than just scribes. 
They were the first backup hard 

2300
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:21,700
drives of human civilization. 
It was almost Supernatural. 

2301
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:25,500
How much work it took to create 
a medieval manuscript. initially

2302
01:59:25,500 --> 01:59:28,400
you needed parchment or Vellum, 
which required weeks of 

2303
01:59:28,408 --> 01:59:31,500
meticulous, preparation, using 
the skins of dozens of animals 

2304
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:36,400
such as goats sheep or calves, 
To produce a smooth, 

2305
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:39,900
long-lasting writing surface, 
the Skins needed to be soaked 

2306
01:59:39,900 --> 01:59:45,000
scraped stretched and lime 
treated. 300 sheep skins could 

2307
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:48,100
be needed for one Bible. 
The creation of inks followed 

2308
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:51,000
some of which called for 
substances more unusual than 

2309
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:53,200
anything found in a contemporary
chemistry set. 

2310
01:59:53,900 --> 01:59:57,900
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 
Oak Galls growth produced by 

2311
01:59:57,908 --> 02:00:02,400
wasp larvae were used to make 
blacking Cinnabar or red Oaker 

2312
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:04,500
were used to make the reading 
that was used for chapter 

2313
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:06,200
headings and significant 
passages. 

2314
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:09,900
Real gold, leaf was grounded 
with gum and honey to create 

2315
02:00:09,900 --> 02:00:13,800
gold ink which was saved for the
most valuable writing the 

2316
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:17,000
writing itself, necessitated 
specific instruments and methods

2317
02:00:17,000 --> 02:00:21,600
to hold ink and create accurate 
marks, which were fashioned from

2318
02:00:21,608 --> 02:00:25,100
the flight feathers of geese or 
swans had to be precisely cut 

2319
02:00:25,100 --> 02:00:29,000
and shaped sand was used to 
block excess ink and speed 

2320
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:32,500
drying and the scribes desk was 
angled to avoiding pooling. 

2321
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:36,300
However, the illumination the 
addition of ornamental elements 

2322
02:00:36,300 --> 02:00:39,800
that transformed every page into
a work of art was where the true

2323
02:00:39,800 --> 02:00:43,200
Artistry was found. 
Detailed initial letters, that 

2324
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:46,500
could include whole Mitchell 
Landscapes marginal decorations.

2325
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:49,500
That told visual stories and 
full-page illustrations. 

2326
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:53,200
That Infuse text with Rich 
details and vibrant colors were 

2327
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:56,200
all characteristics of 
illuminated manuscripts among 

2328
02:00:56,200 --> 02:00:59,000
the most Exquisite items ever 
made by human hands. 

2329
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:02,000
Are the most well, known 
illuminated manuscripts such as 

2330
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:06,800
the Book of Kells or the cherish
Urdu to bury hundreds of hours 

2331
02:01:06,800 --> 02:01:09,400
of Labor by talented artists 
employing methods that took 

2332
02:01:09,400 --> 02:01:11,800
decades to perfect a represented
on each page. 

2333
02:01:11,800 --> 02:01:13,900
The pigments were made from 
Vellum. 

2334
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:15,300
So fine, it was almost 
translucent. 

2335
02:01:15,300 --> 02:01:19,600
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 
made from single hairs and Lapis

2336
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:21,300
Lazuli imported from 
Afghanistan. 

2337
02:01:21,300 --> 02:01:25,000
It sounds romantic to say that 
each book was unique, but it 

2338
02:01:25,008 --> 02:01:27,600
also means that each one cost 
enough to wipe out a small 

2339
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:29,800
Kingdom. 
A complete collection of 

2340
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:32,500
Aristotle's writings could cost 
more than a small farm. 

2341
02:01:32,500 --> 02:01:36,300
The single Bible could cost as 
much as a house and even basic 

2342
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:39,000
prayer books were luxury items. 
Only the wealthy could afford 

2343
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:42,500
because of this scarcity. 
The majority of people continue 

2344
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:45,900
to rely on memory oral tradition
and the occasional helpful 

2345
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:48,900
neighbor who could read while 
the wealthy and the clergy 

2346
02:01:48,900 --> 02:01:51,000
continued to enjoy the privilege
of literacy. 

2347
02:01:51,000 --> 02:01:54,900
However, something significant 
was taking place, even in this, 

2348
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:57,700
secluded realm of handwritten 
books in a way. 

2349
02:01:57,708 --> 02:02:01,800
Never seen before, knowledge was
becoming portable from Monastery

2350
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:05,000
to Monastery, a manuscript could
spread Concepts across centuries

2351
02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:07,900
and continents. 
These meticulously reproduced 

2352
02:02:07,900 --> 02:02:10,900
books brought the writings of 
Greek philosophers who had been 

2353
02:02:10,900 --> 02:02:14,100
preserved by Islamic scholars 
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 

2354
02:02:14,100 --> 02:02:18,000
back to Christian Europe. 
through Thomas aquinas's work, 

2355
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:22,100
Aristotle's physics, which was 
translated from Greek to Arabic,

2356
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:25,400
to Latin, had an impact on 
Christian theology, during the 

2357
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:29,500
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's geography
which has been reproduced and 

2358
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:32,200
were copied for centuries. 
Served as a guide for the 

2359
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:34,900
exploration Expeditions that 
brought Europeans to the new 

2360
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:36,900
world. 
The scribes and monks who 

2361
02:02:36,900 --> 02:02:39,000
produced these manuscripts 
established a culture of 

2362
02:02:39,008 --> 02:02:40,500
knowledge preservation of their 
own. 

2363
02:02:40,500 --> 02:02:44,000
Each book became a dialogue 
across time as a result of the 

2364
02:02:44,000 --> 02:02:47,200
marginalia comments and 
observations in the margins that

2365
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:49,800
they added. 
Reading a medieval manuscript 

2366
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:52,600
today is similar to listening to
a group of academics who are 

2367
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:55,500
centuries apart debate the same 
text adding their own 

2368
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:58,300
interpretations and insights 
while also agreeing and 

2369
02:02:58,300 --> 02:03:00,400
disagreeing. 
While some of these side remarks

2370
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:03,100
are academic and somber. 
Others are surprisingly, 

2371
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:06,700
relatable and human. 
The whether it's raining heavily

2372
02:03:06,700 --> 02:03:09,200
outside. 
The scriptorium complaints about

2373
02:03:09,200 --> 02:03:12,800
the cold, my hand is numb from 
writing and even drawings of 

2374
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:16,400
cats which it seems medieval 
monks found just as adorable as 

2375
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:18,800
we do today. 
Can all be found in medieval 

2376
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:22,300
manuscripts new types of books 
with distinct functions also 

2377
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:23,800
emerge during the manuscript 
era. 

2378
02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:27,700
Both clergy and lay people 
adopted the sultan as they go to

2379
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:31,600
prayer book because it contained
the 150 biblical Farms. 

2380
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:34,700
Among the most popular 
manuscripts for affluent, people

2381
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:37,700
were books of hours which 
contained prayers for various 

2382
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:40,900
times of the day. 
Through their descriptions of 

2383
02:03:40,900 --> 02:03:44,400
mythical and real animals. 
Best juries Blended natural 

2384
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,900
history with moral teaching in 
ways that were both entertaining

2385
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:51,300
and instructive. 
When you first is first appeared

2386
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:53,600
in the 12th century. 
They brought with them new 

2387
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:55,600
production, techniques and 
demands for books. 

2388
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:59,300
Multiple copies of the same text
could be produced more quickly. 

2389
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,700
Thanks to the PCS system, which 
divided text into sections. 

2390
02:04:03,700 --> 02:04:05,900
That could be copied by multiple
scribes at once. 

2391
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:10,000
Although it still took months to
produce a single book, this was 

2392
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:12,100
the Medieval equivalent of mass 
production. 

2393
02:04:12,100 --> 02:04:15,400
China had been subtly 
transforming, the very medium of

2394
02:04:15,400 --> 02:04:18,900
writing while Europe continued 
to treat books as Priceless 

2395
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:21,500
artifacts that needed the 
sacrifice of whole herds of 

2396
02:04:21,508 --> 02:04:24,100
sheep. 
Making paper from plant. 

2397
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:26,400
Fibers was a technique that 
would eventually change the 

2398
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:28,800
world. 
And it was perfected by a court 

2399
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:32,900
official named kylan around 105,
CE during the hand in this day 

2400
02:04:32,908 --> 02:04:35,700
when you take into account, the 
Alternatives that dominated 

2401
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:39,300
writing services for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

2402
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:42,300
a game-changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

2403
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:45,800
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

2404
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,200
and brittle. 
Although Stone was permanent, it

2405
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:49,600
was not practical for 
inscription. 

2406
02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:51,400
Other than the most significant 
ones. 

2407
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:55,400
The Pirates was costly to make 
and transport and it required 

2408
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:58,500
particular plants that only 
thrived in particular climates. 

2409
02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:02,100
Parchment was extremely costly 
and required animal skin. 

2410
02:05:02,100 --> 02:05:05,200
Skins a single book could 
require hundreds of animal skins

2411
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:09,100
Rags bark, bamboo mulberry, 
trees, and pretty much. 

2412
02:05:09,100 --> 02:05:11,400
Any other plant fiber could be 
used to make paper. 

2413
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:15,000
This made it possible to produce
writing materials in large 

2414
02:05:15,000 --> 02:05:17,800
quantities locally and at a low 
cost. 

2415
02:05:18,800 --> 02:05:21,200
The cost of the information 
written on the writing. 

2416
02:05:21,200 --> 02:05:24,500
Surface became insignificant for
the first time in human history.

2417
02:05:24,500 --> 02:05:28,500
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 
into pulp combined with water 

2418
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:31,500
and then lifted out on screens 
to form, thin sheets that 

2419
02:05:31,500 --> 02:05:35,600
eventually dried into paper. 
Kailens method was elegantly, 

2420
02:05:35,600 --> 02:05:39,000
straightforward, the method 
became so widespread in China. 

2421
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:41,000
That paper was used for more 
than just writing. 

2422
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:44,200
It was used for packaging 
decoration and even clothing 

2423
02:05:44,200 --> 02:05:47,800
paper served as a medium for art
decoration and even money for 

2424
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:50,500
the Chinese who used it for more
than just writing. 

2425
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:53,900
Centuries before the rest of the
world realized that you could 

2426
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:56,600
use something other than piece 
of metal to represent value, 

2427
02:05:56,600 --> 02:06:00,100
they created paper money. 
Chinese Traders were using 

2428
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:03,700
exquisitely designed paper notes
backed by Imperial authority to 

2429
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:06,800
pay for goods while European 
Merchants continued to carry 

2430
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:10,500
bags of gold and silver coins. 
Additionally, new forms of 

2431
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:12,800
artistic expression were made 
possible by Chinese. 

2432
02:06:12,800 --> 02:06:16,900
Papermaking Writing itself was 
regarded as a visual art form 

2433
02:06:16,900 --> 02:06:20,500
when calligraphy the art of 
beautiful writing advance to new

2434
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:23,400
heights. 
Chinese poets produced verses 

2435
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:26,500
that were as Exquisite to look 
at as they were to read with the

2436
02:06:26,500 --> 02:06:30,300
ink flow and brushwork adding to
the poems meaning This type of 

2437
02:06:30,308 --> 02:06:32,100
creative. 
Experimentation was made 

2438
02:06:32,100 --> 02:06:35,600
feasible and affordable by paper
along trade routes the 

2439
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:39,300
technology gradually spread. 
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 

2440
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:45,300
tourists who saw its potential 
Around 750 CE it made its way to

2441
02:06:45,300 --> 02:06:49,200
the Islamic world. 
Most likely via Chinese pows 

2442
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:50,800
taken during the battle of 
talas. 

2443
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:53,900
With the same further as those 
who had been attempting to 

2444
02:06:53,900 --> 02:06:57,600
preserve libraries on pricy 
animal hides, Islamic scholars, 

2445
02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:00,500
and administrators embraced. 
Paper paper books. 

2446
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:03,400
Flooded The Great Library of 
Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, 

2447
02:07:03,400 --> 02:07:06,500
establishing educational hubs 
that preserved, in advanced 

2448
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:10,700
ancient knowledge. 
Greek Persian Sanskrit and other

2449
02:07:10,700 --> 02:07:13,800
works were translated into 
Arabic and printed as paper 

2450
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:17,100
books at the house of wisdom in 
Baghdad, which developed into a 

2451
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:20,600
translation hub. cheap paper 
made this enormous translation 

2452
02:07:20,600 --> 02:07:23,700
project possible saving 
classical education that might 

2453
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:27,200
have been lost forever otherwise
Islamic papermakers improved 

2454
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:30,200
upon Chinese processes and 
created new ones that were 

2455
02:07:30,200 --> 02:07:34,000
appropriate for various climates
and the materials at hand From 

2456
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,100
Spain to Central Asia, they set 
up paper mills across their 

2457
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:40,400
lands establishing a production 
Network that made books more 

2458
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:42,800
widely available and more 
reasonably priced than ever. 

2459
02:07:42,800 --> 02:07:45,200
Before in the 12th century 
paper. 

2460
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:48,100
Finally made its way to Europe 
where it encountered, the kind 

2461
02:07:48,100 --> 02:07:50,900
of opposition usually reserved 
for National Security threats. 

2462
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,600
A safeguard their business 
parchment manufacturers 

2463
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:57,700
organized, strong guilds, and 
pushed policy makers to limit 

2464
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:00,600
the use of paper. 
Despite the fact that many paper

2465
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:02,900
manuscripts have fared better 
than parchment ones. 

2466
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,200
In terms of survival religious, 
authorities were concerned. 

2467
02:08:06,200 --> 02:08:09,600
That paper books might not be 
robust enough to preserve sacred

2468
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,600
texts in certain locations. 
Using paper for official 

2469
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:14,300
documents is outright 
prohibited. 

2470
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,600
The Holy Roman Emperor. 
Frederick the second insisted 

2471
02:08:17,600 --> 02:08:20,000
that only parchment was 
appropriate for significant 

2472
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:22,900
legal records. 
Declaring in 1231. 

2473
02:08:22,900 --> 02:08:25,400
The official documents written 
on paper would be deemed 

2474
02:08:25,400 --> 02:08:28,100
invalid. 
This opposition to paper was 

2475
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,400
partially cultural reflecting 
long held ideas about the 

2476
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:34,000
appropriate materials for 
significant writing and 

2477
02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:37,100
partially economic as the 
production of parchment was a 

2478
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:39,600
significant industry. 
That employed thousands of 

2479
02:08:39,600 --> 02:08:43,400
people, however paper had a 
compelling Advantage it was 

2480
02:08:43,408 --> 02:08:46,400
inexpensive. 
Parchment was unable to keep up 

2481
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:49,200
with the growing number of 
universities in Europe and the 

2482
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:52,100
resulting demand for books. 
Throughout their studies. 

2483
02:08:52,100 --> 02:08:55,300
The University student may 
require access to dozens of 

2484
02:08:55,308 --> 02:08:58,100
different texts. 
More animal, skins were needed 

2485
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,500
for even a small Library than 
most areas could provide in the 

2486
02:09:01,500 --> 02:09:05,000
13th and 14th centuries. 
Paper mill started to appear all

2487
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:07,400
over Europe. 
They were frequently constructed

2488
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:09,800
next to rivers, that could 
Supply electricity for the 

2489
02:09:09,800 --> 02:09:13,100
equipment that was used to 
grind, plant fibers into pulp. 

2490
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:16,400
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

2491
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,800
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

2492
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:22,800
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

2493
02:09:22,800 --> 02:09:25,800
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

2494
02:09:25,800 --> 02:09:29,400
the cheap papers availability. 
For the first time writing 

2495
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:33,200
supplies were reasonably priced 
allowing people to try out novel

2496
02:09:33,200 --> 02:09:36,200
written Expressions because 
paper made writing more 

2497
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:38,800
affordable personal letters 
increased in frequency. 

2498
02:09:38,800 --> 02:09:42,500
Business records became more 
detail and governments became 

2499
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:45,800
more bureaucratic Johannes. 
Gutenberg was arguably the most 

2500
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:49,200
irritated metal work in Minds, 
Germany and perhaps all of 

2501
02:09:49,200 --> 02:09:53,100
Europe by the 1440s. 
He had invested years and a lot 

2502
02:09:53,108 --> 02:09:56,800
of money into creating a system 
of movable type, which consisted

2503
02:09:56,800 --> 02:09:59,400
of separate metal letters that 
could be rearranged to print 

2504
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,800
various texts. 
However, each prototype, he 

2505
02:10:02,800 --> 02:10:05,800
created brought with it, new 
problems, that seem to arise 

2506
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:07,300
more quickly than he could 
resolve them. 

2507
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:11,000
The intricacy of the technical 
issues was astounding, the 

2508
02:10:11,000 --> 02:10:13,800
printing would be uneven with 
some letters, pressing harder 

2509
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:16,300
into the paper than others. 
If the letters were not all 

2510
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:19,800
precisely the same height, to 
account for the inherent 

2511
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:23,000
proportions of various letters, 
the needed to have slightly 

2512
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:27,600
different widths For example, I 
should be narrower than a w, but

2513
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,200
both had to line up precisely 
with every other letter. 

2514
02:10:30,200 --> 02:10:32,700
In the alphabet, the type 
required, a carefully, 

2515
02:10:32,700 --> 02:10:36,100
formulated metal alloy. 
If it were too soft pressure 

2516
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:39,000
would cause the letters to 
distort, they would chip or 

2517
02:10:39,000 --> 02:10:42,200
shatter, if they were too hard. 
The alloy needed to be able to 

2518
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,700
capture fine details, be robust 
enough to print thousands of 

2519
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:48,700
copies and be affordable enough 
to make the system as a whole 

2520
02:10:48,708 --> 02:10:52,200
profitable to transfer from 
metal to paper without smearing 

2521
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:55,200
or fading, the ink needed to be 
precisely the correct 

2522
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:58,300
consistency. 
Metal type on paper, just didn't

2523
02:10:58,300 --> 02:11:01,600
work with traditional manuscript
ink which was made for quill 

2524
02:11:01,600 --> 02:11:04,900
pens on parchment in order to 
stick to metal and transfer 

2525
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:08,500
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 
to create a completely new kind 

2526
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:10,300
of ink. 
That was oil-based, rather than 

2527
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:12,800
water. 
Based a Pages whole surface 

2528
02:11:12,800 --> 02:11:15,300
required precisely the correct 
amount of pressure from the 

2529
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:18,100
Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

2530
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:20,000
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

2531
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,700
Could cause the paper to tear 
all the type to be pushed. 

2532
02:11:24,700 --> 02:11:26,800
So deeply into the paper that 
holds would form. 

2533
02:11:26,800 --> 02:11:30,400
However, the economic issue was 
arguably the most difficult. 

2534
02:11:31,700 --> 02:11:34,500
With no Assurance of return. 
Starting a printing business, 

2535
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:37,800
required, a significant up front
investment in Supply's, 

2536
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:42,900
machinery and trained labor, A 
single misaligned letter, a 

2537
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:46,500
batch of 40 ink or a paper issue
could destroy hundreds of copies

2538
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:48,100
and cause the business to go 
bankrupt. 

2539
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:51,600
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 
only in his individual solutions

2540
02:11:51,600 --> 02:11:54,100
to these issues. 
But also in his realization, 

2541
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:57,000
that printing was an entirely 
new method of book production. 

2542
02:11:57,000 --> 02:12:01,400
Manuscripts were copied one at a
time, by medieval scribes who 

2543
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:05,000
worked for months on each copy, 
After the initial setup was 

2544
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:07,600
finished printing produced a 
template that could create 

2545
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:10,600
hundreds of identical copies. 
There were significant 

2546
02:12:10,600 --> 02:12:13,900
ramifications of this transition
from artisanal to industrial 

2547
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:16,600
production that went well beyond
the printing shop. 

2548
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:20,800
Printed books were identical 
rather than distinct each with 

2549
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:24,100
its own unique qualities and 
possible mistakes because 

2550
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:26,900
everyone else reading the same 
book would find the same text in

2551
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,300
the same place scholars in 
different cities. 

2552
02:12:29,300 --> 02:12:32,700
Could now, refer to particular 
pages and lines naturally, the 

2553
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:35,200
Bible was the first book that 
didn't work decided to print. 

2554
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:38,900
However this was a wise business
move, as well as a religious 

2555
02:12:38,900 --> 02:12:41,000
one. 
The one book that was sure to 

2556
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:42,900
have a sizeable and steady 
Market was the Bible. 

2557
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:47,200
Every Church required copies 
affluent, people desired their 

2558
02:12:47,200 --> 02:12:50,100
own copies and the text was 
sufficiently uniform to 

2559
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,200
eliminate any doubts regarding 
its veracity or correctness. 

2560
02:12:53,200 --> 02:12:57,200
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 
finished around 1455 and is 

2561
02:12:57,200 --> 02:12:59,600
still regarded as one of the 
most Exquisite books ever 

2562
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:02,000
created. 
Demonstrated that hand. 

2563
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,600
Alumination, could compete with 
mechanical reproduction in terms

2564
02:13:05,600 --> 02:13:09,300
of artistic quality Gutenberg 
created books that fuse the 

2565
02:13:09,300 --> 02:13:12,000
Elegance of traditional 
manuscript art with the accuracy

2566
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:14,900
of printing by hiring. 
Talented artists to add 

2567
02:13:14,900 --> 02:13:17,900
decorative elements to each copy
more significantly though. 

2568
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,400
The good Bible, proved that 
books could be produced in large

2569
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:23,600
quantities, without compromising
their quality. 

2570
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:28,600
Handed decorations. 
Each of the 180 copies was 

2571
02:13:28,600 --> 02:13:33,100
unique despite having the same 
text and layout resulting in a 

2572
02:13:33,100 --> 02:13:35,700
hybrid form that connected, 
medieval craftsmanship and 

2573
02:13:35,700 --> 02:13:38,600
contemporary industry with the 
rapidity of a particularly 

2574
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:41,500
potent play. 
But with far greater advantages,

2575
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:46,000
the printing, press spread 
throughout Europe, By 1500 more 

2576
02:13:46,000 --> 02:13:50,600
than 2005 cities ranging from 
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 

2577
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:54,600
to Moscow had printing presses. 
Millions of books were being 

2578
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:58,200
produced by these presses every 
year changing, Europe from a 

2579
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:01,000
place where books were rare and 
valuable to one, where printed 

2580
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:02,900
materials were becoming widely 
available. 

2581
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:07,300
The ramifications for society, 
were profound, the simultaneous 

2582
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:10,300
existence of identical copies of
the same text in several 

2583
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:12,800
locations was unprecedented in 
human history. 

2584
02:14:13,800 --> 02:14:16,300
With the assurance that their 
peers would be reading the same 

2585
02:14:16,300 --> 02:14:19,100
words academics. 
Could now participate in 

2586
02:14:19,100 --> 02:14:21,600
authentic, intellectual 
discourse by citing particular 

2587
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:25,300
passages and page numbers. 
Scholarly discourse became more 

2588
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:29,200
cumulative, more collaborative 
and more precise after being 

2589
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:32,100
nailed to a Wittenberg Church 
door in 1517. 

2590
02:14:32,100 --> 02:14:36,000
Martin, Luther's 95 Theses were 
reprinted and disseminated 

2591
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:38,900
throughout Germany. 
In a matter of weeks translated 

2592
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:41,700
into several languages in a 
matter of months, and then 

2593
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:43,400
dispersed throughout Europe in a
year. 

2594
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:47,400
Luther's accusations of church. 
Corruption might have remained a

2595
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:49,700
local theological dispute in the
absence of printing. 

2596
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:52,900
Their invention of printing 
served as the Catalyst for the 

2597
02:14:52,900 --> 02:14:55,600
Protestant Reformation, which 
fundamentally altered 

2598
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:58,100
Christianity in Europe. 
Researchers on different 

2599
02:14:58,100 --> 02:15:01,300
continents could now instantly 
share, scientific discoveries, 

2600
02:15:02,200 --> 02:15:05,800
Within months of its publication
in the revolutionibus in 1543, 

2601
02:15:05,800 --> 02:15:09,800
Copernicus is groundbreaking 
theory that the Earth revolved 

2602
02:15:09,800 --> 02:15:12,800
around the Sun was known to 
astronomers all over Europe. 

2603
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:16,800
Published in the humani corporis
Fabrica that same year. 

2604
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:21,000
The sale is precise anatomical 
illustrations provided medical 

2605
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:24,500
students worldwide with access 
to intricate illustrations that 

2606
02:15:24,500 --> 02:15:27,100
were previously limited to a 
small number of hand-drawn 

2607
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:30,400
manuscripts in both subtle and 
Revolutionary Ways, the printing

2608
02:15:30,400 --> 02:15:34,800
press democratized knowledge 
with less expensive bindings, a 

2609
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:36,500
farmer's son. 
Could now own the same books as 

2610
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,900
a nobleman instead of competing 
based on the wealth of their 

2611
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:42,500
Patron ideas could do so on 
their own Merit. 

2612
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:46,500
Simply being able to reproduce 
text at low cost and disseminate

2613
02:15:46,500 --> 02:15:50,000
it, widely enabled, the 
Protestant Reformation, the 

2614
02:15:50,000 --> 02:15:53,900
Scientific Revolution and the 
enlightenment, however, printing

2615
02:15:53,900 --> 02:15:57,600
also gave rise to new kinds of 
control and inequality, even 

2616
02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:00,400
though the cost of books 
decreased their production still

2617
02:16:00,400 --> 02:16:04,200
required a large investment. 
By determining which texts were 

2618
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:07,000
worthy of being printed and 
which Concepts merited. 

2619
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:10,100
Widespread dissemination 
Publishers took on the role of 

2620
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:12,900
new information. 
Gatekeepers Governments 

2621
02:16:12,900 --> 02:16:15,700
implemented, license in 
programs, censorship and 

2622
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:18,600
printing, press control. 
After realizing the power of 

2623
02:16:18,600 --> 02:16:21,100
printing, the spread of 
protestant texts through 

2624
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:23,600
printing prompted, the Catholic 
Church to create the index 

2625
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:27,200
Libera and prohibitorum a list 
of books that Catholics were 

2626
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,700
prohibited from reading 
Realizing that controlling the 

2627
02:16:30,708 --> 02:16:33,500
presses meant, controlling the 
information flow governments 

2628
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:36,400
across Europe, set up official, 
printers and mandated, licenses 

2629
02:16:36,400 --> 02:16:39,000
for printing businesses. 
It was impossible to fully 

2630
02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:41,600
regulate printing in spite of 
these control attempts, 

2631
02:16:42,299 --> 02:16:45,200
Smugglers transported, banned 
text across borders, 

2632
02:16:45,200 --> 02:16:48,600
underground, presses produced 
books that were prohibited and 

2633
02:16:48,600 --> 02:16:50,200
the sheer volume of printed 
material. 

2634
02:16:50,200 --> 02:16:53,700
May complete censorship in 
practicable, Since mass 

2635
02:16:53,700 --> 02:16:56,200
communication had escaped, it 
would never be able to be 

2636
02:16:56,200 --> 02:16:59,500
reigned in in the 17th and 18th.
Centuries, something 

2637
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:03,200
extraordinary occurred, common 
people started reading for 

2638
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:07,000
enjoyment, not for Religious 
Education, not for work-related 

2639
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:10,000
reasons, but just because 
reading was now a fun 

2640
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:13,500
inexpensive and socially 
acceptable Pastime. 

2641
02:17:13,500 --> 02:17:16,299
In addition to reflecting 
broader shifts in European 

2642
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:18,600
Society. 
This change was partially 

2643
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:21,400
brought about by the printing 
press, which made books more 

2644
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:24,900
affordable and accessible more 
people had free time and 

2645
02:17:24,900 --> 02:17:27,600
disposable income as a result of
growing prosperity. 

2646
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:32,000
A cities grew more populated, 
bookshops lending, libraries and

2647
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,700
literary discussions became 
commonplace as literacy rates. 

2648
02:17:35,700 --> 02:17:38,799
Increased more people were able 
to read the increasingly 

2649
02:17:38,799 --> 02:17:41,299
accessible books. 
Most significantly, though 

2650
02:17:41,299 --> 02:17:44,100
author started producing content
specially for this new 

2651
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:47,500
readership. 
Published in 1719, Daniel 

2652
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:50,799
defoe's Robinson. 
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for

2653
02:17:50,799 --> 02:17:55,200
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 
and anybody else with a few free

2654
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:58,900
hours and the cost of a book It 
was not written for academics or

2655
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:02,000
Aristocrats written in simple 
terms that anyone could 

2656
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:04,200
understand. 
And appreciate the book told the

2657
02:18:04,200 --> 02:18:06,700
tale of an average man, dealing 
with extraordinary 

2658
02:18:06,700 --> 02:18:10,000
circumstances, the 18th century.
Social media platforms, were 

2659
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:13,700
coffee shops, more than 3,000 
coffee shops in London, 

2660
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:16,700
functioned as Gathering spots, 
where people congregated to read

2661
02:18:16,700 --> 02:18:20,299
newspapers, talk about pamphlets
and debate, the concepts that 

2662
02:18:20,299 --> 02:18:23,400
were being discussed in print, 
these were places where common 

2663
02:18:23,400 --> 02:18:25,900
people could engage in the 
intellectual life of their era. 

2664
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:29,799
Debating politics science, 
literature and philosophy, over 

2665
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:31,799
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 
pipes. 

2666
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:35,200
They were not official 
educational institutions, every 

2667
02:18:35,200 --> 02:18:37,000
coffee shop. 
Had its own personality and 

2668
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:40,799
customer base after becoming the
epicenter of Maritime Insurance,

2669
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:44,100
Lloyd's Coffee House changed, 
its name to Lloyds of London, 

2670
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:47,600
Publishers and booksellers came 
to the chapter Coffee House. 

2671
02:18:48,500 --> 02:18:51,000
Jonathan's Coffee House 
developed into a hub for stock 

2672
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:53,200
trading. 
While Wills was well known for 

2673
02:18:53,200 --> 02:18:56,500
its literary discussions. 
The coffee shop served as a hub 

2674
02:18:56,500 --> 02:19:00,000
for social networks business 
transactions, and the formation 

2675
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:03,200
of public opinion, a literary 
genre that was ideal for this. 

2676
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:06,600
New reading culture, was the 
novel novels told stories about 

2677
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:09,400
people like the readers 
themselves in contrast to 

2678
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:12,799
philosophical treatises or epic 
poems, which required 

2679
02:19:12,799 --> 02:19:15,700
specialized knowledge or 
classical education to fully 

2680
02:19:15,700 --> 02:19:19,299
appreciate They looked at the 
moral dilemmas of daily life, 

2681
02:19:19,299 --> 02:19:23,000
the social dynamics of modern 
society and the inner lives of 

2682
02:19:23,008 --> 02:19:27,100
Regular People, the popularity 
of Samuel, Richardson's 1740 

2683
02:19:27,100 --> 02:19:30,500
novel, Pamela was so great that 
readers wrote fan letters to the

2684
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:33,700
fictional heroine sent the 
author ideas for new plot points

2685
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,700
and convened in groups to debate
the moral decisions and 

2686
02:19:36,700 --> 02:19:39,799
motivations of the characters. 
Individuals were developing 

2687
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,799
emotional bonds with fictional 
characters in ways that any 

2688
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:45,900
contemporary fiction. 
Reader would recognize Pamela 

2689
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:48,200
became a literary phenomenon as 
a result of its success. 

2690
02:19:49,800 --> 02:19:52,900
The 18th century equivalent of 
appointment, television was 

2691
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:56,800
created by Richardson subsequent
publication of Clarissa and even

2692
02:19:56,800 --> 02:19:59,600
longer novel that was released 
in installments over a year. 

2693
02:20:00,400 --> 02:20:03,100
As each new book came out 
reader's scheduled their months 

2694
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:06,100
in advance congregating, in 
coffee shops, and private 

2695
02:20:06,100 --> 02:20:08,700
residences to talk about the 
most recent events, in 

2696
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:11,900
Clarissa's heartbreaking, Tale 
in previously, unheard of 

2697
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:15,300
numbers, women began to produce 
and consume this new literary 

2698
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:18,100
culture. 
Because the novel was regarded. 

2699
02:20:18,100 --> 02:20:21,800
As a new literary form, devoid 
of long-standing masculine 

2700
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:24,500
traditions and because women 
were acknowledged for their 

2701
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:27,200
unique understanding of the 
emotional and domestic themes 

2702
02:20:27,200 --> 02:20:30,300
that novels addressed. 
It was one of the few literary 

2703
02:20:30,300 --> 02:20:33,000
genres in which female authors 
could compete on an equal 

2704
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:37,200
footing with men in the late. 
17th century afraid, often 

2705
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:39,200
regarded as the first 
professional English woman 

2706
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,300
writer proved that women could 
produce fiction that was 

2707
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:46,000
profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie Ann 

2708
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:49,700
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

2709
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:52,800
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

2710
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:54,800
English. 
Literature were among the many 

2711
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:57,500
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

2712
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:01,500
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

2713
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:04,500
complexity and intelligence of 
women while riding for female 

2714
02:21:04,500 --> 02:21:07,000
readers. 
Their novels directly addressed.

2715
02:21:07,000 --> 02:21:09,100
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

2716
02:21:09,100 --> 02:21:13,100
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

2717
02:21:13,100 --> 02:21:16,600
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

2718
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:20,200
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

2719
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:23,100
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

2720
02:21:23,108 --> 02:21:26,000
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

2721
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:29,400
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

2722
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:31,200
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

2723
02:21:31,200 --> 02:21:34,300
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

2724
02:21:34,300 --> 02:21:37,400
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

2725
02:21:37,400 --> 02:21:39,800
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

2726
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:43,300
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

2727
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:46,300
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

2728
02:21:46,300 --> 02:21:50,700
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

2729
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:54,400
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

2730
02:21:54,400 --> 02:21:58,800
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

2731
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:02,700
commentary in a monthly format. 
Soon after came Magazine's for 

2732
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:05,800
women kids and people with 
particular interests or 

2733
02:22:05,808 --> 02:22:09,200
occupations, reading became even
more accessible and communal 

2734
02:22:09,200 --> 02:22:11,900
with the circulation of 
library's readers, could check 

2735
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:14,600
out books from the library. 
Return them when they were done 

2736
02:22:14,600 --> 02:22:17,300
and choose new ones from the 
collection for a subscription 

2737
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:21,400
fee, Through the creation of 
reader communities, that 

2738
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:24,300
exchange recommendations and 
discussed what they had read. 

2739
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:28,100
This system made pricey novels 
accessible to those who couldn't

2740
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:31,400
afford to buy them, Reading had 
become so widespread by the end 

2741
02:22:31,400 --> 02:22:35,000
of the 18th century that social 
critics began to worry that it 

2742
02:22:35,000 --> 02:22:37,700
might jeopardize moral order and
social stability. 

2743
02:22:38,700 --> 02:22:41,600
Young people were accused of 
reading too much fiction and 

2744
02:22:41,600 --> 02:22:44,600
ignoring their practical 
obligations especially young 

2745
02:22:44,600 --> 02:22:47,000
women. 
Novels were accused of fostering

2746
02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:50,600
dangerous, Notions of social 
equality fostering, female 

2747
02:22:50,600 --> 02:22:53,800
Independence, and generating a 
rational expectations about 

2748
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:57,800
romance later, panics about 
radio television video games and

2749
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:01,200
social media, or striking 
similarities to these fears 

2750
02:23:01,200 --> 02:23:03,100
about the consequences of 
reading fiction. 

2751
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:06,900
Every new Mass entertainment 
medium has been charged with 

2752
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:10,300
destroying Traditional Values. 
Corrupting young people and 

2753
02:23:10,300 --> 02:23:13,600
eroding social ties. 
That's the first instance of 

2754
02:23:13,600 --> 02:23:16,900
moral panic over mass media was 
the reading of the 18th century,

2755
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:20,200
which established trends that 
would be replicated with every 

2756
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:23,500
new communication technology 
writing and reading became 

2757
02:23:23,500 --> 02:23:25,400
industrial processes in the 19th
century. 

2758
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:29,300
An information once a limited 
resource accessible, only to the

2759
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:32,800
elite became a mass produced 
good that was accessible to all 

2760
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:37,000
societal levels. 
The same steam engines and 

2761
02:23:37,000 --> 02:23:39,600
mechanical advancements, that 
were transforming Transportation

2762
02:23:39,600 --> 02:23:43,400
manufacturing and every other 
facet of economic life. 

2763
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:46,900
Also drove, this change books 
and newspapers could be produced

2764
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:48,800
more quickly than anyone had 
thought possible. 

2765
02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:52,000
Thanks to steam powered 
printing, presses with skilled 

2766
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,400
operators putting in long hours,
the old-fashioned hand operated 

2767
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:58,500
printing press which had hardly 
changed since gutenberg's day, 

2768
02:23:58,500 --> 02:24:01,300
could possibly produce 300 pages
every day. 

2769
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,400
With little assistance, from 
humans steam, powered presses 

2770
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:07,500
could generate 3,000 pages per 
hour. 

2771
02:24:07,500 --> 02:24:10,300
The same need for an expensive 
materials that was 

2772
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:13,200
revolutionizing. 
Textile production also drove 

2773
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:17,300
the mechanization and efficiency
of paper making The handmade 

2774
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:20,200
sheets that had restricted paper
production for centuries. 

2775
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:23,600
Could be replaced by continuous 
roles of paper of consistent, 

2776
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:27,200
quality and thickness, thanks to
the foreign air machine, which 

2777
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:31,500
was created in the early 1800s. 
Rag started to give away to Wood

2778
02:24:31,500 --> 02:24:34,500
pulp as the main raw material 
for paper, which increased its 

2779
02:24:34,500 --> 02:24:37,700
affordability and availability 
for the first time in human 

2780
02:24:37,700 --> 02:24:40,900
history, the dissemination of 
knowledge was not hampered by 

2781
02:24:40,900 --> 02:24:42,800
the physical creation of reading
materials. 

2782
02:24:43,500 --> 02:24:46,000
At prices, low enough for 
working class families, to 

2783
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:49,200
afford, books, and newspapers 
Publishers could print as many 

2784
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:52,300
copies as the market would 
demand, the first real mass 

2785
02:24:52,300 --> 02:24:56,000
media was thus produced. 
Newspapers evolved from pricey 

2786
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:58,800
weekly indulgences that were 
mostly read by professionals and

2787
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:01,900
Merchants to inexpensive 
everyday essentials that were 

2788
02:25:01,908 --> 02:25:03,700
accessible to all societal 
classes. 

2789
02:25:05,000 --> 02:25:08,500
By the 1830s America's Penny 
press was printing. 

2790
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:11,900
One cent newspaper's that were 
jam-packed with local news, 

2791
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:15,200
since Sensational, stories, and 
advertisements, meant to reach 

2792
02:25:15,208 --> 02:25:18,400
his, many people as possible 
compared to the commercial and 

2793
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:20,000
political newspapers of the 
previous Century. 

2794
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:24,000
The content of these Penny 
papers was very different The 

2795
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:27,700
penny press reported on crime, 
accidents, human interest, 

2796
02:25:27,700 --> 02:25:30,400
stories, and entertainment, 
rather than politics 

2797
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:34,100
international trade, and topics 
of interest to affluent readers.

2798
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:38,000
They were the forerunners of 
contemporary tabloid journalism 

2799
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:41,100
which was created to be 
interesting readable and 

2800
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:43,700
accessible to those with little 
free time or education. 

2801
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:46,600
When ships arrived with the 
newest edition of the old 

2802
02:25:46,600 --> 02:25:50,300
curiosity shop or Great 
Expectations readers on both 

2803
02:25:50,308 --> 02:25:53,500
sides of the Atlantic lined up 
at docks, making Charles 

2804
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:56,200
Dickens, possibly, the first 
True Media celebrity. 

2805
02:25:56,800 --> 02:26:00,300
His novels were serialized in 
magazines which created the 19th

2806
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:02,100
century equivalent of 
appointment television. 

2807
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:05,600
People devoted their entire 
month to learning the fate of 

2808
02:26:05,600 --> 02:26:07,100
their favorite fictional 
characters. 

2809
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:09,900
And Dickens earnings from 
writing allowed him to live like

2810
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:13,400
a King novels published in 
serial form, gave rise to new 

2811
02:26:13,400 --> 02:26:15,900
kinds of authorial response and 
reader interaction. 

2812
02:26:16,800 --> 02:26:19,200
Dickens is renowned for 
altering, plot points in 

2813
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:21,600
response to read a responses to 
previous chapters. 

2814
02:26:22,500 --> 02:26:25,400
Dickens changed his plans for 
other characters in the old 

2815
02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:29,000
curiosity, shop after readers, 
expressed dissatisfaction with 

2816
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:32,500
little nails fate. 
A more responsive and Democratic

2817
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:35,800
form of literature was produced 
by this direct feedback, loop 

2818
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:38,100
between writers and readers as 
education. 

2819
02:26:38,100 --> 02:26:43,100
Grew basic literacy ceased to be
an elite became a practical 

2820
02:26:43,100 --> 02:26:45,900
necessity. 
Workers who could follow written

2821
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:49,400
instructions, read, simple 
instructions and comprehend, 

2822
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:52,400
basic contracts and legal 
documents were needed during the

2823
02:26:52,400 --> 02:26:56,200
Industrial Revolution. 
Commercial activities, railroad 

2824
02:26:56,200 --> 02:27:00,000
operations and factory work all 
required literacy skills that 

2825
02:27:00,000 --> 02:27:03,300
were previously optional for the
majority of people the majority 

2826
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:06,000
of industrialized nations 
implemented, public education 

2827
02:27:06,000 --> 02:27:09,000
systems in the 19th century, 
with the goal of creating 

2828
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:12,200
literate workers who could 
navigate an increasingly complex

2829
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:15,900
economy, Using standardized 
techniques that could be used on

2830
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:18,400
a large scale, children learn to
read, and write quickly. 

2831
02:27:18,400 --> 02:27:21,000
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

2832
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:23,800
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

2833
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:27,400
nature of communication, Written
messages could be sent to cross 

2834
02:27:27,400 --> 02:27:30,000
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

2835
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:34,100
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spray 

2836
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:36,200
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

2837
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:40,100
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism, and 

2838
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:43,400
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

2839
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:46,800
Markets, thousands of miles 
apart, could coordinate their 

2840
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:50,000
stock prices, nearly 
instantaneous, news reporting 

2841
02:27:50,000 --> 02:27:51,900
was possible from remote 
locations. 

2842
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:55,700
In real time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

2843
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:59,000
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

2844
02:27:59,000 --> 02:28:01,300
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System. 

2845
02:28:01,300 --> 02:28:05,000
The telegraph produced the first
genuinely worldwide Information.

2846
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:08,700
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

2847
02:28:08,700 --> 02:28:11,000
speed were necessary for 
telegraph communication. 

2848
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,800
Messages had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

2849
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:16,800
money. 
Other writing styles were 

2850
02:28:16,800 --> 02:28:20,000
impacted by the telegram style 
which pushed for directness and 

2851
02:28:20,000 --> 02:28:23,300
efficiency The headlines of 
newspapers became more witty 

2852
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:26,800
business letters, became more 
targeted, the clipped 

2853
02:28:26,800 --> 02:28:29,500
cost-effective style, originally
created for telegraph, 

2854
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:32,500
communication started to be 
adopted, even in private 

2855
02:28:32,500 --> 02:28:35,200
correspondence. 
The act of writing itself was 

2856
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:38,600
mechanized with the invention of
the typewriter in the 1870s. 

2857
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:43,200
Expert type is could create more
readable, text used, less space,

2858
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:47,100
and produce clean, identical 
copies of documents more quickly

2859
02:28:47,100 --> 02:28:50,400
than any handwriter. 
The typewriter gave women their 

2860
02:28:50,400 --> 02:28:53,800
first widespread office job 
opportunity and the sound of 

2861
02:28:53,800 --> 02:28:56,500
typing became the background 
music of contemporary office 

2862
02:28:56,500 --> 02:28:58,500
work. 
Additionally, typewriting 

2863
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:01,200
standardized written documents 
appearance in ways that had 

2864
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:05,300
unanticipated repercussions, the
handwriting on handwritten 

2865
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:07,900
documents provided insight into 
the authors social class, 

2866
02:29:07,900 --> 02:29:11,600
educational attainment, and 
emotional, state, and personal 

2867
02:29:11,600 --> 02:29:14,800
traits. 
Due to the anonymity and 

2868
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:18,400
consistency of type documents. 
Written communication became 

2869
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:22,000
more democratic, an ideas could 
be evaluated without regard to 

2870
02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:24,900
the personal traits of their 
authors writing, was not only 

2871
02:29:24,900 --> 02:29:28,000
altered by the 20th century, but
it was also multiplied, 

2872
02:29:28,000 --> 02:29:30,700
exponentially resulting, in an 
information environment. 

2873
02:29:30,700 --> 02:29:33,900
So complex and Rich that it 
would have been overwhelming to 

2874
02:29:33,900 --> 02:29:37,400
earlier, centuries. 
However, each new technology 

2875
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:40,100
seemed to increase the desire 
for more written content, rather

2876
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:42,800
than replace written 
communication despite their 

2877
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:45,700
apparent threats to written 
communication radio, and 

2878
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:48,200
television, actually increase 
the demand for written 

2879
02:29:48,200 --> 02:29:51,500
materials, people wanted to read
more in-depth articles in 

2880
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:54,500
newspapers and magazines after 
hearing fascinating news on the 

2881
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:57,300
radio. 
Watches of Television looked for

2882
02:29:57,300 --> 02:29:59,900
books written by authors they 
had heard on talk shows. 

2883
02:30:00,600 --> 02:30:03,900
Instead of taking the place of 
the others, each new medium seem

2884
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:07,000
to enhance the development of 
offset printing in the early 

2885
02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:10,700
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,
and increase the versatility of 

2886
02:30:10,700 --> 02:30:14,300
high-quality reproduction. 
Any image or text that could be 

2887
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:16,900
photographed, could be 
reproduced using offset printing

2888
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:20,400
as a traditional Letterpress 
printing, which required the 

2889
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:23,000
manual setting of individual 
pieces of metal type. 

2890
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:26,600
This allowed Publishers to 
experiment with new layouts and 

2891
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:30,200
visual designs magazines to 
include photographs, alongside 

2892
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:33,200
texts and books to include 
diagrams and illustrations. 

2893
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:37,100
With magazines, catering to 
every imaginable interest and 

2894
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:40,400
demographic, their variety and 
circulation skyrocketed. 

2895
02:30:41,300 --> 02:30:44,400
Through breathtaking photography
and readable Pros, about far-off

2896
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,700
locales and fascinating 
cultures, National Geographic 

2897
02:30:47,700 --> 02:30:49,700
brought the world into American 
Homes. 

2898
02:30:49,700 --> 02:30:53,600
Photojournalism was invented by 
Life Magazine which used 

2899
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:56,200
pictures and thoughtfully chosen
text to tell stories. 

2900
02:30:57,100 --> 02:30:59,600
While Ladies Home Journal 
sparked a national dialogue, 

2901
02:30:59,600 --> 02:31:02,700
among women about fashion social
issues and domestic life, 

2902
02:31:02,700 --> 02:31:05,800
Popular Science helped, make 
technical advancements 

2903
02:31:05,800 --> 02:31:08,500
understandable to a wide 
audience, Publishers like 

2904
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:10,800
penguin in Britain and 
pocketbooks in America. 

2905
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:14,100
Led the paperback Revolution, 
which made books more accessible

2906
02:31:14,100 --> 02:31:18,000
and portable than ever before. 
Complete novels collections of 

2907
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:20,900
poetry, or non-fiction could be 
published in paperback books, 

2908
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:22,800
that cost, no more than a 
magazine. 

2909
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:26,500
All of a sudden, serious 
literature was as disposable as 

2910
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:30,000
magazines and as easily 
accessible as newspapers, new 

2911
02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:32,800
literary communities and reading
habits were spawned by this 

2912
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:36,200
accessibility in individuals, 
could afford to gamble on on 

2913
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:38,200
proven writers or Uncharted 
Territory. 

2914
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,500
Book stopped being significant 
Investments and instead became 

2915
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:45,900
impulsive purchases. 
Millions of people were exposed 

2916
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:48,000
to authors and genres. 
They might not have otherwise 

2917
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:49,700
come across in traditional 
bookstores. 

2918
02:31:49,700 --> 02:31:53,400
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 
pharmacies and airports over the

2919
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,100
course of the industrialized 
World typewriters went from 

2920
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:59,100
being a luxury piece of office 
equipment to become everyday 

2921
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:02,900
household objects, that were 
used in homes, schools and small

2922
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:05,700
businesses ordinary. 
People were able to create 

2923
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:08,000
documents that looked 
professional in their homes. 

2924
02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:11,300
For the first time in ways that 
would have astounded medieval 

2925
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:13,100
scribes. 
Who spent years honing, their 

2926
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:17,300
handwriting, the typewriter 
democratized neat readable 

2927
02:32:17,300 --> 02:32:19,400
writing the nature of private 
correspondence. 

2928
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:22,100
Was also altered by the 
widespread of availability of 

2929
02:32:22,100 --> 02:32:24,600
typewriters for Speed and 
Clarity. 

2930
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:27,600
Letters could be typed while 
retaining the unique writing 

2931
02:32:27,600 --> 02:32:31,000
style of each individual. 
Standardized format and 

2932
02:32:31,000 --> 02:32:33,500
appearance for business letters,
led to the development of 

2933
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:36,600
templates and conventions. 
That continued to shape formal 

2934
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:39,400
correspondence today, the speed 
and reach of written 

2935
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:41,500
communication. 
However, were undergoing a true 

2936
02:32:41,508 --> 02:32:45,000
Revolution, With the Advent of 
the airmail, service in the 

2937
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:49,400
1920s, and 1930s letters, could 
now be sent to cross oceans in a

2938
02:32:49,400 --> 02:32:51,200
matter of days as a post to 
weeks. 

2939
02:32:52,200 --> 02:32:54,700
The international trade and 
cooperation were made possible 

2940
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:57,500
at a speed that would have seen 
miraculous to earlier 

2941
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:00,100
Generations. 
A business letter sent from New 

2942
02:33:00,100 --> 02:33:03,400
York on Monday could arrive in 
London, by Thursday newspapers 

2943
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,100
were able to instantly share 
stories across continents. 

2944
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:10,600
Thanks to telepreneur services. 
A more integrated Global 

2945
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:12,900
awareness of current events 
could result from the 

2946
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:16,500
simultaneous, publication of the
same news story in newspapers 

2947
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:19,800
from Tokyo to New York. 
Reports from the front lines, 

2948
02:33:19,800 --> 02:33:22,100
could be filed by War 
correspondents and published the

2949
02:33:22,108 --> 02:33:24,600
following day. 
In local newspapers, due to the 

2950
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:27,200
extraordinary demand for 
communication and information 

2951
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,300
brought about by World War Two. 
Many of these Trends were 

2952
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:33,500
accelerated improvements. 
In information processing, 

2953
02:33:33,500 --> 02:33:36,800
Printing and Telecommunications 
were driven by military 

2954
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:39,500
requirements. 
Markets for new kinds of 

2955
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:42,100
Publications and Reporting 
techniques were opened by the 

2956
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:45,300
demand for news. 
Millions of people were exposed 

2957
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:48,000
to writers and Concepts that 
they might not have otherwise 

2958
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,400
come across. 
Thanks to the pocket sized books

2959
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:53,700
that soldiers carried perhaps no
single publishing initiative in 

2960
02:33:53,700 --> 02:33:56,400
history has contributed more to 
the democratization of 

2961
02:33:56,400 --> 02:33:59,700
literature than the armed 
services editions which were 

2962
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:02,100
small paperback books, sent to 
American soldiers during World 

2963
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:04,600
War 2. 
These books were printed on 

2964
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:08,800
inexpensive paper made to fit in
uniform pockets, and given away 

2965
02:34:08,800 --> 02:34:11,000
for free to all active military 
personnel. 

2966
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:14,900
They created a reading program 
that transcended all social and 

2967
02:34:14,900 --> 02:34:17,500
educational boundaries by 
including everything from 

2968
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:20,500
technical manuals to popular 
novels to classical literature 

2969
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:22,900
expanded. 
Expectations and tastes in 

2970
02:34:22,908 --> 02:34:26,000
literature were brought back by 
veterans from the war. the 

2971
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:28,900
greatest expansion of higher 
education in American history 

2972
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:32,500
was made possible by the g bill 
which offered educational 

2973
02:34:32,500 --> 02:34:35,800
benefits to returning veterans, 
the explosion of college 

2974
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:38,600
enrollment opened up enormous 
new markets for serious 

2975
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:42,400
nonfiction academic, 
Publications and textbooks the 

2976
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,500
first truly Mass literate 
Society in human history was 

2977
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:47,600
brought about by the post-war 
economic boom. 

2978
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,600
Instead of being exceptional, 
college education, became the 

2979
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,200
norm, everyone could now afford 
literature. 

2980
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,400
Thanks to paperback, books 
public, libraries developed into

2981
02:34:57,400 --> 02:34:59,100
Community. 
Hubs were anyone seeking 

2982
02:34:59,100 --> 02:35:01,800
information from any social or 
economic background? 

2983
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,900
Could obtain it for free new 
reading and writing habits were 

2984
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:06,600
brought about by Suburban 
development? 

2985
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:10,200
On their daily commutes 
commuters used busses and trains

2986
02:35:10,200 --> 02:35:13,600
as makeshift reading rooms where
they read paperback novels, 

2987
02:35:13,600 --> 02:35:17,500
periodicals and newspapers. 
Because most suburban homes had 

2988
02:35:17,500 --> 02:35:20,900
a den or family room with 
built-in bookcases middle-class,

2989
02:35:20,900 --> 02:35:24,000
people were accustomed to owning
and displaying books, social 

2990
02:35:24,000 --> 02:35:26,700
critics started to worry about 
information overload, by the 

2991
02:35:26,700 --> 02:35:29,500
1960s because written 
communication had become so 

2992
02:35:29,500 --> 02:35:33,500
commonplace books, magazines and
newspapers were all over the 

2993
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:36,400
place with all the written 
material being produced daily, 

2994
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:41,000
how could anyone keep up in his 
1970 book, Future Shock? 

2995
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:44,100
Alvin Toffler made the case that
the amount of information and 

2996
02:35:44,100 --> 02:35:47,200
the rate of change were becoming
too much for the average person 

2997
02:35:47,200 --> 02:35:50,300
to handle psychologically, the 
explosion of information in the 

2998
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:52,900
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 
what was to come. 

2999
02:35:52,900 --> 02:35:54,800
But no one could have predicted 
that. 

3000
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,900
It was only the beginning in the
1940s and 1950s computers, 

3001
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:01,800
looked like an enormous 
calculators with text processing

3002
02:36:01,800 --> 02:36:05,700
as an afterthought. 
These compact devices which were

3003
02:36:05,700 --> 02:36:09,200
packed with Magnetic drums and 
vacuum tubes were made mainly 

3004
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:12,300
for mathematical computations 
used in large-scale data 

3005
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:15,600
processing military applications
and scientific research. 

3006
02:36:16,600 --> 02:36:19,200
The notion that they could 
transform human communication 

3007
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:22,900
seemed as unrealistic as the 
notion that locomotive might one

3008
02:36:22,900 --> 02:36:24,200
day be employed for space 
travel. 

3009
02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:27,700
Punched cards were fed into 
these devices by early computer 

3010
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,100
operators who then had to wait 
hours or even days for the 

3011
02:36:31,100 --> 02:36:34,600
results to print. 
Compared to typewriters writing 

3012
02:36:34,600 --> 02:36:38,300
on computers was slower and more
difficult and it took months to 

3013
02:36:38,300 --> 02:36:41,000
acquire the specialized 
knowledge of operating systems 

3014
02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:42,300
and programming languages 
needed. 

3015
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:46,400
Text processing, was viewed as a
trivial use of computing, power 

3016
02:36:46,400 --> 02:36:49,200
by the few individuals who 
worked with computers, who are 

3017
02:36:49,200 --> 02:36:52,700
highly skilled technicians and 
scientists, however, computers 

3018
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:55,400
had a huge advantage over all 
early writing Technologies. 

3019
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:58,800
They could transmit edit and 
copy text without any physical 

3020
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:01,900
restrictions. 
A computer-generated document 

3021
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:04,700
was made up of electrical or 
magnetic signal patterns. 

3022
02:37:04,700 --> 02:37:07,700
That could be precisely 
duplicated as many times as 

3023
02:37:07,700 --> 02:37:09,100
necessary without losing 
quality. 

3024
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:13,200
It was possible to make changes 
without having to retype whole 

3025
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:16,300
pages. 
Electronically, stored searched 

3026
02:37:16,300 --> 02:37:19,500
and retrieved text could be done
with speed and accuracy, that 

3027
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:22,300
physical documents could not 
match the Revolutionary. 

3028
02:37:22,300 --> 02:37:25,000
Potential of computerized 
writing became apparent in the 

3029
02:37:25,008 --> 02:37:29,400
1960s and 1970s the development 
of word processing software. 

3030
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,900
With previously unheard of ease 
and efficiency, authors could 

3031
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:39,100
alter text on screen rearranging
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and

3032
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,300
updating content with out having
to retype entire documents. 

3033
02:37:43,500 --> 02:37:46,400
By doing away with the tiresome 
mechanical parts of writing, 

3034
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:50,200
such as retyping rearranging and
proofreading, several drafts. 

3035
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:53,900
Authors were free to concentrate
on ideas and content rather than

3036
02:37:53,900 --> 02:37:56,900
the actual Act of writing this 
power was brought to Common 

3037
02:37:56,900 --> 02:37:59,700
desks in homes and offices 
across the developed world in 

3038
02:37:59,700 --> 02:38:02,600
the 1980s, with the Advent of 
personal computers. 

3039
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:05,700
In addition to being 
sufficiently powerful, to manage

3040
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:09,100
complex, word, processing data 
management, and communication 

3041
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:13,100
tasks computers, such as the 
Apple 2, Commodore 64, and IBM 

3042
02:38:13,100 --> 02:38:16,400
PC were reasonably priced for 
individual homes and small. 

3043
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:19,400
Enterprises in addition to 
making editing as simple as 

3044
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:23,400
typing word processing programs.
Like wordstar wordperfect and 

3045
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:26,500
eventually Microsoft Word added 
capabilities that were 

3046
02:38:26,508 --> 02:38:29,600
previously unattainable with 
mechanical writing instruments. 

3047
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,100
Spell checking automatically 
detected typos. 

3048
02:38:34,000 --> 02:38:36,900
Find and replace features could 
instantly make Global changes to

3049
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,400
lengthy documents with the help 
of numerous fonts and formatting

3050
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:42,900
choices. 
Authors were able to manipulate 

3051
02:38:42,900 --> 02:38:45,800
the text appearance in ways that
were previously exclusive to 

3052
02:38:45,800 --> 02:38:48,200
professional Publishers, 
professional quality. 

3053
02:38:48,200 --> 02:38:50,000
Documents could now be produced 
at home. 

3054
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:53,400
Thanks to personal printers. 
Anyone with a computer could now

3055
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:55,800
create documents that looked as 
professional as those from 

3056
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:58,800
specialized print shops. 
Thanks to dot matrix printers, 

3057
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,500
which were followed by inkjet 
and Laser Printers. 

3058
02:39:02,500 --> 02:39:05,300
His revolutionary as the 
original printing invention, the

3059
02:39:05,300 --> 02:39:08,000
democratization of document 
production made publishing 

3060
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:11,500
accessible to anyone with a 
computer however, networking 

3061
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,900
which linked individual PCS into
Global Communication networks 

3062
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:19,300
was the true Revolution. 
Originally restricted to users 

3063
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:23,000
of the same computer system. 
Electronic mail developed into a

3064
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:25,700
Global Communication tool that 
could link anyone with computer 

3065
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:28,700
access to anybody else. 
Anywhere in the world, written 

3066
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,400
communication became 
instantaneous and interactive 

3067
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:35,500
with email instead of days or 
weeks, you could compose a 

3068
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:38,600
message, send it to someone on 
the other side of the globe and 

3069
02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:40,700
get a response in a matter of 
minutes or hours. 

3070
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:44,500
While maintaining the accuracy 
and permanence that set writing 

3071
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:47,600
apart from speech, written 
communication started to catch 

3072
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:51,200
up to conversational speed, more
sophisticated forms of computer 

3073
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:54,700
mediated communication were made
possible by the protocols and 

3074
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:56,500
standards that made e-mail 
possible. 

3075
02:39:57,100 --> 02:39:59,900
Anyone with system access could 
read the messages, that users 

3076
02:39:59,900 --> 02:40:02,300
posted on bulletin board systems
BBs. 

3077
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:05,800
Global discussion forum centered
on particular, topics of 

3078
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:08,000
Interest were established by 
using Net News groups. 

3079
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:11,400
These early online communities 
showed that new kinds of social 

3080
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:15,100
interaction that relied solely 
on written communication could 

3081
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:16,800
be supported by computer 
networks. 

3082
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:20,100
The largest library in human 
history was created almost 

3083
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:22,900
instantly. 
After the worldwide, web was 

3084
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:25,700
made available to the general 
public in the early 1990s. 

3085
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,900
You could access millions of 
documents from any computer with

3086
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:32,500
an internet connection. 
Eliminating, the need to 

3087
02:40:32,500 --> 02:40:34,400
physically visit places to find 
information. 

3088
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:38,500
Most of the obstacles that had 
previously restricted access to 

3089
02:40:38,500 --> 02:40:42,100
information and publication were
removed by the internet, which 

3090
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:44,300
turned every computer into a 
printing press. 

3091
02:40:44,300 --> 02:40:47,400
And every person into a 
potential publisher, the markup 

3092
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:51,700
language used to create web 
pages, HTML, was flexible enough

3093
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:55,000
to support complex multimedia, 
presentation while still being 

3094
02:40:55,000 --> 02:40:57,200
easier enough for anyone to 
learn and publish online. 

3095
02:40:58,100 --> 02:41:01,200
Since the majority of early 
websites were text-based, the 

3096
02:41:01,200 --> 02:41:04,000
internet was essentially a huge 
collection of links documents 

3097
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:07,500
that could be read searched and 
linked to one another in ways 

3098
02:41:07,500 --> 02:41:09,800
that were not possible with 
traditional books and papers. 

3099
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:12,700
No one completely for saw the 
consequences of this 

3100
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:17,400
democratization of publishing 
Publishers editors Librarians, 

3101
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:19,900
journalists and other 
traditional information. 

3102
02:41:19,900 --> 02:41:23,000
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 
themselves in competition with 

3103
02:41:23,000 --> 02:41:26,000
anyone with an internet 
connection and something to say.

3104
02:41:26,900 --> 02:41:29,900
Informational grew exponentially
in quantity and accessibility 

3105
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:32,500
but its quality and 
dependability became 

3106
02:41:32,500 --> 02:41:35,300
increasingly erratic. 
The challenge of locating 

3107
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:37,100
information. 
In this enormous Digital 

3108
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:40,800
Library, was resolved by search 
engines, web specific search 

3109
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:44,100
engines like Alta Vista and 
Yahoo replaced early search 

3110
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:48,700
tools, like art, and gopher, and
finally Google The entire Corpus

3111
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:51,100
of human written knowledge. 
Could be searched in a matter of

3112
02:41:51,108 --> 02:41:53,100
seconds from any location in the
world. 

3113
02:41:53,100 --> 02:41:56,700
Thanks to Google's page rank 
algorithm, which could sift 

3114
02:41:56,700 --> 02:41:59,700
through billions of web pages to
find the most pertinent results 

3115
02:41:59,700 --> 02:42:02,400
for any query. 
Universal searchability had 

3116
02:42:02,400 --> 02:42:05,600
significant ramifications. 
Researchers could locate 

3117
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:08,900
pertinent information nearly 
instantly rather than spending 

3118
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:11,600
hours in libraries searching 
through card catalogs and 

3119
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:14,300
indexes. 
Writers had access to more 

3120
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:16,700
sources than the greatest 
Scholars of earlier centuries 

3121
02:42:16,700 --> 02:42:19,500
could have hoped for rather than
depending on their own 

3122
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:21,600
collections or institutional 
Holdings. 

3123
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:25,100
Any writing projects, research 
phase was shortened from weeks 

3124
02:42:25,100 --> 02:42:26,700
or months to a few hours or 
days. 

3125
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:30,200
Additionally, digital text 
opened up new avenues for 

3126
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:32,100
multimedia and interactive 
writing. 

3127
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:35,600
Authors were able to produce 
non-linear documents, with 

3128
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:38,100
hypertext links that readers 
could navigate based on their 

3129
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:42,000
own needs and interests. 
Compared to traditional print 

3130
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:45,100
media website could create 
richer and more captivating 

3131
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:48,900
reading experiences by fusing 
text with images, audio and 

3132
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:53,000
video website, email and forums 
that Mirage traditional 

3133
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:55,000
publishing models were 
transplanted to digital 

3134
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:57,200
platforms. 
And the early internet was 

3135
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:00,000
largely used for publishing and 
consuming relatively formal 

3136
02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:03,000
written content. 
However, the emergence of a new 

3137
02:43:03,008 --> 02:43:05,800
generation of online platforms, 
at the turn of the 21st century,

3138
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:08,200
drastically altered. 
The nature of digital 

3139
02:43:08,200 --> 02:43:12,100
communication unexpectedly, 
social media sites, like French 

3140
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:15,100
star, Myspace, and eventually 
Facebook restored. 

3141
02:43:15,100 --> 02:43:16,800
Writing as a means of 
communication. 

3142
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:20,300
People started writing, quick 
concise answers to each other's 

3143
02:43:20,300 --> 02:43:24,400
posts comments and updates in 
place of formal, documents or 

3144
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:26,500
well. 
Written letters, instead of 

3145
02:43:26,500 --> 02:43:29,500
publishing information, these 
platforms were made to promote 

3146
02:43:29,500 --> 02:43:32,700
social interaction and they were
successful in developing new 

3147
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,800
written communication formats 
that resembled speech more than 

3148
02:43:35,800 --> 02:43:38,300
conventional writing. 
People's use of written 

3149
02:43:38,300 --> 02:43:40,900
language, was significantly 
impacted by this return to 

3150
02:43:40,908 --> 02:43:44,700
conversational writing. 
Emotional connection, an 

3151
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:47,700
instantaneous expression, took 
precedence over formal grammar. 

3152
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:52,100
In ways that traditional texts 
could not emoticons and acronyms

3153
02:43:52,100 --> 02:43:54,700
evolved into a new type of 
written shorthand that could 

3154
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:58,200
express emotion and tone. 
People started writing as they 

3155
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:02,700
spoke using slang informal 
constructions, an interruption 

3156
02:44:02,700 --> 02:44:04,900
that would not have been 
appropriate in more formal, 

3157
02:44:04,900 --> 02:44:07,400
written settings, the line 
between spoken and written 

3158
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,800
language started to blur. 
When Facebook's timeline feature

3159
02:44:10,800 --> 02:44:14,400
was launched in 2011, it gave 
rise to a new genre of 

3160
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:18,000
autobiographical writing in 
which uses shared brief posts 

3161
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:19,600
with photos of their everyday 
activities. 

3162
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:23,000
This was a more immediate and 
impromptu form of 

3163
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,400
self-documentation that captured
every day moments and cash will 

3164
02:44:26,400 --> 02:44:29,600
thoughts in ways that earlier 
Generations would have deemed to

3165
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:33,600
insignificant record rather than
the meticulously planned 

3166
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:37,300
self-presentation of traditional
autobiography by restricting 

3167
02:44:37,300 --> 02:44:42,500
post to 140 characters later 
increased to 280 Twitter, which 

3168
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:45,600
was launched in 2006 took 
conversational writing to the 

3169
02:44:45,608 --> 02:44:48,700
next level. 
Extreme concision was required 

3170
02:44:48,700 --> 02:44:51,300
by this restriction. 
Which prompted the creation of 

3171
02:44:51,300 --> 02:44:54,000
new brevity optimized, forms of 
writing. 

3172
02:44:54,700 --> 02:44:58,000
Twitter users developed a poetic
form that prioritized wit 

3173
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:01,800
insight and emotional impact 
over conventional literary 

3174
02:45:01,800 --> 02:45:04,800
elaboration by learning to 
convey the most meaning in the 

3175
02:45:04,800 --> 02:45:07,500
least amount of space. 
Additionally, the character 

3176
02:45:07,500 --> 02:45:09,800
limit altered the Cadence of 
written correspondence. 

3177
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,000
Twitter users posted short 
updates throughout the day 

3178
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,200
rather than writing long 
messages that were sent 

3179
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:18,800
occasionally resulting, in a 
constant flow of written content

3180
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:21,700
that was more akin to ongoing 
conversation than traditional 

3181
02:45:21,700 --> 02:45:24,700
correspondence. 
Millions of users were able to 

3182
02:45:24,708 --> 02:45:27,100
engage in simultaneous 
conversations about current 

3183
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:31,000
affairs, individual experiences 
and cultural phenomenon on the 

3184
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:33,500
platform, which evolved into a 
global chat room. 

3185
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:36,100
Beginning as a straightforward 
method of sending quick 

3186
02:45:36,100 --> 02:45:39,900
messages, between mobile phones 
in the 1990s, text messaging, 

3187
02:45:39,900 --> 02:45:42,500
Rose to prominence as a written 
communication method in the 

3188
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:46,400
early 2000s. 
Similar to Twitter SMS messages 

3189
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:49,700
were restricted to 160 
characters and emphasized, 

3190
02:45:49,700 --> 02:45:52,000
private communication over 
public broadcasting. 

3191
02:45:52,000 --> 02:45:55,500
There are linguistic conventions
and abbreviations and cultural 

3192
02:45:55,500 --> 02:46:01,000
norms specific to texting. 
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB

3193
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:04,500
be right back and TTYL talk to 
you later. 

3194
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:08,100
Became widely used. 
The way people formed written 

3195
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:11,000
thoughts was altered by 
predictive text and autocorrect 

3196
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:13,700
features which occasionally 
resulted in misunderstandings 

3197
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:17,000
but also made composition 
faster, mobile technology. 

3198
02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:20,300
Also changed the physical act of
writing texting could be done 

3199
02:46:20,300 --> 02:46:23,500
with thumbs on small screens 
while walking taking public 

3200
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:26,300
transit or doing other 
activities, whereas traditional 

3201
02:46:26,300 --> 02:46:29,300
writing had been done with pens 
on paper or fingers on keyboards

3202
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:33,300
writing was genuinely portable 
and incorporated into everyday 

3203
02:46:33,300 --> 02:46:37,200
life in previously, Unthinkable 
ways with the 2007 release of 

3204
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,700
the iPhone smartphone's further 
expanded the accessibility and 

3205
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:44,600
versatility of mobile writing. 
Every phone became a portable 

3206
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:47,300
writing and Publishing tool. 
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards

3207
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:51,300
voice to text capabilities and 
constant internet connectivity. 

3208
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:54,800
The amount and speed of written 
communication increased 

3209
02:46:54,800 --> 02:46:58,100
dramatically, as a result of 
people being able to create and 

3210
02:46:58,100 --> 02:46:59,800
share written content at any 
time. 

3211
02:46:59,800 --> 02:47:03,000
And from any location in 
Instagram, which debuted in 

3212
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:06,900
2010, created new storytelling 
formats by fusing textual and 

3213
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:10,100
visual communication. 
Users posted pictures with 

3214
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,400
captions that vary from brief 
summaries to in-depth stories. 

3215
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:17,200
People's writing about their 
experiences was impacted by a 

3216
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:20,500
new kind of categorization and 
search ability brought about by 

3217
02:47:20,500 --> 02:47:23,700
the platform's hashtag system. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

3218
02:47:23,700 --> 02:47:27,100
However, social media brought 
writing back into the mainstream

3219
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:29,000
in ways not seen since 
prehistoric. 

3220
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:33,200
Cultures, oral traditions 
Writing had been a solitary act 

3221
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:36,000
for the majority of human 
history producing a document 

3222
02:47:36,000 --> 02:47:39,000
that would later be read by 
others, writing became 

3223
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:42,600
instantaneous interactive and 
collaborative with social media.

3224
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:46,300
Responding to each other's posts
within minutes or seconds of 

3225
02:47:46,300 --> 02:47:48,900
their publication. 
People could collaborate in real

3226
02:47:48,900 --> 02:47:51,500
time, fostering conversations 
across various platforms. 

3227
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:55,200
And time zones, new kinds of 
grouping making were spawned by 

3228
02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:57,800
the comments sections that 
sprang up beneath news articles,

3229
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:01,700
blog entries and social media 
posts, hundreds of responses to 

3230
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:05,200
a single post could challenge 
expand or totally 

3231
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:08,400
recontextualize. 
The original message as readers 

3232
02:48:08,400 --> 02:48:10,800
began to co-create, meaning 
through their responses and 

3233
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:13,200
interactions. 
The line between author and 

3234
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:15,800
reader became less. 
Clear, new types of collective 

3235
02:48:15,800 --> 02:48:18,100
authorship were also spawned by 
the collaborative nature of 

3236
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:21,000
digital writing. 
When Wikipedia was first 

3237
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:24,900
launched in 2001, it showed that
volunteer contributors could 

3238
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:28,300
collaborate online to create and
maintain extensive reference 

3239
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:30,700
works. 
Through a collaborative writing 

3240
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:33,500
and editing process, that would 
not have been feasible without 

3241
02:48:33,500 --> 02:48:37,200
digital technology. 
The encyclopedia expanded to 

3242
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:39,900
include millions of articles in 
hundreds of languages, 

3243
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:43,300
traditional beliefs regarding 
authorship Authority and quality

3244
02:48:43,300 --> 02:48:45,800
control in written work were 
called into question by 

3245
02:48:45,800 --> 02:48:49,700
Wikipedia's success. 
Wikipedia used peer review and 

3246
02:48:49,700 --> 02:48:52,100
crowdsourcing to produce 
content, that was frequently 

3247
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:55,100
more up to date and thorough, 
and traditional reference works.

3248
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,000
Despite occasionally being less 
trustworthy than professional 

3249
02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:01,200
editors and expert, authors, 
social media and digital 

3250
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,100
communication have produced an 
unprecedented amount of writing.

3251
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:07,400
Humans were creating more 
written material every day by 

3252
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:10,300
the 2010s, that had been 
contained in all of the ancient 

3253
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:13,800
world's libraries put together. 
Although, the majority of this 

3254
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:16,400
writing was conversational 
transient and informal. 

3255
02:49:17,100 --> 02:49:21,600
Status update, comments text 
messages, tweets, it marked a 

3256
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:23,700
significant change. 
In the way people use written 

3257
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:26,800
language, you are living through
the most significant change in 

3258
02:49:26,800 --> 02:49:28,700
writing since the creation of 
the alphabet. 

3259
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:32,500
So, keep this in mind as you 
curl up with your blankets and 

3260
02:49:32,500 --> 02:49:33,900
feel your eyelids getting 
heavier. 

3261
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:38,100
What is taking place in your 
immediate surroundings is as 

3262
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:40,500
revolutionary as anything that 
took place in gutenberg's 

3263
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,700
printing shop, medieval 
monasteries or ancient Phoenicia

3264
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:46,700
these days, artificial 
intelligence can produce text, 

3265
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,700
that looks human and is 
frequently identical to content 

3266
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:53,700
written by humans. poetry 
business letters, technical 

3267
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:56,900
documentation, and even 
intricate conversations are all 

3268
02:49:56,900 --> 02:49:59,600
possible with large language 
models like GPT and its 

3269
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:02,600
Offspring, which show an 
awareness of context subtlety 

3270
02:50:02,600 --> 02:50:06,200
and emotional nuances, The 
distinction between machine and 

3271
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:08,500
human writing is becoming more 
and more hazy. 

3272
02:50:08,500 --> 02:50:12,000
People can now write by speaking
in stead of typing thanks to 

3273
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:14,900
advancements in voice 
recognition, software, that can 

3274
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,600
now convert speech to text with 
astounding accuracy. 

3275
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:22,800
While walking driving or doing 
other tasks writers can compose 

3276
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:26,200
text at the speed of speech with
Dragon NaturallySpeaking series 

3277
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:28,200
dictation and Google Voice 
typing. 

3278
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,400
Writing which involves moving a 
pair of paper or fingers across 

3279
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:36,300
a keyboard is becoming a less 
necessary, activity text can be 

3280
02:50:36,308 --> 02:50:39,200
instantly translated between 
languages using real-time 

3281
02:50:39,200 --> 02:50:41,400
translation. 
Algorithms, removing the 

3282
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:45,500
barriers that have divided human
communities for millennia One 

3283
02:50:45,500 --> 02:50:48,400
can write in their native tongue
and have it instantly understood

3284
02:50:48,400 --> 02:50:49,800
by readers anywhere in the 
world. 

3285
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:52,800
Thanks to Google Translate and 
similar Services which can 

3286
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:56,500
handle dozens of languages with 
increasing sophistication new 

3287
02:50:56,500 --> 02:50:58,900
types of spatial writing in 
which text is embedded in 

3288
02:50:58,908 --> 02:51:01,400
three-dimensional. 
Environments are starting to be 

3289
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:04,600
made possible by augmented 
reality and virtual reality 

3290
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:08,300
Technologies. 
Future authors May create text 

3291
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:11,600
that floats in space, reacts to 
movement and changes. 

3292
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:14,300
Depending on the reader's 
perspective and interaction as 

3293
02:51:14,300 --> 02:51:17,700
an alternative to writing on 
flat surfaces although they are 

3294
02:51:17,700 --> 02:51:21,000
still in the experimental stage 
grain computer interfaces, raise

3295
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:23,900
the prospect of direct neural 
control over text composition. 

3296
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:27,200
people may have eventually be 
able to think words that are 

3297
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:30,300
automatically translated into 
written communication rather 

3298
02:51:30,300 --> 02:51:34,200
than speaking typing or writing 
by hand, the permanents and 

3299
02:51:34,208 --> 02:51:36,700
accuracy of writing could be 
paired with the quickness and 

3300
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:39,800
closeness of thought, despite 
all of these technological 

3301
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:43,200
advancements, righting primary 
function hasn't changed since 

3302
02:51:43,200 --> 02:51:47,600
the first cave paintings were 
created 40,000 years ago, We 

3303
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:50,900
continue to use writing to lead 
behind traces of our existence 

3304
02:51:50,900 --> 02:51:53,700
while outlive our actual 
physical presence in the world. 

3305
02:51:53,700 --> 02:51:58,100
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

3306
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:02,100
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

3307
02:52:02,100 --> 02:52:05,900
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

3308
02:52:05,900 --> 02:52:07,900
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

3309
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,800
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a 

3310
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:14,700
handprint in Chauvet, cave and 
the social media user, who posts

3311
02:52:14,700 --> 02:52:16,600
a status update today in 
reality. 

3312
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:20,000
The story of writing is the 
story of human connection and 

3313
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:23,100
the tenacious will to transcend 
the boundaries of personal 

3314
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,000
awareness. 
From Sumerian cuneiform to 

3315
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:29,800
contemporary digital text, every
writing system aims to address 

3316
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:33,200
the same fundamental issue. 
How can we communicate our 

3317
02:52:33,200 --> 02:52:35,100
thoughts to those who aren't 
there in person? 

3318
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:38,300
How can we ensure that our 
thoughts and due on our own 

3319
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:40,500
death? 
From those initial symbolic 

3320
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:43,300
inscriptions on Cave walls, we 
have come along way. 

3321
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:46,400
The greatest Scholars of 
antique, which he could not have

3322
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:48,900
predicted the amount of written 
knowledge of available to a 

3323
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,800
child learning to read today. 
Professional scribes in 

3324
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:54,600
medieval, monasteries are not as
quick at writing as the teen 

3325
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:58,200
texting friends compared to the 
most powerful rulers of previous

3326
02:52:58,200 --> 02:53:00,300
centuries. 
The office worker writing an 

3327
02:53:00,300 --> 02:53:02,800
email has greater access to 
information and communication 

3328
02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:05,200
tools. 
However, the magic is 

3329
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:08,900
essentially unchanged the same 
miracle that astounded our 

3330
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:12,200
ancestors and still astounds us 
when we pause to consider. 

3331
02:53:12,200 --> 02:53:14,800
It is happening to you as you 
read these words right now, 

3332
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:19,100
ideas generated in one mind 
being replicated in another mind

3333
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:23,500
across time and space using only
marks on a Surface, he had a 

3334
02:53:23,500 --> 02:53:27,400
printed page, the digital 
screen, a Papyrus scroll, a cave

3335
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:30,200
wall or a clay tablet. 
The Wander endures. 

3336
02:53:30,200 --> 02:53:33,900
Despite changes in technology. 
Although the particular tools 

3337
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:37,800
change over time the basic human
desire to connect communicate 

3338
02:53:37,800 --> 02:53:40,000
and share Consciousness, never 
changes. 

3339
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:44,800
From ancient pictographs to 
contemporary Emoji writing in 

3340
02:53:44,800 --> 02:53:48,200
all its forms symbolizes 
Humanity's, continuous effort to

3341
02:53:48,200 --> 02:53:51,000
go beyond the confines of 
personal experience and 

3342
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:54,000
establish a common meaning 
across the enormous gaps that 

3343
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:57,600
divide different Minds every 
text message, email and comment 

3344
02:53:57,600 --> 02:53:59,900
you send contributes to the 
extensive dialogue. 

3345
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:02,800
That people have been having via
writing for more than 5,000 

3346
02:54:02,800 --> 02:54:05,300
years. 
Not only are you utilizing 

3347
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:08,700
technology but you are also 
engaging in one of the oldest 

3348
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:12,000
and most fundamental human 
Endeavors which has been updated

3349
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:14,900
with contemporary instruments 
while maintaining its Timeless 

3350
02:54:14,900 --> 02:54:17,400
objectives. 
Today's kids will grow up in a 

3351
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:19,500
world where voice recognition 
replaces typing. 

3352
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:23,000
Artificial intelligence helps 
with writing real-time 

3353
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:26,400
translation eliminates language 
barriers and new technologies 

3354
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:29,100
that we can hardly fathom will 
continue to revolutionize the 

3355
02:54:29,100 --> 02:54:32,300
way people write and 
communicate, however, they will 

3356
02:54:32,308 --> 02:54:34,700
continue to use writing for the 
same purposes. 

3357
02:54:34,700 --> 02:54:38,000
That humans have always used it 
for Memory preservation, 

3358
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:42,100
knowledge exchange, creative, 
expression, relationship, 

3359
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,700
building and Bridging, the Gap 
between two, different 

3360
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:46,900
consciousnesses one, word at a 
time. 

3361
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:50,000
Billions of people worldwide are
writing the future of writing 

3362
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:52,400
today. 
The great human endeavor of 

3363
02:54:52,408 --> 02:54:55,300
making thoughts permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

3364
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:58,800
scientist recording. 
New discoveries students taking 

3365
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:02,300
notes in class. 
Poets, writing verses journalist

3366
02:55:02,300 --> 02:55:05,200
covering current affairs, 
friends communicating over 

3367
02:55:05,200 --> 02:55:08,100
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

3368
02:55:08,100 --> 02:55:11,300
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

3369
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,300
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

3370
02:55:14,308 --> 02:55:16,700
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

3371
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:19,800
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

3372
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:22,200
the Cozy space's between waking 
and sleeping. 

3373
02:55:23,200 --> 02:55:26,700
You're connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

3374
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:30,600
share an idea, preserve a 
thought or reach across time to 

3375
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,700
touch another Mind through the 
book, you're reading the device 

3376
02:55:33,700 --> 02:55:36,600
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

3377
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:39,800
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

3378
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:42,700
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

3379
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:45,900
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

3380
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,500
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

3381
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:51,200
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about far away 

3382
02:55:51,200 --> 02:55:53,700
places and made up friends, 
their eyes, enlarged. 

3383
02:55:54,300 --> 02:55:56,200
From medieval apprentices 
learning to form. 

3384
02:55:56,200 --> 02:55:58,500
Letters with quill pens to 
children in one room. 

3385
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,000
School houses, the Borussia 
copying letters. 

3386
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:04,200
On slate boards, they are 
continuing a tradition that 

3387
02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:06,200
dates back to ancient. 
Samaritan school children 

3388
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:08,300
practicing their cuneiform on 
clay tablets. 

3389
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:11,700
A writer is working on a story 
that could be read for centuries

3390
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:15,000
to come somewhere tonight. 
Picking every word with the same

3391
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:18,000
care that unites all 
storytellers who have ever 

3392
02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:20,400
attempted to permanently depict 
Human Experience. 

3393
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:24,000
Even though they are writing on 
a computer, they are performing 

3394
02:56:24,000 --> 02:56:27,100
the same, fundamental tasks, as 
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.

3395
02:56:27,100 --> 02:56:30,600
The scribes who documented King,
Arthur stories, all the 

3396
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:34,000
innumerable bars who turned oral
Traditions into written works 

3397
02:56:34,000 --> 02:56:36,400
tonight. 
Assign a scientist is adding 

3398
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:38,600
their observations to the 
extensive body of human 

3399
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:40,500
knowledge that started with 
Mesopotamian. 

3400
02:56:40,500 --> 02:56:43,500
Astronomers recording the 
Motions of planets and stars 

3401
02:56:43,500 --> 02:56:45,700
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

3402
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:48,800
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

3403
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:53,300
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

3404
02:56:53,300 --> 02:56:55,700
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

3405
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:58,900
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

3406
02:56:58,900 --> 02:57:01,900
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

3407
02:57:01,900 --> 02:57:05,200
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

3408
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:08,000
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondence that kept 

3409
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:11,300
relationships, strong over years
of separation, lovers who are 

3410
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:14,500
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

3411
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:16,700
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

3412
02:57:17,900 --> 02:57:21,200
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

3413
02:57:21,200 --> 02:57:23,100
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

3414
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:25,700
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via written 

3415
02:57:25,700 --> 02:57:28,400
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

3416
02:57:28,400 --> 02:57:31,100
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

3417
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:33,400
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

3418
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:36,200
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

3419
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:40,800
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom The 

3420
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,600
fundamental purpose of these 
family histories is the same as 

3421
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:47,700
that of the great historical 
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any

3422
02:57:47,700 --> 02:57:49,500
other Chronicle of Human 
Experience. 

3423
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:52,300
Even though they may never be 
published or read widely 

3424
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:56,200
somewhere tonight, the student 
is engaged in the same process 

3425
02:57:56,200 --> 02:57:57,800
of acquiring and preserving 
knowledge. 

3426
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:00,600
That has propelled, human 
learning since the founding of 

3427
02:58:00,600 --> 02:58:03,900
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

3428
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:06,000
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

3429
02:58:06,000 --> 02:58:08,100
world. 
Their computer files and 

3430
02:58:08,108 --> 02:58:10,900
notebooks represent the most 
recent development in Humanities

3431
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:14,700
continuous Endeavor to transmit 
Knowledge from one generation to

3432
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:16,900
the next. 
Someone is writing in a diary 

3433
02:58:16,900 --> 02:58:19,800
somewhere tonight, documenting, 
the minutiae of everyday 

3434
02:58:19,800 --> 02:58:22,300
existence that will eventually 
give historians a better 

3435
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:25,800
understanding of how we lived 
what we valued and what we were 

3436
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:28,500
concerned about. 
They are carrying on the 

3437
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:32,000
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 
chronicled life in London in the

3438
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,900
17th century and Frank, who 
chronicled her experience as 

3439
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:39,400
during World War 2 and in 
numerable others, who recognize 

3440
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:42,200
that ordinary life. 
When Faithfully documented 

3441
02:58:42,200 --> 02:58:45,900
gradually transforms into the 
extraordinary somewhere tonight,

3442
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:50,100
a poet is carrying on Humanity's
oldest literary tradition by 

3443
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:53,400
trying to find the perfect words
to convey in emotion or 

3444
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:56,100
experience, that has never been 
sufficiently conveyed before. 

3445
02:58:57,200 --> 02:59:00,900
They are part of the same 
tradition as Homer sappho Lee by

3446
02:59:00,900 --> 02:59:04,700
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 
poets who have attempted to use 

3447
02:59:04,708 --> 02:59:07,200
language to create Beauty. 
And meaning, even though they 

3448
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:10,500
may share their work on social 
media, instead of performing it 

3449
02:59:10,500 --> 02:59:13,900
in Royal courts, all of these 
individuals along with Millions 

3450
02:59:13,900 --> 02:59:17,400
more are contributing their 
words to the extensive dialogue 

3451
02:59:17,400 --> 02:59:19,500
that started. 
When the first human decided 

3452
02:59:19,500 --> 02:59:23,300
that thoughts were too valuable 
to rely solely on memory. 

3453
02:59:24,400 --> 02:59:27,300
This means that the story of 
writing is not yet complete 

3454
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:30,700
every research paper, Love 
Letter grocery list. 

3455
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:34,300
And status update adds to The 
Continuous, human endeavor of 

3456
02:59:34,308 --> 02:59:37,300
making the transient permanent 
and the invisible visible. 

3457
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:40,700
Not only you reading this story,
dear reader, but you are also 

3458
02:59:40,700 --> 02:59:43,900
contributing to its creation. 
Each time you send a message, 

3459
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:47,500
write an email, write a note or 
Express an idea in writing 

3460
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:50,700
you're taking part in one of the
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 

3461
02:59:50,700 --> 02:59:53,800
in human history. 
You are contributing your voice 

3462
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:56,400
to a dialogue that has been 
going on for thousands of years 

3463
02:59:56,400 --> 03:00:00,100
and will continue for thousands 
more just as we can hardly 

3464
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:01,900
imagine what writing 
Technologies are. 

3465
03:00:01,908 --> 03:00:05,300
Great grandchildren will take 
for granted the Lasko cave 

3466
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:06,800
painters. 
Could never have imagined 

3467
03:00:06,800 --> 03:00:10,600
smartphones and social media. 
However, despite all 

3468
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:14,300
technological advancements, the 
basic human urges that drive 

3469
03:00:14,300 --> 03:00:17,900
writing the need to remember. 
Communicate, share preserve and 

3470
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:21,600
create remain constant. 
Allow yourself to feel a part of

3471
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:25,000
this enormous human endeavor as 
you go to sleep tonight, you 

3472
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:27,700
might dream of future 
Technologies and ancient scribes

3473
03:00:27,700 --> 03:00:31,000
of writers and glowing screens 
and storytellers around 

3474
03:00:31,000 --> 03:00:34,300
campfires of children, learning 
their letters and Elders. 

3475
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,400
Keeping their memories alive. 
They are a part of your story 

3476
03:00:37,400 --> 03:00:39,800
and you are part of theirs. 
Rest. 

3477
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:42,000
Well, and dream of all the 
stories that have not. 

3478
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:44,600
Yet been told all the 
discoveries that have not yet 

3479
03:00:44,600 --> 03:00:47,400
been documented, all the 
connections that have not yet 

3480
03:00:47,400 --> 03:00:50,800
been made and all the ideas that
have not yet been able to move 

3481
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:55,500
from page to page in your mind. 
You dear reader, dear writer 

3482
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:58,800
dear participant in the ancient 
and continuing Human Adventure. 

3483
03:00:58,800 --> 03:01:02,000
Will contribute to the writing 
of the greatest chapter of the 

3484
03:01:02,000 --> 03:01:03,700
writing story. 
Good night. 

3485
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:05,300
And I hope your words are heard 
tomorrow. 

3486
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:13,500
Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted 8 Hour luxury. 

3487
03:01:13,500 --> 03:01:17,300
You wants new in another life, 
instead, you dozed fitfully 

3488
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:21,100
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

3489
03:01:21,108 --> 03:01:24,700
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large, moving through 

3490
03:01:24,700 --> 03:01:28,700
the brush outside in the gentle 
snoring of your cavemen curled 

3491
03:01:28,700 --> 03:01:31,000
around the dying, Embers of last
night's fire. 

3492
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:34,900
Your bed is a carefully arranged
pile of Furs and dried grasses 

3493
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:37,400
position. 
Just far enough from the cave 

3494
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:38,900
mouth to avoid the morning. 
Chill. 

3495
03:01:38,900 --> 03:01:41,400
But close enough to make a quick
Escape if needed. 

3496
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:45,100
Yes, the escape plans were part 
of interior decorating back. 

3497
03:01:45,100 --> 03:01:48,600
Then, the stone beneath you has 
been worn Smooth by countless 

3498
03:01:48,600 --> 03:01:52,300
nights of human body seeking 
comfort and honestly it's not 

3499
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:54,500
terrible. 
Once you pile on enough Mammoth 

3500
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:58,600
hide Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

3501
03:01:58,600 --> 03:02:01,000
you wrenched wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn root 

3502
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:04,200
vegetable last week. 
Still protests You notice the 

3503
03:02:04,200 --> 03:02:05,800
familiar ache in your lower 
back. 

3504
03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:09,900
Living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous low

3505
03:02:09,900 --> 03:02:13,100
intensity exercise regimen that 
would leave modern Fitness 

3506
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:15,800
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

3507
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:19,000
The fire pit, still glows 
faintly in the center of your 

3508
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:21,400
cave home. 
Keeping it alive through the 

3509
03:02:21,400 --> 03:02:24,400
night was everyone's 
responsibility because starting 

3510
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:27,500
a new fire from scratch was 
about as far as performing 

3511
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:30,600
surgery with stone tools, which 
come to think of it. 

3512
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:33,700
Sometimes happened you pad over 
on bare feet that have 

3513
03:02:33,700 --> 03:02:35,700
developed, Souls tougher than 
any boot leather. 

3514
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:39,000
Adding a few small branches to 
coax the Flame's back to life. 

3515
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:42,400
The morning ritual begins with 
checking your body for new 

3516
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,300
aches, Cuts or mysterious 
bruises that appeared overnight.

3517
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:49,100
Living near nature, often 
results in it leaving its mark 

3518
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,400
on your shin or forearm. 
Today's inventory reveals a 

3519
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:54,600
scratch on your thumb from 
yesterday's Flint, knapping 

3520
03:02:54,600 --> 03:02:57,800
session and a tender spot on 
your hip where you misjudge the 

3521
03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:00,800
height of a boulder. 
This is a common occurrence, 

3522
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:04,300
your stomach announces itself 
with a rumble that Echoes 

3523
03:03:04,300 --> 03:03:08,000
slightly off the cave walls. 
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 

3524
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:10,700
refrigerator mainly because 
refrigerators won't be invented 

3525
03:03:10,700 --> 03:03:14,800
for another 40,000 years or so, 
instead your morning meal 

3526
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:18,900
depends entirely on yesterday's 
success at Gathering hunting or 

3527
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:21,200
the ancient art of convincing 
someone else to share their 

3528
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:23,600
food. 
You peer outside the cave, 

3529
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:26,700
entrance quinting against the 
growing daylight, the world 

3530
03:03:26,700 --> 03:03:30,600
stretches out before you in 
Endless, green broken by Rocky 

3531
03:03:30,600 --> 03:03:33,500
outcroppings, and the distant 
glimmer of the river that serves

3532
03:03:33,500 --> 03:03:36,100
as your neighborhood's. 
Main Street grocery store and 

3533
03:03:36,100 --> 03:03:38,500
Community Center all rolled into
one. 

3534
03:03:39,200 --> 03:03:43,100
The air carries the center of 
pine resin damper and something 

3535
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:45,900
that might be Smoke From Another
group's fire miles away. 

3536
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:49,100
Where the prediction was a 
survival skill back there. 

3537
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:53,800
Not casual conversation, you 
scan the sky with the intensity 

3538
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:56,800
of a meteorologist. 
Reading Cloud patterns like a 

3539
03:03:56,800 --> 03:04:00,000
morning newspaper. 
Those wispy streaks to the West 

3540
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:03,100
suggest wind later which could 
mean Rain by evening. 

3541
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:05,800
Thought makes you mentally 
catalog. 

3542
03:04:05,800 --> 03:04:09,400
The caves water containers, 
mostly animal, bladders, and 

3543
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:12,000
carefully shaped gourds that 
took weeks to perfect. 

3544
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:16,200
A sound from deeper in the cave,
indicates your companions are 

3545
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:19,200
stirring. 
There's grack who snoring, could

3546
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:21,500
wake the dead and occasionally 
did wake the living at 

3547
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:24,600
inconvenient moments? 
He's already sitting up running 

3548
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:27,200
thick fingers through hair. 
That defies any attempt at 

3549
03:04:27,208 --> 03:04:29,900
styling, not that styling 
products were readily available.

3550
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:33,100
Aside him mirror stretches like 
a cat. 

3551
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:37,000
Her movements graceful, despite 
sleeping on Stone and fur. 

3552
03:04:37,700 --> 03:04:41,200
The day ahead holds the usual 
uncertainty food needs to be 

3553
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:44,700
found tools require maintenance 
and Somewhere Out There 

3554
03:04:44,700 --> 03:04:47,600
opportunities and dangers 
waiting equal measure. 

3555
03:04:48,600 --> 03:04:52,200
But first, there is the simple 
joy of living in a world where 

3556
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:55,300
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 
triumphs against the challenges,

3557
03:04:55,300 --> 03:04:58,900
your feet, find their way to the
cave entrance, and you stand 

3558
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,600
there for a moment breathing in 
the morning are that tastes 

3559
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:03,200
cleaner than anything you could 
imagine. 

3560
03:05:04,300 --> 03:05:07,500
The sun climbs, higher 
promising, warmth later and 

3561
03:05:07,500 --> 03:05:10,800
somewhere in the distance, a 
bird calls with the kind of pure

3562
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:13,900
joy, that makes you remember. 
Why being alive even in the 

3563
03:05:13,900 --> 03:05:17,900
Stone Age, has its moments of 
absolute perfection finding 

3564
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:21,000
breakfast in the Paleolithic era
was like playing the world's 

3565
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:24,000
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

3566
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:25,900
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

3567
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,600
You step outside the cave bare 
feet, immediately registering 

3568
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:33,200
the temperature and texture of 
the ground information. 

3569
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:36,300
Your modern brain would dismiss 
but your ancient instincts 

3570
03:05:36,300 --> 03:05:39,900
catalog automatically, The 
morning dew is settled on 

3571
03:05:39,900 --> 03:05:43,700
everything, turning spider, webs
into jeweled masterpieces and 

3572
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:46,300
making certain rocks. 
Slippery enough to turn a casual

3573
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:48,400
stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session. 

3574
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:51,900
Having experienced this lesson 
first hand, several times. 

3575
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:55,500
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

3576
03:05:55,500 --> 03:05:57,100
Remains the Same in the stone 
ages. 

3577
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:00,500
It does everywhere else. 
Your stomach rumbles again, more

3578
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:03,300
insistently. 
This time, you've noticed that 

3579
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:06,100
the human digestive system 
doesn't care about the 

3580
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:08,100
historical significance of your 
situation. 

3581
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:12,200
It's simply craves food. 
Ideally as soon as possible. 

3582
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:15,300
This morning's breakfast menu 
depends entirely on your 

3583
03:06:15,308 --> 03:06:17,700
knowledge of what's edible 
versus what's decorative. 

3584
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,700
Versus what's deadly? 
It's like being a contestant on 

3585
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:24,000
the world's most dangerous 
cooking show. 20 yards from the 

3586
03:06:24,000 --> 03:06:25,900
cave, you spot a cluster of 
berry bushes. 

3587
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:28,800
That wasn't there yesterday 
actually they were there 

3588
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:31,500
yesterday but your brain is 
still learning to see food 

3589
03:06:31,500 --> 03:06:33,900
sources instead of just green 
stuff. 

3590
03:06:33,900 --> 03:06:37,500
The berries, a small and dark 
purple and past the preliminary 

3591
03:06:37,500 --> 03:06:41,200
tests birds have been eating 
them without falling over and 

3592
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,200
they smell, right? 
You taste one carefully letting 

3593
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:47,000
the flavor register fully before
committing to a handful. 

3594
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:50,200
They are sweet. 
Slightly tart and have a texture

3595
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:52,000
that suggests. 
They won't cause immediate 

3596
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:56,600
digestive Rebellion success. 
Gathering enough to satisfy your

3597
03:06:56,600 --> 03:06:59,700
hunger, you remain vigilant for 
potential opportunities. 

3598
03:07:00,700 --> 03:07:04,000
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 
often a progressive meal eaten 

3599
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:06,300
as you found it, rather than 
sitting down to a prepared 

3600
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:08,500
plate. 
Near the berry bushes. 

3601
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:10,600
A cluster of what you've learned
are. 

3602
03:07:10,600 --> 03:07:12,400
Edible roots, pokes through the 
soil. 

3603
03:07:13,200 --> 03:07:15,100
Digging them up. 
Requires the sharp stick you 

3604
03:07:15,108 --> 03:07:18,300
carved last week, an Excavating 
Roots turns out to be excellent 

3605
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:20,700
exercise for muscle groups. 
You didn't know existed. 

3606
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:25,000
The roots are starchy filling 
and tastes vaguely, like 

3607
03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:26,900
potatoes. 
If potatoes had been designed by

3608
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:29,200
someone, who'd only heard a 
rough description of what food 

3609
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:31,700
should taste. 
Like a flash of movement catches

3610
03:07:31,700 --> 03:07:34,900
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 
the peculiar way. 

3611
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:37,100
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

3612
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:40,500
Absolutely, still. 
Your hand moves slowly toward 

3613
03:07:40,500 --> 03:07:44,300
the throwing stick tucked into 
your woven grass belt. rabbit 

3614
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,000
would be a protein upgrade to 
this morning's vegetarian fare 

3615
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:51,000
but hunting requires a 
combination of skill luck and 

3616
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:53,600
the kind of patients that 
doesn't come naturally when your

3617
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:57,400
stomach is demanding immediate 
attention The throwing stick is 

3618
03:07:57,400 --> 03:08:00,300
a Marvel of Stone Age, 
engineering basically a 

3619
03:08:00,300 --> 03:08:02,700
carefully balanced, wooden 
projectile that you've practiced

3620
03:08:02,700 --> 03:08:05,500
with until your shoulder aches. 
The wrap it remains. 

3621
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:09,400
Motionless probably calculating 
its odds of Escape vs the energy

3622
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:12,700
cost of sudden movement. 
You shift your weight slowly 

3623
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:15,300
raise. 
The stick with movements, smooth

3624
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:17,200
enough, not to trigger the 
rabbits flight response. 

3625
03:08:17,200 --> 03:08:19,500
Then a branch cracks somewhere 
behind you. 

3626
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:23,200
Probably Greg stumbling around 
looking for his breakfast and 

3627
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:27,600
the rabbit vanishes in a blur of
brown fur and indignation You're

3628
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:30,800
throwing sticks sails through 
empty air and lands with a 

3629
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:32,400
disappointed thud against a tree
trunk. 

3630
03:08:33,200 --> 03:08:38,000
So much for upgraded protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

3631
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:41,100
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

3632
03:08:41,100 --> 03:08:44,100
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

3633
03:08:45,000 --> 03:08:47,300
The berries and Roots will have 
to suffice for now. 

3634
03:08:47,300 --> 03:08:50,100
Supplemented by the memory of. 
Yes, yesterday, successful. 

3635
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:53,700
Fishing Expedition. 
Walking back toward the cave. 

3636
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:56,200
You notice Mira has discovered a
bird's nest with eggs. 

3637
03:08:56,200 --> 03:08:58,900
The kind of find that makes 
everyone's morning. 

3638
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:02,500
Significantly brighter eggs are 
perfect food packages. 

3639
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:05,500
Assuming you can convince their 
parents that you need them more 

3640
03:09:05,500 --> 03:09:08,700
than the unhatched occupants. 
Do the negotiation typically 

3641
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,400
involves quick hands and faster.
Feet is when the parents are 

3642
03:09:12,400 --> 03:09:14,900
larger birds with strong 
opinions about egg ownership, 

3643
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:18,100
the morning meal shapes up to be
a combination of your berries 

3644
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:22,000
and Roots, shared eggs and some 
leftover fish that crack managed

3645
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:25,400
not to eat entirely yesterday. 
It's not exactly a gourmet 

3646
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:28,900
breakfast but it contains 
calories nutrients and the 

3647
03:09:28,908 --> 03:09:31,300
satisfaction of having 
successfully gathered at 

3648
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,000
yourself from a world that 
doesn't deliver food to your 

3649
03:09:34,008 --> 03:09:36,300
door. 
Sitting on a sun warmed. 

3650
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:40,700
Rock outside the cave, you eat 
slowly savoring flavors that are

3651
03:09:40,700 --> 03:09:44,400
simple direct and somehow more 
satisfying than you expected. 

3652
03:09:44,400 --> 03:09:47,700
The food tastes like work. 
Like success. 

3653
03:09:47,700 --> 03:09:51,000
Like the peculiar Pride, that 
comes from feeding yourself 

3654
03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:54,500
through knowledge and effort, 
rather than convenience your 

3655
03:09:54,500 --> 03:09:55,900
stomach, settles into 
contentment. 

3656
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:58,700
And the day ahead seems more 
manageable with breakfast 

3657
03:09:58,700 --> 03:10:02,900
accomplished, the sun rises 
higher warming, the rocks, and 

3658
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:05,300
your shoulders. 
Somewhere in the distance. 

3659
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:08,200
You can hear the river calling 
with Promises of fish and the 

3660
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:11,200
kind of morning bath that wakes 
up every nerve ending at once. 

3661
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:14,000
After breakfast. 
Your attention, turns to the 

3662
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,000
Daily maintenance tasks that 
keeps donation life functional. 

3663
03:10:17,000 --> 03:10:20,900
Your toolkit needs inspection 
and in a world where the nearest

3664
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,300
hardware store won't exist for 
several Millennia. 

3665
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,600
Tool maintenance isn't optional,
its survival. 

3666
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:30,300
You settle onto a Flat Rock that
serves as your workbench 

3667
03:10:30,300 --> 03:10:33,400
spreading out your collection of
implements with the care of a 

3668
03:10:33,408 --> 03:10:36,800
surge in a instruments. 
There's the knife you chipped 

3669
03:10:36,800 --> 03:10:39,700
from Flint to weeks ago. 
Its Edge still sharp enough to 

3670
03:10:39,700 --> 03:10:42,600
slice through high but showing 
tiny Nicks from yesterday's 

3671
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:45,800
route, digging Expedition. 
You've bound the spear tip which

3672
03:10:45,800 --> 03:10:49,000
required three attempts to 
perfect, to its wooden shaft 

3673
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:51,800
with such meticulous, sinu 
wrapping that it almost appears 

3674
03:10:51,800 --> 03:10:54,700
decorative. 
Flint, knapping the art of 

3675
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:58,000
striking stone with stone to 
create sharp edges requires the 

3676
03:10:58,008 --> 03:11:01,300
kind of focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like,

3677
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:05,200
multitasking, you choose a piece
of flint testing its weight and 

3678
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:07,600
density with fingers that have 
learned to read Stone like 

3679
03:11:07,600 --> 03:11:10,800
others, read books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

3680
03:11:10,800 --> 03:11:14,500
in your palm its surface one 
Smooth by countless impacts. 

3681
03:11:15,200 --> 03:11:18,900
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

3682
03:11:18,900 --> 03:11:23,800
feet with a tiny click success. 
You turn the flints slightly 

3683
03:11:23,800 --> 03:11:27,400
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

3684
03:11:27,400 --> 03:11:29,700
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

3685
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:37,300
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

3686
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:39,200
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

3687
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:42,100
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

3688
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:45,700
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, 

3689
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:48,900
waivers for just a moment, and 
the Hammerstone catches, the 

3690
03:11:48,900 --> 03:11:51,900
Flint at the wrong angle, 
instead of a clean chip, a large

3691
03:11:51,908 --> 03:11:55,200
chunk breaks away, taking half 
your emerging Blade with it. 

3692
03:11:56,000 --> 03:11:58,700
The Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

3693
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:01,400
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

3694
03:12:01,400 --> 03:12:04,900
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined Flint aside 

3695
03:12:04,900 --> 03:12:07,900
and reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself, that failure

3696
03:12:07,900 --> 03:12:09,500
is just another word for 
practice. 

3697
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:14,100
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

3698
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:16,400
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

3699
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:20,300
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

3700
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:23,900
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharp enough to make you 

3701
03:12:23,900 --> 03:12:27,100
respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

3702
03:12:27,100 --> 03:12:30,800
just making new implements your 
spare shaft has developed a 

3703
03:12:30,800 --> 03:12:33,900
small crack near The Binding. 
The kind of floor that could 

3704
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:35,500
turn a hunting trip into a 
disaster. 

3705
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:38,500
If left unattended. 
You unwrap the sin, you 

3706
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:40,700
carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

3707
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:43,900
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

3708
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:47,600
grain which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

3709
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:51,500
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet, 

3710
03:12:51,500 --> 03:12:54,200
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

3711
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:56,200
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

3712
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,600
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

3713
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:03,600
stronger than the original wood.
It's the Stone Age. 

3714
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:07,800
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive in the tape, fire 

3715
03:13:07,800 --> 03:13:09,300
maintenance to demands his 
attention. 

3716
03:13:10,600 --> 03:13:13,300
The coals from last night of 
settled into a bed of Embers, 

3717
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:16,600
perfect for cooking but needing 
encouragement to Flame up again.

3718
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:21,500
You add small kindling, dry 
grass thin Twigs, strips of 

3719
03:13:21,508 --> 03:13:24,000
Birchbox that catch fire. 
Like they were designed for the 

3720
03:13:24,008 --> 03:13:26,900
purpose. 
The Flames respond eagerly 

3721
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:29,200
crackling to life with the kind 
of enthusiasm. 

3722
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:32,100
That makes you appreciate 
Humanities ancient partnership 

3723
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:36,100
with controlled combustion. 
Keeping the fire alive was a 

3724
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:39,000
community responsibility that 
rotated among the caves 

3725
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:42,700
inhabitants today, is your turn 
to be the firekeeper, which 

3726
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:45,700
means feeding it, regularly 
banking the coals for cooking 

3727
03:13:45,700 --> 03:13:48,400
and most importantly, never 
letting it die completely. 

3728
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:53,300
Starting a fire from scratch. 
Using flint and steel, or rather

3729
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,500
flint and iron pyrite. 
Since steel won't be invented 

3730
03:13:56,500 --> 03:14:00,900
for quite a while is possible, 
but exhausting you practice the 

3731
03:14:00,900 --> 03:14:04,200
Fire Starting technique anyway 
because redundancy keeps you 

3732
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:06,700
alive. 
Strike Flint against pyrite, 

3733
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:10,400
directing the Sparks into a nest
of the finest driest into. 

3734
03:14:10,400 --> 03:14:13,300
You can prepare. 
Cedar bark worked into soft 

3735
03:14:13,300 --> 03:14:16,000
fibers Birch fingers, and dried 
grass. 

3736
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:20,700
So fine, it's almost powder, the
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 

3737
03:14:20,700 --> 03:14:24,300
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coax them into 

3738
03:14:24,308 --> 03:14:27,900
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing, but skill 

3739
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,700
and persistence. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

3740
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:34,000
satisfaction. 
That's hard to describe in a 

3741
03:14:34,000 --> 03:14:36,700
world where most things are 
uncertain being able to create 

3742
03:14:36,700 --> 03:14:39,100
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

3743
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:43,200
Which from the perspective of 
any other animal, you suppose it

3744
03:14:43,200 --> 03:14:45,600
is. 
Your morning's work spreads out 

3745
03:14:45,600 --> 03:14:49,700
around you newly sharpened 
tools, repaired weapons a 

3746
03:14:49,700 --> 03:14:52,100
healthy fire and the kind of 
competence that builds 

3747
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:54,700
confidence. 
These aren't glamorous tasks, 

3748
03:14:54,700 --> 03:14:57,100
but they form the foundation 
that makes everything else 

3749
03:14:57,100 --> 03:15:00,200
possible. 
Every sharp edge, every strong 

3750
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:03,400
binding, and every glowing coal 
represents the difference 

3751
03:15:03,400 --> 03:15:05,300
between thriving and merely 
surviving. 

3752
03:15:06,100 --> 03:15:09,300
The sun has climbed higher while
you worked and the warmth feels 

3753
03:15:09,300 --> 03:15:12,800
good on your shoulders. 
In the distance, you can hear 

3754
03:15:12,800 --> 03:15:15,700
water running over rocks. 
The river calling with Promises 

3755
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,500
of fish and the kind of cooling 
bath that makes hot work worth. 

3756
03:15:18,500 --> 03:15:21,700
While the river Beckham's with 
the sound of water moving over 

3757
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:25,300
Stone's a constant murmur that 
serves as the soundtrack to your

3758
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:27,500
daily life. 
You gather your fishing 

3759
03:15:27,500 --> 03:15:31,700
equipment, the spear with a 
particularly point a net woven 

3760
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:35,000
from plant fibers that took 
weeks to complete and the kind 

3761
03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:37,900
of optimism that comes from 
successful, fishing experiences 

3762
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:40,800
mixed with realistic, 
expectations about fish 

3763
03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:43,100
Behavior. 
The walk to your favorite 

3764
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:46,000
fishing spot takes you through 
terrain, that changes subtly 

3765
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:49,100
with each day's weather today. 
The path has become slightly 

3766
03:15:49,100 --> 03:15:52,700
muddy due to yesterday's brief 
Reign causing footing to become 

3767
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,400
uncertain in areas where the 
clay soil has turned into a 

3768
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,100
slippery surface. 
You've learned to read these 

3769
03:15:58,100 --> 03:16:01,400
conditions automatically 
adjusting your gate to a kind of

3770
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:04,800
spectacular fall that looks 
amusing in hindsight, but feels 

3771
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:07,500
considerably less funny when 
you're picking mud out of 

3772
03:16:07,500 --> 03:16:10,900
uncomfortable places. your 
fishing spot is a bend in the 

3773
03:16:10,908 --> 03:16:13,900
river where the current slows 
and deepens creating a natural 

3774
03:16:13,900 --> 03:16:16,700
pool where fish tend to gather 
The locational. 

3775
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:20,000
So offers a large flat rock that
serves as your observation post 

3776
03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:23,000
position perfectly for both, 
seeing into the water and 

3777
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:25,300
maintaining the kind of 
motionless patients, that 

3778
03:16:25,300 --> 03:16:29,400
successful fishing requires. 
Settling onto the rock. 

3779
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:31,900
You peer into the water with the
focused attention of a 

3780
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:32,700
meditation. 
Master. 

3781
03:16:33,400 --> 03:16:36,500
The surface mirrors, the skiing 
clouds yet beneath that 

3782
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:39,800
reflection is a completely 
different world fish move 

3783
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:42,500
through their domain with the 
Casual confidence of creatures 

3784
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:46,000
who belong exactly where they 
are unaware that you are 

3785
03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:48,600
studying their patterns with the
intensity of a behavioral 

3786
03:16:48,600 --> 03:16:52,100
scientist a large trout. 
You've learned to distinguish 

3787
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,600
species by their movement 
patterns and preferred depths 

3788
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:56,600
holds position near the far 
Bank. 

3789
03:16:56,600 --> 03:17:00,100
Its fins making tiny adjustments
to maintain its place in the 

3790
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:02,900
current it's perfectly 
positioned for a spear throw. 

3791
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:05,900
Assuming you can manage the 
complex physics of refraction 

3792
03:17:05,900 --> 03:17:09,800
water resistance and the fishes 
likely Escape Route all while 

3793
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:12,600
maintaining the balance 
necessary not to fall off your 

3794
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:15,500
rock in to the river. 
Erased, the spear slowly 

3795
03:17:15,500 --> 03:17:18,400
muscles, remembering the 
thousands of practice throws 

3796
03:17:18,400 --> 03:17:21,200
that have taught your arms, the 
proper Ark and release point. 

3797
03:17:22,700 --> 03:17:26,200
The fish remained steady. 
Focused on something Upstream 

3798
03:17:26,200 --> 03:17:28,300
that might be food drifting down
with the current. 

3799
03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:32,500
This is the moment when patience
and preparation meet opportunity

3800
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:35,800
assuming your aim is improved 
since yesterday somewhat 

3801
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:38,800
embarrassing performance. 
The spear leaves your hand, with

3802
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:42,400
the smooth motion of long, 
practice, cutting through air, 

3803
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:46,300
and then water with barely a 
splash. success appears certain 

3804
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:49,600
for a moment, then physics 
asserts itself in the form of 

3805
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,900
water refraction and your spear 
passes harmlessly beneath the 

3806
03:17:52,908 --> 03:17:57,200
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 
of indignant motion that somehow

3807
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,700
manages to look, reproachful, 
Retrieving the spear requires 

3808
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:03,300
wading into water that 
shockingly cold, despite the 

3809
03:18:03,300 --> 03:18:06,500
warm air, the river is a 
collection of smooth Stones, 

3810
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:10,200
Some steady and reliable others.
Perfectly designed to shift, 

3811
03:18:10,200 --> 03:18:13,800
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

3812
03:18:13,800 --> 03:18:17,200
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

3813
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,400
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

3814
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:23,500
rocks and deeper water. 
Requiring, a Wade that brings 

3815
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:27,100
the river level to mid-thigh. 
The cold is invigorating in the 

3816
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:29,100
way that makes you immediately 
understand why? 

3817
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:31,700
Some people voluntarily take 
cold showers while 

3818
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,000
simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

3819
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:37,600
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

3820
03:18:37,600 --> 03:18:40,100
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick efficiency, rather than 

3821
03:18:40,100 --> 03:18:44,400
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

3822
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:47,500
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

3823
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:49,900
warm Stone. 
The net offers different, 

3824
03:18:49,900 --> 03:18:53,800
possibilities less, Precision 
required, but demanding perfect 

3825
03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:56,100
timing, and the ability to read 
fish Behavior. 

3826
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:57,600
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

3827
03:18:57,600 --> 03:19:01,300
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

3828
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:03,100
that indicate where fish are 
likely to swim. 

3829
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:06,400
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

3830
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:09,300
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison. 

3831
03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:12,600
Their following, some underwater
logic, that makes perfect sense 

3832
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:14,700
to them and appears completely 
random to you. 

3833
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:18,400
The net requires positioning 
Downstream from their path then 

3834
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:20,400
patients, while they swim into 
range. 

3835
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:24,700
You slip into the water again, 
moving with exaggerated care to 

3836
03:19:24,700 --> 03:19:27,400
avoid sending vibrations through
the riverbed that would scatter 

3837
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:30,500
your targets. 
The fish continue their 

3838
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:33,100
mysterious choreography, 
occasionally coming 

3839
03:19:33,100 --> 03:19:36,300
tantalizingly close to your nets
range before veering away. 

3840
03:19:36,300 --> 03:19:38,100
As if they've suddenly 
remembered important 

3841
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:41,600
appointments elsewhere, finally 
the schools wandering path. 

3842
03:19:41,600 --> 03:19:43,100
Brings them directly toward your
position. 

3843
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,600
You raise the net slowly waiting
for the moment. 

3844
03:19:46,600 --> 03:19:49,700
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

3845
03:19:49,700 --> 03:19:53,000
space, the technique 
necessitates precise timing. 

3846
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:55,200
If you act to early, the fish 
will scatter. 

3847
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:57,600
And if you act too late, they 
will have already passed 

3848
03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:00,500
through. 
Now the net sweeps through water

3849
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:04,000
and fish with satisfying 
efficiency, and suddenly you're 

3850
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,100
holding breakfast, lunch and 
possibly dinner in woven plant 

3851
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:09,600
fibers. 
The fish flip and struggle with 

3852
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:12,800
understandable urgency and you 
wait quickly to short to 

3853
03:20:12,800 --> 03:20:15,000
transfer them, to the woven 
basket that serves as your 

3854
03:20:15,008 --> 03:20:17,100
portable container. 
Success. 

3855
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,100
Tastes like cold river water and
feels like the quiet 

3856
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:22,700
satisfaction of having fed 
yourself through skill and 

3857
03:20:22,700 --> 03:20:24,900
patience. 
The morning's fishing has 

3858
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:28,200
provided enough protein for the 
day plus extra to share with 

3859
03:20:28,200 --> 03:20:30,700
your cavemen who may have had 
less luck with their own food 

3860
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:34,900
Gathering Expeditions walking 
back toward the cave basket of 

3861
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:37,500
efficient, one hand and wet 
fishing gear in the other, you 

3862
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:40,300
reflect on the peculiar 
satisfaction of having succeeded

3863
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:42,500
as something. 
Your ancestors would recognize 

3864
03:20:42,500 --> 03:20:45,700
and approval of There's 
something deeply right about 

3865
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:48,800
providing food through your own 
efforts even when those efforts 

3866
03:20:48,800 --> 03:20:50,800
occasionally involved falling 
into cold water. 

3867
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:54,400
While chasing fish, that seem to
mock your hunting skills, the 

3868
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:57,400
afternoon sun has reached that 
perfect angle, where it warms 

3869
03:20:57,400 --> 03:21:00,100
without burning. 
Your successful fishing 

3870
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:02,400
Expedition has left. 
You feeling confident enough to 

3871
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:04,300
venture further from the cave 
than usual. 

3872
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:08,300
Today seems like an ideal time 
to explore the valley Beyond The

3873
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:11,000
Ridge where rumor delivered by a
traveling group. 

3874
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:14,400
Last week suggests, there might 
be fruit trees and possibly 

3875
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:16,200
deposits of the particularly 
good. 

3876
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:17,900
Flint, that makes Superior 
tools. 

3877
03:21:17,900 --> 03:21:21,400
You gather exploration supplies 
with the methodical care of 

3878
03:21:21,400 --> 03:21:23,600
someone who has learned that 
preparation prevents most 

3879
03:21:23,600 --> 03:21:26,300
disasters, an improvisation 
handles the rest. 

3880
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:29,300
Your pack consists of a large 
hide bag. 

3881
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:32,700
Containing water in a bladder, 
dried meat from last week's 

3882
03:21:32,700 --> 03:21:35,000
successful hunt for 
multi-purpose knife. 

3883
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:37,300
That's sharp enough to be 
useful, but not so precious, 

3884
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,900
you'd weep if you lost it and 
cordage woven from plant fibers,

3885
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:44,600
that serves approximately 600 
different functions in Stone Age

3886
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:47,300
life. 
The ridge requires a climb that 

3887
03:21:47,308 --> 03:21:50,300
would be considered moderate 
exercise in modern terms, but 

3888
03:21:50,300 --> 03:21:51,900
feels more like a full body 
workout. 

3889
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,000
When you're carrying supplies 
and watching for loose rocks, 

3890
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:57,400
that could turn an afternoon 
hike into a medical emergency, 

3891
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:01,000
your route follows, what might 
charitably be called a path, 

3892
03:22:01,000 --> 03:22:03,500
really? 
Just a series of animal tracks 

3893
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:05,000
connected by your own 
optimistic. 

3894
03:22:05,000 --> 03:22:07,700
Assumptions about the best way 
up steep Terrain. 

3895
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:12,000
Halfway up the ridge. 
You pause to catch your breath 

3896
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:15,000
and immediately understand why 
your ancestors developed such 

3897
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,100
impressive cardiovascular 
systems. 

3898
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:21,000
Every activity in Paleolithic 
life was essentially a fitness 

3899
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:25,300
program designed by someone with
a sadistic sense of humor and a 

3900
03:22:25,300 --> 03:22:27,500
deep commitment to building 
character through physical 

3901
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:30,000
challenge. 
The view from The Ridge Top 

3902
03:22:30,000 --> 03:22:33,700
makes the climb worthwhile. 
The Valleys below you like a 

3903
03:22:33,708 --> 03:22:36,900
green carpet dotted with Silver 
Streams and dark patches that 

3904
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:38,300
might be Groves of the fruit 
trees. 

3905
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:42,300
You'll seeking In the distance 
smoke rises from what's probably

3906
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,600
another group's fire, reminding 
you that you're not alone in 

3907
03:22:45,600 --> 03:22:48,800
this vast landscape just 
temporarily out of the shouting 

3908
03:22:48,800 --> 03:22:51,300
range of your neighbors 
descending, into the valley 

3909
03:22:51,300 --> 03:22:55,000
proves trickier than the ascent 
gravity, assists your progress 

3910
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:58,100
with the kind of helpful. 
Enthusiasm that occasionally 

3911
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:01,000
threatens to turn a controlled 
descent into an uncontrolled 

3912
03:23:01,000 --> 03:23:03,100
tumble. 
You pick your way, carefully 

3913
03:23:03,100 --> 03:23:06,600
down the slope using trees and 
rock outcroppings as handholds 

3914
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:08,400
and trying. 
Not to think about how much 

3915
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:10,400
easier going down is than 
climbing. 

3916
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:14,200
Back up will be The valley floor
reveals itself to be a mixture 

3917
03:23:14,200 --> 03:23:18,300
of opportunity and complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

3918
03:23:18,300 --> 03:23:21,800
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

3919
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:24,600
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

3920
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,300
decoration. 
The good news is many trees are 

3921
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:30,300
heavy with ripe fruit. 
The challenge news is that your 

3922
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:33,300
apparently not the first to 
discover this resource Fresh 

3923
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:35,700
Tracks in the software near the 
largest fruit Grove. 

3924
03:23:35,700 --> 03:23:38,300
Tell a story that makes your 
survival instincts, pay closer 

3925
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:42,500
attention The large paw prints, 
indicating a predator rather 

3926
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:45,900
than prey are so recent, that 
their age is remain Sharp. 

3927
03:23:46,700 --> 03:23:50,000
Bear most likely and probably 
still in the area since Bears 

3928
03:23:50,000 --> 03:23:52,700
tend to stay near excellent food
sources until they've exhausted 

3929
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:55,900
them completely. 
This scenario creates what you 

3930
03:23:55,908 --> 03:23:59,500
might call a tactical situation,
the fruit represents valuable 

3931
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:01,800
calories and nutrients. 
That would improve everyone's 

3932
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:05,900
diet significantly. 
The bear represents the kind of 

3933
03:24:05,908 --> 03:24:08,700
conversation partner, who 
settles disagreements through 

3934
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:12,000
methods that don't typically end
well for the smaller participant

3935
03:24:12,000 --> 03:24:17,200
wisdom, suggests Retreat, hunger
suggests to negotiation Pride, 

3936
03:24:17,200 --> 03:24:19,100
suggest you're probably 
overthinking the whole 

3937
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:22,800
situation, you compromised by 
gathering fruit from trees on 

3938
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:25,800
the periphery of the Grove 
working quickly, but quietly 

3939
03:24:25,800 --> 03:24:29,100
ears tuned for any sound that 
might indicate you're about to 

3940
03:24:29,100 --> 03:24:31,900
have an unexpected encounter 
with the local bear population. 

3941
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:35,800
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

3942
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,800
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

3943
03:24:39,800 --> 03:24:42,600
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps, that 

3944
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:44,100
weigh considerably more than 
yours. 

3945
03:24:45,500 --> 03:24:47,900
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

3946
03:24:47,900 --> 03:24:50,400
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of easy, reach 

3947
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,400
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

3948
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:55,100
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

3949
03:24:55,100 --> 03:24:57,300
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

3950
03:24:57,300 --> 03:24:59,600
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

3951
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:04,000
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

3952
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,900
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

3953
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:10,300
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

3954
03:25:10,300 --> 03:25:13,600
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

3955
03:25:13,600 --> 03:25:17,300
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

3956
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:20,100
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

3957
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:23,900
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

3958
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:26,500
its presence. 
So dramatically after several 

3959
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:28,800
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears, 

3960
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:32,600
You can conclude that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

3961
03:25:32,600 --> 03:25:35,300
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

3962
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:38,500
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

3963
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:41,000
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

3964
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:44,100
Your pack now can contains 
enough fruit to supplement 

3965
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:46,800
several meals? 
Plus the kind of story that will

3966
03:25:46,800 --> 03:25:49,800
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire, the 

3967
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:52,900
discovery of the Flint deposits 
proves anti-climatic after the 

3968
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:56,200
fruit tree Adventure. 
Yes, the stone is excellent 

3969
03:25:56,200 --> 03:25:58,200
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

3970
03:25:58,208 --> 03:26:00,900
working with. 
Yes, there's enough to supply 

3971
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:04,800
your tool making needs for 
months and yes it's located in 

3972
03:26:04,800 --> 03:26:08,300
an easy to access outcropping 
that doesn't require negotiating

3973
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:11,700
with large carnivores. 
You gather several Prime pieces 

3974
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:15,400
of Flint testing each for 
quality and selecting those most

3975
03:26:15,400 --> 03:26:17,200
likely to produce Superior 
tools. 

3976
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:20,700
The additional weight in your 
pack reminds you that the return

3977
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,800
Journey will be more challenging
than the trip down, but a good 

3978
03:26:23,808 --> 03:26:27,500
Flint is worth the extra effort.
The afternoon light has begun 

3979
03:26:27,500 --> 03:26:30,400
its slow slide toward evening. 
By the time you start the 

3980
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:33,700
return, climb your pack. 
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 

3981
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,000
makes the ascent feel like a 
full body strength, training 

3982
03:26:36,000 --> 03:26:39,100
session, designed by someone who
believes suffering, builds 

3983
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:43,200
character each step up the ridge
requires deliberate effort and 

3984
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:45,900
you find yourself developing a 
new appreciation for the concept

3985
03:26:45,900 --> 03:26:49,300
of pack weight distribution, the
return to your cave feels like 

3986
03:26:49,300 --> 03:26:51,100
coming home. 
After a successful Adventure, 

3987
03:26:51,100 --> 03:26:54,500
your pack heavy with the days 
discoveries and your body 

3988
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,000
pleasantly worn out from useful 
exertion. 

3989
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:01,000
Later afternoon, light filters 
through the trees with that gold

3990
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,500
and quality. 
That makes everything look like.

3991
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:06,000
It's been painted by someone who
understands the beauty of 

3992
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:09,400
natural illumination. 
Your cavemen have been busy 

3993
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:12,100
during your absence. 
Mira has constructed what 

3994
03:27:12,100 --> 03:27:15,100
appears to be a fish drying rack
from carefully arranged 

3995
03:27:15,100 --> 03:27:18,400
branches, and several of 
yesterday's catching in neat 

3996
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:20,700
rows. 
Slowly transforming into 

3997
03:27:20,700 --> 03:27:23,400
preserve protein that will last 
much longer than fresh fish. 

3998
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:27,300
Crack has been working on 
something involving a great deal

3999
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:30,100
of scraped hide. 
And what looks like sinu though,

4000
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:32,500
his projects often remain 
mysterious until they reach 

4001
03:27:32,500 --> 03:27:35,400
completion. 
The fruit, you've gathered 

4002
03:27:35,400 --> 03:27:39,100
creates immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

4003
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:41,900
lately and the variety you've 
brought back include several 

4004
03:27:41,900 --> 03:27:43,700
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

4005
03:27:43,700 --> 03:27:47,700
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

4006
03:27:47,700 --> 03:27:50,000
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

4007
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:53,400
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

4008
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:55,400
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

4009
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,500
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

4010
03:27:58,500 --> 03:28:01,500
slightly tart finish and your 
stomach accepts them without 

4011
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,600
protest. 
Success dinner will be 

4012
03:28:04,600 --> 03:28:06,500
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

4013
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:10,200
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

4014
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:14,600
perishable food, into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

4015
03:28:14,600 --> 03:28:16,700
Discovery. 
Generate a different kind of 

4016
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:19,400
enthusiasm. 
Graphic examined. 

4017
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:23,000
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert, testing 

4018
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:25,600
density and grain structure with
technique, you're still 

4019
03:28:25,608 --> 03:28:28,600
learning. 
Good, Flint means better tools 

4020
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:31,800
which means more successful 
hunting and Gathering which 

4021
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:34,700
means improved odds of thriving 
rather than merely surviving. 

4022
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:37,700
His evening approaches, the 
ritual of fire. 

4023
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:41,400
Building begins today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

4024
03:28:41,400 --> 03:28:43,200
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

4025
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,000
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

4026
03:28:46,000 --> 03:28:49,600
around Flames while sharing the 
days experiences you add a 

4027
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:51,600
portion of fuel. 
And soon the cave, entrance 

4028
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:54,500
glows with cheerful light 
pushing back, the growing 

4029
03:28:54,500 --> 03:28:58,200
Darkness outside cooking in the 
Stone, Age requires timing 

4030
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:01,900
attention and acceptance, the 
Precision isn't always possible.

4031
03:29:01,900 --> 03:29:05,200
The fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

4032
03:29:05,200 --> 03:29:07,700
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

4033
03:29:07,700 --> 03:29:10,700
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

4034
03:29:10,700 --> 03:29:14,000
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

4035
03:29:14,000 --> 03:29:17,500
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

4036
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:19,900
hard starch becomes something 
approaching tender. 

4037
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:24,300
Fruit needs no cooking but some 
of it gets wrapped in leaves and

4038
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,400
placed near the fires Edge, 
where gentle heat, concentrates 

4039
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,000
the flavors and creates 
something resembling A Primitive

4040
03:29:30,000 --> 03:29:32,800
desert. 
The result tastes like 

4041
03:29:32,800 --> 03:29:36,100
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

4042
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,200
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

4043
03:29:39,200 --> 03:29:41,000
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

4044
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:44,800
Meal time in your small 
community follows informal. 

4045
03:29:44,800 --> 03:29:47,400
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

4046
03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:52,000
Harmony Everyone shares the food
based on their contributions and

4047
03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:54,600
needs today. 
Successful fishing Expedition 

4048
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:56,600
earns you a larger portion of 
the evening meal. 

4049
03:29:56,600 --> 03:29:59,300
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

4050
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:01,800
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

4051
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:04,700
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

4052
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:08,000
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

4053
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:11,100
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

4054
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:12,700
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

4055
03:30:12,700 --> 03:30:17,900
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically mere 

4056
03:30:17,900 --> 03:30:21,200
explains her fish drying 
technique, learned from a group 

4057
03:30:21,208 --> 03:30:24,300
they encountered several weeks 
ago who came from a region where

4058
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,300
preservation methods had evolved
to handle seasonal variations 

4059
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:31,000
and food availability Your 
adventure in the fruit Grove 

4060
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:34,200
gets recounted with the kind of 
embellishment that turns a minor

4061
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:36,000
mishap into an entertaining 
story. 

4062
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:39,600
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

4063
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:43,300
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

4064
03:30:43,300 --> 03:30:48,400
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins not with 

4065
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,600
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

4066
03:30:51,600 --> 03:30:54,200
make it experiences more 
engaging, when sharing them with

4067
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:58,100
others, as full Darkness, 
settles out the cave entrance, 

4068
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:01,600
the Fire becomes the center of 
your small world. 

4069
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:05,300
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

4070
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:08,300
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

4071
03:31:08,300 --> 03:31:12,400
threatening Flames danced with 
hypnotic patterns that capture 

4072
03:31:12,400 --> 03:31:15,400
attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

4073
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:17,200
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

4074
03:31:18,100 --> 03:31:20,100
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

4075
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:23,300
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

4076
03:31:23,300 --> 03:31:25,000
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

4077
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:28,600
The careful chip by chip 
process, made easier by good 

4078
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:31,500
light, and comfortable seating 
on, fur covered rocks. 

4079
03:31:32,500 --> 03:31:36,100
Mera works on cordage twisting, 
plant fibers into strong rope, 

4080
03:31:36,100 --> 03:31:38,900
using techniques that require 
consistent tension and rhythm. 

4081
03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:42,300
Crack continues. 
His hide project scraping and 

4082
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:43,800
softening the material with 
tools. 

4083
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:45,500
Designed specifically for the 
purpose. 

4084
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,500
The work requires patience but 
produces results that make the 

4085
03:31:49,500 --> 03:31:52,400
effort worth wild. 
Soft durable material that 

4086
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:55,900
insulates better than woven 
grass and last longer than most 

4087
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:58,300
Alternatives available to Stone 
Age Crafts People. 

4088
03:31:59,000 --> 03:32:02,800
The fire settles into steady 
coals as the night deepens and 

4089
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,900
conversation gradually gives way
to the quiet satisfaction of 

4090
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:08,200
useful work accomplished in Good
Company. 

4091
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:11,300
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges and opportunities. 

4092
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:15,600
But tonight offers the simple 
pleasure of warmth food and the 

4093
03:32:15,600 --> 03:32:18,200
security that comes from being 
part of a group that works 

4094
03:32:18,200 --> 03:32:22,600
together successfully Outside 
the cave night, sounds begin, 

4095
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:26,100
their ancient chorus owls 
calling across the valley, the 

4096
03:32:26,100 --> 03:32:28,800
distance splash of something 
large, moving through the river 

4097
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,400
and the rustle of small 
creatures going about their 

4098
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:34,600
nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

4099
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:36,300
when heard from the safety of 
your file. 

4100
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:39,700
It cave there simply the 
soundtrack of a world that 

4101
03:32:39,700 --> 03:32:43,700
continues its complex business, 
regardless of human concerns the

4102
03:32:43,700 --> 03:32:45,900
transition from active evening 
to restful night. 

4103
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:49,500
Happens gradually in your Stone 
Age World marked, not by clocks 

4104
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:52,800
or schedules but by the natural 
rhythm of fire settling into 

4105
03:32:52,800 --> 03:32:56,000
coals and bodies growing heavy 
with the days accumulated. 

4106
03:32:56,000 --> 03:33:00,100
Fatigue, The work around the 
fire continues but at the 

4107
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:02,800
relaxed pace of people who 
understand that sometimes are 

4108
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:05,200
improved by patients rather than
hurried completion. 

4109
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:09,100
Your Flint knapping project has 
progressed to the delicate stage

4110
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:11,600
where each strike must be 
precisely calculated. 

4111
03:33:12,500 --> 03:33:15,900
The emerging blade shows, 
promise straight edge, good 

4112
03:33:15,900 --> 03:33:18,100
thickness. 
The kind of balance that will 

4113
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:22,200
make it useful for details work.
The rhythm of stone striking, 

4114
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:25,300
Stone creates a gentle 
percussion that blends with the 

4115
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,600
soft sounds of your companions 
activities and the crackling 

4116
03:33:28,600 --> 03:33:32,000
Whisper of the dying fire. 
Mirrors. 

4117
03:33:32,000 --> 03:33:34,300
Cordage work has produced 
several arm lengths, of strong 

4118
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:37,600
rope Twisted with the consistent
tension that comes from 

4119
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:41,000
practiced hands and focused. 
Attention, she tests each 

4120
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:44,500
section by pulling against it 
with a full strength nodding 

4121
03:33:44,500 --> 03:33:47,100
with satisfaction when the 
fibers hold without stretching 

4122
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:50,500
or breaking. 
Good, rope means better, Nets, 

4123
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:53,700
stronger bindings and countless 
other applications that make 

4124
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:57,500
daily life more manageable. 
Cracks hide preparation has 

4125
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:00,300
reached the stage where the 
material needs to rest overnight

4126
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:01,900
before the final softening 
process. 

4127
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,500
He rolls at carefully and places
it where morning, due won't 

4128
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:08,400
reach but are can continue to 
circulate around it. 

4129
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:11,400
His movements have the 
unhurried, Precision of someone 

4130
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,600
who's learned that rushing this 
particular process leads to 

4131
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:16,500
disappointing results and wasted
effort. 

4132
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:20,800
Fire has settled into the 
perfect state for banking hot 

4133
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:22,300
coals. 
That will retain heat through 

4134
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:25,300
the night while being easily, 
coaxed back to Flame when 

4135
03:34:25,300 --> 03:34:28,600
morning comes the range. 
The coals care for Lee, covering

4136
03:34:28,600 --> 03:34:30,600
them with a layer of Ash, that 
will insulate without 

4137
03:34:30,600 --> 03:34:32,600
smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

4138
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:35,600
arrangement, with stones, that 
will radiate absorbed heat long 

4139
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:39,600
after the Flame's disappear. 
Your sleeping area beckons with 

4140
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:41,700
the promise of rest. 
After a day filled with 

4141
03:34:41,700 --> 03:34:45,700
successful activities, the first
of being arranged for maximum 

4142
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,800
comfort with extra padding 
beneath your hip and shoulder. 

4143
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:51,600
The pressure points that 
determine whether you wake 

4144
03:34:51,600 --> 03:34:54,300
refreshed or spend the night 
shifting position in search of 

4145
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:58,000
elusive comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

4146
03:34:58,000 --> 03:35:01,100
Arrangement, the days 
experiences were play in your 

4147
03:35:01,108 --> 03:35:03,600
mind with the satisfaction that 
comes from time. 

4148
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:07,200
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing the 

4149
03:35:07,200 --> 03:35:10,000
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

4150
03:35:10,000 --> 03:35:13,500
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

4151
03:35:13,500 --> 03:35:16,300
others, in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

4152
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:20,600
characterizes Stone Age life The
sounds of your companions 

4153
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:22,900
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

4154
03:35:22,908 --> 03:35:25,000
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

4155
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:29,000
Soft movements. 
As furs are adjusted, the quiet 

4156
03:35:29,000 --> 03:35:32,300
breathing, that indicates 
relaxation and the occasional 

4157
03:35:32,300 --> 03:35:35,400
contented sigh that suggest 
everyone is pleased with the 

4158
03:35:35,400 --> 03:35:38,600
days accomplishments. 
These are the sound of security 

4159
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,500
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

4160
03:35:42,700 --> 03:35:45,700
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

4161
03:35:45,700 --> 03:35:48,800
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

4162
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:51,800
His voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

4163
03:35:51,800 --> 03:35:56,100
and still, The river. 
Murmurs its constant song a 

4164
03:35:56,100 --> 03:35:59,000
liquid soundtrack that says 
reliable as sunrise and equally 

4165
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:02,900
soothing Somewhere in the 
distance, a wolf howls, not the 

4166
03:36:02,900 --> 03:36:05,500
threatening sound of nearby 
danger, but the distant 

4167
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:08,200
communication of creatures going
about their own business in 

4168
03:36:08,200 --> 03:36:11,500
their territory, the darkness 
beyond your cave, entrance isn't

4169
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:14,500
empty. if full of life, 
following rhythms older than 

4170
03:36:14,500 --> 03:36:18,400
human memory, Not internal 
Hunters, pursue nocturnal, prey 

4171
03:36:18,400 --> 03:36:22,200
night, blooming, plants release,
fragrances that attract night 

4172
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:25,300
flying insects, and the complex 
web of relationships that 

4173
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:28,600
sustains this ecosystem 
continues without pause or 

4174
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:31,900
fanfare. 
From your perspective enveloped 

4175
03:36:31,900 --> 03:36:35,700
in warm furs with a banked fire 
nearby and trusted companions 

4176
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:38,600
within reach the night. 
Feels protective rather than 

4177
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:42,000
threatening Your cave has become
home in the most fundamental 

4178
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:44,500
sense. 
A place where you belong, where 

4179
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,700
you're safe, where you can rest 
without constant vigilance 

4180
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,000
sleep. 
Approaches with the gentle 

4181
03:36:50,000 --> 03:36:53,800
inevitability of Tide's or 
Seasons natural processes that 

4182
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:55,800
don't require your participation
or permission. 

4183
03:36:55,800 --> 03:37:00,100
Your breathing deepens matching 
the slow rhythm of complete 

4184
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:02,200
relaxation. 
The days. 

4185
03:37:02,200 --> 03:37:06,000
Minor, intentions dissolve into,
the kind of profound rest that 

4186
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:09,700
comes from physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

4187
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:12,200
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

4188
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,400
Dreams, when they come a filled 
with the textures and colors of 

4189
03:37:16,400 --> 03:37:19,700
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

4190
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:22,600
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

4191
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,400
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

4192
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:29,100
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

4193
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:31,900
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds 

4194
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:33,600
there. 
The peaceful processing of a 

4195
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:36,400
life lived in harmony with 
immediate tangible realities. 

4196
03:37:36,400 --> 03:37:41,000
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

4197
03:37:41,000 --> 03:37:43,300
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

4198
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:45,900
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

4199
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,200
morning, ready to kill into 
flame, when the new day begins 

4200
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:51,100
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

4201
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:54,500
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

4202
03:37:54,500 --> 03:37:58,200
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

4203
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:01,100
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

4204
03:38:01,100 --> 03:38:04,400
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

4205
03:38:05,300 --> 03:38:08,400
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

4206
03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:11,400
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

4207
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:14,100
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

4208
03:38:14,100 --> 03:38:17,700
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

4209
03:38:17,700 --> 03:38:21,100
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

4210
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:24,200
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

4211
03:38:24,200 --> 03:38:27,600
mechanical, sails where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

4212
03:38:27,600 --> 03:38:32,000
and work resumes when it rises. 
This is sleep as it was designed

4213
03:38:32,000 --> 03:38:36,900
to be profound restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

4214
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:39,000
natural world. 
That remains your home your 

4215
03:38:39,000 --> 03:38:42,000
challenge and your endless 
source of both struggle and 

4216
03:38:42,000 --> 03:38:46,400
wonder In the depths of night, 
your cave becomes a pocket of 

4217
03:38:46,408 --> 03:38:49,200
human warmth in the vast, 
coolness of the world. 

4218
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:54,100
The banked fire glows like a 
gentle heartbeat steady and 

4219
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:57,700
reassuring. 
Your breathing synchronizes with

4220
03:38:57,700 --> 03:39:00,700
the ancient rhythms that have 
guided human rest for countless 

4221
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:04,600
Generations. 
Slow deep peaceful. 

4222
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:07,900
Breaths that carry away the days
tension and prepare your body 

4223
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,300
for tomorrow's Adventures. 
The first beneath, you hold the 

4224
03:39:11,300 --> 03:39:14,800
days accumulated warmth, 
creating a cocoon of comfort 

4225
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:18,300
that makes the stone floor. 
Feel almost luxurious your 

4226
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:21,600
muscles, relax, completely 
releasing the subtle tensions 

4227
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,500
that come from constant 
awareness, constant Readiness 

4228
03:39:24,500 --> 03:39:27,700
and constant engagement with the
world that demands your full 

4229
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:31,500
attention during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims, 

4230
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:34,700
you completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans. 

4231
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:39,400
Rarely experienced uninterrupted
by artificial light's electronic

4232
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:43,100
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

4233
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,300
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

4234
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:49,200
purpose. 
Complete restoration of body and

4235
03:39:49,208 --> 03:39:52,800
mind preparing you for another 
day of the most essential human 

4236
03:39:52,800 --> 03:39:57,400
activities, finding food, 
creating shelter, making tools. 

4237
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,700
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

4238
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:02,700
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

4239
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:07,300
The night passes peaceful around
your small community. 

4240
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,700
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

4241
03:40:10,700 --> 03:40:13,900
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity and evening 

4242
03:40:13,900 --> 03:40:15,800
spent in productive 
companionship. 

4243
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:19,600
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

4244
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,000
activities while within your 
cave. 

4245
03:40:22,000 --> 03:40:26,000
Three humans Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

4246
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:30,500
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

4247
03:40:31,500 --> 03:40:34,500
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

4248
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,300
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

4249
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:40,800
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

4250
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:45,600
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

4251
03:40:45,600 --> 03:40:49,300
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

4252
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:53,400
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

4253
03:40:53,400 --> 03:41:04,100
truest home Leonardo da Vinci 
was born on April 15th, 1452 or 

4254
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:09,100
1452 by the Florentine calendar.
1452 to 1453 by modern 

4255
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,600
Reckoning, in the Tuscan Hamlet 
of anciano near the town of 

4256
03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:15,100
Vinci. 
He came into a world undergoing 

4257
03:41:15,100 --> 03:41:18,900
seismic changes Florence was a 
republic brimming with artistic 

4258
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:21,900
energy and Europe was on the 
cusp of the renaissance's. 

4259
03:41:21,900 --> 03:41:24,500
Full flowering, his Father 
Serra. 

4260
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:27,600
Da Vinci was a notary of 
moderate Renown while his mother

4261
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,800
Katarina is believed to have 
been a local woman of humble 

4262
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:33,700
background. 
The boys illegitimacy meant he 

4263
03:41:33,700 --> 03:41:36,600
was never part of the upper 
echelons yet, it freed him from 

4264
03:41:36,600 --> 03:41:39,600
certain constraints that might 
have Shackled, a legitimate son 

4265
03:41:39,600 --> 03:41:42,800
to family business. 
Even as a child, Leonardo is 

4266
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:45,900
said to have displayed an 
intense curiosity, wandering 

4267
03:41:45,900 --> 03:41:50,000
fields and streams sketching. 
Plants small creatures, or 

4268
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:53,600
swirling Eddies in the water. 
At this time, many children in 

4269
03:41:53,600 --> 03:41:57,100
Tuscany received minimal formal 
education, but Leonardo's 

4270
03:41:57,100 --> 03:42:00,300
father, recognized the boys, 
precocious mind records. 

4271
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:04,100
Suggest that around h14 Leonardo
began an apprenticeship in 

4272
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,100
Florence with Andrea Del 
verrocchio. 

4273
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:10,600
A master known for sculpture 
metal work, and painting the 

4274
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:15,000
workshop bustled with talented 
pupils and assistance, forging a

4275
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:18,000
collaborative environment. 
Apprentices learned to prepare 

4276
03:42:18,000 --> 03:42:21,700
pigments, crafty details, and 
replicate the Master's Style. 

4277
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:26,500
Leonardo's innate knack for 
observation set him apart his 

4278
03:42:26,500 --> 03:42:30,200
notebooks from that era, though.
Mostly lost would have contained

4279
03:42:30,200 --> 03:42:33,500
anatomical. 
Sketches mechanical Doodles and 

4280
03:42:33,500 --> 03:42:37,400
fleeting notes on Geometry while
other students memorize standard

4281
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:41,600
forms, Leonardo probe, the 
underlying structures dissecting

4282
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:45,600
how limbs attached or how light 
refracted on glossy surfaces an 

4283
03:42:45,600 --> 03:42:48,800
early Turning Point arrived. 
When Vero, a signed him to paint

4284
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:54,100
a small angel in the corner of 
the baptism of Christ, Legend 

4285
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:57,300
has it that upon seeing 
Leonardo's contribution for 

4286
03:42:57,300 --> 03:42:59,500
Rocky Hill, felt overshadowed, 
and vowed. 

4287
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,800
Never to paint again, though. 
That story might be apocryphal. 

4288
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,800
It underscores how swiftly, 
Leonardo's skill gained 

4289
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:08,300
recognition? 
He brought a Fresh Approach to 

4290
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:11,000
shading. 
Employing what we now call Kiera

4291
03:43:11,000 --> 03:43:13,700
to infuse figures with tangible 
volume. 

4292
03:43:14,500 --> 03:43:18,200
While older Masters, often use 
linear outlines, Leonardo 

4293
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:21,600
Blended tones, so that forms 
emerged gracefully from Shadow 

4294
03:43:21,600 --> 03:43:25,400
despite his promise, Leonardo's 
early years, in Florence, 

4295
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:28,600
carried, frustrations, some 
commissions fizzled due to 

4296
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:30,600
political upheavals, or Patron, 
shifts. 

4297
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:34,600
Eager to expand his reach 
Leonardo sought new Vistas 

4298
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:38,900
around 1482. 
He journeyed to Milan offering 

4299
03:43:38,900 --> 03:43:42,000
his services to ludovico's Forza
the ruling Duke. 

4300
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:46,100
He wrote a letter extolling, his
engineering prowess, listing 

4301
03:43:46,100 --> 03:43:49,100
designs for Bridges, cannons and
war machines. 

4302
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:53,400
Only concluding with a mention 
that he could paint, This detail

4303
03:43:53,400 --> 03:43:56,600
reveals how Leonardo viewed 
himself, not merely an artist 

4304
03:43:56,600 --> 03:43:59,400
but a multi-faceted engineer who
happened to paint. 

4305
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:02,300
Sportster intrigued by such 
potential. 

4306
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:06,300
Welcome to him. 
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 

4307
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:10,000
The ducal court was a center of 
intellectual Pursuits blending 

4308
03:44:10,000 --> 03:44:12,300
Politics, the Arts and emerging 
Sciences. 

4309
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:16,200
He tackled a massive equestrian 
statue project for ludovico, 

4310
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:19,500
intending to cast a colossal, 
bronze horse to honor, the 

4311
03:44:19,508 --> 03:44:22,900
Duke's, father for years, 
Leonardo studied horses, 

4312
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:26,400
musculature sketched them in 
various Gates and designed 

4313
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:30,500
elaborate Foundry techniques. 
Ultimately political Strife 

4314
03:44:30,500 --> 03:44:34,000
disrupted the project. 
French armies, invaded and the 

4315
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:36,100
raw bronze. 
Allocated for the statue was 

4316
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:39,600
repurposed into cannons. 
The uncompleted clay model 

4317
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:43,700
became a casualty of War 
shattered as Milan fell, This 

4318
03:44:43,700 --> 03:44:47,400
Fiasco, however did not dampen 
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 

4319
03:44:47,400 --> 03:44:50,100
challenges. 
During his Milanese phase 

4320
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:52,300
Leonardo also produced the 
virgin of the Rocks. 

4321
03:44:52,300 --> 03:44:55,400
A painting that showcased his 
Mastery of atmospheric 

4322
03:44:55,400 --> 03:44:58,100
perspective. 
He experimented with layered 

4323
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,400
glazes and gentle transitions, 
making the rocky Grotto and 

4324
03:45:01,408 --> 03:45:03,400
figures radiate and other 
worldly. 

4325
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:06,600
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

4326
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:09,800
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

4327
03:45:09,800 --> 03:45:12,500
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

4328
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:16,100
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

4329
03:45:16,100 --> 03:45:19,800
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

4330
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:23,200
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

4331
03:45:23,200 --> 03:45:26,100
with scientific speculation in a
manner really seen before. 

4332
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:30,200
Yet these Pursuits coexisted 
with real world demands. 

4333
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:34,000
The sport to court needed 
fortifications, Festival designs

4334
03:45:34,000 --> 03:45:37,200
and mechanical. 
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 

4335
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:41,000
Penning treats, his on Geometry,
building stage sets for pageants

4336
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:44,500
an engineering of ephemeral. 
One wonders some found him 

4337
03:45:44,500 --> 03:45:47,300
eccentric especially as he 
scribbled notes in Mira writing 

4338
03:45:47,300 --> 03:45:51,100
others, recognized him as an 
inexhaustible thinker who might 

4339
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,300
at any moment produced the next 
stroke of Genius. 

4340
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:57,500
By the late 15th century 
Leonardo had established himself

4341
03:45:57,500 --> 03:46:00,400
as a leading figure of the 
Renaissance though, his Restless

4342
03:46:00,400 --> 03:46:03,100
mind, kept him. 
Pushing forward, always hungry 

4343
03:46:03,100 --> 03:46:04,500
for the next Frontier of 
knowledge. 

4344
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:08,200
Leonardo's life in Milan was 
bustling yet. 

4345
03:46:08,200 --> 03:46:11,700
Destiny had other turns in store
in 1499. 

4346
03:46:11,700 --> 03:46:15,000
French forces under King Louis. 
The 12th Concord Milan. 

4347
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,400
The once powerful Sports a 
dynasty collapsed, leaving 

4348
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:20,300
Leonardo and his Patron 
scrambling. 

4349
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:24,300
With the city's Patron gone, 
Leonardo lost his secure base. 

4350
03:46:24,300 --> 03:46:28,500
He departed Milan, traveling to 
Venice, then briefly to Mantua 

4351
03:46:28,500 --> 03:46:31,700
carrying an uneven portfolio of 
half-finished, commission's and 

4352
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:33,300
a head brimming with 
experiments. 

4353
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:37,600
The aftermath was a tumultuous 
period marked by shifting 

4354
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:39,600
alliances across Italy city 
states. 

4355
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:43,700
In mansuya, the Martian ones, 
Isabella desky, welcome, Tim 

4356
03:46:43,700 --> 03:46:47,900
seeking a portrait. 
She was a formidable Patron but 

4357
03:46:47,900 --> 03:46:49,600
Leonardo's restlessness 
prevailed. 

4358
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,700
He quickly moved on, possibly 
uninterested in the standard 

4359
03:46:53,700 --> 03:46:56,400
portrait tasks, by the 
mid-1500s. 

4360
03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:59,300
He found his way back to 
Florence after two decades away.

4361
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,400
The city had changed. 
It was now under the sway of the

4362
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:06,700
Republican government, briefly 
influenced by the fiery 

4363
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:09,400
preacher. 
Savannah Rolla tension, simmered

4364
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:13,000
and art commissions. 
Had a new flavor patriotic or 

4365
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,100
moralistic yet. 
Florence remembered Leonardo's 

4366
03:47:16,100 --> 03:47:20,000
early promise he was invited to 
paint a major Altarpiece though 

4367
03:47:20,000 --> 03:47:23,300
negotiations. 
Stalled instead he seized on a 

4368
03:47:23,308 --> 03:47:27,000
more prestigious assignment a 
mural in the Palazzo, Della 

4369
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:29,200
signoria the seat of Florence's 
government. 

4370
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:34,100
This mural project known as the 
Battle of anghiari was meant to 

4371
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:36,500
commemorate a 1440, Florentine 
victory. 

4372
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:40,200
Across town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

4373
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,600
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

4374
03:47:43,600 --> 03:47:47,800
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

4375
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:50,900
The mural, with an experimental 
technique, he planted to use a 

4376
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:55,100
wax based paint to speed drying.
He built a giant scaffold and 

4377
03:47:55,100 --> 03:47:58,400
devised Advanced heating systems
to help the paint set, but the 

4378
03:47:58,408 --> 03:48:02,200
Innovation backfired parts of 
the mural drip or refused to 

4379
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:05,500
adhere despite partial success 
in depicting dramatic. 

4380
03:48:05,500 --> 03:48:09,200
Cavalry Charges The painting 
never reached its final form 

4381
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,300
over time. 
The incomplete mural decayed or 

4382
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,200
was covered by later. 
Renovations, still the surviving

4383
03:48:15,200 --> 03:48:17,300
sketches and copies hint that it
was a dynamic. 

4384
03:48:18,300 --> 03:48:21,600
Swirling composition of men and 
horses locked in ferocious 

4385
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:24,000
combat. 
During the same stretch, 

4386
03:48:24,000 --> 03:48:27,500
Leonardo painted, the Mona Lisa 
commissioned by Francesco Del 

4387
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:31,000
giocondo for his wife Lisa, it 
was initially a private portrait

4388
03:48:31,000 --> 03:48:34,500
yet, Leonardo spent years 
refining, it working and 

4389
03:48:34,500 --> 03:48:38,400
reworking, subtle glazes. 
The faces elusive smile and 

4390
03:48:38,400 --> 03:48:41,200
luminous complexion resulted 
from layering translucent. 

4391
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:46,600
Paint each layer diffused light.
The paintings mysterious Aura 

4392
03:48:46,600 --> 03:48:49,600
also came from Leonardo's habit 
of constantly altering details, 

4393
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:52,200
while smaller than some Grand 
frescoes. 

4394
03:48:52,200 --> 03:48:55,000
The peace represented, a 
culmination of his few motto 

4395
03:48:55,000 --> 03:48:57,800
technique. 
The background hazy mountains 

4396
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:00,500
and winding roads. 
Miracle's fascination with 

4397
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:03,200
geology and fluid dynamics over 
time. 

4398
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:06,200
He kept the painting with him. 
Never delivering it to the 

4399
03:49:06,208 --> 03:49:08,600
patron. 
Possibly, he saw it as a 

4400
03:49:08,600 --> 03:49:10,900
personal Testament to 
portraitures Pinnacle. 

4401
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:15,200
Parallel to these artistic 
Feats, Leonardo Advanced, his 

4402
03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:18,800
scientific exploration, he 
dissected human kader as in 

4403
03:49:18,800 --> 03:49:21,800
hospitals, outside Florence 
sketching, cross-sections of 

4404
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:25,200
muscles and bones. 
Though, dissection was sensitive

4405
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:28,300
certain hospitals allowed it for
educational ends. 

4406
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,000
His anatomical, drawings some 
discovered. 

4407
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:34,400
Centuries later revealed a near 
modern, understanding of the 

4408
03:49:34,400 --> 03:49:37,400
spine, the arrangement of 
internal organs and the 

4409
03:49:37,400 --> 03:49:40,700
skeletons mechanics. 
He planned an extensive Treatise

4410
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:43,100
on Anatomy. 
Combining text with the 

4411
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:46,700
diagrammatic Precision and 
anticipating the modern concept 

4412
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:50,200
of Illustrated medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

4413
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:53,300
Leonardo projects, it was never 
formally published in his 

4414
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:56,900
lifetime. 
Politics royalty again, in 1503 

4415
03:49:56,900 --> 03:49:59,100
to 1504 when Pisa threatened 
Florence. 

4416
03:50:00,000 --> 03:50:02,400
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

4417
03:50:02,400 --> 03:50:06,300
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper's supply 

4418
03:50:06,300 --> 03:50:09,600
lines. 
He drafted, canals levies and 

4419
03:50:09,600 --> 03:50:11,300
even considered flooding 
tactics. 

4420
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:14,800
The plan was bold but faced 
practical obstacles in Tuscany 

4421
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:17,100
terrain. 
Well though partially attempted 

4422
03:50:17,100 --> 03:50:19,000
the scheme never fully 
materialized. 

4423
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:22,000
The episode's highlight 
Leonardo's willingness to tackle

4424
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:24,700
large-scale, engineering 
challenges, blending 

4425
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:27,100
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

4426
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:31,000
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city sketches and 

4427
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:35,700
Water Management designs by 506 
French rules stabilized in Milan

4428
03:50:35,700 --> 03:50:38,500
opening the city. 
Once more long gone was 

4429
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:42,100
ludovico's Forte but the new 
French government Leonardo. 

4430
03:50:42,100 --> 03:50:45,900
Eager to revisit uncompleted 
ideas like the giant horse 

4431
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:49,900
statue, he returned, Florence, 
parted ways with him under a 

4432
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,100
cloud of frustration as the 
Battle of anghiari, lingard 

4433
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:55,700
unfinished. 
Yet Leonardo's departure 

4434
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:57,500
signaled, that loyalty to a 
single city. 

4435
03:50:57,500 --> 03:51:00,900
Was never his style. 
He roamed following whichever 

4436
03:51:00,900 --> 03:51:03,800
environment, let him Chase 
multiple intellectual Pursuits, 

4437
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:07,200
in returning to Milan, he sought
continuity for the scientific 

4438
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:10,000
and artistic projects left 
behind a decade prior. 

4439
03:51:10,700 --> 03:51:15,200
Thus, by the mid-1500s Leonardo 
had become an artist engineer. 

4440
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:18,500
Bridging city-states forging. 
A pattern of partial 

4441
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:20,100
achievements and unfinished 
Marvels. 

4442
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:24,100
Some critics found him 
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 

4443
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:26,100
yet. 
Few denied his brilliance. 

4444
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,700
He left Florence have, 
revolutionized, portraiture and 

4445
03:51:29,700 --> 03:51:33,000
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

4446
03:51:33,900 --> 03:51:36,500
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

4447
03:51:37,500 --> 03:51:40,200
The stage was set for further 
Meandering in Milan, and 

4448
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:43,400
eventually Beyond as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

4449
03:51:43,400 --> 03:51:46,200
singular figure. 
Estimate to the Renaissance is 

4450
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:49,900
Union of Art and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

4451
03:51:49,900 --> 03:51:53,800
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of, Charles DMV was 

4452
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:57,500
the French governor this time. 
The city was controlled by the 

4453
03:51:57,500 --> 03:51:59,900
French Crown, not the sport of 
family. 

4454
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:04,300
The environment was different 
less personal loyalty, more 

4455
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:08,200
bureaucratic oversight. 
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 

4456
03:52:08,200 --> 03:52:12,100
He was recognized as a 
renaissance man whose counsel 

4457
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:15,200
was prized for everything from 
architecture to Geometry. 

4458
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:18,200
Some records indicate. 
He was granted a Workshop near 

4459
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,300
the port of virtually District 
where he resumed anatomical 

4460
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:23,800
mechanical and Artistic 
Endeavors. 

4461
03:52:24,600 --> 03:52:27,100
One ongoing Obsession was the 
equestrian Monument. 

4462
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:29,800
He had once played for 
ludovico's Forza, though. 

4463
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:33,100
The bronze had been lost to war,
Leonardo still dreamed of 

4464
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,500
building the largest horse 
statue known, He refined the 

4465
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:39,900
design adjusting how a rearing 
stallion might balance on hind 

4466
03:52:39,900 --> 03:52:42,400
legs. 
He sketched Innovative casting 

4467
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:44,500
methods. 
Hoping to circumvent early 

4468
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:47,300
meltdown issues. 
However, the politics had 

4469
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:50,700
shifted with ludovico. 
Deposed the impetus for a 

4470
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:54,100
sports, a memorial dissipated 
Leonardo might have pitched the 

4471
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:56,400
idea to the French 
Administration, but it never 

4472
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,000
crystallized. 
You remained Resolute in 

4473
03:52:59,000 --> 03:53:00,400
exploring? 
Equine Anatomy. 

4474
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:06,400
Capturing every single and 
tender in fresh Skechers during 

4475
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:08,900
this period. 
Leonardo welcome to youthful. 

4476
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:11,800
Apprentice named Francesco melty
who would become his most 

4477
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:14,600
devoted disciple and eventually 
executor of his estate. 

4478
03:53:15,500 --> 03:53:20,300
Melty from a noble Milanese 
family, offered loyalty scribing

4479
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:22,700
capabilities and stable 
finances. 

4480
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:26,800
He accompanied Leonardo on trips
helped, organize notes, and 

4481
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:30,300
became the Masters confidant. 
The presence of a stem were 

4482
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:32,200
respectful. 
Apprentice might have provided 

4483
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:34,300
Leonardo, the continuity. 
He had long sought. 

4484
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:37,800
Actually, after dealing with 
early assistance who sometimes 

4485
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:42,300
parted on mixed terms, meanwhile
glimpses of his scientific Mania

4486
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:45,800
multiplied. 
He dissected more of us feeling 

4487
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:49,900
notebooks with Nuance, drawings 
of hearts muscles, the bronchial

4488
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:53,300
system, observing that heart, 
valves directed blood flow. 

4489
03:53:53,300 --> 03:53:56,900
He speculated about circulation 
decades, before William Harvey's

4490
03:53:56,900 --> 03:54:00,800
formal discovery, He studied the
vitreous humor in an ox's. 

4491
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:05,100
I investigating how images for 
formed While the Catholic church

4492
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:07,800
mostly tolerated such 
dissections for medical 

4493
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:12,400
progress, certain clergy frowned
on it so Leonardo often 

4494
03:54:12,400 --> 03:54:14,100
performed them discreetly or at 
night. 

4495
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,700
He published these findings. 
He might have revolutionized 

4496
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:21,200
medicine, centuries earlier, but
perfectionism and continuous. 

4497
03:54:21,200 --> 03:54:25,200
Revision meant his data State 
personal locked in cramped 

4498
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:28,500
notebooks, and pinned in a Mira 
script in parallel. 

4499
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:30,900
Leonardo authored treatises on 
flight. 

4500
03:54:31,900 --> 03:54:33,500
Fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

4501
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:37,500
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers, he built 

4502
03:54:37,500 --> 03:54:40,500
mechanical prototypes 
ornithopters aiming to replicate

4503
03:54:40,500 --> 03:54:43,100
flapping flight. 
They never tested on a large 

4504
03:54:43,108 --> 03:54:45,100
scale. 
These Contraptions preceded 

4505
03:54:45,100 --> 03:54:48,600
modern Aviation Concepts. 
He recognized that pure flapping

4506
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:50,000
wouldn't suffice for human 
flight. 

4507
03:54:50,000 --> 03:54:53,800
He studied gliding surfaces 
suspecting the air currents 

4508
03:54:53,800 --> 03:54:57,400
could keep acrossed Aloft yet 
the technology of the era no 

4509
03:54:57,400 --> 03:55:02,300
engine's or suitable materials 
curb these ambitions Even so the

4510
03:55:02,300 --> 03:55:04,900
sketches reveal an acute 
understanding of aerodynamics. 

4511
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:11,000
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron 
Charlotte's died, prompting. 

4512
03:55:11,000 --> 03:55:14,100
Another shift in Milan's 
political Circle, Still the 

4513
03:55:14,100 --> 03:55:16,400
French King Louis, the 12th 
value Leonardo. 

4514
03:55:17,800 --> 03:55:20,700
Another momentous figure 
emerged, the newly ascended, 

4515
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:25,600
Juliana David, she brother of 
Pope Leo, the 10th vited anado, 

4516
03:55:25,600 --> 03:55:28,600
to return to the Florentine 
orbit or possibly move to Rome 

4517
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:31,600
where the papacy was fueling 
Grand building projects. 

4518
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:35,900
Leonardo. 
Now in his late 50s, weighed 

4519
03:55:35,900 --> 03:55:39,200
these overtures carefully, The 
Lure of Rome's architectural 

4520
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:42,500
expansions and advanced 
scientific resources might prove

4521
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:47,300
irresistible. 
Eventually around 1513 Leonardo 

4522
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:51,000
departed Milan for Rome with an 
Entourage that included melts 

4523
03:55:51,000 --> 03:55:55,000
and some assistance in Rome and 
a Pope Leo, the 10th, the 

4524
03:55:55,000 --> 03:55:58,300
artistic scene, sword, 
Michelangelo and Raphael, 

4525
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:00,200
dominated the city's 
commission's. 

4526
03:56:00,200 --> 03:56:04,700
Sistine Chapel expansions, 
Grandpa Apartments Leonardo 

4527
03:56:04,700 --> 03:56:07,200
expected a role in major 
architectural or hydraulic 

4528
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:09,600
projects. 
Instead he found himself 

4529
03:56:09,600 --> 03:56:13,800
overshadowed by younger Rivals. 
Michelangelo known for Moody 

4530
03:56:13,800 --> 03:56:17,300
brilliant's had little patience 
for Leonardo's diversion while 

4531
03:56:17,300 --> 03:56:20,100
Raphael's rising star in thrall 
the papal Court. 

4532
03:56:20,900 --> 03:56:22,600
Leonardo was offered small 
tasks. 

4533
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:26,400
For instance, the pope asked him
to devise mechanical amusements,

4534
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:30,100
or stage designs, but no major 
papal commission emerged, 

4535
03:56:30,100 --> 03:56:33,700
despite the frustration, 
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 

4536
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:38,000
library's continuing anatomical 
dissections, he took advantage 

4537
03:56:38,000 --> 03:56:39,900
of more cadava Supply from local
hospitals. 

4538
03:56:41,500 --> 03:56:44,200
Some rumors suggest for friction
with the Vatican curia. 

4539
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:47,600
Specially after a cardinal 
supposedly saw dismembered 

4540
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:51,400
bodies in Leonardo's. 
Quarters invent felt stifling. 

4541
03:56:52,100 --> 03:56:54,700
He wrote letters, implying that 
the papal, Circle, favored, 

4542
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:56,800
spectacle over more profound 
research. 

4543
03:56:57,600 --> 03:56:59,800
With insufficient official 
support for his large-scale 

4544
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:02,800
experiments, Leonardo grew 
Restless again. 

4545
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:05,800
Yet, he found fleeting 
satisfaction exploring the 

4546
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:08,900
Belvedere, Gardens measuring 
ruins of ancient Roman 

4547
03:57:08,900 --> 03:57:11,200
structures. 
He studied geometry with 

4548
03:57:11,200 --> 03:57:14,700
Scholars, exchanging ideas about
perspective and the ptolemaic 

4549
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:18,400
universe Perhaps a quieter dream
to unify art and Mathematics 

4550
03:57:18,400 --> 03:57:22,300
kept him going. 
Still the Unstoppable politics 

4551
03:57:22,300 --> 03:57:24,400
of Italy soon. 
Overshadowed, local tasks. 

4552
03:57:25,300 --> 03:57:28,400
Shifting alliances in 1516 
catapulted France into 

4553
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:29,400
dominance. 
Once more. 

4554
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:34,300
France's the first became king, 
Italy hungrily for Leonardo. 

4555
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:38,100
The swirling Intrigue spelled an
opportunity to Pivot yet again. 

4556
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,200
The next invitation from the 
French Crown would Beckham 

4557
03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:42,900
cross. 
The Alps for what would become 

4558
03:57:42,900 --> 03:57:45,100
the final chapter of his life's 
remarkable Journey. 

4559
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:49,700
In 1516, King Francis. 
The first of France, a young 

4560
03:57:49,700 --> 03:57:51,500
monk intrigued by Art and 
Technology. 

4561
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:54,700
Extended an invitation to 
Leonardo da Vinci. 

4562
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:58,000
Tired of Roman politics and 
seeing limited scope for big 

4563
03:57:58,000 --> 03:58:01,900
projects there, Leonardo 
accepted, he traveled, north 

4564
03:58:01,900 --> 03:58:05,100
crossing, the Alps at an 
advanced age, bearing, precious 

4565
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:08,600
paintings and volumes of notes 
among them, the Mona, Lisa and 

4566
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:12,500
likely Saint, John, the Baptist.
Francis offered him the manor 

4567
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:14,600
house of Chloe near the Royal 
Chateau. 

4568
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,000
Dom was in the Loire Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

4569
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:22,000
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

4570
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,300
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

4571
03:58:25,300 --> 03:58:28,900
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence in the 

4572
03:58:28,908 --> 03:58:31,900
ephemeral commission's of Milan.
Francis. 

4573
03:58:31,900 --> 03:58:35,800
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

4574
03:58:35,800 --> 03:58:38,300
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

4575
03:58:39,200 --> 03:58:42,700
The king revered Leonardo as a 
living legend, a reservoir of 

4576
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:46,300
Renaissance brilliant's the old 
man reciprocated with sketches 

4577
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:49,400
of improved Weaponry or designs 
for a Grand Palace. 

4578
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:53,100
However, age and ill health, 
limited the impetus for new 

4579
03:58:53,100 --> 03:58:56,600
large-scale Ventures. some 
accounts claim Leonardo tried to

4580
03:58:56,608 --> 03:58:59,900
outline an ideal city for 
France's merging symmetrical 

4581
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:02,400
layouts with efficient 
waterways, but no direct 

4582
03:59:02,400 --> 03:59:07,400
implementation, followed Omit. 
This peaceful setting Leonardo's

4583
03:59:07,400 --> 03:59:11,400
health issues worsened, he wrote
fewer lines in his notebooks and

4584
03:59:11,400 --> 03:59:14,000
is once dexterous hand might 
have trembled from possible 

4585
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:17,000
Strokes or nerve troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

4586
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:19,500
inquisitive. 
He refined old anatomical, 

4587
03:59:19,500 --> 03:59:22,500
drawings re-examining them. 
In the quiet orchard near his 

4588
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:25,600
manner. 
Melty, ever faithful organized. 

4589
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:28,800
The piles of manuscripts and 
showing references to Geometry. 

4590
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:33,600
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 
vanish into chaos, the older 

4591
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:36,100
assistance Elie, who had begun 
as a teenage model with a 

4592
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:37,700
mischievous streak. 
Also lived there. 

4593
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:40,800
Though rumored tensions, 
occasionally flared between him 

4594
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:43,300
and melty. 
A highlight of, this period was 

4595
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,700
visits by French courtiers who 
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 

4596
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:50,600
They admired her half smile 
rumored to be a representation 

4597
03:59:50,600 --> 03:59:54,300
of intangible Grace. 
Francis, the first himself is 

4598
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:57,000
said to have purchased the 
painting directly from Leonardo 

4599
03:59:57,000 --> 04:00:01,200
or inherited it after the artist
death, eventually placing it in 

4600
04:00:01,208 --> 04:00:04,300
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 
to the Louvre later. 

4601
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:07,000
Another puzzle. 
Saint John. 

4602
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:12,200
The Baptist a moody half-lit 
figure pointing heavenwood him 

4603
04:00:12,200 --> 04:00:15,200
to France. 
It's swirling hair and ambiguous

4604
04:00:15,200 --> 04:00:18,300
expression, invited speculation.
That it was a deeply personal 

4605
04:00:18,300 --> 04:00:20,100
reflection on spiritual 
transformation. 

4606
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:25,100
Those slowed physically Leonardo
sometimes, produced ephemeral 

4607
04:00:25,100 --> 04:00:28,200
amusements, for the court. 
Francis might request a 

4608
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:32,300
mechanical lion that roared or a
winged Contraption to amuse 

4609
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:35,100
guests. 
These ephemeral wonders were 

4610
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:37,500
reminiscent of his younger days 
planning festivals for the 

4611
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:41,200
Milanese Dukes in letters. 
Watchers described him as 

4612
04:00:41,200 --> 04:00:43,100
gracious. 
But occasionally melancholic 

4613
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,200
lamenting the ephemeral nature 
of grand projects. 

4614
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,800
He never completed. the once 
Unstoppable polymath was 

4615
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:53,700
contending with the reality that
time was finite, He also penned 

4616
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:56,700
Reflections on theology, 
bridging, Catholic doctrines 

4617
04:00:56,700 --> 04:00:58,100
with his own scientific 
viewpoint. 

4618
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:01,900
While devout in belief, he had 
long championed rational 

4619
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,400
inquiry. 
Sometimes rattling clergy with 

4620
04:01:04,400 --> 04:01:06,900
statements about Earth's 
position or the universal laws 

4621
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:10,300
of nature in France. 
The monarchy had a slightly more

4622
04:01:10,300 --> 04:01:13,700
flexible attitude toward 
intellectual exploration. so 

4623
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:16,600
long as loyalties to church, 
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged,

4624
04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:20,400
this gave Leonardo's space to 
fuse, spiritual musics with 

4625
04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:24,500
scientific Wonder, Few cryptic 
lines in his notebooks hint that

4626
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:26,300
he believed the study of anatomy
and nature. 

4627
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:30,700
Only deepened, reverence for a 
Divine creator, Socially the 

4628
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:33,700
small circle at clone Lucy was 
cozy Francis. 

4629
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:37,300
The first occasionally dined 
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 

4630
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:39,300
Tales From Italy's golden 
cities. 

4631
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:42,500
Melty recorded these dialogues 
though. 

4632
04:01:42,500 --> 04:01:44,700
Few transcripts remain. 
Meanwhile. 

4633
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:47,300
Rumors circulated about 
Leonardo's final. 

4634
04:01:47,300 --> 04:01:50,300
Unseen manuscripts. 
Some believed he was petting a 

4635
04:01:50,300 --> 04:01:53,000
definitive Treatise on flight or
universal theory of water. 

4636
04:01:53,000 --> 04:01:56,900
Currents in truth, he likely 
polished segments of older notes

4637
04:01:56,900 --> 04:02:00,600
rather than forging, a single 
cohesive magnum, opus, the 

4638
04:02:00,600 --> 04:02:03,400
scattered nature of his archive.
Meant the future would discover 

4639
04:02:03,400 --> 04:02:08,100
His Brilliant piecemeal. during 
the winter of 1518 to the 1519 

4640
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:12,200
Leonardo's conditioned, 
deteriorated, Chronic arm pains 

4641
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:15,400
possibly from a stroke to rely 
heavily on melt for every day 

4642
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,600
tasks. 
Francis hearing of the declined 

4643
04:02:18,600 --> 04:02:22,400
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

4644
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:26,200
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

4645
04:02:26,200 --> 04:02:29,100
on May. 
The second 1519 while 

4646
04:02:29,100 --> 04:02:32,100
romanticized accounts to pick 
Leonardo dying in France's. 

4647
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,100
Historical veracity is 
uncertain. 

4648
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:37,800
Still the bond between them was 
genuine. 

4649
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:42,300
The Deep mutual respect between 
an aging Renaissance, Titan and 

4650
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:44,300
a monarch hungry for cultural 
ascendancy. 

4651
04:02:44,300 --> 04:02:48,200
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 
Journey far from the Tuscan 

4652
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:51,400
Hills of his birth in a French 
Manor, brightened by orchard 

4653
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:55,600
blooms, This final French 
chapter was quieter reflective 

4654
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,800
yet, still brimming with Sparks 
of creativity, from building a 

4655
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:02,500
femoral mechanical Lions to 
preserving the greatest 

4656
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,300
paintings. 
Humankind had known, Leonardo's 

4657
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:09,300
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

4658
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:12,800
he might not have erected a 
final Monument, but he left 

4659
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:16,700
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art, science

4660
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:20,600
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

4661
04:03:20,608 --> 04:03:24,600
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying. 

4662
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:28,400
The question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

4663
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:31,100
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

4664
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:35,700
Francesco melts emerged, as the 
designated are entrusted with 

4665
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:38,700
safeguarding the thousands of 
pages brimming with sketches 

4666
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:44,200
notes and drafts Sally, an early
companion, received certain 

4667
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:47,700
paintings and minor possessions 
yet the sheer volume of 

4668
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,400
Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melty, dedicated years

4669
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:54,700
trying to organize them, hoping 
to publish coherent treatises 

4670
04:03:54,700 --> 04:03:57,500
that the scale was daunting over
time. 

4671
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:01,000
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed sold or gifted by 

4672
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:04,700
Maltese airs across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

4673
04:04:04,700 --> 04:04:08,600
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

4674
04:04:08,600 --> 04:04:11,200
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

4675
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:13,900
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

4676
04:04:13,900 --> 04:04:17,600
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

4677
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:21,600
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

4678
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:25,000
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

4679
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:28,500
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

4680
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:31,500
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

4681
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:34,300
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

4682
04:04:34,300 --> 04:04:37,400
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

4683
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:41,900
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

4684
04:04:41,900 --> 04:04:44,600
trickle of discovered, 
manuscripts fuel centuries of 

4685
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:48,000
fascination. 
In the 17th century, a few 

4686
04:04:48,008 --> 04:04:52,000
scientists Glimpse, certain 
sketches marveling at advanced 

4687
04:04:52,000 --> 04:04:55,400
concepts of gear systems or 
diving apparatus, but it wasn't 

4688
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:57,900
until the 19th century. 
That broader scholarships 

4689
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:01,200
systematically studied his 
codices unveiling a mind. 

4690
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:05,200
Centuries ahead of his era. 
Leonardo's immediate Legacy and 

4691
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:08,100
art was clearer. 
His painting style influencer 

4692
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:11,300
degeneration of mannerists, who 
admired his Smoky transitions 

4693
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:15,600
for motto and Atmospheric depth.
Milanese artists though 

4694
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:18,900
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

4695
04:05:18,900 --> 04:05:22,000
carried forward. 
Elements of his approach in 

4696
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:25,700
Florence students, who Glimpse 
the aborted Battle of anghiari 

4697
04:05:25,700 --> 04:05:30,000
mural adapted some compositional
ideas, but the direct lineage 

4698
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:33,100
was complicated. 
Leonardo left, no formal 

4699
04:05:33,100 --> 04:05:35,500
Academy. 
He taught a few pupils of 

4700
04:05:35,508 --> 04:05:38,600
Thoroughly except for melty and 
a handful of others. 

4701
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:42,600
The intangible Aura of Leonard 
desk painting permit to the late

4702
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:45,600
Renaissance with its softness of
edges and subtle. 

4703
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:47,800
Interplay of light over the 
next. 

4704
04:05:47,800 --> 04:05:50,500
Centuries, as Barack flamboyance
Rose. 

4705
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:54,700
Certain of Leonardo's Works fell
out of style others, recognized 

4706
04:05:54,700 --> 04:05:57,800
them as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

4707
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:01,500
underwent, multiple Restorations
each attempt often introducing 

4708
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:04,400
fresh problems, leading to 
controversies about how much of 

4709
04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:07,900
Leonardo's original brush. 
Stroke survived, meanwhile in 

4710
04:06:07,908 --> 04:06:10,800
the 19th century, romantic and 
Victorian Scholars. 

4711
04:06:10,800 --> 04:06:14,100
Resurrected The Cult of the 
Renaissance genius, the Leonardo

4712
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:16,300
emerged as a symbol of the 
solitary Visionary. 

4713
04:06:16,300 --> 04:06:20,500
An introspective figure bridging
reason and art Writers Like 

4714
04:06:20,500 --> 04:06:23,500
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 
essays on the Mona Lisa, 

4715
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:27,500
describing her as an enigma 
embodying centuries of emotion. 

4716
04:06:28,100 --> 04:06:31,100
Such a fusions etched, the 
paintings Fame, deep into 

4717
04:06:31,100 --> 04:06:34,400
Western cultural consciousness. 
Only in the modern age. 

4718
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,500
Did the scale of Leonardo's 
scientific Legacy become widely 

4719
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:41,300
recognized as more codices were 
catalogued like the Codex 

4720
04:06:41,300 --> 04:06:44,700
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 
historians realized that he had 

4721
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:48,600
conceptualized flying machines, 
armored vehicles and tension 

4722
04:06:48,600 --> 04:06:52,500
based Mechanical Devices he'd 
studied wave patterns sketched, 

4723
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:55,900
gear differentials and dissected
the human body with an 

4724
04:06:55,900 --> 04:06:59,000
exactitude unmatched. 
For centuries, art historians 

4725
04:06:59,000 --> 04:07:01,700
Marvel, that have the same man 
who painted the lady with an 

4726
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:03,300
ermine. 
Had also measured the 

4727
04:07:03,300 --> 04:07:06,800
mathematical proportions of 
reflection angles, the Synergy 

4728
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:08,600
of Aesthetics and logic. 
Rendered him. 

4729
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:12,200
The archetype of the Renaissance
Man, modern Architects glean 

4730
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:15,000
from his City Planning Concepts 
while robotic Engineers. 

4731
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:17,400
Found Prelude to Modern 
mechanical linkages in his 

4732
04:07:17,400 --> 04:07:21,100
swirling diagrams. 
For a Time many described 

4733
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,700
Leonardo as a man out of time, 
but recent scholarship refines 

4734
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:28,100
that narrative. 
He was indeed extraordinary, but

4735
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:32,100
also a product of a vibrant 
milieu Italian city-states 

4736
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:35,800
teamed with cross-pollination 
from Greek, Roman Islamic 

4737
04:07:35,800 --> 04:07:38,000
knowledge. 
Leonardo built on the 

4738
04:07:38,008 --> 04:07:41,200
achievements of early polymaths 
from the classical treatises of 

4739
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:44,000
our committees to the 
reintroduced works of Al Hazen 

4740
04:07:44,000 --> 04:07:47,100
on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy, 

4741
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:50,000
doesn't lessen his Brilliance, 
it situates him in the network 

4742
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:53,500
that made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

4743
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:55,800
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

4744
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:59,600
truths, Tales of him finishing 
Commissions in a single burst or

4745
04:07:59,600 --> 04:08:01,800
Conjuring Bazaar. 
Contraptions for stage. 

4746
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:04,000
Illusions, we came embroidered 
over time. 

4747
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:08,200
The reality was that he left 
many tasks in complete struggled

4748
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,500
with perfectionism and juggled 
ephemeral Court demands. 

4749
04:08:11,500 --> 04:08:15,100
This tension between the 
Unstoppable imagination and the 

4750
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:18,900
Practical burden of day-to-day 
labor, infuses his story with a 

4751
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,900
human dimension. he wasn't some 
aloof superhuman but an 

4752
04:08:22,900 --> 04:08:25,300
individual forging through the 
same complexities and 

4753
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:29,100
distractions, we, all face will 
be at with an incandescent spark

4754
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:34,000
few could rival thus centuries 
after his passing Leonardo's 

4755
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:36,600
name, resonates as the 
embodiment of creative ambition,

4756
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:39,900
whether in art galleries, 
engineering Labs or 

4757
04:08:39,900 --> 04:08:43,600
philosophical debates references
to his Fusion of the imagination

4758
04:08:43,600 --> 04:08:48,500
and observation abound People 
see in him, the ideal of 

4759
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:52,700
curiosity, Unshackled Bridging 
the intangible Rifts between 

4760
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:56,300
Arts science. 
Beauty, and data that intangible

4761
04:08:56,300 --> 04:09:00,600
Legacy more than any single 
painting or device might stand 

4762
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:02,400
as the core reason. 
We Revere him. 

4763
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:06,200
He left behind not just objects 
but a testament that the Quest 

4764
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:09,700
for knowledge and Mastery can in
the right hands rewrite, the 

4765
04:09:09,700 --> 04:09:13,400
boundaries of possibility in 
contemporary times, the 

4766
04:09:13,400 --> 04:09:15,700
Leonardo's Legacy. 
Permeates cultural and 

4767
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:19,200
scientific discourse in ways, 
both lofty and mundane the Mona.

4768
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:22,600
Lisa has become a pop icon 
reproduced endlessly, on posters

4769
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:25,300
and Novelty items. 
It's Rye smile, fueling 

4770
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:29,000
conspiracy theories about hidden
identities or coded messages. 

4771
04:09:30,200 --> 04:09:34,000
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 
continues to Captivate pilgrims 

4772
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:36,500
and tourists. 
In Milan the advanced ticket 

4773
04:09:36,500 --> 04:09:39,300
reservations are required to see
the heavily conserved mural. 

4774
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,000
Documentary is dissect. 
Each brushstroke offering 

4775
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:45,900
competing theories about cryptic
symbolism in the arrangement of 

4776
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:49,000
bread loaves or Apostolic 
gestures Beyond these famous 

4777
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:52,700
works Leonardo's name adorns 
everything from children's 

4778
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:56,800
educational kits about invention
to NASA references to lunar 

4779
04:09:56,800 --> 04:10:00,400
craters named in his honor Tek 
innovators, sometimes cite him 

4780
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:03,500
as a paragon of design thinking,
Aesthetics and function. 

4781
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,300
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 
denotes someone Unbound. 

4782
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:11,700
By single domain Museum stage 
Blockbuster exhibitions the 

4783
04:10:11,700 --> 04:10:14,600
assembling scattered folios of 
his courtesy Under One Roof. 

4784
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:18,200
Visitors queue for hours to 
Glimpse the delicate sketches of

4785
04:10:18,208 --> 04:10:21,300
a fetus in utero or a swirling 
aerial screw. 

4786
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:25,000
In such Gatherings, viewers 
witnessed, the raw lines of a 

4787
04:10:25,000 --> 04:10:27,500
man who wrestled with Nature's 
secrets on scraps of paper 

4788
04:10:27,500 --> 04:10:30,000
unknowing. 
They'd be revered centuries 

4789
04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:33,400
later. 
Yet the question arises, what 

4790
04:10:33,400 --> 04:10:36,100
would Leonardo have done with 
modern resources? 

4791
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:40,300
Some imagine him thriving in an 
era of 3D printers and digital 

4792
04:10:40,300 --> 04:10:42,800
imaging or leading biotech 
startups. 

4793
04:10:42,800 --> 04:10:45,700
Others caution that the 
intangible Synergy of 

4794
04:10:45,708 --> 04:10:49,400
Renaissance Italy, a World open 
to invention but also Bound by 

4795
04:10:49,400 --> 04:10:53,500
Kraft Traditions shaped him. 
A modern environment might 

4796
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:56,400
hamper that slow observational 
approach. 

4797
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:59,500
He thrived in a realm where 
forging your pigments and 

4798
04:10:59,500 --> 04:11:02,700
dissecting cadavers in candlelit
Corners built a holistic sense 

4799
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,600
of wonder. 
Today's rapid data flow might 

4800
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:07,400
overshadow. 
The meticulous wonder that 

4801
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:10,300
fueled his slow revelation. 
Scholars. 

4802
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:12,900
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 
notebooks for overlooked 

4803
04:11:12,900 --> 04:11:16,000
insights on might find a newly 
deciphered margin note, 

4804
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:18,700
revealing how he played water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

4805
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:21,500
irrigation. 
Another might unearth of 

4806
04:11:21,500 --> 04:11:24,600
fragment referencing a missing 
treaties on mirror, making each 

4807
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:27,600
fresh Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

4808
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:29,900
knowledge remains? 
Because his notebooks were so 

4809
04:11:29,900 --> 04:11:32,700
scattered lines, vanished and 
private collections. 

4810
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:36,000
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

4811
04:11:36,000 --> 04:11:39,600
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

4812
04:11:39,600 --> 04:11:43,600
Leicester in 1994, digitizing 
Pages, for public curiosity. 

4813
04:11:44,700 --> 04:11:47,200
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

4814
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:50,400
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

4815
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,400
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

4816
04:11:54,400 --> 04:11:57,200
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

4817
04:11:57,200 --> 04:11:59,500
Relationships or sexuality 
remain ambiguous. 

4818
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:03,500
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

4819
04:12:03,500 --> 04:12:05,800
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

4820
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:08,200
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

4821
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:12,000
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

4822
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:13,800
references, or allegorical 
musings. 

4823
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:17,400
The aura of secrecy around his 
private life parallels, the 

4824
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:20,600
guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

4825
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:24,900
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

4826
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,300
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

4827
04:12:28,300 --> 04:12:31,300
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

4828
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:33,500
painting and ephemeral designs 
illustrate. 

4829
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,800
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

4830
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:40,600
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output. 

4831
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,600
His story hints that the path of
exploration. 

4832
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:49,300
Can yield intangible but 
profound insights that he never 

4833
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:52,200
published his anatomical volumes
didn't negate their brilliant's 

4834
04:12:52,200 --> 04:12:56,100
their posture in Florence, shape
fields from architecture to 

4835
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:59,200
fluid dynamics. 
Many contemporary creatives draw

4836
04:12:59,200 --> 04:13:02,600
solace in Leonardo's example, 
creation can be iterative 

4837
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,800
perpetually and flux and still 
crucial to progress. 

4838
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:09,700
Even so some critics note, that 
praising Leonardo can 

4839
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:12,500
overshadow, other Renaissance 
figures like Filippo 

4840
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:16,500
Brunelleschi who concretely, the
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 

4841
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:20,800
whose mathematics influence him.
They argue that the Leonardo 

4842
04:13:20,800 --> 04:13:24,100
Legend occasionally 
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 

4843
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:27,200
while that Synergy was real. 
Credit goes to many. 

4844
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:30,200
Leonardo's singular star 
shouldn't blind us to the 

4845
04:13:30,200 --> 04:13:33,100
collective Genius of the period 
but precisely because he 

4846
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:37,300
integrated so many fields. 
Art science, engineering and 

4847
04:13:37,300 --> 04:13:40,100
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

4848
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:43,400
the entire Renaissance moment. 
Capturing the further of 

4849
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:47,300
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

4850
04:13:47,300 --> 04:13:52,200
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a
static, historical figure than a

4851
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:56,100
living metaphor for potential. 
Each generation reinterprets him

4852
04:13:56,100 --> 04:13:59,500
plugging his name into the 
contexts as varied as Steam, 

4853
04:13:59,500 --> 04:14:03,200
education, cultural diplomacy or
brown marketing. 

4854
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:07,000
The friction between the legend 
and the historical details keeps

4855
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:09,600
him relevant. 
People yearn for the secret of 

4856
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:13,800
how a single mind could roam. 
So broadly producing both 

4857
04:14:13,800 --> 04:14:16,900
Timeless artistic wonders and 
notebooks brimming with half 

4858
04:14:16,900 --> 04:14:20,100
realized Marvels. 
That tension between the 

4859
04:14:20,100 --> 04:14:23,100
completed and the fragmentary 
May well be Leonardo's. 

4860
04:14:23,100 --> 04:14:25,300
Final gift spurring us to 
question. 

4861
04:14:25,300 --> 04:14:28,400
How far our curiosity might take
us if we refuse to erect 

4862
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:31,900
barriers between the Arts and 
Sciences the story of Leonardo 

4863
04:14:31,900 --> 04:14:36,200
da Vinci serves as the lens on 
lifelong reinvention, Born in a 

4864
04:14:36,200 --> 04:14:39,400
modest Tuscan setting. 
He navigated uneven patronage 

4865
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:43,600
system accepted partial 
successes and found resilience 

4866
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:47,000
In Perpetual learning. 
Each City he lived in Florence 

4867
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:51,000
Miller and Rome and ultimately 
France, offered fresh Vantage 

4868
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:53,700
points. 
Reminding us that Mobility can 

4869
04:14:53,700 --> 04:14:56,100
spark renewal at any stage in 
life, though. 

4870
04:14:56,100 --> 04:14:58,400
He occasionally lamented in 
complete tasks. 

4871
04:14:58,400 --> 04:15:00,800
He pressed forward. 
Bridging discipline. 

4872
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:04,500
After discipline. 
It's worth extracting lessons 

4873
04:15:04,500 --> 04:15:08,300
from his approach. 
He cultivated tell an insatiable

4874
04:15:08,300 --> 04:15:11,200
observational habit. 
Scrutinizing, swirling water. 

4875
04:15:11,200 --> 04:15:15,400
The geometry of a flowers petal.
well, the subtle shift of a 

4876
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:19,500
faces muscles even in an era 
lacking cameras or modern labs, 

4877
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:23,000
he gleaned Universal patterns by
focusing on the details. 

4878
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,400
As midlife adults we too can 
regain that sense of direct 

4879
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:30,500
observation whether it's 
noticing minor changes in a 

4880
04:15:30,508 --> 04:15:33,700
friend's demeanor or analyzing 
complexities at work. 

4881
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:37,800
Alana desk perspective 
encourages seeing a new not 

4882
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:41,600
coasting on assumptions. 
Another facet resonates with 

4883
04:15:41,600 --> 04:15:44,600
modern times the Synergy of 
creative expression and 

4884
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:47,900
methodical research. 
Leonardo was no Carefree 

4885
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:50,800
Dreamer. 
He systematically tested ideas, 

4886
04:15:50,800 --> 04:15:55,600
building prototypes, dissecting 
bodies and refining pigments. 

4887
04:15:56,500 --> 04:16:00,100
He let imagination drive him but
insisted on verifying theories 

4888
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:03,200
with experiments. 
For those in middle, adulthood 

4889
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:08,000
managing teams, families or 
personal projects balancing 

4890
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:11,500
Vision with practicality. 
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 

4891
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:15,500
bristle with micro failures, a 
water lifting device that jammed

4892
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:19,100
a mural technique that appealed,
yet each misstep taught him, 

4893
04:16:19,100 --> 04:16:23,100
something this iterative mindset
Foster's resilience and yields 

4894
04:16:23,100 --> 04:16:26,400
deeper expertise, moreover, 
Leonardo's, story, under 

4895
04:16:26,400 --> 04:16:27,600
schools, the role of 
collaboration. 

4896
04:16:27,600 --> 04:16:31,500
He sawed highest not in 
isolation, but in Synergy with 

4897
04:16:31,500 --> 04:16:36,100
Patron's mentors and assistance.
The swords are in French courts,

4898
04:16:36,100 --> 04:16:39,800
gave him resources to dream big.
Skilled Workshop, members helped

4899
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:42,800
realize or test Concepts even 
his competition with 

4900
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:45,700
Michelangelo and Raphael will be
at fraught with tension. 

4901
04:16:45,700 --> 04:16:50,100
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 
present life Synergy across 

4902
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:53,400
skill sets can amplify outcomes.
We see parallels and 

4903
04:16:53,400 --> 04:16:56,300
cross-functional corporate teams
or community coalitions that 

4904
04:16:56,300 --> 04:16:58,500
blend varied talents to achieve 
breakthroughs. 

4905
04:16:58,500 --> 04:17:01,600
However, we also need to address
the negative aspect. 

4906
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:06,200
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 
potential, many of Leonardo's 

4907
04:17:06,200 --> 04:17:09,100
Grand designs such as the 
sports, a horse or the treaters 

4908
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:13,100
on flight remained incomplete. 
Some might interpret him as a 

4909
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:14,400
cautionary. 
Tale of about perfectionism, 

4910
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:18,400
indeed, he sometimes spent years
later in glazes on a single 

4911
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:20,800
painting or rewriting the same 
mechanical design. 

4912
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:24,400
For busy modern adults. 
It can be a nudge to find 

4913
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:26,900
closure. 
Not every idea demands in 

4914
04:17:26,908 --> 04:17:30,100
definite polishing, finishing 
and sharing can unlock new 

4915
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:33,600
phases of growth. 
Still Leonardo's incomplete 

4916
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:35,500
wanders. 
Also remind us that partial 

4917
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:38,700
efforts can spark future 
revolution's, even if we are 

4918
04:17:38,700 --> 04:17:40,300
cells, never see the fully 
bloom. 

4919
04:17:41,500 --> 04:17:43,100
His final years, and the French 
court. 

4920
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:45,800
So, highlight that one can 
remain relevant even in advanced

4921
04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:48,900
stage by building a lifelong 
reputation for innovation. 

4922
04:17:49,700 --> 04:17:52,000
He found fresh patrons who 
treasured his wisdom. 

4923
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:56,100
He might not have executed large
Public Works, then but he 

4924
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:58,800
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

4925
04:17:58,800 --> 04:18:01,700
enrichment of the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

4926
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:04,900
transitioning out of intense, 
early career phases, there is a 

4927
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:07,800
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing will specializes 

4928
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:09,900
consultancy, can be equally 
impactful. 

4929
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:13,900
The Leonardo's Twilight wasn't 
about retirement in a quiet 

4930
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:17,100
sense, but about integrating 
Decades of experience into a 

4931
04:18:17,100 --> 04:18:20,400
culminating sphere. 
And other essential angle is how

4932
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:23,600
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

4933
04:18:23,600 --> 04:18:26,200
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

4934
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:29,500
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

4935
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:32,000
mechanisms, you believed to 
understanding, creation's, 

4936
04:18:32,000 --> 04:18:36,000
intricacies on the Creator in an
era where faith and science 

4937
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:39,800
sometimes, clashed navigated a 
personal path from a modern 

4938
04:18:39,808 --> 04:18:41,900
audience frequently. 
Contending with polarized 

4939
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:44,400
debates. 
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 

4940
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:46,300
model. 
Rational, exploration can 

4941
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:50,000
coexist with spiritual depth, 
each fuel in gratitude for 

4942
04:18:50,000 --> 04:18:53,000
existence of? 
Marvel's ultimately, the life of

4943
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:55,700
Leonardo, da Vinci's stands as 
an emblem of boundless 

4944
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:58,600
curiosity. 
Bridging disciplines that many 

4945
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:01,400
treaters separate. 
He embraced incremental 

4946
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:04,800
knowledge acknowledging that 
each Discovery planted the seeds

4947
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:07,900
for further Mysteries. 
His notebook, though scattered 

4948
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:11,200
and partial reveal a mind 
enthralled by the interplay of 

4949
04:19:11,200 --> 04:19:15,600
form motion and Cosmic design. 
Five centuries on, we still 

4950
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,200
glean from him. 
The power of Wonder the value of

4951
04:19:18,208 --> 04:19:21,900
dogged experimentation and the 
humility to accept that Mastery 

4952
04:19:21,900 --> 04:19:25,000
is a continual Journey. 
Never fully complete. 

4953
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:28,100
In a world that yearns for 
Innovation and empathy. 

4954
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:31,400
He remains a shining example of 
what a single human can 

4955
04:19:31,400 --> 04:19:34,500
accomplish when Guided by the 
persistent or the world's 

4956
04:19:34,500 --> 04:19:39,600
complexities and that perhaps is
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 

4957
04:19:39,600 --> 04:19:41,700
remind us that even the simplest
observation. 

4958
04:19:41,700 --> 04:19:46,000
Like a swirl of water in a basin
can unravel entire universes of 

4959
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:48,200
insight of we only dare to look 
closely enough. 

4960
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,300
Margaret Holloway had always 
prided herself on being the sort

4961
04:19:56,300 --> 04:19:57,900
of person who read instruction 
manuals. 

4962
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:01,500
Particularly for toasters her 
insurance company continued to 

4963
04:20:01,500 --> 04:20:04,700
mention the incident from 19 
years ago in hushed, traumatized

4964
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:06,700
Tone's. 
So, when she inherited her, 

4965
04:20:06,700 --> 04:20:10,200
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar
collection of antique, including

4966
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:13,300
what appeared to be a medieval 
astro-lab made of suspiciously 

4967
04:20:13,300 --> 04:20:15,600
modern materials. 
She naturally assumed there 

4968
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:20,000
would be documentation there 
wasn't What there was tucked 

4969
04:20:20,000 --> 04:20:23,000
behind the device like a guilty.
Afterthought was a Post-It. 

4970
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:26,300
Note reading, don't touch the 
blue bits when Mercury is in 

4971
04:20:26,300 --> 04:20:28,000
retrograde. 
M. 

4972
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:31,100
Margaret. 
Who possessed both a masters 

4973
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,000
degree in library science and a 
healthy skepticism toward 

4974
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:36,900
astrological nonsense promptly 
touch the blue bits. 

4975
04:20:36,900 --> 04:20:39,700
It was Tuesday morning. 
She had already dealt with three

4976
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:43,000
passive, aggressive emails from 
her supervisor and Mercury. 

4977
04:20:43,000 --> 04:20:45,900
Could frankly retrograde itself 
into the Sun, for all she cared.

4978
04:20:46,600 --> 04:20:49,900
The astrolabe hummed, this was 
Margaret's first indication 

4979
04:20:49,900 --> 04:20:51,300
that. 
Perhaps great aren't Millicent. 

4980
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:53,200
Had been more eccentric than 
previously documented. 

4981
04:20:53,200 --> 04:20:57,100
The second indication, was the 
way her kitchen began folding 

4982
04:20:57,100 --> 04:21:00,400
itself, inside out, like origami
designed by a mathematician, 

4983
04:21:00,400 --> 04:21:04,600
having an existential crisis 
bollocks and Margaret and said, 

4984
04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:07,500
which were destined to be the 
last words spoken in her ranch 

4985
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:10,800
style home in Suburban, Ohio for
approximately 700 years. 

4986
04:21:10,800 --> 04:21:15,100
The world transformed into a 
pretzel, infused with Cosmic 

4987
04:21:15,100 --> 04:21:18,700
salt and offered itself to the 
universe accompanied by temporal

4988
04:21:18,700 --> 04:21:21,900
displacement. 
Margaret found herself flying 

4989
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:24,800
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

4990
04:21:24,800 --> 04:21:27,800
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

4991
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:31,200
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered, she was wearing a 

4992
04:21:31,200 --> 04:21:33,100
brown wool and dress. 
That itched in places. 

4993
04:21:33,100 --> 04:21:36,300
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible Flats had been 

4994
04:21:36,308 --> 04:21:39,200
replaced by leather things that 
appeared to have been crafted by

4995
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,000
someone who had only heard 
Footwear described second-hand. 

4996
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:46,200
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

4997
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,000
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

4998
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:50,700
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

4999
04:21:51,500 --> 04:21:54,200
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

5000
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:57,800
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 

5001
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:00,400
from a second story window with 
the practice game of someone who

5002
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:03,900
had clearly done this before. 
Children played in the dirt with

5003
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:05,400
sticks. 
Apparently. 

5004
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:09,000
Finding the activity, the height
of entertainment Margaret, sat 

5005
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,100
up slowly her librarian, 
instincts immediately, 

5006
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:15,200
cataloging the historical, 
inconsistencies, the 

5007
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:17,300
architecture was wrong for any 
specific period. 

5008
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:21,300
She could identify The clothing 
was a mixed of style spanning 

5009
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:24,400
roughly three centuries. 
Was the man over there wearing 

5010
04:22:24,400 --> 04:22:26,200
what appeared to be a digital 
watch? 

5011
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:30,100
Is this your first time? 
Hasta voice behind her Margaret 

5012
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:31,500
turned to find a woman in her 
50s. 

5013
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,700
Wearing robes that managed to 
look both authentically medieval

5014
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:38,200
and suspiciously. 
Well tailored, a smile was 

5015
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:41,000
knowing and her teeth were far 
too straight for someone living 

5016
04:22:41,000 --> 04:22:44,900
in the pre-dental era. may I ask
your, pardon Margaret asked, 

5017
04:22:44,900 --> 04:22:48,900
Margaret asked, then immediately
regretted it in her experience, 

5018
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:52,600
begging anyone's, pardon, in an 
unfamiliar situation, typically 

5019
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:56,900
led to complications Time travel
the woman clarified as if the 

5020
04:22:56,900 --> 04:22:58,900
solution were obvious, you've 
got that. 

5021
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:02,200
Look, you've recently realized 
that physics is more of a 

5022
04:23:02,200 --> 04:23:06,700
suggestion than a law. 
I'm sister Agatha formally that 

5023
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,700
Agnes Whitmore of the Cambridge 
medieval history department and 

5024
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:13,300
you're clearly not from around 
here temporarily speaking. 

5025
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:16,800
Margaret stared. 
This is impossible. 

5026
04:23:17,900 --> 04:23:22,900
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,
a sound that carried distinct 

5027
04:23:22,900 --> 04:23:25,600
notes of Hysteria carefully 
controlled through years of 

5028
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:28,600
practice. 
Impossible was last used day. 

5029
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:31,900
This is just inconvenient. 
Come on, let's get you oriented 

5030
04:23:31,900 --> 04:23:33,400
before the anachronism, please 
show up. 

5031
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:37,900
The, what now? 
But sister Agatha was already 

5032
04:23:37,900 --> 04:23:41,300
walking away, a robe swishing 
with the authority of someone 

5033
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:43,700
who had learned to navigate, 
both medieval politics and 

5034
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:47,900
University bureaucracy. 
Margaret scrambled to follow her

5035
04:23:47,900 --> 04:23:49,800
new shoes. 
Making sounds like frustrated 

5036
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:53,100
cats on the cobblestones as they
walk through the village, 

5037
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:57,000
Margaret noticed more 
inconsistencies, a blacksmith 

5038
04:23:57,000 --> 04:23:59,500
hammered, what looks 
suspiciously like a smartphone 

5039
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:02,200
case. 
A merchant sold authentic 

5040
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,400
medieval remedies from bottles 
that clearly bore, modern 

5041
04:24:05,400 --> 04:24:08,300
safety, seals. 
And everywhere people moved with

5042
04:24:08,300 --> 04:24:11,300
a particular sort of resigned 
efficiency that Margaret 

5043
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:12,900
recognized from her office 
environment. 

5044
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:15,800
Right? 
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 

5045
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:19,300
outside what appeared to be a 
Tavern with a sign, reading the 

5046
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:23,300
temporal refugee. 
Here's the situation, welcome to

5047
04:24:23,300 --> 04:24:26,500
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 
Dumping Ground for temple, 

5048
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:29,700
tourists, displaced individuals,
and the generally temporary 

5049
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:33,300
confused. 
We've got Romans victorians a 

5050
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:36,900
perplexed gentleman from 1623 
who keeps asking about the 

5051
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:38,200
location of the nearest 
Starbucks. 

5052
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:41,100
And last week, we acquired a 
flapper from the 20s, who was 

5053
04:24:41,100 --> 04:24:43,000
already revolutionized our 
cocktail menu. 

5054
04:24:44,700 --> 04:24:46,900
Margaret felt a familiar 
Sensation that she usually 

5055
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:48,700
associated with faculty 
meetings. 

5056
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:52,500
The gradual realization that she
was trapped in something that 

5057
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:55,500
made no sense, but would somehow
become her responsibility. 

5058
04:24:56,300 --> 04:25:00,200
How do I get home? 
She asked sister Agatha smiled 

5059
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:02,400
took on the sort of kindness 
typically reserved for 

5060
04:25:02,408 --> 04:25:06,000
delivering catastrophic news. 
Well that's the question, isn't 

5061
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:07,700
it? 
Some people figure it out, 

5062
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:11,700
others don't but the good news 
is we've developed quite a nice 

5063
04:25:11,708 --> 04:25:14,600
little Community here. 
We've got running water, thanks 

5064
04:25:14,600 --> 04:25:17,900
to a Roman engineer, decent 
food, courtesy of a Victorian 

5065
04:25:17,900 --> 04:25:21,000
chef and surprisingly 
Progressive social policies 

5066
04:25:21,000 --> 04:25:23,300
implemented by a group of 
suffragettes who are arrived 

5067
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,900
last spring, Margaret looked 
around at the village with new 

5068
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:28,900
eyes. 
It wasn't medieval at all she 

5069
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:33,200
realized It was something 
entirely new a place where time 

5070
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,700
had hiccuped collected, its 
mistakes and decided to make the

5071
04:25:36,700 --> 04:25:39,000
best of things. 
How long have you been here? 

5072
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:42,600
She asked. 
Five years is a subjective time.

5073
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:47,000
It could be five minutes or five
decades in the real world times.

5074
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:50,600
A bit wobbly here. 
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've

5075
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:53,200
got to say the research 
opportunities are unparalleled. 

5076
04:25:53,200 --> 04:25:56,200
Where else can you get primary 
source material from actual 

5077
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:58,900
primary sources? 
Margaret felt his self beginning

5078
04:25:58,900 --> 04:26:01,700
to panic which was unfortunate 
because Panic had never been 

5079
04:26:01,700 --> 04:26:03,300
particularly useful in her 
experience. 

5080
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:05,900
But I have a job. 
I have a mortgage. 

5081
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:08,900
I have a cat had sister 
corrected. 

5082
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:12,300
Gently past tense is crucial 
when your dealing with temporal 

5083
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:15,500
displacement but look on the 
bright side, no more mortgage 

5084
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:17,900
payments. 
The temporal Refugee turned out 

5085
04:26:17,900 --> 04:26:21,300
to be precisely what it sounded 
like a Tavern for people who had

5086
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:24,800
accidentally fallen through the 
cracks in time and were making 

5087
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:26,900
the best of it with varying 
degrees of success. 

5088
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:30,900
The proprietor was a cheerful 
woman named Gladys who claimed 

5089
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,600
to be from 1943 and had arrived 
during the blitz expecting to 

5090
04:26:34,600 --> 04:26:38,500
find an air raid shelter. 
Instead she'd found herself The 

5091
04:26:38,500 --> 04:26:41,700
Accidental mayor of history's. 
Most confused municipality. 

5092
04:26:42,600 --> 04:26:45,900
New arrival, Gladys announced a 
sister Agatha LED Margaret 

5093
04:26:45,900 --> 04:26:48,500
through the door. 
Welcome to the club that no one 

5094
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:51,800
desired to join yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

5095
04:26:51,800 --> 04:26:54,600
themselves a part of First drink
is free. 

5096
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:58,300
The second is on credit and the 
third is your responsibility, 

5097
04:26:58,300 --> 04:27:02,300
because you should know our 
economy by then, the taverns 

5098
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:04,700
interior was a fascinating 
Collision of architectural 

5099
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:07,300
periods. 
Tudor beams supported, what 

5100
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:10,700
appeared to be Art Deco, light 
fixtures, while Roman mosaics 

5101
04:27:10,700 --> 04:27:13,300
decorated floors laid with 
Victorian tiles. 

5102
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:16,600
The overall effect was like 
walking into time and having an 

5103
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:19,800
identity crisis. 
At a corner table, a man in what

5104
04:27:19,800 --> 04:27:21,900
looked like 18th century 
clothing was engaged. 

5105
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:25,900
In animated conversational with 
a woman, wearing a 1960s, mod 

5106
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:29,400
dress and Roman Centurion who 
had apparently decided to keep 

5107
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,900
his armor but updated attitude. 
Their discussion appeared to 

5108
04:27:32,900 --> 04:27:35,700
center around the best methods 
for organizing a democratic 

5109
04:27:35,700 --> 04:27:37,900
government. 
When your citizenry spammed 

5110
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:40,100
roughly 2000 years of political 
evolution. 

5111
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:44,500
That's our steering committee. 
Sister explained? 

5112
04:27:44,500 --> 04:27:47,300
We found that representative 
democracy works. 

5113
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:49,500
Surprisingly. 
Well, when everyone's equally 

5114
04:27:49,500 --> 04:27:53,400
confused about the present 
situation, Thomas who hails from

5115
04:27:53,408 --> 04:27:57,200
the year, 1776 arrived shortly 
after signing a document, he 

5116
04:27:57,200 --> 04:28:00,000
describes as terribly important 
which is why he has strong 

5117
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:04,400
opinions about governance 
Veronica, who is from 1967 holds

5118
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:08,000
strong opinions on a wide range 
of topics Marcus, has strong 

5119
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:10,500
opinions, about military 
organization, primarily 

5120
04:28:10,500 --> 04:28:12,900
suggesting that all disputes 
should be settled through 

5121
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:15,900
combat. 
Margaret accepted a drink from 

5122
04:28:15,900 --> 04:28:18,500
Gladys that tasted like, it had 
been invented by someone who 

5123
04:28:18,500 --> 04:28:21,800
remembered alcohol, fondly, but 
had to work with medieval 

5124
04:28:21,800 --> 04:28:25,800
ingredients, Although it wasn't 
entirely unpleasant, the drink 

5125
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:28,100
felt like a metaphor for her 
entire situation. 

5126
04:28:29,400 --> 04:28:31,500
So, how does this work Margaret 
asked? 

5127
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:34,500
The data. 
I mean you can't all just sit 

5128
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:36,100
around drinking and forming 
committees. 

5129
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:38,900
Oh heavens. 
No Gladys laughed. 

5130
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:40,900
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

5131
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:43,000
It turns out. 
When you put together people 

5132
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:45,500
from different times you get a 
lot of useful knowledge 

5133
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:47,800
exchange. 
Markus taught us Roman 

5134
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:51,100
construction technique's which 
the Victorian engineer improved 

5135
04:28:51,100 --> 04:28:54,200
with modern Material Science, 
which Thomas ints with 

5136
04:28:54,200 --> 04:28:57,500
Democratic labor practices, 
which Veronica revolutionized 

5137
04:28:57,500 --> 04:29:01,500
with modern efficiency methods. 
She gestured toward the window, 

5138
04:29:01,500 --> 04:29:04,100
where Margaret could see people 
working on what appeared to be a

5139
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:06,900
construction project involving 
both medieval stonework and 

5140
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:09,300
suspiciously modern looking 
Plumbing. 

5141
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:11,900
We're building a proper Town 
Hall. 

5142
04:29:11,900 --> 04:29:15,500
Sister, Agatha explained 
complete with meeting rooms a 

5143
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,100
library and what Veronica 
insists on calling a social 

5144
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:20,800
services department. 
Apparently, temporal 

5145
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:24,000
displacement comes with its own 
unique set of bureaucratic 

5146
04:29:24,000 --> 04:29:26,600
needs. 
But surely someone's trying to 

5147
04:29:26,600 --> 04:29:29,400
get home. 
Margaret asked The Tavern went 

5148
04:29:29,408 --> 04:29:32,300
quiet in a way that suggested 
she touched on a sensitive 

5149
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:35,100
subject. 
Gladys polished a glass with 

5150
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:38,500
unnecessary intensity, while 
sister Agatha developed a sudden

5151
04:29:38,500 --> 04:29:40,300
interest in the pattern of the 
tablecloth. 

5152
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:44,200
Well, Thomas said from the 
corner table, his colonial 

5153
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:46,700
American accent carrying clearly
across the room. 

5154
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:48,700
That's rather the central 
question, isn't it? 

5155
04:29:48,708 --> 04:29:51,600
Some folks spend all their time 
trying to figure out the way 

5156
04:29:51,600 --> 04:29:53,600
back. 
Others come to the conclusion 

5157
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:55,800
that staying in. 
The present isn't necessarily A 

5158
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:58,500
Bad Thing and some, he traveled 
off. 

5159
04:29:58,500 --> 04:30:02,400
Some Margaret, prompted. 
Some discover that home isn't 

5160
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:05,200
quite what they remembered 
Veronica, finish her, London 

5161
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:07,900
accent, despite the 
anachronistic setting. 

5162
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,100
Turns out when you've been gone 
for subjective years, certain 

5163
04:30:12,100 --> 04:30:14,300
assumptions about what you want 
to return to start looking 

5164
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:17,500
rather questionable. 
Markus, the Roman Centurion 

5165
04:30:17,500 --> 04:30:20,200
nodded Gravely. 
I was fleeing Gaul when I 

5166
04:30:20,200 --> 04:30:23,300
arrived here, the situation 
which involved a superior 

5167
04:30:23,300 --> 04:30:25,500
officers wife and a 
misunderstanding about Roman 

5168
04:30:25,500 --> 04:30:27,500
marriage. 
Customs was rather embarrassing.

5169
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:31,200
Point is going back, would 
involve considerably more 

5170
04:30:31,200 --> 04:30:32,800
crucifixion than I am 
comfortable with. 

5171
04:30:35,800 --> 04:30:38,900
Margaret felt the weight of her 
life settling around her like an

5172
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:41,700
ill-fitting coat. 
Her job at the library while 

5173
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:45,300
stable had become increasingly 
automated and decreasingly 

5174
04:30:45,300 --> 04:30:48,000
fulfilling. 
Her marriage had ended two years

5175
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:50,500
ago when her husband discovered 
that his midlife crisis 

5176
04:30:50,500 --> 04:30:53,700
required, a motorcycle. 
And a 25 year old named Crystal.

5177
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:57,100
Her mortgage was for a house 
that had always felt too large 

5178
04:30:57,100 --> 04:30:59,100
for one person and two small for
the life. 

5179
04:30:59,100 --> 04:31:02,400
She'd imagined she'd have how do
you know if you want to go back?

5180
04:31:02,400 --> 04:31:06,400
She asked quietly. 
That said sister Agatha is the 

5181
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,300
question. 
Everyone asks and nobody can 

5182
04:31:09,300 --> 04:31:12,900
answer for anyone else, but I 
will say this in five years 

5183
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:16,300
here, I've published more 
original research than I did in 

5184
04:31:16,300 --> 04:31:19,400
20 years at Cambridge. 
It turns out that primary source

5185
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:22,300
material is much easier to 
obtain when your sources are 

5186
04:31:22,300 --> 04:31:25,800
sitting at the next table. 
Gladius set down her glass and 

5187
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:28,500
leaned against the bar. 
I've been thinking about that 

5188
04:31:28,500 --> 04:31:30,100
night in London, when I ended up
here. 

5189
04:31:30,900 --> 04:31:33,600
The sirens were going off, bombs
were falling and I was more 

5190
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:35,600
terrified than I'd ever been in 
my life. 

5191
04:31:36,300 --> 04:31:38,700
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felt in years. 

5192
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:42,800
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death, my children had

5193
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:44,900
grown and left and I was merely 
existing. 

5194
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:47,500
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

5195
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:51,400
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

5196
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:55,400
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

5197
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:58,900
just what happened before. 
I started Living The Tavern door

5198
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:03,000
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

5199
04:32:03,000 --> 04:32:06,700
or maintenance a young man. 
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 

5200
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:09,500
that looked like a confused 
merger between medieval peasant 

5201
04:32:09,500 --> 04:32:12,400
wear and what Margaret was 
beginning to recognize as the 

5202
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:16,400
standard issue temporal Refugee 
uniform Emergency committee 

5203
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:18,600
meeting. 
He announced breathlessly we've 

5204
04:32:18,600 --> 04:32:21,400
got anachronism policing coming 
and there are asking about 

5205
04:32:21,400 --> 04:32:24,900
unauthorized timeline 
modifications The Tavern erupted

5206
04:32:24,900 --> 04:32:27,600
into organized and Chaos. 
Thomas immediately began 

5207
04:32:27,600 --> 04:32:30,300
drafting what he called. 
Emergence emergency protocols 

5208
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:31,800
for Democratic crisis 
management. 

5209
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,200
Veronica started organizing 
people into what she termed 

5210
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:37,800
efficiency groups. 
Marcus began discussing 

5211
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:41,000
defensive strategies that 
involved words like Phalanx and 

5212
04:32:41,000 --> 04:32:43,600
tactical retreat. 
An acronym. 

5213
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:46,500
Police Margaret asked sister 
about the commotion. 

5214
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:50,300
Time travels, governing body 
sister, Agatha explained 

5215
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:52,500
Grimley. 
Consider them to be the 

5216
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:55,300
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

5217
04:32:55,300 --> 04:32:57,700
entire timelines. 
If they think things have gotten

5218
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:01,600
too messy, they don't like 
places like this too many 

5219
04:33:01,608 --> 04:33:04,400
variables, too much potential 
for paradox. 

5220
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,800
What do they do? 
Best case scenario? 

5221
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:10,599
They relocate us to approve, 
temporal zones. 

5222
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:14,700
Worst case scenario. 
They decide where too much of a 

5223
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:17,500
risk and sister Agatha made a 
gesture. 

5224
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:20,500
That could be interpreted as 
either poof or obliteration. 

5225
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:24,400
Margaret felt that familiar 
librarian Instinct kicking in 

5226
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:27,599
the one that appeared whenever 
someone threatened to reorganize

5227
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:30,300
her carefully maintained systems
without consulting her first. 

5228
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:33,700
It was the same feeling she got 
when patrons tried to return 

5229
04:33:33,700 --> 04:33:36,599
books to the wrong shelves, or 
when her supervisor suggested 

5230
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:40,400
improving efficiency through 
methods that would clearly make 

5231
04:33:40,400 --> 04:33:44,000
everything worse Right? 
She said surprising herself with

5232
04:33:44,000 --> 04:33:46,400
her decisive nurse. 
What actions are necessary. 

5233
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:49,700
The emergency committee meeting 
took place in what Gladys 

5234
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:52,700
optimistically called the 
community center, which was 

5235
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,700
actually the tables pushed 
together and everyone trying to 

5236
04:33:55,700 --> 04:33:57,400
look official. 
Well though half of them were 

5237
04:33:57,408 --> 04:34:00,599
drinking ale at 10 in the 
morning, Margaret found herself 

5238
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:03,200
appointed as Secretary of 
Records, primarily because she 

5239
04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:06,000
was the only one present who 
knew what carbon paper was and 

5240
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:08,200
could also operate the hand 
cranked printing. 

5241
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:11,200
Press the Victorian gentleman 
named Nigel, had constructed 

5242
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:15,200
from memory and spare parts. 
Right then Thomas said calling 

5243
04:34:15,200 --> 04:34:18,200
the meeting to order with the 
sort of Gravitas that suggested 

5244
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,599
he'd had practiced at this sort 
of thing Jeremiah report. 

5245
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:25,800
Jeremiah the young man who 
brought the news stood up and 

5246
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,300
consulted, what appeared to be 
notes written on bark. 

5247
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:31,400
Three anachronism police 
officers arrived this morning 

5248
04:34:31,400 --> 04:34:34,700
via what looked like a temporal 
Vortex disguised as a traveling 

5249
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:37,300
Merchant wagon. 
They are staying at the end and 

5250
04:34:37,300 --> 04:34:39,599
asking questions about 
unauthorized timeline 

5251
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:42,599
modifications and dangerous, 
temporal accumulations. 

5252
04:34:43,700 --> 04:34:47,200
Dangerous temporal accumulations
sister Agatha repeated 

5253
04:34:47,200 --> 04:34:49,500
thoughtfully. 
That's what they call places 

5254
04:34:49,500 --> 04:34:51,800
like us. 
We have an excessive number of 

5255
04:34:51,800 --> 04:34:54,200
individuals from various eras 
residing in one place. 

5256
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:57,700
Where apparently creating? 
What they term chronological. 

5257
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:01,800
Instability bollocks said, 
Veronica firmly were creating a 

5258
04:35:01,800 --> 04:35:05,500
chronological Community. 
There's a different Marcus 

5259
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:08,700
nodded approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

5260
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:12,000
the bureaucrats arrive, hide the
wine and sharpen the swords. 

5261
04:35:12,900 --> 04:35:14,200
We're not hiding wine or 
sharpening. 

5262
04:35:14,200 --> 04:35:17,700
Swords Thompson said quickly, 
with civilized people have a 

5263
04:35:17,700 --> 04:35:20,099
civilized discussion about how 
to handle a bureaucratic 

5264
04:35:20,099 --> 04:35:22,200
situation through proper 
Democratic channels. 

5265
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:25,900
Have you met bureaucrats flat 
ass? 

5266
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:29,300
Dryly in my experience. 
Proper Democratic channels work 

5267
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:31,599
about as well for people in 
London during the blitz as they 

5268
04:35:31,599 --> 04:35:34,599
do. 
Now that is not at all and you 

5269
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:36,200
mostly have to model through and
hope for the best. 

5270
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:40,700
Margaret found herself taking 
detailed notes, partly out of 

5271
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,000
professional habit and partly 
because writing things down, 

5272
04:35:43,000 --> 04:35:46,000
helped her think. 
As she wrote patterns began to 

5273
04:35:46,008 --> 04:35:49,800
emerge the anachronism police 
seemed concerned about their 

5274
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:52,599
communities effect on the 
timeline, but from what she 

5275
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:55,400
could gather, they hadn't 
actually done anything to affect

5276
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:56,900
it. 
They were just living their 

5277
04:35:56,900 --> 04:35:59,000
lives in a place that 
technically shouldn't exist. 

5278
04:35:59,000 --> 04:36:03,200
What exactly is the timeline 
we're supposedly affecting she 

5279
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,800
asked the room went quiet. 
Margaret was beginning to 

5280
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:08,700
recognize this particular type 
of Silence. 

5281
04:36:08,700 --> 04:36:11,599
It was the same one that 
occurred in library staff 

5282
04:36:11,599 --> 04:36:13,500
meetings. 
When someone asked obvious 

5283
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:15,800
questions that revealed 
fundamental problems with the 

5284
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:20,900
entire system, Well, sister 
Agatha said slowly, that's 

5285
04:36:20,900 --> 04:36:24,700
rather complicated. 
See technically, none of us 

5286
04:36:24,700 --> 04:36:27,300
should be here. 
We should all be in our original

5287
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:29,700
Times. 
Living our original lives, 

5288
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,200
making our original 
contributions to history. 

5289
04:36:33,099 --> 04:36:35,000
But we're not affecting our 
original times. 

5290
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:36,900
Margaret pointed out, we're not 
there. 

5291
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:40,000
If anything, our absence should 
have more impact than our 

5292
04:36:40,000 --> 04:36:43,599
presence here. 
Said Nigel the Victorian 

5293
04:36:43,599 --> 04:36:47,200
engineer speaking up for the 
first time, that's where it gets

5294
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,200
intriguing, my research. 
Which I've dedicated a 

5295
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:53,300
significant amount of time to 
indicate that our disappearances

5296
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:55,900
of received compensation 
compensated. 

5297
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:59,900
How Tom was asked. 
Replacements, Nigel said, simply

5298
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:03,400
the timeline has generated 
substitute versions of us to 

5299
04:37:03,408 --> 04:37:05,700
fill the gaps. 
We left behind my wife. 

5300
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:09,200
Believes I died in a factory 
accident, Sister Agatha's 

5301
04:37:09,200 --> 04:37:10,900
University believed. 
She took early retirement 

5302
04:37:10,900 --> 04:37:14,400
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

5303
04:37:14,400 --> 04:37:17,000
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

5304
04:37:17,000 --> 04:37:18,800
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

5305
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:22,200
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

5306
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,300
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

5307
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,800
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

5308
04:37:29,800 --> 04:37:33,400
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

5309
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:36,700
That's deeply. 
Unsettling Margaret said. 

5310
04:37:37,400 --> 04:37:39,800
Welcome to time. 
Travel Gladys said, chiefly 

5311
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:42,900
nothing about it makes sense. 
And the more you think about it,

5312
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:47,800
the more you realize that sense 
was always overrated anyway, The

5313
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:50,599
meeting continued for another 
hour with various committee 

5314
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:53,599
members proposing solutions, 
that range from diplomatic 

5315
04:37:53,599 --> 04:37:59,400
negotiation Thomas to strategic 
misdirection Veronica to trial 

5316
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,800
by combat. 
Markus, predictably Margaret 

5317
04:38:02,800 --> 04:38:05,099
found herself thinking about the
other version of herself living 

5318
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:08,300
in her house doing her job, and 
presumably, feeding her cat. 

5319
04:38:09,099 --> 04:38:10,700
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

5320
04:38:10,700 --> 04:38:13,599
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

5321
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,599
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

5322
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,200
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

5323
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:22,400
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

5324
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:24,500
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

5325
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:27,300
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

5326
04:38:27,300 --> 04:38:30,099
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

5327
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:31,700
strategy. 
I like her. 

5328
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:36,300
Called reconnaissance, Marcus 
added basic military procedure. 

5329
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:40,099
It's called Common Sense. 
Gladys said I suppose that's 

5330
04:38:40,099 --> 04:38:43,200
revolutionary enough. 
In most situations Thomas nodded

5331
04:38:43,200 --> 04:38:45,800
thoughtfully, Margaret raises an
excellent point. 

5332
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,599
We've been assuming they want to
shut us down or relocate us but 

5333
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:51,300
perhaps their concerns are more 
specific. 

5334
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:54,599
Jeremiah what? 
Exactly were they asking about? 

5335
04:38:56,099 --> 04:38:57,800
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 
notes. 

5336
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:00,900
Again, they wanted to know, 
about unauthorized historical 

5337
04:39:00,900 --> 04:39:05,099
documentation and that chronic 
technological development and 

5338
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:08,700
unsanctioned temporal 
educational programs Margaret 

5339
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,599
held her Library. 
Incense tingling, those are very

5340
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:14,900
specific concerns. 
Not General timeline protection,

5341
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:19,099
specific activities, Sister 
Agatha's been writing papers 

5342
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:22,300
about medieval life, based on 
Direct observation, Nigel said, 

5343
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:24,700
slowly. 
I've been developing hybrid 

5344
04:39:24,700 --> 04:39:28,099
Technologies using Knowledge 
from multiple times and we've 

5345
04:39:28,099 --> 04:39:30,400
all been sharing knowledge 
across historical boundaries 

5346
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,000
We've been learning from each 
other Margaret said, and 

5347
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:35,599
apparently, that's what they're 
worried about. 

5348
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:39,600
The room fell silent again but 
this time it was the thoughtful 

5349
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:41,700
Silence of people. 
Realizing they were in more 

5350
04:39:41,700 --> 04:39:43,500
trouble than they initially 
understood. 

5351
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:46,800
But also possibly more right 
than they dare to Hope. 

5352
04:39:47,700 --> 04:39:52,200
So Tom said, finally we're not 
just temporal refugees were 

5353
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:55,700
temporal revolutionaries. 
Accidental, temporal 

5354
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:58,200
revolutionaries or sister Agatha
corrected. 

5355
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:03,300
The best kind of said with 
satisfaction, nobody expects The

5356
04:40:03,300 --> 04:40:07,100
Accidental revolutionaries. 
Margaret looked around the room 

5357
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:10,100
at her fellow temporal Misfits 
and felt something she hadn't 

5358
04:40:10,100 --> 04:40:13,900
experienced in years. 
The sense that she was precisely

5359
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:15,600
where she was supposed to be 
doing it. 

5360
04:40:15,600 --> 04:40:17,200
Exactly what she was supposed to
do. 

5361
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:19,800
She appeared to be tasked with 
challenging. 

5362
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:22,500
The fundamental principles of 
temporal law enforcement by 

5363
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:26,100
radically establishing a 
functional community. right 

5364
04:40:26,100 --> 04:40:29,600
then, she said surprised herself
again with her decisive nurse 

5365
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,000
Let's go talk to these 
anachronism police and find out 

5366
04:40:33,000 --> 04:40:36,300
exactly what kind of Revolution 
were accidentally leading based 

5367
04:40:36,300 --> 04:40:39,300
on her experience, with various 
forms of bureaucratic Authority.

5368
04:40:39,300 --> 04:40:43,500
Margaret expected, the acronym 
police to be polite, efficient 

5369
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:47,000
and firmly convinced that there 
are the only logical one. 

5370
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:51,100
They're taking up residence in 
The Villages only in which was 

5371
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:54,800
run by a cheerful woman from the
14th century who had adapted to 

5372
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:57,400
her unusual. 
Clown tell by developing what 

5373
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:01,000
she called a flexible approach 
to customer service. 

5374
04:41:02,800 --> 04:41:05,400
The three officers were sitting 
in the Inn's common room, when 

5375
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:07,500
Margaret's diplomatic delegation
arrived. 

5376
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:12,000
Thomas had insisted on formal. 
Protocols Veronica, had insisted

5377
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:14,300
on strategic positioning and 
Marcus. 

5378
04:41:14,300 --> 04:41:18,000
Had insisted on bringing weapons
ceremonial purposes only he'd 

5379
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:19,600
assured them while checking the 
edge on. 

5380
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:22,800
His Gladius, Margaret had 
insisted on bringing tea service

5381
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:26,400
because in her experience any 
difficult, conversation went 

5382
04:41:26,400 --> 04:41:30,400
better with proper Refreshments,
the lead officer was a woman who

5383
04:41:30,400 --> 04:41:33,800
introduced herself as Inspector 
Cronos which Margaret suspected 

5384
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:35,900
was either. 
An assumed name or evidence that

5385
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:38,900
the anachronism police had a 
department devoted entirely to 

5386
04:41:38,900 --> 04:41:41,900
ironic nomenclature. 
She was wearing what appeared to

5387
04:41:41,908 --> 04:41:44,300
be a uniformed designed by 
someone who had been told to 

5388
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:48,100
create Timeless professional 
attire and had interpreted the 

5389
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,500
term as a boring Grace suit that
could plausibly exist in any 

5390
04:41:51,500 --> 04:41:53,900
century. 
Thank you for meeting with us. 

5391
04:41:53,900 --> 04:41:56,700
Inspector Cronus. 
Said as Margaret arrange the T 

5392
04:41:56,700 --> 04:41:58,000
service on the ins largest 
table. 

5393
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:00,700
We appreciate your cooperation 
in this matter. 

5394
04:42:01,500 --> 04:42:05,500
Our pleasure Thomas replied 
smoothly. though, I confess 

5395
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,500
where uncertain about the nature
of the matter that requires our 

5396
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:12,300
cooperation Inspector Kronos 
consulted, a tablet that 

5397
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:14,800
definitely hadn't existed in any
time period. 

5398
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:17,800
Margaret could identify. 
You're aware that this 

5399
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:20,900
settlement exists in violation 
of several temporal Accords. 

5400
04:42:21,900 --> 04:42:23,800
We weren't aware. 
There were temporal Accords. 

5401
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:28,000
Sister Agatha, said, mildly. 
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.

5402
04:42:28,800 --> 04:42:31,200
Margaret poured tea while 
listening to inspector, Kronos, 

5403
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:33,600
explain the complex legal 
framework, that apparently 

5404
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:36,600
governed time travel. 
According to the temporal 

5405
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:40,500
Accords unauthorized time travel
was prohibited, temporal 

5406
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:43,300
settlements were forbidden and 
crossed temporal knowledge. 

5407
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:46,300
Sharing was considered a class 
three chronological offense 

5408
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:48,400
punishable by timeline 
rehabilitation. 

5409
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:51,600
Timeline. 
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 

5410
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:52,400
Veronica. 
Observed. 

5411
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:56,000
It's a Humane process. 
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 

5412
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:59,000
We simply relocated individuals 
to appropriate. 

5413
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,200
Temporal Zone's, where they can 
live productive lives without 

5414
04:43:02,200 --> 04:43:04,000
disrupting historical 
continuity. 

5415
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:07,300
Separator us. 
You mean Margaret said offering 

5416
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:09,700
sugar cubes. 
Send us back to our original 

5417
04:43:09,700 --> 04:43:11,200
times where we want to go on or 
not. 

5418
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:14,500
The personal preferences of 
temporarily displaced persons 

5419
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:17,600
are secondary to the stability 
of the timeline and Specter 

5420
04:43:17,600 --> 04:43:21,100
Kronos replied accepting her tea
with the sort of politeness. 

5421
04:43:21,100 --> 04:43:23,100
That suggested. 
She'd been trained in diplomatic

5422
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:27,000
protocols but found them. 
Tedious Margaret felt that 

5423
04:43:27,008 --> 04:43:31,200
familiar librarian, anger Rising
the specific Fury that came from

5424
04:43:31,200 --> 04:43:33,700
dealing with people who 
prioritized systems over people 

5425
04:43:33,700 --> 04:43:36,100
and called it necessary 
efficiency. 

5426
04:43:36,900 --> 04:43:40,000
And who decided that timelines 
stability was more important 

5427
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:43,100
than personal autonomy. 
Inspector. 

5428
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,700
Kronos looked genuinely puzzled 
by the question. the temporal 

5429
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:50,200
authority, of course, timeline 
stability, maintains, the proper

5430
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:54,500
order of historical events, 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

5431
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:57,900
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

5432
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:00,500
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

5433
04:44:00,500 --> 04:44:02,400
determine how people should live
their lives. 

5434
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:06,800
The Authority derives from 
temporal law which exists to 

5435
04:44:06,808 --> 04:44:08,900
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

5436
04:44:08,900 --> 04:44:12,700
Accuracy inspector Sonos 
explained patiently as if 

5437
04:44:12,700 --> 04:44:15,100
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand their basic 

5438
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:19,800
concepts. historical accuracy, 
according to whom sister asked, 

5439
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:23,300
I've spent five years here, 
conducting primary research that

5440
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:26,800
revealed significant errors in 
accepted historical narrative. 

5441
04:44:26,800 --> 04:44:30,900
Are you more interested in 
preserving factual accuracy or 

5442
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:33,200
in upholding your own 
interpretation of accuracy? 

5443
04:44:34,200 --> 04:44:36,500
Margaret watched inspector 
chronosis face? 

5444
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:40,100
Carefully years of dealing with 
Library patrons had taught her 

5445
04:44:40,108 --> 04:44:42,700
to recognize the exact moment 
when someone realized their 

5446
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:45,400
position might not be as 
unassailable as they'd assumed, 

5447
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:50,200
inspector Kronos was having that
moment right now, your research 

5448
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:52,900
is part of the problem, one of 
the other officers said speaking

5449
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:56,200
for the first time you're 
creating unauthorized historical

5450
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,400
documentation that could alter 
scholarly understanding of past 

5451
04:44:59,400 --> 04:45:03,500
events, You mean it could 
improve scholarly understanding 

5452
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:08,000
Margaret said sweetly refilling.
His teacup Isn't that what 

5453
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:11,900
research is supposed to do? 
Not when it disrupts established

5454
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:13,800
historical consensus. 
The officer replied. 

5455
04:45:14,700 --> 04:45:18,000
Established historical consensus
has been wrong before on a 

5456
04:45:18,000 --> 04:45:19,900
pointed out. 
I should know. 

5457
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:23,600
I lived through the sixth is and
the established historical 

5458
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:27,000
consensus about that decade is 
almost entirely bollocks. 

5459
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:29,700
Margaret could see that. 
This conversation was heading 

5460
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:31,700
towards the sort of 
philosophical impasse that 

5461
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:34,600
typically resulted in either 
violence or very long meetings. 

5462
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:39,200
In her experience, violence was 
Messier but often more efficient

5463
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:41,700
than meetings. 
However both typically ended 

5464
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:44,400
with someone feeling aggrieved 
and nothing actually resolved 

5465
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:48,100
Inspector. 
Kronos she said, interrupting 

5466
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:50,200
what appeared to be the 
beginning of a lecture about the

5467
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:51,800
importance of historical 
stability. 

5468
04:45:52,700 --> 04:45:54,500
May, I ask you a personal 
question? 

5469
04:45:55,600 --> 04:45:58,600
Inspector, Kronos looked weary. 
I suppose. 

5470
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:01,400
When did you last have a 
vacation? 

5471
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,300
The question clearly wasn't what
inspector Kronos had expected. 

5472
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:08,800
I that's not relevant to this 
investigation. 

5473
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:12,600
Humor, me Margaret said, 
employing the same tone. 

5474
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:16,100
She used with particularly 
stubborn Library, patrons, When 

5475
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:17,800
did you last take time off from 
work? 

5476
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,000
Temporal Authority agents. 
Don't take vacations. 

5477
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:24,900
To Kronos said stiffly, we have 
important work to do it. 

5478
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,600
Everyone needs time off Margaret
said gently otherwise work 

5479
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:32,200
becomes the only thing that 
Gives Life Meaning and that's 

5480
04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:35,300
not healthy for anyone. 
Trust me, I speak from 

5481
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:39,000
experience. 
She gestured around the incoming

5482
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:42,000
room where the afternoon liked 
was streaming through windows 

5483
04:46:42,000 --> 04:46:44,100
that had been designed by 
someone from the 18th century 

5484
04:46:44,100 --> 04:46:47,600
built by someone from ancient 
Rome and decorated by someone 

5485
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:51,400
from the 1966, the result was 
chaotic but somehow harmonious 

5486
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:54,500
Like A visual representation of 
their entire community. 

5487
04:46:55,300 --> 04:46:58,300
This place works. 
She said we have people from a 

5488
04:46:58,308 --> 04:47:00,600
dozen different times. 
Living together sharing 

5489
04:47:00,600 --> 04:47:02,000
knowledge, building something 
new. 

5490
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:04,000
We're not disrupting the 
timeline. 

5491
04:47:04,000 --> 04:47:06,500
We're creating something the 
timeline never had before 

5492
04:47:06,500 --> 04:47:10,500
something beautiful. 
unauthorized beauty is still 

5493
04:47:10,500 --> 04:47:14,100
unauthorized, inspector Kronos 
said, but her voice lacked 

5494
04:47:14,100 --> 04:47:16,900
conviction, According to the 
temporal Accords. 

5495
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:18,000
Yes. 
Margaret. 

5496
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:21,200
But have you considered that the
temporal Accords might be wrong?

5497
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:24,800
The silence that followed was 
different from the previous 

5498
04:47:24,800 --> 04:47:28,200
uncomfortable silences. 
This silence was the result of 

5499
04:47:28,200 --> 04:47:31,300
someone who had blindly followed
the rules for years, suddenly 

5500
04:47:31,300 --> 04:47:34,700
forced to question their logic. 
The Accords exist for good 

5501
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:37,100
reason. 
Inspector Cronos said finally 

5502
04:47:37,800 --> 04:47:41,400
I'm sure they do Thomas said 
diplomatically, but good reasons

5503
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:44,600
can become bad reasons. 
If circumstances change in my 

5504
04:47:44,600 --> 04:47:47,300
experience, the best laws of the
ones that can adapt a new 

5505
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:50,700
Situation's. 
What if Sister Agatha suggested 

5506
04:47:50,700 --> 04:47:53,500
carefully? 
Instead of shutting us down, you

5507
04:47:53,500 --> 04:47:56,300
studied us. 
We could be a pilot program for 

5508
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:59,300
controlled cross, temporal 
Community Development, think of 

5509
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:02,900
the research opportunities. 
Margaret could see inspector 

5510
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,600
Cronos, wavering years of 
bureaucratic training wearing 

5511
04:48:06,600 --> 04:48:10,100
with what appeared to be genuine
curiosity and possibly the first

5512
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:14,000
intriguing conversation she had 
in decades, That would require 

5513
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,500
authorization from the temporal 
Authority inspector Kronos said 

5514
04:48:17,508 --> 04:48:20,100
slowly. 
Then let's get authorization. 

5515
04:48:20,100 --> 04:48:23,500
Margaret said briskly, I assume 
there's some sort of application

5516
04:48:23,500 --> 04:48:26,800
process. 
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 

5517
04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:30,100
You want to apply for legal 
recognition as an experimental 

5518
04:48:30,100 --> 04:48:32,300
temporal community? 
Why not? 

5519
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:35,400
Margaret Shrugged, we're already
here. 

5520
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:38,200
We're already functioning. 
And apparently, we're already 

5521
04:48:38,200 --> 04:48:40,400
breaking. 
The rules might as well break 

5522
04:48:40,400 --> 04:48:42,800
them officially applying for 
legal recognition. 

5523
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:46,000
As an experimental, temporal 
Community turned out to involve 

5524
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:49,600
approximately 17 different forms
Each of which had to be filled 

5525
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:52,100
out in triplicate, using 
writing, implements appropriate 

5526
04:48:52,100 --> 04:48:55,400
to the time period of the person
feeling them out, Margaret. 

5527
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:57,900
Found herself wielding a quill 
pen for the first time in her 

5528
04:48:57,900 --> 04:49:00,200
life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

5529
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:03,500
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, this is 

5530
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:07,400
ridiculous Veronica muttered 
struggling with what appeared to

5531
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,700
be a formed designed to assess 
temporal, cultural integration, 

5532
04:49:10,700 --> 04:49:14,500
protocols They want to know our 
policy for resolving conflicts 

5533
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:17,000
between Roman law and 
Renaissance banking practices. 

5534
04:49:17,800 --> 04:49:20,400
We don't have conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

5535
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:23,500
banking practices. 
Thomas pointed out working his 

5536
04:49:23,500 --> 04:49:25,400
way, through a form of 
democratic governance in 

5537
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:28,300
multitude period communities, 
with the sort of methodical 

5538
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:31,100
Precision that suggested he'd 
had experience with Colonial 

5539
04:49:31,100 --> 04:49:34,300
paperwork. 
Exactly sister Agatha said, 

5540
04:49:34,300 --> 04:49:37,900
Marcus handles military Justice,
Nigel handles infrastructure 

5541
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:40,200
disputes. 
You handle governance issues and

5542
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:42,800
Gladys handles everything else 
because she's the only one who's

5543
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:43,900
actually good at managing 
people. 

5544
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:49,100
Margaret looked up from form. 
47b justification for temporal 

5545
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:51,500
cohabitation and realized 
something important. 

5546
04:49:52,400 --> 04:49:54,500
They hadn't just accidentally 
created a community. 

5547
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:58,500
They'd accidentally created a 
functioning government and not 

5548
04:49:58,500 --> 04:50:01,000
just any government. 
But one that actually worked 

5549
04:50:01,000 --> 04:50:03,500
because everyone involved was 
too confused and to practical to

5550
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:06,200
waste time on politics. 
We need to document this, she 

5551
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,800
said suddenly document, what is 
spectacular Cronus asked? 

5552
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:13,400
She had remained at the end to 
oversee the application process,

5553
04:50:13,400 --> 04:50:16,500
but Margaret suspected that her 
primary reason for staying was 

5554
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:19,400
her interest in their Community,
which she found far more 

5555
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:21,200
engaging than her usual 
assignments. 

5556
04:50:22,100 --> 04:50:25,300
This is how we govern ourselves 
Margaret explained reaching for 

5557
04:50:25,300 --> 04:50:28,000
a fresh sheet of paper. 
If we're applying to be an 

5558
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:30,900
experimental Community, we need 
to show that our experiment 

5559
04:50:30,900 --> 04:50:34,800
actually produces results. 
Over the next several hours, 

5560
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:36,600
Margaret found herself doing 
what she did. 

5561
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:40,700
Best organizing information, 
With input from the others, she 

5562
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:43,800
documented their decision-making
processes, their conflict 

5563
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:47,000
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation systems, and

5564
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:50,800
their integration, protocols. 
What emerged was a picture of a 

5565
04:50:50,800 --> 04:50:53,700
community that had organically 
developed solutions to problems.

5566
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:57,300
That political scientists spent 
decades debating This is 

5567
04:50:57,300 --> 04:51:01,400
extraordinary inspector Kronos 
said reading over Margaret's 

5568
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,600
documentation, you've created a 
functional multi temporal 

5569
04:51:04,600 --> 04:51:07,800
democracy with built-in cultural
sensitivity, protocols, and 

5570
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:11,600
adaptive governance structures. 
we've muddled through Gladys 

5571
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:15,400
corrected, bringing them all and
another round of tea, We've made

5572
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:18,500
the best of it, just like anyone
else who finds themselves in an 

5573
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,300
unexpected situation. 
But that's precisely the point. 

5574
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:26,400
Inspector Corona said it, 
Excitement creeping into her 

5575
04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:28,500
voice for the first time since 
Margaret had met her. 

5576
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:32,100
Most temporal displacement, 
results in psychological, 

5577
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:35,600
trauma, cultural, isolation and 
eventual breakdown. 

5578
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:39,500
You've created something that 
not only works but actually 

5579
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:41,600
enhances the lives of everyone 
involved. 

5580
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:44,500
Margaret looked around the ends 
common room where their 

5581
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:48,000
impromptu government session had
attracted an audience of curious

5582
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:51,100
community members. 
Marcus was explaining Roman 

5583
04:51:51,100 --> 04:51:54,300
military organization to a group
that included a Viking Warrior 

5584
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:57,600
Two medieval merchants what 
appeared to be a flapper who had

5585
04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:00,500
arrived just that morning. 
Niger was sketching engineering 

5586
04:52:00,500 --> 04:52:03,800
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 
Renaissance artist offered 

5587
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:05,700
suggestions about aesthetic 
improvements. 

5588
04:52:06,500 --> 04:52:09,400
Thomas and Veronica were deep in
discussion about the Practical 

5589
04:52:09,400 --> 04:52:12,400
applications of democratic 
theory with a gentleman, who 

5590
04:52:12,400 --> 04:52:14,500
claimed to be from the court of 
Louis the 14th. 

5591
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:17,100
It works because we need it to 
work. 

5592
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:19,300
In Margaret said we can't go 
home. 

5593
04:52:19,300 --> 04:52:22,400
So we have to make this place 
home and that means figuring out

5594
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:25,100
how to live together even when 
we come from entirely different 

5595
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:29,300
worlds, the temporal Authority 
should see this inspector Cronus

5596
04:52:29,300 --> 04:52:32,000
said, they've been trying to 
solve the problem of the 

5597
04:52:32,008 --> 04:52:34,800
temporal displacement for 
centuries and you've 

5598
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:36,100
accidentally discovered the 
solution. 

5599
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:39,100
What's the problem with temporal
displacement? 

5600
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:43,300
Sister Agatha, the Via asked, 
Displaced persons typically 

5601
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:47,000
suffer from severe, temporal 
culture, shock inspector, Cronus

5602
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,500
explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

5603
04:52:49,500 --> 04:52:52,000
time, but they can't return to 
their original time. 

5604
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:54,800
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care Facilities, or 

5605
04:52:54,800 --> 04:52:58,500
isolated temporal, reservations.
Margaret felt a chill. 

5606
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:03,300
Temporal reservations. 
Quarantine zones where displaced

5607
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:06,000
persons can live out their lives
without affecting the timeline. 

5608
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:09,100
Inspector Kronos said, 
apparently not noticing the 

5609
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:12,700
horror on everyone's faces is 
considered the most Humane 

5610
04:53:12,700 --> 04:53:16,500
solution. 
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 

5611
04:53:16,500 --> 04:53:19,800
you isolate people from society 
and call it Humane. 

5612
04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:22,700
It's better than the alternative
inspector. 

5613
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:24,900
Kronos said defensively 
uncontrolled. 

5614
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:28,900
Temporal displacement can cause 
paradoxes timeline disruptions 

5615
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:32,800
and even reality Cascades Has 
that actually happened? 

5616
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:36,700
Margaret asked, or is it 
theoretical inspector Kronos? 

5617
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:41,800
Pause, well theoretical. 
But the risk is theoretical 

5618
04:53:41,800 --> 04:53:45,200
Margaret finished. 
Meanwhile, the reality is that 

5619
04:53:45,200 --> 04:53:47,900
your condemning people to 
isolation based on theoretical 

5620
04:53:47,900 --> 04:53:51,300
risks, she stood up feeling the 
same sense of righteous 

5621
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:53,600
indignation. 
That has sustained her through 

5622
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:56,600
years of fighting budget cuts 
and bureaucratic interference at

5623
04:53:56,600 --> 04:53:59,100
the library. 
Inspector Cronos. 

5624
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:02,300
I think it's time the temporal 
Authority met with some people 

5625
04:54:02,300 --> 04:54:06,700
who have actually made temporal 
displacement work. you want to 

5626
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:10,000
petition, the temporal Authority
directly inspector, Kronos asked

5627
04:54:10,000 --> 04:54:13,600
looking alarmed, I want to 
invite them to visit Margaret 

5628
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:15,800
corrected. 
Let them see what we've built 

5629
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:17,600
here. 
Let them meet our community. 

5630
04:54:17,600 --> 04:54:19,900
Let them understand that 
temporal displacement. 

5631
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:21,800
Doesn't have to be a problem to 
be managed. 

5632
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:24,400
It can be an opportunity to be 
embraced. 

5633
04:54:25,700 --> 04:54:28,900
The room went quiet again, but 
this time it was the excited 

5634
04:54:28,900 --> 04:54:30,700
Silence of people who had just 
realized. 

5635
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:33,800
They were about to do something.
Either very brave or very stupid

5636
04:54:33,800 --> 04:54:38,000
and weren't entirely sure. 
Which That said, Veronica slowly

5637
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:42,000
is either brilliant or 
completely insane. in my 

5638
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:45,300
experience Gladys said, 
cheerfully the best ideas are 

5639
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:49,600
usually both inspector Kronos 
looked around the room at the 

5640
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:51,900
faces of people who had 
accidentally revolutionized 

5641
04:54:51,900 --> 04:54:55,200
temporal Community planning and 
we're now proposing to take 

5642
04:54:55,200 --> 04:54:57,900
their Revolution directly to the
highest levels of temporal 

5643
04:54:57,900 --> 04:55:01,100
Authority. 
Margaret could see her trying to

5644
04:55:01,100 --> 04:55:02,600
calculate the potential 
consequences. 

5645
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:05,900
Weigh the risks against the 
benefits, and figure out where 

5646
04:55:05,900 --> 04:55:08,400
the supporting this plan would 
Advance or destroy her career. 

5647
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:11,300
I'll need to send a preliminary 
report. 

5648
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:15,000
First she said, finally, Prepare
them for the possibility of an 

5649
04:55:15,000 --> 04:55:17,200
unconventional solution to the 
displacement problem. 

5650
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:21,500
Unconventional Solutions are the
best kind Marcus said 

5651
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,400
approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

5652
04:55:24,400 --> 04:55:26,500
conventional tactics fail, try 
something. 

5653
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:29,400
So unexpected that your enemies 
defeat themselves through 

5654
04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:32,700
confusion Did Romans actually 
say that? 

5655
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:37,300
Thomas asked, no Marcus admitted
chiefly, but they should have. 

5656
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:41,500
Its excellent advice. 
Margaret looked at inspector 

5657
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:43,000
Cronus. 
He was staring at their 

5658
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:45,900
Community with the expression of
someone who had come to enforce 

5659
04:55:45,900 --> 04:55:48,900
the rules and instead discovered
that they might need changing 

5660
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:52,400
inspector. 
She said gently, when did you 

5661
04:55:52,400 --> 04:55:55,300
last do something that made you 
excited about your work? 

5662
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:58,600
Inspector, Kronos was quiet for 
a long moment. 

5663
04:55:59,700 --> 04:56:01,500
I can't remember. 
She said, finally. 

5664
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:04,500
Then maybe it's time to try 
something new Margaret 

5665
04:56:04,500 --> 04:56:07,700
suggested, maybe it's time to 
help us show the temporal 

5666
04:56:07,700 --> 04:56:09,600
Authority. 
That some problems are actually 

5667
04:56:09,600 --> 04:56:12,600
opportunities in Disguise. 
The temporal authorities 

5668
04:56:12,600 --> 04:56:15,500
response to inspect a chronosis 
preliminary report arrived, 

5669
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:18,600
three days later in the form of 
what appeared to be a medieval 

5670
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:20,700
messenger. 
Who wrote a horse that moved 

5671
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:22,800
slightly to smoothly and cast. 
No shadow. 

5672
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:26,300
The message itself was written 
on parchment that looked 

5673
04:56:26,300 --> 04:56:29,600
authentic, but felt like high 
quality printer paper and the 

5674
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:32,600
ink had the peculiar property of
remaining wet until someone read

5675
04:56:32,600 --> 04:56:35,800
it at which point it dried 
instantly Margaret had become 

5676
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:37,900
fascinated by these temporal 
inconsistencies. 

5677
04:56:37,900 --> 04:56:41,000
Everything about the temple 
Authority seemed designed to 

5678
04:56:41,000 --> 04:56:43,400
look, period appropriate while 
functioning with modern 

5679
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:45,700
efficiency. 
As if they couldn't decide 

5680
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:48,700
whether they wanted to blend in 
with history or transcended 

5681
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:51,100
entirely. 
There are sending a delegation 

5682
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:54,700
inspector, Kronos announced 
reading the message allowed to 

5683
04:56:54,700 --> 04:56:57,300
the assemble Community. 
Senior inspector Paradox, 

5684
04:56:57,300 --> 04:57:01,600
inspector's ality and directed 
temporal will arrive tomorrow to

5685
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:04,600
assess the viability of Kronos 
Commons as an experimental 

5686
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:08,200
temporal community. 
Direct a temporal sister Agatha 

5687
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,400
asked, that's either a critical 
personal someone with a deeply 

5688
04:57:11,400 --> 04:57:16,100
unfortunate name. 
Both, probably Veronica said, in

5689
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:18,800
my experience the most 
important, bureaucrats always 

5690
04:57:18,800 --> 04:57:23,200
have the most ridiculous titles.
Margaret felt the familiar 

5691
04:57:23,200 --> 04:57:25,500
flutter of anxiety, that 
proceeded any important 

5692
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:28,500
inspection. 
Whether it was Library Auditors 

5693
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:31,900
Health Department, officials or 
apparently temporal law 

5694
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:34,400
enforcement. 
But underneath the anxiety was 

5695
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:38,400
something else excitement. 
The first time in years. 

5696
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:42,000
She was part of something that 
mattered something worth far 

5697
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:45,600
more fighting for. 
Right then, she said Stan 

5698
04:57:45,600 --> 04:57:48,300
standing up with the sort of 
decisiveness that surprised 

5699
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:52,600
everyone including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

5700
04:57:52,600 --> 04:57:54,900
the most important visitors. 
This community has ever 

5701
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:57,400
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

5702
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:01,600
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

5703
04:58:01,600 --> 04:58:04,300
blur of organized chaos. 
That would have made any event 

5704
04:58:04,300 --> 04:58:06,500
planner weep with other 
admiration or despair. 

5705
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,500
Gladys organized a feast that 
showcase cullinary techniques 

5706
04:58:10,500 --> 04:58:14,400
from 12 different times, Nigel 
provided the entire village with

5707
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:16,500
a comprehensive overview of 
infrastructure. 

5708
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,600
Improvements highlighting the 
innovations that emerge from the

5709
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:23,200
fusion of Roman engineering. 
Victorian precision and modern 

5710
04:58:23,200 --> 04:58:26,400
Material Science. 
Thomas prepared, a presentation 

5711
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:29,000
on their governance, structure 
that managed to be both 

5712
04:58:29,000 --> 04:58:31,300
academically rigorous and 
practically applicable. 

5713
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:34,600
Margaret found herself 
coordinating. 

5714
04:58:34,600 --> 04:58:37,800
The entire effort, which felt 
remarkably similar to organizing

5715
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:41,600
the library's annual fundraising
Gala, except with more times 

5716
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:43,800
involved and significantly 
higher Stakes. 

5717
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:47,500
She discovered that her years of
managing Library events had 

5718
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:49,700
prepared her surprisingly, well,
for managing, temporal 

5719
04:58:49,700 --> 04:58:52,600
diplomacy. 
The delegation arrived precisely

5720
04:58:52,600 --> 04:58:55,700
at noon stepping out of what 
appeared to be a traveling 

5721
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:58,900
Merchants wagon, that definitely
hadn't been there moments before

5722
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:02,200
directed temporal turned out to 
be a woman who looked like she 

5723
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:05,800
could have been anywhere between
30 and 300 years old wearing 

5724
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:08,500
robes that managed to suggest 
both medieval Authority and 

5725
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:11,900
modern professionalism. 
Senior inspector Paradox was a 

5726
04:59:11,908 --> 04:59:14,600
tall man with the sort of 
precisely groomed appearance 

5727
04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:16,600
that suggested. 
He took temporal regulations, 

5728
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:20,600
very seriously indeed. 
Inspector's ality was younger 

5729
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:23,300
with the eager expression of 
someone who had recently been 

5730
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,300
promoted and was determined to 
prove worthy of the position. 

5731
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,000
Welcome to Cronos. 
Commons Margaret said, stepping 

5732
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:33,100
forward with the sort of 
confidence, usually reserved for

5733
04:59:33,100 --> 04:59:35,300
dealing with particularly 
difficult Library board members.

5734
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:39,100
We are honored by your visit 
director, temporal looked around

5735
04:59:39,100 --> 04:59:42,000
the Village Square where the 
community had assembled to greet

5736
04:59:42,000 --> 04:59:44,300
their visitors. 
Her expression was carefully 

5737
04:59:44,300 --> 04:59:47,300
neutral, but Margaret caught her
pausing to study the 

5738
04:59:47,300 --> 04:59:49,600
architectural. 
Innovations, the way people from

5739
04:59:49,600 --> 04:59:52,700
different times were naturally 
interacting and the general 

5740
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:54,700
atmosphere of purposeful 
activity. 

5741
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:58,700
Inspector Chronos has submitted 
a preliminary report suggesting 

5742
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:01,400
that this community represents a
viable alternative to 

5743
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:02,900
traditional temporal 
displacement. 

5744
05:00:02,900 --> 05:00:06,700
Protocols directed temporal 
said, we're here to assess the 

5745
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:10,200
accuracy of the assessment. 
We'd be delighted to show you 

5746
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:12,500
around. 
Thomas said, stepping forward 

5747
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:16,400
with Colonial diplomatic charm. 
Perhaps we could begin with our 

5748
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:20,000
governance Center. 
What followed was the most 

5749
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:22,600
unusual tour Margaret ever 
participated in? 

5750
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:25,700
They showed the delegation, 
their Democratic decision-making

5751
05:00:25,700 --> 05:00:27,900
processes. 
Their conflict resolution 

5752
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:31,200
methods, their resource 
allocation system and their 

5753
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:33,900
integration. 
Protocols, At each stop 

5754
05:00:33,900 --> 05:00:36,600
community members. 
Demonstrated not just how their 

5755
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:38,600
systems worked, but why they 
worked? 

5756
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:42,400
The key Insight sister Agatha 
explained as they stood in what 

5757
05:00:42,400 --> 05:00:44,500
had become their informal 
receipt urgent center. 

5758
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:47,800
Is that temporal displacement, 
doesn't have to mean, cultural 

5759
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:50,600
isolation, when you put people 
from different times together, 

5760
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:52,300
they don't just adapt to each 
other. 

5761
05:00:52,300 --> 05:00:56,100
They enhance each other. 
She gestured to a wall covered 

5762
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,400
with research notes, engineering
diagrams, artistic 

5763
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:02,700
collaborations and what appeared
to be a detailed analysis of 

5764
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:05,900
democratic theory written in 
four different languages by 

5765
05:01:05,900 --> 05:01:07,600
authors from four different 
centuries. 

5766
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:10,200
We're not just preserving 
historical knowledge. 

5767
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:14,000
She continued we're creating new
knowledge, by combining 

5768
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:17,100
historical perspectives in ways 
that have never been possible 

5769
05:01:17,100 --> 05:01:19,800
before. 
Inspector call. 

5770
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:22,800
Salary was taking in Milton 
notes while senior inspector, 

5771
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:25,100
Paradox, maintained an 
expression of professional. 

5772
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:28,500
Skepticism directed temporal, 
however, was studying the 

5773
05:01:28,500 --> 05:01:31,700
research wall with the sort of 
intense Focus that suggested she

5774
05:01:31,700 --> 05:01:33,300
was seeing something she hadn't 
expected. 

5775
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:36,400
This is unprecedented. 
She said finally. 

5776
05:01:37,200 --> 05:01:39,400
Crossed temporal knowledge 
synthesis on this scale. 

5777
05:01:40,300 --> 05:01:41,900
The implications are 
extraordinary. 

5778
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:45,400
The implications are what we 
live with every day Gladys said 

5779
05:01:45,408 --> 05:01:48,400
chiefly appearing with the tray 
of Refreshments that somehow 

5780
05:01:48,400 --> 05:01:50,800
managed to appear to taste 
preferences from across the 

5781
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:53,100
centuries. 
It turns out when you stop 

5782
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:55,400
worrying about the implications 
and start focusing on the 

5783
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:57,400
practicalities, most problems 
solve themselves. 

5784
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:01,400
The tour continued through the 
afternoon, with the delegation, 

5785
05:02:01,400 --> 05:02:04,100
observing everything, from 
Marcus's conflict, resolution 

5786
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:07,000
sessions, which involve more 
shouting, the Margaret was 

5787
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:08,200
comfortable with but seemed to 
work. 

5788
05:02:09,300 --> 05:02:11,900
To Nigel's engineering workshops
which had produced in 

5789
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:13,800
innovations that probably 
shouldn't have been possible 

5790
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:17,200
with available materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

5791
05:02:17,200 --> 05:02:19,900
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

5792
05:02:19,900 --> 05:02:22,800
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

5793
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:25,800
tables that had been built by 
combining Roman construction 

5794
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:28,900
techniques with Victoria and 
craftsmanship, and a modern 

5795
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:31,900
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

5796
05:02:31,900 --> 05:02:34,500
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

5797
05:02:34,500 --> 05:02:39,000
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuinely happy, I

5798
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:41,400
have a question directed 
temporal said as the meal wound 

5799
05:02:41,400 --> 05:02:43,300
down. 
What happens when someone wants 

5800
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:46,000
to leave? 
The question lingered in the 

5801
05:02:46,000 --> 05:02:48,500
air. 
King to an uncomfortable truth. 

5802
05:02:48,500 --> 05:02:52,400
That everyone had been evading. 
Margaret felt her stomach 

5803
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:55,000
clenched because this was the 
one aspect of their Community, 

5804
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:59,300
they haven't fully addressed 
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 

5805
05:02:59,300 --> 05:03:02,500
rather complicated. 
We haven't actually figured out 

5806
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:04,700
how to leave even if someone 
wanted to. 

5807
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:07,700
But would you Inspector Calls a 
Letty? 

5808
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:12,200
Ask Want to leave. 
I mean, if you could Margaret 

5809
05:03:12,200 --> 05:03:14,300
looked around the table at 
faces, that had become more 

5810
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:17,600
familiar to her than her family.
These people had become her 

5811
05:03:17,600 --> 05:03:20,608
colleagues, her friends, her 
chosen community, in a way that 

5812
05:03:20,616 --> 05:03:24,700
her old life had never provided.
I think she said carefully. 

5813
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:28,800
That's the wrong question. 
The right question is, would we 

5814
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:30,700
want to go back to the lives? 
We were living before. 

5815
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,500
We came here. 
And the answer to that question 

5816
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:37,100
director Emperor asked Margaret 
smiled asked me to tomorrow. 

5817
05:03:37,100 --> 05:03:40,100
The temporal authorities 
decision came in the form of an 

5818
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:42,400
official Proclamation. 
That somehow managed to be both 

5819
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:45,000
bureaucratically precise and 
genuinely revolutionary. 

5820
05:03:46,600 --> 05:03:49,800
Chronos Commons was granted 
experimental status as the first

5821
05:03:49,800 --> 05:03:52,500
authorized cross Temple 
Community Development project 

5822
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:56,900
with funding legal recognition 
and most importantly official 

5823
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:01,600
permission to continue existing.
Congratulations to temporal 

5824
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:04,500
said, presenting Margaret with a
document that looked like a 

5825
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:07,700
medieval Charter but contained 
Clauses about Innovative, 

5826
05:04:07,700 --> 05:04:10,600
temporal integration 
methodologies and sustainable 

5827
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:14,600
anachronistic Community Players.
You've accidentally sold a 

5828
05:04:14,600 --> 05:04:15,800
problem. 
We've been working on for 

5829
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,600
centuries. 
You've accidentally sold several

5830
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:22,000
problems for on a corrected. 
Temporal displacement, 

5831
05:04:22,000 --> 05:04:24,500
cross-cultural integration, 
sustainable Community 

5832
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:26,800
Development and Margaret's 
midlife crisis. 

5833
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:30,400
Margaret laughed because it was 
true somewhere between 

5834
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:33,500
organizing emergency committee 
meetings and negotiating with 

5835
05:04:33,500 --> 05:04:36,300
temporal bureaucrats. 
She had discovered that her 

5836
05:04:36,300 --> 05:04:39,000
midlife crisis hadn't been about
her age, or her circumstances. 

5837
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,700
It had been about the fact that 
she hadn't been living a life 

5838
05:04:41,708 --> 05:04:45,200
that felt like her own. 
So what happens now she asked? 

5839
05:04:45,900 --> 05:04:49,200
Now, director temporal said, you
become a model for other 

5840
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:50,900
temporal displacement 
situations. 

5841
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:54,200
We'll be sending observers 
researchers and probably a few 

5842
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:56,900
more accidental Time, Travelers 
your way you're going to be 

5843
05:04:56,900 --> 05:04:59,500
busy. 
We're already busy Gladys 

5844
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:03,400
pointed out the good at busy. 
Busy is what happens when you're

5845
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:06,900
doing something that matters. as
the temporal Authority 

5846
05:05:06,900 --> 05:05:10,100
delegation prepared to leave 
inspector Kronos, approached 

5847
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:13,200
Margaret privately, I've 
submitted a request for 

5848
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:15,600
reassignment. 
She said, I'd like to stay here 

5849
05:05:15,600 --> 05:05:18,200
as a permanently Azan between 
the community and the authority.

5850
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:20,700
Why do you want to be 
reassigned? 

5851
05:05:20,700 --> 05:05:22,800
Margaret asked, though. 
She suspected. 

5852
05:05:22,800 --> 05:05:26,000
She knew the answer because For 
the First Time in decades, I'm 

5853
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,200
engaged in work that feels 
significant inspector Cronus 

5854
05:05:29,200 --> 05:05:32,500
stated plainly And because 
someone needs to document what 

5855
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:35,700
you're accomplishing here. 
Future temporal communities are 

5856
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,100
going to need guidance and 
you've already figured out most 

5857
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:40,500
of the answers. 
Margaret nodded. 

5858
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:42,400
Will need help with the 
paperwork. 

5859
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:45,900
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 
even more complicated than 

5860
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:49,900
regular bureaucracy. 
That evening as the community 

5861
05:05:49,900 --> 05:05:52,800
gathered for what had become 
their traditional end of day 

5862
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:54,700
meeting. 
Margaret reflected on the 

5863
05:05:54,700 --> 05:05:56,500
strange Journey that had brought
her here. 

5864
05:05:57,100 --> 05:05:59,400
Six months ago, she had been 
living a life that felt too 

5865
05:05:59,400 --> 05:06:03,100
small too predictable, and too 
much like settling for less than

5866
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:05,800
she deserved. 
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 

5867
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:09,100
a new form of humanity, that 
existed outside normal time and 

5868
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:12,900
space. 
Any regrets sister Agatha asked 

5869
05:06:12,900 --> 05:06:14,800
settling into the chair beside 
her? 

5870
05:06:15,600 --> 05:06:17,500
Margaret considered the question
seriously? 

5871
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:22,000
Did she miss her old life? 
Did she miss her house her job 

5872
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:24,500
her routine? 
Or did she miss the person? 

5873
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:26,600
She had been when those things 
had felt like enough. 

5874
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,500
I missed my cat. 
She said finally cats are 

5875
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:32,500
adaptable if he could see me 
now. 

5876
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:35,100
He'd probably approve. 
He always thought I was capable 

5877
05:06:35,100 --> 05:06:38,400
of more than I believed. 
Cats are excellent judges of 

5878
05:06:38,408 --> 05:06:41,500
character, Thompson Reed. 
They see potential that humans. 

5879
05:06:41,500 --> 05:06:46,000
Often miss Speaking of potential
Veronica said what do we want to

5880
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:48,500
be when we grow up? 
Now that we're officially 

5881
05:06:48,500 --> 05:06:50,700
experimental we get to decide 
what we're experimenting. 

5882
05:06:50,700 --> 05:06:54,300
With the question sparked, the 
sort of enthusiastic discussion 

5883
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:57,200
that Margaret had learned to 
associate with her new community

5884
05:06:57,200 --> 05:06:59,400
ideas. 
Flew around the room like 

5885
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,800
butterflies establishing a 
university for cross-temporal 

5886
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:06,100
studies, developing sustainable 
technologies that combined 

5887
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:07,600
Knowledge from multiple time 
periods. 

5888
05:07:07,600 --> 05:07:10,700
Creating artistic collaborations
that had never been possible 

5889
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:14,000
before and writing the 
definitive guides to temporal 

5890
05:07:14,000 --> 05:07:17,200
Community planning. 
We could change how people think

5891
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:19,000
about time itself, Nigel 
suggested. 

5892
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:23,300
Demonstrate that past present 
and future Arts separate things.

5893
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:26,600
Their different perspectives on 
the same Human Experience. 

5894
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:30,400
We could revolutionize 
historical research, assistant 

5895
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:33,200
added. 
Imagine what we could learn. 

5896
05:07:33,200 --> 05:07:35,800
If historians could actually 
talk to the people, they study. 

5897
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:40,800
We could perfect democracy or 
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 

5898
05:07:40,800 --> 05:07:43,100
of someone who had spent 
centuries thinking about 

5899
05:07:43,100 --> 05:07:46,800
political Theory. 
Test different approaches with 

5900
05:07:46,800 --> 05:07:48,700
people who have lived under 
different systems. 

5901
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:51,700
We could just keep being 
ourselves and see what happens 

5902
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:56,000
Gladys said pragmatically in my 
experience, the best revolution 

5903
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:58,700
of the ones that happen 
naturally because people are 

5904
05:07:58,700 --> 05:08:00,400
living the lives. 
They want to live. 

5905
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:04,700
Margaret listen to the 
conversation swirl around her 

5906
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:06,900
and felt something she had never
experienced before. 

5907
05:08:06,900 --> 05:08:10,700
Complete certainty that she was 
precisely where she belonged 

5908
05:08:10,700 --> 05:08:14,500
doing exactly what she was meant
to do with exactly the people. 

5909
05:08:14,500 --> 05:08:18,800
She was meant to do it with I 
have a proposal she said and the

5910
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:21,800
room quieted to listen. 
What if we stopped defining 

5911
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:24,000
ourselves and just become who we
want to be? 

5912
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:27,700
We're not just a temporal 
Community or an experimental 

5913
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:30,900
project or an accidental 
Revolution where people who 

5914
05:08:30,900 --> 05:08:33,300
found each other across time and
space and decided to build 

5915
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:38,200
something beautiful together. 
Said, Marcus approvingly is the 

5916
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:43,400
sort of proposal that wins Wars.
Are we at War inspector cause 

5917
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:46,700
ality asked looking alarmed? 
Were at war with the idea that 

5918
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:49,500
people have to accept the lives.
They give an instead of creating

5919
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:52,500
the lives. 
They want Margaret said, We're 

5920
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:55,200
at war with the notion that 
different is dangerous and stead

5921
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:57,600
of Wonderful. 
The belief that the future must 

5922
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:01,100
mirror the past simply because 
it's the norm is what we're 

5923
05:09:01,100 --> 05:09:04,700
fighting against. 
Revolutionary Wars are the best 

5924
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:08,400
kind of Veronica said with 
satisfaction the specially when 

5925
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:12,200
you win them by accident. 
Because the meeting wound down 

5926
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:14,900
and people began drifting back 
to their homes homes. 

5927
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:17,500
That had been built by combining
architectural Knowledge from 

5928
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:21,000
across the centuries decorated 
with art created through 

5929
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,000
cross-temporal collaboration and
filled with the sort of 

5930
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:26,300
contentment that came from 
living in a community where 

5931
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:29,800
everyone belonged Margaret 
stepped outside to look up at 

5932
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:31,800
stars that had witnessed all of 
human history. 

5933
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:35,800
Tomorrow would bring new 
challenges, new visitors and new

5934
05:09:35,800 --> 05:09:38,400
opportunities to prove that 
their accidental experiment in 

5935
05:09:38,400 --> 05:09:41,000
temporal Community. 
Building could work on a larger 

5936
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:44,900
scale, there would be more 
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 

5937
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,400
more negotiations with 
authorities who still weren't 

5938
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:49,700
entirely convinced that rules 
were meant to be broken. 

5939
05:09:50,800 --> 05:09:54,100
But tonight Margaret was simply 
a woman who had accidentally 

5940
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:55,800
time traveled into the best 
life. 

5941
05:09:55,800 --> 05:09:58,800
She'd never imagined living 
surrounded by friends, she had 

5942
05:09:58,800 --> 05:10:02,100
never expected to make working 
on projects that mattered in 

5943
05:10:02,100 --> 05:10:05,300
ways she was still discovering. 
She thought about the other 

5944
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:08,700
version of herself living in her
old house working at her old 

5945
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,700
job, probably wondering why life
felt so unsatisfying. 

5946
05:10:12,500 --> 05:10:15,200
Margaret had been waiting 
approval to pursue her desired 

5947
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:17,500
life. 
This Margaret had learned that 

5948
05:10:17,500 --> 05:10:19,400
sometimes. 
The best thing you can do is 

5949
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:22,400
stop waiting for permission and 
start creating the life you 

5950
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:25,800
deserve. 
The Stars looked exactly the 

5951
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:28,800
same as they had in her time, 
which somehow made everything 

5952
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,900
else feel possible. 
Time was more flexible than 

5953
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:34,500
anyone had. 
Imagined Community was more 

5954
05:10:34,500 --> 05:10:37,400
important than anyone had 
realized and revolution could 

5955
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:39,600
happen. 
Accidentally, when people simply

5956
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,600
decided to treat each other with
kindness and respect across the 

5957
05:10:42,600 --> 05:10:44,400
barriers that were supposed to 
divide them. 

5958
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:47,900
Margaret smiled and went inside 
to help glad his plan tomorrow's

5959
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:51,600
menu because even accidental, 
revolutionaries had to eat and 

5960
05:10:51,600 --> 05:10:54,200
someone needed to coordinate the
logistics of changing the world 

5961
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:58,200
once shared meals time, After 
all, she was still a librarian 

5962
05:10:58,200 --> 05:11:00,900
at heart. 
And Librarians understood that 

5963
05:11:00,900 --> 05:11:03,000
the most important revolution's 
were the ones that happened. 

5964
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:06,500
Quietly, one person has a time 
through the simple Act of 

5965
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:09,600
helping people find exactly what
they were looking for even when 

5966
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:10,900
they hadn't known they were 
looking for it. 

5967
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,300
Harry Houdini's Story, begins 
not with Fanfare, but with a 

5968
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:22,400
toddler on a rickety ship Bound 
for America. 

5969
05:11:23,300 --> 05:11:26,600
Born, Eric Weiss in Budapest, on
March, 24th 1874. 

5970
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:29,500
He was the fourth of seven 
children to a rabbi father and 

5971
05:11:29,500 --> 05:11:33,100
his wife, the family emigrated 
to the United States in 1878 

5972
05:11:33,100 --> 05:11:36,300
Landing. 
In Wisconsin, young Eric as he 

5973
05:11:36,300 --> 05:11:39,100
was nicknamed grew up on 
Miracles, far less glamorous 

5974
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:41,700
than Grand Illusions. 
His father, lost his first 

5975
05:11:41,700 --> 05:11:45,700
pulpit in 1882 and the vase 
family fell into dire poverty. 

5976
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:49,900
Eric a small town boy with 
lofty, aspirations skillfully, 

5977
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:52,500
juggled his work and survival 
obligations with his early 

5978
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:56,200
Showbiz, Instincts by age 9. 
He was performing as a trapeze 

5979
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,400
artist and billing himself as 
Eric the prince of the air. 

5980
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:02,400
In one of many makeshift tent 
shows even as a child. 

5981
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:04,700
He seemed to understand that 
real Escape was needed. 

5982
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:08,300
Escaping hunger with shoe 
shining and newspaper arounds 

5983
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:10,800
and escaping. 
Obscurity by wowing circus 

5984
05:12:10,800 --> 05:12:13,600
crowds the name, who Deanie was 
still years away. 

5985
05:12:13,600 --> 05:12:17,200
Eric Vice spent his early at 
lessons, running errands for 

5986
05:12:17,208 --> 05:12:20,500
theaters, and dabbling in 
gymnastics at the age of 13. 

5987
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:23,000
Eric, weissen his father 
relocated to New York City. 

5988
05:12:23,300 --> 05:12:26,700
Settling into a drafty boarding 
house situated, on East 79th. 

5989
05:12:26,700 --> 05:12:30,400
Street, he took on any odd, jobs
available, even working as a 

5990
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,900
wild-eyed, carnival Beast, Man. 
Simply to help his family make 

5991
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:36,600
ends meet A rabbi and Appleton 
Wisconsin. 

5992
05:12:36,600 --> 05:12:39,100
Had once been his father's proud
position. 

5993
05:12:39,100 --> 05:12:43,000
Now the future escape artist was
dancing on tightropes, for spare

5994
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:48,100
change. by his teens, he was 
tall and sinewave to make an 

5995
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:51,500
impression and athletic 
cross-country Runner turned 

5996
05:12:51,500 --> 05:12:56,200
Showman In 1891, Eric tried to 
turn his mechanical skill for 

5997
05:12:56,200 --> 05:12:57,800
locks and chains into a magic 
career. 

5998
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,700
He read the autobiography of 
French magician, Jean, Roberta, 

5999
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:06,900
and wrongly assumed that adding 
an I meant like Huda in French. 

6000
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:12,100
Thus, wise became Vise and are 
became Harry Houdini he later 

6001
05:13:12,100 --> 05:13:15,700
insisted Harry was in homage to 
his Idol, Harry kellar, but in 

6002
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:18,700
truth the name who deny mostly 
came from a childhood nickname 

6003
05:13:18,700 --> 05:13:22,600
for Eric This optimistic 
renaming did not instantly 

6004
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:26,000
conscious success, he and his 
younger brother, Theo even 

6005
05:13:26,000 --> 05:13:28,000
formed. 
Relaxed called the brothers who 

6006
05:13:28,000 --> 05:13:31,000
deny which flopped so badly. 
They returned to New York near 

6007
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:34,700
starvation wages. 
For years Houdini's, career was 

6008
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:38,200
the opposite of spectacular. 
He presented himself as the king

6009
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:40,800
of cards and performed in the 
sleazy dime museums. 

6010
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:43,700
His first magic shows were 
routine parlor tricks that 

6011
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:45,600
rarely paid more than a few 
dollars per night. 

6012
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:48,400
The couple in their act 
traversed, various Theatres 

6013
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:51,500
their pockets brimming with 
talent but depleted by limited 

6014
05:13:51,500 --> 05:13:53,900
funds. 
One moment they were in Chicago 

6015
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:58,500
at the 1893 World's Fair with 
Hope Diamond Shimmer the next 

6016
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:01,000
just as quickly. 
They were boxed into an opium 

6017
05:14:01,000 --> 05:14:03,500
denside show the early 20th 
century. 

6018
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:06,700
Showbiz was a terrifying 
experience, combining elements 

6019
05:14:06,700 --> 05:14:10,900
of starvation and hardship, 
Through those struggles who 

6020
05:14:10,900 --> 05:14:14,800
Houdini learned a valuable 
lesson confinement in a mess box

6021
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:17,500
posed, a greater risk than 
imprisonment by creditors. 

6022
05:14:17,500 --> 05:14:20,600
He tinkered with handcuffs and 
shackles in his off-hours 

6023
05:14:20,600 --> 05:14:24,600
convinced their must be away out
there was Little Wonder give his

6024
05:14:24,600 --> 05:14:26,800
name that he became obsessed 
with getting out. 

6025
05:14:26,800 --> 05:14:30,200
He tested keys in his slimy 
apartment and studied 

6026
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:31,900
locksmithing using ragged 
manuals. 

6027
05:14:32,800 --> 05:14:35,300
When Houdini first approached a 
lock one, friend would later 

6028
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:38,600
quit that lock screamed at SOS 
by morning. 

6029
05:14:39,800 --> 05:14:43,100
By 1894 his wife Bess formerly 
Wilhelmina. 

6030
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:46,000
Rana was relieved that he was 
making more money as a dormant 

6031
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:47,400
and bouncer than he was with his
magic. 

6032
05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:50,300
It took a few more years of 
scraping by before anything 

6033
05:14:50,300 --> 05:14:52,000
resembling a big break 
materialized. 

6034
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:55,400
But let's say, the stage was set
for Houdini to really break out 

6035
05:14:55,400 --> 05:14:59,200
the year. 1889 was Houdini's. 
Houdini moment, he was 

6036
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:02,200
performing in Saint Paul 
Minnesota, doing the same card 

6037
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:05,000
tricks and juggling acts that 
had entertained Midwestern 

6038
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:08,400
saloons for a decade. 
When fate in the form of 

6039
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:12,000
wardville manager, Martin Beck 
noted on his dressing room door.

6040
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:15,900
Beck was already booking big 
novelty acts and needed 

6041
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:17,200
something new to wow the 
audience. 

6042
05:15:18,500 --> 05:15:21,100
Who Houdini demonstrated to Beck
his preferred distraction 

6043
05:15:21,100 --> 05:15:24,100
technique, which involved 
escaping from a pair of prison, 

6044
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:27,300
handcuffs a feat, that would 
have left most men speak less. 

6045
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:30,600
The normally unflappable back 
size lit up. 

6046
05:15:31,500 --> 05:15:34,600
Stick with those Escape stunts, 
he advised, and I'll get you on 

6047
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:37,600
the Orpheum circuit. 
Within weeks, who deenie was 

6048
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:40,000
performing at the top of hill 
Halls Across America. 

6049
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:43,200
The public had suddenly Gone 
Wild for the idea that a man 

6050
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:45,500
could slip through steel 
restraints, as easily as you 

6051
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,300
slip through airport, security. 
And who Deanie became their 

6052
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:50,900
handcuff? 
Who dini He wasn't the first 

6053
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:54,500
escape artist ever, but he 
invented the concept of Escape 

6054
05:15:54,500 --> 05:15:57,400
Mania. 
Every evening from Saint Paul to

6055
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:01,300
Chicago, Houdini lived up to his
name by springing, free from 

6056
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:05,400
County jail cells supplied by 
impressed, local sheriffs, tied 

6057
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:07,900
in leather straps and dipped 
into rivers in wooden crates. 

6058
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:11,100
He'd emerged minutes later 
dripping but Unchained, he was 

6059
05:16:11,108 --> 05:16:13,200
performing escapes that were so 
physically. 

6060
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:16,600
Impossible newspaper, Miss York 
and girls fainted. 

6061
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:20,400
One local paper headlined. 
If I put these cuffs on you'll 

6062
05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:24,300
never escape and who Houdini 
escaped anyway asking of the 

6063
05:16:24,308 --> 05:16:27,400
headlines and leaving jailers to
eat another bite of plain donuts

6064
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:31,900
for supper. 
By the year 1900 Beckham range, 

6065
05:16:31,900 --> 05:16:36,100
for Houdini to travel abroad, 
and in London Who deeney Rose to

6066
05:16:36,100 --> 05:16:39,700
even greater Fame in England. 
He encountered a notoriously 

6067
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:42,800
skeptical, police force at 
Scotland Yard, the initial 

6068
05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:45,100
audition resulted in Houdini 
being restrained, in the 

6069
05:16:45,108 --> 05:16:48,200
renowned yards iron's. 
He confidently walked out in 

6070
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:51,500
just five minutes. 
Houdini immediately secured a 

6071
05:16:51,508 --> 05:16:54,500
six-month contract at London's 
Alhambra theater where he 

6072
05:16:54,500 --> 05:16:58,100
quickly Rose to fame. 
Americans and Brits are like 

6073
05:16:58,100 --> 05:17:01,200
flocked to his shows and to 
Houdini this was no illusion, 

6074
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:05,700
his salary, shot up to 300 
dollars a week, a fortune at the

6075
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:09,400
time, a young man who wants a 
beans and rice with Stage mates,

6076
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:12,800
in New York was now presenting 
gold medals to his mother and 

6077
05:17:12,800 --> 05:17:19,000
renting a 25,000 Brownstone in 
Harlem, by 1904 As a nice bonus 

6078
05:17:19,000 --> 05:17:22,800
for poor, Mama wise, he even 
bought her, our gown rumored to 

6079
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:24,300
have been made for Queen 
Victoria. 

6080
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:26,600
The proudest hour of the 
family's history. 

6081
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:31,000
Houdini later said, By his 
mid-twenties, Houdini had 

6082
05:17:31,000 --> 05:17:32,300
largely overcome. 
His poverty. 

6083
05:17:32,300 --> 05:17:35,300
Newspapers began calling him. 
The Handcuff King. 

6084
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:37,400
So, a title. 
He wore with pride. 

6085
05:17:38,300 --> 05:17:40,200
He was also forthright about his
methods. 

6086
05:17:40,900 --> 05:17:43,600
Who Houdini freely admitted to 
hiding skeleton keys in his 

6087
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,800
pockets, tucking bits of wire 
into his sleeve and 

6088
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:48,700
occasionally, using his teeth to
pick a lock. 

6089
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:52,000
He was genuinely risking his 
life to escape from jail cells. 

6090
05:17:52,000 --> 05:17:54,800
He studied every handcuff made 
and had what one locksmith, 

6091
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:57,700
friend turned photographing 
memory for tricky locking 

6092
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,300
mechanisms. 
Not that he needed memorization 

6093
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:04,000
for long as who dini dryly noted
in his 1910 book. 

6094
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:07,200
A simple shoelace Loop could 
open old, cuffs almost as 

6095
05:18:07,200 --> 05:18:10,800
cleanly as a key. 
Every Newsboy in New York soon. 

6096
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:13,600
Knew the name who Deanie? 
He discarded. 

6097
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:16,400
His old card tricks, as easily 
as one would throw away last 

6098
05:18:16,400 --> 05:18:19,000
season shoe polish. 
He was now preoccupied with 

6099
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:21,800
impossible. 
Escapees nail, riveted packing 

6100
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:25,400
crates, Straight Jackets, 
Berlin, Police sell turn arounds

6101
05:18:25,400 --> 05:18:28,500
and yes even a man called 
swimming in a Chicago River 

6102
05:18:28,500 --> 05:18:30,900
once. 
Houdini had invited. 

6103
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:32,900
The very police. 
He was escaping from to hold him

6104
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:36,300
down and watching them fail by 
midday was the best free 

6105
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:39,300
publicity imaginable. 
Houdini had charged for being 

6106
05:18:39,300 --> 05:18:40,800
locked up. 
He probably would have paid off 

6107
05:18:40,800 --> 05:18:43,100
his entire contract and stash of
cuff keys. 

6108
05:18:44,000 --> 05:18:47,400
By 1905 the world knew him and 
his breathless. 

6109
05:18:47,400 --> 05:18:51,800
Newsman wanted more more danger,
more distance, more Houdini, 

6110
05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:54,900
with the Handcuff tricks safely 
under his belt, who dini needed 

6111
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:57,900
a new way to surprise the world 
and when it came to upping the 

6112
05:18:57,900 --> 05:19:00,400
ante who Houdini was a natural 
risk taker. 

6113
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:05,200
Around 1908, he retreated from 
handcuffs in favor of dramatic 

6114
05:19:05,200 --> 05:19:08,900
water escapes, the milk can 
escape his first major liquid 

6115
05:19:08,900 --> 05:19:11,300
act involved. 
Who dini, padlocking himself 

6116
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:13,500
inside. 
A massive milk can filled with 

6117
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:16,400
water, and challenging and 
audience member to seal the top 

6118
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:19,900
then second later, he'd pop out,
like, he'd never skip breakfast.

6119
05:19:19,900 --> 05:19:23,500
The stunt was so successful. 
He took it overseas immediately 

6120
05:19:23,500 --> 05:19:27,100
and crowd members began where 
the dean would like a drowned 

6121
05:19:27,100 --> 05:19:30,200
insect or slip out Victorious. 
Spoiler. 

6122
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:34,100
Who dini one every time, much to
the disappointment of the booing

6123
05:19:34,100 --> 05:19:37,500
Skeptics, once the milk can 
became well, known imitators 

6124
05:19:37,500 --> 05:19:39,800
crept in like moths to a flame 
proof cloth. 

6125
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:43,000
Who dini never want to be 
outdone went around building 

6126
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:47,000
more elaborate traps in 1912 he 
unveiled what would become his 

6127
05:19:47,000 --> 05:19:50,200
most infamous gimmick? 
The Chinese water torture cell 

6128
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:54,500
which Houdini himself preferred 
to call Simply upside down For 

6129
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:56,400
that purpose. 
He commissioned a custom tank of

6130
05:19:56,400 --> 05:20:00,200
mahogany and steel. 
With a thick plate glass window 

6131
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:04,600
and plumbing fixtures in effect 
a giant aquarium on its side, he

6132
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,800
would be spread eagle down and 
dropped in head, first feet. 

6133
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:12,200
First Eyes, Only on the crowd as
water poured into fill the cell 

6134
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:15,200
completely every spectator. 
Expected him to drown. 

6135
05:20:15,900 --> 05:20:19,500
Instead who dini held his breath
over three minutes. 

6136
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:22,900
In fact, and unlocked his way 
out while completely upside 

6137
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:24,900
down. 
The Act was so spectacular. 

6138
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:27,600
That audience is believed The 
Illusionist had a fish like 

6139
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:30,900
appearance and it remains one of
Houdini's greatest triumphs to 

6140
05:20:30,900 --> 05:20:34,600
this day. 
Along with water Feats, who dini

6141
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:38,600
delighted in Airbender bonus 
capes, no tall building was 

6142
05:20:38,600 --> 05:20:40,200
safe. 
As long as who Deen, he was in 

6143
05:20:40,200 --> 05:20:42,300
town, one early stuntman in 
Leeds. 

6144
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:45,800
England showed him Bound in a 
straight jacket and then hoisted

6145
05:20:45,800 --> 05:20:49,000
by his ankles, 200 feet up a 
crane of the crowd with 

6146
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:51,700
thousands watching he would 
wiggle free and plain sight. 

6147
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:54,700
A stunt that Drew comparable 
ticket sales to a Beatles 

6148
05:20:54,700 --> 05:20:57,800
concert or Super Bowl today. 
In New York, police actually 

6149
05:20:57,800 --> 05:21:00,000
banned him from dangling from 
Highwire officers. 

6150
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,400
So who dini chartered a tugboat 
and performed his packed cabin 

6151
05:21:03,400 --> 05:21:06,500
overboard stunts in the East 
River on July, 7th 1912. 

6152
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:11,100
They nailed a crate around him, 
sank it and then Houdini 

6153
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:13,600
squeaked himself loose 
underwater before anyone ran to 

6154
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:15,400
find the phone book on how to 
pronounce subpoena. 

6155
05:21:16,100 --> 05:21:18,800
Even death, defying wasn't 
enough, without death itself. 

6156
05:21:18,800 --> 05:21:22,400
Who dini became equally famous 
for his buried alive acts. 

6157
05:21:22,400 --> 05:21:26,500
Although those performances even
gave him nightmares in a 1915 

6158
05:21:26,500 --> 05:21:30,100
stunt, he can send it to Barium 
himself under six feet of dirt, 

6159
05:21:30,100 --> 05:21:33,000
using only his arms as 
excavation tools. 

6160
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:36,400
The ground compacted around him 
halfway down. 

6161
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:39,600
He began clawing rapidly only 
just managing to break the 

6162
05:21:39,600 --> 05:21:43,700
surface before Panic took hold. 
He emerged in a nearly comical 

6163
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,100
jumble of dirty hair and frantic
apologies. 

6164
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:48,300
It was rumored afterwards with 
the Houdini's. 

6165
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:51,200
Emergency call was one Houdini 
please no rush. 

6166
05:21:52,200 --> 05:21:54,500
Reporters frequently, 
questioned, whether Houdini was 

6167
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,900
ticklish or had a sidecar 
attached to these other coffin. 

6168
05:21:57,900 --> 05:22:00,700
Tricks typically Houdini would 
joke that the obituary column 

6169
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:02,300
posed, the greatest threat to 
his life. 

6170
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:06,000
No matter how elaborate the 
Trap, who Deanie and sited on 

6171
05:22:06,008 --> 05:22:09,900
transparency before some tricks,
he'd even stripped down and 

6172
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:12,400
invite the audience to feel his 
biceps or punch him in the gut 

6173
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:16,700
proving he had no hidden keys. 
For his straight jacket escapes.

6174
05:22:16,700 --> 05:22:20,400
He sometimes will nothing but a 
g-string in the torture cell. 

6175
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:22,200
He made sure. 
Everyone saw him chained up 

6176
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:25,300
through glass. 
One wag quit that Houdini had 

6177
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:28,300
nothing to hide. 
In fact, he practically showed 

6178
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:32,000
everything off stage. 
These tactics built his image as

6179
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:34,200
a straight shooter or bare 
straight shooter. 

6180
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:36,500
More precisely in a business 
known for Hocus. 

6181
05:22:36,500 --> 05:22:40,200
Pocus journalists lauded him as 
the only magician who performed 

6182
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,700
with the veil of Deceit. 
Not realizing who denied that 

6183
05:22:43,700 --> 05:22:47,800
line himself on a poster? 
In any case, if Houdini had a 

6184
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:50,700
motto in the trenches of public 
stunts, it would be, we may 

6185
05:22:50,700 --> 05:22:52,900
water board me, but we won't 
water. 

6186
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:54,700
Skip me. 
Thus, who Deanie? 

6187
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:57,700
Consistently elevated, the 
standard, and the anxiety of 

6188
05:22:57,700 --> 05:23:01,500
ticket holders till Newsboys 
began promoting The Next Houdini

6189
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:05,200
spectacle by 1914, who Houdini's
signature escapes were polished,

6190
05:23:05,200 --> 05:23:08,600
and Timeless critics noted that,
even his old milk, can act 

6191
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:10,900
looked different. 
He would now sometimes float in 

6192
05:23:10,900 --> 05:23:14,700
iron grill inside it, raising 
the difficulty, Legend has it, 

6193
05:23:14,700 --> 05:23:17,800
who denied discarded, the grill 
later because the bars look too 

6194
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:20,100
helpful. 
Like accidentally giving a 

6195
05:23:20,100 --> 05:23:21,900
ladder to someone who is 
supposed to be trapped. 

6196
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,900
The torture sell itself, 
underwent refinements by the end

6197
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:28,900
of his career, Houdini traveled,
with a spare set of locks 

6198
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,100
chains. 
And even a second sale in case 

6199
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:35,300
of emergency Imagine yourself 
jammed head first in an iron, 

6200
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:38,500
coffin of water with no key in a
ticking clock, he liked to say 

6201
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,100
on posters it borders on the 
supernatural. 

6202
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:44,900
The public believed him though 
naturally, no one was ever, 

6203
05:23:44,900 --> 05:23:45,900
quite sure. 
How he did it. 

6204
05:23:46,900 --> 05:23:50,500
Houdini's sidekick and wife, 
Bess often co-starred in a minor

6205
05:23:50,500 --> 05:23:52,700
role during these moments of 
theatrical faith. 

6206
05:23:53,400 --> 05:23:55,300
She handled the props managed 
the timing. 

6207
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:58,700
And once nearly fainted, when an
assistant accidentally locked 

6208
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:02,200
her in a safe on stage She 
recovered just long enough to 

6209
05:24:02,200 --> 05:24:04,500
Signal Houdini to open it 
afterward. 

6210
05:24:04,500 --> 05:24:08,300
She quit that if Houdini had 
failed, she'd have to update his

6211
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:13,300
act to The Cremation cell. 
In every incredible stunts, best

6212
05:24:13,300 --> 05:24:16,700
was quietly in the wings. 
The real Houdini often joked 

6213
05:24:16,700 --> 05:24:18,400
that behind every great escape 
artists. 

6214
05:24:18,400 --> 05:24:20,000
There was an even greater State 
manager. 

6215
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:24,100
So while Harry stared in the 
cell of Doom, best was the 

6216
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:27,800
silent Secretary of magic. 
Making sure who Houdini solos 

6217
05:24:27,800 --> 05:24:31,100
had a solid on core Houdini 
stunts and become a full-time 

6218
05:24:31,100 --> 05:24:34,500
job of being otherworldly. 
But the world was certainly 

6219
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:38,700
watching newspapers and fans 
bellowed impossible at every 

6220
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:41,700
escape, the law enforcement 
establishment, treated him with 

6221
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:45,600
a mix of admiration and 
embarrassment, Los Angeles. 

6222
05:24:45,600 --> 05:24:49,200
Police insisted, he was a humbug
then grudgingly hired him to 

6223
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:52,200
escape from the LA jail. 
He turned the entire planets 

6224
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:56,300
jail system into his toolbox. 
To Houdini these were hard 

6225
05:24:56,300 --> 05:24:57,900
lessons about locks and Human 
Nature. 

6226
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:02,100
If you bend the rules just a bit
or break, the lock, everyone 

6227
05:25:02,100 --> 05:25:05,100
will ask you to break free next.
It was like the ultimate game of

6228
05:25:05,108 --> 05:25:07,700
tag except who deenie was always
it. 

6229
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:11,200
And chains were just part of the
catch by the late 1910s. 

6230
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:14,600
Who Houdini's name had 
International cache, he was rich

6231
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:16,600
and Restless. 
There were no more dime museums 

6232
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:18,900
in New York, paying him by the 
burger and fries. 

6233
05:25:18,900 --> 05:25:21,200
Now he entertained Kings and 
commoners. 

6234
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:25,700
He continued to tour constantly 
in Great Britain, Europe, 

6235
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:29,000
Russia, and the Netherlands. 
And everywhere he went, he 

6236
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:33,200
challenged local police to one 
of his Escape belts, every city 

6237
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,000
became a stage. 
Every prison for a Proving 

6238
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:38,400
Ground. 
In Moscow, for example, he 

6239
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:40,300
escaped from a boxcar Bound for 
Siberia. 

6240
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:44,100
The key supposedly was kept at 
the North Pole with each new 

6241
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:47,000
country conquered. 
He collected suvenir ordered 

6242
05:25:47,000 --> 05:25:49,900
from ministers, official 
certificates of Escape Artistry 

6243
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:53,400
and sometimes even a lawsuit or 
two, you want sued a German 

6244
05:25:53,400 --> 05:25:57,300
officer for claiming who only 
escaped by bribery who Houdini 

6245
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:00,100
proved the man, Wrong by popping
open the judges safe with the 

6246
05:26:00,108 --> 05:26:03,300
courts own keys. 
Newsreels eventually lured. 

6247
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,300
Houdini to the movies. 
He starred in a couple of early 

6248
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:11,100
silent pictures in 1918 to 19919
like the master mystery or he 

6249
05:26:11,100 --> 05:26:13,000
beat up a robot and got into a 
biplane Chase. 

6250
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:16,900
Audience is scratch their heads 
though, was this an action film 

6251
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:20,800
or a really weird magic show. 
Ultimately, Houdini found film 

6252
05:26:20,800 --> 05:26:24,400
less lucrative than Vaudeville 
as he told the press his box 

6253
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:26,300
office. 
Receipts, beat Hollywood, silent

6254
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:28,500
Charisma. 
So he returned to live 

6255
05:26:28,500 --> 05:26:31,700
audiences. 
He also had another pioneering 

6256
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:35,400
gig in the skies in 1910. 
He became the first person to 

6257
05:26:35,400 --> 05:26:37,200
Pilot to power their plane in 
Australia. 

6258
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:41,400
He's lifting off more than just 
our Spirits, a reporter punning 

6259
05:26:41,400 --> 05:26:43,700
wrote. 
Houdini was always seeking new 

6260
05:26:43,700 --> 05:26:46,500
challenges, whether it was 
digging through dirt or scaling 

6261
05:26:46,500 --> 05:26:50,200
clouds off stage Houdini's. 
Fame, brought him a celebrity 

6262
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:54,000
lifestyle to match, He joined 
organizations of magicians 

6263
05:26:54,000 --> 05:26:57,900
became president of the Society 
of American Magicians in 1917 

6264
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:00,800
and insisted on professionalism 
among his peers. 

6265
05:27:01,700 --> 05:27:07,000
His Harlem Brownstone at 278 W, 
to 1313 of became a museum of 

6266
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:11,100
sorts filled with rare tricks, 
mystical Oddities and books on 

6267
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:13,600
every bit of a cult monster 
since he wanted to debunk. 

6268
05:27:14,400 --> 05:27:17,500
He bought a snazzy car, and a 
custom line suitcase of locks 

6269
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:19,900
and picks in humorous Act of 
generosity. 

6270
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:23,600
He reportedly spent his turns, 
on a ceremonial Gayle on 

6271
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,800
purportedly tailored for Queen 
Victoria and threw a grand party

6272
05:27:26,800 --> 05:27:29,200
to Showcase. 
Omit all to ensure his 

6273
05:27:29,200 --> 05:27:31,100
impoverished. 
Mother, could be the center of 

6274
05:27:31,108 --> 05:27:34,000
attention of the ball. 
That day, we could kill each 

6275
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:37,600
other laughing Houdini later 
said for once he had shown up 

6276
05:27:37,600 --> 05:27:40,400
high society and their jaws had 
hit the floor at his wildness. 

6277
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:43,800
Throughout the 1910s who Houdini
was touring, roughly Like a 

6278
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:48,000
Rockstar by 1920 who Deanie was 
earning a salary significantly 

6279
05:27:48,000 --> 05:27:50,100
higher than that of an ordinary 
stage magician. 

6280
05:27:51,000 --> 05:27:54,400
People literally travel to his 
show even coming on, pilgrimage 

6281
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:57,700
when Houdini arrived in a city. 
He had realized that by turning 

6282
05:27:57,700 --> 05:28:00,700
every performance into the 
biggest stunt ever, he could 

6283
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:02,900
keep the crowds coming back so 
he did. 

6284
05:28:02,900 --> 05:28:07,100
And in a way he had become that 
Rarity among entertainers, a guy

6285
05:28:07,108 --> 05:28:09,200
who was famous primarily for 
surviving things. 

6286
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:13,400
Yet, for all the flash, one 
aspect of Houdini's Persona 

6287
05:28:13,400 --> 05:28:16,900
remained personal even at the 
height of Fame, he was curious 

6288
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:21,000
almost whistle at the fringes of
existence, he himself once 

6289
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:24,400
admitted that he'd love nothing 
more than a moments contact 

6290
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:27,800
Beyond with his beloved mother 
who had died in 1913. 

6291
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:32,900
So as 1920s optimism flourished,
Houdini quietly became the 

6292
05:28:32,900 --> 05:28:36,500
Moonlighting skeptic. 
He would attend sale answers and

6293
05:28:36,500 --> 05:28:39,600
secret take on private 
investigation of mediums and 

6294
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:43,400
write articles exposing the 
Machinery behind Ghostly tablos.

6295
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,700
In short, he was determined to 
apply his Escape Artistry to the

6296
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:50,800
spiritual Realm. 
But first one more leap. 

6297
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:54,000
The biggest one yet was about to
unfold, even people who thought 

6298
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,500
Houdini's stunts were Hokum 
respected that his battles. 

6299
05:28:56,500 --> 05:29:00,700
Against phony Spirits were 
remarkably sincere in contrast 

6300
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:03,400
to other magicians who casually 
pretended to be mediums on 

6301
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:05,800
stage. 
Who deenie had no desire to 

6302
05:29:05,800 --> 05:29:08,300
deceive. 
By the early 1920s. 

6303
05:29:08,300 --> 05:29:11,900
He had seen too many families 
ruined by con artists calling 

6304
05:29:11,900 --> 05:29:15,200
out from the void. 
On one hand, he was the showman 

6305
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:18,100
who managed to smuggle himself 
into a floating tank, drowned 

6306
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:21,900
and miraculously survived. 
On the other hand, he was a 

6307
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,200
grieving, son, having promised 
his mother on her deathbed that,

6308
05:29:25,200 --> 05:29:27,900
if anyone in the family could 
communicate with the dead, he 

6309
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,500
would be the first to test it. 
What transpired was Houdini's, 

6310
05:29:31,500 --> 05:29:35,300
most significant Act of date. 
He transformed into the Undead's

6311
05:29:35,300 --> 05:29:38,000
most terrifying. 
Adversary along with his wife, 

6312
05:29:38,000 --> 05:29:41,400
Beth and a secret card tray. 
The most famous being a lady 

6313
05:29:41,408 --> 05:29:43,400
named Rose mackenberg. 
A real life. 

6314
05:29:43,400 --> 05:29:47,800
Ghost detective, who dini set 
about exposing human leeches who

6315
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:51,500
claimed to talk to the Dead? 
They attended sails on the cover

6316
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:54,900
even sabotaging stage. 
Levitations and phony knocking 

6317
05:29:54,900 --> 05:29:57,100
songs. 
They documented cunning tricks. 

6318
05:29:57,100 --> 05:30:00,600
Like smoked meat. 
Used to Spur ectoplasm sticky, 

6319
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:02,800
bandages. 
Smuggled up sleeves and hidden 

6320
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:07,100
colluding accomplices. 
When newspapers of the day ran 

6321
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:09,600
stories of hoodoo, Houdini often
quipped. 

6322
05:30:09,600 --> 05:30:12,000
That at least the ghost stories 
had actual ghostwriters. 

6323
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,300
As he could barely find anyone 
willing to donate even a dime. 

6324
05:30:16,000 --> 05:30:18,100
Houdini's fire. 
For this Crusade came to a 

6325
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:21,600
symbolic climax in 1926 when he 
testified before Congress. 

6326
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:25,600
It was a rare appearance outside
the stage a stiff legislative 

6327
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:27,400
hearing room instead of award 
will theater. 

6328
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:30,600
Who Houdini accompanied by 
Senator Arthur Kappa. 

6329
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:33,400
Boldly declared that. 
Spiritualism was a complete 

6330
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:34,900
scam. 
He was not joking. 

6331
05:30:34,900 --> 05:30:38,100
He was a magician who had made a
career out of deceiving death 

6332
05:30:38,100 --> 05:30:41,100
and he boldly declared that 
these media should be ashamed. 

6333
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:46,000
Society was transfixed 
newspapers called it uproarious 

6334
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:49,800
and the Apex of Houdini's, 
anti-spiral Crusade. 

6335
05:30:51,000 --> 05:30:53,700
Even supported bills to 
criminalize fake fortune telling

6336
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:55,800
and phony spiritual 
Communications. 

6337
05:30:56,700 --> 05:30:59,300
Observers were aware that who 
Dean had previously performed 

6338
05:30:59,300 --> 05:31:03,000
fake sale answers on small. 
Wardville, stages solely for 

6339
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:07,000
financial gain. 
But that was a long time ago and

6340
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:09,300
now the focus was on the psychic
Charlotte's. 

6341
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:12,000
Felt a bit of our irony in 
sometimes, joked. 

6342
05:31:12,000 --> 05:31:15,900
I put the ghost in Ghostbusters 
to audience's and Truth. 

6343
05:31:15,908 --> 05:31:17,400
This mission was not about 
laughs. 

6344
05:31:17,400 --> 05:31:22,300
It was deeply personal Best and 
Houdini had agreed on a secret 

6345
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:26,400
code Roosevelt. 
Title of bess's, favorite song 

6346
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:28,800
to confirm, whether Houdini 
could truly communicate from the

6347
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:32,400
other side after his death. 
So far, every message from the 

6348
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,500
spirit world would have been 
hogwash to him and him to us. 

6349
05:31:36,600 --> 05:31:39,900
Houdini also wielded his Fame 
and organizational power in more

6350
05:31:39,900 --> 05:31:42,600
direct ways. 
From 17 to his death, who 

6351
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:46,100
Houdini served as the president 
of the magician's Union society 

6352
05:31:46,100 --> 05:31:49,200
of American Magicians. 
Urging his fellow magicians to 

6353
05:31:49,200 --> 05:31:52,000
expose frauds and to avoid 
joining the psychic movement. 

6354
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:55,700
If a medium dead lecture him, 
who deenie would challenge them 

6355
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:58,500
on stage? 
He famously offered 10,000 

6356
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,300
dollars. 
A small fortune to anyone who 

6357
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:03,100
could perform a real spiritual 
feet. 

6358
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:06,400
He couldn't explain. 
Unsurprisingly he never wrote 

6359
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:09,600
any checks, he frequently 
asserted that claiming it was. 

6360
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:12,400
All real was just as unethical 
as claiming the Titanic was 

6361
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:14,800
Unsinkable. 
And we all know how that turned 

6362
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,100
out. 
The public found who Dennis 

6363
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:20,000
switch to ghost busting both 
fascinating and confusing. 

6364
05:32:20,000 --> 05:32:24,300
Here was a man who escaped death
physically now chasing after 

6365
05:32:24,300 --> 05:32:28,100
fake death claims. 
Some newspapers played along 

6366
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:30,800
due, totally reporting every 
snare he made at so called 

6367
05:32:30,800 --> 05:32:34,200
spiritual journalism. 
Others grumbled that Houdini was

6368
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:35,800
murdering market share for 
mediums. 

6369
05:32:36,500 --> 05:32:39,900
An editorial openly questioned. 
Whether Houdini saw himself as a

6370
05:32:39,908 --> 05:32:43,300
hero or a villain. 
Throughout it all, who dini. 

6371
05:32:43,300 --> 05:32:46,900
Never utilized his magic to 
solve this problem instead, he 

6372
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:49,800
relied on basic sleight of hand 
knowledge and friends that 

6373
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:53,700
intelligence Houdini maintained 
a clear perspective in a world 

6374
05:32:53,708 --> 05:32:56,500
of Deceit. 
There are tricks in every trade 

6375
05:32:56,500 --> 05:32:59,400
and no one is more greedy than 
those who trade on the Dead. 

6376
05:33:00,200 --> 05:33:04,000
Houdini's Crusade gave him a new
identity, not just Escapist 

6377
05:33:04,000 --> 05:33:07,900
Entertainer but public educator.
He went on lecture tours. 

6378
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:11,300
Not only on how to break locks 
but also on how to spot a fake 

6379
05:33:11,300 --> 05:33:14,800
mediums tacky gimmicks. 
For instance, he wants walked on

6380
05:33:14,800 --> 05:33:17,900
stage at a big spiritualist 
convention in tears, only to 

6381
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:20,600
yank off his sham crystal ball 
and show the camera inside. 

6382
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:24,500
People want Something to Believe
In he'd say, but at least they 

6383
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:26,300
should know. 
If it's a dollop of egg or an 

6384
05:33:26,308 --> 05:33:29,100
echo of the real thing. 
In these interviews, he called 

6385
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:32,400
charlatans Crooks and liars. 
And to sum, he was the very 

6386
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:35,700
definition of a fanatic. 
However, for many others, 

6387
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:39,300
particularly The Grieving widows
and widowers, he emerged as an 

6388
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:42,800
improbable defender of reason. 
He brought in any experts 

6389
05:33:42,800 --> 05:33:46,100
psychic or not, who had evidence
of the afterlife and tested it 

6390
05:33:46,100 --> 05:33:49,300
under harsh light. 
He even brought in trained stage

6391
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:52,100
hypnotists to test mediums 
claiming trance States. 

6392
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,900
This all culminated in a 
congressional Hearing in 1926 

6393
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,700
after, which Houdini felt 
Vindicated, that at least 

6394
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:02,200
lawmakers were listening. 
He would brag years later that 

6395
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:04,500
he had become history's first. 
Professional, Ghostbuster 

6396
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:09,200
decades before Ghostbusters hit 
the pop charts, Houdini didn't 

6397
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:12,400
anticipate, the intense personal
button, nature of this battle. 

6398
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:16,600
He unintentionally stirred up 
controversy by becoming both a 

6399
05:34:16,600 --> 05:34:19,300
celebrity investigator, and a 
subject of tabloid curiosity 

6400
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:21,700
newspapers. 
Reported with relish that 

6401
05:34:21,700 --> 05:34:24,900
Houdini was arrogant, 
unscientific or just plain, 

6402
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:27,400
superstitions. 
Some even claimed the devil had 

6403
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:30,700
cursed him at once. 
Once, Friends from his youth saw

6404
05:34:30,700 --> 05:34:33,400
a change. 
The man who wants joy to his 

6405
05:34:33,400 --> 05:34:36,000
audience's was now hostile 
toward clothing horses of the 

6406
05:34:36,000 --> 05:34:38,300
occult. 
He argued openly with old 

6407
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:41,400
friends are Arthur Conan Doyle, 
the Sherlock, Holmes author, who

6408
05:34:41,400 --> 05:34:45,100
had championed spiritualism, 
Doyle called Houdini blasphemer 

6409
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:48,200
for exposing mediums who Houdini
called Doyle of full for 

6410
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:50,700
believing them. 
Their friendship wants on 

6411
05:34:50,700 --> 05:34:54,300
mutual, respect fractured on 
fraudulent Phantoms, despite the

6412
05:34:54,300 --> 05:34:56,800
growing friction, Houdini 
admitted he himself. 

6413
05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:00,300
Wanted a sign that maybe there 
was something Beyond but only if

6414
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:04,500
it was genuine As president of 
magicians, he asked colleague to

6415
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:08,500
help craft the ultimate sitting.
Before his first wife's death, 

6416
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:12,700
they agreed on that secret code.
The early seances Houdini in 

6417
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:15,800
Bess held on Halloween, each 
year, became Legend year after 

6418
05:35:15,800 --> 05:35:19,300
year, she announced there was 
shell was no message every time 

6419
05:35:19,300 --> 05:35:22,000
the telephone rang on those 
nights Houdini's heart would 

6420
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:24,100
skip. 
However, Houdini's final 

6421
05:35:24,100 --> 05:35:27,100
performance in 1926 revealed, 
something about him. 

6422
05:35:27,100 --> 05:35:30,200
A man who had defied every 
possible trick was now 

6423
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:32,800
anticipating that he would 
approach death like any other 

6424
05:35:32,800 --> 05:35:36,500
Challenge and yet, like, any 
outstanding showman, he would 

6425
05:35:36,500 --> 05:35:39,600
only tell the ending after the 
final, curtain Houdini's. 

6426
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:42,400
Distaste for spiritualism had a 
consequence True. 

6427
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:44,800
Believers in the movement. 
No longer saw who Houdini is the

6428
05:35:44,800 --> 05:35:46,300
gentle? 
Jugular from New York, but 

6429
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:50,800
rather as a charismatic figure, 
Certain journalists began 

6430
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:53,600
printing that who deny had 
become a Villain Like an 

6431
05:35:53,600 --> 05:35:57,400
official family exterminator at 
every funeral. some 

6432
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:01,300
spiritualists leaders took it 
personally, after all Houdini 

6433
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:06,600
had millions of dollars Fame and
a loyal following when he 

6434
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:10,500
exposed their tricks on National
radio many mediums retaliated by

6435
05:36:10,500 --> 05:36:13,700
attacking his character. 
Conspiracy-minded, gossip 

6436
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:17,000
columns suggested who deny only 
took on mediums because his own 

6437
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:20,200
psychic powers will weak the 
irony being of course that he 

6438
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:24,300
explicitly denied having any 
mystical Powers other than what 

6439
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:26,700
any talented locksmith and 
beastmen might possess. 

6440
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:29,400
Sir. 
Arthur Conan Doyle was perhaps 

6441
05:36:29,400 --> 05:36:32,200
the most enraged public figure 
among Houdini's, upset 

6442
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:36,300
constituency the two men had 
been warm acquaintances Doyle. 

6443
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:39,900
Even participated means in 
seances with Houdini's mother in

6444
05:36:39,900 --> 05:36:44,900
1922, until Houdini began 
mocking, Doyle's beliefs Doyle 

6445
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:49,000
who'd risked a publicly 
endorsing Spirits felt 

6446
05:36:49,000 --> 05:36:51,500
personally insulted, when 
Houdini compared metaphysics to 

6447
05:36:51,500 --> 05:36:55,700
a cheap parlor trick, the rift 
became bitter and enduring Doyle

6448
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:58,800
persisted in attending Spirit, 
Gatherings and publicly declared

6449
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:01,300
who Dina heretic, even 
associating him with 

6450
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:04,500
Supernatural curses one, 
Sensational headline, had it 

6451
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:09,900
evil spirits put curse on Harry.
Houdini a joke Houdini himself 

6452
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:13,700
read with weary amusement. 
The Friendship, Never recovered.

6453
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:16,000
And the image of Doyle is True 
Believer. 

6454
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:19,000
Versus who deny as the ultimate 
doubter became a literary trope.

6455
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:23,100
Sherlock Holmes Versus who dini?
Had a lovely ring to it. 

6456
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:27,300
The tabloids noted. 
The feud burdened behind the 

6457
05:37:27,308 --> 05:37:29,700
scenes. 
He often confided in friends 

6458
05:37:29,700 --> 05:37:32,000
that he truly wanted 
spiritualism to be real. 

6459
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:35,300
He had nearly started the ghost,
wrestling course himself, but 

6460
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:37,100
Doyle's, dogmatism pushed him 
away. 

6461
05:37:38,000 --> 05:37:40,200
Still Houdini channeled 
frustration into action. 

6462
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:43,600
He had City Newspapers, keep 
publishing the spiritualist 

6463
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,300
victims wanted ads. 
Disguising himself to get 

6464
05:37:46,308 --> 05:37:49,600
invitations, then reported back 
to the public, the Silly Ways, 

6465
05:37:49,608 --> 05:37:53,400
mediums tried to fool them. 
To Houdini's credit, even when 

6466
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:57,200
he poked fun at sales theatrics,
often with a tunnel to, he never

6467
05:37:57,200 --> 05:38:00,700
got mean-spirited. 
He liked to say, we all need a 

6468
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:03,300
touching word after we lose 
someone, but let's make sure our

6469
05:38:03,300 --> 05:38:05,100
touching words aren't glued on 
by trickery. 

6470
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:08,000
Not all blowback was public 
debate though. 

6471
05:38:08,000 --> 05:38:11,800
Some of it was deeply personal, 
bests who Dennis wife took the 

6472
05:38:11,800 --> 05:38:14,200
brunt of their shared of 
session, though. 

6473
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:17,500
She supported his Crusade 
Shield, desperately yearned for 

6474
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:20,700
any sign from Beyond that would 
indicate her husband was still 

6475
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:26,000
with her if he died first Every 
Halloween from 1926 onward, best

6476
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:28,600
sat in darkness, holding 
Houdini's, coffin, key, and 

6477
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:31,100
singing. 
This secret song Waiting for 

6478
05:38:31,100 --> 05:38:35,500
Roosevelt believed their 
pre-arranged code Year after 

6479
05:38:35,500 --> 05:38:40,400
year, there was no response in 
1936 a decade After the Promise.

6480
05:38:40,400 --> 05:38:43,500
Best publicly declared that 
Houdini had indeed never reached

6481
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:46,400
out. 
She said 10 years is long enough

6482
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:50,400
to wait for any man. 
This tearful final Seance made 

6483
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:52,800
headlines. 
Some people wrote it off as the 

6484
05:38:52,800 --> 05:38:56,000
end of a gimmick but magician 
still holds silent sessions at 

6485
05:38:56,000 --> 05:38:59,700
his grave to this day. 
However in 1926 life continued 

6486
05:38:59,700 --> 05:39:03,200
with its usual peculiarities, 
Houdini continued touring and 

6487
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:06,200
lecturing the world, still 
adored the escapists showman on 

6488
05:39:06,200 --> 05:39:08,800
stage. 
Those who knew him could see a 

6489
05:39:08,800 --> 05:39:10,900
seriousness in his eyes. 
That hadn't been there in the 

6490
05:39:10,908 --> 05:39:14,500
old days of card tricks. 
Every new bill for a seance 

6491
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,800
critical lecture and every press
interview about medium, tricks 

6492
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:22,100
added to an invisible tally. 
He kept in his mind at night, he

6493
05:39:22,100 --> 05:39:24,500
was said to have had unsettling 
dreams about being restrained or

6494
05:39:24,500 --> 05:39:27,700
drowning nightmares. 
No one could applaud as they did

6495
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:31,100
his on stage escapades. 
Still every morning. 

6496
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:33,900
He put on his costume as a 
tabloid publicity photographer 

6497
05:39:33,900 --> 05:39:37,100
and locking enthusiast. 
Joked in private letters. 

6498
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:41,400
To defeat death is one thing to 
defeat, those who profit from 

6499
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,200
Death. 
Scare tactic is another The 

6500
05:39:44,200 --> 05:39:47,700
public for its part had mixed 
reactions, many admired 

6501
05:39:47,700 --> 05:39:51,000
Houdini's honesty and back to 
his legislative efforts, some 

6502
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:53,700
religious newspapers, even 
published his cynical gags. 

6503
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:56,800
For example, who Dinah wrote 
that if fireflies came out, only

6504
05:39:56,800 --> 05:39:59,800
after someone died people would 
buy electric lights and of 

6505
05:39:59,800 --> 05:40:04,700
hiring mediums. but a portion of
fans felt mildly betrayed after 

6506
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:06,600
cheering him in a plows lines 
for years. 

6507
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:09,900
A few older admirers were 
puzzled at seeing his name on 

6508
05:40:09,900 --> 05:40:13,400
expose of their favorite. 
Mediums magician colleagues 

6509
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:16,400
either applauded his Integrity 
or grumbled that he was 

6510
05:40:16,400 --> 05:40:20,000
attracting too much controversy.
Societies magazines, began 

6511
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,300
publishing articles, such as 
Houdini slaves. 

6512
05:40:22,300 --> 05:40:25,200
Fairy photos and Holmes, 
Creator's, Seavers ties with 

6513
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:27,800
Houdini, which gave the public 
the impression that he was a 

6514
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:31,400
magician turned cop. 
Even who deanne's own press 

6515
05:40:31,400 --> 05:40:34,300
agents had to scramble. 
They shifted headlines from 

6516
05:40:34,300 --> 05:40:37,300
Houdini's wild rides to 
Houdini's wild sites. 

6517
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:41,400
Where wild here meant decidedly 
unimpressive magic without C 

6518
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,100
through trickery. 
Some days, he waved off the dust

6519
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,500
UPS by announcing a new escape 
challenge, like, dangling from a

6520
05:40:47,508 --> 05:40:51,000
plane. 
And the media happily obliged on

6521
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:52,900
other days. 
Scribblers would ask him if his 

6522
05:40:52,900 --> 05:40:56,500
fight against ghostly as he now 
believed only in himself Houdini

6523
05:40:56,500 --> 05:41:00,000
would laugh and say if you can 
survive being locked in a safe 

6524
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,700
and then thrown from a plane, 
the only thing you're sure of 

6525
05:41:02,700 --> 05:41:06,900
his gravity Despite everything 
who deeney appeared to accept 

6526
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:09,600
the consequences, it was the 
nature of a showman to feed on 

6527
05:41:09,608 --> 05:41:12,200
attention after all. 
And nothing attracted headlines,

6528
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:14,100
like Houdini versus the Unseen 
World. 

6529
05:41:15,000 --> 05:41:18,200
Still, he knew his legacy was 
shifting. he wrote later that he

6530
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:21,100
wanted to be remembered, not for
tricks or big muscles, but for 

6531
05:41:21,100 --> 05:41:25,800
fighting scams in his heart, he 
hoped people would credit him 

6532
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:29,600
with something deeper since than
just a thousand straight jacket 

6533
05:41:29,600 --> 05:41:32,600
escapes. 
As the critics sneered and the 

6534
05:41:32,600 --> 05:41:36,000
spiritualist hissed, Houdini 
honed his wit and pick locks 

6535
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:39,000
determined to end this act. 
According to his own terms, the 

6536
05:41:39,000 --> 05:41:42,000
Final Act of Houdini's life 
unfolded, like a scripted 

6537
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:46,400
nightmare of his own on October 
9th, 1926 performing in Albany 

6538
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:49,600
New York, he injured his ankle 
during a trick, a reminder that 

6539
05:41:49,600 --> 05:41:53,100
even a Superman has the limits. 
He hobbled through shows until 

6540
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:56,400
doctors advised rest. 
But who dini ever proud to 

6541
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:59,200
deliver the show? 
Shrugged it off saying a broken 

6542
05:41:59,200 --> 05:42:01,000
ankle is not going to stop 
Houdini. 

6543
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:08,600
Then came Halloween. 1926 is 
preyed, while resting in 

6544
05:42:08,608 --> 05:42:12,200
Montreal on October. 
The 22nd after lecture, a member

6545
05:42:12,208 --> 05:42:16,400
of the audience, a punch loving 
medical student asked who deeney

6546
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:19,900
if he was as tough as Rumours. 
Not me out if you can do any 

6547
05:42:19,900 --> 05:42:22,300
jokes the student. 
Dr. J Gordon. 

6548
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:25,200
Whitehead, obliged with the 
series of Swift. 

6549
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:28,300
Blows to Houdini's stomach 
Landing several before Harry 

6550
05:42:28,300 --> 05:42:31,400
could tense up. 
Houdini gospel laughed it off. 

6551
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:35,000
He called it a fun experiment, 
telling reporters later, he'd 

6552
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:38,800
felt nothing but an empty pain. 
That evening, he boarded a train

6553
05:42:38,800 --> 05:42:41,900
for Detroit, attributing the 
discomfort in his gut to that 

6554
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:43,700
playful punch in his stubborn 
foot. 

6555
05:42:45,000 --> 05:42:48,600
On October the 24th. 
Houdini show in Detroit began 

6556
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:51,100
with an uncharacteristically. 
Slow start. 

6557
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:55,000
He complained of cramps and cold
sweats after a late night 

6558
05:42:55,000 --> 05:42:57,700
performance, which insisted on 
doing despite temperatures 

6559
05:42:57,700 --> 05:43:00,800
spiking to 104 degrees 
Fahrenheit in his dressing room.

6560
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:04,500
He collapsed backstage a doctor 
diagnosed acute, appendicitis 

6561
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:08,300
and urged immediate surgery who 
dini known for Pep talking as 

6562
05:43:08,300 --> 05:43:11,100
body reportedly, grinned and 
said, I'll do this show. 

6563
05:43:11,100 --> 05:43:14,700
If it's my last by 6:00 a.m. he 
could no longer delay. 

6564
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:18,700
Who was rushed into surgery, the
appendectomy revealed a 

6565
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,500
ruptured. 
Appendix infection peritonitis 

6566
05:43:21,500 --> 05:43:25,600
coursing through his abdomen. 
The Great Houdini now fought for

6567
05:43:25,600 --> 05:43:28,300
his life with novelty anti 
serums and multiple operations, 

6568
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:31,200
but The Escape Artist metaphor, 
he couldn't help maneuver. 

6569
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:36,000
On October the 31st, 1926 
Halloween, he finally. 

6570
05:43:36,000 --> 05:43:40,100
Passed away a 52 year old man 
who had Brave death for our 

6571
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,200
entertainment. 
He's often reported final words 

6572
05:43:43,200 --> 05:43:45,800
were hushed. 
I'm tired of fighting. 

6573
05:43:45,800 --> 05:43:49,800
The world was stunned, 
newspapers, published gloomy 

6574
05:43:49,800 --> 05:43:53,700
headlines, the master of 
escapes, had vanished, possibly 

6575
05:43:53,700 --> 05:43:55,700
due to a cunning move or a 
stroke of Fate. 

6576
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:59,300
The official cause listed was 
peritonitis from a ruptured 

6577
05:43:59,300 --> 05:44:03,200
appendix but already the legend 
of Houdini needed an even more 

6578
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:06,600
spectacular finale. 
Many whispered that the friendly

6579
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:11,100
jab in Montreal had been more 
serious than Houdini let on A 

6580
05:44:11,100 --> 05:44:13,900
few doctors of the are indeed 
speculated that whiteheads blows

6581
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:17,400
had caused the appendix to burst
While others are the situation 

6582
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:20,300
was mere coincidence. 
The truth remained, something 

6583
05:44:20,300 --> 05:44:23,000
will never fully know. 
Even some Modern medical 

6584
05:44:23,000 --> 05:44:25,400
journals debate. 
How often barely trauma are 

6585
05:44:25,400 --> 05:44:28,700
actually causes a penda citus. 
We do know this, the surgeon 

6586
05:44:28,700 --> 05:44:30,800
discovered, no abnormalities 
apart from the spread of 

6587
05:44:30,808 --> 05:44:34,300
infection and who is family 
discreetly maintained as it was 

6588
05:44:34,308 --> 05:44:37,900
merely a tragic accident. 
But for the public, the timing 

6589
05:44:37,900 --> 05:44:41,400
belt eerie The man who spent his
life escaping death had been 

6590
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:43,800
tricked by our one natural 
enemy. 

6591
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:46,900
Time Millions turned out to 
silently. 

6592
05:44:46,900 --> 05:44:50,200
Imagine whose version of the 
last greatest escape on that, 

6593
05:44:50,200 --> 05:44:53,900
dark Halloween. 
Biographers later noted it as a 

6594
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:57,400
poetic. 
If tragic symmetry Houdini's, 

6595
05:44:57,400 --> 05:44:59,500
final moment occurred on the 
night of spirits. 

6596
05:44:59,500 --> 05:45:03,000
While doctors tended, his body, 
who Houdini's mind, reportedly 

6597
05:45:03,000 --> 05:45:05,300
raced to that, final promise, 
he'd made to best. 

6598
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:09,300
Between operations in his 
hospital bed, Houdini mumbled 

6599
05:45:09,300 --> 05:45:12,600
the code, Roosevelt believed, 
fervently, hoping for a response

6600
05:45:12,600 --> 05:45:14,700
alas. 
He never came through. 

6601
05:45:14,700 --> 05:45:17,900
In fact, by some reports he 
asked for his notebook to jot 

6602
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:21,300
down any bizarre occurrences as 
though expecting us to ghostly 

6603
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:25,100
pain, to answer him. 
On November 1st, under the watch

6604
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,300
of his stunned wife and two 
brothers who Houdini let go of 

6605
05:45:28,300 --> 05:45:31,400
his mortal frame. 
The world lost, not just an 

6606
05:45:31,400 --> 05:45:34,400
escape artist but a showman who 
had always insisted on reality, 

6607
05:45:34,400 --> 05:45:38,300
the news of his death 
disseminated swiftly, akin to 

6608
05:45:38,308 --> 05:45:41,700
Wild smoke emanating. 
From a fog machine movie houses.

6609
05:45:41,700 --> 05:45:46,100
Dimmed lights, theaters, held 
brief Memorial shows across the 

6610
05:45:46,100 --> 05:45:49,600
globe, magicians, knelt severing
a straight jacket on stage and 

6611
05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:53,300
observing a moment of silence 
indeed who had vanished from the

6612
05:45:53,308 --> 05:45:56,400
realm of Life, leaving a legacy 
of unresolved Mysteries. 

6613
05:45:56,400 --> 05:46:00,100
Did his last heroic, act lie in 
hunting out any phony, mediums 

6614
05:46:00,100 --> 05:46:03,200
or in proving that even the 
greatest man someday given to 

6615
05:46:03,208 --> 05:46:05,500
fate. 
That remained a question for the

6616
05:46:05,508 --> 05:46:08,500
midnight philosophers. 
We are aware of how people 

6617
05:46:08,500 --> 05:46:12,500
remember him. 
As promised best held one, final

6618
05:46:12,500 --> 05:46:16,200
Seance, a decade later. 
And on Halloween 1936, she 

6619
05:46:16,200 --> 05:46:18,200
declared Houdini did not come 
through. 

6620
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:22,800
Every year on that date magician
still gather at his grave site 

6621
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:26,500
or when the city says, no gather
elsewhere to honor, the 

6622
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:30,300
legendary Escapist they closed 
their eyes, they whisper the 

6623
05:46:30,300 --> 05:46:33,100
secret song and whether a breeze
stirs or not, they say it in 

6624
05:46:33,100 --> 05:46:34,400
unison. 
Roosevelt. 

6625
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,700
Believe. 
It's tradition part. 

6626
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:43,400
Tribute part hope Houdini 
himself would like to be amused 

6627
05:46:43,400 --> 05:46:45,300
by all. 
Perhaps, making one last 

6628
05:46:45,300 --> 05:46:48,700
wonderful escape with a slide in
for nearly three centuries. 

6629
05:46:48,700 --> 05:46:51,300
We have never really known how 
he pulled most of his tricks off

6630
05:46:51,300 --> 05:46:53,200
and perhaps that mystery is 
fitting. 

6631
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:56,500
Who deeney left? 
No key to the afterlife behind. 

6632
05:46:56,500 --> 05:46:58,700
Only the legend of his Earthly 
feats. 

6633
05:46:59,500 --> 05:47:02,400
He remains a figure who cheated 
the Grim Reaper on stage time 

6634
05:47:02,400 --> 05:47:04,800
and again, and who wrote in 
effect and obituary for 

6635
05:47:04,800 --> 05:47:08,100
mediocrity, every time he won. 
The individual who had 

6636
05:47:08,100 --> 05:47:12,000
experienced life in a unique 
way, imparted a final lesson to 

6637
05:47:12,000 --> 05:47:14,500
us. 
Sometimes the greatest Escape is

6638
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:16,700
not from chains or water, but 
from the ordinary,