The Evolution of UK Pubs Through The Ages | Boring History For Sleep

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Quite my baked rotators, I see 
you clocking in for another very

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serious history lesson. 
I'm glad you made it to the 

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fire. 
It's glowing low and steady warm

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enough to make even crowded 
taverns feel distant and calm. 

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Because tonight we're easing 
into the evolution of UK pubs 

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through history, the slow shift 
from roadside alehouses to 

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community, living rooms where 
stories arguments and quiet 

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routines unfolded night after 
night. 

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So, if this calm slightly, 
boring reflection helps you 

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unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from, and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now draw a little closer to the 

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warmth dim the lights and turn 
on your fan for some simple 

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noise. 
Tonight, your embarking on a 

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journey. 
Through 2000 years of British 

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drinking establishments. from 
the stone roads of Roman Britain

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to the Warm Glow of your 
neighborhood, local Pubs have 

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been gathering places where 
ordinary life unfolds over a 

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pint. 
Let us wander through the 

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centuries together and discover 
how these beloved institutions 

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came to be. 
You step off a dusty road, 

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somewhere in southern Britain, 
around the year 150, your 

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sandals are worn from walking 
and your throat is dry from the 

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summer heat. 
The afternoon Sun beats down on 

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your shoulders as you approach a
low building with terracotta 

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roof tiles. 
He painted wooden sign. 

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Hangs above the doorway showing 
a simple Vine with clusters of 

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grapes. 
This is a Taberna. 

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The Latin word rolls off your 
tongue naturally because you've 

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been speaking it for years now 
three generations of Parsons the

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Romans arrived and this is 
simply how life Works in this 

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profits. 
You duck through the doorway 

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into the cool dim interior. 
The ceiling is lower than you 

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might expect. 
Wooden beams cross overhead and 

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the smell of wine and olive oil.
Fills your nostrils. 

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Florist packed earth. 
Covered in places with simple 

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mosaic's. 
Made from local Stone. 

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Nothing fancy. 
Just geometric patterns in white

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and red. 
Counter runs along one wall made

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from plastered Stone. 
Large clay vessels called them 

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fourie a set into the counter at
intervals. 

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Each one contains a different 
type of wine brought up from 

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ports and Gaul or even farther 
south. 

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The Innkeeper is a local Britain
who learned his trade from a 

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merchant from Rome. 
He nods at you with the practice

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disinterest of someone who sees 
Travelers every day. 

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You point to one of the m4a and 
he ladles wine into a simple 

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clay cup. 
The wine is mixed with water. 

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As is proper drinking, it 
straight would be barbaric. 

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You taste it. 
And the flavor is sharp and 

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slightly resinous from the pine 
pitch that sealed the amphora 

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during its journey across the 
sea. 

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The room is not crowded at this 
hour. 

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A few Merchants sit at a wooden 
table near the back wall. 

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They are calculating prices for 
grain shipments and their Abacus

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beads click softly as they work.
He soldier from the nearby, four

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drinks alone in the corner, his 
armor is stacked neatly beside 

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his bench. 
You take your cup to a bench 

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near the window where you can 
watch the street outside. 

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The tavern sits on a road that 
connects London with caliver. 

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Carts Rumble. 
Passed a regular intervals 

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bringing goods from the 
countryside into the town. 

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Life moves at the pace of oxen 
and you have no where pressing 

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to be. 
The Innkeeper brings out a 

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wooden platter with bread and a 
small dish of garam. 

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The fish sauce is pungent and 
salty. 

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You dip the bread into it and 
chew slowly. 

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This simple meal costs. 
You a few bronze coins, not 

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cheap, but not outrageous 
either. 

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The bread is dense and filling. 
It sits heavy in your stomach in

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a satisfying way. 
As the afternoon wears on more 

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people arrived. 
A group of Potters from the 

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workshop down the road comes in 
covered in clay dust. 

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They are loud and cheerful. 
After a day of work, they 

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ordered the cheaper wine and 
settle in for the evening. 

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One of them produces a set of 
bone Dice and soon a game is 

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underway, you watch them roll 
and laugh and argue over the 

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scores. 
Gambling is technically illegal 

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without a license. 
But no one pays much attention 

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to that particular Rule The 
Innkeeper. 

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Certainly does not seem 
concerned. 

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He wipes down the counter with a
rag and occasionally. 

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Refills their cups. 
The Taberna has rooms up stairs 

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for travelers who need a place 
to sleep. 

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You can hear footsteps on the 
floorboards about your head. 

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Someone is settling in for the 
night, the rooms are basic a 

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wooden bed frame with a straw 
mattress and a single Woolen 

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blanket, a basin for washing 
nothing more. 

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Outside the light is beginning 
to fade oil, lamps all around 

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the room. 
Casting Shadows on the walls. 

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The lamps burn with a steady 
flame that smells of rendered 

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fat Not unpleasant, exactly, but
not particularly nice either. 

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It is simply the smell of 
evening in any building across 

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the Empire. 
You order another cup of wine. 

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This time, The Innkeeper gives 
you a knowing look and pours 

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from a different m4a. 
This wine is darker and sweeter.

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Perhaps from somewhere in 
hispania, you savor it slowly, 

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there is no rush. 
The evening stretches out before

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you like the road outside. 
A cat wanders in from the street

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and begins hunting for mice 
along the base of the wall. 

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The Innkeeper ignores it. 
Cats are useful creatures in the

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establishments that store grain 
and food. 

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The cat pounces on something. 
You cannot see and carries. 

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Its prized outside. 
Looking very pleased with 

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itself. 
The conversation around you is a

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mixture of Latin and the local 
British tongue. 

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People switch between them 
without thinking a woman comes 

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in, looking for her husband who 
is Among The Potters. 

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She scolded him, good naturedly.
And he promises to be home soon.

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She leaves shaking her head but 
you can tell she's not truly 

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angry. 
This to burner will stand for 

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another 200 years. 
Then slowly, the Empire will 

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begin to pull back. 
The roads will become less 

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maintained the m4a, trade will 
dwindle and stop the building 

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itself will fall into disrepair.
Future Generations will Salvage 

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the roof tiles for other 
projects. 

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The stone foundation will be 
buried under centuries of soil. 

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But for now on this warm evening
in the second century, the 

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Taberna is alive with the simple
business of life. 

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People drink and eat and rest 
and continue on their Journeys. 

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The Empire feels permanent and 
unchanging the roads. 

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Connect Everything Wine flows, 
from the south grain flows from 

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the fields Commerce, and travel 
and ordinary. 

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Human interaction fill the hours
between Dawn and dusk. 

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You finish your wine and step 
back out into the evening. 

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The air has cooled and feels 
Pleasant on your skin. 

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You can see the first Stars 
appearing in the darkening sky. 

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Somewhere in the distance, you 
hear the call of an owl hunting 

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in the fields, beyond the town. 
Your feet carry you down, the 

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road toward, whatever comes 
next. 

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You find yourself in a different
Britain. 

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Now the year is somewhere around
700, the Roman roads still 

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exist, but they are cracked and 
overgrown. 

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No one repels them anymore. 
The Empire has been gone for 

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centuries and those days are 
distant, memory is kept alive 

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in, fragments of old stories. 
You approach a settlement in the

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evening. 
Smoke rises from thatched roofs,

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the buildings are long and low 
with wattle and daub walls, dogs

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bark as you draw near but they 
are more Curious than 

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threatening a child runs past 
chasing, a chicken that is 

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escape from someone's yard. 
The Ale House is not hard to 

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find. 
It is simply the largest 

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building in the settlement with 
an ale Stakeout front. 

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The stake is a long pole with a 
bundle of greenery, tied to the 

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Top. 
This is how, you know, ail is 

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available here. 
When the allay runs out, the 

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state comes down. 
You push aside a leather flap 

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that serves as a door and 
stepping inside. 

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The interior is dark and smoky. 
He Fire Burns in a central half 

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and the smoke Rises toward a 
hole in the roof. 

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Some of it escapes, much of, it 
does not. 

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Your eyes water slightly as they
adjust. 

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Floor is covered in Russia's 
that crunch under your feet, 

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they are mixed with herbs that 
released a faint scent when you 

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walk on them, lavender may be or
Meadow Sweet. 

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Something to make the place. 
Smell less, like too many people

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in close quarters. 
The woman who brews the ale is 

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called an ale wife. 
She's a respected member of the 

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Community. 
Brewing, is women's work here, 

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just as it has been for as long 
as anyone can remember. 

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She ladles ale from a large 
wooden barrel into a leather cup

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for you. 
The cup is stained dark from 

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years of use. 
The AEL is thick and cloudy, 

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nothing like the clear golden 
beer, you might be familiar with

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from later centuries. 
This is porridge, you can drink.

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It tastes of grain and yeast and
has a slightly sour Edge to it. 

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There are no hops in this Ale 
hops will not become standard 

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for 100s of Years yet. 
Instead, the ale is flavored 

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with herbs and whatever else. 
The Alewife fancies bog Myrtle, 

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perhaps, or ground ivy, the 
exact recipe is her secret. 

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You sit on a bench near the 
fire. 

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The wood is smooth from 
countless bodies before yours, 

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the warmth from the Flames, 
feels good. 

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After the cool evening air 
outside around your men from the

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fields and workshops, they speak
in Old English and their words 

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sound strange and musical to 
your modern ears. 

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One man is repairing a fishing 
net in the corner. 

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His fingers work, the twine 
automatically while he talks 

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with his neighbor about the best
place to catch eels in the 

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nearby Marsh. 
Another man whittles a piece of 

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wood into something. 
You cannot quite identify yet. 

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Shavings fall at his feet and 
mix with the rushes. 

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The allay costs. 
You nothing in coins because 

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coins are rare here. 
Instead, you have traded a small

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piece of cloth you carried with 
you. 

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The elf examines it carefully 
before nodding and accepting the

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exchange. 
Trade happens in goods and 

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services more often than 
currency, your cloth is good 

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quality and fairly woven. 
It represents hours of someone's

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work and that has value. 
You drink, your rail slowly, it 

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is filling and slightly sweet 
and the sour Edge. 

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There is nourishment in it 
Beyond, just the alcohol. 

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People drink ale because water 
can make you sick, but Ali is 

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safer. 
The Brewing process does 

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something to make it clean even 
though no one here understands 

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exactly. 
Why. 

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A dog lies near the half, hoping
for scraps, its fur is matted 

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and its scratches occasionally 
at flees when someone tosses it 

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a bit of bread crust, the dog 
catches it mid-air and swallows 

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without chewing. 
Life is Good. 

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From the dog's perspective, the 
Alewife moves around the room 

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refilling cups and collecting 
payment and various forms. 

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Someone gives her eggs. 
Another person promises to help 

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prepare her roof before winter. 
The economy of this place runs 

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on relationships, and memory. 
Everyone knows who owes what to 

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whom a young man comes in 
leading a traveling priest who 

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has been walking between 
settlements. 

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The priest carries a wooden 
cross and speaks Latin, which 

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most people here, do not 
understand. 

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But he has given L anyway, 
because hospitality is 

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important. 
Travelers bring news from other 

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places and that is valuable the 
priest tells stories of saints 

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and miracles in a mixed of Latin
and broken English. 

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People listened politely. 
Even if they do not fully 

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grasped, his meaning, the 
ailment makes you feel warm. 

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And slightly drowsy I like 
flickers on the walls creating 

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patterns that shift and change 
outside. 

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You can hear the sounds of the 
settlement settling down for the

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night. 
Animals, being secured, children

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being called inside life is 
moving towards sleep. 

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Someone begins singing a song, 
others join in. 

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The melody is simple and 
repetitive. 

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You do not know the words but 
you can harm along with the 

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tune. 
The song is about plowing fields

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00:12:27,100 --> 00:12:31,200
and planting seeds, it is about 
the cycle of seasons and the 

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hope that the Harvest will be 
good. 

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These are the concerns that fill
people's lives in this time. 

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The singing continues for a 
while and then fades. 

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Conversation, picks up again. 
In quieter tones, the alewife's 

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husband comes in from checking 
on their livestock. 

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00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:50,900
He nods to the room and takes 
his place near the fire. 

232
00:12:50,900 --> 00:12:55,700
His presence changes, nothing. 
He simply another person in this

233
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:58,400
familiar space. 
You notice, there are no 

234
00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:01,100
separate rooms here. 
There is no upstairs for 

235
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:03,300
sleeping. 
If you need to stay the night, 

236
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:06,100
you will sleep on one of these 
benches or on the floor near the

237
00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:09,100
fire. 
Privacy is not a concept that 

238
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:12,500
matters much in this world 
people live close together and 

239
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,200
accept that. 
As normal, the Albert will be 

240
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:17,900
empty by tomorrow. 
The Alewife will Brew another 

241
00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:20,500
batch and hang the also take out
again when it is ready. 

242
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,100
This pattern repeats weak after 
weak and season off to season. 

243
00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:28,600
The Ale House is not a business 
in the way you might think of 

244
00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:31,500
businesses. 
It is simply part of how this 

245
00:13:31,500 --> 00:13:35,100
community functions. 
You stretch out your legs toward

246
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,400
the fire and feel the tension. 
Leave your muscles. 

247
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:40,900
The ale has done. 
Its work, your relaxed and 

248
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:43,900
comfortable and the cares of 
your journey Fade Into the 

249
00:13:43,908 --> 00:13:46,700
background. 
For this moment, You're simply 

250
00:13:46,700 --> 00:13:50,100
here in this Smoky warm room 
with these people who will never

251
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:51,800
know how different the world 
will become. 

252
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,400
Fire crackles and Pops. 
Someone tells a joke, you do not

253
00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,100
quite catch. 
And several people laugh. 

254
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:02,600
The sound is genuine and 
unguarded tomorrow, you will 

255
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,400
continue on your way. 
But tonight, you're welcome 

256
00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:08,300
here. 
The rush is crunch under 

257
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:12,300
shifting feet, the elf flows 
life continues in. 

258
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:15,300
Its ancient Rhythm. 
You step through the doorway of 

259
00:14:15,308 --> 00:14:17,700
an inn on a cold. 
November evening. 

260
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:23,100
In the year 1280 the insets at a
Crossroads where two important 

261
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:27,700
trade routes meet This location 
is no accident, Travelers need 

262
00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:30,700
places to rest and The Innkeeper
knows his business. 

263
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:34,300
The first thing that strikes you
is the size of the place. 

264
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:38,400
This is not a simple Ale House. 
This is a proper establishment 

265
00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,800
with multiple rooms and a stable
yard. 

266
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:43,900
You can hear horses, snorting 
and stamping. 

267
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:47,200
In the stable, a boy is leading 
a merchant horse to order. 

268
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:51,500
Stall with fresh straw and feed.
The main hall is lit by Rush, 

269
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:55,600
light and Tallow candles the 
smell of melting fat mingles 

270
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:59,900
with Woodsmoke and cooking food.
A fire Rose in a large Stone 

271
00:14:59,900 --> 00:15:03,300
half that dominates one wall. 
The heat from it is almost 

272
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:05,200
overwhelming after the cold 
outside. 

273
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:07,800
Tables and benches fill the 
room. 

274
00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:12,400
Most occupied Merchant. 
Sit in groups, discussing wool 

275
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:14,200
prices and the state of the 
roads ahead. 

276
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:17,800
A night in his Squire, occupier 
table near the fire. 

277
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:21,500
The knights armor is stacked 
carefully nearby and his sword 

278
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:25,700
rests within easy reach. 
Old habits do not fade simply 

279
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:27,000
because you have stopped for the
night. 

280
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,500
The Innkeeper approaches you 
with a practice assessment in 

281
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:33,200
his eyes. 
He judges your worth by your 

282
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:34,800
clothing and the state of your 
boots. 

283
00:15:35,700 --> 00:15:38,400
You pass, whatever test. 
He applies because he offers you

284
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:40,700
a seat at a table near the 
center of the room. 

285
00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:44,300
He serving girl appears almost 
immediately with the wooden 

286
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:46,000
trench of bread and a cup of 
veil. 

287
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,300
The bread is not just a plate. 
It is your plate. 

288
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:52,800
Trencher has been cut from a 
whole loaf and hollowed out 

289
00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:56,800
slightly when your meal arrives.
It will be served directly onto 

290
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,500
this bread later. 
You will eat the trencher itself

291
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:01,900
which is soaked up all the 
juices and flavors. 

292
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:06,300
Nothing goes to waste here. 
Your meal appears a stew of 

293
00:16:06,308 --> 00:16:10,500
mutton and root, vegetables, 
carrots and turnips, and onions 

294
00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:12,600
are cooked until they are soft 
and sweet. 

295
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,600
The meatiest tough and requires 
serious chewing but it is hot 

296
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,800
and filling. 
He eats with your fingers, and a

297
00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,500
spoon Forks have not made their 
way to England. 

298
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:27,100
Yet they remain a curious 
foreign affectation used in 

299
00:16:27,108 --> 00:16:29,500
Italy. 
The ale is better than what you 

300
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:33,000
had in the Anglo-Saxon Ale 
House, centuries of Brewing 

301
00:16:33,000 --> 00:16:36,500
experience of improved. 
The craft this ale, is clearer 

302
00:16:36,500 --> 00:16:40,100
and has a pleasant bitterness to
it, still no hops, but the herb 

303
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:42,800
mixture works. 
Well, you drink deeply and feel 

304
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:44,500
the warmth spread through your 
chest. 

305
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:47,700
The Inn is noisy with 
conversation and laughter. 

306
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:51,600
A group of pilgrims heading to 
Canterbury share their table 

307
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,900
with some traveling minstrels. 
The pilgrims are swapping 

308
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:58,100
stories about the various 
relics, they hope to see one 

309
00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:01,300
claims to have visited a church,
that held three separate fingers

310
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,500
of the same saint. 
This seems mathematically 

311
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,800
unlikely but no one challenges 
him. 

312
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:11,099
The minstrels tune, their 
instruments, Elite and a small 

313
00:17:11,108 --> 00:17:13,400
drum soon. 
They begin playing. 

314
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,800
And one of them sings a ballad 
about a knight and a lady in a 

315
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,400
dragon. 
Story is complicated and 

316
00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:22,099
involves mistaken identity and 
Magic Ring's. 

317
00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:25,300
People listen with half an ear 
while continuing their own 

318
00:17:25,300 --> 00:17:28,900
conversations, you notice the 
serving Girl moving between 

319
00:17:28,900 --> 00:17:30,600
tables with impressive 
efficiency. 

320
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,200
She never seems to spill 
anything despite the crowded 

321
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:37,700
room and the uneven floor. 
She deflects inappropriate 

322
00:17:37,700 --> 00:17:40,300
comments from drunk Travelers 
with practiced ease. 

323
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:43,300
Her expression remains neutral 
and professional. 

324
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:47,900
This is her workplace and she 
knows how to navigate it. 

325
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:52,000
The innkeeper's wife appears 
from the kitchen carrying a 

326
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,800
large pot of pottage. 
She ladles portions into bowls 

327
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:58,600
for a group of Travelers who 
appear to have less money than 

328
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,400
the merchants. 
Hodges cheaper than the meat 

329
00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:03,000
stew. 
It is mostly vegetables and 

330
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,200
grain with paps and memory of 
meat flavoring. 

331
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:08,500
But it is still warm and 
nourishing and The Travelers 

332
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:12,100
accepted greatly. 
You noticed that people tend to 

333
00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:15,900
group themselves by social 
standing, even though everyone 

334
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:19,800
shares the same room. 
The night in his Squire, keep to

335
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,600
the themselves at their far side
table, Merchants former, another

336
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,200
cluster, pilgrims, and mint 
strolls have created their own 

337
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:31,000
little community in the corner. 
The poorer Travelers huddle near

338
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,400
the door, where the heat from 
the fire barely reaches. 

339
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:36,700
This is simply how the world 
Works in this time. 

340
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:40,600
Everyone has their place and 
everyone knows where they fit 

341
00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:44,900
The idea that all people might 
be equal would seem bizarre and 

342
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:46,900
possibly dangerous to most 
people in this room. 

343
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:50,500
As the evening progresses, some 
Travelers. 

344
00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:52,800
Begin heading upstairs to the 
sleeping Chambers. 

345
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:55,700
These are communal rooms with 
several beds. 

346
00:18:55,700 --> 00:18:59,600
You will likely share your bed 
with at least one stranger and 

347
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,500
possibly two. 
Personal space is not a priority

348
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:07,700
warmth and safety from the cold 
night outside or what matter, 

349
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:11,000
The Innkeeper keeps a careful 
eye on his establishment. 

350
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,700
He watches for trouble and is 
quick to step in when voices, 

351
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:17,400
get too loud or arguments, begin
to heat up. 

352
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,000
He has a thick wooden staff 
leaning against the wall behind 

353
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,100
the bar area. 
You suspect, he knows how to use

354
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:26,300
it. 
A merchant complains about the 

355
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:29,900
state of the roads Bandits have 
been active in the woods to the 

356
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:33,200
north several Travelers have 
been robbed in recent weeks. 

357
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:36,700
The night offers his opinion, 
that the local Lord should do 

358
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:40,800
more to keep order the merchant 
agrees but notes that the local 

359
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,700
Lord is currently occupied with 
a dispute Overland boundaries 

360
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:45,400
and has little time for road 
safety. 

361
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,700
This conversation about security
and governance fills the space 

362
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:53,600
between ale refills, it is the 
kind of talk that happened in 

363
00:19:53,608 --> 00:19:56,400
Cross the country. 
Every night people share sharing

364
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,700
information on warnings building
the invisible network of 

365
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:01,700
knowledge that helps Travelers. 
Stay safe. 

366
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:05,400
You order another cup of Ale, 
the serving girl, brings it with

367
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,600
a small bowl of walnuts. 
The nuts are from the previous 

368
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,400
Auto and a slightly wrinkled, 
but still good. 

369
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,100
He cracked them with a small 
Stone kept on the table for this

370
00:20:15,100 --> 00:20:18,000
purpose. 
The meat inside is Rich and 

371
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,800
oily. 
The fire is tended regularly by 

372
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:23,900
a young boy, whose job seems to 
consist entirely of keeping the 

373
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,100
Flames fed. 
He carries logs from a pile near

374
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:29,200
the door and arranges them 
carefully on the Fire. 

375
00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:32,700
Occasionally, he sweeps ash from
The Hearth into a bucket. 

376
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,000
The actual will be saved and 
used for making soap or 

377
00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:38,200
fertilizing. 
Gardens again. 

378
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:43,500
Nothing goes to waste. 
You notice a cat patrolling, the

379
00:20:43,508 --> 00:20:47,500
edge of the room, it moves with 
purpose, checking the corners 

380
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:50,900
for mice. 
The cat is Sleek and well-fed, 

381
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:53,000
which suggests it is good at its
job. 

382
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,600
No one pays it. 
Any attention the cat is part of

383
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,900
the furniture has night deepens.
The mood in the room becomes 

384
00:20:59,900 --> 00:21:02,400
more relaxed people of eaten and
drunk. 

385
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:06,000
Their fill the edge of hunger 
and cold that drove them inside 

386
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,600
has been satisfied. 
Now they can simply exist in 

387
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:14,100
this warm communal space before 
sleep claims that the minstrels 

388
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,100
play another song. 
This one is slower and more 

389
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:20,900
melancholic it tells of a 
soldier returning home from war 

390
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:23,700
to find his village burned and 
his family gone. 

391
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:29,200
The room Falls quiet to listen. 
Even the merchant stopped their 

392
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:33,500
calculations, the song touches 
something Universal about loss 

393
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:36,100
and longing. 
When the song ends, there is a 

394
00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:38,900
moment of silence and someone 
calls for something more 

395
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:43,000
cheerful and the mood shifts. 
Again, the lute player obliges 

396
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:46,000
with a bawdy drinking song that 
has everyone laughing and 

397
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,200
several people singing along on 
the chorus. 

398
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:50,500
You realize you're getting 
drowsy. 

399
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:54,300
The combination of food and 
warmth and Ale is doing its 

400
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,200
work. 
Your eyelids feel heavy you 

401
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,500
finish your ale and make your 
way toward the stairs. 

402
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:03,100
Your legs are slightly unsteady,
but you manage the climb without

403
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:05,900
incident. 
The sleeping chamber is already 

404
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:09,300
half full people have claimed. 
This space is on the beds. 

405
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,000
You find room on a straw 
Mattress near the window. 

406
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:15,300
The shutters are closed against 
the November cold. 

407
00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:17,600
You can still hear the wind 
outside. 

408
00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:21,600
It makes the warmth of the room 
feel even more precious. 

409
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:25,400
You remove your boots and how to
clothing you keep your 

410
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,300
undershirt and hose on because 
the night will be cold despite 

411
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:31,600
the body sharing warmth. 
You slide under a Woolen 

412
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,000
blanket, that smells of many 
previous users. 

413
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,400
Straw mattress Russells as you 
settle into it around. 

414
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:40,200
You. 
People are already snoring. 

415
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:44,200
Someone matters in their sleep. 
Another person coughs. 

416
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:47,000
These are the sounds of humanity
at rest. 

417
00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:51,900
You close your eyes and let the 
events of the day fade tomorrow.

418
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:56,200
You will continue your journey. 
But for now, you're safe and 

419
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:59,500
warm and fed. 
The Inn has done its job. 

420
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:04,500
You walk into a different world.
Now, the year is 1500 and 73. 

421
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:08,400
Queen, Elizabeth sits on the 
throne and England is changing 

422
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:11,200
rapidly. 
The new enter looks similar to 

423
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,300
the medieval establishment, you 
knew before, but something 

424
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:16,800
fundamental is shifted in how it
operates. 

425
00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:20,400
There is a painted sign hanging 
outside showing a white heart. 

426
00:23:21,300 --> 00:23:25,500
The sign is required by law. 
Now, every in must display a 

427
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:28,100
signs, so it can be properly 
identified and regularly. 

428
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:32,700
Dated The Ennis called the white
heart and it has been granted a 

429
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:36,500
license by the local Magistrate.
This license is a serious 

430
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,900
business Insight. 
You find the familiar setup of 

431
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:42,300
tables and fire and serving 
Folk. 

432
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:44,700
But there are new rules, 
governing everything. 

433
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:48,000
The Innkeeper must keep 
accurate, records of who stays 

434
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:50,200
here. 
The local authorities want to 

435
00:23:50,208 --> 00:23:52,700
know about strangers. 
Passing through there are 

436
00:23:52,708 --> 00:23:56,000
concerns about vagabonds and 
masterless, Men wandering, the 

437
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,400
countryside causing trouble. 
You're asked your name and 

438
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:02,700
business by The Innkeeper. 
This is not nosiness. 

439
00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:06,400
This is the law. 
He writes your information 

440
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,400
carefully in a ledger book. 
His handwriting is surprisingly 

441
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,300
good. 
Literacy is spreading among 

442
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:17,500
merchants and tradespeople it is
becoming necessary for running a

443
00:24:17,500 --> 00:24:20,500
proper business. 
The allay you are, served comes 

444
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:24,100
in a standardized measure, ale 
houses, and no longer allowed to

445
00:24:24,108 --> 00:24:26,200
serve, whatever quantity, they 
fancy. 

446
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,700
The government has established 
official sizes for drinks. 

447
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:33,100
This is meant to prevent 
cheating and ensure fair trade. 

448
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:35,900
The cup has a mark on it, 
showing the fill line. 

449
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:38,700
You notice that prices are 
posted on the wall. 

450
00:24:39,700 --> 00:24:42,800
Another new requirement. 
Travelers should know what they 

451
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,600
are paying before. 
They order the age of vague 

452
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,600
barter and negotiation is 
fading. 

453
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,100
Money is becoming more common. 
The economy is slowly 

454
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:54,800
standardizing. 
The food is hearty roasted Capon

455
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,100
with bread sauce. 
Buttered past nips, a thick 

456
00:24:58,108 --> 00:25:01,200
pottage of peas. 
The inner is required to provide

457
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:05,100
good quality food to Travelers. 
The license can be revoked if 

458
00:25:05,100 --> 00:25:09,000
standard slip regular 
inspections in Shore, compliance

459
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,700
the government takes the 
regulation of ins, very 

460
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:15,500
seriously. 
Why all this attention from the 

461
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:19,300
authorities because of becoming 
important to the functioning of 

462
00:25:19,308 --> 00:25:21,700
the realm. 
They are where news spreads, 

463
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:25,500
where Merchants do business, 
where government Messengers rest

464
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:29,300
between legs of their Journeys, 
The status realized that 

465
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:31,400
controlling ends means 
controlling the flow of 

466
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,000
information. 
And commerce, you strike up 

467
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,200
conversation with a wool 
Merchant from Norwich, he is 

468
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:39,500
traveling to London with samples
of his cloth. 

469
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:42,600
The roads are better maintained 
now than they were in. 

470
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:46,200
Medieval times the government 
has passed laws, requiring 

471
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,200
parishes to repair the roads 
that run through their lands. 

472
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,100
Travelers fast and somewhat 
safer. 

473
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:55,600
The merchant tells you about the
new sumptuary laws. 

474
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,500
These laws, dictate what 
clothing people of different 

475
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:02,300
social ranks are allowed to wear
a merchant like him can wear 

476
00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:07,000
Goodwill, but not silk, silk has
reserved for nobility, he finds 

477
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,800
this frustrating, but accepts 
it, as the way things are, 

478
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:14,200
Society has its higher Archies, 
and clothing makes them visible.

479
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:17,600
Traveler at the next table is 
reading a pamphlet. 

480
00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,400
This would have been impossible 
a century ago. 

481
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:25,300
Now printing has made pamphlets 
cheap and common ideas spread 

482
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,700
faster than ever before. 
The pamphlet appears to be about

483
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:31,200
religion. 
Everyone has opinions about 

484
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,600
religion. 
These days, the break with Rome 

485
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:38,200
still Echoes through English 
society The Innkeeper is careful

486
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:40,500
about religious discussions in 
his establishment. 

487
00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:44,400
Strong opinions about the pope 
or the proper form of church, 

488
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,200
service can lead to arguments, 
arguments, can lead to fights 

489
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,300
fights can lead to his license 
being revoked. 

490
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:55,500
So he gently steers conversation
away from controversial topics. 

491
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:59,400
When things heat up, you are 
served wine with your meal wine 

492
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,700
is more common now among those 
who can afford it. 

493
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,500
Trade with France and Spain has 
increased despite political 

494
00:27:05,500 --> 00:27:08,100
tensions. 
The wine is red and slightly 

495
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:11,400
vinegary, but Pleasant enough, 
it comes from somewhere in 

496
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,000
gascony according to the 
merchant who knows about such 

497
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:19,100
things The evening progresses 
with more eating and drinking a 

498
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,400
group of players arrives. 
These are traveling actors who 

499
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:26,200
perform at various ins and 
private houses, their carrying 

500
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,300
their props and costumes in a 
large trunk. 

501
00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:31,100
The Innkeeper seems to know them
and greets. 

502
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:34,800
Them warmly entertainment is 
good for business, the player 

503
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:38,000
set up in a corner and begin. 
A performance, the act out a 

504
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,900
comic scene, involving a foolish
husband and a clever wife. 

505
00:27:41,900 --> 00:27:44,700
The audience laughs at The 
Familiar jokes and exaggerated 

506
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:49,000
gestures theater is becoming 
hugely popular in London and the

507
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,600
trend is spreading to the 
province's. 

508
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:55,400
You notice that the Inn has 
glass windows small, pains held 

509
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,700
together with LED glasses. 
Becoming more affordable though 

510
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:01,800
still a luxury? 
The windows let in light during 

511
00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:04,900
the day while keeping out the 
weather, they can be opened for 

512
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,900
air when needed. 
This is progress, the sleeping 

513
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:11,300
arrangements are better than in 
medieval times. 

514
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:14,600
You're shown to a room that 
you'll share with only two other

515
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:19,400
Travellers in a whole crowd. 
The beds have proper frames, and

516
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:22,300
the mattresses are stuffed with 
wool instead of straw. 

517
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,300
Sheets are provided though. 
You suspect. 

518
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,400
They are not washed as often as 
might be ideal before you 

519
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:30,100
retire. 
The Innkeeper, reminds you of 

520
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:32,900
the house rules. 
No, weapons to be drawn inside 

521
00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:36,100
no Blast for me or taking the 
lord's name in vain. 

522
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:40,500
No dice in or card playing for 
money as gambling is technically

523
00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:43,000
illegal. 
You not agreement to all of 

524
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,000
this. 
The rules are posted on the 

525
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,600
wall. 
For those who can read up stairs

526
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:50,000
in your room, you find a base of
water for washing. 

527
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,900
This is a nice touch. 
Cleanliness is starting to be 

528
00:28:53,908 --> 00:28:57,700
valued more highly, the old 
medieval acceptance of dirt and 

529
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:01,300
grime is slowly giving away to 
new ideas about hygiene and 

530
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:03,900
health. 
Your room has a lock on the 

531
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:06,000
door. 
You can secure your belongings 

532
00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:08,800
while you sleep. 
There's two is progress. 

533
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,600
Theft was a constant worry in 
early time's. 

534
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,800
Now, insert taking 
responsibility for their guests,

535
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,400
safety and property. 
If something is stolen The 

536
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:20,900
Innkeeper can be held 
accountable. 

537
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:24,500
You lie down on your bed and 
pull up the blankets. 

538
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:27,200
Through the walls. 
You can hear the murmur of 

539
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,000
conversation from the main hall 
below. 

540
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:33,800
Someone is singing. 
The tune is from a popular 

541
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:35,900
ballad, about a Scottish border 
raid. 

542
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:38,300
The melody, carries through the 
floorboards. 

543
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:42,200
Tudor World outside. 
These walls is complex and 

544
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,800
changing. 
The old certainties of the 

545
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:48,400
medieval Catholic world have 
been shattered, new religious 

546
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:50,500
ideas compete for hearts and 
Minds. 

547
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:55,100
The economy is expanding 
Traders, growing cities are 

548
00:29:55,108 --> 00:29:58,200
getting larger. 
Literacy is spreading the 

549
00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:59,800
printing. 
Press is transforming how 

550
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:03,800
information moves, but here in 
this, in the basic human needs 

551
00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:09,100
remain the same food. 
Drink warmth, rest company, 

552
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:13,800
safety The white heart provides.
These things under the watchful 

553
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,100
of government regulation. 
The license on the wall, 

554
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:20,100
represents the new organized 
State reaching into every corner

555
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:23,300
of life. 
You drift towards sleep thinking

556
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:26,400
about how much has changed and 
how much remains familiar. 

557
00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:31,000
Fire down stairs, still 
crackles, people still share 

558
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:34,500
stories and news Travelers. 
Still need places to rest. 

559
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:37,800
Forms and regulations May 
evolve. 

560
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:41,700
But the fundamental purpose 
endures, you step into a very 

561
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,900
different establishment. 
Now, the year is 1721, and 

562
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,400
you're in a narrow Street in 
London, the building before you 

563
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:53,100
is shabby and cramped. 
Accrued sign announces this as 

564
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:56,100
Jin shop. 
Your door with some trepidation,

565
00:30:56,100 --> 00:31:00,900
the smell hits you first 
unwashed bodies cheap, alcohol, 

566
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:03,400
vomit. 
Desperation. 

567
00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,500
This is not the Kozy world of 
Country Inns, and regulated ale 

568
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:09,800
houses. 
This is something darker and 

569
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,800
more troubling. 
The Gin craze is gripped London 

570
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,000
and it is destroying lives. 
The room is packed with people. 

571
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,800
Drinking gin at all hours. 
There is no pretense of meals or

572
00:31:20,808 --> 00:31:23,800
accommodation. 
This is purely about selling gin

573
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:25,300
as cheaply and quickly as 
possible. 

574
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:29,500
The Gin costs almost nothing. 
A few pennies will buy enough to

575
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:33,000
get thoroughly drunk. 
The woman behind the counter 

576
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,400
pulls Jin from a large barrel. 
She does not bother with proper 

577
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:38,600
measures. 
She Splashes it into whatever 

578
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:44,100
containers people bring. 
Cups bowls bottles, even cupped 

579
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,500
hands, and extreme cases. 
The Gin is raw and harsh. 

580
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:50,100
It is been distilled quickly and
poorly. 

581
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,600
Sometimes dangerous, additives 
are mixed in to increase the 

582
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,700
volume. 
You watch a woman drain. 

583
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:59,400
Her Cup in one Gulp, and 
immediately asked for more, her 

584
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:02,300
children are with her. 
Small dirty faces watching their

585
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:03,800
mother drink away. 
What little money? 

586
00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,500
The family has One, child is 
crying. 

587
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:10,800
The mother ignores the sound. 
The Gin provides a escape from a

588
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,200
life of poverty and hardship 
that escape is worth any price. 

589
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,900
A man in the corner is already 
unconscious. 

590
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,100
He slumps against the wall with 
his mouth open. 

591
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:22,100
No one pays him. 
Any attention. 

592
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:25,700
This is normal. 
People drink themselves into 

593
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,800
Oblivion here every day. 
Some of them do not wake up. 

594
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:34,500
Gin as nickname mother's ruin. 
The Jinn shop is legal 

595
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:39,100
distilling and selling gin 
requires no license anyone can 

596
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:41,800
do it. 
Thousands of these shops have 

597
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,700
opened across London. 
They cluster in the poorest 

598
00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:47,200
neighborhoods where people are 
most desperate for cheap and 

599
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:51,100
intoxication. 
You take a cautious of gin from 

600
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:53,800
a cup. 
The woman hand you The Taste is 

601
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:55,700
vile. 
It burns. 

602
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:57,700
Your throat and makes your eyes 
water. 

603
00:32:57,700 --> 00:33:02,200
There is a faint flavor of 
juniper berries, but mostly it 

604
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,800
taste of raw alcohol and misery.
You understand why people drink 

605
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,300
it so fast. 
No one would say for this. 

606
00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:13,300
The room is loud with arguments 
and crying and occasional 

607
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:15,400
laughter. 
A man is trying to sell his 

608
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:18,500
jacket for more gin money. 
Another is pawning. 

609
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:22,000
His shoes possessions are traded
for drinks until people have 

610
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,400
nothing left. 
Then they beg or steal or sell 

611
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:29,100
their bodies for the next cup. 
This is not the convivial 

612
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:32,600
atmosphere of traditional pubs, 
there is no Community here. 

613
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:37,700
No shared stories or songs, Just
isolated individuals pursuing 

614
00:33:37,700 --> 00:33:40,800
Oblivion. 
The Gin shop is a symptom of a 

615
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:44,200
society in crisis. 
London has grown too fast. 

616
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:47,500
The Industrial Revolution is 
beginning to transform England. 

617
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:51,600
People flood into cities looking
for work and find only poverty 

618
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,000
and overcrowding. 
Traditional Beer and Ale cost, 

619
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,700
more than gin a laborer, earning
a pittance, cannot afford, 

620
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:03,100
proper drinks, but genius cheap.
Still is discovered they could 

621
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:07,100
make gin from almost anything. 
Of the poorest quality 

622
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:11,300
industrial waste products. 
There's long as it was fermented

623
00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:13,400
and distilled it could become 
gin. 

624
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:16,300
The government has not yet, 
figured out how to respond to 

625
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:18,699
this crisis. 
Have been some attempts at 

626
00:34:18,708 --> 00:34:20,699
regulation, but enforcement is 
difficult. 

627
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:25,900
Gin shops, operate, openly and 
broad daylight the prophets, too

628
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:27,699
good. 
And the demand too high for laws

629
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:31,000
to make much difference. 
You notice a pregnant woman 

630
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:35,600
drinking heavily at the counter.
This is unfortunately common the

631
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,699
effects of gin on unborn 
children are becoming tragically

632
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:42,199
clear. 
Babies, born weak or deformed 

633
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:44,500
infant? 
Mortality is rising? 

634
00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:47,500
But addiction does not care 
about consequences. 

635
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:51,300
The woman drinks until she can 
barely stand. 

636
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:53,199
And then staggers out into the 
street. 

637
00:34:54,199 --> 00:34:57,000
Child no more than 10 years old 
comes in and buys a couple of 

638
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,600
gin. 
Shopkeeper takes his money 

639
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,700
without question. 
There are no age restrictions. 

640
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:06,500
No one asks where the serving 
alcohol to Children might be 

641
00:35:06,500 --> 00:35:11,000
harmful business is business, 
gin is the booming business of 

642
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,800
the day. 
You force yourself to take 

643
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,100
another Sip and immediately 
regret it. 

644
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,900
Gin taste worse on the second 
go. 

645
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:22,500
You abandon the cup on a grimy 
table and head for the door. 

646
00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,300
You need fresh air and distance 
from this place. 

647
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:29,600
Outside the street is not much 
better people sprawled drunken 

648
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,000
doorways. 
A woman lies in the gutter, 

649
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:36,600
unconscious or dead. 
It is hard to tell which Passes 

650
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,100
by step over her without 
stopping. 

651
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,300
This is London during the Gin 
craze and such sites are 

652
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,900
unremarkable. 
The city has nearly 8,000 gin 

653
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:49,000
shops at this point. 
That is one for every five or 

654
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,600
six houses in some 
neighborhoods. 

655
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,600
The social fabric is tearing 
apart under the weight of cheap 

656
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,900
Spirits crime, is rising 
families are breaking down, 

657
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:03,400
public health is collapsing, 
William Hogarth will soon 

658
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,900
publish his famous. 
Print gin Lane depicting the 

659
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:10,700
horrors of this era. 
The image will show a drunken 

660
00:36:10,700 --> 00:36:14,600
mother dropping her baby corpses
being loaded into coffins 

661
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:19,100
building's collapsing, porn 
Brokers are thriving, it will be

662
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:21,300
only slightly exaggerated from 
reality. 

663
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:26,600
Changes coming, the government 
will eventually pass the gym Act

664
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,600
of 1751. 
This law will make it much 

665
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:32,700
harder to sell gin. 
Licenses will be required, 

666
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,800
prices will be regulated, the 
number of gin shops will fall 

667
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,700
dramatically the worst of the 
Gin craze will end though. 

668
00:36:40,700 --> 00:36:43,200
It will take decades for society
to fully recover. 

669
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:49,500
For now, though, in 1721, the 
crisis is at its peak, the Gin 

670
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:51,700
shop, you just left will serve 
100s, more customers. 

671
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:54,900
Today, some will drink 
themselves into a stupor, some 

672
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:58,300
will spend their last pennies, 
some will never leave the cheap 

673
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:02,300
gin flows, and flows, and the 
human cost mounts higher every 

674
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:04,800
day. 
He will quickly away from that 

675
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:06,900
neighborhood. 
Seeking cleaner, air, and better

676
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:10,600
surroundings, eventually you 
find a more traditional Tavern, 

677
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,200
in a better part of town here. 
People drink beer and Ale in 

678
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:16,300
moderation. 
There is food available. 

679
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:18,700
The atmosphere is calm and 
decent. 

680
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:22,000
This is how drinking 
establishment should be the. 

681
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,300
Barman tells you that many 
people are disgusted by what gin

682
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:27,800
has done to London. 
There is growing pressure for 

683
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,600
reform clergy, preach against 
drunkenness, Physicians 

684
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:34,500
document, the health 
consequences magistrate. 

685
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:36,400
See the link between gin and 
crime. 

686
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:40,900
Change will come because it must
you order a proper ale and Savor

687
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:44,100
the clean taste. 
This is what beer should be made

688
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:47,300
with care from good ingredients.
Served in a respectable 

689
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:49,900
establishment where people can 
gather socially without 

690
00:37:49,900 --> 00:37:53,500
destroying themselves. 
The contrast with the Gin shop 

691
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:58,000
could not be Starker as you 
drink your ale, you reflect on 

692
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:01,700
how drinking establishments can 
serve different purposes at 

693
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:04,900
their best, their Community 
gathering places that strengthen

694
00:38:04,900 --> 00:38:08,900
social bonds at their worst. 
They enable addictions and 

695
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:11,300
suffering. 
The difference lies in 

696
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,900
regulation quality and social 
norms around consumption. 

697
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,100
The Janeiro will be remembered 
as dark chapter in British 

698
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:21,900
drinking history, but it will 
also lead to important. 

699
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:26,100
Reforms Society will learn that 
cheap access to strong Spirits. 

700
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,200
Without any controls, is a 
recipe for disaster. 

701
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,800
The lessons from this time will 
shape alcohol policy for 

702
00:38:32,808 --> 00:38:37,300
generations to come You push 
open the etched glass door of 

703
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:39,500
the Railway arms in the year 
1885. 

704
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,000
Queen Victoria has been on the 
throne for nearly 50 years and 

705
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,400
Britain is at the height of its 
industrial power. 

706
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,000
Pub unto reflects this era of 
confidence and prosperity. 

707
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,700
First thing, you notice is how 
bright everything is. 

708
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:58,700
Gas, lamps illuminate, the 
interior with steady, reliable 

709
00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:03,600
light, no more flickering 
candles or Smoky oil, lamps the 

710
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:06,300
gas mantles, his softly and cast
a warm glow. 

711
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:10,300
Over polished wood and gleaming 
brass The bar itself is a 

712
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:14,200
magnificent piece of furniture. 
Solid mahogany with the 

713
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:17,500
elaborate carvings. 
The bar top is polished to a 

714
00:39:17,508 --> 00:39:21,900
mirror shine behind it arose of 
bottles and Taps and the 

715
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:23,800
Machinery of modern drinks 
service. 

716
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,500
Everything is organized and 
efficient. 

717
00:39:27,500 --> 00:39:30,600
The barman wears, a clean white 
apron, and a proper shirt with 

718
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,700
sleeve garters. 
He looks professional and takes 

719
00:39:33,700 --> 00:39:36,800
pride in his work. 
When you order a pint, he pulls 

720
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:40,300
the beer with practice teas, the
hand pump brings the beer up 

721
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:43,000
from barrels. 
In the cellar below each pump 

722
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,600
handle is decorated with the 
ceramic label, showing the 

723
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:48,700
brewery name. 
Your beer arrives in a proper 

724
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:52,600
glass tankard. 
The glass is thick and solid, it

725
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:54,500
has the Pub's name etched into 
it. 

726
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:58,500
This is a far cry from the rough
cuts and leather vessels of 

727
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:01,900
earlier eras. 
The beer itself is clear and 

728
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,100
golden modern Brewing, 
techniques of transformed, the 

729
00:40:05,108 --> 00:40:09,500
quality of British Beer. 
You taste it and the flavor is 

730
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:10,900
clean. 
And well, balanced. 

731
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:14,400
This is pale ale from Burton on 
Trent. 

732
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:17,700
The breweries there have 
perfected, the art of using the 

733
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:20,900
local water to create crisp 
hoppy beers. 

734
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:24,900
The beer has traveled here by 
rail in just a few hours. 

735
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:28,700
The railway network has, 
revolutionized the distribution 

736
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:32,100
of beer, the pub is divided into
different sections. 

737
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:35,700
Your standing in the public Bar,
which is the most basic and 

738
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:39,300
cheapest area through a doorway,
you can see the Saloon bar which

739
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:41,100
has better Furnishing and higher
prices. 

740
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:45,100
Beyond that is The Snug where 
respectable women can drink 

741
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:46,500
without being seen from the 
street. 

742
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:50,200
This division of space reflects 
a Victorian, social 

743
00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:52,700
stratification. 
Working men. 

744
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:56,400
Drinking the public Bar lower 
middle, class, Clarks and shop 

745
00:40:56,400 --> 00:41:00,000
workers use the saloon women and
couples seeking privacy. 

746
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,700
Use the snug. 
Everyone knows their place and 

747
00:41:02,708 --> 00:41:05,600
stays in it. 
The public Bar has sawdust on 

748
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:09,400
the floor to absorb spills. 
Simple, wooden benches lined the

749
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:11,800
walls. 
A dartboard hangs in one corner 

750
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:16,100
and several men are playing. 
The sound of DARS 30 into cork. 

751
00:41:16,100 --> 00:41:19,400
Punctuates the conversation. 
Someone keeps score on a 

752
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,900
chalkboard. 
Above the bar, is a large mirror

753
00:41:22,900 --> 00:41:27,200
advertising, bass, pale ale, the
red triangle logo is familiar to

754
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:29,700
everyone. 
Bases become one of Britain's 

755
00:41:29,700 --> 00:41:32,300
largest breweries. 
Through regressive, marketing 

756
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,200
and efficient production. 
There are advertisements are 

757
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:37,300
everywhere. 
The pub sells more than just 

758
00:41:37,300 --> 00:41:40,800
beer behind the bar. 
A bottles of spirits whiskey. 

759
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:46,900
Gin rum Brandy, The Gin is no 
longer, the dangerous Rock, gut 

760
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,800
of the previous Century. 
It is proper London, dry gin 

761
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:55,000
from reputable distillers, the 
regulation's passed decades ago 

762
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:59,100
of worked, you notice that food 
is available, pies and 

763
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:01,600
sandwiches, and pickled eggs in 
large jars. 

764
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,000
The Victorian Pub is becoming a 
place where working men can get 

765
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,900
an affordable meal. 
The food is simple but filling a

766
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:11,300
meat pie and a pint, make a 
satisfying lunch. 

767
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:15,500
Clock on the wall shows, the 
time Licensing. 

768
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,700
Laws now dictate when pubs can 
open and close no more all-day 

769
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:22,500
drinking. 
The pub opens at specific hours 

770
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:24,600
and must close at specific 
times. 

771
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:28,900
The police enforce, these 
regulations strictly The barman 

772
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:31,700
keeps one eye on the clock, 
knowing he faces fines if he 

773
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:35,200
serves after hours. 
The clientele is entirely male 

774
00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:38,900
at this time of day, working men
stopping off to their shifts at 

775
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:41,900
the factory or the docks. 
A face is a tired, but the 

776
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,900
atmosphere is relaxed. 
This is their social club. 

777
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:48,700
There are escape from crowded, 
tenements and demanding bosses 

778
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:53,000
conversation, flows around. 
You talk of work and wages 

779
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:57,200
complaints about foreman and 
landlords plans for the weekend,

780
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:01,800
football matches and boxing 
bouts, the ordinary concerns of 

781
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:04,100
working class life in an 
industrial city. 

782
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,700
The pub provides a space for men
to gather and share their 

783
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:10,100
experience. 
As you move through to The 

784
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:14,300
Saloon bar here, the Furnishings
are more comfortable, a pulsed 

785
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:18,700
benches small round tables. 
The sawdust is replaced with 

786
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:22,000
patterned carpet. 
Pictures, hang on the walls, 

787
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,800
showing hunting scenes and Rural
Landscapes, the prices are 

788
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,200
higher, but the environment is 
more Gentile. 

789
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,600
A group of Clerks from the 
nearby insurance office sit 

790
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:36,500
discussing their work, they wear
suits and collars that mark them

791
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:38,300
as respectable white collar 
workers. 

792
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:41,900
They drink beer from handled 
glasses and speaking measured 

793
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:45,200
tones, they are careful to 
distinguish themselves from the 

794
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:48,700
rougher crowd in the public Bar.
The Victorian Pub has become 

795
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,400
segregated not just by space but
by culture. 

796
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:55,500
Different areas, attract 
different, social classes, the 

797
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:59,400
architecture itself, enforces 
these divisions, you cannot see 

798
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:03,000
from the public Bar into the 
saloon, the working men, and the

799
00:44:03,008 --> 00:44:05,800
Clarks drink in the same 
building, but might as well be 

800
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:09,500
in different worlds. 
In The Snug, you find a 

801
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:12,800
different atmosphere entirely. 
This small private room has 

802
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,900
frosted glass windows facing the
street. 

803
00:44:14,900 --> 00:44:18,500
A middle-aged couple sits 
quietly, sharing a bottle of 

804
00:44:18,508 --> 00:44:21,100
stout. 
They can drink here without 

805
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:25,000
being observed by passengers by 
respectability is maintained. 

806
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:28,000
The reforms of the mid. 
Victorian period have 

807
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,000
transformed pubs from the 
chaotic gin shops of early 

808
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:34,700
decades. 
Pubs are now regulated licensed 

809
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:39,000
and expected to maintain order. 
The police have powers to close 

810
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,000
establishments that cause 
trouble publicans have learned 

811
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,500
to run tight ships Temperance, 
movements argue that even these 

812
00:44:45,500 --> 00:44:49,200
reformed pubs are dense. 
Advice they campaign for total 

813
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,200
prohibition. 
But most people reject such 

814
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:55,800
extreme views the pub serves an 
important social function, 

815
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:58,800
especially for working men with 
few other Leisure options. 

816
00:44:59,700 --> 00:45:02,500
The key is regulation, not 
elimination. 

817
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:06,200
You order another pint and 
settle into conversation with a 

818
00:45:06,208 --> 00:45:08,800
plasterer, who works on the new 
buildings, going up a cross 

819
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:10,800
London. 
He tells you about the 

820
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:13,500
construction. 
Boom, whole neighborhoods are 

821
00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:15,200
being built to house the growing
population. 

822
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:20,300
His work is steady and pays 
decently Stops here most 

823
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:22,100
evening's before heading home to
his family. 

824
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:28,600
This is the pattern for millions
of men work Pub home. 

825
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:32,800
The pub, occupies, the middle 
space between labor and domestic

826
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:35,500
life. 
It provides relaxation and 

827
00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:38,800
social connection. 
A place to be yourself among 

828
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:42,000
peers. 
The Victorian Pub is become 

829
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,200
woven into the fabric of daily 
life. 

830
00:45:45,000 --> 00:45:48,800
As evening approaches the pup 
gets busier more workers arrive 

831
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:52,200
after their shifts end. 
The barman and his assistants 

832
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:54,500
move efficiently, pulling pints 
and taking money. 

833
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,700
The cash register rings. 
Constantly, this Pub is a 

834
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:01,500
successful business. 
Generating steady profits, for 

835
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:03,600
its owner. 
You notice the pub is 

836
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,600
scrupulously, clean. 
The brass is polished. 

837
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:10,200
The glass is a washed properly. 
The floors are swept. 

838
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:14,400
Victorian Notions of hygiene and
respectability of race. 

839
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:17,700
Standards considerably. 
A dirty Pub would lose customers

840
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:22,400
to clean a competitors, the gas 
lamps hiss and glow outside. 

841
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:26,000
The street lamps of being lit. 
One by one Darkness Falls over 

842
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,400
the city, inside the pub warmth 
and like continue. 

843
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:34,200
This is a refuge from the cold 
in industrial World outside a 

844
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:36,000
space of human comfort and 
connection. 

845
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:40,600
You finish your beer and prepare
to leave, the pub will stay open

846
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:43,100
for a few more hours and Pub, 
then close. 

847
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:47,400
According to the Licensing Laws.
The barman will lock up and head

848
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:51,000
home tomorrow. 
The cycle will repeat day after 

849
00:46:51,008 --> 00:46:55,100
day year after year. 
The Victorian Pub, is now an 

850
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:57,300
established institution that 
will endure for Generations. 

851
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:01,400
You walk into the Rose and Crown
on a quiet Tuesday, evening in 

852
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:04,500
the 21st century. 
This Pub has been here for over 

853
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:06,900
200 years, though it has been 
renovated. 

854
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:09,700
Many times. 
The building retains its 

855
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:12,600
Victorian exterior, but the 
inside has been updated for 

856
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:16,300
modern tastes and expectations. 
The pub is warm and well lit. 

857
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:20,900
Recessed, lighting has replaced 
the gas lamps, the old brass has

858
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:23,200
been cleaned, and preserved as 
decoration rather than 

859
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:26,500
necessity. 
The wooden bar still dominates 

860
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:29,700
the room, but now it is topped 
with beer taps, connected to 

861
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:32,200
kegs in the cellar by modern 
precious systems. 

862
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:35,400
You the bar and examine the 
drink options. 

863
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:37,600
There are 10 Taps, offering 
different beers. 

864
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:40,100
Local craft. 
Brews alongside traditional 

865
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:44,000
Bitters and lagers The pub is 
adapted to the craft beer 

866
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:46,900
Revolution while maintaining its
classic offering's. 

867
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:50,000
The barman can tell you about 
each Beer's, flavor profile and 

868
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:53,000
alcohol content. 
You order a pint of locally 

869
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:56,400
Brody PA The bear arrives in a 
proper pint. 

870
00:47:56,400 --> 00:48:00,100
Glass marked with the government
stamp showing, it holds a full 

871
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:03,100
legal measure. 
The beer is cold and hoppy with 

872
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:06,700
Citrus notes, modern Brewing, 
has reached levels of quality 

873
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,000
and variety that would Astound 
any of your predecessors in 

874
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:12,300
earlier. 
Centuries, the price makes you 

875
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:14,600
pause. 
Beer is expensive. 

876
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:17,600
Now, relative to wages compared 
to earlier eras. 

877
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:20,300
But people drink less than they 
once did. 

878
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,000
The days of workers spending 
half their wages on alcohol, 

879
00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,600
along gone. 
Drinking is now just one Leisure

880
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,500
activity. 
Among many options, the pub is 

881
00:48:30,500 --> 00:48:34,200
less crowded than it would have 
been in Victorian times, many 

882
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:38,200
traditional pubs of closed in 
recent decades competition from 

883
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:42,000
Supermarket alcohol sales as 
hurt, the trade home, 

884
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:45,200
entertainment options mean, 
people go out less often, the 

885
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:48,200
smoking ban changed the 
atmosphere For Better or Worse, 

886
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,400
depending on your view, but this
Pub survives because it is 

887
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:54,200
adapted. 
Food is now a major part of the 

888
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:58,400
business, the menu board, 
advertisers proper meals, not 

889
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,900
just snacks. 
Gastro pub culture has elevated,

890
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:05,800
pub food to new heights. 
You can order anything from fish

891
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:09,000
and chips to Thai. 
Curry, you settle into a corner 

892
00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:12,100
with your beer. 
The furniture is a mix of old 

893
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,700
and new. 
Some original wooden benches 

894
00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:17,100
remain. 
But there are also upholstered 

895
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:21,100
chairs and Booth seating Comfort
matters more than authenticity 

896
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:25,200
for most customers. 
The clientele is diverse in ways

897
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,600
that would shock earlier 
Generations men and women drink 

898
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:32,700
together, as equals different 
ages and backgrounds mix freely.

899
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:35,700
Social class divisions are less 
rigid. 

900
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:38,700
The old separate spaces for 
different groups, have been 

901
00:49:38,708 --> 00:49:41,600
removed. 
Everyone shares the same room? 

902
00:49:42,700 --> 00:49:45,600
A couple sits at the bar working
on laptop computers while 

903
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:49,800
nursing their drinks free Wi-Fi 
is now a standard amenity the 

904
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:51,700
pub has become a workspace for 
some people. 

905
00:49:51,700 --> 00:49:55,400
This would have been 
unimaginable even 20 years ago. 

906
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,400
In the corner, a group of 
friends watches a football match

907
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:01,000
on a large flat screen 
television. 

908
00:50:01,700 --> 00:50:04,200
Multiple screens around the pub 
show different sports. 

909
00:50:04,200 --> 00:50:07,400
The pub is become an 
entertainment venue, as well as 

910
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:11,600
a drinking establishment. 
The sound is muted and subtitles

911
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:13,300
run across the bottom of the 
screen. 

912
00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:17,500
You notice the pub is quieter 
than historical accounts would 

913
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,600
suggest. 
People talk in moderate voices. 

914
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:23,200
There is no rowdiness, the 
police. 

915
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,600
Take a dim view of disorder and 
the pub could lose its license 

916
00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:30,600
for repeated problems. 
Modern regulations are strictly 

917
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:34,000
enforced behind the bar. 
The selection is impressive 

918
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:38,300
dozens of spirits wine by the 
glass in multiple varieties, 

919
00:50:38,300 --> 00:50:43,200
cocktails listed on a chalkboard
menu, soft drinks and coffee for

920
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:46,200
non-drinkers. 
The modern Pub caters to varied 

921
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:49,200
tastes in ways that earlier. 
Establishments, never attempted.

922
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:51,600
The barman is Young and 
friendly. 

923
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:55,700
He chats with regulars and 
welcomed newcomers, customer 

924
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:57,900
service skills matter. 
Now, a surly. 

925
00:50:57,908 --> 00:51:01,100
Barman, would damage. 
The business reviews on Internet

926
00:51:01,100 --> 00:51:03,800
site can make or break a pubs 
reputation. 

927
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:08,400
You order food and it arrives, 
beautifully presented, proper 

928
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:11,900
plating and garnish. 
The burger is made from locally 

929
00:51:11,900 --> 00:51:15,300
sourced beef. 
The chips are hand cut quality 

930
00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:19,000
as a selling point. 
The days of mystery meat, pies 

931
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,800
are over food, safety 
regulations, ensure standards 

932
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:26,700
are maintained as you eat. 
You reflect on how much is 

933
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:30,100
changed. 
Physical space is recognizable 

934
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:32,900
as a pub. 
The basic function of providing 

935
00:51:32,900 --> 00:51:35,500
drinks and social space Remains 
the Same. 

936
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:40,300
But everything else is evolved. 
Smoking is banded inside. 

937
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:43,400
This would have been the norm 
for centuries, but was 

938
00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:49,000
controversial when introduced in
2007, now it is simply accepted.

939
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:52,800
The air is cleaner and clothes 
no longer reek of tobacco smoke 

940
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,400
after a pub visit. 
Licensing hours are more 

941
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,000
flexible than in the 20th 
century. 

942
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:01,800
Different pubs can have 
different closing, times some 

943
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,200
stay open very late. 
The old rigid system of last 

944
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:07,400
orders and closing at 11 has 
been relaxed. 

945
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:10,900
This gives publicans more 
freedom but also more 

946
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:14,300
responsibility. 
You notice a sign advertising 

947
00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:18,500
upcoming events quiz night on 
Thursdays live music on 

948
00:52:18,500 --> 00:52:21,800
Saturdays. 
A book club meets monthly, the 

949
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:24,200
modern Pub has to work harder to
attract customers. 

950
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:27,200
Simply providing beer is not 
enough. 

951
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:31,200
Pubs compete with restaurants 
Cinemas streaming services, and 

952
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:33,100
countless other entertainment 
options. 

953
00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:36,300
The economics of running a pub 
of change dramatically. 

954
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,500
Property values are high 
business rates. 

955
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:44,100
Are expensive, energy costs are 
significant staff must be paid. 

956
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:48,000
At least minimum wage. 
The profit margins are tighter 

957
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,200
than in previous eras. 
Many pubs, barely break. 

958
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:55,600
Even Yet this Pub survives 
because it has found its Niche. 

959
00:52:55,600 --> 00:53:00,400
It serves good food offers 
quality drinks, creates a 

960
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,300
welcoming atmosphere, hosts 
community events. 

961
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:06,900
The Publican understands that 
success requires constant 

962
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:09,200
adaptation to changing customer 
expectations. 

963
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:12,300
You finish your meal and order 
another beer. 

964
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:15,900
This time you try a stout from a
local microbrewery. 

965
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:19,600
The craft beer movement has 
brought incredible variety to 

966
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:22,700
British Beer. 
Hundreds of small breweries. 

967
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:27,000
Now operate across the country, 
traditional Styles coexist with 

968
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:31,300
experimental new approaches. 
The Stout is Rich and smooth 

969
00:53:31,300 --> 00:53:33,200
with notes of coffee and 
chocolate. 

970
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:37,000
The Brewing process is carefully
controlled using modern 

971
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:40,800
equipment and techniques. 
Yet the basic recipe would be 

972
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:45,400
recognizable to Brewers from 
centuries past tradition of 

973
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:47,700
innovation exists together as 
evening. 

974
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:50,100
Progresses. 
A few more people arrived. 

975
00:53:50,900 --> 00:53:54,000
The pub is never packed like it 
would have been decades ago but 

976
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:56,000
it has a steady loyal customer 
base. 

977
00:53:56,800 --> 00:54:00,000
These are the regulars, who keep
the place viable, they come for 

978
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:03,300
the atmosphere, as much as the 
drinks you chat with the person.

979
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:07,800
Next to you about local concerns
Road, repairs Council decision, 

980
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:11,700
the weather, the same sort of 
conversation that has happened 

981
00:54:11,700 --> 00:54:16,100
in pubs for 2000 years. 
Technology changes but humans, 

982
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:19,500
remain fundamentally social 
creatures who enjoy Gathering 

983
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:22,600
and talking. 
The pub cat wanders through 

984
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:26,200
seeking attention. 
Animals in pubs are less common 

985
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:30,200
now than in earlier times. 
But some establishments maintain

986
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,400
the tradition. 
Cat is well fed and clearly 

987
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:37,500
beloved by staff and regulars. 
It curls up near the fireplace 

988
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:40,900
and Falls of sleep. 
Fireplaces itself is gas. 

989
00:54:40,900 --> 00:54:45,300
Now, rather than wood burning, a
realistic flame flickers behind 

990
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:49,500
glass, it provides Ambience 
without smoke, all the need to 

991
00:54:49,508 --> 00:54:53,600
Tender constantly, Tradition 
adapted, for modern convenience 

992
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:57,400
and safety regulations. 
You realize that this Pub is the

993
00:54:57,400 --> 00:54:59,400
latest chapter in a very long 
story. 

994
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:03,300
Every year has shaped drinking 
establishments according to its 

995
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:06,600
needs and values. 
The Romans, brought wine and 

996
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:09,400
organization. 
The Anglo Saxons created 

997
00:55:09,400 --> 00:55:13,100
Community ale House's, medieval 
insert Travelers. 

998
00:55:13,100 --> 00:55:17,200
The Tudors added regulation 
victorians created, the classic 

999
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,300
Pub template. 
The modern era continues to 

1000
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:23,600
evolve the tradition. 
What remains constant is the 

1001
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:27,800
human need for gathering places.
Somewhere between home and work 

1002
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:29,700
where people can relax and 
connect. 

1003
00:55:30,500 --> 00:55:33,000
The pub is fill this role. 
Through countless Generations, 

1004
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:37,300
it adapts and survives because 
the fundamental need it serves 

1005
00:55:37,308 --> 00:55:41,200
does not change. 
You finish your beer and settle 

1006
00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:43,900
your bill. 
The transaction is cashless. 

1007
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:47,600
You tap your card on the reader 
and the payment is complete. 

1008
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:51,100
No More Counting coins. 
Or handling dirty banknotes, 

1009
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:55,700
just another small evolution in 
how pubs operate As you leave, 

1010
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:58,400
you notice, the pub is preparing
to close soon. 

1011
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:02,000
The barman begins cleaning 
glasses and wiping down surfaces

1012
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:04,900
tomorrow. 
The cycle repeats, the doors 

1013
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:07,500
will open. 
Customers will arrive, drinks 

1014
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:09,800
will be poured, conversations 
will flow. 

1015
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:13,500
Life will continue its ordinary 
extraordinary pattern. 

1016
00:56:14,700 --> 00:56:17,900
You step out into the night. 
The street is quiet. 

1017
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:21,600
Street lamps, cast orange pools 
of light on the pavement. 

1018
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:25,500
Cars are parked along the curb, 
the modern world surround you. 

1019
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:30,200
But behind you, the pub remains 
a link to centuries of tradition

1020
00:56:30,200 --> 00:56:33,600
A Gathering Place that served 
its purpose since Roman 

1021
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:35,400
soldiers. 
First sought refreshment on 

1022
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:39,700
Britain's Dusty Rhodes, The 
story of UK pubs is not 

1023
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:43,700
finished, new chapters will be 
written as Society continues to 

1024
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:47,800
change, but the essential role 
of the pub is a community anchor

1025
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:50,500
endures. 
As long as people need places to

1026
00:56:50,500 --> 00:56:53,800
gather and share a drink, the 
tradition will continue in some 

1027
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:55,800
form. 
You make your way home through 

1028
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,500
the quiet streets, feeling 
satisfied, and pleasantly, 

1029
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:01,100
tired. 
The journey through Pub history 

1030
00:57:01,100 --> 00:57:03,900
has shown you how much has 
changed and how much stays the 

1031
00:57:03,900 --> 00:57:08,200
same human nature remains 
constant, even as the details of

1032
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:09,900
daily life. 
Transformed around it. 

1033
00:57:10,700 --> 00:57:13,800
Tonight, you have visited 2000 
years of British drinking 

1034
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:16,700
culture. 
You have tasted Roman wine and 

1035
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:21,300
Anglo Saxon Aleve, sheltered in 
medieval ins and witnessed two 

1036
00:57:21,300 --> 00:57:23,400
deregulation. 
You have seen the horrors of the

1037
00:57:23,408 --> 00:57:26,100
Gin craze and the refinements of
Victorian Pub culture. 

1038
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:29,900
You have ended up in a modern 
Locale that balances traditional

1039
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:33,800
with contemporary expectations, 
each era has left. 

1040
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:38,600
Its mark Generation has adapted.
These gathering places to serve 

1041
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:41,400
their needs. 
The pub is proven remarkably 

1042
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:45,400
resilient and flexible, it has 
survived plagues and wars and 

1043
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,500
social upheavals. 
It continues because it meets 

1044
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:51,300
fundamental human needs for 
community and comfort. 

1045
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:56,500
As you prepare for sleep, you 
reflect on this long story, The 

1046
00:57:56,500 --> 00:57:58,300
Pub is more than just a place to
drink. 

1047
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:02,600
It is a social institution that 
is shaped British life for 

1048
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:05,300
millennia. 
Understanding its Evolution 

1049
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:07,100
helps. 
You understand how Society 

1050
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:09,400
itself has changed over the 
centuries? 

1051
00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:12,700
The ordinary Act of sharing a 
drink with others. 

1052
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,800
Connects you to countless 
previous generations, who did 

1053
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:19,000
the same thing. 
The settings and regulations 

1054
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:23,300
have changed the drinks have 
evolved, but the basic human 

1055
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:26,300
experience remains. 
Recognizable across the ages. 

1056
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:30,000
He close your eyes and let the 
history wash over you one more 

1057
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,000
time. 
Romans soldiers, relaxing after 

1058
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:36,000
Patrol. 
Anglo Saxon Farmers Gathering 

1059
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:39,100
off to harvest medieval 
Travelers, seeking shelter. 

1060
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,300
From the cold Tudor Merchants 
conducting business. 

1061
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:46,800
Victorian workers finding Refuge
from hard labor, modern 

1062
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:49,700
customers enjoying craft beer 
and good food. 

1063
00:58:49,700 --> 00:58:54,300
All of them are seeking the same
things, warmth company 

1064
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:58,800
refreshment, a brief escape from
the demands of daily life. 

1065
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:03,100
The pub is provided, these 
things for 2000 years and will 

1066
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:07,300
likely continue for many more. 
Sleep comes gently as you drift 

1067
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:08,900
through centuries of Pub 
history. 

1068
00:59:08,900 --> 00:59:13,100
The story is complete for now, 
tomorrow brings new chapters, 

1069
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:17,000
but tonight you rest knowing you
have traveled through time and 

1070
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:20,000
witnessed the remarkable 
endurance of a very British 

1071
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:23,300
Institution. 
The journey ends where it began 

1072
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:27,400
in a place where people gathered
to drink and talk and simply be 

1073
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,300
human together. 
That simple purpose has carried 

1074
00:59:30,300 --> 00:59:33,000
pubs through Empires and 
Revolution and countless 

1075
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:35,400
changes. 
It will carry them forward into 

1076
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:37,700
whatever future awaits good 
night. 

1077
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:47,900
During England in the early 
1500s and try to forget 

1078
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:51,400
everything you think you know 
about it, this isn't the England

1079
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:55,000
of Empire and Industry of T and 
parliamentary democracy. 

1080
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:59,100
This is an island nation, still 
finding its footing still 

1081
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:00,500
figuring out what it wants to 
be. 

1082
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:03,600
When it grows up the Morning, 
Light filters, through the small

1083
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,500
thick glass, windows of a Manor 
House in the Cotswolds 

1084
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:09,900
Illuminating dust that dance in 
the cold air. 

1085
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:14,200
You can smell the wood smoke 
from cooking fires mixing with 

1086
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,500
the atheist of Russia's covering
the floor. 

1087
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:20,800
Rushes, that need changing, but 
probably won't be replaced for 

1088
01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:23,600
another week. 
The herbs scattered among them 

1089
01:00:23,600 --> 01:00:27,400
lavender Rosemary and mint 
release their fragrance. 

1090
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,600
When you step on them, a 
medieval attempt at air 

1091
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:33,000
freshening that works better in 
theory than in practice. 

1092
01:00:33,000 --> 01:00:36,400
England. 
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 

1093
01:00:36,500 --> 01:00:40,200
million Souls, which means it 
has fewer people than modern Los

1094
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:41,800
Angeles spread across an entire 
country. 

1095
01:00:42,900 --> 01:00:44,600
Most of those Souls live in 
villages. 

1096
01:00:44,600 --> 01:00:47,500
So small you could walk from one
end to the other. 

1097
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:50,000
In the time it takes to finish 
your morning coffee. 

1098
01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:55,200
The largest city London houses. 
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 

1099
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:58,700
along the Thames their Timber 
framed houses leaning into 

1100
01:00:58,700 --> 01:01:00,700
narrow streets. 
Where the upper story is nearly 

1101
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:03,300
touch across the way, blocking 
out the sky. 

1102
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:06,700
The Rhythm of Life follows the 
church bells at punctuate each 

1103
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,700
day with their bronze voices. 
You wake to the sound of prime, 

1104
01:01:10,700 --> 01:01:14,500
the first morning prayer and 
move through your day, Guided by

1105
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:20,700
Taurus, sexed, none Vespers and 
finally complain, as Darkness 

1106
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:23,700
Falls The bells aren't just 
timekeepers. 

1107
01:01:23,700 --> 01:01:26,700
They're the heartbeat of a 
society where the church isn't 

1108
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:30,300
separate from daily life. 
But woven into every aspect of 

1109
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:34,500
it, like threads in the very 
fabric you wear and what fabric 

1110
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:37,100
it is. 
If you're welcome, you might own

1111
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:40,700
Woolen cloth in deep Reds or 
Blues colors that cost more than

1112
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:44,400
a labor earns in months. 
The wool itself. 

1113
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:47,500
Tells a story England's economy 
runs on sheep. 

1114
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:51,600
Those Placid creatures grazing 
on every available Hillside 

1115
01:01:51,600 --> 01:01:54,700
their fleece, transformed in 
workshops and sold across 

1116
01:01:54,700 --> 01:01:57,300
Europe. 
When you wear wool in Tudor 

1117
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:01,100
England, you're wearing the 
nation's primary export, its 

1118
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:04,900
economic engine and its claim to
International relevance, the 

1119
01:02:04,900 --> 01:02:07,600
Catholic Church dominates the 
landscape, both literally and 

1120
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:11,300
figuratively Parish churches. 
Anchor every Community. 

1121
01:02:11,300 --> 01:02:15,600
Their Stone Towers Rising above,
thatched Cottages like parents 

1122
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:19,100
watching over children. 
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 

1123
01:02:19,108 --> 01:02:22,200
countryside. 
There are nearly 900 religious 

1124
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:26,300
houses in England home to 
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 

1125
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:30,500
Friars these aren't just places 
of prayer, their hospitals, 

1126
01:02:30,500 --> 01:02:34,400
schools hostels for travelers 
and landlords controling, vast 

1127
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:38,000
Estates the Abbot. 
Glastonbury owns land in several

1128
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:40,300
counties. 
The monastery at Westminster 

1129
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:44,100
practically as a small town unto
its self your relationship with 

1130
01:02:44,100 --> 01:02:46,200
the church isn't optional or 
occasional. 

1131
01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:48,600
It's as fundamental as 
breathing. 

1132
01:02:49,300 --> 01:02:52,200
Your born into it, literally 
with baptism, washing Away, 

1133
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:54,300
original sin within days of 
birth. 

1134
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:58,800
You marry in it, the priest 
blessing transforming a private 

1135
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:00,700
Arrangement into a public 
sacrament. 

1136
01:03:01,700 --> 01:03:05,300
You'll die in it receiving last 
rites, that determine your 

1137
01:03:05,300 --> 01:03:09,200
Soul's destination in between 
you attend Mass regularly 

1138
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:13,000
confess your sins to a priest. 
Who knows all your neighbors 

1139
01:03:13,000 --> 01:03:16,600
business too. 
Pay your tithes observe the fast

1140
01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:20,000
days and purchase indulgences to
reduce time in purgatory. 

1141
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:24,100
The Pope in Rome that distant 
figure in his Vatican Palace 

1142
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:27,200
holds more practical power over 
English daily life than you 

1143
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:29,300
might imagine. 
He can, annul. 

1144
01:03:29,300 --> 01:03:32,600
Marriage is the jittery is 
children and Grant special 

1145
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:35,700
dispensation for everything from
eating meat on Friday to 

1146
01:03:35,700 --> 01:03:38,700
marrying your cousin. 
He appoints Bishops, who become 

1147
01:03:38,700 --> 01:03:42,500
major political figures. 
He can excommunicate anyone from

1148
01:03:42,500 --> 01:03:46,100
King to Peasant, which in this 
society means cutting them off 

1149
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:49,600
from all social connection and 
condemning this sold to hell. 

1150
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:53,600
It's a threat that carries real 
weight when everyone you know 

1151
01:03:53,608 --> 01:03:58,500
believes it absolutely but there
are grumbles in the taverns 

1152
01:03:58,500 --> 01:04:02,200
those damn smoke-filled rooms 
where hail flows and inhibitions

1153
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:05,900
loose and you might hear men 
complain about how much land the

1154
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:07,500
church owns while paying no 
taxes. 

1155
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:10,700
You might hear Merchants 
frustrated by religious 

1156
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:12,400
restrictions on business 
practices. 

1157
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,500
You might even hear whispers 
about church corruption though. 

1158
01:04:16,500 --> 01:04:19,600
No one speaks too loudly because
heresy is a burning offense. 

1159
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:22,700
Literally, the political 
landscape is equally complex. 

1160
01:04:22,700 --> 01:04:26,300
England Has a King. 
Henry, the seventh, who won his 

1161
01:04:26,300 --> 01:04:28,400
crown by killing the previous 
King on a battlefield. 

1162
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,800
And who spent his Reign 
consolidating power and filling 

1163
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:34,800
the treasury. 
Parliament exists, but it meets 

1164
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:36,500
a regularly when the king needs 
money. 

1165
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,800
Local Administration happens 
through a patchwork of nobles 

1166
01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:45,500
Bishops, sheriffs, and justices 
of the Peace A system that works

1167
01:04:45,500 --> 01:04:48,600
mostly because everyone's known 
everyone else's families for 

1168
01:04:48,600 --> 01:04:51,100
Generations. 
England's place in The Wider. 

1169
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:54,600
European world is complicated. 
It's not quite the Backwater. 

1170
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:57,900
Some Continental Scholars 
dismiss, but it's not a major 

1171
01:04:57,908 --> 01:05:00,900
power either. 
Spain and France are the real 

1172
01:05:00,908 --> 01:05:04,500
players with their larger 
populations stronger, economies 

1173
01:05:04,500 --> 01:05:08,100
and more assertive. 
King's the Holy Roman Empire 

1174
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,900
sprawls across Central Europe. 
A complicated Patchwork that 

1175
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:13,800
makes England's administrative 
system. 

1176
01:05:13,800 --> 01:05:17,900
Look, elegantly simple. 
The Italian city-states control 

1177
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:22,400
trade and banking. 
England makes good wool and 

1178
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:24,500
occasionally causes trouble when
it's King's. 

1179
01:05:24,500 --> 01:05:27,000
Remember they technically 
claimed the French throne. 

1180
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:31,100
Technology is beginning to stir 
printing, presses are starting 

1181
01:05:31,100 --> 01:05:34,400
to appear the books, remain 
expensive, and most people can't

1182
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:37,500
read anyway. 
Navigation techniques are 

1183
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:39,700
improving making longer sea 
voyages? 

1184
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,800
Possible. 
Gunpowder is changing Warfare, 

1185
01:05:42,800 --> 01:05:45,000
though. 
Knights in armor still write a 

1186
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:46,500
battle as if nothing has 
changed. 

1187
01:05:47,400 --> 01:05:49,700
Its a world caught between 
medieval traditions and 

1188
01:05:49,700 --> 01:05:53,800
something new, trying to be born
in this England of 1509. 

1189
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,100
No one imagines, the 
transformation coming, the 

1190
01:05:57,100 --> 01:06:00,800
monasteries seemed Eternal, the 
Pope's Authority unquestionable.

1191
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:04,600
And the rhythm of Catholic life 
is unchanging as the seasons. 

1192
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:08,300
If you could tell an English 
villager that within 30 years, 

1193
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:11,700
their local Abbey would be torn 
down their Latin Mass replaced 

1194
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:15,000
with English prayer and their 
spiritual connection to Rome 

1195
01:06:15,000 --> 01:06:18,200
severed forever. 
They would think you mad but 

1196
01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:21,800
changes coming carried. 
Not by armies, or philosophers, 

1197
01:06:21,800 --> 01:06:24,700
but by one young man's desperate
desire for something. 

1198
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:28,900
He cannot have a legitimate son 
on an April day. 

1199
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:32,900
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry
became King Henry the 8th. 

1200
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:36,100
And England, got a ruler who 
looked like he'd been ordered 

1201
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:39,400
from a royal catalog featuring 
only the most impressive 

1202
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:44,100
specifications, picture him at 
his coronation 6 feet, 2 inches 

1203
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:46,400
tall, in an air. 
When most men, barely reached 

1204
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:49,800
five and a half feet Shoulders 
broad enough to fill out the 

1205
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:53,100
elaborate doublets. 
He favors legs muscular from 

1206
01:06:53,100 --> 01:06:57,400
years of hunting and jousting. 
His hair catches, the light 

1207
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:00,800
through Westminster Abbey 
stained glass reddish gold, 

1208
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:02,700
Warren long enough to curl at 
his neck. 

1209
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:06,800
His face hasn't yet acquired. 
The jowly heaviness of his later

1210
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:11,800
years instead it's all Youth and
confidence with blue eyes that 

1211
01:07:11,800 --> 01:07:13,900
sparkle, when he's pleased and 
turned cold. 

1212
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:17,000
When he's not Henry moves 
through his coronation ceremony 

1213
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:19,500
with the grace of someone who's 
been preparing for this moment. 

1214
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:22,500
His entire life, which isn't 
quite accurate. 

1215
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:27,000
He was actually the spare are 
the insurance policy while. 

1216
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:29,200
His older brother Arthur was 
groomed for King ship. 

1217
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:34,700
But Arthur died at 15, 7 years. 
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 

1218
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:38,000
not just a crown but also 
Arthur's Widow, Catherine of 

1219
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:41,000
Aragon, the young king is what 
we might call the Renaissance 

1220
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:45,000
Man, though that term won't be 
coined for centuries, he speaks 

1221
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:49,200
Latin fluently reads, French 
knows enough, Spanish to charm 

1222
01:07:49,200 --> 01:07:52,500
his wife and his learning 
Italian because educated people 

1223
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:56,900
should know Italian, He writes 
poetry not particularly good 

1224
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:01,100
poetry but in enthusiastic 
poetry the scans properly and 

1225
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:03,000
occasionally hit on a decent 
metaphor. 

1226
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:08,600
Composes music, playing the lute
virginals and recorder with 

1227
01:08:08,600 --> 01:08:12,400
genuine skill. 
His song Pastime with good 

1228
01:08:12,400 --> 01:08:16,300
company will still be performed 
500 years later though. 

1229
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:20,200
Mostly by people who enjoy 
singing in Period costume Henry 

1230
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:23,000
jousts with the aggressive 
confidence of someone who's very

1231
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,800
good at sports and knows it He 
hunts almost obsessively 

1232
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:30,399
sometimes riding for eight or 10
hours, straight wearing out 

1233
01:08:30,399 --> 01:08:34,800
horses and companions with equal
ease, he dances with the kind of

1234
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:38,300
vigor that makes watching him 
exhausting at his coronation 

1235
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:40,399
celebrations. 
He reportedly went through 

1236
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:42,800
multiple partners because he 
kept wearing them out. 

1237
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:45,700
But Henry's, most impressive 
feature might be his mind. 

1238
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:49,600
He's genuinely intelligent with 
that particular, kind of 

1239
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:52,200
intelligence, that loves 
learning new things, and showing

1240
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:55,100
off that knowledge. 
He can debate theology with 

1241
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:59,200
Scholars, discussed tactics with
military commanders and hold 

1242
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:01,899
forth on everything from 
architecture to astronomy. 

1243
01:09:02,800 --> 01:09:05,800
He's also convinced he's right 
about everything which will 

1244
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:07,700
become more problematic as the 
ages. 

1245
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:12,200
But at 17 just seems like 
confidence his father left him a

1246
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:16,600
full treasury unprecedented for 
an English king and young Henry 

1247
01:09:16,600 --> 01:09:19,399
approaches spending this money 
with the enthusiasm of someone 

1248
01:09:19,399 --> 01:09:22,700
who has just discovered their 
parents credit card has no limit

1249
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:27,200
He throws tournaments that cost 
more than the annual income for 

1250
01:09:27,200 --> 01:09:30,500
small counties. 
His coronation festivities last 

1251
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:34,200
for days and include enough food
to feed a small army, which is 

1252
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:36,800
appropriate since he's 
essentially feeding his entire 

1253
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:41,000
court plus, hundreds of guests. 
The new Kings household is a 

1254
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:44,100
world unto itself. 
A mobile Village of hundreds of 

1255
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:46,800
people who exist solely to 
maintain Royal comfort and 

1256
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,800
dignity. 
There are Gentlemen of the privy

1257
01:09:49,800 --> 01:09:53,100
chamber who helped him dress 
Grooms, who manages extensive 

1258
01:09:53,100 --> 01:09:57,600
wardrobe servers, who bring his 
meals musicians, who provide 

1259
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:01,900
entertainment chaplains, who 
lead prayers, Physicians, who 

1260
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:05,600
monitor his health and countless
others, whose jobs have titles, 

1261
01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:09,200
like, Yeoman of the mouth and 
make perfect sense in context. 

1262
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:12,100
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

1263
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:15,900
He rises around six or seven 
hearing mass or almost 

1264
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:17,800
immediately. 
Because religious devotion and 

1265
01:10:17,800 --> 01:10:19,900
political display conveniently 
overlap. 

1266
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:23,900
He conducts business in the 
morning, signing documents, 

1267
01:10:23,900 --> 01:10:29,100
receiving ambassadors Consulting
with counselors, but never so 

1268
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:31,900
much business that it interferes
with dinner at ten or eleven. 

1269
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:35,500
After dinner comes the real Joy 
of his day. 

1270
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:40,600
Hunting Hawking tennis or 
jousting? 

1271
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:45,800
Depending on whether and mood. 
Supper arrives around 5 or 6, 

1272
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:51,100
followed by entertainment music 
cards, dice dancing, that can 

1273
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:54,300
continue until midnight his 
marriage to Catherine of Aragon 

1274
01:10:54,300 --> 01:10:56,600
seems initially quite 
successful. 

1275
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:02,200
Thrin is 23 to Henry 17 which 
makes her practically an older 

1276
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:05,000
woman in an era where most Royal
brides are teenagers. 

1277
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:10,300
She's intelligent educated 
deeply religious and genuinely 

1278
01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:14,500
seems to love her young husband 
Henry appears equally devoted 

1279
01:11:14,500 --> 01:11:18,300
calling her his true wife and 
clearly enjoying her company. 

1280
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:22,500
Their Crown together ruled 
together and seemed to share 

1281
01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:26,700
both affection and respect 
Catherine comes from impressive 

1282
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:29,300
stock. 
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 

1283
01:11:29,300 --> 01:11:32,900
and Isabella of Spain, the monks
who completed the Reconquista 

1284
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:37,500
and funded Columbus's voyage. 
Her upbringing emphasized, 

1285
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:39,800
educational and piety in equal 
measure. 

1286
01:11:40,500 --> 01:11:44,300
She reads Latin speaks multiple 
languages and understands 

1287
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:47,200
politics with the sophistication
of someone raised in one of 

1288
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:50,700
Europe's, most powerful courts. 
She's Not Just decorative. 

1289
01:11:50,700 --> 01:11:54,600
She's competent, which Tudor 
England actually values in its 

1290
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:56,500
Queen. 
Consorts the court. 

1291
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,400
Henry creates around himself is 
magnificent by English 

1292
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:02,300
standards. 
The Continental observers 

1293
01:12:02,300 --> 01:12:03,700
sometimes find it a bit 
provincial. 

1294
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:08,100
The Great Hall at any of his 
palaces fills with courtiers 

1295
01:12:08,100 --> 01:12:12,400
wearing their finest clothes 
doublets in Rich, Fabrics, gowns

1296
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:15,400
with the elaborate sleeves, and 
hats sporting feathers that cost

1297
01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:19,300
small fortunes. 
The tables grown under roasted 

1298
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:24,000
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 
sculptures and wine from France 

1299
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:26,900
and Spain. 
Musicians play from galleries 

1300
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:29,700
while gestures and acrobats 
provide entertainment between 

1301
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:32,200
courses. 
But beneath the magnifiscents 

1302
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:35,500
Henry's court is a place of 
careful calculation. 

1303
01:12:35,500 --> 01:12:38,700
Every favor granted creates 
obligation. 

1304
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:42,500
Every position, filled affects 
the balance of power between 

1305
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:46,600
competing noble families. 
Every smile or frown from the 

1306
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:50,800
King can make or break careers. 
The men and women surrounding 

1307
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:53,300
Henry are playing a complex 
game, where the rules aren't 

1308
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:55,100
written down but everyone knows 
them. 

1309
01:12:55,100 --> 01:12:58,000
And the penalty for mistakes can
be severe. 

1310
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,900
Henry's approach to kingship in 
these early years is energetic 

1311
01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:05,600
but not particularly focused. 
He wants to be a great king. 

1312
01:13:05,600 --> 01:13:09,500
Certainly But is understanding 
of greatness comes partly from 

1313
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:14,100
medieval romance and partly from
his father's example, great 

1314
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:16,500
Kings, go to war. 
So Henry will go to war. 

1315
01:13:16,500 --> 01:13:20,100
Great kings are learned. 
So, Henry will be learned, great

1316
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:22,300
kings are Pious, so Henry will 
be Pious. 

1317
01:13:22,300 --> 01:13:26,500
It's King ship as performance 
and Henry is a natural 

1318
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,500
performer. 
His counselors particularly the 

1319
01:13:29,500 --> 01:13:32,800
brilliant Thomas Wolsey who 
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 

1320
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:36,000
Chancellor and Cardinal handle. 
Most, actual governance. 

1321
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:41,500
Woolsey is everything, Henry 
isn't lowborn detail oriented 

1322
01:13:41,500 --> 01:13:44,100
and willing to do the boring 
administrative work. 

1323
01:13:44,100 --> 01:13:48,400
That keeps a kingdom functioning
He's also ambitious clever and 

1324
01:13:48,400 --> 01:13:52,000
completely devoted to managing 
Henry's Affairs, in ways that 

1325
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:55,700
keep his royal master happy 
while accumulating power for 

1326
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:59,000
himself, the relationship 
between Henry and Woolsey works 

1327
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:01,200
because it satisfies both men's 
needs. 

1328
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:05,600
Henry gets to play King fighting
Wars, hosting tournaments 

1329
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:09,300
impressing foreign ambassadors 
while Woolsey runs the country. 

1330
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:14,100
Woolsey gets wealth power and 
influence far beyond what his 

1331
01:14:14,100 --> 01:14:17,600
butcher's, son background, would
normally allow It's a 

1332
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:20,700
partnership that will last for 
two decades and accomplish 

1333
01:14:20,700 --> 01:14:24,700
remarkable things, until the 
moment, it doesn't in these 

1334
01:14:24,700 --> 01:14:27,900
early years Henry, occasionally 
mentions his desire for a son. 

1335
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:31,300
Catherine becomes pregnant 
multiple times, but the babies 

1336
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:33,700
don't survive. 
Stillborn daughter. 

1337
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:38,300
A son who lives only weeks and 
more heartbreak, this is common 

1338
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:41,500
in the 16th century. 
When infant mortality claims, at

1339
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,800
least a third of all babies, but
it's particularly significant 

1340
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:46,600
when you're trying to secure a 
dynasty. 

1341
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:49,700
Still Henry and Catherine a 
young. 

1342
01:14:49,700 --> 01:14:54,900
There's time, everyone says this
time Henry's, Englund in these 

1343
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:59,100
early years hums with optimism. 
The king is Young energetic and 

1344
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:02,700
generous. 
Treasury is full the wars with 

1345
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:06,200
France, while expensive and not 
particularly successful. 

1346
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:10,000
At least make England feel 
important on the European stage.

1347
01:15:10,000 --> 01:15:14,100
The monasteries continue their 
centuries old routines the 

1348
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:17,500
parish churches, anchor their 
communities, the Pope's 

1349
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:20,900
Authority remains unquestioned, 
everything seems stable 

1350
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:24,400
permanent and part of a natural 
order that will continue 

1351
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:27,300
indefinitely. 
No one yet imagines that this 

1352
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:29,900
golden young king So devoted to 
his Spanish. 

1353
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:33,700
Catholic wife will become the 
man who breaks England away from

1354
01:15:33,700 --> 01:15:36,300
Rome. 
No one suspects that his 

1355
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,500
desperate desire for her son 
will reshape English, religion, 

1356
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:43,900
politics, and daily life. 
The revolution is coming, but it

1357
01:15:43,900 --> 01:15:48,400
approaches quietly disguised as 
personal frustration rather than

1358
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:52,100
ideological conviction as the 
1520s on fold. 

1359
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:55,400
You might notice subtle changes 
in how England's King speaks 

1360
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:58,100
about Authority and Power. 
It's nothing. 

1361
01:15:58,100 --> 01:16:02,400
Dramatic at first, just a young 
man in his 30s growing more 

1362
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:05,900
confident about his own 
judgment, and less interested in

1363
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:08,000
deferring to others. 
Even others? 

1364
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:11,500
Wearing people TRS Henry's 
theological, education is 

1365
01:16:11,500 --> 01:16:15,100
impressive for a king, Most 
monarchs content themselves with

1366
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:18,100
attending mass and letting 
clergy handle the complicated 

1367
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:20,200
stuff. 
But Henry, actually reads 

1368
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,500
theology. 
His Library contains volumes by 

1369
01:16:23,500 --> 01:16:28,100
Church fathers like Augustine 
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 

1370
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:31,000
like Thomas Aquinas and 
contemporary humanists. 

1371
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,100
He doesn't just read them, he 
makes notes in the margins 

1372
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:38,300
arguing with long dead 
theologians as if they're 

1373
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:39,300
sitting across from him at 
dinner. 

1374
01:16:39,300 --> 01:16:43,600
In 1521, Henry writes a book 
defending the seven sacraments 

1375
01:16:43,600 --> 01:16:48,000
against Martin Luther's attacks?
Yes, rights not commission's, 

1376
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:52,000
not takes credit for, but 
actually writes complete with 

1377
01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:54,900
crossed out sections and 
revisions that Scholars will 

1378
01:16:54,900 --> 01:16:58,400
examine centuries later. 
The bookends in the title 

1379
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:01,300
defender of the face from Pope 
Leo X. 

1380
01:17:02,000 --> 01:17:04,400
Which is deliciously ironic 
given what's coming. 

1381
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:09,300
Henry's genuinely proud of this 
title wearing it like a teenager

1382
01:17:09,300 --> 01:17:12,500
wears their first Varsity 
letter, but here's what makes 

1383
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:15,300
Henry Dangerous. 
He's smart enough to understand 

1384
01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:19,600
complex, theological arguments, 
but convinced enough of his own 

1385
01:17:19,600 --> 01:17:21,900
righteousness to believe that 
when he understands something 

1386
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:25,600
differently than traditional 
interpretation tradition must be

1387
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:28,000
wrong. 
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 

1388
01:17:28,000 --> 01:17:30,600
and crowd and it's going to 
reshape a nation. 

1389
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:33,700
The issue of his marriage to 
Catherine begins, noring at 

1390
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:35,500
Henry like a persistent 
toothache. 

1391
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,900
By the mid 1520 is Catherine is 
in her 40s and unlikely to have 

1392
01:17:39,908 --> 01:17:42,300
more children. 
There are only surviving child 

1393
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:46,300
is Princess Mary and England has
never successfully been ruled by

1394
01:17:46,300 --> 01:17:50,100
a queen in her own right? 
Henry starts wondering if 

1395
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:52,000
perhaps his marriage was cursed 
from the beginning. 

1396
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:55,500
He finds his answer in 
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 

1397
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:57,400
book of laws that most people 
skip over. 

1398
01:17:58,400 --> 01:18:01,900
Chapter 20 verse 21. 
If a man shall take his 

1399
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:06,200
brother's wife, it is an unclean
thing, they should be childless.

1400
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:10,200
Never mind that he has a 
daughter, the Hebrew word Henry 

1401
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:14,500
decides really means sunless. 
Never mind that the pope granted

1402
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:17,600
a dispensation specifically 
allowing him to marry his 

1403
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:20,500
brother's widow. 
Henry has convinced himself that

1404
01:18:20,500 --> 01:18:23,100
God is punishing him for 
violating Divine Law. 

1405
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:26,900
This conclusion isn't entirely 
self-serving though it 

1406
01:18:26,908 --> 01:18:30,800
conveniently aligns with his 
desires, Henry genuinely 

1407
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:33,400
believes in Divine judgment and 
biblical Authority. 

1408
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:37,200
He also genuinely wants a 
legitimate male heir to prevent 

1409
01:18:37,200 --> 01:18:39,700
the Civil War. 
That could erupt, if he dies 

1410
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:43,000
without one, And he very 
definitely wants to marry Anne 

1411
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:46,400
Boleyn the dark eyed lady in 
waiting, who has captured as 

1412
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:50,500
attention, and refuses to become
his mistress, and Berlin is not 

1413
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:52,400
the conventional Beauty, you 
might expect. 

1414
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,100
Contemporary descriptions 
suggests. 

1415
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:57,000
She's interesting looking rather
than pretty. 

1416
01:18:57,800 --> 01:19:03,200
Long neck dark hair, dark eyes, 
and an extra finger on one hand 

1417
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:06,700
that she carefully conceals with
long sleeves but she's 

1418
01:19:06,700 --> 01:19:11,000
sophisticated having spent years
at the French Court educated 

1419
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:14,400
Beyond most women of her time 
and possessed of that quality. 

1420
01:19:14,400 --> 01:19:17,900
That's impossible to Define but 
instantly recognizable. 

1421
01:19:17,900 --> 01:19:22,200
She's fascinating more 
importantly and refuses to sleep

1422
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:24,600
with Henry without marriage, a 
system. 

1423
01:19:24,608 --> 01:19:27,200
Mary had been the king's 
mistress and had been discarded 

1424
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:31,300
when he lost interest. 
And has observed this lesson and

1425
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:35,000
drawn conclusions. 
She'll be queen or nothing. 

1426
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,500
Which drives Henry absolutely 
mad with desire and frustration 

1427
01:19:39,500 --> 01:19:42,900
in equal measure, Henry's 
approached to solve in his great

1428
01:19:42,900 --> 01:19:45,100
matter. 
As the proposed annulment 

1429
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:49,100
becomes known reveals both his 
intelligent and his limitations.

1430
01:19:49,100 --> 01:19:53,900
He deploys theologians to argue 
his case commission, scholarly 

1431
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:57,500
opinions from universities 
across Europe, and has his agent

1432
01:19:57,500 --> 01:20:01,200
search library for precedence. 
He's treating his marriage like 

1433
01:20:01,200 --> 01:20:04,500
a legal case to be one through 
Superior argument and evidence. 

1434
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:08,600
Cardinal Woolsey that brilliant 
administrator whose managed 

1435
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:12,000
England for years finds himself.
Tasked with accomplishing 

1436
01:20:12,000 --> 01:20:16,000
something nearly impossible. 
Convincing Pope Clement, the 

1437
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:18,700
seven to a null Henry's. 
Marriage to Catherine who 

1438
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,500
happens to be the of Charles, 
the fifth, the Holy Roman 

1439
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,500
Emperor who recently sacked, 
Rome and has the pope 

1440
01:20:24,500 --> 01:20:27,900
essentially, under house arrest.
It's like asking someone to 

1441
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,100
convince their captor to anger 
their captors. 

1442
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:32,700
Aunt. 
Woolsey tries everything, 

1443
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:39,100
negotiation persuasion legal 
arguments, implied threats. 

1444
01:20:40,100 --> 01:20:43,400
But it's a chess game with the 
opposing player controls, most 

1445
01:20:43,400 --> 01:20:46,500
of the board, the annulment 
process drags on for years. 

1446
01:20:46,500 --> 01:20:50,300
And during these years, you can 
feel England beginning to shift.

1447
01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:55,200
Subtle at first like the change 
in air pressure before a storm 

1448
01:20:55,208 --> 01:20:58,700
Henri starts, questioning 
people, Authority and ways that 

1449
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:00,100
would have shocked his youngest 
self. 

1450
01:21:01,100 --> 01:21:04,800
If the pope won't Grant, what 
Henry knows is just perhaps the 

1451
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:08,400
Pope's Authority isn't as 
absolute as everyone assumed. 

1452
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:11,700
Protestant ideas have been 
filtering into England like 

1453
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:14,100
water seeping through cracks in 
a damn. 

1454
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:16,800
Merchants traveling to the 
continent. 

1455
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:19,200
Bring back books by Luther and 
other reformers. 

1456
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:23,300
University Scholars, debate, new
theological Concepts. 

1457
01:21:24,100 --> 01:21:27,400
Someone keeps smuggling English 
translations of the Bible into 

1458
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:30,100
the country though. 
Possessing them is heresy. 

1459
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:34,200
These aren't mainstream views, 
most English people remain 

1460
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:37,900
thoroughly Catholic, but they're
creating intellectual space for 

1461
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:39,800
questioning traditional 
Authority. 

1462
01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:43,700
Henry's, personal piety remains 
intense even as he questions, 

1463
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:47,100
papal power. 
He still hears multiple masses 

1464
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:51,500
Daly, still observes fasts and 
holy days and still makes 

1465
01:21:51,500 --> 01:21:53,700
pilgrimages to important 
shrines. 

1466
01:21:54,400 --> 01:21:57,800
But he's developing a distinct 
in his mind between the Eternal 

1467
01:21:57,800 --> 01:22:01,500
truths of Christianity and the 
institutional structures of the 

1468
01:22:01,500 --> 01:22:04,500
Catholic Church. 
If those structures stand 

1469
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:08,600
between him and what, he's 
convinced God wants, perhaps the

1470
01:22:08,600 --> 01:22:12,500
structures need adjustment, the 
English clergy finds itself in 

1471
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:16,000
an impossible position, they 
were Legions to both their King 

1472
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,200
and their Pope which works fine.
And until those two authorities,

1473
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:23,300
want opposite things, Some 
clergy, particularly those who 

1474
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:26,600
have studied reformed theology. 
Starts suggesting that perhaps 

1475
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:28,600
National churches should govern 
themselves. 

1476
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:31,400
Others. 
Remain firmly, committed to 

1477
01:22:31,400 --> 01:22:35,100
papal Supremacy which is brave. 
But increasingly dangerous, 

1478
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:39,200
Thomas, Kramer a Cambridge 
scholar with quiet manners, and 

1479
01:22:39,208 --> 01:22:42,900
radical ideas, enters Henry, 
Circle during this period, 

1480
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:47,000
Kramer suggests that instead of 
asking the pope for permission, 

1481
01:22:47,000 --> 01:22:48,900
Henry should simply declare 
that. 

1482
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:51,500
English religious matters should
be decided in England. 

1483
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:55,000
It's a revolutionary idea 
wrapped in reasonable sounding 

1484
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:58,800
language and Henry loves it. 
Here's someone telling him that 

1485
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:02,000
he's not rebelling against 
proper Authority, his claiming 

1486
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:05,200
Authority, that was rightfully 
his all along the break with 

1487
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:09,200
Rome when it comes won't happen 
in a single dramatic moment. 

1488
01:23:10,200 --> 01:23:13,300
Instead it will unfold a cross 
several years, through a series 

1489
01:23:13,300 --> 01:23:16,700
of parliamentary acts and Royal 
declarations each one. 

1490
01:23:16,700 --> 01:23:20,000
Taking another step away from 
people or authority, while 

1491
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:24,100
claiming to restore a ancient 
English Liberties its revolution

1492
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:28,400
discussed as restoration, 
radical change presented as a 

1493
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:31,800
return to proper order, but 
before the formal break, you can

1494
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:34,000
feel English society 
recalibrating. 

1495
01:23:34,700 --> 01:23:37,700
Conversations in taverns, 
include speculation about the 

1496
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:40,700
king's marriage. 
Sermons from pulpits begin, 

1497
01:23:40,700 --> 01:23:43,500
carefully exploring questions 
about religious Authority, 

1498
01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:46,500
Noble's calculate, which side. 
They should support. 

1499
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:49,800
Families divided by religious 
conviction. 

1500
01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:52,000
Navigating increasingly awkward 
dinners. 

1501
01:23:52,700 --> 01:23:55,600
The foundation's a shifting 
though the buildings still looks

1502
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:59,000
solid from outside. 
Henry himself becomes more 

1503
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:00,900
unpredictable during these years
of frustration. 

1504
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:05,300
He's in his 30s now. 
No longer the golden youth of 

1505
01:24:05,308 --> 01:24:09,300
his coronation, his leg injured 
in a jousting accident, 

1506
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:13,700
troubles, him increasingly His 
temper always quick becomes 

1507
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:18,000
quicker. he's used to getting 
what he wants and the continued 

1508
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:20,900
resistance to his annulment 
offense in both politically and 

1509
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:24,700
personally He's the king 
shouldn't that mean something 

1510
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:28,900
the thing about Henry that makes
him particularly dangerous as a 

1511
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:32,100
religious revolutionary is that 
he doesn't think of himself as 

1512
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:35,500
revolutionary. 
In his mind, he's defending 

1513
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:37,800
proper order against people 
overreach. 

1514
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:41,800
Claiming rights that English 
kings always possessed but 

1515
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:45,200
previous generations. 
Fail, to exercise, he's not 

1516
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:48,400
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.
His breaking with people 

1517
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:51,800
authority over England which in 
his increasingly firm, 

1518
01:24:51,800 --> 01:24:55,100
conviction are entirely 
different things, the 

1519
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:57,700
transformation of England's, 
religious life, doesn't happen 

1520
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,800
with trumpets and proclamations 
announcing that everything has 

1521
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:06,100
changed in Stead, it arrives, 
quietly almost apologetically 

1522
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:11,600
Skies does administrative reform
and legal clarification in 1531 

1523
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:13,500
Henry. 
Has Parliament declared him. 

1524
01:25:13,508 --> 01:25:16,600
Supreme head of the Church of 
England with the careful 

1525
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:20,700
qualifier as far as the law of 
Christ allows Which is just 

1526
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:22,900
vague enough to let everyone 
interpret it. 

1527
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:25,800
However, they need to. 
Clergy who find this 

1528
01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:27,700
uncomfortable can focus on the 
qualifier. 

1529
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:32,200
Reformers can focus on the main 
Clause Henry can present it to 

1530
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:34,600
simple recognition of existing 
reality. 

1531
01:25:34,600 --> 01:25:38,600
The act of Supremacy in 1534 
removes the qualifier and makes 

1532
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:40,700
it official. 
King not. 

1533
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:43,700
The pope is the Supreme head of 
the church in England. 

1534
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:46,900
If you're a parish priest, 
reading this proclamation to 

1535
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:49,900
your congregation, you might 
notice the awkward silence. 

1536
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:52,700
That follows your prisoners 
aren't sure how to react 

1537
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,500
nothing. 
Looks different, same church 

1538
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:59,000
buildings, same vestments, same 
Latin Mass but somehow, 

1539
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:02,700
Everything Has Changed Thomas 
Cromwell who has become Henry's 

1540
01:26:02,700 --> 01:26:05,500
chief minister. 
After all his fall, approaches 

1541
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:08,300
the transformation of England 
with the efficiency of a, modern

1542
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:11,900
corporate restructure. 
Where wolves he was a cardinal 

1543
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:15,400
first and an administrator. 
Second Cromwell is purely 

1544
01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:19,100
practical, a blacksmith's son, 
who understands that power comes

1545
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:21,200
not from Noble birth or church 
office. 

1546
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:25,300
But from controlling information
and process, Cromwell sends 

1547
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:28,800
Commissioners across England. 
To inventory, Church property a 

1548
01:26:28,800 --> 01:26:30,900
process called The Valor 
ecclesiasticus. 

1549
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:34,200
Imagine teams of men with paper 
and pens. 

1550
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:37,900
Visiting your local Monastery, 
counting every Candlestick 

1551
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:40,200
measuring. 
Every acre of land and 

1552
01:26:40,200 --> 01:26:42,700
calculating every pound of 
income. 

1553
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:47,300
They're creating a database of 
ecclesiastical wealth though. 

1554
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:50,500
Nobody uses that term. 
Yet the monks and nuns watch, 

1555
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:53,100
this inventory process with 
growing unease. 

1556
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:55,200
Sensing that you don't count 
things. 

1557
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:57,900
This carefully, unless you're 
planning to take them the 

1558
01:26:57,900 --> 01:27:01,600
dissolution of the monasteries 
begins in 1536 with the smaller 

1559
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:04,900
houses, those with annual 
incomes under $200. 

1560
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:09,900
The official justification 
involves moral failing laziness 

1561
01:27:09,900 --> 01:27:13,300
and Corruption though. 
Most monasteries probably 

1562
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:16,300
function no better or worse than
they have for centuries. 

1563
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:19,700
The real reason is simpler. 
Henry needs money. 

1564
01:27:20,600 --> 01:27:23,600
Wars with France have depleted, 
his father's carefully 

1565
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,700
accumulated Treasury and 
hundreds of monasteries 

1566
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:29,600
collectively owned somewhere 
between a quarter and a third of

1567
01:27:29,608 --> 01:27:32,000
England's land. 
If you're living near a 

1568
01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:35,500
monastery in 1536, you watch 
with mixed feelings. 

1569
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:38,600
As the Commissioners arrived, 
the monastery provided 

1570
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:42,000
employment for local people, 
bought supplies from local, 

1571
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,900
Merchants operated, a hospital 
that treated anyone who showed 

1572
01:27:45,900 --> 01:27:50,300
up ran a school, where boys, 
learn to read and write and gave

1573
01:27:50,300 --> 01:27:54,400
food to the poor every week. 
It's also wealthy while paying 

1574
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:58,500
no taxes holds ancient rites 
that sometimes burden the 

1575
01:27:58,500 --> 01:28:02,200
community and house is Moncks, 
whose behavior isn't always a 

1576
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,800
spiritual as their vows suggest.
The dissolution process is 

1577
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:09,500
surprisingly bureaucratic. 
Commissioners, inventory, the 

1578
01:28:09,508 --> 01:28:14,000
property pension off the monks 
and nuns and sell the valuable 

1579
01:28:14,000 --> 01:28:18,900
items, gold and silver plate. 
LED from the roofs Bells from 

1580
01:28:18,900 --> 01:28:22,000
the towers and even the Stone 
from the buildings themselves. 

1581
01:28:23,200 --> 01:28:26,300
Local people sometimes buy 
chunks of Monastery to build 

1582
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:30,100
their own houses which means 600
years later, someone will be 

1583
01:28:30,100 --> 01:28:34,000
living in a cottage whose walls 
include stones that wants echoed

1584
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:37,800
with Gregorian chant the speed 
of physical transformation is 

1585
01:28:37,800 --> 01:28:42,400
startling a monastery that stood
for 400 years can be stripped, 

1586
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:44,200
and partially demolished in 
months. 

1587
01:28:45,100 --> 01:28:48,800
Visit the site year later and 
you'll find ruins open to the 

1588
01:28:48,800 --> 01:28:51,400
sky. 
Ivy already beginning to reclaim

1589
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:55,000
walls and locals using the old 
chapter house as a sheep pen. 

1590
01:28:56,000 --> 01:28:58,900
The destruction is so complete 
that people will later assumed 

1591
01:28:58,900 --> 01:29:02,900
these ruins must be ancient. 
Surely nothing so recent could 

1592
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:06,600
look so thoroughly lost but the 
transformation goes deeper than 

1593
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:10,100
dismantling buildings. 
The dissolution eliminates the 

1594
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:13,800
entire monastic Network that 
provided Social Services across 

1595
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:18,800
England hospitals, closed 
schools disappear, the regular 

1596
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:20,800
distribution of food to the poor
stops. 

1597
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:25,200
Travelers lose their free. 
Accommodation, monasteries that 

1598
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:27,900
copied manuscripts and preserved
learning are gone. 

1599
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:32,200
It's like simultaneously 
shutting down hospitals, hotels 

1600
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:36,200
schools, libraries and social 
welfare offices across an entire

1601
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,400
nation. 
Some communities resist In 

1602
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:41,900
northern England, the pilgrimage
of Grace brings together. 

1603
01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:46,600
Thousands of people, not just 
monks but Farmers Merchants and 

1604
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:50,000
local Nobles demanding 
restoration of the monasteries 

1605
01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:53,000
and the old ways. 
It's the largest popular 

1606
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,500
uprising of Tudor England and 
Henry handles it with his 

1607
01:29:56,500 --> 01:29:59,500
characteristic combination of 
promises and ruthlessness. 

1608
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:04,000
He makes concessions, wait for 
the rebels to disperse, then 

1609
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:06,000
arrest, the leaders, and execute
them. 

1610
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:09,100
By the time he's finished, 
nobody else wants to lead a 

1611
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:12,600
rebellion, the larger 
monasteries fall between 1538 

1612
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:16,000
and 1540. 
Even the great houses like 

1613
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:19,000
Glastonbury Abbey. 
That once seemed as permanent as

1614
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:23,300
the hills themselves. 
The dissolution transfers an 

1615
01:30:23,300 --> 01:30:26,700
enormous amount of property into
Royal hands, which Henry 

1616
01:30:26,700 --> 01:30:30,100
immediately begins selling or 
granting to Loyal supporters. 

1617
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:33,700
It's the largest redistribution 
of property in England since the

1618
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:38,000
Norman conquest, and it creates 
a class of landowners whose 

1619
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:39,800
wealth depends on the religious 
changes. 

1620
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:43,000
Continuing, you can't go back to
the old system without 

1621
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:46,200
dispossessing thousands of newly
wealthy families who now have 

1622
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:49,300
strong interests in maintaining 
the New Order, religious 

1623
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:53,000
practices itself changes more 
gradually, the Latin Mass 

1624
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:56,300
continues in most parishes 
looking and sounding almost 

1625
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:58,100
identical to what it's always 
been. 

1626
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:02,000
But small changes appear like 
cracks and familiar surfaces, 

1627
01:31:02,000 --> 01:31:07,000
certain feast days are 
eliminated shrines to Saints a 

1628
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:08,900
dismantled. 
In their Treasures sees to 

1629
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:12,800
pilgrimage is once a standard 
part of religious life are 

1630
01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:16,100
discouraged. 
The veneration of relics, those 

1631
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:18,800
bits of bone and cloth, 
supposedly from Saints. 

1632
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:23,000
His criticized as Superstition. 
English, Bible's begin appearing

1633
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:27,400
in churches, enormous volume's 
chain to lecture so nobody can 

1634
01:31:27,400 --> 01:31:30,300
steal them. 
For people who can read, this is

1635
01:31:30,300 --> 01:31:33,900
revolutionary. they can now 
check whether the priest Latin 

1636
01:31:33,900 --> 01:31:37,500
sermon actually reflects what 
the text says for people who 

1637
01:31:37,500 --> 01:31:41,500
can't read, which is most people
Someone in the community usually

1638
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,500
can and Bible reading becomes a 
communal activity. 

1639
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:47,100
As people gather to hear 
scripture in their own language.

1640
01:31:47,100 --> 01:31:51,500
The theological changes are more
subtle Henry insists. 

1641
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:54,100
He's maintained Catholic 
Doctrine, even while rejecting 

1642
01:31:54,100 --> 01:31:59,200
people Authority, The six 
articles of 1539, reaffirm 

1643
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:02,600
traditional beliefs about 
transubstantiation clerical, 

1644
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:06,700
celibacy and confession. 
But the door has been open to 

1645
01:32:06,708 --> 01:32:09,800
questioning and once you start 
questioning one form of 

1646
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,300
authority, it becomes harder to 
insist on unquestioning 

1647
01:32:13,300 --> 01:32:15,800
acceptance of others, Thomas 
cranmer. 

1648
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:20,700
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 
begins carefully, cautiously 

1649
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:24,100
pushing England toward more 
Protestant positions. 

1650
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:27,700
He's a brilliant politician. 
Who understands that Henry? 

1651
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:32,200
Won't accept dramatic changes. 
So we Works incrementally a 

1652
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:33,700
modification to the Liturgy 
here. 

1653
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:38,000
A revised prayer there slowly 
Shifting the service away from 

1654
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:41,900
medieval Catholic practice 
towards something more reformed,

1655
01:32:41,900 --> 01:32:43,900
the chantries come under 
scrutiny. 

1656
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:47,700
Next these are endowments for 
priests to say masses for the 

1657
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:52,000
dead based on the Catholic 
doctrine of purgatory. wealthy 

1658
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,300
people have for centuries left 
money to pay for prayers, that 

1659
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:59,600
will shorten their time in 
purgatory's, purifying fires, if

1660
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:03,200
you question poetry's existence,
these endowments become 

1661
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:06,100
pointless and the property 
supporting them becomes 

1662
01:33:06,100 --> 01:33:09,300
available for other purposes, 
like funding the king's 

1663
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:12,500
government, daily life ordinary 
English, people becomes a 

1664
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:16,100
religiously confusing Your 
grandparents taught you to pray 

1665
01:33:16,100 --> 01:33:20,000
to Saints, to make pilgrimages 
and to purchase indulgences. 

1666
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:23,900
The old priest emphasized, these
practices as essential for 

1667
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:27,500
salvation, the new priest says, 
their Superstition, your 

1668
01:33:27,500 --> 01:33:30,600
supposed to stop venerating 
relics but continue believing in

1669
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,300
transubstantiation you should 
read the Bible in English but 

1670
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:36,100
maintain traditional liturgy and
Latin. 

1671
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:39,200
It's like trying to follow rules
that keep changing without 

1672
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:41,000
anyone. 
Quite explaining the new system,

1673
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:44,300
the destruction of religious art
represents a particularly 

1674
01:33:44,300 --> 01:33:47,400
visible loss. 
Parish churches contained, 

1675
01:33:47,400 --> 01:33:51,600
centuries of accumulated, Beauty
painted walls showing biblical 

1676
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:55,100
scenes stained glass windows 
depicting Saints. 

1677
01:33:55,100 --> 01:34:00,200
Elaborate wooden screens carved 
by local Craftsmen and statues 

1678
01:34:00,200 --> 01:34:03,900
that children had always known 
Commissioners order, this art 

1679
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:07,400
destroyed as idolatrous and 
people watch as Beauty 

1680
01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:11,400
accumulated over Generations is 
whitewashed smashed or carted 

1681
01:34:11,400 --> 01:34:14,500
away. 
Something about this destruction

1682
01:34:14,500 --> 01:34:17,800
feels wrong even to people who 
support reform must 

1683
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:20,600
transformational require such 
comprehensive elimination of the

1684
01:34:20,608 --> 01:34:23,500
past, the religious upheaval 
reshapes. 

1685
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:27,400
English daily life in ways, both
obvious, and subtle, like water,

1686
01:34:27,400 --> 01:34:30,400
changing course, and cutting new
channels through a familiar 

1687
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:32,000
landscape. 
Your morning. 

1688
01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:34,800
Still begins with bells but 
fewer bells. 

1689
01:34:34,800 --> 01:34:38,800
And before the monastic hours 
that once punctuated each day 

1690
01:34:38,800 --> 01:34:42,400
with their bronze voices, have 
fallen silent leaving, only 

1691
01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:45,000
Parish church bells to Mark the 
passing time. 

1692
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:48,400
The absence is like, missing 
teeth in a smile. 

1693
01:34:48,400 --> 01:34:51,800
You don't notice until you do 
and then you can't stop 

1694
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:54,700
noticing. 
The calendar itself has changed.

1695
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,800
Those feast days that once 
dotted the year like raisins in 

1696
01:34:58,800 --> 01:35:02,500
a pudding giving breaks from 
labor and reasons for Community 

1697
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:05,400
celebration have been 
drastically reduced. 

1698
01:35:06,400 --> 01:35:09,500
The new religious authorities 
consider many Saints days to be 

1699
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:13,300
superstitious success. 
But to work in people, they were

1700
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:15,300
welcome breaks in the grinding 
routine of Labor. 

1701
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:18,300
Fewer. 
Holy days means more work days 

1702
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:22,900
which pleases employers but not 
employees, food culture shifts 

1703
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:26,500
in unexpected ways the Catholic 
Church required fasting on 

1704
01:35:26,508 --> 01:35:30,400
Fridays during Lent. 
No meat though, fish was 

1705
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:34,900
permitted, this created a huge 
market for fish supporting 

1706
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:37,600
Coastal communities and 
providing nutrition to people 

1707
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:39,300
who might not otherwise afford 
protein. 

1708
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:43,500
Protestant ideas, spread and 
fasting requirements are 

1709
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:45,100
questioned. 
The fish trade suffers 

1710
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:47,700
Parliament. 
Eventually has to pass laws. 

1711
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:51,500
Requiring fish consumption on 
certain days for purely economic

1712
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:54,700
reasons, which creates the odd 
situation of enforcing, 

1713
01:35:54,700 --> 01:35:57,100
religious dietary rules for 
commercial purposes. 

1714
01:35:57,100 --> 01:36:01,600
After a banding them, for 
Spiritual reasons, the poor feel

1715
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:05,500
the dissolution of monasteries 
most acutely. that Weekly 

1716
01:36:05,500 --> 01:36:09,000
distribution of food, from the 
Abbey, is gone hospital that 

1717
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:13,200
treated anyone who arrived no 
longer exists, The monks Who 

1718
01:36:13,200 --> 01:36:16,500
provided education to clever 
children from poor families of 

1719
01:36:16,500 --> 01:36:19,800
dispersed, The Travelers. 
Accommodation has closed. 

1720
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:23,800
The result is more people with 
nowhere to turn when times are 

1721
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:27,600
hard, which in the 16th century 
is frequently parishes. 

1722
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,000
Find themselves responsible for 
poor relief without the 

1723
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:33,000
resources. 
Monasteries once provided The 

1724
01:36:33,000 --> 01:36:36,200
parish has to care for its own 
poor, which sounds reasonable 

1725
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:39,500
Until you realize poor people 
can't travel to find work 

1726
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:42,400
without losing their, Parish 
residents, effectively trapping 

1727
01:36:42,400 --> 01:36:45,300
them in poverty. 
It's like deleting the social 

1728
01:36:45,300 --> 01:36:48,900
safety net and replacing it with
a smaller less effective. 

1729
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:51,600
Local version while. 
Pretending you've improved 

1730
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:55,700
things education transforms from
religious to secular control 

1731
01:36:55,700 --> 01:36:58,300
though. 
The transition takes decades and

1732
01:36:58,300 --> 01:37:01,100
leaves gaps. 
Monastery, schools have 

1733
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:03,800
vanished. 
Cathedral schools continue. 

1734
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:07,100
But with different emphasis, 
grammar schools, begin appearing

1735
01:37:07,100 --> 01:37:10,500
funded by Merchants money or 
wealthy individuals rather than 

1736
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:13,800
religious houses. 
The education is still heavily 

1737
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:16,400
religious. 
You can't escape that in Tudor 

1738
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:18,800
England but its purpose shifts 
from training. 

1739
01:37:18,800 --> 01:37:21,000
Clergy to training gentlemen and
professionals. 

1740
01:37:21,000 --> 01:37:24,200
The English language itself 
begins changing as religious 

1741
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:28,800
vocabulary transforms. 
Words like priests acquired 

1742
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:30,500
different. 
Implications depending on 

1743
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:34,800
whether your Protestant or 
Catholic, Church might mean the 

1744
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:38,200
building the community of 
Believers or the institutional 

1745
01:37:38,200 --> 01:37:41,600
structure and which meaning you 
intend, says something about 

1746
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,900
your religious position. 
The Bible in English introduces 

1747
01:37:45,900 --> 01:37:49,000
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 
directly into common speech 

1748
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:52,600
enriching the language even as 
religious controversy. 

1749
01:37:52,600 --> 01:37:57,200
Divides communities, women's 
roles shift in complex ways the 

1750
01:37:57,200 --> 01:37:59,300
dissolution of nunneries 
eliminates. 

1751
01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:02,300
The one respectable option for 
women who didn't want to marry 

1752
01:38:02,300 --> 01:38:04,800
or whose families couldn't 
provide dowries. 

1753
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:08,900
Before the dissolution, an 
educated woman could become a 

1754
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:12,300
prioress or Abbas managing 
substantial property and 

1755
01:38:12,300 --> 01:38:16,800
wielding real Authority. 
After the dissolution that path 

1756
01:38:16,800 --> 01:38:20,300
no longer exists. 
Marriage becomes more thoroughly

1757
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:22,500
compulsory which isn't 
Liberation. 

1758
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:26,400
Even if Protestant, theology 
emphasizes companionate marriage

1759
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:30,000
over Catholic acceptance of 
celibacy architecture, begins 

1760
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:33,600
changing. 
The gradually new houses built 

1761
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:35,700
by families who bought Monastery
lands. 

1762
01:38:35,700 --> 01:38:38,800
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

1763
01:38:38,800 --> 01:38:43,000
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

1764
01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:45,200
Now that clear glasses becoming 
more of available. 

1765
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:48,300
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

1766
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,900
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose comes from Royal 

1767
01:38:51,900 --> 01:38:55,600
favor and land speculation 
rather than ancient inheritance 

1768
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:58,600
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

1769
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:02,300
Afflict tradition included, 
elaborate rituals surrounding 

1770
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:05,400
death. 
Last rites prayers for the dead 

1771
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:08,500
and masses, purchase to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

1772
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:13,700
Protestant theology questions 
purgatory's existence, which 

1773
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:16,600
removes the urgency around 
deathbed preparations. 

1774
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:18,500
While also eliminating the 
Comfort. 

1775
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:22,400
Many people found in believing 
they could help deceased loved 

1776
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:25,500
ones through prayer and paid 
masses guilds and 

1777
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:28,400
confraternities. 
Those medieval organizations 

1778
01:39:28,400 --> 01:39:31,000
that combined Professional 
Organization with religious 

1779
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:33,700
Brotherhood. 
Find their religious functions 

1780
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:36,700
questioned. 
The guild still regulates who 

1781
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,500
can practice certain trades but 
the shared masses, the 

1782
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:44,500
procession on patron saints days
and the religious obligations, 

1783
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:47,300
that bound members together. 
These are increasingly 

1784
01:39:47,300 --> 01:39:52,500
problematic Some guilds adapt. 
Others declined, an urban 

1785
01:39:52,500 --> 01:39:55,300
community, life becomes somehow 
more commercial and less 

1786
01:39:55,300 --> 01:39:58,300
communal. 
Publishing explodes as religious

1787
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,100
controversy creates demand for 
books and pamphlets. 

1788
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:05,000
Arguing different positions, 
print shops in London, and other

1789
01:40:05,000 --> 01:40:09,900
cities turn out, Bibles prayer, 
books, theological treaties and 

1790
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:13,400
controversial pamphlets. 
The government tries to control 

1791
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:16,400
this through license and 
censorship, but books are small 

1792
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:20,000
and smuggling is easy. 
Idea spread faster than 

1793
01:40:20,008 --> 01:40:22,900
authorities, can suppress them 
which is both thrilling and 

1794
01:40:22,900 --> 01:40:26,400
frightening depending on which 
ideas you support music and 

1795
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:29,900
churches shifts from elaborate 
Plymouth sung by trained choirs 

1796
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:32,900
to simpler hymns. 
The congregations can actually 

1797
01:40:32,900 --> 01:40:36,400
sing together. 
The Glorious complexity of late 

1798
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:39,300
medieval church music as being 
replaced by something more 

1799
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:42,300
participatory but perhaps less 
transcendent. 

1800
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:46,100
If you love that soaring 
polyphony, this feels like loss.

1801
01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:49,500
If you always felt excluded by 
Latin hymns, you couldn't 

1802
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:51,200
understand sung by 
professionals. 

1803
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:55,000
You couldn't match the change. 
Feels like finally being invited

1804
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,000
to participate. 
The rhythm of the week changes 

1805
01:40:58,000 --> 01:41:00,200
as Sunday becomes more strictly 
observed. 

1806
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:04,200
Protest in emphasis on Sabbath. 
Rest means fewer of the 

1807
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:06,600
entertainments that wants a 
company had holy days. 

1808
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:11,600
No danceing know plays and no 
excessive merry-making on the 

1809
01:41:11,600 --> 01:41:14,800
Lord's Day. 
This creates peculiarly English 

1810
01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:20,000
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 
to Children, then and now, but 

1811
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:23,300
also theoretically a day of rest
that even servants and 

1812
01:41:23,300 --> 01:41:26,100
apprentices should receive legal
changes. 

1813
01:41:26,100 --> 01:41:30,100
Ripple through Daily Life Church
courts which once handle cases 

1814
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:34,200
involving morality marriage, 
wills and defamation lose 

1815
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:38,700
jurisdiction to secular courts. 
This sounds technical Until you 

1816
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:42,200
realize it affects where you go.
If your neighbor Slanders you 

1817
01:41:42,200 --> 01:41:45,700
how you can test a will or how 
you prove your marriage is 

1818
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:48,200
valid. 
The Familiar systems, people 

1819
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:51,500
relied on for Generations are 
being replaced with new 

1820
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:55,200
structures that work differently
and require different expertise 

1821
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:58,800
Market Days. 
Continue as always the need to 

1822
01:41:58,808 --> 01:42:02,900
buy and sell predates any 
religious controversy character 

1823
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:07,400
of markets shift subtly Fewer. 
Religious festivals means fewer.

1824
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:10,800
Special Market Days. 
The dissolution of monasteries 

1825
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:14,500
eliminates major institutional 
buyers of agricultural products.

1826
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:18,900
former Monastery land being 
converted to sheep pasture by 

1827
01:42:18,908 --> 01:42:23,400
new owners changes, what's being
produced Invisible Hand of the 

1828
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:27,300
market is adjusting to religious
upheaval in ways economists 

1829
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:29,200
won't theorize about for 
centuries. 

1830
01:42:29,200 --> 01:42:33,600
Travel become simultaneously 
easier and harder easier because

1831
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:35,800
you no longer have to 
coordinate, pilgrimages around 

1832
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:38,800
the religious calendar, or 
obtained permission from church,

1833
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:42,500
authorities harder, because the 
network of monastic, guest 

1834
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:45,700
houses as vanished leaving 
Travelers dependent on 

1835
01:42:45,700 --> 01:42:49,500
Commercial ins, that cost money.
The highways are more crowded 

1836
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:52,400
with people seeking work. 
After losing positions in 

1837
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:56,100
dissolved religious houses, 
which makes roads both busier 

1838
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:59,100
and potentially more dangerous 
Family Life. 

1839
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:03,000
Absorbs, these changes like a 
sponge absorbs water, gradually 

1840
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:05,400
pervasively, changing texture in
the process. 

1841
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:08,200
Parents who grew up in 
Thoroughly Catholic? 

1842
01:43:08,200 --> 01:43:09,900
England must raise children in 
this. 

1843
01:43:09,900 --> 01:43:12,200
New confused religious 
landscape. 

1844
01:43:12,900 --> 01:43:15,500
Do you teach your daughter to 
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 

1845
01:43:15,508 --> 01:43:18,300
were taught or is that now? 
A dangerous Superstition. 

1846
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,800
Do you tell your son about 
purgatory or as that been 

1847
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:25,300
definitively rejected? 
The answers depend on which 

1848
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:28,500
priest is currently preaching, 
which faction is currently 

1849
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:31,100
dominant and how willing you are
to risk? 

1850
01:43:31,100 --> 01:43:32,900
Being labeled either heretic or 
papers. 

1851
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:37,000
The English language of religion
is creating unexpected intimacy 

1852
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:39,200
with scripture. 
When you hear the Bible in 

1853
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:42,200
Latin, it sounds sacred 
mysterious and authoritative 

1854
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:46,800
when you hear it in English, it 
sometimes sounds strange or even

1855
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,900
shocking. 
The Song of Solomon is quite 

1856
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:51,700
explicit. 
Once you understand it? 

1857
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,400
Profits complaints about 
Israel's, unfaithfulness use 

1858
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:58,300
metaphors, that make sense, but 
aren't exactly polite in a 

1859
01:43:58,300 --> 01:44:01,600
conversation. 
Suddenly scripture is both more 

1860
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:04,000
accessible and more difficult to
explain to children. 

1861
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:07,300
In this grows complicated as 
religious divisions. 

1862
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,300
Cut through communities, your 
neighbor with whom you've lived 

1863
01:44:10,300 --> 01:44:12,400
peacefully for years. 
Turns out to hold different 

1864
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:16,000
views about transubstantiation, 
which shouldn't matter except 

1865
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:19,500
that, it increasingly does. 
You associate with known 

1866
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:21,700
Catholics at risk of being, 
suspect yourself. 

1867
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:25,000
Do you shun reformers even 
though you've known them since 

1868
01:44:25,000 --> 01:44:27,500
childhood? 
These aren't theoretical 

1869
01:44:27,500 --> 01:44:29,800
questions. 
They're the stuff of daily 

1870
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,800
social navigation, in a time 
when a religious positions, 

1871
01:44:32,800 --> 01:44:35,800
carry political consequences 
clothes don't change 

1872
01:44:35,800 --> 01:44:39,300
dramatically but they become 
markers of religious affiliation

1873
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:42,900
in subtle ways. 
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 

1874
01:44:42,900 --> 01:44:46,700
suggest Protestant sympathies 
while elaborate decoration might

1875
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:49,000
indicate. 
Catholic, leanings though, these

1876
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:53,000
associations are fluid and 
unreliable looking to Catholic 

1877
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:55,900
can be dangerous but looking to 
Protestant, can also attract 

1878
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,800
negative attention, fashion 
becomes a negotiation between 

1879
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:03,200
personal preference and 
political Prudence entertainment

1880
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:05,300
adapts to the new religious 
landscape. 

1881
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:09,300
The mystery plays that once 
traumatized biblical stories 

1882
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:11,900
during religious festivals, or 
increasingly problematic. 

1883
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:17,100
Their religious instruction, but
also performance Catholic and 

1884
01:45:17,100 --> 01:45:18,600
origin. 
But popular with everyone 

1885
01:45:18,600 --> 01:45:22,300
traditional but potentially 
heretical depending on current 

1886
01:45:22,300 --> 01:45:25,300
theological position. 
Some continued with 

1887
01:45:25,308 --> 01:45:29,500
modifications others, disappear,
leaving gaps, and community 

1888
01:45:29,500 --> 01:45:32,700
life, that nothing quite 
replaces furniture and homes 

1889
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,600
gradually changes as Protestant 
theology emphasizes word over 

1890
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:39,500
image. 
That small altar in the corner 

1891
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:41,700
where your grandmother kept 
candles and a picture of the 

1892
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:45,000
Virgin becomes awkward. 
Do you remove it and risk, 

1893
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:48,400
offending older, family members 
or keep it and risk visits from 

1894
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:50,500
officials checking for Catholic 
sympathies. 

1895
01:45:50,500 --> 01:45:55,300
Many families compromise. 
The altar is quietly dismantled,

1896
01:45:55,300 --> 01:46:00,200
but the picture is kept in a 
drawer just in case the pub that

1897
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:03,100
is Central English. 
Institution becomes more 

1898
01:46:03,100 --> 01:46:05,100
important. 
As Church, centered Community 

1899
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:08,700
Life diminishes. 
When holy days no longer provide

1900
01:46:08,700 --> 01:46:12,400
regular Community, Gatherings 
people need other places to meet

1901
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:17,800
talk and maintain social bonds. 
The Ale House serves this 

1902
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:21,300
function, the religious 
authorities frequently, complain

1903
01:46:21,300 --> 01:46:25,000
about how much time people spend
drinking, instead of attending 

1904
01:46:25,000 --> 01:46:28,900
services or reading scripture 
children growing up in this era 

1905
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:31,400
of transformation experience, a 
different England than their 

1906
01:46:31,400 --> 01:46:34,300
parents knew. 
They learn English prayers and 

1907
01:46:34,300 --> 01:46:37,900
ones. 
Riding English Bibles in church 

1908
01:46:37,900 --> 01:46:41,500
and never know a world with 
monasteries to them. 

1909
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:45,100
The changes, their parents 
described sound like fairy tales

1910
01:46:45,100 --> 01:46:48,400
about a lost world. 
They can't quite imagine what 

1911
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:50,800
was lost because they've only 
known what replaced it. 

1912
01:46:50,808 --> 01:46:54,600
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 
agricultural, practice adapts to

1913
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:59,300
new land ownership patterns. 
The great monastic Estates once 

1914
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:02,100
managed for long-term 
sustainability and Community 

1915
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:06,700
Support are being divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

1916
01:47:06,700 --> 01:47:09,500
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

1917
01:47:09,508 --> 01:47:13,100
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields are being converted to 

1918
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:16,100
more. 
Lucrative uses The landscape 

1919
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:19,400
itself is being reorganized 
according to economic logic 

1920
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:22,700
rather than traditional usage 
rights death. 

1921
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:25,800
Always a constant companion in 
the 16th century. 

1922
01:47:26,800 --> 01:47:30,500
Was religiously uncertain. 
The elaborate Catholic funeral 

1923
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:33,000
rites the prayers, the paid 
masses. 

1924
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,500
The belief that the living could
help the dead provided both 

1925
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:41,000
comfort and structure for grief.
Protestant theology offers 

1926
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,400
different Comfort. 
The deceased is in God's hands 

1927
01:47:44,400 --> 01:47:46,100
prayer. 
Can't change their fate. 

1928
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:49,700
Some find liberating and others 
find cold. 

1929
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,000
Grief remains, but the approved 
ways of expressing and 

1930
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:57,400
addressing it have changed. 
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 

1931
01:47:57,400 --> 01:48:02,700
in 1547, England has become 
something unprecedented a nation

1932
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,700
that's Catholic, indeed but 
Protestant in governance, 

1933
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:10,400
traditional in practice, but 
radical in theory, conservative 

1934
01:48:10,400 --> 01:48:14,500
by Royal Decree, but unsettled 
in popular opinion, the England 

1935
01:48:14,500 --> 01:48:17,400
Henry leaves behind is 
thoroughly confused about its 

1936
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:21,200
religious identity. 
Which is partly his doing and 

1937
01:48:21,200 --> 01:48:24,300
partly the inevitable result of 
trying to maintain Catholic 

1938
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:26,600
theology. 
While rejecting people 

1939
01:48:26,600 --> 01:48:29,000
Authority. 
It's like trying to follow a 

1940
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:31,600
recipe while substituting 
different ingredients and 

1941
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:34,000
insisting. 
The result is the original dish,

1942
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:37,800
but something deeper has shifted
beyond the specific theological 

1943
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,800
positions. 
England has discovered that it 

1944
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:44,400
can exist independently of 
Continental approval, For 

1945
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:47,100
centuries. 
English kings, look to the pope 

1946
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:51,400
for legitimacy to France, for 
cultural standards and to roam 

1947
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:55,400
for intellectual Authority. 
Henry's break with Rome, 

1948
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:59,400
whatever its motivation. 
Has forced England to develop 

1949
01:48:59,400 --> 01:49:02,100
its own Arts as to religious and
political questions. 

1950
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:04,600
The English Bible which Henry 
authorized. 

1951
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:08,100
Despite his conservative 
theology proves transformative 

1952
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:10,400
in ways. 
Nobody initially anticipated. 

1953
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,400
Now, that ordinary people can 
read scripture themselves, they 

1954
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,800
start developing their own 
interpretations. 

1955
01:49:17,700 --> 01:49:21,500
Religious Authority becomes less
about receiving instruction and 

1956
01:49:21,500 --> 01:49:24,300
more about individual 
understanding, which is 

1957
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:27,000
fundamentally Protestant. 
Even when the reader doesn't 

1958
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:30,600
identify as Protestant, the 
dissolution of monasteries is 

1959
01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:33,800
redistributed. 
So much property, that thousands

1960
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:35,700
of families. 
Now are vested interest in 

1961
01:49:35,700 --> 01:49:39,900
preventing Catholic restoration,
They've bought Monastery lands, 

1962
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:43,400
built houses on them and 
established their fortunes 

1963
01:49:43,400 --> 01:49:44,900
through Henry's religious 
policies. 

1964
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:47,700
Going back to the old system 
would impoverish them. 

1965
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:50,800
So they become committed to 
Defenders of the New Order, even

1966
01:49:50,800 --> 01:49:52,900
if they don't particularly care 
about theology. 

1967
01:49:52,900 --> 01:49:56,200
Parliament has grown stronger 
through its role in authorizing 

1968
01:49:56,200 --> 01:49:59,900
religious changes. 
Henry needed parliamentary acts 

1969
01:49:59,900 --> 01:50:03,900
to break with Rome desolve, 
monasteries, and establish Royal

1970
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:06,600
Supremacy. 
Each acting, Christ 

1971
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,000
parliament's, important and set 
precedence for legislative 

1972
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:12,700
authority over matters that were
previously considered Royal 

1973
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:15,700
prerogative. 
England is accidentally 

1974
01:50:15,700 --> 01:50:18,600
developing constitutional 
government while trying to 

1975
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:22,100
manage religious transformation.
The English language as gained 

1976
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:26,600
Prestige through its religious 
use When the Bible prayer book 

1977
01:50:26,608 --> 01:50:29,300
and religious instruction all 
appear in English rather than 

1978
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:33,500
Latin the language stops, being 
merely vernacular and becomes 

1979
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:35,600
worthy of serious literature and
scholarship. 

1980
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:39,500
This linguistic nationalism will
eventually contribute to an 

1981
01:50:39,500 --> 01:50:41,300
extraordinary flowering of 
English. 

1982
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,600
Literature though, Shakespeare 
is still decades in the future. 

1983
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:48,200
National identity is forming 
around these religious changes 

1984
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:49,900
in ways that were last 
centuries. 

1985
01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:54,600
English will increasingly mean 
to be Protestant while to be 

1986
01:50:54,608 --> 01:50:58,100
Catholic. 
Will seem somehow foreign this 

1987
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:02,100
Association is unfair to English
Catholics who are as thoroughly 

1988
01:51:02,100 --> 01:51:05,100
English as anyone but it becomes
embedded in National 

1989
01:51:05,100 --> 01:51:09,200
consciousness. 
English and Protestant identity 

1990
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,000
becoming intertwined in ways 
that shape everything from 

1991
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:16,000
politics to poetry, the Royal 
Navy, which will eventually make

1992
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:18,700
England. 
A global power is growing during

1993
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:22,100
this period partly because 
Henry's break with Rome makes 

1994
01:51:22,100 --> 01:51:24,900
Continental Catholic Powers 
potential enemies. 

1995
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:29,500
Island nations need strong, 
navies, and England is learning 

1996
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:31,600
this lesson through religious 
controversy. 

1997
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:34,900
The ship's being built. 
During Henry's later years will 

1998
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:38,700
defend England against Spain and
eventually control sea lanes 

1999
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:42,400
that connect continents 
education is expanding even as 

2000
01:51:42,400 --> 01:51:45,700
its religious character shifts. 
Grammar schools are being 

2001
01:51:45,708 --> 01:51:47,400
founded. 
Sometimes on the property of 

2002
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:50,400
dissolved. 
Monasteries teaching Latin Greek

2003
01:51:50,400 --> 01:51:53,700
and increasingly English to boys
whose fathers can afford to send

2004
01:51:53,700 --> 01:51:55,800
them. 
These schools will produce the 

2005
01:51:55,800 --> 01:51:59,400
next generation of 
Administrators clergy, lawyers 

2006
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:02,400
and writers, who will run 
Elizabethan England and create 

2007
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:05,600
its cultural achievements, the 
printing press, which arrived in

2008
01:52:05,608 --> 01:52:08,700
England, just decades before. 
Henry's break, with Rome has 

2009
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:10,900
become a tool of religious 
transformation. 

2010
01:52:12,000 --> 01:52:16,200
Every theological pamphlet, 
every English Bible and every 

2011
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,100
prayer book represents 
technology enabling religious 

2012
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,800
change in an era without 
electronic media, printers 

2013
01:52:22,800 --> 01:52:27,100
revolutionary making ideas 
portable permanent and 

2014
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:31,300
reproducible in ways that oral 
culture never allowed English, 

2015
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:33,800
cooking loses. 
Some of its medieval complexity 

2016
01:52:33,800 --> 01:52:36,800
as fish days are reduced and 
spices, become less essential 

2017
01:52:36,800 --> 01:52:40,000
for preserving meat. 
The elaborate Cuisine of the 

2018
01:52:40,008 --> 01:52:43,200
late Middle Ages with its 
emphasis on strong flavors and 

2019
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:47,000
exotic ingredients, gradually 
gives way to something simpler 

2020
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:51,100
heartier and more focused on the
quality of basic ingredients. 

2021
01:52:52,000 --> 01:52:55,100
English food is developing its 
reputation for plainness. 

2022
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:57,800
The weather. 
This is progress is debatable. 

2023
01:52:57,800 --> 01:53:02,200
Architecture is creating a 
distinctly English style that 

2024
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,100
combines medieval Gothic 
Traditions with Renaissance 

2025
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:08,500
classical influences and 
Protestants implicitly. 

2026
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:12,500
The great house is being built 
by Henry's courtiers and their 

2027
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:16,200
successes will Define English 
architectural taste for 

2028
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:21,500
centuries, those long galleries,
those symmetrical facades and 

2029
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:24,800
those elaborate Gardens designed
for entertaining rather than 

2030
01:53:24,800 --> 01:53:28,800
monastic, contemplation, music 
is diverging from Continental 

2031
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:31,400
Catholic Traditions, while 
developing its own character. 

2032
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,000
English composers are creating 
works that reflect the 

2033
01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:38,200
Protestant emphasis on text 
comprehension while. 

2034
01:53:38,200 --> 01:53:41,800
Maintaining the sophisticated 
musical tradition, that England 

2035
01:53:41,800 --> 01:53:45,500
has always possessed. 
The music of Thomas Tallis, and 

2036
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:48,900
his contemporaries sounds 
distinctly English in ways that 

2037
01:53:48,900 --> 01:53:52,200
early church music based on 
Continental models. 

2038
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:57,200
Did not the concept of loyalty 
is being redefined. for 

2039
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:00,600
centuries, English people owed 
allegiance, to King country and 

2040
01:54:00,600 --> 01:54:04,800
Pope in a hierarchy that usually
didn't conflict Henry's. 

2041
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:09,100
Break with Rome forced a choice.
When King and Pope disagreed, 

2042
01:54:09,100 --> 01:54:13,200
which authority was Supreme 
England, chose the king 

2043
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:16,900
establishing a pattern of 
national loyalty over religious 

2044
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:19,700
obedience, that will shape 
English, identity through future

2045
01:54:19,700 --> 01:54:22,400
centuries. 
Women's literacy is slowly 

2046
01:54:22,400 --> 01:54:25,000
increasing. 
As Protestant emphasis on Bible 

2047
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:27,700
reading extends to daughter's as
well as Sons. 

2048
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:31,000
If everyone should read 
scripture, then girls need 

2049
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,800
education, too at least enough 
to read the Bible and prayer 

2050
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:37,600
book. 
This isn't a quality girls, 

2051
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,500
education remains limited 
compared to boys, but it's a 

2052
01:54:41,500 --> 01:54:44,700
foundation that future 
Generations will build upon the 

2053
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:47,200
merchant class is growing 
wealthier and more confident. 

2054
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:50,400
The men who bought Monastery 
lands who trade with the 

2055
01:54:50,408 --> 01:54:54,500
continent and who financed 
Ventures to the Americas are 

2056
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,700
developing economic power that 
will eventually translate into 

2057
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:01,500
political influence. 
Tudor England is accidentally, 

2058
01:55:01,500 --> 01:55:05,000
creating the conditions for 
capitalism while trying to solve

2059
01:55:05,000 --> 01:55:08,300
religious controversies. 
Regional distinctions are 

2060
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:10,500
becoming more pronounced as 
religious changes affect 

2061
01:55:10,500 --> 01:55:15,500
different areas, unevenly The 
north more conservative and more

2062
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,100
attached to monasteries resist 
changes. 

2063
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:20,000
That the South accept more 
redly. 

2064
01:55:20,700 --> 01:55:24,200
Wales and Cornwall with their 
distinct languages and cultures 

2065
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:27,600
experience religious 
transformation differently than 

2066
01:55:27,600 --> 01:55:31,000
England. 
Proper Unity is more aspiration 

2067
01:55:31,000 --> 01:55:33,900
than reality. 
The legal professional expands 

2068
01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:36,500
as religious changes create 
endlessly to Nation. 

2069
01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:40,700
Question about property rights 
from dissolved, monasteries the 

2070
01:55:40,700 --> 01:55:44,500
city of marriages under changing
rules and enforcement of 

2071
01:55:44,500 --> 01:55:48,900
religious Conformity. 
All require lawyers The ends of 

2072
01:55:48,908 --> 01:55:51,300
Court training lawyers in London
are becoming more important. 

2073
01:55:51,300 --> 01:55:55,000
Creating a professional class, 
that will influence England's, 

2074
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:58,300
political development, for 
centuries, Henry's, personal 

2075
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:01,100
life continues chaotically, 
through these years of national 

2076
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:04,700
transformation. 
He marries Jane Seymour, who 

2077
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:06,800
gives him the son? 
He desperately wanted. 

2078
01:56:07,800 --> 01:56:10,000
Edward. 
But dies shortly after 

2079
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:13,200
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

2080
01:56:13,200 --> 01:56:15,800
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

2081
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,300
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

2082
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:21,700
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, their next 

2083
01:56:21,708 --> 01:56:25,300
execute her for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

2084
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:28,800
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

2085
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:33,000
Tack and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

2086
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:36,700
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

2087
01:56:36,700 --> 01:56:40,600
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

2088
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:42,800
annulment. 
Couldnt get people permission 

2089
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:45,300
broke with Rome and in the 
process. 

2090
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:49,100
Transformed a nation. 
Its cause an effect operating on

2091
01:56:49,100 --> 01:56:51,700
a scale, usually reserved for 
Wars or plays. 

2092
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,900
Except the Catalyst was one 
man's desperate desire for a 

2093
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:59,300
legitimate son and his equally 
strong conviction that God 

2094
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:02,300
supported his claim as you 
settle deeper into your 

2095
01:57:02,308 --> 01:57:04,100
comfortable spot. 
Perhaps, refreshing. 

2096
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,100
That warm drink. 
Let's contemplate what Henry the

2097
01:57:07,100 --> 01:57:10,900
8th Left Behind not just the 
obvious political and religious 

2098
01:57:10,900 --> 01:57:14,500
changes but the subtle ways his 
Reign reshaped. 

2099
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:19,400
How England thought about itself
and its place in the world Henry

2100
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:25,400
died in January 1547 enormously 
fat. probably weighing over 300 

2101
01:57:25,400 --> 01:57:30,100
pounds in constant pain from his
ulcerated leg and convinced of 

2102
01:57:30,100 --> 01:57:34,300
his own righteousness, until the
end, His will provided for 

2103
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,800
elaborate prayers for his soul, 
despite Protestant questioning 

2104
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:40,600
of prayers for the dead because 
Henry never stopped being 

2105
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:44,100
Catholic in his own mind, even 
as he destroyed Catholic, 

2106
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:48,400
institutional power in England, 
his son Edward, the sixth that 

2107
01:57:48,400 --> 01:57:52,700
desperately wanted male Heir. 
Ruled for only six years before 

2108
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,100
dying at 15. 
During Edwards brief Reign, 

2109
01:57:56,100 --> 01:57:59,400
Protestant reformers pushed 
England further from Catholic 

2110
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:01,400
practices than Henry ever 
intended. 

2111
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:06,200
The Latin Mass disappeared with 
English prayer services. 

2112
01:58:06,200 --> 01:58:09,200
Priests were allowed to marry 
Church. 

2113
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:11,800
Interiors were whitewashed, and 
stripped of remaining 

2114
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:14,700
decorations. 
Henry's attempt to maintain 

2115
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:18,200
Catholic theology. 
While rejecting papal Authority,

2116
01:58:18,200 --> 01:58:20,700
collapsed into something much 
more thoroughly. 

2117
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:24,800
Protestant Then Came Mary. 
Henry's daughter by Catherine of

2118
01:58:24,800 --> 01:58:28,000
Aragon who tried desperately to 
reverse her father's religious 

2119
01:58:28,000 --> 01:58:31,300
policies and restore England to 
Catholic obedience. 

2120
01:58:32,100 --> 01:58:35,500
Her five-year Reigns or the 
return of paper Authority, the 

2121
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:39,300
restoration of some monasteries 
and the burning of protestant 

2122
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,400
Heretics which earned her the 
nickname Bloody Mary. 

2123
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:45,900
And ensured that her religious 
policies would die with her. 

2124
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:49,700
You can't reverse a generation 
of change through Force, 

2125
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,300
especially when so many people 
have economic interest in 

2126
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:56,600
maintaining the new system 
finally Elizabeth. 

2127
01:58:56,600 --> 01:59:01,300
The first Henry's daughter by 
Anne Boleyn created what became 

2128
01:59:01,300 --> 01:59:03,000
known as the Elizabethan 
settlement. 

2129
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:07,000
A moderate Protestant church 
that retained some traditional 

2130
01:59:07,000 --> 01:59:10,600
practices while firmly rejecting
people or authority. 

2131
01:59:12,100 --> 01:59:15,500
Elizabeth understood what her 
father brother and sister had 

2132
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:19,800
not that most English people 
wanted religious stability more 

2133
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,700
than doctrinal purity. 
They were exhausted by change, 

2134
01:59:23,700 --> 01:59:27,100
frightened by a religious 
violence and ready for someone 

2135
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:29,100
to Simply make decisions and 
stick with them. 

2136
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:32,900
The Church of England that 
emerged from this Tudor 2 was 

2137
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:36,200
something unique. 
Protestant in theology but 

2138
01:59:36,200 --> 01:59:40,500
Catholic and structure reformed 
in Doctrine, but traditional, in

2139
01:59:40,500 --> 01:59:43,600
practice, independent of Rome, 
but connected to Christian 

2140
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,400
history. 
It was Henry's compromise, 

2141
01:59:46,400 --> 01:59:50,200
extended and elaborated, made 
workable through Elizabeth's, 

2142
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:53,000
political genius, and the 
English people's practical 

2143
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:56,100
acceptance that this was 
preferable to continued turmoil,

2144
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:59,300
the dissolution of monasteries 
permanently, altered the English

2145
01:59:59,300 --> 02:00:02,000
landscape. 
Those ruins, you can still visit

2146
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:05,900
revolve fountains Tintin a 
monuments to this 

2147
02:00:05,900 --> 02:00:10,400
transformation. 600 years of 
Benedictine cistern and 

2148
02:00:10,400 --> 02:00:14,400
Augustine in life ended in a 
decade and the physical remnants

2149
02:00:14,400 --> 02:00:17,100
became romantic ruins. 
That later generations would 

2150
02:00:17,100 --> 02:00:19,600
paint and photograph. 
Forgetting. 

2151
02:00:19,600 --> 02:00:22,700
They represented the violent 
destruction of an entire way of 

2152
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:26,700
life, the Landry distribution, 
created a Gentry class that were

2153
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:28,900
dominating English politics for 
centuries. 

2154
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:32,300
The families who bought 
Monastery lands became the 

2155
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:36,200
country's governing class. 
Serving as Justice of the Peace 

2156
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:40,000
sitting in Parliament and 
providing local Administration. 

2157
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:43,600
English governance became less 
centralized and more based on 

2158
02:00:43,608 --> 02:00:46,300
local Elite who had both 
Authority and property. 

2159
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:48,500
A system that works 
surprisingly. 

2160
02:00:48,500 --> 02:00:52,900
Well, until it didn't English, 
national identity crystallized 

2161
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,700
around these religious changes 
in ways that Henry couldn't have

2162
02:00:55,700 --> 02:01:00,000
predicted To be English came to 
mean being Protestant being 

2163
02:01:00,000 --> 02:01:04,000
independent of Continental 
Catholic Powers being loyal to 

2164
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:07,500
the crown over the Pope. 
This identity would shape 

2165
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:11,100
England's conflicts with Spain 
and France, its eventual 

2166
02:01:11,100 --> 02:01:15,700
overseas expansion and its 
internal politics for centuries.

2167
02:01:15,700 --> 02:01:18,700
The act of Supremacy 
established, the principle that 

2168
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:22,000
Parliament could legislate on 
religious matters, which was 

2169
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:25,200
revolutionary even if nobody 
quite realized it at the time. 

2170
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:29,300
Religious Authority came from 
law, rather than traditional 

2171
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:32,100
appointment. 
This principle would have 

2172
02:01:32,108 --> 02:01:35,700
eventually extend to all areas 
of governance, making Parliament

2173
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:39,800
Supreme and establishing the 
constitutional monarchy that 

2174
02:01:39,800 --> 02:01:42,100
England. 
Still technically maintains 

2175
02:01:42,100 --> 02:01:45,400
English Bible, proved perhaps 
the most lasting of Henry's 

2176
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,700
unintended legacies. 
He authorized it for political 

2177
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:52,000
reasons, but once Ordinary, 
People could read scripture 

2178
02:01:52,000 --> 02:01:55,200
themselves, religious Authority 
could never be purely 

2179
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:59,200
hierarchical again. 
Every reader became potentially 

2180
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:02,600
a theologian every 
interpretation created potential

2181
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:06,000
controversy. 
Authority had to be justified 

2182
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:08,800
through persuasion rather than 
simply imposed through position.

2183
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:12,900
The destruction of Catholic art,
and religious culture left gaps,

2184
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:17,500
that took generations to fill 
English music visual art and 

2185
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:20,700
literature had to develop new 
forms that reflected Protestant 

2186
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:25,500
values while satisfying human 
aesthetic needs this eventually 

2187
02:02:25,500 --> 02:02:29,200
produced extraordinary 
achievements Shakespeare's plays

2188
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:33,600
the King James Bible English 
madrigals but represented a 

2189
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:35,700
break with medieval artistic 
Traditions. 

2190
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:37,700
That was both liberating and 
costly. 

2191
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:41,400
The social welfare system never 
recovered from the dissolution 

2192
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:45,500
of monasteries England developed
Paul laws that made parishes 

2193
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:48,900
responsible for their own poor. 
But this system was less 

2194
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:52,100
comprehensive and less generous 
than what monasteries have 

2195
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:56,200
provided. 
The poorest English people were 

2196
02:02:56,200 --> 02:02:59,900
probably worse off to the 
dissolution than before, which 

2197
02:02:59,900 --> 02:03:02,800
is an irony give in the 
Protestant emphasis on charity 

2198
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:06,600
and social responsibility, women
lost options without recovering 

2199
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:10,200
equivalent alternatives. 
The convents that once provided 

2200
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:12,900
respectable Life Choices, for 
women, who didn't marry 

2201
02:03:12,900 --> 02:03:15,900
disappeared? 
While Protestant emphasis on 

2202
02:03:15,900 --> 02:03:18,100
marriage made spinsterhood more 
problematic. 

2203
02:03:19,000 --> 02:03:21,800
Some women gained from the 
Protestant emphasis on Bible, 

2204
02:03:21,800 --> 02:03:25,200
reading and spiritual equality. 
But institutional opportunities,

2205
02:03:25,200 --> 02:03:29,500
actually decreased Henry's 
personal reputation, underwent 

2206
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:32,100
fascinating Transformations over
the centuries. 

2207
02:03:33,100 --> 02:03:35,800
Protestants. 
He became the hero who freed 

2208
02:03:35,800 --> 02:03:38,900
England from papal tyranny. 
Despite his conservative 

2209
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:43,000
theology to catholic's, he 
became the villain who destroyed

2210
02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:46,700
England's, Catholic Heritage for
personal reasons, despite his 

2211
02:03:46,700 --> 02:03:50,100
initial defense of Catholic 
Doctrine, To moderns. 

2212
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:54,500
He is often that fascinating 
monster, brilliant charismatic 

2213
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:58,700
ruthless and ultimately tragic 
in his desperate quest for 

2214
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:01,100
dynasty. 
The historical debate about 

2215
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:04,800
where the Henry was reformer or 
opportunist a hero or villain 

2216
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:07,900
and a Visionary or egotist 
continues because he was 

2217
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:11,600
genuinely all of these things. 
He broke with Rome for personal 

2218
02:04:11,600 --> 02:04:14,800
reasons, but created space for 
genuine religious reform. 

2219
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:18,800
Brutally suppressed opposition. 
That was sincerely convinced of 

2220
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:21,800
his righteousness. 
He destroyed monasteries for 

2221
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:24,500
money but believed he was 
correcting religious error. 

2222
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:28,300
His motives were selfish, his 
consequences were 

2223
02:04:28,300 --> 02:04:32,200
transformative, the Tudor 
periods religious turmoil taught

2224
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:35,800
England lessons about tolerance.
That wouldn't be fully learned 

2225
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,900
and for Generations. 
The burning of Heretics under 

2226
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:42,800
Mary, the persecution of 
Catholics under Elizabeth and 

2227
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:46,200
the continued conflicts over 
religious Conformity all 

2228
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:49,400
demonstrated that religious, 
uniformity enforced through 

2229
02:04:49,400 --> 02:04:53,300
violence creates resentment, 
rather than genuine agreement. 

2230
02:04:54,200 --> 02:04:57,000
Eventually centuries. 
Later, England would develop 

2231
02:04:57,000 --> 02:04:59,800
religious tolerance, though. 
The path would be long and 

2232
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:02,600
painful. 
The expansion of literacy that 

2233
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:05,500
began with English Bible's and 
prayer books, created a reading 

2234
02:05:05,500 --> 02:05:07,200
public. 
That would have eventually 

2235
02:05:07,200 --> 02:05:09,000
demand more than religious 
texts. 

2236
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:13,100
By Elizabeth reign printing, 
presses were producing plays, 

2237
02:05:13,100 --> 02:05:16,900
poems history, and practical 
manuals. 

2238
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:20,300
The culture of literacy that 
merged from religious control 

2239
02:05:20,300 --> 02:05:22,300
for sea laid. 
The groundwork for England's 

2240
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:25,300
literary achievements, 
architecture, and landscape 

2241
02:05:25,300 --> 02:05:29,200
design, reflecting Protestant 
values, simpler more focused on 

2242
02:05:29,200 --> 02:05:33,300
function, less concerned with 
religious symbolism created, 

2243
02:05:33,300 --> 02:05:35,900
distinctly English aesthetic 
preferences. 

2244
02:05:36,900 --> 02:05:39,600
The great houses with their long
Galleries and Protestants 

2245
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:42,900
implicity the gardens designed 
for pleasure, rather than 

2246
02:05:42,900 --> 02:05:46,500
contemplation and the church's 
stripped of statutory, but 

2247
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:48,600
retaining their basic Gothic 
structure. 

2248
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:52,300
All reflected this Protestant 
transformation of physical 

2249
02:05:52,300 --> 02:05:54,600
space. 
The Royal Navy's development 

2250
02:05:54,600 --> 02:05:57,900
during an after Henry's. 
Reign partly motivated by the 

2251
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,900
need to defend Protestant 
England against Catholic Powers.

2252
02:06:00,900 --> 02:06:03,500
Eventually made England a global
power. 

2253
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:07,800
The same religious controverses 
that destroyed monasteries and 

2254
02:06:07,800 --> 02:06:10,900
persecuted dissenters. 
Also built the ships that were 

2255
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:14,300
defeat the Spanish Armada and 
eventually created a worldwide 

2256
02:06:14,300 --> 02:06:18,200
Empire legal developments during
Henry's Reign, particularly 

2257
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:21,900
Parliament, increased Authority.
And the expansion of secular 

2258
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:25,600
Courts at the expense of church 
courts laid foundations for 

2259
02:06:25,600 --> 02:06:28,700
English. 
Common laws development, The 

2260
02:06:28,700 --> 02:06:31,800
legal system that emerged from 
Tudor religious controversies 

2261
02:06:31,800 --> 02:06:36,000
would eventually be exported to 
England colonies, influencing 

2262
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:38,400
legal Traditions across multiple
continents? 

2263
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:42,300
The Scientific Revolution that 
would flourish in 17th century. 

2264
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:45,700
England was partly enabled by 
Henry's religious changes. 

2265
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:50,500
Once religious Authority became 
questionable all authority 

2266
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:53,900
became potentially questionable.
The habit of questioning 

2267
02:06:53,900 --> 02:06:57,700
established truths in religion, 
transfer to questioning 

2268
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:00,700
established truths in natural, 
philosophy, creating 

2269
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:04,200
intellectual space, for 
scientific inquiry, as your 

2270
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:05,900
warm, drink cools and your eyes,
grow heavy. 

2271
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:09,800
Consider one final thought about
Henry the 8th and his 

2272
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:12,500
transformation of England. 
Changes. 

2273
02:07:12,500 --> 02:07:15,900
He initiated evolving long after
his death. 

2274
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:20,200
Creating consequences he never 
imagined and solving problems. 

2275
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,000
He didn't know existed, the 
Church of England. 

2276
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:25,400
He created became the foundation
for worldwide. 

2277
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:29,200
Anglican communion spreading 
across continents as England 

2278
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:33,100
expanded overseas. 
Churches from Nigeria to 

2279
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:36,800
Australia to Canada Trace their 
institutional ancestry to 

2280
02:07:36,800 --> 02:07:40,100
Henry's break with Rome though. 
They might emphasize Thomas 

2281
02:07:40,100 --> 02:07:43,100
Kramer's theology over. 
Henry's Politics, the English 

2282
02:07:43,100 --> 02:07:44,900
language. 
He elevated through biblical 

2283
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:48,700
translation became a global 
language carried by English 

2284
02:07:48,700 --> 02:07:52,600
speakers across Ocean's and 
continents eventually becoming 

2285
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:56,600
the international language of 
business science and diplomacy. 

2286
02:07:57,800 --> 02:08:00,800
The King James Bible published 
60 years after Henry's. 

2287
02:08:00,800 --> 02:08:03,800
Death shaped English pro-style 
for centuries and remains in 

2288
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:05,800
print today. 
The principle of parliamentary 

2289
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:08,300
Supremacy. 
He accidentally, strengthened, 

2290
02:08:08,300 --> 02:08:11,900
by using Parliament, authorized 
religious changes, became the 

2291
02:08:11,900 --> 02:08:15,300
foundation, of English 
constitutional government, when 

2292
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:18,600
American colonists argued that 
Parliament had no authority to 

2293
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:22,100
tax them without representation,
they were invoking principles. 

2294
02:08:22,100 --> 02:08:25,600
That emerge partly from Tudor 
religious controversies, the 

2295
02:08:25,600 --> 02:08:27,800
nationalism. 
He fostered by making England, 

2296
02:08:27,800 --> 02:08:30,100
religiously independent 
contributed to England's 

2297
02:08:30,100 --> 02:08:32,600
resistance to vary his 
Continental threats. 

2298
02:08:33,500 --> 02:08:37,300
Spanish Armada, Napoleon's, 
Empire, and Hitler's Invasion 

2299
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:40,600
plans. 
English identity formed around. 

2300
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:43,600
This idea of Independence became
a resource during times of 

2301
02:08:43,600 --> 02:08:47,700
Crisis, but Henry's Legacy also 
includes religious division that

2302
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:51,100
persisted for centuries. 
Catholic's faced discrimination 

2303
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,800
and legal disabilities in 
England until the 19th century. 

2304
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:58,500
Tensions between Protestant and 
Catholic. 

2305
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:01,300
In Northern Ireland, Trace 
partly to the Tudor 

2306
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:04,800
transformation of religion. 
Religious Strife that Henry's 

2307
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:07,800
actions initiated killed 
thousands across multiple 

2308
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:10,700
Generations. 
The destruction of monasteries 

2309
02:09:10,700 --> 02:09:14,000
and religious art represents 
cultural loss, the can never be 

2310
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:17,400
fully calculated. 
Will never hear the music that 

2311
02:09:17,400 --> 02:09:19,800
was lost. 
Read the manuscripts that were 

2312
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:21,700
burned. 
Will see the art, that was 

2313
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:24,800
smashed. 
Every whitewashed Church wall 

2314
02:09:24,800 --> 02:09:28,500
represents not just religious 
transformation but cultural 

2315
02:09:28,500 --> 02:09:31,600
impoverishment. 
However necessary reformers 

2316
02:09:31,600 --> 02:09:34,900
considered it, the social 
welfare gaps created by 

2317
02:09:34,900 --> 02:09:37,900
monastic, dissolution took 
centuries, to address through 

2318
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:42,700
alternative institutions, Modern
social security systems are 

2319
02:09:42,700 --> 02:09:46,300
attempting to solve problems. 
That Tudor England created when 

2320
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:49,300
it destroyed medieval Catholic 
Social infrastructure without 

2321
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:51,700
providing adequate Replacements 
yet. 

2322
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:54,300
Without Henry's. 
Break, with Rome, England might 

2323
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:58,300
have remained a minor European 
power, culturally derivative and

2324
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:02,000
politically subordinate. 
The Independents political 

2325
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:05,600
religious and intellectual that 
emerged from Tudor religious 

2326
02:10:05,600 --> 02:10:08,700
controversies created space for 
English achievements. 

2327
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:11,900
In everything from literature to
science to political philosophy.

2328
02:10:11,900 --> 02:10:16,300
Shakespeare's play is written 
during Elizabeth's Reign emerge 

2329
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:18,800
from a culture transformed by 
Henry's actions. 

2330
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:22,500
The English identity, 
Shakespeare explored and 

2331
02:10:22,500 --> 02:10:26,600
celebrated in his history and 
comedies was partly created by 

2332
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:29,400
his grandfather's generation's 
experience of religious 

2333
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:32,400
transformation. 
The language Shakespeare 

2334
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,300
perfected was enriched by 
religious controversy and 

2335
02:10:35,300 --> 02:10:38,400
biblical translation. 
The Scientific Revolution that 

2336
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:42,400
produced Newton boil and other 
English scientists emerged 

2337
02:10:42,400 --> 02:10:45,400
partly from habits of 
questioning Authority, that 

2338
02:10:45,400 --> 02:10:47,100
began with religious 
Reformation. 

2339
02:10:48,200 --> 02:10:51,800
Once people questioned, papal, 
Authority, intellectual 

2340
02:10:51,800 --> 02:10:54,800
authority of all kinds became 
potentially questionable 

2341
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:58,100
creating space. 
For empirical investigation over

2342
02:10:58,100 --> 02:11:01,600
traditional, explanations 
England's distinctive, political

2343
02:11:01,600 --> 02:11:05,800
development, its constitutional 
monarchy its parliamentary 

2344
02:11:05,800 --> 02:11:08,700
Supremacy. 
It's gradual extension of 

2345
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:13,100
political rights, Connects in 
complicated ways to religious 

2346
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:15,500
controversies that began with 
Henry. 

2347
02:11:17,000 --> 02:11:20,300
Religious tolerance emerged 
slowly from religious strife. 

2348
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:23,900
Limited government emerged 
partly from centuries of 

2349
02:11:23,900 --> 02:11:26,900
negotiating religious 
settlements that required 

2350
02:11:26,900 --> 02:11:29,700
compromise rather than absolute 
Authority. 

2351
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:33,700
As you drift towards sleep, you 
might reflect the Henry, the 

2352
02:11:33,700 --> 02:11:36,600
never intended most of what his 
actions produced. 

2353
02:11:36,600 --> 02:11:39,600
He wanted a son and an 
annulment. 

2354
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:44,900
Instead he triggered changes 
that reshaped religion politics 

2355
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:48,400
culture and national identity 
across centuries. 

2356
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:51,700
History. 
Rarely unfolds as anyone plans, 

2357
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:55,300
small decisions combined with 
structural forces to produce 

2358
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,100
outcomes. 
Nobody predicted the young king 

2359
02:11:58,100 --> 02:12:01,900
Who Loved Theology and wanted to
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 

2360
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:06,400
became the man who broke England
from Rome The desperate father 

2361
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:09,900
seeking a legitimate male Heir, 
became the Catalyst for 

2362
02:12:09,900 --> 02:12:13,100
religious Revolution. 
The Monarch trying to maintain 

2363
02:12:13,100 --> 02:12:16,300
tradition while solving a 
personal problem became an agent

2364
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:19,800
of transformation England. 
Before Henry was one kind of 

2365
02:12:19,800 --> 02:12:24,000
place medieval Catholic looking 
to the continent for cultural 

2366
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:25,700
leadership. 
England. 

2367
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:29,700
After Henry was something 
different Protestant independent

2368
02:12:29,700 --> 02:12:32,300
developing. 
Its own cultural confidence. 

2369
02:12:33,600 --> 02:12:38,600
Transition was painful and 
costly independent and produced 

2370
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:41,100
winners and losers across every 
social class. 

2371
02:12:42,300 --> 02:12:44,400
But it created the foundation 
for the England that would 

2372
02:12:44,400 --> 02:12:48,300
eventually emerge as a global 
power for better and worse 

2373
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:51,200
tonight. 
As you drift off to sleep, your 

2374
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:55,300
part of a world, Henry helped 
create The English language you 

2375
02:12:55,300 --> 02:12:58,200
speak was elevated partly 
through his religious policies, 

2376
02:12:58,200 --> 02:13:01,300
the ideas about limited 
government, and individual 

2377
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,500
rights, that shape. 
Modern democracies emerged 

2378
02:13:04,500 --> 02:13:06,800
partly from the English 
experience of religious 

2379
02:13:06,800 --> 02:13:10,100
transformation. 
The scientific world view that 

2380
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:13,500
produced modern technology 
developed partly in the 

2381
02:13:13,508 --> 02:13:17,000
intellectual space created by 
questioning religious Authority.

2382
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:22,500
Henry, the Wrath died over 470 
years ago but his decisions Echo

2383
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:25,800
forward into our present. 
Every time someone questions 

2384
02:13:25,800 --> 02:13:29,700
Authority, read scripture in 
their own language or argues 

2385
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:31,300
that National sovereignty 
matters. 

2386
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,100
They can continue in 
conversations, Henry helped 

2387
02:13:34,100 --> 02:13:37,100
begin though, usually without 
knowing it sleep. 

2388
02:13:37,100 --> 02:13:40,900
Well knowing that history is 
made not just by great plans and

2389
02:13:40,900 --> 02:13:44,700
Noble intentions, but by human 
beings pursuing very human 

2390
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:48,700
desires. 
Love legitimacy Authority. 

2391
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:52,700
Certainly in ways that produce 
consequences. 

2392
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:57,900
Far beyond their imagining 
Henry, wanted a son in Stead, he

2393
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:00,500
got a legacy. 
Whether that's tragedy or 

2394
02:14:00,500 --> 02:14:03,800
Triumph depends on your 
perspective and which aspects of

2395
02:14:03,800 --> 02:14:07,200
the Legacy or measuring the 
bells that wants marked monastic

2396
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:10,700
hours a silent now, but you can 
still hear church bells. 

2397
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:14,800
If you listen, the monastery is 
a ruined but their Stones built 

2398
02:14:14,800 --> 02:14:18,700
houses people still inhabit. 
The old Faith disappeared, 

2399
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:22,700
officially but traces remain in 
language culture and memory. 

2400
02:14:23,400 --> 02:14:26,600
Everything changed. 
Nothing completely disappeared. 

2401
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:30,400
That's perhaps the real lesson 
of Henry's Reformation 

2402
02:14:30,400 --> 02:14:35,000
transformation is never as 
complete as revolutionaries hope

2403
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:38,400
or conservatives fear. 
Rest, now and dream, perhaps of 

2404
02:14:38,400 --> 02:14:42,100
a younger simpler England, where
Stone monasteries caught the 

2405
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:45,700
morning light and bells marked 
the hours where change came 

2406
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:47,900
slowly. 
In the old ways seemed eternal, 

2407
02:14:48,900 --> 02:14:52,800
or dream of the England that 
emerged confident, independent 

2408
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:55,800
finding its own voice and 
identity. 

2409
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,200
Both England's existed. 
One after the other. 

2410
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:05,300
Created by a few Decades of 
tumultuous transformation led by

2411
02:15:05,300 --> 02:15:08,500
an unlikely revolutionary King, 
who never quite meant to 

2412
02:15:08,500 --> 02:15:12,100
revolutionize anything tomorrow.
When you wake, you'll rise into 

2413
02:15:12,100 --> 02:15:15,300
a world, still shape by these 
distant Tudor Transformations. 

2414
02:15:15,300 --> 02:15:20,100
Still wrestling with questions, 
about Authority, identity, and 

2415
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:22,400
faith. 
That Henry's choices made urgent

2416
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:28,300
five centuries ago. but tonight,
rest let history become a story 

2417
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:31,500
and let the story become the 
gentle companion of sleep. 

2418
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:41,600
You wake before the sun touches 
the Horizon wrapped in wool 

2419
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:44,300
blankets that smell faintly of 
wood, smoke and sand. 

2420
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:48,600
The air carries that particular 
chill, that only deserts, no, 

2421
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:53,500
sharp and clean making your 
breath visible in small clouds. 

2422
02:15:54,300 --> 02:15:57,400
Outside your tent. 
The world exists in shades of 

2423
02:15:57,408 --> 02:16:00,800
deep blue, and purple. 
The Stars still brilliant 

2424
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:02,900
overhead. 
Despite the approaching Dawn 

2425
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:07,400
your feet, find your sandals in 
the darkness leather, warn soft,

2426
02:16:07,400 --> 02:16:11,500
from months of travel The camp 
around you stirs with the Quiet 

2427
02:16:11,500 --> 02:16:16,800
Sounds of early Rises, the soft 
nickering of camel's, the rustle

2428
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:20,700
of fabric as someone tend to 
cooking fire and the gentle of 

2429
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:24,600
water into clay vessels. 
You've traveled far to reach 

2430
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:27,300
this place following trade 
routes that connect the 

2431
02:16:27,300 --> 02:16:29,400
Mediterranean to the Arabian 
Peninsula. 

2432
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:32,900
And today you'll finally see 
what merchants and travelers 

2433
02:16:32,900 --> 02:16:34,900
speak about in hushed reverent 
tones. 

2434
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:38,400
The first hint of Sunrise 
appears, as a thin line of gold 

2435
02:16:38,400 --> 02:16:41,600
along the eastern mountains. 
Turning the sky above it, the 

2436
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:45,600
color of rose petals. 
You stand and stretch feeling 

2437
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:48,200
your muscles are just to the 
movement after a night on the 

2438
02:16:48,208 --> 02:16:51,600
ground. 
Around you, the desert begins to

2439
02:16:51,600 --> 02:16:55,799
reveal itself in layers, Rocky, 
outcrops emerging from Shadow, 

2440
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:59,799
the pale tracks of last night's 
Beetle, Crossings visible in the

2441
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:03,500
sand and the distant silhouette 
of cliffs that seemed to glow 

2442
02:17:03,500 --> 02:17:05,299
from within as light touches 
them. 

2443
02:17:05,299 --> 02:17:07,900
A Trader from your Caravan nods 
at you. 

2444
02:17:07,900 --> 02:17:11,000
His face already creased with 
smile lines despite the early 

2445
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:13,299
hour. 
He gestures toward the cliffs 

2446
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:15,799
with his chin where you can now 
make out something, 

2447
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:20,500
extraordinary, dark openings in 
the rock face, too regular to be

2448
02:17:20,500 --> 02:17:26,500
natural caves too high to be 
easily reached. tombs, he tells 

2449
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:31,100
you Though he's accent makes the
word sound like a song monuments

2450
02:17:31,100 --> 02:17:32,799
to the Dead who watch over the 
living. 

2451
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:36,900
You accept a cup of mint tea 
from the communal pot warming, 

2452
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:40,700
your hands around the clay, the 
liquid steams in the cool air 

2453
02:17:40,700 --> 02:17:44,400
and the first sip spreads warmth
down your throat in into your 

2454
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:47,100
chest. 
Around the fire are The 

2455
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:49,900
Travelers, gather, some Robin 
sleep from their eyes. 

2456
02:17:49,900 --> 02:17:53,600
Others already animated with the
excitement of arrival. 

2457
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:58,400
You've all heard the stories but
stories are just Shadows of 

2458
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:02,299
reality and reality Waits just 
beyond those Cliffs. 

2459
02:18:02,299 --> 02:18:05,799
The sun breaks free from The 
Horizon properly now, and the 

2460
02:18:05,799 --> 02:18:09,600
transformation is startling 
Cliffs, don't just reflect 

2461
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:12,600
light. 
They seem to capture it to hold 

2462
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:17,299
it within the stone itself. 
The Rock glows in shades of pink

2463
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:22,400
orange and deep Rose. 
Layered like frozen waves in a 

2464
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:26,500
sea of sandstone You understand.
Now, why people call this the 

2465
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:28,600
Rose City? 
Though the name feels an 

2466
02:18:28,600 --> 02:18:30,299
adequate. 
For the reality before you. 

2467
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:34,600
The trader shares bread with 
you, flat rounds, baked, in the 

2468
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:37,000
coals last night. 
Still slightly warm. 

2469
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:41,100
When you tear into them, the 
texture is chewy and satisfying 

2470
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:44,700
with a faint smokiness. 
That complements the sweet tea 

2471
02:18:44,700 --> 02:18:47,700
perfectly. 
He tells you about his first 

2472
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:51,600
visit to Petra, 20 years ago, 
when he was barely old enough to

2473
02:18:51,600 --> 02:18:55,900
travel with the caravan's. 
Even then he says, even knowing 

2474
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,000
what to expect from his father's
description. 

2475
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:01,700
The reality, struck him 
speechless as you finish your 

2476
02:19:01,700 --> 02:19:03,299
tea in prepare, for the Day's 
Journey. 

2477
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:06,400
You notice how the temperature 
shifts quickly from cold to 

2478
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:08,299
merely cool. 
And, you know, that by 

2479
02:19:08,299 --> 02:19:10,100
afternoon, it will be genuinely 
hot. 

2480
02:19:11,100 --> 02:19:12,700
The desert offers. 
No middle ground. 

2481
02:19:12,700 --> 02:19:15,400
No, gentle transitions. 
It demands. 

2482
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:18,299
You pay attention. 
Stay present or suffer. 

2483
02:19:18,299 --> 02:19:23,200
The consequences of distraction.
You check your water skin full 

2484
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:26,299
and heavy and adjust the cloth 
covering your head and neck. 

2485
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:29,799
The locals have perfected, the 
art of desert clothing, over 

2486
02:19:29,799 --> 02:19:32,700
centuries and you've learned to 
trust their wisdom. 

2487
02:19:32,700 --> 02:19:36,100
The camp begins to break down 
around you, with practice 

2488
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:40,400
deficiency, tents collapse and 
fold into surprisingly compact 

2489
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:45,200
bundles, camels are loaded with 
goods and supplies, complaining,

2490
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:48,500
with their characteristic. 
Groaning sounds that always make

2491
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:50,700
you smile. 
These creatures are 

2492
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:54,800
magnificently adapted to Desert 
life, but apparently evolved 

2493
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,300
without dignity. 
One camel, nearby spits 

2494
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:01,900
dramatically at nothing in 
particular, just to make a point

2495
02:20:01,900 --> 02:20:05,000
about the indignity of being 
loaded with cargo at this hour, 

2496
02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:09,900
you gather your own belongings. 
Small pack with Essentials, your

2497
02:20:09,900 --> 02:20:12,700
water skin and a journal. 
You've been keeping of your 

2498
02:20:12,700 --> 02:20:15,800
travels. 
The journals pages are already 

2499
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:19,000
filled with sketches and notes 
from other stops along the trade

2500
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:23,300
routes, the ancient cities of 
Damascus and Palmyra the coastal

2501
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:27,000
ports, where Mediterranean waves
crash against weather docks and 

2502
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:30,000
the mountain passes were snow 
still clings to Northern slopes 

2503
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:33,400
even in summer. 
But you've left several Pages, 

2504
02:20:33,400 --> 02:20:36,900
blank, for Petra sending somehow
that this place will require 

2505
02:20:36,900 --> 02:20:40,800
more space, more words and more 
attempts to capture something, 

2506
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:42,700
fundamentally difficult to 
express. 

2507
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:46,600
The Caravan Master calls out his
voice carrying across the camp 

2508
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:50,300
and people begin to gather 
You'll travel together to the 

2509
02:20:50,300 --> 02:20:53,600
entrance of Petra, but once 
they're each person, will 

2510
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:57,100
explore at their own pace. 
Some are Merchants who've been 

2511
02:20:57,100 --> 02:20:59,700
here, many times and know 
exactly where they're going. 

2512
02:21:00,600 --> 02:21:03,900
Others like you are visitors 
drawn by curiosity and wonder 

2513
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:06,500
ready to wander wherever the day
takes. 

2514
02:21:06,500 --> 02:21:08,900
You walk from the camp to 
Petra's. 

2515
02:21:08,900 --> 02:21:12,200
Entrance takes, perhaps half an 
hour following a well-worn path.

2516
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:13,800
That countless feet of travel 
before. 

2517
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:19,600
The landscape here is harsh but 
beautiful in its austerity Rocky

2518
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:23,800
ground dotted with scrub brush 
and the occasional Hardy tree 

2519
02:21:23,800 --> 02:21:25,600
that has found water somewhere 
deep underground. 

2520
02:21:27,000 --> 02:21:30,400
You spot a hawk circling 
overhead riding thermal 

2521
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:32,100
currents. 
With barely a wing beat, 

2522
02:21:32,100 --> 02:21:34,000
scanning the ground for 
breakfast. 

2523
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:38,100
As you walk, the trader tells 
you more about the nabataeans, 

2524
02:21:38,100 --> 02:21:41,600
the people who built this city. 
They were Arabs, originally 

2525
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:44,600
nomadic traders who settled here
in transformed themselves into 

2526
02:21:44,600 --> 02:21:48,300
Master Builders and engineers. 
The, controlled the frankincense

2527
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,800
and myrrh trade routes from 
Arabia to the Mediterranean, and

2528
02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:54,400
their strategic position, made 
them wealthy beyond measure. 

2529
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:58,800
Petra was both their capital and
their stronghold a city that 

2530
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:01,200
could be easily defended. 
But also displayed their 

2531
02:22:01,200 --> 02:22:04,400
prosperity to anyone who 
entered, he points out a line of

2532
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,800
cliffs in the distance 
explaining that the nabataeans 

2533
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:11,200
carved hundreds of tombs into 
those Rock faces, the most 

2534
02:22:11,200 --> 02:22:13,800
elaborate tombs belong to Kings 
and Nobles. 

2535
02:22:13,800 --> 02:22:18,100
While simpler ones housed 
merchants and citizens. everyone

2536
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:21,100
who could afford it wanted to be
buried in the Rock to become 

2537
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:24,600
part of the Eternal Stone, 
arrest in Chambers, that would 

2538
02:22:24,600 --> 02:22:28,700
Outlast Empires and ages the 
entrance to Petra reveals itself

2539
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:32,200
gradually, which somehow make it
more magnificent than if it had 

2540
02:22:32,200 --> 02:22:34,600
appeared all at once, You 
approach? 

2541
02:22:34,600 --> 02:22:36,100
What? 
Looks like a simple crack in the

2542
02:22:36,108 --> 02:22:38,500
Cliff face. 
Barely wide enough for two 

2543
02:22:38,500 --> 02:22:43,100
camels to pass side by side. 
This is the Sikh the narrow 

2544
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:46,400
Gorge that serves as the main 
entrance to the city and 

2545
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:49,100
standing at its mouth, you feel 
like you're about to step into 

2546
02:22:49,100 --> 02:22:52,400
another world entirely. 
The walls on either side, rise 

2547
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:56,200
immediately to dizzying Heights.
80 feet perhaps more. 

2548
02:22:57,000 --> 02:23:00,500
Your eyes, follow the vertical 
sweep of stone upward until your

2549
02:23:00,500 --> 02:23:03,900
neck protests. 
The Rock here, shows its age and

2550
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:05,800
history and horizontal bands of 
color. 

2551
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:13,000
Cream rust, burgundy, pale pink 
and deep Rose geological time 

2552
02:23:13,000 --> 02:23:15,200
made visible. 
Each layer representing 

2553
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:19,100
Millennia compressed into stone.
You step forward, and the 

2554
02:23:19,100 --> 02:23:22,900
temperature drops noticeably the
high walls block, the direct 

2555
02:23:22,900 --> 02:23:25,600
sunlight creating a corridor of 
cool shadow. 

2556
02:23:26,600 --> 02:23:30,700
Your footsteps, Echo slightly a 
quiet percussion against the 

2557
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:35,000
ancient pathway warns Smooth by 
countless feet before yours. 

2558
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:39,200
In some places, you can still 
see the remnants of the original

2559
02:23:39,200 --> 02:23:42,700
Paving. 
Its stones that once made this 

2560
02:23:42,700 --> 02:23:46,100
journey, even easier for the 
heavily Laden Caravans that were

2561
02:23:46,100 --> 02:23:50,100
Petras lifeblood above you, the 
narrow ribbon of Sky seems 

2562
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,600
impossibly blue, a color. 
So intense, it almost hurts to 

2563
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:57,300
look at directly Occasionally a 
bird passes overhead. 

2564
02:23:57,300 --> 02:24:00,600
Its shadow flickering across the
walls before disappearing. 

2565
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,800
The walls themselves seemed to 
breathe their surfaces carved by

2566
02:24:05,800 --> 02:24:09,100
wind and water into waves and 
curves that play tricks. 

2567
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:12,600
On your vision. 
In certain light you could swear

2568
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:16,100
the stone actually moves, the 
rock faces on either side 

2569
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:19,000
display, an astonishing variety 
of colors and patterns. 

2570
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:22,900
You stopped to examine one 
section where the Sandstone 

2571
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:27,000
swirls in Shades ranging from 
cream to deep burgundy? 

2572
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:31,800
The layers twisted and folded by
ancient geological forces into 

2573
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:33,700
patterns that resemble abstract 
art. 

2574
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:36,600
Running your fingers across the 
surface. 

2575
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:39,400
You can feel the different 
textures where harder and 

2576
02:24:39,408 --> 02:24:41,500
softer. 
Stone have eroded at different 

2577
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:44,200
rates, creating a landscape in 
miniature. 

2578
02:24:44,200 --> 02:24:47,600
Halfway through the sick. 
You notice channels carved into 

2579
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:49,000
the walls at about shoulder 
height. 

2580
02:24:49,800 --> 02:24:53,000
These are water conduits 
engineered with such Precision 

2581
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:55,700
that They Carried water from 
Mountain Springs into the city 

2582
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:58,700
with almost no loss to 
evaporation or leakage. 

2583
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:03,200
You run your fingers along one, 
feeling the smooth interior 

2584
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:05,300
warned by centuries of flowing 
water. 

2585
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,800
The nabataeans understood 
something fundamental in the 

2586
02:25:09,808 --> 02:25:13,700
desert water is power and 
controlling water means 

2587
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:17,300
controlling trade prosperity and
survival itself. 

2588
02:25:17,300 --> 02:25:19,700
Looking more closely at the 
water Channel. 

2589
02:25:19,700 --> 02:25:23,400
You can see how the engineers 
calculated the angle of descent 

2590
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:27,100
with remarkable accuracy. 
Too steep in the water would 

2591
02:25:27,100 --> 02:25:30,300
flow too fast. 
Eroding the channel to shallow 

2592
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:33,000
and sediment would accumulate 
clogging the system. 

2593
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:37,200
They found the perfect gradient 
and maintained it for the entire

2594
02:25:37,200 --> 02:25:40,300
length of the sick. 
Feet that required, not just 

2595
02:25:40,300 --> 02:25:44,200
skill, but deep understanding of
hydraulics and Mathematics. 

2596
02:25:44,900 --> 02:25:48,900
The path curves and narrows then
widen slightly, then Narrows 

2597
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:52,400
again, this winding approach 
serves multiple purposes. 

2598
02:25:52,400 --> 02:25:54,900
It makes the city easier to 
defend. 

2599
02:25:54,900 --> 02:25:59,100
It provides shade, and it builds
anticipation with each turn. 

2600
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:03,500
You can't see what's ahead until
you're almost upon it and each 

2601
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:08,000
Bend reveals new details. 
A carved Niche that once held a 

2602
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:11,200
sacred stone, a section where 
the rock appears almost 

2603
02:26:11,200 --> 02:26:15,000
translucent, when light hits it 
at the right angle and a place 

2604
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:18,500
where flash flood debris from 
centuries ago, still clings to a

2605
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:21,500
high Ledge in one of these 
niches you spot a small carved, 

2606
02:26:21,500 --> 02:26:25,600
figure worn, almost Smooth by 
time but still recognizable as a

2607
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:29,400
day or protective spirit. 
Someone has left an offering a 

2608
02:26:29,408 --> 02:26:32,600
flower that is base recent 
enough that they haven't 

2609
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:35,900
completely dried out. 
You wonder if this is a 

2610
02:26:35,900 --> 02:26:38,900
continuation of ancient practice
or a new tradition started by 

2611
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:43,500
modern visitors, either way it 
speaks to something persistent 

2612
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,400
in human nature. 
This desire to acknowledge the 

2613
02:26:46,408 --> 02:26:50,500
sacred to leave something behind
to participate in ritual. 

2614
02:26:50,500 --> 02:26:53,600
You pause at one section where 
the walls, nearly touch 

2615
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:58,300
overhead, creating a natural 
Archway of stone here in the 

2616
02:26:58,300 --> 02:27:01,400
coolest part of the sick. 
You can smell the mineral Center

2617
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,800
of ancient Rock clean and 
somehow timeless. 

2618
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:09,000
Small, lizard watches you from a
crevice, its scales. 

2619
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:12,000
Catching what little light 
penetrates this far into the 

2620
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:16,400
gorge it, blinks Slowly 
unimpressed by yet, another 

2621
02:27:16,400 --> 02:27:18,500
human passing through its 
territory. 

2622
02:27:18,500 --> 02:27:20,900
The sick is not completely 
straight. 

2623
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:24,000
And with each turn, you lose 
sight of the entrance behind you

2624
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:25,700
and cannot yet, see what lies 
ahead. 

2625
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:30,000
This creates a feeling of 
suspension of existing Between 

2626
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:34,400
Worlds The modern world has 
fallen away not yet. 

2627
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:38,100
Replaced by what ever Waits at 
the end of this Stone corridor. 

2628
02:27:38,900 --> 02:27:42,800
You're in a space that belongs 
entirely to itself governed by 

2629
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:47,900
its own rules of light and 
Shadow sound and silence other 

2630
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:49,800
Travelers. 
Move through the sick at their 

2631
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:52,100
own pace. 
An elderly man, walks, slowly, 

2632
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:54,500
stopping frequently to rest and 
look upward. 

2633
02:27:55,300 --> 02:27:58,700
A young couple hurries past 
eager and impatient their 

2634
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:00,000
voices. 
Echoing off the walls. 

2635
02:28:00,000 --> 02:28:03,500
You settle into your own Rhythm 
not too fast. 

2636
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:08,000
Not too slow trying to absorb 
everything your senses offer. 

2637
02:28:08,800 --> 02:28:10,900
The cool are the quality of 
light. 

2638
02:28:11,700 --> 02:28:15,400
The texture of stone and the 
vast of time pressing in from 

2639
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:18,100
all sides. 
At one point you hear water, 

2640
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,800
actual flowing water, not just 
the memory of it. 

2641
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:25,100
Following the sound. 
You discover a small spring 

2642
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:28,600
emerging from the rock face 
creating a wet patch on the wall

2643
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:32,700
where moss and Tiny plants. 
Grow the water trickles down 

2644
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:34,100
into one of the ancient 
channels. 

2645
02:28:34,100 --> 02:28:37,100
Still following the path carved 
for it, 2000 years ago. 

2646
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:41,200
You cut your hand and catch some
of the water tasting it. 

2647
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:44,400
It's cold and clean slightly 
mineral. 

2648
02:28:44,400 --> 02:28:47,600
Exactly what water should taste 
like when it comes straight from

2649
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:51,600
deep inside the Earth. 
Sick begins to brighten ahead 

2650
02:28:51,600 --> 02:28:55,000
sunlight, spilling around a 
corner in a way that makes you 

2651
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:57,800
squint. 
You can hear voices now too. 

2652
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:01,400
Other visitors who have reached 
the end and are reacting to what

2653
02:29:01,408 --> 02:29:04,000
they found. 
Their They're exclamations, 

2654
02:29:04,000 --> 02:29:07,700
Echo, back toward you wordless 
expressions of all that need. 

2655
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:11,500
No Translation. 
Your pace quickens slightly, not

2656
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:14,500
because you're in a hurry. 
But because something in use 

2657
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,900
senses that the real Marvel 
lies, just ahead around this 

2658
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:20,700
next. 
Curve through this, Corridor of 

2659
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:24,200
stone that has funnel is toward 
one Wonder for 2000 years. 

2660
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:28,500
You take a deep breath. 
Preparing yourself for whatever 

2661
02:29:28,500 --> 02:29:32,300
comes next, even though 
preparation is probably futile. 

2662
02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:36,900
Some experience is cannot be 
prepared for some moments exist 

2663
02:29:36,900 --> 02:29:40,700
outside, the realm of 
expectation dwelling instead in 

2664
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:45,700
pure experience in the shock of 
beauty and in the confrontation 

2665
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:48,500
with human capability that 
exceeds what you thought 

2666
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,400
possible. 
This is one of those moments you

2667
02:29:51,400 --> 02:29:55,700
sentence and you're right. 
And then you see it, though, see

2668
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:59,200
feels like too small, a word for
what happens when the treasury 

2669
02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:01,600
reveals itself through the 
narrow gap of the essay. 

2670
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:05,700
At first, just a vertical slice 
of facade appears between the 

2671
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,500
canyon walls glowing rose gold 
in the morning. 

2672
02:30:08,500 --> 02:30:12,700
Sun then, as you take another 
step, another few feet of 

2673
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:15,300
carved. 
Cliff face emerges, and another 

2674
02:30:15,300 --> 02:30:20,000
and another until finally, you 
stand in the open space, before 

2675
02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:25,000
it Your neck craned, back your 
mouth slightly open rendered 

2676
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:29,300
completely silent by the sheer 
or dacy of what ancient hands 

2677
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:32,700
created here. 
The treasury Al hasne in the 

2678
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:37,500
local language Rises 130 feet 
from the Sandy Plaza, floor 

2679
02:30:37,500 --> 02:30:40,700
carved entirely from the living 
Rock of the cliff behind it. 

2680
02:30:40,700 --> 02:30:45,900
Not built carved. 
The builders started at the top 

2681
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:48,600
and worked downward chiseling 
away, everything. 

2682
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:52,600
That wasn't This Magnificent 
facade revealing rather than 

2683
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:56,100
constructing. 
You try to imagine the faith 

2684
02:30:56,100 --> 02:30:59,300
required to begin. 
Such a project, the certainty 

2685
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:02,900
that the stone would cooperate. 
That the vision in someone's 

2686
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:05,300
mind could be translated into 
this reality. 

2687
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:09,800
The lower level features six 
massive columns, each one 

2688
02:31:09,800 --> 02:31:12,900
perfect despite being carved 
from the same continuous piece 

2689
02:31:12,900 --> 02:31:14,600
of Cliff as everything around 
it. 

2690
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:18,000
Tween and Behind These columns 
doorways. 

2691
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,800
Lead in to cool Darkness. 
Chambers cut deep into the Rock.

2692
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:27,000
Above this a second level rises 
with more columns more detail 

2693
02:31:27,000 --> 02:31:30,700
and more impossible precision 
and crowning it all. 

2694
02:31:30,700 --> 02:31:34,700
A circular structure topped with
an urn that Legend says contains

2695
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:36,400
the treasure that gave this 
Monument. 

2696
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:40,900
Its name, he walked closer your 
sandals, quiet on the sand that 

2697
02:31:40,900 --> 02:31:43,200
has blown into this Plaza over 
centuries. 

2698
02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:46,600
The morning, light hits the 
facade at an angle that makes 

2699
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:48,100
the stone seemed to glow from 
within. 

2700
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:51,400
And you understand that the 
nabatian didn't choose this 

2701
02:31:51,400 --> 02:31:56,200
rose-colored Sandstone by 
accident, they built carved with

2702
02:31:56,200 --> 02:32:00,000
light in mind, understanding how
it would transform their work 

2703
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:03,100
throughout the day throughout 
the seasons and throughout the 

2704
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:08,400
ages details emerge as you 
approach carved figures stand in

2705
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,500
niches dancing Amazons. 
According to local knowledge 

2706
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,600
though, their features of 
softened over two Millennia of 

2707
02:32:14,600 --> 02:32:19,300
wind and rare rain. floral 
motifs curve, along capitals and

2708
02:32:19,300 --> 02:32:23,500
cornices, geometric patterns, 
create visual rhythms that draw 

2709
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:27,900
your eye upward and upward until
your dizzy with looking you 

2710
02:32:27,900 --> 02:32:31,200
notice that the stone itself 
contains subtle color variations

2711
02:32:32,800 --> 02:32:36,900
Seem of deep burgundy here. 
A band of cream there and 

2712
02:32:36,900 --> 02:32:40,100
streaks of orange and pink 
swirling together like some 

2713
02:32:40,100 --> 02:32:43,700
Cosmic painters, palette a 
merchant, you met in the Caravan

2714
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:46,800
stands, beside you now. 
And you realize, you've both 

2715
02:32:46,800 --> 02:32:48,900
been staring and silence for 
several minutes. 

2716
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:52,800
He laughs quietly and says 
something about how he seen the 

2717
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:56,100
treasury 2 doesn't times and it 
still makes him feel like a 

2718
02:32:56,100 --> 02:33:00,800
child seeing magic for the first
time you nod understanding 

2719
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:03,500
completely. 
There's something about the 

2720
02:33:03,500 --> 02:33:07,300
scale of human ambition here. 
The sheer devotion required to 

2721
02:33:07,300 --> 02:33:11,200
imagine this and then make it 
real that shrinks your modern 

2722
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:13,300
concerns down to their proper 
size. 

2723
02:33:13,300 --> 02:33:16,500
You notice now that the plaza in
front of the treasury is 

2724
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:21,300
actually quite large capable of 
holding hundreds of people. this

2725
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:25,400
wasn't just a tomb or a temple, 
it was a statement, a 

2726
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:29,900
declaration carved in stone We 
are the nabataeans and this is 

2727
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:33,300
what we can do. 
This is our power, our wealth, 

2728
02:33:33,300 --> 02:33:37,100
our skill, and our vision. 
Remember us, and you do remember

2729
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:39,100
them standing here? 
2000 years later. 

2730
02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:42,000
Exactly. 
As they hoped the facade shows 

2731
02:33:42,000 --> 02:33:44,400
signs of damage in places, 
bullet. 

2732
02:33:44,400 --> 02:33:47,200
Holes from Treasure Hunters who 
took the legend of the Ernst 

2733
02:33:47,200 --> 02:33:51,600
contents literally cracks from 
earthquakes and sections, where 

2734
02:33:51,600 --> 02:33:54,500
the softer Stone has eroded 
faster than the harder. 

2735
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:59,800
But these imperfections somehow 
make it more real more touching.

2736
02:34:00,900 --> 02:34:03,100
Perfect preservation would make 
it a museum piece. 

2737
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:07,800
He scars, remind you that the 
treasury has survived, persisted

2738
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:11,500
an endured through everything 
time and humans could throw at 

2739
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:13,400
it. 
He walked to one of the doorways

2740
02:34:13,400 --> 02:34:16,700
and step inside. 
The interior is surprisingly, 

2741
02:34:16,700 --> 02:34:19,800
simple, compared to the 
elaborate facade, large 

2742
02:34:19,800 --> 02:34:22,900
rectangular Chambers with smooth
walls and high ceilings. 

2743
02:34:23,900 --> 02:34:25,200
The temperature drops 
immediately. 

2744
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:28,400
The thick rock walls, 
maintaining a coolness that 

2745
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:30,700
feels almost shocking after the 
warm day outside. 

2746
02:34:31,600 --> 02:34:34,900
Someone has left an offering a 
flowers in one corner already 

2747
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:38,900
wilting in the dry air. small 
gesture of reverence to whoever 

2748
02:34:38,900 --> 02:34:42,200
this Monument was built to honor
the main chamber measures 

2749
02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:45,900
roughly, 40 feet square, the 
walls, rising to a ceiling that 

2750
02:34:45,908 --> 02:34:50,400
disappears and to Darkness of 
Your footsteps echo in the empty

2751
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:53,400
space and you realize that 
Acoustics were probably 

2752
02:34:53,400 --> 02:34:57,800
considered in the design. sound 
behaves differently in here 

2753
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:02,100
softer but all so somehow more 
present as if the stone itself 

2754
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:04,700
remembers voices and 
occasionally Whispers them back,

2755
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:08,500
you run your hand along the wall
feeling tool marks and visible 

2756
02:35:08,500 --> 02:35:12,700
to the eye but present touch 
1000s of careful strikes with 

2757
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:16,000
chisel and Hammer. 
Each one removing a tiny amount 

2758
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:18,800
of stone, each one part of the 
larger vision. 

2759
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:23,500
The patience required. 
Staggers you, this isn't work, 

2760
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:26,500
that could be rushed. 
This is work that required 

2761
02:35:26,500 --> 02:35:31,300
dedication spanning years, 
probably decades, probably 

2762
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:35,000
generations of Craftsmen passing
skills and knowledge down 

2763
02:35:35,000 --> 02:35:37,800
through their families in a 
corner of the chamber. 

2764
02:35:37,800 --> 02:35:41,400
You notice graffiti scratched 
into the stone, not modern 

2765
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,800
vandalism, but ancient visitors 
leaving their marks. 

2766
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:48,900
One inscription is in nabataean 
script another. 

2767
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:52,200
In what might be Greek? 
And a third in a language, you 

2768
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:55,600
don't recognize at all. 
People have been visiting this 

2769
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:58,400
place and wanting to record 
their presence for as long as 

2770
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:02,000
the treasury has existed. 
You resist, the urge to add your

2771
02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:05,000
own Mark, feeling that the 
practice has shifted from 

2772
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,500
documentation to desecration 
somewhere along the Millennia 

2773
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,300
back outside. 
You find a spot of shade and 

2774
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:15,000
simply sit watching how the 
light changes on the carved 

2775
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:18,700
surface as the sun continues. 
Its climb Other Travelers 

2776
02:36:18,700 --> 02:36:21,900
arrive, gasping and pointing 
going through the same 

2777
02:36:21,900 --> 02:36:24,300
progression of all, you just 
experienced. 

2778
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:27,900
You notice how the treasury 
seems to change color as the sun

2779
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:30,800
moves. 
What was rose gold and our goal.

2780
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:34,300
Now, tens more toward deep 
salmon and in another hour, it 

2781
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:38,400
will shift again, the young 
woman, sits near you also just 

2782
02:36:38,400 --> 02:36:42,500
watching After a while, she says
quietly that she's an architect.

2783
02:36:42,500 --> 02:36:46,700
And this breaks her brain, the 
engineering required the vision,

2784
02:36:46,700 --> 02:36:50,400
the skill it all exceeds, what 
should be possible with the 

2785
02:36:50,408 --> 02:36:53,700
tools available at the time. 
You asked what she means. 

2786
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:58,000
And she explains these aren't 
small decorative carvings. 

2787
02:36:58,000 --> 02:37:01,800
This is structural work at a 
massive scale and it had to be 

2788
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:04,600
done perfectly because there are
no Second Chances. 

2789
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:07,500
You can't add Stone back. 
Once it's removed. 

2790
02:37:08,300 --> 02:37:11,400
Every strike of the Chisel had 
to be precisely calculated and 

2791
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:15,400
executed one major era and the 
entire facade could have been 

2792
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:17,800
ruined. 
She stands and approaches the 

2793
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:20,500
treasury. 
Again, gesturing at the columns 

2794
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:23,900
to make columns that appear to 
be separate but are actually 

2795
02:37:23,900 --> 02:37:25,700
part of the continuous Cliff 
face. 

2796
02:37:25,700 --> 02:37:28,200
She says, you need to 
understand. 

2797
02:37:28,200 --> 02:37:30,700
Not just what the finished 
product should look like. 

2798
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:34,500
But exactly how to remove Stone 
in three dimensions to create 

2799
02:37:34,500 --> 02:37:36,400
the illusion of independent 
structures. 

2800
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:41,300
It's subtractive sculpture on an
impossible scale and its 

2801
02:37:41,300 --> 02:37:44,800
architectural engineering, and 
its mathematical Precision. 

2802
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:48,700
All combined. 
The Napa ins were operating at a

2803
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:50,400
level of sophistication that 
most people don't. 

2804
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:54,900
Appreciate a vendor is set up a 
small carpet nearby selling, 

2805
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:57,800
cool drinks and dried fruit to 
overwhelmed visitors. 

2806
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:01,700
You accept a cup of pomegranate 
juice sweetened tart on your 

2807
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:05,700
tongue and listen as he tells 
stories about the treasury in an

2808
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:08,500
accident thick as honey. 
Some stories are clearly 

2809
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,400
exaggerated. 
No King Solomon's. 

2810
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:14,700
Gin didn't carve this overnight.
But others hold the weight of 

2811
02:38:14,708 --> 02:38:17,000
possibility. 
Hidden Chambers. 

2812
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:21,300
Not yet, discovered Treasures 
beyond the urn which he admits 

2813
02:38:21,300 --> 02:38:25,300
with the grin is solid Stone all
the way through riddled with 

2814
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,000
bullet holes from Fortune 
Seekers who learned that lesson.

2815
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:31,600
The hard way, he tells you that 
local Bedouin Legends. 

2816
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:35,100
Say the treasury was carved by a
pharaoh who pursued Moses across

2817
02:38:35,100 --> 02:38:38,100
the desert a needed. 
A place to store his wealth. 

2818
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:42,100
This is historically unlikely 
but you appreciate the story 

2819
02:38:42,100 --> 02:38:44,800
anyway. 
Every culture that encounters 

2820
02:38:44,800 --> 02:38:48,500
Petra creates explanation for 
it, we've visited into their own

2821
02:38:48,500 --> 02:38:51,200
mythology and make it part of 
their narrative. 

2822
02:38:52,000 --> 02:38:55,200
The treasury doesn't just belong
to the Napa in anymore. 

2823
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:59,500
It belongs to human imagination.
You put some dates from the 

2824
02:38:59,500 --> 02:39:03,700
vendor and their perfect. 
Sweet and slightly chewy with 

2825
02:39:03,700 --> 02:39:05,800
that. 
Concentrated sugar flavor that 

2826
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:09,400
makes them almost like candy. 
He tells you their from a Grove 

2827
02:39:09,400 --> 02:39:12,800
near a carbon in the same soil 
that's produced dates for 

2828
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:16,200
thousands of years. 
The nabatian would have eaten 

2829
02:39:16,200 --> 02:39:19,600
dates, just like these carried 
them on Long, trading, Journeys,

2830
02:39:19,600 --> 02:39:24,100
and use them to sweeten their 
lives in small ordinary ways the

2831
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:27,000
morning advances toward midday 
and, you know, you should move 

2832
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:30,300
on and explore more of Petra but
you're reluctant to leave the 

2833
02:39:30,300 --> 02:39:32,900
treasury. 
It has a gravity to it. 

2834
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:36,000
An invisible pull. 
That makes departure difficult. 

2835
02:39:36,900 --> 02:39:41,000
Finally, you force yourself to 
stand to shoulder, your pack to 

2836
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:42,900
turn away from the carved 
facade? 

2837
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,000
But you look back three times 
before the plaza is out of sight

2838
02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:51,200
unwilling, to Let It Go needing.
These last glimpses to carry 

2839
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:55,100
with you beyond the treasury, 
the City of Petra, and folds 

2840
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:58,600
like a stone garden and you 
ventured deeper into its heart. 

2841
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:03,900
the central Colonnade stretches,
before you a Broad Avenue that 

2842
02:40:03,900 --> 02:40:07,700
once bustled with Traders 
priests and citizens going about

2843
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:12,400
their daily business, Now, it 
exists in partial ruin. 

2844
02:40:13,200 --> 02:40:16,100
Column standing at attention 
like soldiers, who never 

2845
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,800
received orders to stand down, 
others toppled by earthquake 

2846
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:22,500
That Shook this region centuries
ago. 

2847
02:40:22,500 --> 02:40:26,000
You walk among these remnants 
trying to reconstruct the scene 

2848
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:29,200
as it might have been Market 
stalls would have lined this 

2849
02:40:29,208 --> 02:40:33,400
street their awnings providing 
shade their goods, creating a 

2850
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:35,800
sensory Festival spices from 
India. 

2851
02:40:35,800 --> 02:40:41,000
Silk from China frankincense 
from Arabia and olive oil from 

2852
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:45,100
the Mediterranean The nabataeans
sat at the crossroads of the 

2853
02:40:45,108 --> 02:40:48,100
ancient world and everything 
worth trading passed through 

2854
02:40:48,108 --> 02:40:52,100
their hands leaving a percentage
of its value Behind The 

2855
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:55,400
Colonnade itself shows, evidence
of multiple construction phases,

2856
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,000
some columns are clearly older 
than others. 

2857
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:01,900
The Stonewall weathered and the 
capitals different in style. 

2858
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:06,600
The city grew and changed over 
centuries adapting to new 

2859
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:09,900
influences, new wealth, and new 
needs. 

2860
02:41:10,900 --> 02:41:13,600
You can read this history in the
architecture, like rings in a 

2861
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:18,000
tree, each layer, telling its 
own story ahead, you spot. 

2862
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:21,900
What must have been a fountain, 
a large carved basins set, in to

2863
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,800
an architectural niche. 
Dry now, but still beautiful. 

2864
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:29,700
You approach it and see the 
remains of decorative carving 

2865
02:41:29,700 --> 02:41:33,700
around its Rim patterns that 
Echo the natural swirls in the 

2866
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,900
Sandstone itself. 
You imagine it full of water 

2867
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:39,100
surrounded by Travelers and 
locals alike. 

2868
02:41:39,100 --> 02:41:42,800
Everyone grateful for this 
precious resource in the desert 

2869
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:46,300
heat The Fountains Basin is 
carved from a single piece of 

2870
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:49,600
stone and you Marvel at the 
effort required to Quarry 

2871
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:54,000
transport and position something
this large Even with modern 

2872
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:57,500
equipment moving, this Basin 
would be challenging the 

2873
02:41:57,500 --> 02:42:01,200
nabatian, Managed IT with human 
and animal power, with clever, 

2874
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:04,300
use of levers and rollers. 
And with the kind of patient, 

2875
02:42:04,300 --> 02:42:07,400
determination. 
That seems almost extinct in 

2876
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:09,600
your own era of instant 
gratification. 

2877
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:13,800
A cat appears from behind a 
fallen column regarding you with

2878
02:42:13,808 --> 02:42:16,600
the universal expression of 
feline superiority. 

2879
02:42:17,300 --> 02:42:20,300
It's orange and white and 
well-fed enough that clearly 

2880
02:42:20,300 --> 02:42:23,300
someone in the modern bedroom 
community, that lives nearby 

2881
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:27,000
takes care of it. 
The cat performs an elaborate 

2882
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:31,000
stretch front legs extended rear
end elevated. 

2883
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:34,500
Making it abundantly clear that 
it owns this particular section 

2884
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:38,500
of ancient Street. 
Your merely visiting the cat 

2885
02:42:38,500 --> 02:42:40,400
approaches. 
You cautiously decides your 

2886
02:42:40,400 --> 02:42:43,500
acceptable and begins weaving 
around your ankles. 

2887
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:47,500
In that way, cats have perfected
over Millennia of training 

2888
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:51,800
humans to feed them. 
You scratch behind its ears and 

2889
02:42:51,800 --> 02:42:54,600
it purrs loud enough to Echo off
the nearby columns. 

2890
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:58,300
From a moment, your connected to
every person who ever pulls on 

2891
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:02,000
the street to pet a friendly cat
because some things transcend 

2892
02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:06,000
time and culture, People have 
always loved small animals, that

2893
02:43:06,000 --> 02:43:08,400
deemed to tolerate our presence 
along. 

2894
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:11,900
The edges of the colonnade cave,
openings, Mark residential areas

2895
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:15,800
carved into the cliff faces. 
These aren't the elaborate tomb 

2896
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:17,300
facades you see throughout 
Petra. 

2897
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:20,800
These are simpler more practical
spaces where people actually 

2898
02:43:20,800 --> 02:43:23,600
lived. 
Climb a rough un staircase. 

2899
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:25,700
To reach one, your hand trailing
along. 

2900
02:43:25,700 --> 02:43:29,600
The rock wall for balance. 
The entrance is low, you duck to

2901
02:43:29,600 --> 02:43:33,600
enter and inside you find a 
series of rooms carved in a 

2902
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:36,500
simple but efficient layout, the
main room would have been the 

2903
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:38,400
living area with smaller 
Chambers. 

2904
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:40,300
Branching off a storage and 
sleeping. 

2905
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:45,000
The walls are surprisingly. 
Smooth showing toolmarks only in

2906
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:47,000
the corners where Precision 
mattered less. 

2907
02:43:47,800 --> 02:43:50,600
You can see where shelves were 
carved directly into the Rock. 

2908
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:54,700
Well, oil lamps would have sat 
in niches and where the ceiling 

2909
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:58,300
Rises higher to allow smoke from
cooking fires to gather and 

2910
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:02,100
escaped through a carefully. 
Engineered vent standing in this

2911
02:44:02,100 --> 02:44:04,800
ancient home. 
You can almost feel the lives 

2912
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,600
that were lived. 
Here, a mother grinding grain in

2913
02:44:07,608 --> 02:44:10,500
the cool morning. 
Children playing in the doorway 

2914
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:13,900
while their father prepared for 
a trading Journey evening meals,

2915
02:44:13,900 --> 02:44:17,600
were shared while the days heat,
finally, broke arguments, and 

2916
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:21,200
laughter births and deaths. 
All the ordinary moments that 

2917
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:24,200
make up a life. 
Played out in rooms carved from 

2918
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:27,300
Livingstone, one of the sleeping
Chambers still has. 

2919
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:30,800
What looks like the remnants of 
plaster on the walls painted 

2920
02:44:30,800 --> 02:44:34,700
plaster though, the pigments of 
faded to barely visible ghosts 

2921
02:44:34,700 --> 02:44:37,200
of color? 
You can just make out geometric 

2922
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:42,100
patterns, perhaps floral designs
decoration that made this cave 

2923
02:44:42,100 --> 02:44:46,700
into a home that added Beauty to
function that proved even 2000 

2924
02:44:46,700 --> 02:44:48,500
years ago. 
People wanted more than just 

2925
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:52,400
shelter They wanted 
aesthetically pleasing shelter, 

2926
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:56,000
you noticed that the floors 
aren't level, they're slightly 

2927
02:44:56,000 --> 02:44:59,400
sloped toward the entrance. 
A deliberate design choice that 

2928
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:02,300
would have helped water drain 
out during the rare, but intense

2929
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:05,500
desert Reigns. 
Even in homes, carved from 

2930
02:45:05,508 --> 02:45:09,900
Stone, even in places that seem 
permanent and unchanging, the 

2931
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:14,100
nabataeans prepared for water 
respected it and designed around

2932
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:17,300
it. 
In the desert, water is Never 

2933
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:20,100
Enough To thought returning to 
the colonnade. 

2934
02:45:20,100 --> 02:45:22,600
You find yourself thinking about
social structure in ancient 

2935
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:26,800
Petra The elaborate tombs and 
temples suggest a hierarchical 

2936
02:45:26,800 --> 02:45:31,100
society merchants and Nobles at 
the top priests and 

2937
02:45:31,108 --> 02:45:35,100
administrators next Craftsman 
and Traders in the middle and 

2938
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:38,600
laborers at the bottom. 
But the shared Water Systems, 

2939
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:41,900
the public fountains and the 
relatively modest homes, even 

2940
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,600
for the wealthy suggested 
society, that valued Community, 

2941
02:45:45,600 --> 02:45:48,300
cohesion. 
You can't run a successful 

2942
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:51,600
trading empire of your social 
structure constantly threatened 

2943
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:54,500
to collapse into conflict back 
on the Main Avenue. 

2944
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:57,500
You notice a group of modern 
Bedouin guides taking their 

2945
02:45:57,500 --> 02:46:00,200
lunch in the shade of a 
particularly large fall and 

2946
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:03,800
column They wave you over with 
the immediate Hospitality that 

2947
02:46:03,800 --> 02:46:06,500
seems to be programmed into 
desert people's everywhere. 

2948
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,200
Within moments, your sitting 
cross-legged on a worn carpet, 

2949
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:15,200
accepting flatbread, and soft 
cheese listening to stories told

2950
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:18,200
in a mixture of languages. 
Supplemented with expansive 

2951
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:22,900
gestures, the food is simple, 
but satisfying the bread still 

2952
02:46:22,900 --> 02:46:26,900
warm, the cheese tangian, creamy
and some olives that tastes like

2953
02:46:26,900 --> 02:46:30,600
sunshine and salt. 
Someone passes you a cup of 

2954
02:46:30,600 --> 02:46:33,600
strong coffee, thick and sweet 
and you sip, it carefully, 

2955
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:37,200
because it's very hot. 
The guides laugh at something, 

2956
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,300
one of them said slapping their 
knees and even though you don't 

2957
02:46:40,300 --> 02:46:43,500
understand the joke, you smile 
because laughter is contagious 

2958
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:46,300
and context. 
Independent one of the older 

2959
02:46:46,300 --> 02:46:49,600
guides is face creased. 
Like well-worn leather tells you

2960
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:52,800
about finding ancient coins 
after heavy rains about 

2961
02:46:52,800 --> 02:46:56,200
discovering new chambers that 
tourists never see and about the

2962
02:46:56,200 --> 02:46:59,500
time of flash flood roared 
through the sick with such 

2963
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,500
violence that it moved bolders. 
The size of camels. 

2964
02:47:03,400 --> 02:47:06,100
His hands shape. 
The story in the air and you can

2965
02:47:06,108 --> 02:47:09,900
see the Water Rising and feel 
the Thunder of its passage he 

2966
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:12,800
laughs at the memory. 
Not because floods are dangerous

2967
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:15,600
but because of surviving them 
and you breaking rights that 

2968
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:18,600
lost a lifetime, the 
conversation turns to daily 

2969
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:20,900
life. 
In ancient Petra and the guide 

2970
02:47:20,900 --> 02:47:23,900
shared knowledge passed down 
through generations of living in

2971
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:28,200
and around these ruins. 
The nabatian they explain were 

2972
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:30,700
practical people. 
They carved their City from 

2973
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:34,200
Stone, not for Aesthetics alone 
but because Stone doesn't burn, 

2974
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:37,500
doesn't rot. 
And last essentially forever in 

2975
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:41,800
a desert climate, they built for
their descendants for eternity, 

2976
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:44,900
and they succeeded Beyond 
probably even their own 

2977
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:48,000
imaginations. 
You learn that during Petra's 

2978
02:47:48,000 --> 02:47:49,900
height. 
This Central Street would have 

2979
02:47:49,908 --> 02:47:53,400
been shaded by fabric awning 
stretched between the columns 

2980
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:57,400
baking it possible to shop, and 
trade, even during the brutal, 

2981
02:47:57,400 --> 02:48:01,900
midday Heat. wealthy merchants 
lived in carved homes with 

2982
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:06,100
multiple rooms and elaborate 
facades while poorest citizens, 

2983
02:48:06,100 --> 02:48:08,900
may do with simpler cave 
dwellings on the outskirts, 

2984
02:48:09,600 --> 02:48:13,400
Everyone, regardless of status 
had access to the city's water 

2985
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:17,500
system, a democratic approach to
Precious resources that helped 

2986
02:48:17,500 --> 02:48:21,100
maintain social stability. 
One of the younger guys points 

2987
02:48:21,100 --> 02:48:23,700
out a section of the colonnade 
where you can still see post 

2988
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:28,300
holes carved into the stone 
evidence of those awnings proof 

2989
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:31,200
that this street wants offered 
shade and relative comfort. 

2990
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,700
He explains that the fabric 
would have been brightly colored

2991
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:39,100
died in Reds and blues and 
yellows, creating a vibrant 

2992
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:41,900
canopy overhead. 
The street would have been 

2993
02:48:41,908 --> 02:48:44,000
colorful in a way that's hard to
imagine. 

2994
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:48,200
Now, looking at the bare Stone 
and sand trade, goods would have

2995
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:51,000
been displayed on low tables or 
spread on carpets. 

2996
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:55,400
The guy continues Merchants 
called out their Wares hagglers,

2997
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:57,900
negotiated prices and money 
changers. 

2998
02:48:57,900 --> 02:49:01,100
Sat at small tables converting 
various currencies because 

2999
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:03,200
Traders came from all over the 
known world. 

3000
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:06,400
It would have been loud chaotic 
and exciting. 

3001
02:49:07,300 --> 02:49:10,800
A true Crossroads were different
languages, mingled where news 

3002
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:14,000
from distant land spread and 
where the Exotic became 

3003
02:49:14,000 --> 02:49:15,800
ordinary, through constant 
exposure. 

3004
02:49:15,800 --> 02:49:19,000
The guides also tell you about 
the social customs of ancient 

3005
02:49:19,000 --> 02:49:24,200
Petra, the little rituals of 
daily life When Traders arrived,

3006
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:27,000
they would have been greeted by 
City officials who assess their 

3007
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:31,600
goods for taxation purposes. 
Temple's required offering from 

3008
02:49:31,600 --> 02:49:34,300
those seeking Divine favor for 
their business deals. 

3009
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:36,800
Public bars. 
Yes. 

3010
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:40,800
The nabataeans had public bars 
and Innovation borrowed from 

3011
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:44,300
their Greek and Roman neighbors.
Served a social centers where 

3012
02:49:44,300 --> 02:49:48,100
business and gossip flowed as 
freely as the water, you asked 

3013
02:49:48,100 --> 02:49:51,100
about entertainment and the 
guides exchanged glances 

3014
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:53,900
Groening. 
There was a theater here. 

3015
02:49:53,900 --> 02:49:57,100
One of them says actually two 
theaters carved into the 

3016
02:49:57,100 --> 02:50:00,900
hillside. 
The nabatian enjoyed 

3017
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:03,100
greek-style, drama comedy and 
music. 

3018
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:05,700
They weren't austere desert 
Aesthetics. 

3019
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:09,300
They were cosmopolitans 
sophisticated and interested in 

3020
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:11,000
art and culture as much as 
profit. 

3021
02:50:11,700 --> 02:50:15,200
They wanted to enjoy their 
wealth, not just accumulate it. 

3022
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,600
One, guide mentions the remains 
of what was probably a Tavern or

3023
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:22,500
near the colonnade and suddenly 
you can imagine tired Traders 

3024
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:25,700
stumbling in after a long 
journey, calling for Wine and 

3025
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:28,100
Food. 
Swapping stories about dangerous

3026
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:31,500
mountain passes and profitable 
deals, boasting about their 

3027
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:33,900
exploits and complaining about 
their competitors. 

3028
02:50:35,000 --> 02:50:39,000
Human nature doesn't change much
the details shift but the 

3029
02:50:39,008 --> 02:50:41,100
fundamental patterns remain 
constant. 

3030
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:44,600
The guides insist on showing you
what they consider Petra's true,

3031
02:50:44,608 --> 02:50:48,900
Marvel not the car for SARS 
impressive as they are, but the 

3032
02:50:48,908 --> 02:50:51,200
water systems that made 
everything else possible. 

3033
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:55,200
You follow them to what looks 
like an unremarkable Channel 

3034
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:57,900
carved into the rock face along.
One Street. 

3035
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:02,200
Water once flowed here. 
They explain brought from 

3036
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:04,700
Springs in the mountains through
an engineering system. 

3037
02:51:04,700 --> 02:51:08,200
So sophisticated that modern 
experts, still study it with 

3038
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:11,900
admiration and a touch of envy. 
You walk along this ancient 

3039
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:15,500
Aqueduct following its path, as 
it curves with the natural 

3040
02:51:15,500 --> 02:51:20,100
Contours of the landscape. 
Every so often you spot evidence

3041
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:22,500
of the nabataean engineers, 
cleverness. 

3042
02:51:23,300 --> 02:51:26,700
Settling Basin where sediment 
could drop out of the water 

3043
02:51:26,700 --> 02:51:29,200
flow. 
A gentle curve designed to 

3044
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:32,500
maintain constant water 
pressure, and a covered section 

3045
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:35,100
that prevented evaporation 
during the hottest parts of the 

3046
02:51:35,100 --> 02:51:38,800
day, the system wasn't just one 
channel, but a network of 

3047
02:51:38,800 --> 02:51:42,500
channels cisterns and dams that 
collected every possible drop of

3048
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,700
water from the seasonal rains 
and Mountain runoff. 

3049
02:51:47,000 --> 02:51:49,800
The Napa Tan's understood. 
The water doesn't just appear 

3050
02:51:49,800 --> 02:51:54,200
when you need it, it must be 
captured stored and distributed 

3051
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,000
with care. 
In this understanding, they 

3052
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:00,700
build an entire civilization. 
One of the guys kneels beside 

3053
02:52:00,700 --> 02:52:03,000
the channel and traces, the 
interior with his finger, 

3054
02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:06,900
showing you how smooth it is. 
This smoothness wasn't 

3055
02:52:06,900 --> 02:52:11,300
accidental, he explained it 
reduced friction allowing water 

3056
02:52:11,300 --> 02:52:15,000
to flow more efficiently. 
Every detail was calculated. 

3057
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:19,500
Every feature served a purpose. 
The nabataeans were engineers 

3058
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:23,100
who thought in terms of systems 
understanding that water 

3059
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,400
management required, considering
everything from Mountain Springs

3060
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:29,700
to individual homes. 
He points out where smaller 

3061
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:31,800
channels, branched off from this
main aqueduct. 

3062
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,100
Carrying water to different 
districts of the city. 

3063
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:39,400
Each branch had its own control 
mechanism Stone plugs that could

3064
02:52:39,400 --> 02:52:43,000
be removed or inserted to direct
water where it was needed. 

3065
02:52:43,000 --> 02:52:47,100
Most During droughts water would
be rationed. 

3066
02:52:47,700 --> 02:52:49,400
With priority given to drinking 
and cooking. 

3067
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:54,700
During abundant periods excess 
water, went to Gardens fountains

3068
02:52:54,700 --> 02:52:57,900
and the public baths. 
You can continue following the 

3069
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:01,600
main Channel and it leads you 
upward climbing the hillside in 

3070
02:53:01,600 --> 02:53:03,600
a carefully. 
Calculated gradient. 

3071
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:07,300
The guides explain that this 
particular Aqueduct brought 

3072
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:11,000
water from a spring over six 
miles away, maintaining a 

3073
02:53:11,000 --> 02:53:15,200
consistent, downward slope the 
entire distance, the engineering

3074
02:53:15,200 --> 02:53:17,700
survey work alone would have 
been an impressive feat. 

3075
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:21,500
Imagine mapping a root over 
miles of Rocky terrain, 

3076
02:53:21,500 --> 02:53:25,200
calculating elevations, and 
determining the optimal path. 

3077
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:28,900
All without modern instruments, 
at several points along the 

3078
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,200
Route. 
You see evidence of repairs made

3079
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:34,400
over the centuries. 
The number tayons maintain their

3080
02:53:34,400 --> 02:53:37,900
water systems religiously 
because their survival depended 

3081
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:41,000
on it. 
Later inhabitants Romans and 

3082
02:53:41,000 --> 02:53:43,400
byzantines. 
Continued the maintenance, 

3083
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:47,600
because the system was too 
valuable to abandon Even after 

3084
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:52,200
Petra was largely depopulated 
local Bedouin tribes used parts 

3085
02:53:52,200 --> 02:53:55,400
of the water system. 
Keeping sections functional up 

3086
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:58,400
to the present day. 
One of the guides leads you to a

3087
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:00,500
large system carved deep into 
the Rock. 

3088
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:04,900
Its opening protected by a low 
wall that prevents accidents. 

3089
02:54:04,900 --> 02:54:08,300
You lean over carefully and look
down into cool Darkness 

3090
02:54:09,100 --> 02:54:13,200
Somewhere, far below water, 
still collects, not much, but 

3091
02:54:13,200 --> 02:54:16,000
enough that you can hear the 
occasional drip echoing in the 

3092
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:18,800
chamber. 
This particular system, you're 

3093
02:54:18,800 --> 02:54:21,800
told could hold enough water to 
supply the city for months if 

3094
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:26,300
rains fails which they sometimes
did the systems interior walls, 

3095
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:29,800
are plastered to prevent seepage
though, much of the plaster has 

3096
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:32,600
deteriorated over time at the 
bottom. 

3097
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:37,100
You can just barely make out the
glint of water, perhaps 20 feet 

3098
02:54:37,100 --> 02:54:40,000
down a metal chain, hangs down 
the wall. 

3099
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:43,700
A modern addition to help anyone
who accidentally Falls in 

3100
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,100
though. 
The guide's joke that falling 

3101
02:54:46,100 --> 02:54:48,900
into ancient systems is not 
recommended as a tourist 

3102
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:52,300
activity near the system. 
Someone has carved a warning in 

3103
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:56,800
Napa in script still legible. 
After all these centuries, the 

3104
02:54:56,800 --> 02:54:59,900
guide translates roughly it 
warns against polluting, the 

3105
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:03,000
waters, apply and declares the 
punishment for such a crime to 

3106
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:06,000
be severe water. 
Theft was apparently the most 

3107
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:09,600
serious offense, a person could 
commit in ancient Petra, worse 

3108
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:14,200
than stealing gold, or Goods. 
You can understand why gold 

3109
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:18,600
might make you rich but water 
keeps you alive the guide shares

3110
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:22,000
a story about a 19th century 
explorer, who tried to map 

3111
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:26,600
Petra's, entire water system and
gave up after weeks of work. 

3112
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:31,900
Having traced only a fraction of
its extent The system was simply

3113
02:55:31,900 --> 02:55:35,500
too complex and too extensive 
with channels running under 

3114
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:39,600
streets through buildings and 
across valleys on Aqueduct 

3115
02:55:39,600 --> 02:55:41,000
bridges that have since 
collapsed. 

3116
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:43,600
Modern archaeologists using 
ground. 

3117
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:47,500
Penetrating radar continued to 
discover previously unknown 

3118
02:55:47,500 --> 02:55:49,900
sections. 
You can continue following the 

3119
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:52,900
water channels and they lead you
to what must have been a garden 

3120
02:55:52,908 --> 02:55:55,500
area. 
The soil here is different 

3121
02:55:55,500 --> 02:56:00,400
darker richer and clearly 
enriched by centuries of water 

3122
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,900
flow and organic matter. 
You can still see the remnants 

3123
02:56:03,900 --> 02:56:07,400
of the irrigation system, small 
channels, brought off the main 

3124
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:10,000
Aqueduct to water individual, 
planting beds. 

3125
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,400
In the desert a garden isn't 
just decoration. 

3126
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:18,600
It's a statement of power a 
demonstration that you command 

3127
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:20,600
enough water to waste some on 
beauty. 

3128
02:56:20,600 --> 02:56:24,200
One of the younger guides Niels 
and digs in the soil, pulling up

3129
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:29,000
A Shard of pottery, its glazed, 
in a pale, green color decorated

3130
02:56:29,000 --> 02:56:33,100
with a simple geometric pattern,
part of a plant pot, He suggests

3131
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:36,800
or maybe a serving dish from 
when this Garden hosted parties.

3132
02:56:36,800 --> 02:56:40,200
And Gatherings, he handed to you
and you turn it over in your 

3133
02:56:40,208 --> 02:56:42,100
hands marveling at how 
something. 

3134
02:56:42,100 --> 02:56:46,200
So, fragile survived, when 
entire Empires crumbled, the 

3135
02:56:46,200 --> 02:56:49,400
Garden area, overlooks. 
The main city offering a view of

3136
02:56:49,400 --> 02:56:54,200
facades and ancient streets. 
You can imagine nabatian Nobles 

3137
02:56:54,200 --> 02:56:57,200
sitting here in the evening, 
enjoying the cool air and the 

3138
02:56:57,200 --> 02:57:00,600
sound of water trickling through
irrigation channels, discussing 

3139
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:03,500
politics and trade, while 
surrounded by flowers and fruit 

3140
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:06,200
trees that had no business 
surviving in a desert climate. 

3141
02:57:07,100 --> 02:57:09,500
The garden would have been a 
demonstration of their victory 

3142
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:12,300
over nature. 
Their ability to bend even the 

3143
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:15,400
harsh desert their will Be 
looking at the gardens layout, 

3144
02:57:15,400 --> 02:57:18,700
you notice, it was terrorists 
with each level slightly lower 

3145
02:57:18,700 --> 02:57:21,600
than the one of it. 
This allowed water to flow 

3146
02:57:21,600 --> 02:57:25,000
naturally from one Terrace to 
the next ensure an even 

3147
02:57:25,008 --> 02:57:26,900
distribution and preventing 
waste. 

3148
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:31,500
Even in ornamental spaces, even 
in areas designed purely for 

3149
02:57:31,500 --> 02:57:35,500
pleasure, the nabateans maintain
their engineering precision and 

3150
02:57:35,500 --> 02:57:39,200
respect for Waters value. 
The afternoon heat has built to 

3151
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:42,200
its peak now. 
And you understand viscerally, 

3152
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:46,200
why the nabatian spent so much 
effort on water systems Without 

3153
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:50,100
constant hydration, the desert 
becomes genuinely dangerous. 

3154
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:55,300
You drink from your water skin 
grateful for it and think about 

3155
02:57:55,300 --> 02:57:58,900
how different life must have 
been when every drop had to be 

3156
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:03,400
consciously managed when running
out meant death, and when rain 

3157
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:07,300
was literally a blessing worth 
celebrating with festivals and 

3158
02:58:07,300 --> 02:58:11,000
offering to the gods, one of the
Gods mentioned that during major

3159
02:58:11,000 --> 02:58:13,900
festivals, the nabatian would 
sometimes run through their 

3160
02:58:13,900 --> 02:58:17,500
Fountain systems and of water, a
display of wealth. 

3161
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:20,100
So extravagant in borders on 
absurd. 

3162
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:24,400
Imagine standing in the plaza 
and seeing wine flowing from 

3163
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,600
public fountains available to 
anyone who wanted it. 

3164
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:31,600
It would have been both generous
hospitality and an unmistakable 

3165
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,700
demonstration of power. 
We have so much wealth that we 

3166
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:36,700
can literally pour into the 
streets. 

3167
02:58:36,700 --> 02:58:40,500
You asked about water quality 
and the guide explained that the

3168
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:43,500
settling basins you saw were 
just for removing sediment. 

3169
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,700
The Napa Tans understood that 
allowing water to sit exposed to

3170
02:58:47,700 --> 02:58:50,700
air for a period. 
Improved its taste and quality 

3171
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:54,200
they didn't know about aeration 
or oxidation in modern 

3172
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:57,500
scientific terms but they 
understood the Practical result 

3173
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:01,400
water tasted better after 
sitting in an open Basin for a 

3174
02:59:01,400 --> 02:59:03,800
while. 
The Water Systems also included 

3175
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:07,600
something unexpected, public 
fountains positioned at regular 

3176
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:10,500
intervals, throughout the city 
available, to all residents 

3177
02:59:10,500 --> 02:59:14,700
regardless of wealth or status. 
This Democratic approach to 

3178
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,800
water distribution, helped 
maintain social, cohesion. 

3179
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:21,700
In a society where wealth 
inequality could easily lead to 

3180
02:59:21,700 --> 02:59:24,800
unrest, in everyone had access 
to clean. 

3181
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:28,600
Water was both practical 
governance and a humanitarian 

3182
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:31,900
consideration as you walk back 
to the main city. 

3183
02:59:31,900 --> 02:59:33,700
Following the Aqua Duck down 
hill. 

3184
02:59:33,700 --> 02:59:38,200
You passed several more systems 
and other settling Basin and 

3185
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:41,000
what looks like in ancient 
Watermill though? 

3186
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,400
So little remains that. 
It's hard to be certain The 

3187
02:59:44,400 --> 02:59:47,000
guide, confirm your guests. 
Yes. 

3188
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:51,600
The Napa ins used water power to
grind grain another borrowed 

3189
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:55,100
Innovation that they adapted to 
their needs and refined through 

3190
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,100
their characteristic. 
Engineering precision, as the 

3191
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:00,800
sun begins, its slow descent 
toward the Western Horizon. 

3192
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:04,500
And you make your way to the 
religious heart of Petra, a 

3193
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:07,800
complex of temples that show the
nabatian relationship with the 

3194
03:00:07,800 --> 03:00:12,000
divine The largest the Great 
temple sprawls across a Terrace 

3195
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:13,700
carved and built into the 
hillside. 

3196
03:00:14,700 --> 03:00:17,200
Climbing the ancient steps. 
You feel the temperature still 

3197
03:00:17,200 --> 03:00:21,100
radiating from the Stone hours 
of absorbed sunlight slowly 

3198
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:24,700
releasing, the temples layout 
reveals itself in layers. 

3199
03:00:24,700 --> 03:00:28,100
First a large Courtyard where 
worshipers would have gathered 

3200
03:00:28,100 --> 03:00:31,300
then a series of columns, 
leading to the temple. 

3201
03:00:31,300 --> 03:00:36,000
Proper some Still Standing 
others reduced to Drums of stone

3202
03:00:36,000 --> 03:00:39,600
lying, like scattered coins. 
The Columns that remain, 

3203
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,700
upright, cast Long Shadows in 
the late afternoon, light 

3204
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:45,900
creating patterns on the ground 
that shift and dance. 

3205
03:00:45,900 --> 03:00:48,900
As you move between them, what 
strikes you most is the 

3206
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,600
synthesis of styles. 
The nabataeans were Traders 

3207
03:00:52,600 --> 03:00:57,400
exposed to Egyptian, Greek, 
Roman and Arabian influences and

3208
03:00:57,400 --> 03:00:59,900
their religious architecture. 
Reflects this cultural 

3209
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:03,700
crossroads You see a Egyptian 
style capitals next to 

3210
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:07,200
Corinthian columns and Arabian 
geometric patterns alongside 

3211
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:11,500
Hellenistic sculptures. 
Rather than creating confusion, 

3212
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:15,100
this blending feels intentional 
even harmonious. 

3213
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:18,500
A visual representation of the 
people comfortable. 

3214
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:22,300
Moving Between Worlds, a columns
themselves are a remarkable 

3215
03:01:22,300 --> 03:01:25,600
works of engineering. 
Each one is carved from a single

3216
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:28,800
piece of stone fluted with 
precision and topped with 

3217
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:31,200
capitals that showed different 
decorative styles. 

3218
03:01:32,100 --> 03:01:35,500
Some columns have been 
re-elected by archeologists and 

3219
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:38,500
you can see the modern concrete 
used to join the ancient drums 

3220
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:41,400
together. 
These repairs are obvious up 

3221
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:44,000
close. 
But from a distance, The 

3222
03:01:44,000 --> 03:01:45,900
Columns. 
Once again, stand as they did 

3223
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:50,300
centuries ago, supporting 
nothing but Sky yet, still 

3224
03:01:50,300 --> 03:01:53,100
magnificent. 
You enter what was once the 

3225
03:01:53,100 --> 03:01:55,700
inner sanctum now, open to the 
sky. 

3226
03:01:56,500 --> 03:01:58,900
The walls here are carved with 
niches that would have held 

3227
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:02,200
statues or offerings. 
Some still contain fragments. 

3228
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:07,700
Stonehand here part of a face, 
their piece of God whose names 

3229
03:02:07,700 --> 03:02:11,400
have been largely forgotten. 
The nabataeans worshiped to 

3230
03:02:11,400 --> 03:02:15,600
Shara their primary day at. 
He often represented as a block 

3231
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:17,800
of stone rather than a human 
form. 

3232
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:20,200
You spot. 
What might be one of these 

3233
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:24,300
sacred blocks in a corner warns 
Smooth by time in the touch of 

3234
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:28,200
countless faithful hands. 
The inner sanctum floor is paved

3235
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:31,700
with fitted Stones, many 
displaced by earthquakes but 

3236
03:02:31,700 --> 03:02:35,700
still showing the original 
pattern In the center, a 

3237
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:38,700
rectangular depression marks. 
What was probably an altar where

3238
03:02:38,700 --> 03:02:43,900
priests made offerings animals 
sacrificed incense burned and 

3239
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:49,000
wine poured out as libation. 
You can almost smell the smoke 

3240
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:52,600
of ancient fires and here the 
prayers and chants that fill 

3241
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:54,300
this space during a religious 
ceremonies. 

3242
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:56,600
A long, one wall. 
You find a series of 

3243
03:02:56,600 --> 03:02:58,600
inscriptions in nabataean 
script. 

3244
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:01,300
These are dedications from 
worshipers. 

3245
03:03:01,300 --> 03:03:04,400
You're told by a guide who has 
followed you into the temple, 

3246
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:08,400
they thanked deshara for safe 
Journeys, successful, business 

3247
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:12,300
deals, healthy children and 
victories over enemies. 

3248
03:03:13,500 --> 03:03:17,300
The concerns of ancient people 
expressed in language, you can't

3249
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:20,800
read, but can absolutely 
understand because human hopes 

3250
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:24,100
and fears, don't change much 
across Millennia, a smaller 

3251
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:27,900
temple nearby appears to have 
been dedicated to also a 

3252
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:29,900
goddess. 
The navigations identified with 

3253
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:34,800
Venus This structure features, 
more delicate, carvings flowers,

3254
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:38,700
and Vines up the columns and you
can still make out what might be

3255
03:03:38,700 --> 03:03:41,000
dubs or other birds among the 
decorative elements. 

3256
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:45,900
Someone has left modern flowers 
at what was probably the older a

3257
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:48,400
continuation of devotion across 
2000 years. 

3258
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:52,800
Even if the specific deity has 
changed, the Allies are Temple 

3259
03:03:52,800 --> 03:03:55,200
is smaller but more intimate 
than the Great temple. 

3260
03:03:55,200 --> 03:03:59,300
His proportions feel more human 
scaled less intended to 

3261
03:03:59,300 --> 03:04:03,100
overwhelm with grandia and more 
designed to create a space for 

3262
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:04,800
personal connection with the 
divine. 

3263
03:04:05,800 --> 03:04:08,200
Chambers. 
Here are smaller the decorations

3264
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:11,400
more detailed suggesting. 
This was perhaps a place for 

3265
03:04:11,400 --> 03:04:13,400
individual prayer, rather than 
large public. 

3266
03:04:13,400 --> 03:04:17,400
Ceremonies you sit on a low wall
that once separated Sacred Space

3267
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:20,900
from common ground and watched 
the light change on the temples 

3268
03:04:20,900 --> 03:04:24,300
the stone shifts from Bright 
gold to deeper orange. 

3269
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:27,800
Then toward that particular 
shade of red pink that seems to 

3270
03:04:27,800 --> 03:04:32,200
exist only in Petra. 
Other visitors wander through 

3271
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:36,000
some photographing others. 
Just experiencing. 

3272
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:40,800
Small child breaks away from her
parents and spins in circles 

3273
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:45,900
Among The Columns her laughter 
echoing off ancient walls, you 

3274
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:48,300
can't help but smile at the 
thought that children probably 

3275
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:51,100
did exactly the same thing to 
Millennia ago. 

3276
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:54,600
The wind picks up slightly and 
you notice how it sounds 

3277
03:04:54,600 --> 03:04:57,700
different moving through the 
temple, complex, whistling 

3278
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:01,600
around columns, moaning through 
empty window frames and creating

3279
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:05,500
unintentional music. 
The Napa ins must have heard 

3280
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:08,200
this same Wind Song and must 
have attributed meaning to his 

3281
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:10,900
variations. 
Perhaps certain winds were 

3282
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:13,200
considered good Omens others. 
Warning. 

3283
03:05:14,300 --> 03:05:17,100
Perhaps the priests claimed to 
interpret the messages carried 

3284
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:19,800
on desert. 
Are you stand and explore? 

3285
03:05:19,800 --> 03:05:21,400
The smaller structures 
surrounding. 

3286
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:24,800
The main temples, what looked 
like administrative building's 

3287
03:05:24,800 --> 03:05:28,500
storage rooms and possibly 
living quarters for priests and 

3288
03:05:28,500 --> 03:05:31,500
Temple workers. 
These are less elaborate but no 

3289
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:35,600
less interesting in their way 
One building still has sections 

3290
03:05:35,600 --> 03:05:39,500
of its roof intact. 
Creating a cool shadowed space 

3291
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:43,100
that offers relief from the 
afternoon Heat You step inside 

3292
03:05:43,100 --> 03:05:45,100
and find. 
What might have been an archive 

3293
03:05:45,100 --> 03:05:48,900
room with carved slots in the 
walls were Scrolls or tablets 

3294
03:05:48,900 --> 03:05:51,500
could have been stored. 
The archive room makes you think

3295
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:53,300
about all the records that were 
kept here? 

3296
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:57,700
Temple accounts, religious texts
copies of important. 

3297
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:01,100
Contracts, blessed by priests 
and astronomical. 

3298
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:03,700
Observations used to determine 
Festival dates. 

3299
03:06:04,500 --> 03:06:08,600
Almost all of it is gone now. a 
pirates and parchment rotted 

3300
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:12,300
away, centuries ago, knowledge 
lost to time and the deserts 

3301
03:06:12,300 --> 03:06:16,700
harsh preservation requirements,
Stone, survives, organic 

3302
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:19,600
materials. 
Mostly don't in another small 

3303
03:06:19,600 --> 03:06:22,000
building. 
You find what was clearly a 

3304
03:06:22,000 --> 03:06:25,400
kitchen area. 
A half-built into one wall, a 

3305
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,300
smoke black and ceiling and 
carved channels that would have 

3306
03:06:28,308 --> 03:06:33,200
directed water for washing. even
priests need to eat and Temple 

3307
03:06:33,200 --> 03:06:36,200
life included, mundane 
activities, alongside religious 

3308
03:06:36,200 --> 03:06:39,600
ceremonies There's something 
comforting about finding this 

3309
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:42,700
kitchen about being reminded 
that sacred and ordinary 

3310
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:45,800
coexisted. 
That Holiness didn't preclude 

3311
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:48,000
hunger. 
You find Ancient Graffiti 

3312
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:52,100
scratched into one wall of the 
kitchen area, names, dates and 

3313
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:54,200
Declarations of Love or 
importance. 

3314
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:58,500
One inscription makes you laugh.
It's a complaint about the 

3315
03:06:58,500 --> 03:07:03,100
quality of the bread written in 
nabataean script. 2000 years 

3316
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:06,200
ago, some Temple worker was 
apparently so annoyed by bad 

3317
03:07:06,200 --> 03:07:09,300
bread that he felt compelled to 
carve his displeasure into 

3318
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:13,200
permanent Stone. 
Some things truly are Universal 

3319
03:07:13,200 --> 03:07:17,000
returning to the main Temple. 
Courtyard, you notice how the 

3320
03:07:17,000 --> 03:07:20,700
complex is oriented to catch 
specific, angles of sunlight 

3321
03:07:20,700 --> 03:07:24,600
during different seasons. 
During the summer solstice, the 

3322
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:27,300
Rising Sun would have 
illuminated the main altar. 

3323
03:07:27,900 --> 03:07:30,500
During the winter solstice, it 
would have lit a different 

3324
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:33,100
section. 
The nabataeans built their 

3325
03:07:33,108 --> 03:07:37,000
temples of solar calendars using
architecture to Mark times 

3326
03:07:37,000 --> 03:07:40,600
passage and can connect human 
ritual to Celestial Cycles. 

3327
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:43,900
The temples position. 
All so offers commanding views 

3328
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:45,900
of the surrounding City and 
Landscape. 

3329
03:07:46,700 --> 03:07:49,500
Standing here. 
You can see the entire Central 

3330
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:52,100
Valley. 
The dark line of the sick 

3331
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:55,800
cutting through Cliffs and 
distant tomb, facade's glowing 

3332
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:59,200
in the afternoon light. 
This wasn't accidental 

3333
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:02,100
positioning. 
The Temple's literally and 

3334
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:04,200
figuratively looked down upon 
the city. 

3335
03:08:04,200 --> 03:08:08,200
Reminding everyone of the Gods 
press presents, the priests 

3336
03:08:08,200 --> 03:08:11,900
Authority and the sacred 
Dimension underlying Every Day 

3337
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:14,100
Life. 
You wonder what festivals looked

3338
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:16,100
like here. 
Processions. 

3339
03:08:16,100 --> 03:08:17,400
Climbing the temple. 
Steps. 

3340
03:08:17,400 --> 03:08:21,500
Priests in elaborate robes. 
Musicians, playing instruments. 

3341
03:08:21,500 --> 03:08:24,800
Now lost and people singing 
hymns in languages, nobody 

3342
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:29,000
speaks anymore. sacrificial 
animals were led to the altar, 

3343
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:32,500
their blood offered to Gods who 
may, or may not have existed but

3344
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:35,700
certainly existed in the hearts 
and minds of the faithful 

3345
03:08:36,800 --> 03:08:41,100
Incense smoke Rising toward the 
sky prayers are sending with it 

3346
03:08:41,100 --> 03:08:45,000
and hopes and fears laid. 
Before the Divine, one of the 

3347
03:08:45,000 --> 03:08:48,600
columns has fallen in such a way
that you can easily examine its 

3348
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:54,100
capital of close the carving is 
exquisite, a compass leaves curl

3349
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:58,300
and spiral with Botanical 
accuracy and between them, small

3350
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:01,900
figures emerge. 
Dancing women, musicians and 

3351
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:05,400
creatures, that might be sacred 
animals or mythological beings. 

3352
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:11,100
Each figure is distinct detailed
and clearly carved by someone 

3353
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:15,100
who cared about their work and 
to wanted it to be beautiful as 

3354
03:09:15,100 --> 03:09:18,200
well as structurally sound. 
The quality of light changes 

3355
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:20,600
dramatically as the sun, 
approaches The Horizon, 

3356
03:09:20,600 --> 03:09:25,100
everything takes on a warmer 
glow, softer, somehow, as if the

3357
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:29,000
desert itself is preparing for 
rest, You make your way to the 

3358
03:09:29,000 --> 03:09:33,100
monastery, a deer, a structure, 
even larger than the treasury. 

3359
03:09:33,100 --> 03:09:37,500
But requiring a significant 
climb to reach 800 steps carved 

3360
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:40,600
into the rock face LED upward 
and You Begin the ascent. 

3361
03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:44,200
The Climb is gradual enough that
it's not too taxing if you take 

3362
03:09:44,200 --> 03:09:47,300
it slowly pausing occasionally 
to look back at The View. 

3363
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:52,000
With each level gained more of 
Petra reveals itself below you 

3364
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:56,000
the entire Valley spreading out 
in shades of rows and gold. 

3365
03:09:56,000 --> 03:10:00,500
The carved facades catching the 
light and the dark snake of the 

3366
03:10:00,500 --> 03:10:02,400
Sikh, cutting through the 
cliffs. 

3367
03:10:03,100 --> 03:10:05,800
You can see why the Ancients put
important structures on High 

3368
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:07,600
Ground. 
The View alone. 

3369
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:11,500
Inspires reverence the steps 
themselves are fascinating in 

3370
03:10:11,500 --> 03:10:15,100
their variety. 
Some carefully carved in uniform

3371
03:10:15,100 --> 03:10:18,500
in height and depth. 
Others and natural formations 

3372
03:10:18,500 --> 03:10:20,500
modified, just enough to be 
possible. 

3373
03:10:21,400 --> 03:10:24,700
A few sections include handholds
carved into the adjacent rock 

3374
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:26,900
face. 
Suggesting that even the 

3375
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:29,300
nabataeans found these 
particular stretches 

3376
03:10:29,300 --> 03:10:32,300
challenging. 
Your legs begin to protest the 

3377
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:36,000
sustained climbing, but you push
on curious to see what weights 

3378
03:10:36,000 --> 03:10:39,600
at the top halfway up, you 
disturb a small herd of wild 

3379
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,800
goats that apparently used these
ancient stares as their personal

3380
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:45,900
Highway. 
They scatter with indignant 

3381
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,700
bleeding Hooves. 
Clicking on Stone, then. 

3382
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:51,400
Stop a safe, distance away to 
stare at you, accusingly. 

3383
03:10:52,500 --> 03:10:56,100
One kid performs, a little hop 
of pure goat exuberance 

3384
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,700
apparently just because it can 
you have to laugh at its 

3385
03:10:59,700 --> 03:11:03,000
enthusiasm for verticality? 
The goats are perfectly adapted 

3386
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:06,300
to this environment. 
Now navigating steep Rock faces 

3387
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:09,200
with casual confidence. 
That makes your careful climbing

3388
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:12,400
seem clumsy. 
You watch them for a moment as 

3389
03:11:12,400 --> 03:11:15,700
they resumed, their own Journey.
Moving almost vertically up a 

3390
03:11:15,708 --> 03:11:18,400
cliff face that you wouldn't 
attempt without modern climbing 

3391
03:11:18,400 --> 03:11:21,000
equipment. 
They reach an impossible ledge 

3392
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:24,600
settle down in a patch of shade 
and proceeded to ignore you, 

3393
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:27,100
completely, you pass several 
carved. 

3394
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:30,100
Monuments on the way up. 
Smaller than the monastery. 

3395
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:34,600
But still impressive, these are 
tombs shrines, or possibly, both

3396
03:11:34,600 --> 03:11:37,600
their facades simplified 
compared to the elaborate 

3397
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:40,100
structures in the main city. 
Up here. 

3398
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:43,900
The focus seems to have been 
less on decoration and more on 

3399
03:11:43,900 --> 03:11:47,200
the act of climbing itself. 
The pilgrimage aspect of 

3400
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:49,600
reaching these Heights, one 
particularly interesting 

3401
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:52,900
Monument features a large carved
Niche with a relief showing what

3402
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:54,600
might be a deity or important 
figure. 

3403
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:59,800
The Carving has been worn Smooth
by wind and time details lost 

3404
03:11:59,800 --> 03:12:02,400
but you can still make out the 
basic form. 

3405
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:06,100
A standing figure with raised 
arms, perhaps in blessing 

3406
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:09,300
perhaps in worship. 
Perhaps in simple, greeting to 

3407
03:12:09,300 --> 03:12:12,900
whoever made the climb to visit 
them as you climb higher, the 

3408
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:17,000
vegetation changes down in the 
valley plant life is sparse. 

3409
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,600
And specialized up here, you 
find slightly more variety. 

3410
03:12:21,400 --> 03:12:25,800
Hardy shrubs, small flowers, 
tucked into crevices and even a 

3411
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,400
stunted tree growing at an 
angle, from a crack in the Rock 

3412
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:33,400
life finds away even in the most
unlikely places and seeing these

3413
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:35,800
plants thrive in to spite, 
everything fills you, with 

3414
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,100
something like, hope, the 
monastery finally appears around

3415
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:41,000
a curve. 
And even though you were 

3416
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:45,700
expecting it the scale, still 
shocks you This facade measures 

3417
03:12:45,700 --> 03:12:51,400
150 ft across and over, 150 ft 
tall larger than the treasury 

3418
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:54,800
lesson 8. 
But somehow more powerful in its

3419
03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:59,500
relative simplicity the central,
doorway stands 46 ft High 

3420
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:03,700
proportioned for Giants or Gods 
rather than ordinary humans. 

3421
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:06,600
You cross the plaza in front of 
the monastery. 

3422
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:09,000
Your footsteps. 
Echoing in the southern quiet. 

3423
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:12,000
Most tourists don't make the 
climb. 

3424
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:16,500
So up here you find relative 
Solitude, just you the monument 

3425
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:21,100
and the vast desert landscape 
spreading in all directions. the

3426
03:13:21,100 --> 03:13:25,200
monastery faces West perfectly 
positioned to catch the sunset 

3427
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,600
and you find a comfortable Rock 
to sit on settling in to wait 

3428
03:13:29,608 --> 03:13:33,000
for the light show you've been 
told about The facade shows some

3429
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:35,500
weathering. 
The doorway frame is still crisp

3430
03:13:35,500 --> 03:13:38,600
and clear but decorative 
elements on the upper levels of 

3431
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:43,000
softened details lost to 
Millennia of wind carrying sand 

3432
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:45,800
particles that slowly erode even
Stone. 

3433
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:49,600
Yet the overall structure 
remains sound Still Standing 

3434
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:52,000
proud after 2,000 years of 
desert. 

3435
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:56,800
Whether earthquake's and simple.
Passage of time you walked to 

3436
03:13:56,800 --> 03:14:01,300
the doorway and step inside Like
the treasury, the interior is 

3437
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:04,800
relatively simple. 
One large chamber carved into 

3438
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:07,200
the mountain with smooth and 
unadorned walls. 

3439
03:14:08,100 --> 03:14:12,100
But the space feels different up
here, more sacred somehow or 

3440
03:14:12,100 --> 03:14:15,700
perhaps just more remote 
separated from the World by 

3441
03:14:15,700 --> 03:14:19,400
elevation and effort. 
Standing in the chamber. 

3442
03:14:19,400 --> 03:14:22,200
You can hear the wind moving 
across the facade outside. 

3443
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:26,200
A low whistle that might have 
been interpreted as a Divine 

3444
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:30,700
Voice, by those who came here. 
Seeking guidance back outside. 

3445
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:35,200
You notice details, you missed 
at first small carved channels 

3446
03:14:35,200 --> 03:14:38,700
run along the plaza floor, 
another water collection system,

3447
03:14:38,700 --> 03:14:43,600
ensuring that even up here, at 
this remote height, precious 

3448
03:14:43,600 --> 03:14:47,800
rainwater could be captured and 
directed to systems, The 

3449
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:51,900
nabataeans obsession with water 
management extended to every 

3450
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:55,500
corner of their territory. 
Every structure, they built as 

3451
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:58,000
the sun sinks lower. 
The Sandstone begins to Glow, 

3452
03:14:58,000 --> 03:15:04,000
not reflect light glow as if 
illuminated from within Color 

3453
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,700
deepens from Rose to Coral to 
deep orange red. 

3454
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:12,300
So vivid it almost seems 
artificial You watch the 

3455
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:16,700
transformation understanding why
ancient people's worship the sun

3456
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:20,700
seeing in its daily death, and 
Resurrection, a powerful 

3457
03:15:20,700 --> 03:15:25,700
metaphor for eternal return for 
Hope for the Persistence of Life

3458
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:28,700
against Darkness. 
The mountains in the distance 

3459
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:32,400
turn purple and deep blue, their
Shadows length, and cross The 

3460
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:36,200
Valleys below the air cools. 
Noticeably that dramatic 

3461
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:40,400
temperature shift that deserts 
specialize in You pull a light 

3462
03:15:40,400 --> 03:15:44,200
cloak from your pack and wrap it
around your shoulders grateful 

3463
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:47,200
for the warmth while still 
enjoying the spectacular light 

3464
03:15:47,200 --> 03:15:50,300
show unfolding before you a 
raven lands on the top of the 

3465
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:52,800
monasteries earned silhouetted 
against the sky. 

3466
03:15:53,700 --> 03:15:58,300
It calls out a harsh. 
Echoing sound that somehow fits 

3467
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:01,900
the moment perfectly. 
Another Raven answers from 

3468
03:16:01,900 --> 03:16:04,800
somewhere in the cliffs and for 
a moment, you're part of a 

3469
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:08,700
conversation between Birds rocks
and the fading day, other 

3470
03:16:08,700 --> 03:16:11,400
visitors have made the climb and
now sit scattered across the 

3471
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:14,900
plaza, all watching the same 
transformation, your witnessing.

3472
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:20,600
Nobody speaks, there's nothing 
to say Sometimes Beauty simply 

3473
03:16:20,600 --> 03:16:23,400
demands silence. 
And this is one of those 

3474
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:26,500
moments. 
The only sounds of the wind, the

3475
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,700
occasional of a bird and a quiet
breathing of all humans, 

3476
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:34,200
watching Stone turned to fire 
the sun touches the Horizon and 

3477
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:36,500
the light intensifies. 
For just a minute or two, 

3478
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:41,400
everything burning with color. 
The monastery facade seems to 

3479
03:16:41,408 --> 03:16:45,600
vibrate with intensity every 
carved detail picked out in 

3480
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:48,900
brilliant relief Shadows deep 
and dramatic. 

3481
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:53,200
This is the climax. 
The moment everything has been 

3482
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:57,300
building toward and it exceeds 
all expectations, then it's gone

3483
03:16:57,300 --> 03:17:00,300
dropping below the Earth's Edge 
with the suddenness that only 

3484
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:04,000
happens in deserts. 
And at Sea, the stone Fades 

3485
03:17:04,000 --> 03:17:07,500
immediately colored draining 
like water, leaving behind, 

3486
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,000
Grays and purples and deepening 
Shadows. 

3487
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:15,000
The show is over the desert 
night approaches and with it the

3488
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:17,500
cold you warned about in the 
Twilight. 

3489
03:17:17,500 --> 03:17:21,000
You begin your descent more. 
Careful now with reduced 

3490
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:25,500
visibility The stairs seemed 
different in this light older 

3491
03:17:25,500 --> 03:17:29,900
somehow more mysterious. 
You can imagine ancient priests 

3492
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:33,200
making this climb in the dark 
torches, lighting their way 

3493
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:38,100
chanting prayers or hymns that 
echoed off the canyon walls, you

3494
03:17:38,100 --> 03:17:41,000
can almost hear those voices and
feel the weight of ritual and 

3495
03:17:41,000 --> 03:17:43,800
belief that saturated this place
for centuries. 

3496
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:46,900
The Descent takes longer than 
the climb because you're being 

3497
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:49,100
cautious. 
Testing each step before 

3498
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:52,700
committing your weight. 
Other visitors descend around 

3499
03:17:52,700 --> 03:17:55,800
you. 
Everyone quiet still processing 

3500
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:59,300
what they've witnessed. 
Cooling air carries the center 

3501
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:02,800
of stone and sparse, vegetation 
clean, and sharp in your 

3502
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:06,100
nostrils about halfway down. 
You pause to look back at the 

3503
03:18:06,108 --> 03:18:07,300
monastery. 
One last time. 

3504
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:10,600
In the Gathering Darkness, it's 
barely visible. 

3505
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:13,400
Just a darker shape against the 
darkening. 

3506
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:17,700
Cliff already receding into 
Shadow and memory tomorrow the 

3507
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:20,400
sun will rise again and bring it
back to brilliant life. 

3508
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:26,000
But for now it rests in darkness
patient and eternal waiting as 

3509
03:18:26,000 --> 03:18:30,200
it is weighted for 2000 years 
back at the Caravan camp that 

3510
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:32,400
night. 
You sit around the fire with the

3511
03:18:32,408 --> 03:18:36,600
guides and other Travelers and 
conversation turns to Petra's 

3512
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:38,400
rediscovery by the Western 
world. 

3513
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:44,400
The city was never truly lost. 
Local Bedouin tribes knew of it,

3514
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:48,600
used it and protected it for 
centuries, while Europe, forgot 

3515
03:18:48,600 --> 03:18:52,600
it existed. 
But in 1812 a Swiss Explorer 

3516
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:57,900
named Johannes Ludwig bookhart 
arrived in the region disguised 

3517
03:18:57,900 --> 03:19:01,500
as an Arab Muslim and became the
first European to see Petra in 

3518
03:19:01,508 --> 03:19:04,300
modern times. 
One of the guys tells the story 

3519
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:07,300
with obvious Amusement to how 
excited Burkhart apparently 

3520
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:10,000
became, despite trying to 
maintain his disguise. 

3521
03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:14,200
Imagine he says pretending 
you're not interested while 

3522
03:19:14,200 --> 03:19:16,100
facing the treasury for the 
first time. 

3523
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:19,300
Trying not to stare. 
While your mind is completely 

3524
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:22,400
blown. 
The other guides laugh and 

3525
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:25,300
someone adds that the local 
Bedouin who guided Burkhart 

3526
03:19:25,300 --> 03:19:27,700
there must have found his barely
contained enthusiasm. 

3527
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:31,400
Highly entertaining Burkhart 
couldn't stay long or examine 

3528
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:33,900
the site properly without 
arousing suspicion about his 

3529
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:38,000
true identity and purpose. 
The guide continues he made 

3530
03:19:38,000 --> 03:19:41,000
sketches from memory. 
After leaving wrote descriptions

3531
03:19:41,000 --> 03:19:44,800
based on a brief visit and died.
A few years later without ever 

3532
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:48,000
returning. 
But his published accounts 

3533
03:19:48,000 --> 03:19:50,700
sparked Western imagination and 
soon. 

3534
03:19:50,700 --> 03:19:54,400
Other explorers are artists and 
archaeologists began, making the

3535
03:19:54,400 --> 03:19:58,200
journey to Petra the fire 
crackles and Pops sending Sparks

3536
03:19:58,200 --> 03:20:02,500
upward into the night sky. 
Someone adds more wood and the 

3537
03:20:02,500 --> 03:20:06,900
Flames leap higher casting 
Shadows across faces gathered in

3538
03:20:06,900 --> 03:20:09,700
the circle. 
The warmth feels good. 

3539
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:12,700
After the day's walking and 
climbing and you stretch your 

3540
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:16,700
tired legs toward the heat 
greatly the rediscovery brought 

3541
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,500
archaeologists artists, 
explorers and eventually 

3542
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:24,100
tourists. the guides have mixed 
feelings about this Pride that 

3543
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:27,800
their ancestral lands are 
recognized as important wearing 

3544
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:30,500
this, about the impact of 
thousands of feet wearing down 

3545
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:34,300
ancient Pathways and frustration
when tourists treat the site 

3546
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:38,800
carelessly, One older guide 
mentions that his grandfather 

3547
03:20:38,800 --> 03:20:41,900
remembered. 
When you could still find intact

3548
03:20:41,900 --> 03:20:45,800
Pottery, just lying in the sand 
before collectors and museums 

3549
03:20:45,800 --> 03:20:48,900
took everything that wasn't 
nailed down and some things that

3550
03:20:48,900 --> 03:20:51,300
were a younger guide. 
Argues that without 

3551
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:54,300
International attention, Petra 
might have crumbled completely 

3552
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:57,500
the Jordanian, government might 
not have invested in 

3553
03:20:57,500 --> 03:21:00,200
preservation. 
Archeologists wouldn't have 

3554
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:04,300
discovered so much about nabata 
and culture and history, tourism

3555
03:21:04,300 --> 03:21:06,600
brings money, that supports 
local communities. 

3556
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:09,900
Complicated. 
He says, like, most things were 

3557
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:12,800
thinking about carefully but 
they also acknowledge that 

3558
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:15,400
International recognition has 
brought resources for 

3559
03:21:15,400 --> 03:21:21,100
preservation the study and for 
understanding Archaeologists 

3560
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:25,800
continue to make discoveries new
tombs, new inscriptions, new 

3561
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:28,500
evidence of how the Neva ins 
lived and died. 

3562
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:32,500
Just last year, someone found 
what appears to be a previously.

3563
03:21:32,500 --> 03:21:36,300
Unknown theater carved into a 
cliff face that had been hidden 

3564
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:40,700
behind a rock fall. 
Petrus still holds secrets and 

3565
03:21:40,700 --> 03:21:44,000
still has surprises to offer. 
You asked about the earthquake 

3566
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,600
that damaged so much of the city
and the conversation turns 

3567
03:21:47,600 --> 03:21:50,800
somber. 
The ancient world existed 

3568
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:54,300
without the benefit of modern 
sized monology without warning 

3569
03:21:54,300 --> 03:21:59,200
systems or emergency response. 
When earthquake struck and they 

3570
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:03,200
struck repeatedly, people just 
dealt with the aftermath as best

3571
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:06,500
they could. 
Eventually after enough, 

3572
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:10,700
destruction after trade routes 
shifted after the center of 

3573
03:22:10,700 --> 03:22:13,900
power, moved elsewhere. 
People simply stopped 

3574
03:22:13,900 --> 03:22:17,300
rebuilding. 
Petra was gradually abandoned 

3575
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,800
and left to the desert and time.
The major earthquake Came In 

3576
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:23,600
Waves. 
One guy had explained first in 

3577
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,500
the fourth Century then more in 
the sixth and seventh centuries.

3578
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:31,100
Each one brought buildings down 
killed people and destroyed 

3579
03:22:31,100 --> 03:22:34,900
infrastructure. 
The nabataeans Descendants tried

3580
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:38,600
to rebuild after the first few 
Quakes but eventually the cost 

3581
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:41,300
became too high. 
Maintaining a city. 

3582
03:22:41,300 --> 03:22:43,900
This elaborate requires enormous
resources. 

3583
03:22:43,900 --> 03:22:47,600
And as Petrus strategic 
importance declined, those 

3584
03:22:47,600 --> 03:22:50,300
resources dried up. 
Trade routes shifted. 

3585
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:53,600
He continues gesturing with his 
hands to show paths, changing 

3586
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:57,800
Maritime routes became more 
important different kingdoms 

3587
03:22:57,800 --> 03:22:59,400
Rose to power in different 
regions. 

3588
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:02,900
Petra went from being the center
of everything to being on the 

3589
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:05,900
periphery of nothing. 
I'm periphery cities. 

3590
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:08,600
Don't get the investment needed 
to rebuild after natural 

3591
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:11,000
disasters. 
Someone asked what happened to 

3592
03:23:11,000 --> 03:23:14,900
the population, and the guide 
shrugs, they scattered mostly 

3593
03:23:15,800 --> 03:23:19,600
some move to other cities, some 
return to nomadic Lifestyles, 

3594
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:23,400
some probably stayed in Petra 
for Generations, after it ceased

3595
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:26,700
being a major Center living 
among the ruins, maintaining 

3596
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:29,900
what they could remembering when
this place was magnificent. 

3597
03:23:31,000 --> 03:23:33,900
Eventually only the Bedouin 
remained and for them. 

3598
03:23:33,900 --> 03:23:35,500
Petra was just part of the 
landscape. 

3599
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:38,900
Not a lost wandering 
rediscovery. 

3600
03:23:38,900 --> 03:23:41,800
The fire burns. 
Low and someone adds more wood 

3601
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:45,100
sending Sparks spiraling upward 
into the night sky. 

3602
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:49,100
Above Stars, Blaze with the 
intensity Possible. 

3603
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:51,400
Only in places far from Electric
Light. 

3604
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:55,100
You lie back and stare upward 
trying to pick out 

3605
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:59,600
constellations and realize that 
the nabatian saw the same Stars 

3606
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:02,800
navigated by them and told 
stories about them. 

3607
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:07,000
The Stars don't care about the 
rise and fall of civilizations, 

3608
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:10,100
they just keep burning. 
Keep Wheeling through their 

3609
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:13,100
Eternal patterns. 
One of the older guys begins 

3610
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:15,700
telling stories about the 
Bedouin relationship with Petra 

3611
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:19,400
over the centuries. 
They guarded it How they showed 

3612
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,100
it to Travelers sometimes for 
fees or gifts. 

3613
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:26,500
How they protected it from 
Treasure hunters and vandals how

3614
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:29,200
they maintained oral Traditions 
about what various buildings 

3615
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:32,400
were used for information that 
later proved remarkably 

3616
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:34,400
accurate. 
When archaeologists began 

3617
03:24:34,400 --> 03:24:38,300
serious excavation, he tells 
about early archaeologists who 

3618
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,700
came with Colonial attitudes 
treating, local knowledge as 

3619
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:45,100
primitive Superstition. 
Only to discover later that 

3620
03:24:45,100 --> 03:24:49,000
these superstitions contained, 
genuine, historical information 

3621
03:24:49,000 --> 03:24:53,700
passed down through generations 
One archaeologist apparently 

3622
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,700
spent weeks searching for a 
particular Temple, that a 

3623
03:24:56,708 --> 03:24:58,800
Bedouin guide, could have shown 
him immediately. 

3624
03:24:59,800 --> 03:25:02,900
But the archaeologists refused 
to believe that an uneducated 

3625
03:25:02,900 --> 03:25:06,400
native could know better than 
his maps and theories. 

3626
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:09,800
Young Guy's laugh at this story 
but there's an edge to the 

3627
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:11,600
laughter. 
These tensions. 

3628
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:15,100
Persist once says foreign 
archaeologists still, sometimes 

3629
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,900
dismiss local knowledge. 
Tourist treat Bedouin guides as 

3630
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,700
curiosity's rather than experts 
who know more about Petra than 

3631
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:26,500
any outside or ever will. 
The relationship between Petra 

3632
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:30,000
and the outside world remains 
complicated full of power, 

3633
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:33,600
dynamics, and cultural 
misunderstandings, but there are

3634
03:25:33,608 --> 03:25:35,900
all so good stories. 
Another guide ads, 

3635
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:39,100
archaeologists, who listen, who 
collaborate? 

3636
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:41,900
Who acknowledge that 
understanding a place requires, 

3637
03:25:41,900 --> 03:25:43,500
respecting the people who live 
there. 

3638
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:48,400
Tourists who come with genuine 
curiosity and leave with genuine

3639
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:51,600
appreciation. 
Scholars who helped preserve, 

3640
03:25:51,600 --> 03:25:55,200
not just stones, but also the 
oral traditions and cultural 

3641
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:57,000
knowledge of the Bedouin 
communities. 

3642
03:25:57,000 --> 03:26:00,200
You asked about current 
archaeological work and the 

3643
03:26:00,200 --> 03:26:03,200
guides become animated. 
There's so much still to 

3644
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:05,000
discover. 
They explain ground. 

3645
03:26:05,000 --> 03:26:08,100
Penetrating radar shows 
structures, buried, under sand 

3646
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:11,000
and debris. 
Entire sections of the city 

3647
03:26:11,000 --> 03:26:14,900
remain, unexcavated new 
analysis, techniques applied to 

3648
03:26:14,900 --> 03:26:17,800
Old finds reveal information. 
Previous generations of 

3649
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:20,900
archaeologists missed. 
Someone mentioned the recent 

3650
03:26:20,900 --> 03:26:24,200
discovery of a massive platform 
buried under the plaza in front 

3651
03:26:24,200 --> 03:26:27,300
of the treasury. 
Archaeologists aren't sure yet 

3652
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:30,700
what it was for. 
Maybe a massive alter, maybe a 

3653
03:26:30,700 --> 03:26:34,000
ceremonial platform, maybe the 
foundation for something that 

3654
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:36,400
was never completed. 
Each answer. 

3655
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,600
They find generates three new 
questions. 

3656
03:26:38,600 --> 03:26:43,200
Petra keeps revealing itself 
slowly layer by layer never 

3657
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:46,500
giving up all its Secrets at 
once the conversation of 

3658
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:50,400
eventually winds down as 
tiredness sets in People drift 

3659
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:53,300
off to their tents calling 
quiet, good nights. 

3660
03:26:53,300 --> 03:26:55,700
Leaving the fire to burn itself 
out. 

3661
03:26:56,600 --> 03:27:00,200
You remain a while longer 
watching the coals glow red and 

3662
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:03,800
orange thinking about everything
you've seen and learned today 

3663
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:07,400
tomorrow you'll leave this 
place. but you know it won't 

3664
03:27:07,400 --> 03:27:11,700
leave you Petra has a way of 
staying with people of occupying

3665
03:27:11,700 --> 03:27:15,500
space in your thoughts long. 
After you've departed in the 

3666
03:27:15,500 --> 03:27:19,900
morning, you'll walk through the
Essex One Last Time, say your 

3667
03:27:19,900 --> 03:27:22,500
goodbyes to the treasury and the
monastery and carry away. 

3668
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:26,900
Memories carved as deeply as the
facades themselves morning comes

3669
03:27:26,900 --> 03:27:29,000
again. 
And this is your last day in 

3670
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,700
Petra, you wake Before Dawn 
wanting to walk through the 

3671
03:27:32,700 --> 03:27:34,400
sick. 
One more time in the early 

3672
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:38,000
light, wanting to say goodbye 
properly to this place that has 

3673
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:40,100
captured your imagination and 
won't let go. 

3674
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:43,000
The sick is different in the 
Morning Light than it was. 

3675
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:45,700
When you first arrived. 
You know what, weights at the 

3676
03:27:45,708 --> 03:27:48,000
end now. 
So in stead of rushing towards 

3677
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:51,700
the reveal, you take your time. 
Noticing details, you missed 

3678
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:54,200
before. 
The way water has carved 

3679
03:27:54,200 --> 03:27:58,400
specific patterns into the Rock.
The places where ancient tool 

3680
03:27:58,400 --> 03:28:01,900
marks are still visible, the 
small flowers growing an 

3681
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:04,900
impossible, cracks their Roots 
finding purchase where none 

3682
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:07,300
should exist. 
You run your hand along the 

3683
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:09,600
wall. 
As you walk feeling the texture 

3684
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:12,600
of the stone cool. 
In the early morning, this rock 

3685
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:17,600
is 400 million years old. 
Formed when this entire region 

3686
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:21,200
was under a shallow sea. 
The Sandstone contains the 

3687
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:25,300
compressed remains of ancient 
beaches ancient tides and 

3688
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:28,500
ancient life. 
You're touching deep time. 

3689
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:31,200
Geologic time. 
A scale that makes human 

3690
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,700
civilizations seem like brief 
flickers, the early morning, 

3691
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:37,300
light enters, the sick to 
different angle than you've seen

3692
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:40,000
before. 
Illuminating sections, that were

3693
03:28:40,000 --> 03:28:41,800
shadowed during your previous 
passages. 

3694
03:28:42,800 --> 03:28:47,000
The Rock glows, softly colors, 
muted compared to full daylight 

3695
03:28:47,000 --> 03:28:51,700
but somehow more intimate You 
feel like you're seeing Petra's 

3696
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:54,000
private face the version of 
itself. 

3697
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:56,200
It shows only to those willing 
to wait. 

3698
03:28:56,200 --> 03:28:59,600
Before the crowds arrive, you 
pass the water channels again. 

3699
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:01,800
And notice something you missed 
before. 

3700
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,100
Small carved symbols at regular 
intervals along their length. 

3701
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:09,900
Probably markers to help 
maintenance workers identify 

3702
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:13,700
sections for repair or cleaning 
but they look like a secret 

3703
03:29:13,700 --> 03:29:16,300
language. 
A code written in stone that 

3704
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:19,800
only the initiated could read. 
The treasury appears again, 

3705
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:23,100
still magnificent. 
Still impossible. 

3706
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:28,100
You stand before it won. 
Last time trying to fix every 

3707
03:29:28,100 --> 03:29:31,900
detail in your memory, knowing 
that memory will fade and blur. 

3708
03:29:31,900 --> 03:29:35,200
But wanting to hold on to the 
essence of this moment. 

3709
03:29:36,800 --> 03:29:38,500
The light is different than 
yesterday. 

3710
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:42,300
Softer Pinker gentle are 
somehow. 

3711
03:29:43,200 --> 03:29:46,700
Or maybe you're different 
Changed by exposure to this 

3712
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:51,500
place to its history, to the 
reminder of human capability, 

3713
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:55,400
and ambition approach. 
The facade slowly taking in 

3714
03:29:55,400 --> 03:29:56,800
details. 
You haven't focused on before. 

3715
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:00,600
The capitals on, each column are
actually slightly different from

3716
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:03,400
each other. 
Each one, a unique variation on 

3717
03:30:03,400 --> 03:30:06,900
the Corinthian theme The carved 
figures in the niches, showed 

3718
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:10,100
different poses different 
expressions and different 

3719
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:12,100
relationships to the space, they
inhabit. 

3720
03:30:13,000 --> 03:30:16,200
Every square foot of this 
facade, received individual 

3721
03:30:16,200 --> 03:30:18,900
attention, and individual 
Artistry. 

3722
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:22,400
You notice a family of pigeons 
has made a nest in one of the 

3723
03:30:22,400 --> 03:30:24,300
carved. 
Decorative elements, high on the

3724
03:30:24,308 --> 03:30:28,800
facade, they fly in and out 
unconcerned with The Monuments 

3725
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:32,100
historical significance or 
architectural magnifiscents. 

3726
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:35,500
For them, it's just a really 
good nesting spot. 

3727
03:30:35,500 --> 03:30:37,500
Well protected from weather and 
predators. 

3728
03:30:38,300 --> 03:30:40,900
Somehow this make you love the 
treasury even more. 

3729
03:30:40,900 --> 03:30:44,600
It's not a dead Monument. 
It's a living part of the 

3730
03:30:44,600 --> 03:30:46,800
landscape. 
Still serving purposes, still 

3731
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:50,300
useful in unexpected ways in the
main chamber. 

3732
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:52,900
You find a quiet corner and 
simply sit for a while. 

3733
03:30:53,800 --> 03:30:55,600
The stone is cool against your 
back. 

3734
03:30:55,600 --> 03:30:59,500
The are still and peaceful. 
Close your eyes and listen to 

3735
03:30:59,500 --> 03:31:03,800
the sound of the space, the 
Acoustics that make tiny sounds 

3736
03:31:03,800 --> 03:31:07,100
Echo and blend. 
Footsteps of other early 

3737
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:09,300
visitors. 
Quiet voices. 

3738
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:11,100
Speaking in languages, you don't
understand. 

3739
03:31:11,100 --> 03:31:15,700
And the flutter of pigeon Wings 
outside when you open your eyes 

3740
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:19,300
again, the light is shifted. 
Sunbeams enter through the 

3741
03:31:19,300 --> 03:31:22,900
doorway at a new angle, 
Illuminating dust particles 

3742
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:26,100
floating in the air. 
They drift and swirl in 

3743
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:29,600
invisible, currents, creating a 
kind of slow motion dance. 

3744
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:34,600
You watch them mesmerized 
thinking about how many mornings

3745
03:31:34,600 --> 03:31:38,000
the same like patterns of played
out in this chamber and whether 

3746
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:41,800
anyone has ever sat exactly 
where you're sitting and watched

3747
03:31:41,800 --> 03:31:45,300
exactly what you're watching. 
You take the long route back 

3748
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:47,500
through the city saying goodbye 
to each section. 

3749
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:52,200
The Colonnade in morning shadow.
The temples catching their first

3750
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:56,200
sunlight the residential caves 
where ordinary people lived, 

3751
03:31:56,200 --> 03:32:00,000
extraordinary lives, the water 
channels that made everything 

3752
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:05,000
possible each structure. 
Each carved doorway and each 

3753
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:09,400
ancient staircase represents 
someone's work, someone's vision

3754
03:32:09,400 --> 03:32:12,800
and someone's contribution to 
something larger than themselves

3755
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:15,400
walking through the street of 
facades. 

3756
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:18,600
You're struck again by the sheer
number of tombs carved into the 

3757
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:22,300
cliffs, hundreds of them, 
ranging from simple cave, 

3758
03:32:22,300 --> 03:32:26,100
openings to elaborate 
multi-story for SARS each one 

3759
03:32:26,100 --> 03:32:29,800
represented, a family's wealth 
and grief, their desire to honor

3760
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:31,600
their dead with eternal 
monuments. 

3761
03:32:32,500 --> 03:32:35,100
Some facades are pristine others
badly. 

3762
03:32:35,100 --> 03:32:38,900
Eroded time plays favorites with
no discernible pattern. 

3763
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:42,900
You climb up to one of the more 
elaborate tomb for SARS one. 

3764
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:45,200
You have an entered before and 
step inside. 

3765
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:49,400
The chamber is larger than 
expected with smaller rooms, 

3766
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:53,200
branching off the main space. 
Someone has left candles. 

3767
03:32:53,200 --> 03:32:57,000
Recently burned down to Stubbs, 
suggesting this Tombstone 

3768
03:32:57,000 --> 03:32:59,300
ceremonial, purpose for local 
bedroom. 

3769
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,100
The wax is white and the scent 
of smoke is still fainting. 

3770
03:33:03,100 --> 03:33:06,600
The are the tombs walls show 
carved initiatives for burial 

3771
03:33:06,600 --> 03:33:10,100
though, they're empty now, 
whatever bones they held long, 

3772
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:14,800
since removed or disintegrated 
You run your hand along one 

3773
03:33:14,800 --> 03:33:19,600
Niche, smooth and precisely 
carved sized to hold a human 

3774
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:23,900
body in its final rest. 
The intimacy of this gesture 

3775
03:33:23,900 --> 03:33:27,500
touching a space meant to hold. 
A specific person's remains. 

3776
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:31,600
Gives you pause. 
This wasn't just architecture. 

3777
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:36,000
This was love. 
Made manifest in stone back on 

3778
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:38,100
the main path. 
You encounter a Bedouin man 

3779
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:42,200
leading a heavily Laden donkey. 
The donkeys expression suggest, 

3780
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,800
deep philosophical resignation 
to its lot in life and you 

3781
03:33:45,808 --> 03:33:50,000
exchanged Smiles with the man, 
he nods at you, says something 

3782
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:51,600
in Arabic that you don't 
understand. 

3783
03:33:51,600 --> 03:33:55,400
But that sounds friendly and 
continues on his way. 

3784
03:33:56,700 --> 03:34:00,200
The donkeys who have beets Echo 
off the surround and cliffs a 

3785
03:34:00,200 --> 03:34:04,100
rhythm as old, as civilization 
itself near the exit, you pass a

3786
03:34:04,100 --> 03:34:06,500
Bedouin woman selling small 
carved Stones. 

3787
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:11,500
Simple souvenirs for tourists 
she smiles at you gap, tooth and

3788
03:34:11,500 --> 03:34:14,700
weather and you buy a small 
piece of rose colored Sandstone 

3789
03:34:14,700 --> 03:34:19,100
polished smooth. 
It's not ancient probably carved

3790
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:22,500
last week. 
But it's Petra Stone and that's 

3791
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:25,100
enough. 
You'll keep it on your desk at 

3792
03:34:25,100 --> 03:34:27,200
home. 
A touchstone to remind you of 

3793
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:31,400
this place these days and this 
journey through Stone and time. 

3794
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:35,600
She wraps it carefully in cloth 
refusing at first to take your 

3795
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:38,700
money because you're clearly 
leaving and she wants to give 

3796
03:34:38,700 --> 03:34:43,400
you a gift to remember Petra. 
You insist gently, and she 

3797
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:47,800
finally accepts with good grace,
blessing your journey in Arabic 

3798
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:52,700
and gesturing for safe travels. 
The small human exchanges matter

3799
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:56,400
as much as The Monuments. 
You realize their part of what 

3800
03:34:56,400 --> 03:34:59,700
makes a place real, what 
transforms it from a tourist 

3801
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:03,100
destination into a lived. 
Experience walking back through 

3802
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:04,600
the siq, toward the outside 
world. 

3803
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:08,500
You find yourself moving slower,
reluctant to leave other 

3804
03:35:08,500 --> 03:35:11,200
tourists pass. 
You heading in their faces 

3805
03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:15,100
bright with anticipation. 
You want to tell them things to 

3806
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:17,900
look up. 
More often to touch the walls to

3807
03:35:17,900 --> 03:35:21,300
sit quietly and just listen to 
what the stones have to say. 

3808
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:26,000
But you don't because Discovery 
is personal, and they need to 

3809
03:35:26,000 --> 03:35:27,900
find their own relationship with
this place. 

3810
03:35:27,900 --> 03:35:31,100
The sick, releases you back into
the modern world gradually. 

3811
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:35,600
The walls lowering, the sky 
opening up and the temperature 

3812
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:37,700
rising as you leave the cool 
shadows. 

3813
03:35:38,400 --> 03:35:41,900
And then you're out. 
Standing in regular sunlight. 

3814
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:46,700
The magic contained behind you, 
the carved City returned to its 

3815
03:35:46,700 --> 03:35:51,000
Eternal patience waiting, for 
the next person to arrive with 

3816
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,200
Wonder in their eyes, your 
Caravan will leave this 

3817
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:57,100
afternoon heading back toward 
the routes that connect to the 

3818
03:35:57,108 --> 03:36:00,100
wider world. 
But you know with the certainty 

3819
03:36:00,100 --> 03:36:03,500
of bones and blood that you'll 
carry Petra with you, wherever 

3820
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:07,700
you go, you'll remember the rose
red stone glowing in Sunset 

3821
03:36:07,700 --> 03:36:13,000
light, The Silence of ancient 
temples, the Ingenuity of people

3822
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,900
who carved a civilization from 
living Rock and made it thrive 

3823
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,100
in a landscape that should have 
defeated them. 

3824
03:36:19,100 --> 03:36:22,200
You'll remember that, humans are
capable of remarkable things, 

3825
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:25,500
when we combine Vision with 
persistence, when we build, not 

3826
03:36:25,500 --> 03:36:28,200
just for ourselves, but for 
centuries will never see. 

3827
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:32,900
You'll remember that beauty and 
practicality can co-exist that 

3828
03:36:32,900 --> 03:36:36,700
art and Engineering are not 
opposites, but Partners, you'll 

3829
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:38,600
remember that. 
Stones can tell stories if 

3830
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,400
you're willing to listen, and 
that some places change, you 

3831
03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:45,100
just by being there solid and 
patient waiting to teach 

3832
03:36:45,100 --> 03:36:46,700
lessons. 
You didn't know you need to 

3833
03:36:46,700 --> 03:36:50,600
learn the desert wind blows warm
against your face as you take 

3834
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:52,200
your last look back at the 
cliffs. 

3835
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,900
Tombs and the distant glimpse of
carved for SARS visible. 

3836
03:36:56,900 --> 03:37:00,900
From this distance. 
Sun climbs higher, the day, 

3837
03:37:00,900 --> 03:37:04,100
grows hotter and somewhere in 
the city behind you, a cat 

3838
03:37:04,100 --> 03:37:08,100
stretches and a patch of shade, 
a raven calls from a high perch 

3839
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,600
and the stones continue their 
slow conversation with time, 

3840
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:16,500
utterly unconcerned with endings
or Beginnings, content to Simply

3841
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:20,400
Be to endure to wait for the 
next sunrise. 

3842
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:24,600
The next visitor, the next 
chance to inspire Wonder in a 

3843
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,800
human heart. 
You think about book art, First 

3844
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,900
modern Western visitor trying to
contain his excitement while 

3845
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:35,200
disguised to someone else. 
You think about the Bedouin 

3846
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:38,000
families who lived among these 
ruins for centuries. 

3847
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:41,700
Maintaining their connection to 
this place even as The Wider 

3848
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:45,500
World, forgot it existed. 
You think about the nabateans 

3849
03:37:45,500 --> 03:37:48,900
themselves carving their Vision 
into Eternal Stone? 

3850
03:37:48,900 --> 03:37:52,200
Never imagining their City would
one day be abandoned and 

3851
03:37:52,200 --> 03:37:55,100
rediscovered that their 
monuments would Outlast, their 

3852
03:37:55,100 --> 03:37:57,600
culture by Millennia. 
And you think about all the 

3853
03:37:57,608 --> 03:38:00,500
other visitors who have stood 
where your standing looking, 

3854
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,900
back at Petra, with the same 
reluctance, to leave the same 

3855
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:07,500
sense of having experienced, 
something that exceeds normal 

3856
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:09,600
categories of Tourism or 
sightseeing. 

3857
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,500
This place gets under your skin 
into your imagination and 

3858
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:17,000
refuses to be forgotten. 
The call comes from the Caravan 

3859
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:20,600
Master time to prepare for 
departure, you turn away from 

3860
03:38:20,600 --> 03:38:23,100
Petra. 
Finally completely and walked 

3861
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:25,200
toward your pact belongings and 
waiting camel. 

3862
03:38:25,200 --> 03:38:27,600
The animal grumbles at you in 
greeting. 

3863
03:38:27,600 --> 03:38:31,500
A sound you've come to find 
oddly endearing over weeks of 

3864
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:34,400
travel. 
You load your pack, check your 

3865
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:37,900
water skin, one more time, and 
prepare to rejoin the world of 

3866
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:40,500
movement and commerce and 
everyday concerns. 

3867
03:38:40,500 --> 03:38:44,100
But as the Caravan begins to 
move heading back toward 

3868
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,500
Damascus, or a carbon or 
wherever your journey takes you 

3869
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:50,300
next, you look back one final 
time. 

3870
03:38:51,700 --> 03:38:55,900
Cliffs glow in the morning sun 
holding their secrets guarding 

3871
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:59,700
their stories waiting patiently 
for the next person who needs to

3872
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:03,100
be reminded that humans wants 
built impossible things and made

3873
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,100
them beautiful. 
That we once understood how to 

3874
03:39:06,100 --> 03:39:10,000
work with landscape rather than 
against it that we once had the 

3875
03:39:10,008 --> 03:39:13,200
vision and patience to create 
for eternity, good night. 

3876
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:16,900
Traveler, may your dreams be 
filled with rose-colored stone 

3877
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:20,500
and ancient Starlight with the 
memory of cool shadows in the 

3878
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,400
sick, and the glow of sunset on 
carved facades. 

3879
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,600
May you carry with you, the 
lesson of Petra, that beauty 

3880
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:31,300
endures, that Vision matters, 
and that some things are worth 

3881
03:39:31,308 --> 03:39:35,200
building to last forever. 
Sleep well and wake with the 

3882
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:38,900
certainty that wander still 
exists in the world waiting in 

3883
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:43,700
stone, canyons and carved cities
ready to transform everyone who 

3884
03:39:43,700 --> 03:39:47,200
finds it. 
Rest now, and remember. 

3885
03:39:54,300 --> 03:39:56,800
The California Gold Rush brought
hundreds of thousands of 

3886
03:39:56,800 --> 03:40:01,200
dreamers to the Sierra Nevada 
between 1848 to the mid-1850s. 

3887
03:40:02,300 --> 03:40:04,900
For the real story, wasn't in 
the headlines about overnight 

3888
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,200
millionaires. 
It was in the quiet creek beds, 

3889
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:11,800
where solitaires spent their 
days knee deep in cold water 

3890
03:40:11,800 --> 03:40:15,500
searching for flakes of yellow 
metal smaller than their 

3891
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:20,200
fingernails. this is what those 
slow patient days actually felt 

3892
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:23,800
like You wake before the sun 
touches, the Eastern Ridge, 

3893
03:40:23,800 --> 03:40:26,500
which means you awaken Darkness.
So complete. 

3894
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:30,400
You can barely see your hand. 
Your canvas tent fills with the 

3895
03:40:30,400 --> 03:40:35,200
center of damp wool and wood 
smoke permeating, every fiber of

3896
03:40:35,200 --> 03:40:38,800
your bed roll. 
Outside, the American River 

3897
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:40,500
mutters to itself the way it 
does. 

3898
03:40:40,500 --> 03:40:43,600
Every morning a constant 
whisper, that becomes the 

3899
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:45,400
backdrop to everything you do 
here. 

3900
03:40:46,300 --> 03:40:49,600
You've been listening to that 
sound for three months now and 

3901
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:51,400
you've stopped wondering when 
you'll get used to it. 

3902
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:54,700
Because you already have your 
back aches from sleeping on 

3903
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:57,900
ground that never quite softens,
no matter how carefully you 

3904
03:40:57,900 --> 03:40:59,900
arrange the pine needles 
underneath your blanket. 

3905
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:05,300
Your 37 years old, which felt 
Young when you left Ohio, but 

3906
03:41:05,300 --> 03:41:07,700
feels considerably less young. 
Now that you've been hauling 

3907
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,800
buckets of gravel up hill for 93
days straight, not that your 

3908
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:14,900
Counting. 
The August morning is cold 

3909
03:41:14,900 --> 03:41:17,800
enough that you can see your 
breath, which seems impossible 

3910
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:19,600
given how hot it will be by 
noon. 

3911
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:21,800
This is something nobody 
mentioned back. 

3912
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,200
East that the mountains could 
freeze you at dawn and bake you 

3913
03:41:25,200 --> 03:41:27,600
buy lunch. 
You pull on your boots without 

3914
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,500
on lacing them fully because you
learn that trick from a Danish 

3915
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:33,800
fellow to camps over and it 
saves you about 30 seconds. 

3916
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:38,000
Every morning, those seconds, 
add up Your shirt is still damp 

3917
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:41,600
from yesterday's sweat, which is
unpleasant, but not surprising 

3918
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:46,300
nothing, dries completely here. 
The air is too thin the knight's

3919
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:49,300
too cold and you work too hard 
to avoid sweating straight 

3920
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:52,900
through everything you own. 
You've got two shirts total and 

3921
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:56,400
they take turns being the less 
disgusting, one outside the 

3922
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,300
tent, the camp is beginning its 
morning ritual without anyone 

3923
03:41:59,300 --> 03:42:02,500
saying much of anything. 
Miners aren't talkative before 

3924
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,500
breakfast, the fellow whose name
you've never learned but who 

3925
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:09,300
camps about 50 feet Downstream 
is already crouched by his fire 

3926
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:14,300
ring feeding small sticks into 
reluctant Flames his dog, a 

3927
03:42:14,300 --> 03:42:16,200
barrel-shaped mutt. 
That's missing half an ear 

3928
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:18,300
watches. 
The fire, like, it might Escape.

3929
03:42:18,300 --> 03:42:22,000
You've noticed that the dog is 
significantly better fed than 

3930
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,100
its owner, which says something 
about the man's priorities, that

3931
03:42:25,100 --> 03:42:28,900
you find, oddly reassuring. 
You build your own fire in the 

3932
03:42:28,908 --> 03:42:31,100
ring of stones. 
You assembled during your first 

3933
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:34,200
week here, back when you still 
had energy for Unnecessary 

3934
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:36,400
projects like making things look
neat. 

3935
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:40,600
Now, the stones are black with 
soot and arranged in a circle, 

3936
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:44,500
that's more suggestion than 
geometry. your kindling is dry 

3937
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,900
because you learn to keep it in 
your tent wrap, in an old flour,

3938
03:42:47,900 --> 03:42:52,400
sack The matches you bought in 
Sacramento, a full box of them, 

3939
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:56,400
which seemed wildly expensive at
the time are down to seven. 

3940
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,300
You've become religious about 
extinguishing candles and using 

3941
03:43:00,300 --> 03:43:03,800
coals from the fire to light 
your pipe, rather than striking 

3942
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:05,900
a fresh match. 
The coffee. 

3943
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:09,900
You make is terrible, this isn't
self-deprecation, it's 

3944
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:12,100
objectively. 
Bad coffee, made from grounds, 

3945
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:15,400
you've already used twice, but 
it's hot and has caffeine. 

3946
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:19,000
And that's all you need. 
You drink it from a Tin Cup. 

3947
03:43:19,008 --> 03:43:22,100
That burns your lip every single
morning without fail. 

3948
03:43:22,100 --> 03:43:25,100
Because you never remember to 
wait the extra minute for it to 

3949
03:43:25,100 --> 03:43:28,000
cool some lessons, refuse to be 
learned. 

3950
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:33,900
Breakfast is hardtack and always
hard tack and bacon, you've 

3951
03:43:33,900 --> 03:43:36,000
developed a technique where you 
fry the bacon. 

3952
03:43:36,000 --> 03:43:39,800
First, then use the grease to 
soften the hardtack which makes 

3953
03:43:39,800 --> 03:43:42,100
it marginally less likely to 
break your teeth. 

3954
03:43:43,000 --> 03:43:46,000
The bacon is so salty that you 
can feel your heartbeat in your 

3955
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:49,700
temples after eating it. 
But salt is the only reason it 

3956
03:43:49,700 --> 03:43:53,000
hasn't gone rounded. 
You should pound the hard tack 

3957
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:54,800
with a rock before soaking it in
the grease. 

3958
03:43:54,800 --> 03:43:58,200
Otherwise it feels like chewing 
through roof shingles. 

3959
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:01,200
A Stellar's. 
J lands on a branch of your head

3960
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:05,000
and screams at you with what 
sounds like personal outrage, 

3961
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:08,400
the Jays here are vibrant shade 
of blue and exhibit. 

3962
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,700
Remarkable fearlessness, which 
commands, your respect, even 

3963
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:13,600
when their behavior is somewhat 
bothersome. 

3964
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:17,000
This particular J. 
Once your bacon, you don't give 

3965
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:18,800
it any but not because you're 
stingy. 

3966
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:21,300
You genuinely don't have bacon 
to spare. 

3967
03:44:22,200 --> 03:44:25,900
The birds screams again makes a 
sound exactly like a rusty gate 

3968
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:28,400
hinge and then flies off to 
bother someone else. 

3969
03:44:28,400 --> 03:44:32,600
The sky is turning from black to
Deep Purple, which means you've 

3970
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,200
got maybe 20 minutes before 
proper Dawn, you eat fast 

3971
03:44:36,200 --> 03:44:40,300
faster, the hardtack, Greece has
made your fingers shiny and you 

3972
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:42,500
wipe them on your pants which 
are already. 

3973
03:44:42,500 --> 03:44:46,600
So, filthy that adding bacon 
grease, barely registered you've

3974
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:48,200
learned. 
Not to think too hard about the 

3975
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:50,700
state of your clothing. 
It's all going to be covered in 

3976
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:54,300
mud within an hour. 
Anyway, your Pan, the only piece

3977
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:57,400
of equipment that truly matters 
is where you left it last night,

3978
03:44:57,400 --> 03:44:59,500
turned upside down on a Flat 
Rock. 

3979
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:04,100
You've got a good pan Which is 
to say it's not cracked and the 

3980
03:45:04,100 --> 03:45:07,900
bottom is relatively smooth. 
You bought it in Sacramento for 

3981
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:11,200
six dollars which was somehow 
both a fortune and a bargain. 

3982
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:15,100
the merchant said it was 
genuinely Eastern Steel, but you

3983
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:17,800
doubt it, Still, it works. 
So you don't care. 

3984
03:45:17,800 --> 03:45:21,400
The walk from your Camp to your 
claim takes about 15 minutes 

3985
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:24,900
through Pines, that smell like 
vanilla when the Sun hits them, 

3986
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:26,900
right? 
But the sun hasn't hit them 

3987
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:31,200
right yet, the trail is barely a
trail, just a slightly clear. 

3988
03:45:31,200 --> 03:45:33,600
A path through the undergrowth 
where other miners have walked 

3989
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:36,300
before you. 
You pass, three, abandoned 

3990
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:38,400
campsites, and various states of
decay. 

3991
03:45:39,300 --> 03:45:42,300
One has a tent that's collapsed 
into a sad pile of rotting 

3992
03:45:42,300 --> 03:45:45,100
canvas. 
Another has a neat stack of 

3993
03:45:45,100 --> 03:45:48,200
firewood that someone apparently
decided wasn't worth carrying to

3994
03:45:48,200 --> 03:45:52,600
their next location. 
In the Third location of boots 

3995
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:55,800
with holes in both Souls sits by
a dead firing. 

3996
03:45:56,600 --> 03:45:58,700
Testament to the futility of 
optimism. 

3997
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:02,700
These abandoned camps, don't 
depress you the way they did in 

3998
03:46:02,700 --> 03:46:05,500
your first weeks here. 
Now, they're just part of the 

3999
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:08,700
landscape, like the tree stumps 
and the scattered piles of 

4000
03:46:08,708 --> 03:46:13,200
tailings. 
Men come and go most go, the 

4001
03:46:13,200 --> 03:46:16,200
ones who stay are, either making
just enough to justify staying 

4002
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:19,400
or a two broke to afford 
leaving, you're not entirely 

4003
03:46:19,400 --> 03:46:22,400
sure which category you fall in 
to and you've stopped asking 

4004
03:46:22,400 --> 03:46:23,500
yourself. 
The question. 

4005
03:46:23,500 --> 03:46:27,300
Your claim is a bend in a 
smaller Creek that feeds into 

4006
03:46:27,300 --> 03:46:30,700
the American River about 30 
yards from where the Creeks 

4007
03:46:30,700 --> 03:46:34,400
takes a sharp, turn around a 
boulder, the size of a Hayward. 

4008
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:38,500
You chose this spot because the 
water slows down at the bend 

4009
03:46:38,500 --> 03:46:41,700
which means heavier particles 
like gold. 

4010
03:46:41,700 --> 03:46:44,100
Theoretically might settle in 
the gravel. 

4011
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:47,800
This is science. 
You learned from a pamphlet you 

4012
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:52,000
bought in Sacramento titled the 
49ers guide to certain wealth. 

4013
03:46:52,500 --> 03:46:55,500
which turned out to be, neither 
a guide nor certain but did 

4014
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:58,300
contain some useful information 
buried among the wild 

4015
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:02,900
exaggerations Creek at this hour
is loud with morning run off. 

4016
03:47:02,900 --> 03:47:05,500
The water comes down from snow 
melt higher. 

4017
03:47:05,500 --> 03:47:08,600
In the mountains which means 
it's absolutely freezing. 

4018
03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:12,200
Even in August, You've watched 
men jump into this Creek on hot 

4019
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,400
and Nunes for a refreshing swim.
You've watched them jump right 

4020
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:19,200
back out again yelling Creek 
doesn't care about air 

4021
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:21,400
temperature. 
The creek is always cold enough 

4022
03:47:21,400 --> 03:47:23,900
to make your feet. 
Take you've staked your claim 

4023
03:47:23,900 --> 03:47:27,300
with four posts and a length of 
rope that marks off about 30 

4024
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:30,500
feet of Creek bed. 
This practice is legal under the

4025
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:34,200
Loosely defined mining laws that
govern these mountains, meaning 

4026
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:36,100
it is permitted. 
As long as you are actively, 

4027
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:39,500
working the claim and no one 
with greater Authority decides 

4028
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:44,200
to take it from you. 
So far, nobody has your claim is

4029
03:47:44,208 --> 03:47:46,300
not. 
It must be said, obviously, 

4030
03:47:46,300 --> 03:47:49,400
Rich, it's not even obviously 
promising. 

4031
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:53,300
It's just a patch of creeks that
nobody else wanted badly enough 

4032
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:56,600
to fight over the morning. 
Light is starting to filter 

4033
03:47:56,600 --> 03:47:59,700
through the Pines. 
Now coming in at that low angle,

4034
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:02,300
that makes everything look 
softer than it actually is. 

4035
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,800
The water in your section of 
Creek, looks clear and innocent 

4036
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:10,200
bubbling over rocks that are 
gold colored from iron oxide, 

4037
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:12,900
but contain not a speck of 
actual gold. 

4038
03:48:12,900 --> 03:48:16,800
As you've learned through 
repeated disappointment, Real 

4039
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,100
gold doesn't look like gold when
it's in the creek. 

4040
03:48:19,100 --> 03:48:22,800
It looks like a slightly 
brighter, Fleck of sand, simple 

4041
03:48:22,800 --> 03:48:27,000
to miss easier to doubt. 
Your first job of the day is to 

4042
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:29,300
move rocks. 
It's always moving rocks. 

4043
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:32,800
The technique is to clear the 
larger stones from a section of 

4044
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:35,600
Creek bed, dig down into the 
gravel beneath them. 

4045
03:48:35,600 --> 03:48:39,100
And then pan that gravel hoping 
it contains something other than

4046
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:42,800
more gravel You've moved 
approximately 7,000 rocks in 

4047
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:45,700
your time here, which is not a 
poetic exaggeration. 

4048
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:49,200
You actually try to count once 
and gave up after 700. 

4049
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:53,500
The rocks are slippery with 
algae cold, from the water, and 

4050
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:56,400
frequently inhabited by Angry 
crayfish, who object, 

4051
03:48:56,400 --> 03:49:01,000
strenuously to being relocated 
crayfish of pinched to 11 times.

4052
03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:04,100
And the experience never ceases 
to be startling. 

4053
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,000
They hide under the rocks with 
their claws, extended waiting 

4054
03:49:08,000 --> 03:49:11,800
for an unsuspecting finger. 
You'd find the more Charming if 

4055
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:14,300
they weren't such consistent. 
Jerks about the whole situation 

4056
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:17,900
you wade into the water, which 
immediately fills your boots 

4057
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:21,000
because your boots are not 
waterproof despite what the 

4058
03:49:21,000 --> 03:49:25,400
merchants in Sacramento promised
Cold grips, your feet, like a 

4059
03:49:25,400 --> 03:49:28,300
firm handshake from someone 
who's trying to prove something.

4060
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,400
You've learned to keep moving 
because standing still in this 

4061
03:49:31,408 --> 03:49:32,500
water. 
Can make your feet. 

4062
03:49:32,500 --> 03:49:35,700
So numb that you might trip over
your own ankles while walking 

4063
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:38,900
back to camp. 
There's a technique to moving 

4064
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:43,300
rocks efficiently which mostly 
involves rolling not lifting, 

4065
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:47,000
the trick is to place your hands
under the rock while it is still

4066
03:49:47,000 --> 03:49:49,800
in the water. 
Use the water's buoyancy to 

4067
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:53,600
assist with the initial lift and
then fully commit to moving it 

4068
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:56,800
to shore. 
As dropping it halfway, is when 

4069
03:49:56,800 --> 03:49:59,800
you're most likely to injure 
your foot, You Dropped a rock on

4070
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:03,600
your foot in week two, your 
toenail turned, black and fell 

4071
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,100
off. 
The new one growing in is a 

4072
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:09,200
weird shape that catchers on 
your sock by mid-morning. 

4073
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:11,800
You've cleared enough rocks to 
expose a promising patch of 

4074
03:50:11,800 --> 03:50:16,300
gravel. promising is a relative 
term, it looks essentially 

4075
03:50:16,300 --> 03:50:20,000
identical to every other patch 
of gravel you've excavated but 

4076
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:23,900
this reflects the mindset of 
successful, mining every pan 

4077
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:27,800
could potentially contain gold 
If you start assuming that the 

4078
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:31,100
gold isn't present, you might as
well pack up and go home to Ohio

4079
03:50:31,100 --> 03:50:34,600
where you have seven dollars in 
debt and a sister-in-law who 

4080
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:35,700
said you would return in a 
month. 

4081
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:40,000
You fill your pan with gravel 
scooping down to the Bedrock if 

4082
03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:42,900
you can reach it. 
Bedrock is where the good stuff 

4083
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:45,400
settles. 
Theoretically, it is heavier 

4084
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:47,400
than the sand and gravel that 
wash over it. 

4085
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:50,300
You've reached Bedrock exactly 
three times. 

4086
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:53,900
Usually you just get tired of 
digging and decide to pan. 

4087
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:56,600
What you have? 
The gravel goes into the pan 

4088
03:50:56,600 --> 03:50:58,100
along with a healthy amount of 
water. 

4089
03:50:58,100 --> 03:51:02,100
Your pan is about 15 inches 
across and maybe three inches 

4090
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:06,700
deep with a flat bottom and 
sloped sides when the pan is 

4091
03:51:06,708 --> 03:51:10,500
full of wet gravel, it becomes 
heavier than it appears like 

4092
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:13,100
clear around 15 pounds of 
material that you will spend the

4093
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:15,900
next several minutes shaking as 
if you are trying to wake it up.

4094
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:20,400
The technique for panning is 
simple in theory and exhausting 

4095
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:24,400
and practice. you hold the pan 
with both hands and shake its 

4096
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,900
side to side, under the water, 
using a circular motion that 

4097
03:51:27,900 --> 03:51:32,300
keeps everything submerged but 
moving The goal is to make the 

4098
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:34,400
heavier particles, including 
gold. 

4099
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,800
If there is any work, their way 
down to the bottom while the 

4100
03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:40,000
lighter sand and gravel wash 
over the rim. 

4101
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:43,900
This takes longer than you'd 
think much longer. 

4102
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:48,500
You shake the pan for what feels
like several years but is 

4103
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:53,000
probably closer to two minutes. 
Your arms start to hurt your 

4104
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:56,100
back, already unimpressed with 
your life choices, begins a 

4105
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:59,600
formal complaint. 
The water is so cold that your 

4106
03:51:59,600 --> 03:52:03,100
hands transition from feeling 
cold to becoming numb and then 

4107
03:52:03,100 --> 03:52:06,400
to experience a strange burning 
sensation, that could be 

4108
03:52:06,400 --> 03:52:09,100
frostbite. 
But is likely just your body's 

4109
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:12,100
way of indicating that this 
situation is absurd. 

4110
03:52:12,900 --> 03:52:16,300
You tilt the pan slightly 
letting the lighter material 

4111
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:19,600
wash over the edge. 
The water coming off, the pan is

4112
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:23,300
murky with sediment. 
Turning the Clear Creek into a 

4113
03:52:23,300 --> 03:52:26,000
muddy swirl Downstream from 
where you're working. 

4114
03:52:26,000 --> 03:52:30,300
You've basically turned a clean 
Creek into a dirty Creek, which 

4115
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,600
seems like a metaphor for 
something, but you're too 

4116
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:36,000
focused on the pain to figure 
out what More shaking. 

4117
03:52:36,000 --> 03:52:40,000
More swirling your arms feel 
like they're made of warm clay, 

4118
03:52:40,000 --> 03:52:43,300
your developing muscles in 
places you didn't know could 

4119
03:52:43,300 --> 03:52:47,000
have muscles There's a spot 
between your shoulder blades 

4120
03:52:47,000 --> 03:52:49,400
that's been aching continuously 
since June. 

4121
03:52:49,400 --> 03:52:53,400
After another minute of shaking 
you've washed away about half 

4122
03:52:53,400 --> 03:52:57,000
the material in your pan. 
What's left is concentrated 

4123
03:52:57,000 --> 03:53:01,000
gravel black sand which is 
heavier than regular sand and 

4124
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:04,100
therefore annoying. 
And possibly somewhere in there.

4125
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:07,800
A tiny piece of gold that will 
justify the last 20 minutes of 

4126
03:53:07,808 --> 03:53:10,200
work. 
You lift the pan out of the 

4127
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:14,400
water to inspect it, the surface
is still covered with black sand

4128
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:17,700
and small Pebbles, you're 
looking for color, which is what

4129
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:19,600
miners called the yellow glint 
of gold. 

4130
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:23,200
You're also searching for larger
nuggets but you're not 

4131
03:53:23,208 --> 03:53:26,800
optimistic about finding them. 
Nuggets are what other people 

4132
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:32,100
find you find flakes? 
The sun is higher now and the 

4133
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:35,100
light hitting your pain. 
Makes everything Sparkle for a 

4134
03:53:35,100 --> 03:53:40,500
moment which is cruel because 
99% of what Sparkles is Micah. 

4135
03:53:40,500 --> 03:53:45,400
Not gold Mica, is a mineral that
attracts attention due to its 

4136
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:47,600
flashiness, and 
attention-seeking nature. 

4137
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:52,900
Yet it holds no intrinsic value.
You've learned to hate Meeker 

4138
03:53:52,900 --> 03:53:55,000
with a passion. 
Usually reserved for people who 

4139
03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:57,200
owe you money. 
You swirl the pan. 

4140
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:01,700
Gently watching the black sand 
shift there, right there. 

4141
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:05,900
Is that color, you squint, you 
tilt the pan. 

4142
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:10,200
It's either a tiny Flack of gold
or a tiny Flack of mica catching

4143
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:12,000
the light in exactly the wrong 
way. 

4144
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:16,300
You dip the pan back in the 
water and swirl again, more 

4145
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,200
carefully. 
This time, the specs stays put, 

4146
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:23,100
while the black sand moves gold 
is heavier than Mica. 

4147
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:26,100
This is gold. 
This is actual gold. 

4148
03:54:26,100 --> 03:54:30,300
It's smaller than a pinhead. 
It's possibly the smallest piece

4149
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:34,100
of gold that can still be called
gold rather than gold colored 

4150
03:54:34,100 --> 03:54:36,500
dust. 
But it's yours. 

4151
03:54:37,200 --> 03:54:40,600
You feel a small surge of 
satisfaction, that's wildly 

4152
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,800
disproportionate to the value of
what you've just found which is 

4153
03:54:43,808 --> 03:54:46,000
approximately one tenth of one 
cent. 

4154
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:50,600
But that's not the point. 
The point is confirmation, the 

4155
03:54:50,600 --> 03:54:54,700
gold is here in the right place,
your efforts, not entirely in 

4156
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:57,700
vain This is what you tell 
yourself. 

4157
03:54:57,700 --> 03:55:01,000
As you carefully, tap the flex 
into your Leather Pouch, which 

4158
03:55:01,000 --> 03:55:02,700
contains may be a teaspoon of 
gold. 

4159
03:55:02,700 --> 03:55:06,000
After three months of work. 
The next pan contains nothing. 

4160
03:55:06,000 --> 03:55:09,400
The one after that contains, 
three Flex so small. 

4161
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:12,900
You need to check three times to
make sure they're actually there

4162
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:15,400
and not just your desperate 
imagination. 

4163
03:55:16,700 --> 03:55:20,300
Fourth pan can contains what 
might be gold, but might also be

4164
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:23,800
a piece of whether pyrite and 
you're not experienced enough to

4165
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:25,300
know the difference just by 
looking. 

4166
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:29,000
So you save it anyway. 
This is what gold mining 

4167
03:55:29,000 --> 03:55:33,000
actually is the long repetitive 
hours between tiny victories. 

4168
03:55:33,800 --> 03:55:36,800
For every moment of excitement 
when you spot color, there are 

4169
03:55:36,808 --> 03:55:40,300
dozens of pans that contain. 
Absolutely nothing intriguing. 

4170
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:44,800
You shake the pan. 
You wash the gravel, you squint 

4171
03:55:44,800 --> 03:55:48,800
at the results you find nothing 
you refill the pan with new 

4172
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:52,400
gravel you do it all again your 
back hurts. 

4173
03:55:52,400 --> 03:55:56,100
In a specific way that suggests 
you're going to regret being 37 

4174
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:59,200
when you're 47. 
Your knees are bruised, from 

4175
03:55:59,200 --> 03:56:01,700
kneeling on Creek, rocks your 
hands of. 

4176
03:56:01,700 --> 03:56:05,900
Calluses, on top of calluses, 
creating a sort of hand armor, 

4177
03:56:05,900 --> 03:56:08,400
that makes your fingers less 
flexible but more durable, 

4178
03:56:08,400 --> 03:56:11,500
you've got a blister on your 
right thumb that keeps opening 

4179
03:56:11,500 --> 03:56:14,300
up and then healing just enough 
to convince you. 

4180
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:18,700
It's better right before you 
grip the pan again and it splits

4181
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:22,600
open. 
Around noon, the heat becomes 

4182
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:25,700
genuine. 
The morning cold is a distant 

4183
03:56:25,700 --> 03:56:28,700
memory. 
The sun reflects off the water 

4184
03:56:28,700 --> 03:56:32,100
and the Rocks, creating a bright
brightness, that makes your eyes

4185
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:34,600
hurt. 
You're supposed to be wearing a 

4186
03:56:34,600 --> 03:56:38,200
hat and you are wearing one but 
the hat is mostly decorative. 

4187
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:42,300
At this point, the sun here 
doesn't negotiate, you take a 

4188
03:56:42,308 --> 03:56:45,600
break which means you sit on the
bank and eat hard tack without 

4189
03:56:45,600 --> 03:56:48,300
bacon because your saving the 
bacon for dinner. 

4190
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:51,800
You've got a canteen of water 
that tastes like metal and 

4191
03:56:51,800 --> 03:56:55,800
canvas but it's wet and wet is 
the main requirement. 

4192
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,800
You drink half of it, reminding 
yourself to refill it from the 

4193
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:01,600
creek. 
Before you head back to Camp. 

4194
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:05,400
Drinking straight from the creek
is generally fine, though, 

4195
03:57:05,400 --> 03:57:07,500
you've heard stories about men 
getting sick from it. 

4196
03:57:08,500 --> 03:57:11,300
You've been drinking Creek Water
for three months without getting

4197
03:57:11,300 --> 03:57:13,400
sick which you can consider a 
victory. 

4198
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:16,800
A mule deer watches you from 
across the creek, chewing 

4199
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:18,900
something with an expression of 
profound judgment. 

4200
03:57:20,200 --> 03:57:23,100
The deer here are not afraid of 
humans the way you'd expect. 

4201
03:57:24,000 --> 03:57:26,000
They've learned that miners, 
don't generally, shoot them 

4202
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:28,700
because bullets are expensive 
and dragging a dead. 

4203
03:57:28,708 --> 03:57:31,900
Deer back to Camp is more work 
than most mine as want to do. 

4204
03:57:32,900 --> 03:57:36,000
this particular deer seems to be
evaluating your Technique and 

4205
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:40,000
finding it wanting You resist, 
the urge to explain yourself to 

4206
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:43,600
the deer after your break, you 
move to a different section of 

4207
03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:46,100
your claim. 
Hoping that shifting locations 

4208
03:57:46,100 --> 03:57:50,400
will shift your luck. 
This belief is superstition to 

4209
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:54,900
strategy yet. 
The mining industry is Rife with

4210
03:57:54,900 --> 03:57:57,100
superstitions presented as 
strategies. 

4211
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:01,700
Some men won't work on Sundays, 
others won't work without their 

4212
03:58:01,700 --> 03:58:05,400
lucky shirt. 
One fellow, you met won't pan, 

4213
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,400
unless he's whistling, which 
makes him deeply unpopular with 

4214
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:10,000
the miners on neighboring 
claims. 

4215
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:14,000
The afternoon pans yield a 
better return than the morning. 

4216
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:17,900
Seven visible flex and what 
might be two more if you're 

4217
03:58:17,908 --> 03:58:22,200
generous with your definitions. 
This is a good day, not a great 

4218
03:58:22,208 --> 03:58:24,200
day. 
A great day would involve 

4219
03:58:24,200 --> 03:58:27,200
finding something larger than a 
Fleck, but solidly good. 

4220
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:30,700
You'll add maybe three cents 
worth of gold to your pouch, 

4221
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:33,900
which doesn't sound like much. 
Until you remember that you're 

4222
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,400
finding it in a creek, using a 
pan and you're increasingly 

4223
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:39,400
questionable back. 
The thing about the Sierra 

4224
03:58:39,400 --> 03:58:42,800
Nevada that nobody warns you 
about is how quickly the weather

4225
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:45,200
can shift from Pleasant to 
actively hostile. 

4226
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:49,000
You've seen it go from Sunny to 
hailing in the time it takes to 

4227
03:58:49,000 --> 03:58:51,800
smoke a pipe. 
The clouds gather behind the 

4228
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:55,700
Peaks to the east accumulating 
as if they are preparing for 

4229
03:58:55,700 --> 03:58:59,200
something and then suddenly it 
starts raining sideways. 

4230
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:02,300
While you scramble to remember 
where you left. 

4231
03:59:02,300 --> 03:59:06,600
Anything, that shouldn't get 
wet, which includes everything. 

4232
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:13,200
Today stays clear, which is a 
mercy, you've endured rainstorms

4233
03:59:13,200 --> 03:59:17,300
in the past and the misery, they
inflict his Indescribable to 

4234
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:19,800
those who have not tried 
prospecting for gold under 

4235
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:24,800
torrential rain. the creek Rises
the visibility drops and 

4236
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:29,700
everything becomes a cold muddy 
exercise in stubbornness To keep

4237
03:59:29,708 --> 03:59:33,100
working because stopping means 
losing a day of potential income

4238
03:59:33,100 --> 03:59:36,400
and you've already lost too many
days to afford losing more. 

4239
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,800
The wind picks up around three 
which is normal for this time of

4240
03:59:40,800 --> 03:59:44,000
year, it comes down the canyon. 
Like it's been personally 

4241
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,400
insulted by something at the 
bottom and is rushing down to 

4242
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:52,100
file a complaint. 
Pines Sway and Creeks dropping 

4243
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:54,000
pine cones, the size of your 
fist. 

4244
03:59:54,000 --> 03:59:56,900
You've been hit by Falling pine 
cones twice. 

4245
03:59:56,900 --> 04:00:00,600
And while it's not dangerous, 
it's startling and slightly 

4246
04:00:00,600 --> 04:00:02,700
humiliating to be attacked by a 
tree. 

4247
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,100
You weren't even touching. 
Summer is the best season for 

4248
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:09,500
mining, which tells you 
something about adverse seasons?

4249
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:13,800
During the summer, you can work 
all day without your hands. 

4250
04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:17,500
Freezing solid. 
The creek is lower which means 

4251
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:19,000
you can reach more of the 
gravel. 

4252
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:21,500
The nights are cool but not 
deadly. 

4253
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:25,900
You've heard stories about 
winter mining about men, trying 

4254
04:00:25,900 --> 04:00:29,700
to thaw frozen gravel with fire 
about creeks freezing. 

4255
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:33,100
Solid about finding miners in 
the spring who didn't make it 

4256
04:00:33,100 --> 04:00:35,600
through. 
You plan to be in Sacramento by 

4257
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:38,800
November assuming you've made 
enough by then to afford 

4258
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:41,008
leaving. 
The Autumn is supposed to be 

4259
04:00:41,016 --> 04:00:44,600
beautiful here, according to the
Danish fellow, who spent last 

4260
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:48,100
fall in these mountains. 
He says the Aspens, turn yellow 

4261
04:00:48,100 --> 04:00:50,800
and the whole Canyon glows. 
Like it's on fire. 

4262
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:55,300
He also says that October is 
when the big storm start rolling

4263
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:57,900
in from the Pacific and dumping 
snow by the foot. 

4264
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:02,900
He says that November is when 
smart men leave and December is 

4265
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:06,900
when stubborn men die. 
You've marked yourself down as 

4266
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,000
smart though. 
You're aware that most stubborn 

4267
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:12,100
men probably think of themselves
the same way you finish working 

4268
04:01:12,100 --> 04:01:15,200
when the light gets too low to 
see color in the pan, Which 

4269
04:01:15,200 --> 04:01:18,300
happens early than you'd like. 
Because the canyon walls create 

4270
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:20,000
Shadows that arrived before 
sunset. 

4271
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:23,400
You've mastered the art of 
timing your day, based on the 

4272
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,600
Shadows, observing their 
leisurely progress across the 

4273
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:29,500
creek. 
The walk back to Camp, feels 

4274
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:32,300
longer than the walk to your 
claim, probably, because you're 

4275
04:01:32,300 --> 04:01:35,200
worn out and your boots are full
of water, that squelches with 

4276
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,300
every step your socks are 
incredibly durable. 

4277
04:01:38,300 --> 04:01:41,900
They would be on saving two 
weeks ago, but you keep wearing 

4278
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:45,300
them because the alternative is 
wearing no socks, which leads to

4279
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:48,300
blisters that make the socks 
situation, look positively 

4280
04:01:48,300 --> 04:01:51,700
luxurious. 
At Camp, you have a set evening 

4281
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:54,300
routine because you don't have 
the energy to think of what to 

4282
04:01:54,300 --> 04:01:56,400
do next. 
Fire. 

4283
04:01:56,400 --> 04:01:59,400
First using the, coals your bank
this morning that hopefully 

4284
04:01:59,400 --> 04:02:02,700
still alive under the OSH. 
The coals are still alive but 

4285
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:07,200
barely which saves you a match, 
small kindling, slightly, larger

4286
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:12,200
sticks and then pieces of wood, 
you've split from Deadfall Fire 

4287
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:16,000
catches and holds producing 
smoke that smells like Pine and 

4288
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:19,200
accomplishment. 
Dinner is bacon and beans. 

4289
04:02:19,200 --> 04:02:23,000
The beans have been soaking in 
Creek Water since morning in a 

4290
04:02:23,008 --> 04:02:25,000
pot. 
You leave by your tent, covered 

4291
04:02:25,000 --> 04:02:26,900
with a Flat Rock to keep the J's
out. 

4292
04:02:27,700 --> 04:02:32,100
This system works about 70% of 
the time, the other 30%, you 

4293
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:33,900
return to find Jay's on the 
Rock. 

4294
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:37,500
Looking pleased with themselves 
and half your beans scattered in

4295
04:02:37,500 --> 04:02:40,600
the dirt today. 
The beans are intact, which 

4296
04:02:40,600 --> 04:02:43,800
means to night, you'll have 
adequate protein, you cook the 

4297
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:46,500
bacon. 
First in your small pan, not the

4298
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:49,200
gold pan. 
You're not a barbarian, then add

4299
04:02:49,200 --> 04:02:50,700
the beans to the bacon. 
Grease. 

4300
04:02:51,600 --> 04:02:54,400
This is the same cooking 
technique you use for breakfast,

4301
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:57,800
which suggests your culinary 
skills of not expanded 

4302
04:02:57,800 --> 04:02:59,600
significantly, during your time 
here. 

4303
04:03:00,400 --> 04:03:04,900
The beans, absorb the grease and
become softer and saltier which 

4304
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:07,300
is the best you can hope for 
under the circumstances. 

4305
04:03:08,500 --> 04:03:10,700
Well, the beans cook, you count 
your gold. 

4306
04:03:10,700 --> 04:03:13,900
This is both satisfying and 
depressing depending on your 

4307
04:03:13,900 --> 04:03:15,700
mood. 
Tonight, you're feeling 

4308
04:03:15,700 --> 04:03:18,600
philosophical, which means you 
can look at your small Leather 

4309
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,200
Pouch and think I'm building 
towards something, rather than 

4310
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:25,300
I've been here for three months 
and have approximately 8 dollars

4311
04:03:25,300 --> 04:03:28,300
worth of gold. 
The pouch contains mostly 

4312
04:03:28,300 --> 04:03:31,000
flakes. 
A few slightly larger pieces 

4313
04:03:31,000 --> 04:03:34,600
that might generously be called,
small nuggets and a lot of black

4314
04:03:34,600 --> 04:03:38,100
sand, you have been able to 
separate out separating gold 

4315
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,900
from black sand is an art form 
that involves Mercury, which you

4316
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:45,400
don't have or tremendous 
patience, which you have, but 

4317
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:49,100
prefer to use elsewhere. 
Most miners just sell their gold

4318
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:52,800
with the black sand, still mixed
in accepting a lower price in 

4319
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:55,100
exchange for not spending hours,
trying to clean it. 

4320
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:59,500
You estimate, you've got about a
quarter ounce total in 

4321
04:03:59,500 --> 04:04:02,800
Sacramento, the price of gold is
16 dollars per ounce. 

4322
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:07,400
Indicating that you have a total
of four dollars plus or minus. 

4323
04:04:08,200 --> 04:04:09,900
Four dollars. 
After three months of work, 

4324
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:12,200
would be depressing if you 
thought about it directly. 

4325
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:16,100
So you think about it sideways. 
Instead, you're learning a 

4326
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:18,200
trade, your improving, your 
Technique. 

4327
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:20,900
Tomorrow's pan might be the one 
that changes everything. 

4328
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:23,400
These are the lies. 
You tell yourself that might 

4329
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,700
actually be true. 
Mining attracts a specific type 

4330
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,500
of person. 
Someone comfortable being alone 

4331
04:04:29,500 --> 04:04:33,700
but perhaps not skilled at it. 
The distinction matters you 

4332
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:37,000
spend your days working by 
yourself but you're surrounded 

4333
04:04:37,000 --> 04:04:38,800
by other men. 
Doing the same thing. 

4334
04:04:38,800 --> 04:04:42,200
All of you existing in this 
strange state of communal 

4335
04:04:42,200 --> 04:04:45,300
Solitude. 
There's the Danish fellow whose 

4336
04:04:45,300 --> 04:04:49,100
Camp is Upstream from yours. 
He is noted at you approximately

4337
04:04:49,100 --> 04:04:52,600
60 times but you've never 
learned his actual name. 

4338
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:56,300
He's methodical in a way that 
suggests he, the previous mining

4339
04:04:56,300 --> 04:04:59,800
experience or a personality that
can't help being methodical. 

4340
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:04,000
His Camp is neat. 
His tools are organized and his 

4341
04:05:04,000 --> 04:05:06,900
morning fire starts with The 
Cloud of smoke that yours 

4342
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:09,800
produces. 
You find this simultaneously 

4343
04:05:09,800 --> 04:05:12,500
admirable and annoying 
Downstream. 

4344
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:15,400
There's a group of three Chinese
miners who worked together in a 

4345
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:17,600
way that seems both more 
efficient and more pleasant than

4346
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:20,300
working alone. 
They've built a Rocker Box. 

4347
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:23,800
A larger Contraption for 
processing gravel and they take 

4348
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:27,600
turns operating it in shifts. 
You've watched them work, and 

4349
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:29,200
they seem to find more golden 
you do. 

4350
04:05:29,200 --> 04:05:31,300
Which suggests their technique 
is better. 

4351
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:35,700
Their claim is richer or both. 
They've never been unfriendly, 

4352
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:39,300
but they keep to themselves 
which you respect because you do

4353
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:42,000
the same thing. 
There's a French Canadian who 

4354
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:44,600
showed up two weeks ago and 
hasn't stopped talking about the

4355
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:47,000
Nugget. 
He found in his first week which

4356
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:48,800
was apparently the size of a 
pea. 

4357
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:52,300
You've seen the Nugget, it's 
legitimately impressive. 

4358
04:05:52,300 --> 04:05:55,900
It's also the only significant 
goal, he's found since which he 

4359
04:05:55,900 --> 04:05:59,200
mentioned less often. 
He started to develop the look 

4360
04:05:59,200 --> 04:06:01,900
that men get when they realized 
their luck might have run out on

4361
04:06:01,900 --> 04:06:05,500
day three. 
The nearest town calling it to 

4362
04:06:05,500 --> 04:06:09,500
town is generous is a six-hour 
walk which means you go there. 

4363
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:13,100
Approximately never. 
The town consists of a trading 

4364
04:06:13,100 --> 04:06:17,000
post, a place that sells Whiskey
and a collection of tents that 

4365
04:06:17,008 --> 04:06:19,800
serve various purposes. 
None of them particularly 

4366
04:06:19,800 --> 04:06:22,500
interesting. 
He went there once in July to 

4367
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:25,600
buy supplies and found the 
prices so inflated that you 

4368
04:06:25,608 --> 04:06:28,600
seriously considered just eating
pine bark for the rest of the 

4369
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:31,100
summer. 
Mail comes through the town 

4370
04:06:31,100 --> 04:06:34,100
twice a month. 
Carried by a man on a horse who 

4371
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,300
looks like he's reconsidering 
his life choices every time you 

4372
04:06:37,300 --> 04:06:39,800
see him. 
You haven't gotten male because 

4373
04:06:39,800 --> 04:06:43,000
getting male requires having 
sent mail first, and sending 

4374
04:06:43,000 --> 04:06:46,200
mail requires either admitting 
how things are going or lying 

4375
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:49,100
about it. 
You've decided that writing home

4376
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,700
can wait until you have 
something worth reporting Beyond

4377
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,800
still here, still, poor Creek 
still cold. 

4378
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:58,200
The thing that keeps you going 
isn't the dream of striking it 

4379
04:06:58,200 --> 04:07:01,500
rich that dream died somewhere 
around weak six. 

4380
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:05,600
What keeps you going? 
Is the small regular Victory. 

4381
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:09,300
Is that arrived just often 
enough to feel like progress, A 

4382
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:13,300
good day of panning. 
A flake larger than usual, the 

4383
04:07:13,300 --> 04:07:16,300
satisfaction of improving your 
Technique to the point where you

4384
04:07:16,308 --> 04:07:20,000
can process gravel fast to the, 
you could last month, you've 

4385
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:21,600
gotten better at reading the 
creek. 

4386
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,600
You've learned to spot places 
where the water slows down where

4387
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:29,300
obstacles create Eddies where 
the Bedrock comes close to the 

4388
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:31,600
surface. 
These are the places gold 

4389
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:34,000
accumulates. 
If it accumulates anywhere. 

4390
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:37,600
You've learned to test a spot 
with a single pan before 

4391
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:41,100
committing to ours of digging. 
You've learned that the gravel 

4392
04:07:41,100 --> 04:07:44,300
right against Bedrock is worth 
checking first, because that's 

4393
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:47,700
where the heaviest particles 
settle. your panning technique 

4394
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,700
has improved to the point where 
you rarely lose visible, gold 

4395
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:53,600
over the rim of the pan anymore 
which used to happen with 

4396
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:57,100
embarrassing frequency, You've 
learned the right rhythm of 

4397
04:07:57,100 --> 04:08:01,000
shaking and swirling the right 
angle to tilt the pan and the 

4398
04:08:01,008 --> 04:08:02,600
right amount of water to keep in
it. 

4399
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:06,800
These skills are worthless 
anywhere except right here in 

4400
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:09,000
this Creek doing this specific 
thing. 

4401
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:13,200
But here they matter. 
There's a rhythm to the work 

4402
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:15,600
that becomes almost meditative 
when you let it. 

4403
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:20,600
Fill the pan, shake it under the
water, tilt and swirl. 

4404
04:08:21,200 --> 04:08:23,000
Watch the lighter material wash 
away. 

4405
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:28,100
Check for color repeat. 
Your mind wanders during this 

4406
04:08:28,100 --> 04:08:31,700
process, which is good because 
otherwise you go crazy from the 

4407
04:08:31,700 --> 04:08:35,500
repetition. you think about 
home, you think about the people

4408
04:08:35,500 --> 04:08:38,700
you left behind, you think about
whether you're actually going to

4409
04:08:38,700 --> 04:08:42,000
make enough money here, to 
justify having left You think 

4410
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:44,300
about dinner, you think about 
gold? 

4411
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,100
The best day you've had was 
three weeks ago, when you found 

4412
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:52,500
five flakes in a single pan. 
Five, lakes isn't Fortune. 

4413
04:08:52,500 --> 04:08:54,200
It's not even a really good 
meal. 

4414
04:08:55,000 --> 04:08:57,200
But it was encouraging in a way 
that made you want to keep 

4415
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:00,100
going. 
You've had worse day since then 

4416
04:09:00,100 --> 04:09:04,200
plenty of them, but that one. 
Good day sits in your memory 

4417
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:07,400
like proof that luck exists and 
might occasionally. 

4418
04:09:07,400 --> 04:09:10,700
Remember you exist, too? 
Your equipment consists of your 

4419
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:16,900
pan, a shovel, a pick a blanket,
a tenth one cooking pot, one 

4420
04:09:16,900 --> 04:09:22,200
frying pan, two shirts, one pair
of pants, one hat, a sorted, 

4421
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:25,300
other items of questionable 
utility and a rifle. 

4422
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:27,500
You fired. 
Exactly twice and surviving here

4423
04:09:27,500 --> 04:09:31,600
once was to scare off a bear. 
Who was investigating your Camp,

4424
04:09:31,600 --> 04:09:35,100
the bear left though? 
You're not convinced the rifle 

4425
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:38,500
at anything to do with it. 
The bear seemed more annoyed by 

4426
04:09:38,500 --> 04:09:42,100
the noise than threatened by it.
The shovel is the most important

4427
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:44,600
tool. 
After the pan you use it to move

4428
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:48,300
gravel, dig down to bedrock 
Creek channels in the creek and 

4429
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,100
occasionally as a seat when 
you're too tired to stand, but 

4430
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:55,600
the ground is too wet to sit on.
The handle is worn smooth where 

4431
04:09:55,600 --> 04:09:58,100
your hands grip it. 
And the blade is starting to 

4432
04:09:58,100 --> 04:10:01,300
show signs of serious. 
Where along the edge, you'll 

4433
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:02,800
need a new Shovel by next 
summer. 

4434
04:10:02,800 --> 04:10:06,200
Assuming you're still here next 
summer, which is an assumption 

4435
04:10:06,200 --> 04:10:08,000
you're not ready to examine too 
closely. 

4436
04:10:08,700 --> 04:10:11,500
The pick breaks up hard packed 
gravel and chips weigh at 

4437
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:13,600
Bedrock when you need to clear a
hollow where gold might be 

4438
04:10:13,608 --> 04:10:16,200
hiding. 
You're not great with the pick, 

4439
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:19,600
it requires a specific kind of 
controlled violence, that 

4440
04:10:19,600 --> 04:10:22,600
doesn't come naturally to you, 
but you're better than you were.

4441
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:26,200
You've learned to let the weight
of the pick do most of the work 

4442
04:10:26,200 --> 04:10:29,400
rather than trying to muscle it 
down into the Rock. 

4443
04:10:30,100 --> 04:10:32,700
Your shoulders are grateful for 
this lesson though. 

4444
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:34,000
They wish you'd learned it 
sooner. 

4445
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:38,500
Your tent is canvas. 
So positively waterproof, and 

4446
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:40,400
actually water resistant at 
best. 

4447
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,900
When it rains hard, small, drips
develop in predictable spots, 

4448
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,800
and you've learned to arrange 
your belongings to avoid them. 

4449
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:51,700
The tent is tall enough that you
can sit up inside it but not 

4450
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:53,700
stand. 
Which means you spend a lot of 

4451
04:10:53,708 --> 04:10:57,400
time hunched over Your back has 
opinions about this Arrangement.

4452
04:10:57,400 --> 04:11:01,300
The blanket you sleep in his 
wool which was expensive but 

4453
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:04,600
worth it wall stays warm. 
Even when wet, which is 

4454
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:06,000
important. 
Because everything here is 

4455
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:10,700
always at least slightly wet The
blanket smells like campfire and

4456
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:14,300
sweat and pine needles, which is
to say it smells like you've 

4457
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:16,000
been living in the mountains for
three months. 

4458
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:20,900
September arrives without 
ceremony marked only by the fact

4459
04:11:20,900 --> 04:11:22,300
that the Danish fellow 
mentioned. 

4460
04:11:22,300 --> 04:11:25,600
Its September while walking past
your claim one morning. 

4461
04:11:26,800 --> 04:11:29,700
The days are still hot but the 
nights are starting to get 

4462
04:11:29,700 --> 04:11:33,300
properly cold, the kind of coal 
that makes you burrow deeper 

4463
04:11:33,300 --> 04:11:35,500
into your blanket and consider 
whether you've made good 

4464
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,800
decisions. 
The creek is lower now than it 

4465
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:41,700
was in July. 
The snow melt has slowed to a 

4466
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:43,800
trickle which means you can 
reach gravel. 

4467
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:48,000
That was underwater a month ago.
This is theoretically good news 

4468
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:51,200
in practice. 
It means you're doing the same 

4469
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:53,900
amount of work to assess 
slightly different gravel. 

4470
04:11:53,900 --> 04:11:57,100
That contains the same 
disappointing amount of gold as 

4471
04:11:57,100 --> 04:11:59,700
the previous gravel. 
The Aspen's are starting to 

4472
04:11:59,700 --> 04:12:02,900
turn, just like the Danish 
fellow said they would The 

4473
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:05,600
canyon walls are developing 
patches of yellow that catch the

4474
04:12:05,600 --> 04:12:08,300
afternoon light and make 
everything look like a painting.

4475
04:12:09,400 --> 04:12:11,100
Beautiful. 
In a way that would be more 

4476
04:12:11,100 --> 04:12:13,400
enjoyable if you weren't worried
about winter coming. 

4477
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,000
Beauty is easier to appreciate 
when you're not concerned about 

4478
04:12:17,000 --> 04:12:20,200
freezing to death. 
The birds are changing their 

4479
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:23,800
patents. 
The Jays are still around, Jays 

4480
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:26,900
are apparently immortal. 
But other birds are starting to 

4481
04:12:26,900 --> 04:12:28,600
move through on their way to 
somewhere else. 

4482
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,900
You've seen geese flying 
overhead in V4 Nations heading 

4483
04:12:32,900 --> 04:12:36,800
south with what seems like 
excessive enthusiasm, the geese 

4484
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:39,800
knows something, you know, 
winter in these mountains is not

4485
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:42,800
a theoretical problem. 
You're starting to see other 

4486
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:45,700
miners pack up and leave every 
few days. 

4487
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:49,200
Another tent comes down. 
Another Camp gets abandoned and 

4488
04:12:49,200 --> 04:12:51,900
another claim becomes available 
for whoever's desperate or 

4489
04:12:51,908 --> 04:12:55,200
optimistic enough to take it 
over, you've watched maybe a 

4490
04:12:55,200 --> 04:12:56,800
dozen men. 
Leave in the past, two weeks, 

4491
04:12:56,800 --> 04:13:00,300
none of them looked happy but 
some looked more defeated than 

4492
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:02,800
others. 
The French Canadian left last 

4493
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:05,200
Tuesday. 
He stopped by your claim to say 

4494
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:08,200
goodbye, which was more social 
interaction than you'd had in 

4495
04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:10,000
weeks. 
He said, he was heading to 

4496
04:13:10,000 --> 04:13:13,600
Sacramento to find work that 
paid in actual money rather than

4497
04:13:13,600 --> 04:13:17,200
tiny flecks of hope. 
He said the Nugget he found in 

4498
04:13:17,200 --> 04:13:21,300
weak one would cover his travel 
costs but nothing more he said 

4499
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:23,800
he'd learned an important lesson
about luck and diminishing 

4500
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:27,000
returns. 
He shook your hand and left and 

4501
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:29,900
you haven't seen him since 
you're now faced with the 

4502
04:13:29,900 --> 04:13:32,400
question that every minor in 
these mountains faces 

4503
04:13:32,400 --> 04:13:34,400
eventually. 
When do you leave? 

4504
04:13:35,900 --> 04:13:39,700
The smart money says leave in 
October before the first real 

4505
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:43,300
storms hit. 
The optimistic money says stay 

4506
04:13:43,300 --> 04:13:46,000
until you've made enough to 
justify having come here in the 

4507
04:13:46,008 --> 04:13:48,900
first place. 
The desperate money says stay as

4508
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:51,300
long as physically possible 
because going home empty-handed 

4509
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:54,200
isn't really an option. 
You're not sure which category 

4510
04:13:54,200 --> 04:13:57,000
you fall into. 
You've made approximately 12 

4511
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,600
dollars worth of gold in four 
months, which works out three 

4512
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:03,700
dollars per month, which is not 
a fortune by any definition. 

4513
04:14:04,700 --> 04:14:07,100
On the other hand, you've 
learned skills that might 

4514
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:10,500
actually translate to better 
returns next season, you've 

4515
04:14:10,500 --> 04:14:13,300
learned where gold hides you've 
learned how to read a creek. 

4516
04:14:13,300 --> 04:14:16,200
You've learned how to survive in
the mountains with minimal 

4517
04:14:16,200 --> 04:14:18,000
supplies and maximum 
stubbornness. 

4518
04:14:19,000 --> 04:14:22,500
There's also the question of 
what you'd be going home to Ohio

4519
04:14:22,500 --> 04:14:26,100
feels very far away, both 
geographically and emotionally. 

4520
04:14:27,400 --> 04:14:30,900
the life, you left there, the 
debts, the obligations, the 

4521
04:14:30,900 --> 04:14:34,900
small town predictability, 
Doesn't feel like something you 

4522
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:38,900
to return to. 
At least here your poor, but 

4523
04:14:38,900 --> 04:14:42,400
independent. 
At least here, every plan has 

4524
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:44,700
the potential to change your 
circumstances. 

4525
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:48,500
The Danish fellow is staying 
through October possibly 

4526
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,400
November. 
He told you this while refilling

4527
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,700
his Canteen at the creek. 
Seeking in his careful English 

4528
04:14:54,700 --> 04:14:58,400
that suggests he's translating 
from Danish in his head before 

4529
04:14:58,400 --> 04:15:01,700
the words come out. 
He said he's been mining for two

4530
04:15:01,700 --> 04:15:05,800
years now in different locations
and that patience is the main 

4531
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:09,100
requirement. 
He said that most men leave too 

4532
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,000
early before they've learned 
enough to make the work pay off.

4533
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:15,500
He said this with the confidence
of someone who's either, right? 

4534
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:18,000
Or has become very good at lying
to himself. 

4535
04:15:18,700 --> 04:15:21,500
You decide to stay through 
September then reassess in 

4536
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:24,300
October. 
This feels like a reasonable 

4537
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:26,700
compromise between optimism and 
survival. 

4538
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:32,100
Instinct, you mark the date in 
your head, October 1st. that's 

4539
04:15:32,100 --> 04:15:34,900
when you'll make a real decision
about whether to winter here or 

4540
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:38,700
head to lower elevation The best
part of each day is the hour 

4541
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:41,300
after dinner, when you're too 
tired to do anything productive,

4542
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,700
but not yet tired, enough to 
sleep, you sit by your fire, 

4543
04:15:44,700 --> 04:15:47,800
smoke your pipe. 
Goes expensive. 

4544
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:50,700
So you mix it with dried 
bearberry leaves, which is 

4545
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,300
either an authentic Frontier 
technique or something you 

4546
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:57,000
invented out of desperation and 
watch the light fade from the 

4547
04:15:57,000 --> 04:15:59,100
canyon. 
The evening light in the 

4548
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:01,000
mountains is different from 
evening light. 

4549
04:16:01,000 --> 04:16:04,000
Anywhere else. 
His golden in a way that seems 

4550
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:06,600
almost thick, like you could 
reach out and touch it. 

4551
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:11,100
The air cools rapidly wants the 
sun drops behind the Western 

4552
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:15,100
Ridge and the temperature drops 
10 or 15 degrees in the space of

4553
04:16:15,108 --> 04:16:17,500
20 minutes. 
You've learned to have your 

4554
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:20,100
jacket Within Reach. 
By the time, the light starts to

4555
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:22,500
turn. 
The sounds of the evening of the

4556
04:16:22,500 --> 04:16:24,800
creek. 
Fire crackling. 

4557
04:16:24,800 --> 04:16:28,100
The wind moving through the 
pines and occasionally, the far 

4558
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:29,800
off. 
Sound of someone else's acts 

4559
04:16:29,800 --> 04:16:32,800
biting into wood. 
There's a rhythm to life here 

4560
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:35,400
that slower than anything you 
experience in Ohio. 

4561
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:39,500
Not peaceful, exactly. 
It's too much work to be 

4562
04:16:39,508 --> 04:16:43,400
peaceful, but separate remove 
from the normal pace of the 

4563
04:16:43,400 --> 04:16:45,800
world. 
You've started noticing small 

4564
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:47,000
things, you wouldn't have 
noticed. 

4565
04:16:47,000 --> 04:16:50,600
Four months ago, The waist 
certain rocks, in the creek have

4566
04:16:50,600 --> 04:16:53,100
patterned in them that look like
writing in a language. 

4567
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:56,400
Nobody can read. 
The way the smoke from your 

4568
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:58,200
fire. 
Sometimes swirls in One 

4569
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:00,700
Direction while the wind is 
clearly blowing in another. 

4570
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:03,600
Way, the Stars up, here are so 
bright. 

4571
04:17:03,600 --> 04:17:07,800
They cast actual Shadows, 
turning the whole Forest into a 

4572
04:17:07,800 --> 04:17:12,300
study in silver and black Some 
evening's, you hear the sound of

4573
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:15,900
a fiddle from one of the camps 
Downstream someone has a fiddle 

4574
04:17:15,900 --> 04:17:19,400
and knows about seven songs 
which they play in the same 

4575
04:17:19,400 --> 04:17:22,200
order every time. 
You've heard this sequence so 

4576
04:17:22,200 --> 04:17:24,200
many times, you could probably 
play it yourself. 

4577
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:28,400
If you had a fiddle and any 
musical ability whatsoever, The 

4578
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:30,800
fact that you can hear the 
fiddle from your Camp, suggests 

4579
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:34,500
sound carries farther here than 
it should, or that everyone is 

4580
04:17:34,500 --> 04:17:37,400
being quieter than you'd expect 
from a group of men living in 

4581
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:40,000
the woods. 
What keeps you panning day after

4582
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,600
day is the fundamental truth? 
That gold is definitely here. 

4583
04:17:43,600 --> 04:17:48,800
Not hypothetically here not 
rumored to be here actually 

4584
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:52,800
documentarily present in this 
Creek in quantities, that are 

4585
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:55,400
small. 
But real, you found it yourself.

4586
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:59,700
You've held it in your hand, you
know, with absolute certainty. 

4587
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:03,500
That if you panin enough gravel,
some of that gravel will contain

4588
04:18:03,500 --> 04:18:05,800
gold. 
This is different from most 

4589
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:08,800
gambles where you're better on 
something that might not even 

4590
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:10,100
exist. 
Here. 

4591
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:12,500
You're just trying to find 
enough of something that 

4592
04:18:12,500 --> 04:18:16,100
definitely exists. 
It's like fishing, but the fish 

4593
04:18:16,100 --> 04:18:19,500
are tiny, and made of metal and 
really good at hiding. 

4594
04:18:20,700 --> 04:18:23,500
The biggest piece you found so 
far, is about the size of a 

4595
04:18:23,500 --> 04:18:26,500
grain of rice. 
You found it three weeks ago and

4596
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:29,200
you keep it separate from your 
other gold in a small glass 

4597
04:18:29,200 --> 04:18:31,200
vial. 
You bought specifically for this

4598
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:35,700
purpose, it's your trophy piece,
the evidence that larger pieces 

4599
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,000
exist and that you're capable of
finding them. 

4600
04:18:38,000 --> 04:18:41,300
The fact that you haven't found 
another piece that size since is

4601
04:18:41,300 --> 04:18:43,100
information. 
You've chosen not to dwell on, 

4602
04:18:43,100 --> 04:18:46,300
you've heard stories about men 
finding nuggets, the size of 

4603
04:18:46,308 --> 04:18:48,700
potatoes. 
You've heard stories about men 

4604
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:50,300
becoming rich in a single 
afternoon. 

4605
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:53,300
You've heard so many stories 
that you've stopped believing 

4606
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:57,600
most of them but the core truth 
remains some men, do strike it 

4607
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:00,400
rich. 
Not many men, maybe one in a 

4608
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:04,300
thousand but someone is that one
in a thousand and there's no 

4609
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:05,900
particular reason. 
It can't be you. 

4610
04:19:05,900 --> 04:19:09,400
This is the hope that persists 
through the long days of finding

4611
04:19:09,400 --> 04:19:11,500
nothing. 
This is what makes you pick up 

4612
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:14,000
the pan each morning despite 
your aching back and your 

4613
04:19:14,000 --> 04:19:17,400
questionable finance's. 
This is what makes the whole 

4614
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:20,500
Enterprise feel like something 
other than slow motion failure. 

4615
04:19:21,600 --> 04:19:24,900
The first of October is in a way
that suggests summer has 

4616
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:28,200
officially give up. 
You wake to frost on your tent 

4617
04:19:28,200 --> 04:19:31,900
which is new and unwelcome the 
creek seems colder though. 

4618
04:19:31,900 --> 04:19:34,300
You're not sure if it's actually
colder or if you're just losing 

4619
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:38,100
your tolerance for cold. 
Either way, waiting in now 

4620
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:39,700
requires a moment of mental 
preparation. 

4621
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:43,700
That wasn't necessary in August.
You've been here, five months, 

4622
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:47,100
your original plan was three 
months maximum. 

4623
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,800
You've exceeded your plan by two
months and are now actively 

4624
04:19:50,800 --> 04:19:54,400
ignoring the fact that you made 
a plan at all, The Leather Pouch

4625
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:56,700
with your gold. 
Now, contains maybe half an 

4626
04:19:56,700 --> 04:19:59,200
ounce total. 
Eight dollars worth of work, 

4627
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:01,700
though. 
You try not to calculate the per

4628
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:03,100
day rate because it's 
depressing. 

4629
04:20:03,900 --> 04:20:05,900
Most of the camps around your 
empty. 

4630
04:20:05,900 --> 04:20:09,600
Now, The Danish fellow is still 
here along with the three 

4631
04:20:09,600 --> 04:20:13,600
Chinese miners Downstream and 
maybe four five other scattered 

4632
04:20:13,600 --> 04:20:16,000
along the creek. 
Forest. 

4633
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:19,200
Feels empty here though. 
It's hard to say if that is 

4634
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,300
because people left or because 
the changing season makes 

4635
04:20:22,300 --> 04:20:25,700
everything feel more Stark. 
You've made your decision, 

4636
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:29,300
you'll stay through October. 
Then leave before the first 

4637
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:32,600
snow, this gives you one more 
month to add to your total. 

4638
04:20:32,600 --> 04:20:35,500
One more month to find something
significant. 

4639
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:38,800
One more month to convince 
yourself that this whole 

4640
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,900
Adventure, wasn't a 
miscalculation October, feels 

4641
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:48,100
like the absolute deadline, 
November feels like death, the 

4642
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:52,600
work continues as it has for 
months, fill the pan shake it 

4643
04:20:52,608 --> 04:20:56,500
look for color. 
Occasionally find color, mostly 

4644
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:59,500
find nothing. 
The rhythm is so familiar. 

4645
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:02,700
Now that you could do it in your
sleep, which is good because you

4646
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:04,600
sometimes feel like you're doing
it in your sleep. 

4647
04:21:05,500 --> 04:21:08,100
On October 15th, you find a 
nugget. 

4648
04:21:08,800 --> 04:21:12,600
Not a huge nugget calling, it 
nugget is technically generous, 

4649
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:14,800
but definitely larger than a 
flake. 

4650
04:21:15,400 --> 04:21:18,300
It's about the size of a 
peppercorn with a weight. 

4651
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:20,800
You can actually feel when you 
place it in your palm. 

4652
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:25,000
This is the best find you've had
in two months and you spend a 

4653
04:21:25,000 --> 04:21:28,400
ridiculous amount of time just 
looking at it, turning it over, 

4654
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:33,000
feeling the weight of it. 
This nugget is worth, maybe 50 

4655
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:37,500
cents. 50 cents is not a 
Fortune, 50 cents will not 

4656
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:40,900
change your life. 
But 50 cents found in a single 

4657
04:21:40,900 --> 04:21:43,200
pan is better than the three 
cents per day. 

4658
04:21:43,200 --> 04:21:46,500
You've been averaging and it 
represents the possibility that 

4659
04:21:46,500 --> 04:21:48,600
other larger pieces might be 
nearby. 

4660
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:53,300
This is how mining works. 
Every small success, suggests 

4661
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,300
the possibility of larger 
success just around the corner. 

4662
04:21:57,200 --> 04:21:59,800
You spend the rest of the day 
working the same area, where you

4663
04:21:59,808 --> 04:22:02,900
found, the Nugget hoping that 
where there's one piece. 

4664
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:05,800
There might be more, this is 
Sound Logic. 

4665
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:09,200
This is all the same logic that 
has led you to waste entire 

4666
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:11,800
days, digging and spots. 
That turned out to contain 

4667
04:22:11,800 --> 04:22:14,800
exactly one piece of gold and 
nothing else. 

4668
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:20,400
By the end of the day you found 
two more flakes, normal sized, 

4669
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:23,700
nothing, special and have 
convinced yourself that the 

4670
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:26,000
Nugget was probably a Solo 
Traveler. 

4671
04:22:26,000 --> 04:22:28,500
Not the advanced Scout for a 
major deposit. 

4672
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:32,000
This is disappointing, but not 
surprising. 

4673
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:36,000
Most good news, in mining turns 
out to be followed by normal 

4674
04:22:36,000 --> 04:22:38,500
news. 
The last week of October brings,

4675
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:42,100
whether that makes it clear that
winter is not a metaphor The 

4676
04:22:42,100 --> 04:22:44,200
temperature drops below freezing
at night. 

4677
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:48,300
There's snow on the highest 
peaks visible from your Camp as 

4678
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:51,000
a bright white line against the 
sky that seems to be creeping 

4679
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:54,400
lower each day. 
The creek is painfully cold now 

4680
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:57,600
and your hands go numb. 
Within minutes of starting work.

4681
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:02,500
You've made your final count. 
You've got approximately 3/4 of 

4682
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:05,400
an ounce of gold worth Maybe 
12.00. 

4683
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:09,800
Months of work, you've made 12 
dollars. 

4684
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:13,000
This works out to about two 
dollars and forty cents per 

4685
04:23:13,000 --> 04:23:16,000
month which is less than you 
could make doing almost any 

4686
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:18,800
other job. 
On the other hand, you've had an

4687
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:22,400
adventure, you've learned new 
skills, you've lived in the 

4688
04:23:22,400 --> 04:23:26,200
Sierra Nevada and survived, 
these things have value even if 

4689
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:30,700
they don't have a price tag, The
Danish fellow stops by on the 

4690
04:23:30,700 --> 04:23:33,600
28th to say goodbye. 
He's staying through winter 

4691
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:36,000
which you think is either. 
Braver insane. 

4692
04:23:36,000 --> 04:23:39,100
He says he's built a better 
shelter and has Supply is 

4693
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:40,900
stored. 
He says, winter mining is 

4694
04:23:40,908 --> 04:23:44,200
difficult but possible and that 
most men who die in the winter 

4695
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:48,400
die because they're unprepared, 
not because the winter itself is

4696
04:23:48,400 --> 04:23:50,800
unsurvivable. 
He wishes you luck. 

4697
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:54,700
You wish him luck. 
You shake hands with the warmth 

4698
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:57,200
of men who've been neighbors 
without quite being friends. 

4699
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:02,500
On October 30th, you break Camp,
you take down your tent pack, 

4700
04:24:02,500 --> 04:24:05,100
your tools, and take a last. 
Look at your claim. 

4701
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:09,700
The creek continues, its endless
conversation with itself. 

4702
04:24:10,600 --> 04:24:13,300
Caring, not at all that you've 
spent five months of your life 

4703
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:17,800
crouched next to it. 
Hoping, The goal is still there,

4704
04:24:17,800 --> 04:24:22,100
somewhere in the gravel, waiting
for the next person, desperate, 

4705
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:24,100
or optimistic enough to come 
looking for it. 

4706
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:27,600
The walk back to Sacramento 
takes three days. 

4707
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:31,600
Your gold pout sits in your 
pocket heavier than you expected

4708
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,400
for something. 
So, small 12 dollars worth of 

4709
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:39,000
gold is not the fortune you hope
for but it's real money earned 

4710
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:42,300
by your own labor pulled from a 
creek, one tiny flake. 

4711
04:24:42,300 --> 04:24:45,700
At a time You're not sure if 
you'll come back next spring. 

4712
04:24:45,700 --> 04:24:48,500
You're not sure if five months 
of work for 12 dollars, 

4713
04:24:48,500 --> 04:24:50,500
represents failure, or 
education. 

4714
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,200
You're not sure if you're a 
minor, who's taking a break, or 

4715
04:24:54,200 --> 04:24:57,500
a man who briefly tried Mining 
and is moving on to something 

4716
04:24:57,500 --> 04:25:00,000
else. 
What you're sure of is this. 

4717
04:25:00,800 --> 04:25:04,000
You know, how to read a creek. 
Now, you know how to survive in 

4718
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:05,700
the mountains with minimal 
supplies. 

4719
04:25:05,700 --> 04:25:08,500
You know what it feels like to 
find gold. 

4720
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:10,800
And you know what? 
It feels like to spend hours, 

4721
04:25:10,800 --> 04:25:12,900
finding nothing. 
These are things. 

4722
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:16,700
You didn't know, six months ago 
and they're yours now worth more

4723
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:19,300
than 12 dollars because they 
can't be taken away. 

4724
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:21,800
The Sierra, Nevada receives 
behind you. 

4725
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:25,000
As you walk the mountains 
holding their gold, close 

4726
04:25:25,000 --> 04:25:29,400
patient and indifferent waiting.
For the next wave of dreamers to

4727
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:32,600
arrive with their hands and 
their hope and their willingness

4728
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:36,300
to spend months in cold water 
for the chance at something 

4729
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:39,200
better. 
Your time as a gold Panner in 

4730
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:43,100
the Sierra, Nevada is one story 
among thousands, most of which 

4731
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:47,200
ended roughly the same way with 
modest returns valuable 

4732
04:25:47,200 --> 04:25:50,200
experience and the knowledge 
that sometimes, the real 

4733
04:25:50,200 --> 04:25:52,800
discoveries what you learn about
yourself in the process. 

4734
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:56,500
The gold remains where it's 
always been waiting in the 

4735
04:25:56,508 --> 04:26:00,300
Creeks, a constant invitation, 
to those willing to bend their 

4736
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:04,500
backs and numb their hands for 
the slim chance that today's pan

4737
04:26:04,500 --> 04:26:05,900
might be the one that changes 
everything. 

4738
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:15,200
Imagine yourself in a muddy 
Marketplace. 

4739
04:26:15,200 --> 04:26:19,900
In what would become France in? 
1347 Horse manure, roasting meat

4740
04:26:19,900 --> 04:26:22,400
unwashed bodies. 
And what you hope is just 

4741
04:26:22,400 --> 04:26:24,100
spoiled, cabbage, are all in the
air. 

4742
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:28,700
Around you pilgrims grip their 
possessions anxiously Traders 

4743
04:26:28,700 --> 04:26:31,500
bargain in three different 
languages and a lute player 

4744
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:33,100
plays with more passion than 
skill. 

4745
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:36,500
Imagine now that you're a spy 
and not just a tourist in this 

4746
04:26:36,500 --> 04:26:40,100
medieval seen But set aside, 
your preconceived notions about 

4747
04:26:40,100 --> 04:26:42,100
Espionage based on television 
and film. 

4748
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:46,300
This is not a place for tuxedos.
Martinez slick, technology or 

4749
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:49,000
dramatic car chases rather your 
boots. 

4750
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:52,000
Leak, your most likely wearing 
the same Rothwell and tunic. 

4751
04:26:52,000 --> 04:26:54,800
You've owned for three years and
your idea of Cutting Edge. 

4752
04:26:54,800 --> 04:26:57,600
Technology is a quill pen that 
doesn't split when you write 

4753
04:26:57,600 --> 04:27:00,500
medieval Espionage, was more. 
Akin to being a traveling 

4754
04:27:00,500 --> 04:27:02,800
salesman with trust issues and 
less James Bond. 

4755
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:06,400
In actuality the majority of 
medieval spies were regular 

4756
04:27:06,400 --> 04:27:08,200
people. 
Carrying out risky tasks for 

4757
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:11,600
meager pay in a time when both 
were far more delicate than they

4758
04:27:11,600 --> 04:27:16,200
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 
Duchess city-states and 

4759
04:27:16,200 --> 04:27:19,900
ecclesiastical territories. 
The Medieval World was viewed 

4760
04:27:19,900 --> 04:27:22,200
with the same suspicion. 
You might have for a neighbor 

4761
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:24,500
who constantly plays music too 
loudly. 

4762
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:28,500
Although information was 
powerful, it spread quickly and 

4763
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:31,400
obtaining it frequently required
someone to travel hundreds of 

4764
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:34,400
miles through areas where being 
caught asking the wrong 

4765
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:36,600
questions. 
Could Land one anywhere from 

4766
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:40,200
incarceration to being stretched
on Iraq, medieval rulers had to 

4767
04:27:40,200 --> 04:27:42,100
rely on human intelligence 
networks. 

4768
04:27:42,100 --> 04:27:44,700
That functioned with the 
efficiency of a medieval Postal 

4769
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:47,000
Service. 
Meaning that letters arrived 

4770
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:50,200
when they are arrived, assuming 
they arrived at all and often 

4771
04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:52,800
contained information that was 
already outdated, by the time 

4772
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:56,000
they reached their destination. 
This was in contrast to our 

4773
04:27:56,000 --> 04:27:58,600
modern world of instant 
communication and satellite 

4774
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:00,600
surveillance. 
The individuals who became 

4775
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:03,300
medieval spies were not chosen 
for their Advanced degrees in 

4776
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:05,700
international relations or 
recruited from prestigious 

4777
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:07,900
academies. 
They were trade users who could 

4778
04:28:07,900 --> 04:28:10,900
track troop movements priest who
could learn about noble 

4779
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:14,000
families, from confession 
servants, who worked in high 

4780
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:16,800
profile homes and could listen 
in on conversations and 

4781
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:19,800
travelers of all Stripes who 
could move between areas without

4782
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:22,300
drawing too much. 
Notice in the world in which 

4783
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:25,300
these early Intelligence 
Officers worked, the dist. 

4784
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,400
Action between Espionage and 
lawful business was as hazy as 

4785
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:30,800
that between Magic and Medicine 
military. 

4786
04:28:30,800 --> 04:28:34,100
Fortifications may be noted by a
merchant collecting information 

4787
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:37,300
about trade routes. 
A pilgrim visiting places of 

4788
04:28:37,300 --> 04:28:39,900
worship might notice political 
unrest in other areas 

4789
04:28:39,900 --> 04:28:42,800
correspondence. 
Containing diplomatic Secrets 

4790
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:45,900
could be discovered by a 
scholar, copying manuscripts in 

4791
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,600
different. 
Monasteries the work required, a

4792
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:52,100
certain kind of Courage, not the
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 

4793
04:28:52,100 --> 04:28:55,400
but the quiet bravery of someone
who was prepared to like 

4794
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:59,100
convincingly, keep up a full 
site, identity for months at a 

4795
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:01,700
time and accept that being 
discovered could mean, not just 

4796
04:29:01,700 --> 04:29:04,000
death, but a particularly 
unpleasant death that was 

4797
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:06,800
preceded by intense and 
interrogation about exactly what

4798
04:29:06,800 --> 04:29:09,600
you need. 
And Who You'd told the majority 

4799
04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:12,300
of medieval spies were always 
aware that they were balancing 

4800
04:29:12,300 --> 04:29:16,400
on a tightrope over a very deep 
Abyss, their life, and career 

4801
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,300
could end in an instant. 
If they say something 

4802
04:29:18,300 --> 04:29:22,700
inappropriate acts, suspiciously
or a recognized by someone from 

4803
04:29:22,700 --> 04:29:26,200
a pasta assignment, it was a job
that required psychological 

4804
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:28,700
fortitude. 
In addition to courage, which 

4805
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:31,700
most people just lacked. 
There was very little truth to 

4806
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:33,800
the romanticized. 
Portrayal of the enigmatic 

4807
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:37,400
medieval spy slink. 
Through shadows and luring 

4808
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:39,300
information from unwearing 
Nobles. 

4809
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:43,000
The majority of Espionage work 
involved living conditions that 

4810
04:29:43,000 --> 04:29:46,600
would make modern Backpackers 
complain pay scales that hardly 

4811
04:29:46,600 --> 04:29:50,100
covered basic survival needs and
long stretches of boredom 

4812
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:51,800
interspersed with genuine 
Terror. 

4813
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:55,200
Yet, these ordinary individuals,
the networks of intelligence 

4814
04:29:55,200 --> 04:29:59,000
that influence the outcome of 
Wars molded, medieval politics 

4815
04:29:59,000 --> 04:30:01,200
and sometimes altered the path 
of History. 

4816
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:06,100
Their work was dangerous 
necessary, nearly unacknowledged

4817
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:09,000
by the societies. 
They served their tails should 

4818
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:11,500
be told because they were the 
unsung heroes of medieval 

4819
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,000
statecraft. 
Imagine managing a medieval 

4820
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,000
intelligence agency which is 
essentially the same as a 

4821
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:19,100
tempting to set up a 
neighborhood watch program in 

4822
04:30:19,100 --> 04:30:21,600
multiple Nations where the 
majority of people are 

4823
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:23,600
illiterate and everyone speaks a
different language. 

4824
04:30:24,500 --> 04:30:27,000
For this unachievable position. 
Who would you hire? 

4825
04:30:27,000 --> 04:30:29,900
Almost anyone who could travel 
without drawing suspicion? 

4826
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:33,200
Had a good reason to ask 
questions and had the emotional 

4827
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:36,400
strength to keep up a full site.
Identity while constantly 

4828
04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:38,300
running the risk of being caught
was the answer. 

4829
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:42,100
It turned out, Medieval 
spymasters needed, people who 

4830
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:44,700
could complete the task, 
regardless of their background 

4831
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:47,300
or social standing. 
So, they weren't very picky. 

4832
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:50,300
It makes sense, that medieval 
intelligence networks were 

4833
04:30:50,300 --> 04:30:53,100
anchored by Merchants. 
They had good reason to inquire 

4834
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:55,800
about everything from local 
prices to political stability, 

4835
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:59,400
travelled widely, and frequently
crossed political boundaries 

4836
04:30:59,400 --> 04:31:03,500
while conducting perfectly 
normal business operations, a 

4837
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:06,000
wool Merchants traveling from 
England to Flanders could 

4838
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,600
observe military preparations. 
Record changes in fortifications

4839
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,300
and learn about diplomatic 
relationships. 

4840
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:15,600
These Merchants spies worked in 
a society where politics and 

4841
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:18,800
business were closely linked. 
The trader who purchased your 

4842
04:31:18,800 --> 04:31:21,200
grain may be tallying, the 
number of soldiers in your 

4843
04:31:21,208 --> 04:31:24,600
Garrison and the same person who
sold you, silke may also be 

4844
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:26,200
assessing the defenses of your 
city. 

4845
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:29,400
In a time, when most people 
understood business, better than

4846
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:32,200
they understood in international
politics, it was Espionage 

4847
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:35,200
masquerading as capitalism and 
it worked remarkably. 

4848
04:31:35,200 --> 04:31:38,300
Well for various reasons, 
religious leaders were good 

4849
04:31:38,300 --> 04:31:41,900
spies throughout Europe monks 
priests and Friars could move 

4850
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,300
between monasteries and churches
frequently bringing with them 

4851
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:47,900
official letters that made for 
ideal cover for intelligence 

4852
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:50,100
operations. 
Due to their religious 

4853
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:53,300
responsibilities, they were able
to enter Noble homes and were 

4854
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:56,200
typically literate, which was 
uncommon in medieval Society, 

4855
04:31:56,200 --> 04:31:59,700
while traveling between 
monasteries a Franciscan Friar 

4856
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:02,400
could pretend to be on Strictly 
religious business while 

4857
04:32:02,400 --> 04:32:04,900
carrying messages between 
intelligence Networks. 

4858
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:08,400
Confessions could reveal 
political secrets about a family

4859
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:11,600
to a priest. 
Letters exposing diplomatic 

4860
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:15,000
schemes may be found by a monk 
copying manuscripts in a Noble's

4861
04:32:15,000 --> 04:32:17,600
Library. 
Intelligence Services made full 

4862
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,100
use of the freedom with which 
religious leaders move through 

4863
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:23,100
medieval Society, although 
historians are frequently 

4864
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:26,300
ignored their contributions. 
Women played important roles in 

4865
04:32:26,300 --> 04:32:29,900
medieval espionage, While women 
from lower social classes could 

4866
04:32:29,900 --> 04:32:32,700
work as servants in important 
households, where they could 

4867
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,000
listen in on conversations and 
watch activities. 

4868
04:32:35,000 --> 04:32:38,100
That provided important 
information Noble, women had 

4869
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:40,500
access to court circles and 
family networks, that were 

4870
04:32:40,508 --> 04:32:43,900
closed to men a duchesses lady 
and waiting May gain knowledge 

4871
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:46,900
of marriage talks, that could 
Forge New political Connections 

4872
04:32:46,900 --> 04:32:49,900
in a Bishop's Home. 
A kitchen made me over here 

4873
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:51,700
conversations about church 
politics. 

4874
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:55,900
In order to provide information 
about military movements, a 

4875
04:32:55,900 --> 04:32:57,700
monkey Keepers wife. 
Might overhear conversations 

4876
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:01,100
between traveling Nobles because
of their alleged lack of 

4877
04:33:01,100 --> 04:33:04,599
visibility in medieval politics.
Women were actually very good 

4878
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:07,500
spies in the multilingual 
political environment of 

4879
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:10,700
medieval Europe, the ability to 
read and write in multiple 

4880
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:13,599
languages made Scholars and 
Clark's valuable recruits for 

4881
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:17,000
intelligence work. 
While a clerk who handled 

4882
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:19,700
correspondence for a noble 
household might copy 

4883
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,300
confidential documents or add 
false information to 

4884
04:33:22,300 --> 04:33:25,800
Communications a scholar, who 
could read Latin French, and 

4885
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,700
German could also act as a 
translator and analysts most 

4886
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:31,800
unexpectedly a large number of 
medieval spies were what we 

4887
04:33:31,808 --> 04:33:35,200
might refer to as Freelancers. 
People who obtained information 

4888
04:33:35,200 --> 04:33:37,300
and sold it to anyone who would 
pay for it. 

4889
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:40,300
These included Artisans who 
worked on Military, 

4890
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:43,800
fortifications itinerant, 
entertainers, who entertained in

4891
04:33:43,800 --> 04:33:47,200
aristocratic courts, and even 
Beggars, who were so prevalent 

4892
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:49,900
in medieval society that they 
were practically invisible. 

4893
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:53,400
A Minstrel could convey messages
between various factions and 

4894
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:56,000
observed political relationships
while performing in different 

4895
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:58,599
courts. 
Details information about 

4896
04:33:58,599 --> 04:34:01,700
defensive capabilities could be 
obtained from a Mason working on

4897
04:34:01,700 --> 04:34:05,000
Castle fortifications. 
It's possible for a beggar 

4898
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:06,000
outside. 
A Noble's. 

4899
04:34:06,000 --> 04:34:08,200
Home to overhear conversations 
that contain crucial 

4900
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:11,700
information, their capacity to 
integrate into medieval Society.

4901
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:14,300
While retaining the 
psychological fortitude required

4902
04:34:14,300 --> 04:34:17,400
for Espionage work, was what 
bound these disparate recruits 

4903
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:19,800
together? 
They needed to be at ease with 

4904
04:34:19,800 --> 04:34:22,900
lying, able to retain 
complicated information without 

4905
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:25,500
writing it down and prepared to 
live with the ongoing 

4906
04:34:25,500 --> 04:34:27,599
possibility that their actions 
would be caught. 

4907
04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:30,800
The actual hiring procedure was 
typically, opportunistic and 

4908
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:34,400
informal An agency seeking a 
messenger may approach, a 

4909
04:34:34,400 --> 04:34:36,700
merchant who demonstrated 
intelligence and discretion. 

4910
04:34:37,599 --> 04:34:40,800
during his travels, a priest who
showed loyalty to a certain 

4911
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:44,900
political faction, might be 
asked to collect information, A 

4912
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:47,900
servant who demonstrated 
exceptional Insight could be 

4913
04:34:47,908 --> 04:34:50,099
developed as a source of 
information about their 

4914
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,400
employers operations. 
The majority of medieval spies 

4915
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:56,700
were regular people who took up 
Espionage as a side job rather 

4916
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:58,599
than professional Intelligence 
Officers. 

4917
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:02,400
While working covertly for 
intelligence networks, They 

4918
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:05,500
carried on with their regular 
lives and careers, which gave 

4919
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:07,400
them the ideal cover for their 
operations. 

4920
04:35:07,400 --> 04:35:09,700
But also meant that they were 
rarely given the support and 

4921
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:12,900
training that professional spies
might anticipate medieval 

4922
04:35:12,900 --> 04:35:15,900
Espionage as amateur status had 
benefits and drawbacks 

4923
04:35:16,599 --> 04:35:20,599
Intelligence networks could on 
the one hand easily integrate 

4924
04:35:20,599 --> 04:35:23,800
into medieval Society. 
However, it meant that the 

4925
04:35:23,808 --> 04:35:27,000
majority of spies acquired their
skills through trial and error 

4926
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:30,200
frequently with deadly results, 
for those who made mistakes, 

4927
04:35:30,200 --> 04:35:33,099
shut your eyes and visualize 
organizing a business trip. 

4928
04:35:33,099 --> 04:35:36,200
During the Middle Ages. 
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 

4929
04:35:36,200 --> 04:35:40,400
to direct, you know, AAA to call
in case of an emergency and no 

4930
04:35:40,400 --> 04:35:43,900
Airline website to check. 
Instead, you may have to travel 

4931
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:47,500
for weeks or months through 
areas where the local government

4932
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:49,700
may find. 
You suspicious the roads may be 

4933
04:35:49,700 --> 04:35:52,099
under Bandit control, and your 
lodging will make a low cost, 

4934
04:35:52,108 --> 04:35:55,300
Motel seem like a five-star 
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 

4935
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:58,400
Ages was a test of endurance 
masquerading as transportation. 

4936
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,599
When Rhodes did exist, they were
frequently little more than dirt

4937
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:05,300
tracks. 
That in wet weather became muddy

4938
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:08,000
quagmires and in dry weather, 
dusty nightmares. 

4939
04:36:08,900 --> 04:36:12,200
After centuries of neglect, the 
well-known Roman roads that had 

4940
04:36:12,200 --> 04:36:15,099
once connected Europe were in 
disrepair, and the majority of 

4941
04:36:15,099 --> 04:36:17,599
medieval governments, were more 
concerned with constructing 

4942
04:36:17,599 --> 04:36:20,400
castles than, with keeping up 
with Highway Maintenance. 

4943
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:23,200
Traveling was not only 
uncomfortable for a medieval 

4944
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,700
spy, but it was also a continual
risk management exercise. 

4945
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,800
You might run into local 
officials, who might insist on 

4946
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:32,000
seeing documents. 
You didn't have fellow 

4947
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:35,200
Travelers, who might recognize 
you from past assignments, or 

4948
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:38,000
Bandits who viewed Travelers as 
mobile treasure chests, every 

4949
04:36:38,000 --> 04:36:41,099
mile you traveled. 
Just getting from point A to 

4950
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,900
point B, could reveal your cover
and put an end to your mission 

4951
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:47,200
before it even started. 
Medieval spies had few options 

4952
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,300
for transportation and each had 
its own set of difficulties. 

4953
04:36:50,300 --> 04:36:54,500
It was inexpensive but slow to 
walk and you were exposed to the

4954
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:57,400
weather Bandits and the 
inquisitive questions of 

4955
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:00,200
everyone. 
You met An individual traveling 

4956
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:02,400
alone on foot was either 
extremely impoverished, 

4957
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:07,200
extremely desperate or extremely
suspicious, all of which are not

4958
04:37:07,200 --> 04:37:10,000
suitable cover identities. 
For intelligence operations, 

4959
04:37:10,000 --> 04:37:12,900
although they offered speed and 
a certain level of social 

4960
04:37:12,900 --> 04:37:16,000
respectability horses. 
Also came with high maintenance,

4961
04:37:16,000 --> 04:37:19,800
feeding and cost Since a good 
horse, was an expensive 

4962
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:22,800
investment. 
Losing one to disease accident 

4963
04:37:22,800 --> 04:37:26,200
or thieves could leave a spy 
stranded, far from home, and 

4964
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:29,700
unable to finish their mission. 
Additionally horses, required, 

4965
04:37:29,700 --> 04:37:33,400
food, water and rest, which 
meant making frequent stops at 

4966
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:36,599
locations, where inquisitive 
innkeepers, might awkwardly 

4967
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:39,800
inquire about your destination 
and line of work carrying 

4968
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:43,000
supplies and keeping a Merchants
cover identity were two benefits

4969
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:46,800
of traveling by cart or wagon, 
but it was slow and required, 

4970
04:37:46,800 --> 04:37:50,700
good roads, which were 
frequently non-existent, Carts 

4971
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:54,000
broke down on rough ground got 
stuck in mud and caught the 

4972
04:37:54,000 --> 04:37:57,700
attention of Bandits who rightly
thought that anyone with enough 

4973
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:00,700
Goods to fill a wagon might be 
worth robbing Travelers in the 

4974
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:02,700
Middle Ages. 
Could find accommodation that 

4975
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:05,000
were anything from hardly 
suitable to downright hazardous.

4976
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,300
When instead exist, they were 
usually little more than 

4977
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:11,200
spacious rooms with straw 
mattresses in which Travelers 

4978
04:38:11,200 --> 04:38:13,500
shared space with strangers. 
Who could strange from 

4979
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:17,300
professional thieves to honest 
merchants Food was whatever The 

4980
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:19,099
Innkeeper happened to be serving
that day. 

4981
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:22,099
There was no privacy and 
sanitation was rudimentary 

4982
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,900
medieval ins were a constant 
source of difficulty for Aspire 

4983
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:27,599
tempting to keep up a cover 
identity. 

4984
04:38:28,400 --> 04:38:31,000
Other visitors May inquire in 
depth about your background, 

4985
04:38:31,000 --> 04:38:32,900
your destination or your 
business. 

4986
04:38:33,800 --> 04:38:36,300
By collecting information about 
tourists to sell to local 

4987
04:38:36,300 --> 04:38:39,500
authorities or anybody else, who
would pay in Keepers frequently 

4988
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:42,099
served as unofficial 
intelligence agents themselves? 

4989
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:45,599
Your entire Mission could be 
jeopardized by a thoughtless 

4990
04:38:45,599 --> 04:38:49,000
remark made during dinner or a 
suspicious object spotted in 

4991
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:52,900
your luggage even worse, was the
alternative to ins Travelers 

4992
04:38:52,900 --> 04:38:55,800
could take refuge in monasteries
which provided rudimentary 

4993
04:38:55,800 --> 04:38:57,599
lodging. 
But also put them under the roof

4994
04:38:57,599 --> 04:39:00,599
of religious leaders who might 
feel compelled to alert, local 

4995
04:39:00,599 --> 04:39:02,400
authorities to questionable 
activities. 

4996
04:39:03,500 --> 04:39:06,099
Although country priest had 
strong ties to local nobility 

4997
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:08,200
and could provide information 
about odd. 

4998
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:11,200
Travelers rural churches, 
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 

4999
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:14,900
although camping outside, had 
its own risks, it avoided the 

5000
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:16,700
social complications of formal 
logic. 

5001
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:19,800
Travelers who were alone and 
vulnerable with the targets of 

5002
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:23,099
Bandit attacks and sleeping 
outside exposed one to, whether 

5003
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:25,700
that could be anything from 
mildly uncomfortable to, 

5004
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:29,500
actually fatal If a spider comes
ill or hurts themself, while 

5005
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:32,599
camping by themself, they might 
just vanish leaving their 

5006
04:39:32,599 --> 04:39:36,200
mission, uncompleted, and their 
fate uncertain for travelers in 

5007
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:39,900
the Middle Ages, the weather was
a continual enemy. extreme heat 

5008
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:43,600
or cold, could kill unprepared, 
Travelers, snow made navigation,

5009
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:48,300
impossible and rain turned roads
into impossible swamps There 

5010
04:39:48,300 --> 04:39:51,700
were no emergency services to 
call no weather forecast to 

5011
04:39:51,700 --> 04:39:54,700
refer to and no assurance that 
assistance would be accessible 

5012
04:39:54,700 --> 04:39:56,900
in the event. 
That conditions deteriorated 

5013
04:39:56,900 --> 04:40:00,200
travel conditions and political 
requirements had to be balanced,

5014
04:40:00,200 --> 04:40:03,000
and medieval spies had to 
schedule their trips around 

5015
04:40:03,000 --> 04:40:07,100
seasonal weather patterns. 
In certain cases the best travel

5016
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:09,900
times occur during times when 
heightened security made 

5017
04:40:09,900 --> 04:40:13,400
Espionage work more hazardous. 
And in other cases, urgent 

5018
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:15,900
intelligence had to be delivered
in spite of hazardous weather, 

5019
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:19,200
medieval travel was as difficult
on the mind, as it was on the 

5020
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:22,400
body, in addition to 
continuously assuming false 

5021
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:25,500
identities and remaining on the 
lookout for potential threats. 

5022
04:40:26,300 --> 04:40:29,700
Spies spent weeks or months away
from their homes families, and 

5023
04:40:29,700 --> 04:40:33,400
any emotional support systems, 
even seasoned agents could 

5024
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,300
become emotionally weary and 
prone to make potentially fatal 

5025
04:40:36,300 --> 04:40:39,600
mistakes due to the isolation 
and stress of medieval travel, 

5026
04:40:39,600 --> 04:40:42,300
another ongoing. 
Worry, on medieval travels was 

5027
04:40:42,300 --> 04:40:46,200
food long trips, necessitated 
resupplying, along the way, 

5028
04:40:46,200 --> 04:40:49,100
which meant relying on local 
markets that might not exist, 

5029
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,900
local Cuisine that might not be 
edible, and local prices. 

5030
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:55,000
That might be exorbitant 
foreigners. 

5031
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:57,400
Travellers brought what 
Provisions they could. 

5032
04:40:58,400 --> 04:41:01,100
Spies ability to finish their 
mission could be severely 

5033
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,700
jeopardized if they became ill 
from eating poorly or were 

5034
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:07,300
unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages. 

5035
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:09,700
Even the basic tasks of 
navigation was difficult. 

5036
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:13,400
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

5037
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:16,500
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

5038
04:41:16,500 --> 04:41:19,100
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

5039
04:41:19,100 --> 04:41:21,700
depended on locals for 
directions who may have been 

5040
04:41:21,700 --> 04:41:25,200
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

5041
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:28,800
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

5042
04:41:28,800 --> 04:41:30,300
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

5043
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:33,000
That crossed continents 
transmitted information of 

5044
04:41:33,000 --> 04:41:36,300
political boundaries and updated
their employers on political 

5045
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:39,400
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

5046
04:41:40,900 --> 04:41:43,300
There are accomplishments, 
demonstrated human tenacity, 

5047
04:41:43,300 --> 04:41:47,500
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity, that 

5048
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:49,600
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced, modern 

5049
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:52,000
Travelers. 
Imagine a tempting to send a 

5050
04:41:52,000 --> 04:41:55,200
text message with just a quill 
pen parchment and the hope that 

5051
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:58,400
it will reach its recipient 
within the next few months, then

5052
04:41:58,400 --> 04:42:02,600
settle back in your cozy chair, 
Now picture yourself stretched 

5053
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:05,700
on a rack or hanging from Egypt 
if someone reads that message 

5054
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:08,600
and intercepts it. 
Greetings from the world of 

5055
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:11,600
secret communication in the 
Middle Ages when Ingenuity 

5056
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:14,800
literally, meant the difference 
between life and death because 

5057
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:17,700
they had no other option. 
Medieval spies had to become 

5058
04:42:17,700 --> 04:42:20,700
expert at the delicate art of 
concealing information from the 

5059
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:23,500
public. 
Intelligence Officers created 

5060
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:26,400
increasingly complex techniques 
to hide their actual 

5061
04:42:26,400 --> 04:42:29,800
Communications within seemingly 
innocent correspondence, because

5062
04:42:29,800 --> 04:42:32,300
every message carried the 
potential for execution. 

5063
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:35,200
If it were discovered, the 
simplest method was invisible 

5064
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:38,500
ink which may sound fancy, but 
was typically created using 

5065
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:43,000
commonplace ingredients like 
milk urine or lemon juice these 

5066
04:42:43,000 --> 04:42:46,700
materials would become Brown. 
When heated exposing hidden text

5067
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:48,400
between the lines of a regular 
letter. 

5068
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:51,600
While the true message about 
troop movements was written. 

5069
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:54,800
In milk between the lines 
invisible until the recipient 

5070
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:56,300
heated the parchment near a 
fire. 

5071
04:42:56,300 --> 04:42:59,700
A medieval spy might write a 
perfectly normal business, 

5072
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:02,900
letter about World prices. 
The problem within visible ink 

5073
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:05,600
was that the recipient had to be
aware of the existence of a 

5074
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:08,100
hidden message and know how to 
make it visible. 

5075
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:11,600
In order to identify when 
letters contained classified 

5076
04:43:11,600 --> 04:43:14,200
information. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

5077
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:17,800
created complex signaling 
systems certain words in the 

5078
04:43:17,808 --> 04:43:21,600
visible text a unique signature 
or a certain wax sealed. 

5079
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:23,700
Could all be signs that the 
letter contained secret 

5080
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:27,300
information books were more 
advanced with references to 

5081
04:43:27,300 --> 04:43:30,100
particular words or letters in 
books that both the sender and 

5082
04:43:30,100 --> 04:43:32,500
the recipient owned indicating 
the true message. 

5083
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:36,500
When a letter refers to the 
wisdom found in the third word 

5084
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:39,900
of the seventh line on page, 42 
of the chronicle, it may be 

5085
04:43:39,908 --> 04:43:42,400
referencing a particular book 
and providing detailed 

5086
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:44,300
instructions on how to decode 
the message. 

5087
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:47,900
This approach necessitated, 
extensive preparation and 

5088
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:52,000
cooperation amongst intelligence
agents because books were scarce

5089
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:53,400
and costly during the Middle 
Ages. 

5090
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:56,700
Null ciphers were especially 
ingenious methods in which the 

5091
04:43:56,700 --> 04:43:59,800
actual message was concealed 
using preset patterns inside the

5092
04:43:59,800 --> 04:44:02,000
text. 
That was visible The first 

5093
04:44:02,000 --> 04:44:04,500
letter of each sentence, May 
spell out the secret information

5094
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,600
or every third word may contain 
the actual intelligence. 

5095
04:44:08,500 --> 04:44:11,000
A business letter might hide 
Military Intelligence in the 

5096
04:44:11,000 --> 04:44:13,500
final word of each paragraph or 
a love letter. 

5097
04:44:13,500 --> 04:44:16,200
Might have a secret message in 
the first letter of each line 

5098
04:44:16,200 --> 04:44:18,900
using religious texts. 
As a cover for intelligence 

5099
04:44:18,900 --> 04:44:21,300
messages was one of the most 
inventive ways to hide 

5100
04:44:21,300 --> 04:44:24,200
information. 
A spy might copy out a prayer or

5101
04:44:24,200 --> 04:44:27,400
a passage from the Bible, but 
with extra marking or slightly 

5102
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:29,200
changed letters that would 
reveal the true. 

5103
04:44:29,200 --> 04:44:30,800
Meaning to someone who knew 
where to look. 

5104
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:33,500
This method provided. 
Excellent cover. 

5105
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:37,000
Because religious, texts were 
often carried by Travelers and 

5106
04:44:37,000 --> 04:44:41,200
religious copying was common in 
the technique of concealing 

5107
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:44,100
messages within other objects, 
was also employed by medieval 

5108
04:44:44,100 --> 04:44:48,200
spies, A wax tablets wooden 
backing, could have text written

5109
04:44:48,200 --> 04:44:51,000
on it, that would not be visible
until the wax was removed. 

5110
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:54,400
Messages, could be inscribed on 
the inside of the leather goods 

5111
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:58,000
stitched into garments, or even 
Inked on a messenger scalp and 

5112
04:44:58,008 --> 04:45:01,700
concealed by hair growth. 
Finding concealment techniques 

5113
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:04,300
that would withstand the rough 
treatment of medieval travel was

5114
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:06,800
crucial. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

5115
04:45:06,800 --> 04:45:10,200
gave rise to coded languages in 
which common words had hidden 

5116
04:45:10,200 --> 04:45:12,400
meanings that only Network 
participants knew. 

5117
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:16,300
While a letter from a merchant 
discussing the purchase of fine 

5118
04:45:16,300 --> 04:45:19,900
wool, like be reporting on 
Military fortifications, a 

5119
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:22,000
discussion of grain. 
Prices might be revealing 

5120
04:45:22,000 --> 04:45:23,700
information about political 
alliances. 

5121
04:45:24,700 --> 04:45:27,400
To prevent detection. 
These codes needed to be careful

5122
04:45:27,400 --> 04:45:30,700
used and thoroughly memorized in
ways that are nearly impossible 

5123
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:34,100
for modern Minds to comprehend. 
Physical objects were used as 

5124
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:37,300
messaging systems. 
For someone who understood how 

5125
04:45:37,300 --> 04:45:39,900
to read these signals, the 
placement of a candle in a 

5126
04:45:39,908 --> 04:45:43,600
window, the way a cloak was hung
or the arrangement of objects on

5127
04:45:43,600 --> 04:45:45,000
a table could all provide 
information. 

5128
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:48,500
In order to transmit messages 
without leaving, any written 

5129
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:51,700
records, that could be found and
used as proof medieval 

5130
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:54,300
intelligence agents. 
Created complex nonverbal 

5131
04:45:54,300 --> 04:45:57,600
communication systems, the more 
educated members of medieval, 

5132
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:01,100
intelligence networks used, 
mathematical codes, basic 

5133
04:46:01,100 --> 04:46:03,400
security, for written 
communication was offered by 

5134
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,800
simple substitution ciphers in 
which a different letter or 

5135
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:10,500
symbol was used for each letter.
More advanced agents employed 

5136
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,600
poly alphabetic ciphers which 
made it much harder for 

5137
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:16,800
unauthorized readers to decipher
the codes by altering the 

5138
04:46:16,800 --> 04:46:20,000
substitution pattern in 
accordance with preset rules, 

5139
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:23,600
medieval cryptography, faced the
difficulty of striking a balance

5140
04:46:23,608 --> 04:46:27,700
between security and usefulness.
Better protection was offered by

5141
04:46:27,700 --> 04:46:31,300
complex codes, but they also 
took longer to encode and decode

5142
04:46:31,300 --> 04:46:33,900
increase the possibility of 
mistakes that could make 

5143
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:37,400
messages incomprehensible and 
placed more strain on the user's

5144
04:46:37,400 --> 04:46:40,400
memory and education. 
It was worse than useless to 

5145
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:43,100
have a code that was impossible 
to crack, but impossible to use 

5146
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:46,500
properly, the issue of key 
distribution or making sure that

5147
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:49,600
senders and recipients have the 
data required to encode and 

5148
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:51,900
decode messages was another 
challenge. 

5149
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,800
Faced by medieval intelligence 
Networks, Sharing the secrets 

5150
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:58,900
required for secret, 
communication, created a paradox

5151
04:46:58,900 --> 04:47:01,700
that took a great deal of 
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 

5152
04:47:01,700 --> 04:47:04,900
without secure communication. 
Medieval secret communication, 

5153
04:47:04,900 --> 04:47:07,000
was further Complicated by 
timing codes. 

5154
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:11,000
It's possible for messages to be
sent in segments with each 

5155
04:47:11,000 --> 04:47:14,500
segment arriving at a different 
time and only making sense when 

5156
04:47:14,500 --> 04:47:18,200
put together correctly. 
Alternatively, the coded 

5157
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:21,000
information may include the 
delivery time and date, which 

5158
04:47:21,000 --> 04:47:24,500
recipients must account for when
decoding the message working 

5159
04:47:24,500 --> 04:47:27,400
with secret messages, put a lot 
of psychological strain on 

5160
04:47:27,400 --> 04:47:30,000
employees. 
A single encoding error could 

5161
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:31,700
give the intended recipient. 
No. 

5162
04:47:31,700 --> 04:47:34,300
Meaning at all an entire 
intelligence Network could be 

5163
04:47:34,300 --> 04:47:37,400
exposed by a mistaken. 
Concealment important 

5164
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:39,900
intelligence could end up in the
hands of the enemy of the wrong 

5165
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:43,200
messenger is chosen. 
Under circumstances that made 

5166
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:46,500
Perfection all but impossible 
medieval spies had to be 

5167
04:47:46,508 --> 04:47:48,900
Flawless. 
Cryptographers medieval secret, 

5168
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:52,100
communication systems were 
remarkably successful in spite 

5169
04:47:52,100 --> 04:47:54,900
of these obstacles. 
Intelligence networks were able 

5170
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:56,600
to coordinate intricate 
operations. 

5171
04:47:56,600 --> 04:48:00,200
Sustained Communications over 
long distance is and protect 

5172
04:48:00,200 --> 04:48:02,500
their most sensitive data from 
hostile interception. 

5173
04:48:03,200 --> 04:48:06,700
Ingenuity meticulous planning 
and the kind of attention to 

5174
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:08,100
detail. 
That could mean the difference 

5175
04:48:08,100 --> 04:48:11,300
between personal destruction, 
and Mission success with the 

5176
04:48:11,308 --> 04:48:14,900
foundations of their success. 
Pour yourself another cup of 

5177
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:18,000
tea, and think about how you 
would budget for an intelligence

5178
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:20,200
network. 
If you were a medieval, King 

5179
04:48:20,200 --> 04:48:23,700
attempting to manage one, There 
are no accounting departments to

5180
04:48:23,700 --> 04:48:28,200
monitor operating costs, no 
standardized pay scales and no 

5181
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:31,600
corporate expense accounts. 
In Stead, you're dealing with a 

5182
04:48:31,600 --> 04:48:34,900
shadow economy, where your most 
critical employees are unable to

5183
04:48:34,908 --> 04:48:38,800
provide receipts and where in 
order to protect all parties, 

5184
04:48:38,800 --> 04:48:41,500
payment must frequently be 
disguised as something 

5185
04:48:41,508 --> 04:48:44,500
completely different. 
The financial theories used in 

5186
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:47,400
medieval Espionage would make 
modern accountants shudder 

5187
04:48:47,400 --> 04:48:50,700
generally speaking spies 
received, a rattic compensation 

5188
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:53,700
that varied greatly based on the
value of the information they 

5189
04:48:53,700 --> 04:48:56,800
provided the risk of their 
missions and the financial 

5190
04:48:56,800 --> 04:48:59,700
standing of their employers. 
It was the Pinnacle of 

5191
04:48:59,700 --> 04:49:02,000
freelancing with no job 
security, and retirement 

5192
04:49:02,000 --> 04:49:05,700
planning, limited to wishing you
lived, long enough to retired 

5193
04:49:05,700 --> 04:49:08,500
evil spies were, typically paid 
a combination of bonuses for 

5194
04:49:08,500 --> 04:49:11,200
certain pieces of valuable 
intelligence and regular 

5195
04:49:11,200 --> 04:49:15,500
stipends for continuing agents. 
To keep him loyal, a merchant 

5196
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:18,100
who frequently covered political
events in the cities visited. 

5197
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:20,400
Mike, get a small annual 
payment. 

5198
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,000
For more significant 
information, he might get larger

5199
04:49:24,000 --> 04:49:27,000
sums. 
Maintaining incredible 

5200
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:30,300
justifications for these 
Financial transactions, was a 

5201
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:33,600
challenge for both the spy and 
the spymaster as a luring. 

5202
04:49:33,600 --> 04:49:35,500
As that image may be for 
Hollywood money. 

5203
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:38,700
Couldn't just be handed over and
dim Alleyways payments had to be

5204
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:41,400
made under false pretenses that 
would pass muster if they were 

5205
04:49:41,400 --> 04:49:45,300
caught A spy may be compensated 
by inflated prices for goods. 

5206
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:48,300
They purportedly sold to their 
Handler loans that were never 

5207
04:49:48,308 --> 04:49:51,500
meant to be paid back or 
winnings from gambling that were

5208
04:49:51,500 --> 04:49:54,500
actually intelligence payments. 
The Practical realities of 

5209
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:57,200
medieval life complicated, the 
cost structure of medieval 

5210
04:49:57,200 --> 04:50:00,400
Espionage in order to maintain 
their cover identities. 

5211
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,500
And obtain information spies had
to pay for their own travel 

5212
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:07,700
logging and the various bribes 
and gifts, they would need in 

5213
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:10,800
order to keep their credibility,
a spy Master grading, as a 

5214
04:50:10,800 --> 04:50:13,200
merchant, might have to 
genuinely buy and sell Goods 

5215
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,500
which would require them to 
invest money in inventory, in 

5216
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:18,900
the hopes that their trading 
operations were generating 

5217
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:21,400
enough Revenue to fund their 
intelligence operations, 

5218
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:23,800
medieval spies face to specially
High. 

5219
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:26,800
Travel costs. 
Spies earnings from intelligence

5220
04:50:26,800 --> 04:50:30,000
work could easily be outweighed 
by the cost of horses, food, 

5221
04:50:30,000 --> 04:50:33,700
lodging, and the numerous fees 
and tolls associated with 

5222
04:50:33,700 --> 04:50:36,600
medieval travel. 
It's likely that many medieval 

5223
04:50:36,600 --> 04:50:40,000
spies lost money on their 
operations, either accepting a 

5224
04:50:40,000 --> 04:50:42,100
lesser standard of living than 
they could have obtained through

5225
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:45,100
legal employment, or funding, 
their Espionage efforts with 

5226
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:48,500
other sources of income. 
For medieval spies financial 

5227
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:49,900
planning was practically 
impossible. 

5228
04:50:49,900 --> 04:50:51,900
Due to the erratic nature of 
intelligence. 

5229
04:50:51,900 --> 04:50:56,500
Work after months of collecting 
information for free, a spy may 

5230
04:50:56,500 --> 04:50:58,900
be paid handsomely for a 
particularly useful piece of 

5231
04:50:58,908 --> 04:51:01,700
intelligence. 
The ability to maintain a cover 

5232
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,500
identity, even in times of 
financial hardship and 

5233
04:51:04,500 --> 04:51:06,400
significant personal financial 
management. 

5234
04:51:06,400 --> 04:51:09,000
Skills were necessary in this 
feast or famine economy. 

5235
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:12,300
Currently exchange issues that 
did not exist for contemporary 

5236
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:14,600
International operations where 
another issue. 

5237
04:51:14,600 --> 04:51:16,800
That medieval intelligence 
networks had to handle. 

5238
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:20,700
Exchange rates varied according 
to political ties, and the 

5239
04:51:20,700 --> 04:51:24,000
availability of precious metals 
and different regions used 

5240
04:51:24,000 --> 04:51:26,700
different coins with varying 
weight and Purity requirements. 

5241
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:30,600
The spy who worked in several 
different areas had to be able 

5242
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:33,100
to handle the intricate 
Financial aspects of medieval 

5243
04:51:33,100 --> 04:51:36,400
trade while, also working as an 
intelligence officer and a 

5244
04:51:36,400 --> 04:51:39,600
currency Trader medieval spies 
who were able to combine their 

5245
04:51:39,600 --> 04:51:42,600
intelligence work with legal 
business ventures that offered 

5246
04:51:42,600 --> 04:51:45,900
both cover and extra cash were 
frequently, the most successful.

5247
04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:49,600
Carefully selecting trade, 
routes allowed, a merchant spy 

5248
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:52,600
to conduct lucrative business 
that Finance their intelligence 

5249
04:51:52,600 --> 04:51:54,600
operations. 
While simultaneously, obtaining 

5250
04:51:54,600 --> 04:51:57,300
useful intelligence, Scholar 
spy. 

5251
04:51:57,300 --> 04:51:59,700
Could obtain information about 
political connections, and get 

5252
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:02,600
paid for writing services by 
copying manuscripts for 

5253
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,800
Aristocrats because they had 
fewer economic options than men.

5254
04:52:05,800 --> 04:52:09,000
Women who worked in medieval 
intelligence faced unique 

5255
04:52:09,000 --> 04:52:12,900
financial difficulties. 
In a noble home, a female spy 

5256
04:52:12,900 --> 04:52:16,100
might serve as a servant earning
Amiga salary while obtaining 

5257
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,800
intelligence but medieval social
norms limited her options for 

5258
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:21,700
career progression or other 
employment. 

5259
04:52:22,800 --> 04:52:25,300
Because they frequently had to 
depend more on their handlers 

5260
04:52:25,300 --> 04:52:28,200
for financial support. 
Female spies were more 

5261
04:52:28,200 --> 04:52:31,800
susceptible to abuse for many 
agents, regular banking 

5262
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:34,600
relationships were impossible 
due to the security requirements

5263
04:52:34,600 --> 04:52:37,900
of medieval espionage. 
Operating under a full side 

5264
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:40,600
density, prevented a spy from 
keeping accounts under their 

5265
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:42,500
real name. 
And from having Financial 

5266
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:45,000
records, that could be used to 
expose their intelligence 

5267
04:52:45,000 --> 04:52:48,100
operations. 
Precious metals or gems were 

5268
04:52:48,100 --> 04:52:51,800
likely carried by many medieval 
spies making them easy targets 

5269
04:52:51,800 --> 04:52:55,400
for theft while on the road 
medieval spies hardly ever plan 

5270
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:58,000
for retirement. 
There were no Social Security 

5271
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:01,000
Programs or Pension funds. 
And there was no assurance that 

5272
04:53:01,000 --> 04:53:04,400
an intelligence organization 
would keep paying agents who are

5273
04:53:04,400 --> 04:53:08,000
no longer actively contributing.
If they lived long enough to 

5274
04:53:08,000 --> 04:53:11,300
reach old age successful 
medieval spies had to amass 

5275
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:13,900
enough wealth, during their 
active careers to sustain 

5276
04:53:13,900 --> 04:53:17,300
themselves in their later years.
Medieval spies families had to 

5277
04:53:17,308 --> 04:53:19,900
deal with financial instability.
That went beyond the agents 

5278
04:53:19,900 --> 04:53:22,400
themselves. 
There was no life insurance, no 

5279
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:25,300
survivor benefits, and 
frequently no recognition, that 

5280
04:53:25,300 --> 04:53:27,100
Aspire been working for their 
employer. 

5281
04:53:27,100 --> 04:53:30,800
If they were killed or vanished 
during a mission, medieval spies

5282
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:33,700
wives and kids could find 
themselves unexpectedly poor 

5283
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:35,300
with no way to support 
themselves. 

5284
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:39,100
And no reason for their loss, 
medieval intelligence networks 

5285
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:41,700
were able to recruit and retain 
agents who offered their 

5286
04:53:41,700 --> 04:53:44,600
employers valuable services in 
spite of these financial 

5287
04:53:44,600 --> 04:53:47,400
difficulties. 
People who found that Espionage 

5288
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,000
offered better opportunities 
than traditional employment in 

5289
04:53:50,000 --> 04:53:52,800
their social class or who were 
prepared to accept Financial 

5290
04:53:52,800 --> 04:53:55,400
uncertainty. 
In exchange, for the thrill of 

5291
04:53:55,400 --> 04:53:58,500
intelligence work were drawn to 
the work with his own Payment 

5292
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:00,600
Systems. 
Financial difficulties and 

5293
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:03,100
strategies for handling. 
The interplay between money and 

5294
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:05,700
secrecy. 
Shadow economy that ran 

5295
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:09,000
concurrently with the legal 
economy is revealed by the 

5296
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,500
economics of medieval espionage.
It was capitalism with a 

5297
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:14,600
conspiracy twist, where 
information was the most 

5298
04:54:14,600 --> 04:54:17,900
valuable resource and the cost 
of Discovery was frequently the 

5299
04:54:17,900 --> 04:54:20,800
highest turned down the lights a
little bit and imagine what it 

5300
04:54:20,800 --> 04:54:23,100
would be like to get out of bed.
Each morning and put on, not 

5301
04:54:23,100 --> 04:54:25,500
just your clothes, but a 
completely different persona. 

5302
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:29,100
Imagine posing as someone else 
for months or years at a time, 

5303
04:54:29,108 --> 04:54:32,700
never being able to let your 
guard down and never knowing, if

5304
04:54:32,700 --> 04:54:34,900
those around, you are buying 
into your carefully, crafted 

5305
04:54:34,900 --> 04:54:37,700
lies. 
In a world where authenticity 

5306
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:40,800
was a luxury, they couldn't 
afford medieval spies had to 

5307
04:54:40,808 --> 04:54:43,700
learn, not only the methods of 
obtaining intelligence but also 

5308
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:46,400
the far more challenging art of 
psychological survival 

5309
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:50,000
maintaining full identities for 
extended periods of time while 

5310
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,600
residing close to people who 
might discover the deception was

5311
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:55,900
the main Obstacle of medieval 
espionage. 

5312
04:54:56,600 --> 04:54:58,200
Compared to contemporary 
communities. 

5313
04:54:58,200 --> 04:55:02,600
Medieval Society was more 
intimate smaller and suspicious.

5314
04:55:03,700 --> 04:55:06,500
Individuals inquired about 
strangers, new, their neighbors,

5315
04:55:06,500 --> 04:55:09,100
and looked for clues that might 
indicate someone's true 

5316
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:12,600
motivations or background and 
medieval spy masquerading as a 

5317
04:55:12,608 --> 04:55:15,600
merchant needed to be familiar 
with the finer points, that 

5318
04:55:15,600 --> 04:55:19,100
would persuade seasoned traders.
In addition to the fundamentals 

5319
04:55:19,100 --> 04:55:22,600
of business life They had to 
comprehend seasonal Market, 

5320
04:55:22,600 --> 04:55:27,100
swings trade route, challenges 
Regional price disparity, and 

5321
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:30,000
the interpersonal ties between 
merchants and various cities. 

5322
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:33,700
One discussion with an actual 
Merchants could reveal knowledge

5323
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:35,900
gaps that could take years to 
fill on their own. 

5324
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:39,300
There was no way to alleviate 
the psychological stress brought

5325
04:55:39,300 --> 04:55:42,700
on by the ongoing, attention to 
detail needed to maintain cover 

5326
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:46,000
identities. 
While medieval spies frequently 

5327
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:48,600
went months without speaking to 
their actual employers or 

5328
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:51,700
co-workers, modern undercover 
agents can at least communicate 

5329
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:55,100
with their handlers or take 
breaks from their duties, they 

5330
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:57,800
maintained personalities. 
That weren't their own lived in 

5331
04:55:57,800 --> 04:56:00,600
total seclusion and were 
surrounded by untrustworthy 

5332
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:04,400
people for medieval spies memory
became both a psychological 

5333
04:56:04,400 --> 04:56:07,200
burden and an essential survival
skill. 

5334
04:56:07,200 --> 04:56:10,300
They had to recall, the 
intricate fictional histories. 

5335
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:12,000
They had written for their cover
identities. 

5336
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:16,400
In addition to the intelligence,
they had gathered The Spy was 

5337
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,100
unable to reliably recall the 
specifics of their fake 

5338
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:21,600
background. 
A casual inquiry about early 

5339
04:56:21,600 --> 04:56:24,200
life or familial ties, could 
turn into a risky situation, 

5340
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:27,400
medieval Society. 
Placed a great value on social 

5341
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:31,200
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

5342
04:56:31,200 --> 04:56:33,300
medieval Espionage specially 
challenging. 

5343
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:36,500
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who have appeared 

5344
04:56:36,500 --> 04:56:40,700
to have no family ties, roots or
long-standing Community ties, 

5345
04:56:40,700 --> 04:56:44,200
spies in the Middle Ages, had to
establish credible social 

5346
04:56:44,200 --> 04:56:47,300
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

5347
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:49,000
could expose their true 
identities. 

5348
04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:52,700
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

5349
04:56:52,700 --> 04:56:56,200
religious conflicts. 
Spies frequently had to maintain

5350
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:58,800
cover identities that required 
them to support. 

5351
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:02,800
Political causes they personally
opposed participate in religious

5352
04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:06,200
ceremonies that might violate 
their conscience or pretend to 

5353
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:08,800
hold religious beliefs that were
at odds with their true beliefs.

5354
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:13,000
Moral stress resulting from the 
internal struggle between one's 

5355
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:15,600
personal convictions. 
And professional obligations. 

5356
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:19,100
Could jeopardize an agent, 
psychological stability and 

5357
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:20,700
evil. 
Spies lived in a state of 

5358
04:57:20,700 --> 04:57:23,100
chronic anxiety. 
That pervaded every part of 

5359
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:25,100
their lives due to their 
constant fear of being 

5360
04:57:25,100 --> 04:57:28,000
discovered. 
They couldn't afford to unwind. 

5361
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:31,300
They couldn't believe their gut,
feelings about people, and they 

5362
04:57:31,300 --> 04:57:33,800
couldn't make true friend with 
anyone they met while on 

5363
04:57:33,800 --> 04:57:36,300
mission's. 
Physical fatigue was only one 

5364
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:38,600
aspect of the exhaustion, 
brought on by the hype of 

5365
04:57:38,608 --> 04:57:42,200
vigilance required for survival.
The moral ambiguity, in guilt of

5366
04:57:42,208 --> 04:57:45,000
their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

5367
04:57:45,000 --> 04:57:47,300
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

5368
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,200
They frequently had to lie to 
people, they thought were their 

5369
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:52,600
friends. 
The trade, the confidence of 

5370
04:57:52,600 --> 04:57:55,200
those who had been kind to them,
or support military, and 

5371
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:57,800
political initiatives, that 
could endanger innocent people. 

5372
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:00,900
Over time. 
The psychological toll of these 

5373
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:04,500
ethical concessions mounted 
resulting in internal strife 

5374
04:58:04,500 --> 04:58:07,600
that might be just as damaging 
as outside dangers. 

5375
04:58:07,600 --> 04:58:10,800
Medieval Espionage, as mental 
health, issues were especially 

5376
04:58:10,800 --> 04:58:13,600
severe because of the inability 
to get support or assistance 

5377
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:15,600
when experiencing psychological 
issues. 

5378
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:18,300
When missions became too much to
handle. 

5379
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,900
There were no supervisors to 
offer support know colleagues to

5380
04:58:21,900 --> 04:58:24,100
confide in and no counselors to 
consult. 

5381
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:28,200
In order to maintain complete 
operational, security medieval 

5382
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:31,500
spies had to create their own 
coping strategies, medieval 

5383
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,100
Espionage, put a tremendous 
strain on family relationships. 

5384
04:58:35,200 --> 04:58:37,900
Married spies were required to 
lie to their wives about their 

5385
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:41,800
whereabouts activities and 
frequently their core values and

5386
04:58:41,800 --> 04:58:45,000
allegiances. 
Medieval spies had fathers or 

5387
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:47,900
mothers who were mysteriously, 
evasive about their work and 

5388
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:50,300
often absent. 
The most significant 

5389
04:58:50,300 --> 04:58:54,000
interpersonal relationships in 
an agent's life were tainted by 

5390
04:58:54,000 --> 04:58:55,900
the secrecy required for 
operational. 

5391
04:58:55,900 --> 04:58:58,300
Security. 
After completing intelligence 

5392
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:01,100
mission's returning to normal 
life was frequently just to 

5393
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:04,200
cycle as the actual Espionage 
work. 

5394
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:08,400
In addition to re-adjusting to 
their true identities, medieval 

5395
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:11,100
spies had to make amends with 
emotionally distant, family 

5396
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:14,000
members, and friends, and 
somehow cope with months or 

5397
04:59:14,000 --> 04:59:17,500
years of, Deceit and seclusion, 
without being able to talk about

5398
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,800
their experiences with others, 
because of the ongoing danger, 

5399
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:24,400
the cycle strain of assuming 
full identities and the moral 

5400
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:25,900
dilemmas that came with their 
job. 

5401
04:59:25,900 --> 04:59:28,400
Some medieval spies most likely 
experienced. 

5402
04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:31,100
What is now known as 
post-traumatic stress disorder. 

5403
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:35,300
Medieval Society lacked 
resources to assist intelligence

5404
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:37,700
agents in recovering from the 
psychological harm of their 

5405
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:40,300
service because it lacked 
knowledge about mental health 

5406
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:42,300
and effective treatment 
techniques. 

5407
04:59:42,300 --> 04:59:45,100
Those who are able to 
compartmentalize their emotions,

5408
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:48,400
keep a clear separation between 
their true and false identities 

5409
04:59:48,400 --> 04:59:52,000
and find ways to defend the 
moral complexity of their work 

5410
04:59:52,000 --> 04:59:56,700
were likely the most successful 
medieval spies However, even 

5411
04:59:56,700 --> 04:59:59,300
these psychologically strong 
people had to pay a price in 

5412
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:02,500
terms of their capacity to build
genuine, bonds and sustained 

5413
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:05,700
emotional ties with others, 
medieval intelligence, networks 

5414
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,100
maintained operations, 
throughout Europe for centuries 

5415
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:11,400
and attracted new recruits in 
spite of these significant 

5416
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,800
psychological obstacles. 
The thrill of doing meaningful 

5417
05:00:14,800 --> 05:00:17,000
work. 
The Fulfillment of supporting 

5418
05:00:17,000 --> 05:00:19,900
causes they supported or just 
the Allure of a life. 

5419
05:00:19,900 --> 05:00:21,900
Very different from the few 
options available to the 

5420
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,900
majority of people in medieval 
Society must have been the 

5421
05:00:24,900 --> 05:00:28,200
satisfactions that offset the 
psychological costs of the job. 

5422
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:31,700
Medieval Espionage psychological
reality highlights, the human 

5423
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,100
cost of intelligence work in a 
time when mental health was 

5424
05:00:35,100 --> 05:00:38,100
poorly understood and there were
no resources available to 

5425
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:40,600
support those who compromise 
their psychological well-being 

5426
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:42,900
to further military and 
political goals. 

5427
05:00:42,900 --> 05:00:46,400
These forgotten Heroes of 
medieval statecraft and could 

5428
05:00:46,400 --> 05:00:50,400
long after their active service 
ended in addition to the 

5429
05:00:50,400 --> 05:00:52,000
physical risks of their 
missions. 

5430
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:56,700
Now, let's take a step back and 
examine the larger picture much 

5431
05:00:56,700 --> 05:00:59,900
like when you examine a medieval
tapestry, where individual 

5432
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:02,700
threads come together to form 
patterns, that are not visible. 

5433
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:07,000
When you concentrate on any, one
of them without computers phones

5434
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:09,600
or any other communication 
technology that we now 

5435
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:11,800
considered necessary, for 
organizing large-scale 

5436
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:14,600
operations, medieval? 
Intelligence networks were 

5437
05:01:14,600 --> 05:01:18,700
organizational Marvels rather 
they depended on human memory, 

5438
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,700
interpersonal, connections, and 
Trust structures that were both 

5439
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:25,000
necessary and brittle, imagine 
attempting to manage a 

5440
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:26,900
contemporary business. 
With only handwritten letters 

5441
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:30,500
that take weeks to deliver in 
person, meetings, that required 

5442
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:34,100
days or weeks of travel to set 
up and staff members who are 

5443
05:01:34,100 --> 05:01:38,100
unable to accept their position.
When medieval spymasters 

5444
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:40,500
established, intelligence 
networks that crossed continents

5445
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:44,300
and impacted the results of Wars
succession disputes and 

5446
05:01:44,300 --> 05:01:47,200
diplomatic negotiations. 
They essentially achieved that 

5447
05:01:47,200 --> 05:01:50,700
although they didn't call it. 
That the cell structure served 

5448
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:54,500
as the Cornerstone of medieval 
intelligence Networks, Agents, 

5449
05:01:54,500 --> 05:01:57,600
collaborated in small groups, 
each with a limited 

5450
05:01:57,600 --> 05:01:59,200
understanding of the larger 
Network. 

5451
05:02:00,100 --> 05:02:03,000
The identity of two or three 
other agents, may be known to a 

5452
05:02:03,000 --> 05:02:05,900
Merchants by and one city, but 
they would have no knowledge of 

5453
05:02:05,900 --> 05:02:09,600
intelligence activities in other
areas, in the event that a 

5454
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:11,400
single agent was apprehended and
interrogated. 

5455
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:15,300
The network was shielded by this
division, medieval intelligence 

5456
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:17,900
networks, relied on complex 
networks of cutouts and 

5457
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:21,400
intermediaries to facilitate 
communication between various 

5458
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:24,000
components. 
Spy and London might give 

5459
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:26,500
information to emerge. 
And who would then give it to a 

5460
05:02:26,500 --> 05:02:29,900
monkey in Dover who would then 
include it in a letter to a 

5461
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:33,000
monastery in Calais. 
From there, another Monk would 

5462
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:36,300
extract the information and give
it to a local agent, who would 

5463
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:38,900
then deliver it to a French 
nobleman who was working for 

5464
05:02:38,900 --> 05:02:41,700
English interests. 
Because everyone in this chain 

5465
05:02:41,700 --> 05:02:44,400
was only familiar with their 
closest Associates, ignorance 

5466
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:48,100
provided security, the 
authentication problem or how to

5467
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:49,800
confirm that information was 
authentic. 

5468
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:52,900
And that agents were who they 
said they were was a challenge 

5469
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:54,600
for medieval intelligence 
Networks. 

5470
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:58,300
To enable agents to recognize 
one another and verify their 

5471
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:02,200
legitimacy, they created systems
of codes, passwords, and 

5472
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:05,500
recognition signals agents who 
had never met before. 

5473
05:03:05,500 --> 05:03:09,100
Could authenticate each other, 
using a unique letter signing 

5474
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:13,000
style, a phrase incorporated 
into conversation or a 

5475
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:15,700
distinctive piece of clothing 
without official schools or 

5476
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:18,800
training programs, new agents 
had to be recruited and trained.

5477
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:22,600
Potential recruits were found by
seasoned agents who then 

5478
05:03:22,600 --> 05:03:25,500
gradually exposed them to 
intelligence work and offered 

5479
05:03:25,500 --> 05:03:28,300
unofficial apprenticeships, that
allowed them to gain the skills 

5480
05:03:28,300 --> 05:03:30,100
they needed through hands-on 
experience. 

5481
05:03:30,900 --> 05:03:33,600
Before taking on more difficult 
tasks, requiring Advanced 

5482
05:03:33,600 --> 05:03:36,900
tradecraft a new recruit. 
May start out carrying simple 

5483
05:03:36,900 --> 05:03:40,100
messages and work their way up, 
to Gathering basic information, 

5484
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:43,700
medieval intelligence networks 
face ongoing, quality control 

5485
05:03:43,700 --> 05:03:46,900
challenges, multiple sources, 
had to, be used to confirm 

5486
05:03:46,900 --> 05:03:50,300
information and because medieval
communication was slow, this 

5487
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:53,800
could take weeks or months. 
False information may have 

5488
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:56,700
already affected significant 
choices or military operations. 

5489
05:03:56,700 --> 05:03:58,400
By the time it was discovered 
and fixed. 

5490
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:01,900
In order to assess The 
credibility of sources and 

5491
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:05,200
information and evil, spy 
Master's had to cultivate their 

5492
05:04:05,200 --> 05:04:08,600
intuition, medieval intelligence
networks needed to be funded 

5493
05:04:08,600 --> 05:04:11,400
creatively to avoid, drawing the
attention of adversarial 

5494
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:14,400
authorities. 
Without leaving visible Paper, 

5495
05:04:14,400 --> 05:04:17,300
Trails money had to be 
transferred between various 

5496
05:04:17,300 --> 05:04:20,000
territories and exchanged 
between currencies. 

5497
05:04:20,800 --> 05:04:24,200
Trade profits were used to fund 
Espionage activities and 

5498
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:27,400
legitimate companies, places of 
worship and Merchants 

5499
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:29,800
Enterprises frequently. 
Functioned as fronts for 

5500
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:33,100
intelligence funding, in 
addition, medieval intelligence 

5501
05:04:33,100 --> 05:04:36,000
networks had to coordinate 
intricate operations involving 

5502
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:38,800
numerous agents in various 
locations while maintaining 

5503
05:04:38,800 --> 05:04:42,600
operational security. 
Coordination between agents in 

5504
05:04:42,608 --> 05:04:45,000
multiple cities. 
May be necessary for a plan to 

5505
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,400
obtain Intelligence on an 
enemy's military preparation and

5506
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:50,100
timing is crucial to its 
success. 

5507
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:53,700
However, coordinating these 
activities necessitated 

5508
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:57,300
communication that if 
intercepted might jeopardize the

5509
05:04:57,300 --> 05:04:59,600
network. 
As a whole medieval intelligence

5510
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:02,600
networks were both strong and 
weak due to their inherent 

5511
05:05:02,600 --> 05:05:05,300
redundancy. 
The same information could be 

5512
05:05:05,300 --> 05:05:07,800
gathered by multiple agents, 
which would increase the 

5513
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:10,800
likelihood that someone would 
notice unusual interest in 

5514
05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:13,600
certain topics while also 
providing verification. 

5515
05:05:14,800 --> 05:05:17,400
In order to ensure that Vital 
Information would reach its 

5516
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,400
destination, even in the event 
that some channels were 

5517
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:24,300
compromised networks frequently.
Maintained parallel channels for

5518
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,300
important intelligence because 
of the potential for allies to 

5519
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:30,500
suddenly turn into enemies. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

5520
05:05:30,500 --> 05:05:32,700
had to adjust to shifting 
political conditions. 

5521
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:37,200
After a political marriage, a 
succession crisis, or a change. 

5522
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:40,600
In diplomatic ties an agent who 
had spent years cultivating 

5523
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:44,400
sources in a certain Court, may 
find themselves operating in 

5524
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:47,200
hostile territory. 
To withstand these political 

5525
05:05:47,200 --> 05:05:48,800
upheavals and continue to 
function. 

5526
05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:53,100
Effectively networks required 
adaptability because medieval 

5527
05:05:53,100 --> 05:05:55,200
intelligence operations lasted 
so long. 

5528
05:05:55,200 --> 05:05:58,100
They faced particular 
difficulties that are uncommon 

5529
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:01,200
in contemporary intelligence 
services within the same 

5530
05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:04,300
families are organizations. 
Some networks continue to 

5531
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:07,300
function for decades with 
agents, transmitting information

5532
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:12,000
from one generation to the next.
If he retires among may choose 

5533
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,500
to hire his successor ensuring 
continuity of operations, while 

5534
05:06:15,500 --> 05:06:18,500
simultaneously building up 
institutional knowledge, that 

5535
05:06:18,500 --> 05:06:21,700
could be disastrous. 
If hostile forces find out the 

5536
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,600
seasonality of medieval life 
presented another challenge for 

5537
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:28,000
medieval intelligence Networks. 
While summer campaigns and 

5538
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:29,800
harvest Seasons. 
Brought opportunities and 

5539
05:06:29,800 --> 05:06:32,500
challenges that necessitated 
careful timing of network 

5540
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:36,000
operations, winter weather made 
travel and communication much 

5541
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,800
more difficult. 
Political intelligence had to 

5542
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,200
take into consideration. 
The seasonal movements of noble 

5543
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:44,300
courts, while Military 
Intelligence had to be collected

5544
05:06:44,300 --> 05:06:46,800
and disseminated in accordance 
with campaign schedules. 

5545
05:06:46,800 --> 05:06:50,100
In order to concentrate 
resources on specific kinds of 

5546
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:53,400
information, the most advanced 
medieval intelligence networks 

5547
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:57,600
created specialization Some 
networks kept agents close to 

5548
05:06:57,600 --> 05:07:00,700
military headquarters and key 
fortifications in order to focus

5549
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:03,800
on Military Intelligence, others
developed sources in 

5550
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,700
aristocratic courts and places 
of worship in order to 

5551
05:07:06,700 --> 05:07:08,400
concentrate on political 
intelligence. 

5552
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:12,000
Economic intelligence networks. 
Monitored resource availability,

5553
05:07:12,000 --> 05:07:16,300
currency fluctuations, and trade
Trends, despite not having the 

5554
05:07:16,300 --> 05:07:18,500
formal safeguards that 
contemporary intelligence 

5555
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:21,000
services. 
Do medieval networks were 

5556
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:24,300
constantly concerned about 
counterintelligence Because 

5557
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:26,600
their adversaries were also 
conducting intelligence 

5558
05:07:26,600 --> 05:07:29,600
operations medieval. 
Spies had to be on the lookout 

5559
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:32,000
for any indication that their 
own actions were being watched. 

5560
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:36,200
As agents, grew weary of one. 
Another, the paranoia required 

5561
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:38,700
for survival, in this setting 
could demolish networks. 

5562
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:41,500
From within, although networks 
had to keep some records in 

5563
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:44,600
order to track agents coordinate
operations and preserve 

5564
05:07:44,600 --> 05:07:47,800
institutional knowledge, the 
documentation of medieval 

5565
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:50,100
intelligence operations was 
inevitably minimal. 

5566
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:54,100
There was a continual conflict 
between operational security and

5567
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:57,400
administrative necessity because
these records had to be kept 

5568
05:07:57,400 --> 05:08:00,400
safe while still being available
to authorized personnel. 

5569
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:04,500
To avoid Discovery. 
It's likely that many medieval 

5570
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:07,600
intelligence archives were 
routinely destroyed in the end. 

5571
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:10,000
The personal traits of those who
established and maintained 

5572
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:12,700
medieval intelligence networks 
determined their success 

5573
05:08:13,600 --> 05:08:16,800
Spymasters had to be able to 
inspire loyalty while keeping 

5574
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:20,000
the secrecy that made such 
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 

5575
05:08:20,000 --> 05:08:23,700
skills with brutal, pragmatism 
and strategic thinking with 

5576
05:08:23,700 --> 05:08:27,400
meticulous attention to detail. 
Those in charge of the most 

5577
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:30,800
successful medieval intelligence
operations were most likely 

5578
05:08:30,800 --> 05:08:33,600
those who are aware of both the 
potential and constraints of 

5579
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,200
human nature. 
Breathe deeply and prepare 

5580
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:38,800
yourself for what may be the 
most sobering portion of our 

5581
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:42,600
medieval Espionage Adventure. 
Although we have discussed the 

5582
05:08:42,600 --> 05:08:45,300
achievements and Innovations of 
medieval intelligence work. 

5583
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:48,400
The truth is that many 
operations were a complete 

5584
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:50,900
failure. 
Frequently, with immediate 

5585
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:53,400
severe and long-lasting effect 
on those involved. 

5586
05:08:54,100 --> 05:08:57,500
In the high-stakes world of 
medieval Espionage, failure 

5587
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:01,700
frequently resulted in torture 
execution, and the dismantling 

5588
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:04,900
of entire intelligence networks.
In addition to professional 

5589
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:08,800
humiliation or career, setbacks 
months or years of meticulous. 

5590
05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:11,500
Network building could be undone
by the discovery of a single 

5591
05:09:11,508 --> 05:09:15,000
spy, even the most committed 
agents had a limit to how much 

5592
05:09:15,008 --> 05:09:16,400
suffering they could take 
before. 

5593
05:09:16,400 --> 05:09:18,700
Disclosing. 
What they need and medieval 

5594
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,400
interrogation techniques, were 
intended to elicit information, 

5595
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:23,900
regardless of the subjects, 
willingness to cooperate, 

5596
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:27,800
Captured spy could jeopardize 
the identities and whereabouts 

5597
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:31,400
of dozens of other agents, in 
addition to their own mission. 

5598
05:09:31,400 --> 05:09:34,400
The human propensity to grow 
accustomed to successful. 

5599
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,700
Routines was one of the most 
frequent reasons why medieval 

5600
05:09:37,700 --> 05:09:41,600
Espionage efforts failed. 
After years of using the same 

5601
05:09:41,600 --> 05:09:44,800
contact methods travel routes 
and cover story. 

5602
05:09:44,800 --> 05:09:47,200
An agent. 
May become predictable enough 

5603
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:49,700
for enemy counterintelligence to
recognize and follow. 

5604
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:54,400
Complacency was fostered by 
success and complacency resulted

5605
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:56,400
in potentially lethal 
carelessness. 

5606
05:09:56,400 --> 05:09:59,600
When compromised the 
authentication mechanisms that 

5607
05:09:59,600 --> 05:10:02,900
safeguarded medieval 
intelligence networks might also

5608
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,900
turn into a vulnerability Enemy 
agents could infiltrate a 

5609
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:09,500
network and feed false 
information while identifying 

5610
05:10:09,500 --> 05:10:12,700
legitimate agents if they 
learned the codes passwords or 

5611
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:14,900
recognition signals that the 
network uses. 

5612
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:18,000
Because it fostered false 
confidence while actually 

5613
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:19,700
advancing the objectives of the 
enemy. 

5614
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:23,100
A compromised authentication 
system was worse than none at 

5615
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:26,100
all people, they trusted could 
betrayed medieval, spies 

5616
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:29,100
sometimes for reasons, unrelated
to their intelligence work. 

5617
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:32,800
In order to avoid being 
captured, a fellow agent, May 

5618
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:37,000
divulge Network Secrets, 
personal grievances Financial 

5619
05:10:37,000 --> 05:10:40,100
strains or shifting political 
allegiances could cause a 

5620
05:10:40,100 --> 05:10:43,600
contact to turn against them. 
Family members felt it was 

5621
05:10:43,608 --> 05:10:47,000
essential to their own Survival.
They might even turn on spy 

5622
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:50,000
relatives medieval intelligence 
networks were susceptible to 

5623
05:10:50,000 --> 05:10:53,600
catastrophic failures due to 
their sluggish communication 

5624
05:10:53,600 --> 05:10:56,300
systems by the time. 
It arrived at its destination 

5625
05:10:56,300 --> 05:10:59,300
information, that was correct 
when it was collected could 

5626
05:10:59,300 --> 05:11:02,600
become dangerously out of date. 
When friendly commanders, 

5627
05:11:02,600 --> 05:11:05,400
finally received Military 
Intelligence about enemy troop 

5628
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:07,400
movements. 
It may have been weeks old 

5629
05:11:07,400 --> 05:11:10,500
causing them to base tactical 
decisions on outdated 

5630
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:13,500
information vulnerabilities 
created by currency and 

5631
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,700
financial systems are not 
encountered by contemporary 

5632
05:11:16,700 --> 05:11:20,000
intelligence Services. 
If enemy agents, were able to 

5633
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:23,200
identify odd coins or track down
the origins of financial 

5634
05:11:23,200 --> 05:11:26,200
transactions. 
They could betray a spy using 

5635
05:11:26,200 --> 05:11:29,800
the very funds that were used to
pay them, medieval Espionage 

5636
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,700
employed, a regular payment 
systems, which made it possible 

5637
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:35,500
for agents to be recognized by 
their suspicious Financial 

5638
05:11:35,500 --> 05:11:39,300
activity, or unexplained. 
Well, Intelligence Officers face

5639
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:42,200
particular risks due to the 
medical realities of medieval 

5640
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:44,400
life. 
When working under a false 

5641
05:11:44,400 --> 05:11:47,800
identity, a spy who gets 
seriously ill may not be able to

5642
05:11:47,800 --> 05:11:50,300
keep up their cover. 
Particularly if the medical 

5643
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:52,800
care, they require reveals 
details about their true 

5644
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:55,900
activities or background. 
If disease, kept important 

5645
05:11:55,900 --> 05:11:58,900
Agents from fulfilling their 
responsibilities or meeting 

5646
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:02,100
their contacts, it could 
jeopardize, entire networks 

5647
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:05,400
medieval spies were working 
across sectarian lines, face 

5648
05:12:05,400 --> 05:12:08,900
unique risks, due to religious 
conflicts If an agent made 

5649
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:12,300
mistakes that exposed their true
religious background, they could

5650
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:14,400
be exposed because their cover 
identity. 

5651
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,600
Required them to take part in 
religious ceremonies due to the 

5652
05:12:17,600 --> 05:12:19,200
strong religious beliefs of the 
Middle. 

5653
05:12:19,200 --> 05:12:22,300
Ages, religious deception, was 
both essential for many 

5654
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:25,900
operations and very risky of 
Court, medieval legal systems, 

5655
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:29,700
produced unpredictable, and 
challenging to manage risks a 

5656
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:32,000
spy working, under a false 
identity, could find themselves 

5657
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:35,100
embroiled in legal proceedings 
that could reveal their true 

5658
05:12:35,100 --> 05:12:38,000
Origins. 
Local regulations pertaining to 

5659
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:41,300
travel business or religion. 
Could present unseen challenges 

5660
05:12:41,300 --> 05:12:44,100
that compelled agents to divulge
more personal information than 

5661
05:12:44,100 --> 05:12:47,600
was safe agents or their 
handlers had no control over how

5662
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:50,800
weather and natural disasters. 
Could ruin meticulously planned 

5663
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:54,300
intelligence operations. 
A spy may be forced to take an 

5664
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:56,500
alternate route that exposes 
them to Discovery. 

5665
05:12:56,500 --> 05:12:58,600
If a bridge is washed out by 
flooding. 

5666
05:12:59,400 --> 05:13:01,600
Time sensitive operations may be
disrupted. 

5667
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:03,700
If said scheduled meetings are 
impossible due to an 

5668
05:13:03,700 --> 05:13:06,700
exceptionally harsh winter over 
the course of long-term 

5669
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:09,600
operations spies developed 
personal relationships, that 

5670
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:13,100
could lead to both operational, 
success, and disastrous failure.

5671
05:13:13,100 --> 05:13:16,400
When an agent maintained a full 
side Dentistry, while forming 

5672
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:19,700
real friendships, or romantic 
relationships, they ran the risk

5673
05:13:19,700 --> 05:13:21,800
of developing emotional issues 
that could impair their 

5674
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:24,800
judgment. 
However, abruptly terminating 

5675
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:27,600
these relationships, may also 
raise suspicions that result in 

5676
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:30,700
Discovery when led by a student 
suspicious leaders. 

5677
05:13:30,700 --> 05:13:33,200
Medieval counterintelligence 
operations, could be 

5678
05:13:33,208 --> 05:13:36,400
surprisingly successful despite 
being less organized than 

5679
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:39,700
contemporary ones. 
A shrewd nobleman might see 

5680
05:13:39,700 --> 05:13:42,700
Trends in the inquiries made by 
various guests or note that 

5681
05:13:42,700 --> 05:13:45,400
particular kinds of information 
appeared to leak to adversaries 

5682
05:13:45,400 --> 05:13:48,500
on a regular basis. 
Experienced medieval leaders 

5683
05:13:48,500 --> 05:13:51,000
were occasionally able to 
recognize and stop enemy 

5684
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:53,700
intelligence operations. 
Even in the absence of official 

5685
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,200
counterintelligence training, 
failures in medieval Espionage, 

5686
05:13:57,200 --> 05:13:59,900
had far-reaching effects that 
went well, beyond the specific 

5687
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:03,700
agents involved, Inaccurate 
intelligence could cost military

5688
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:07,400
leaders battles and thousands of
soldiers could lose their lives 

5689
05:14:07,400 --> 05:14:10,200
as a result. 
Diplomatic choices made by 

5690
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:12,600
political leaders who were 
tricked by enemy operatives 

5691
05:14:12,600 --> 05:14:15,600
could undermine their standing 
for decades failures. 

5692
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,500
In intelligence, could have 
repercussions that affect entire

5693
05:14:18,500 --> 05:14:21,700
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars
most tragically failed. 

5694
05:14:21,700 --> 05:14:24,300
Medieval spies frequently 
suffered alongside their 

5695
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,700
families and Associates. 
The associates of spies who were

5696
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,000
caught may have been punished 
for their involvement in 

5697
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:33,700
intelligence operations alone. 
As medieval Justice did not 

5698
05:14:33,700 --> 05:14:36,600
always distinguish between major
offenders and their families. 

5699
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:40,300
Failures in medieval Espionage, 
could have a personal cost to 

5700
05:14:40,300 --> 05:14:43,800
those who are unaware of or did 
not participate in intelligence 

5701
05:14:43,800 --> 05:14:47,100
operations, surviving network 
members to additional 

5702
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,700
difficulties as a result of the 
cycle of effects of seeing or 

5703
05:14:50,700 --> 05:14:52,400
hearing about Espionage 
failures. 

5704
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:55,900
Agents, who are aware that their
co-workers have been taken 

5705
05:14:55,900 --> 05:14:59,000
prisoner and subjected to 
torture had to carry on with 

5706
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:01,500
their own perilous work while 
dealing with the trauma of 

5707
05:15:01,500 --> 05:15:03,400
knowing that they could suffer 
the same fate. 

5708
05:15:04,000 --> 05:15:07,400
In addition to their other 
psychological burdens medieval 

5709
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:09,700
spies also had to deal with the 
fear of failure. 

5710
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:13,100
Medieval intelligence networks, 
persisted in functioning and 

5711
05:15:13,100 --> 05:15:16,000
growing throughout the Medieval 
era in spite of these 

5712
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:18,000
significant risks and frequent 
breakdowns. 

5713
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:21,300
Despite being aware of the 
possible, repercussions of 

5714
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:23,500
failure. 
The individuals involved were 

5715
05:15:23,500 --> 05:15:26,300
strong enough to persevere, and 
the accomplishments were 

5716
05:15:26,300 --> 05:15:29,900
noteworthy enough to offset the 
expenses, their contributions to

5717
05:15:29,900 --> 05:15:32,400
Medieval statecraft are all the 
more noteworthy for their 

5718
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:34,200
bravery, in the face of such 
dangers. 

5719
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:38,400
Pour yourself, another cup of 
tea and Marvel at this medieval 

5720
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:41,600
spies desperate inventiveness in
trying to solve impossible 

5721
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,700
problems, with whatever 
materials they could find led to

5722
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:47,100
some of the most brilliant 
technological advancements in 

5723
05:15:47,100 --> 05:15:49,600
human history. 
Not from universities or Royal 

5724
05:15:49,600 --> 05:15:51,900
workshops. 
These were not science fiction 

5725
05:15:51,900 --> 05:15:54,600
devices, but rather workable 
Solutions, developed by 

5726
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:57,600
individuals, who realized that 
staying one step ahead of their 

5727
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,600
adversaries was essential to 
their survival, though. 

5728
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:03,500
Most of it would seem laughably 
archaic by today's standards. 

5729
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:06,800
The Medieval Era, saw some 
amazing advancements in what we 

5730
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:11,000
might call Espionage technology.
However, medieval spies 

5731
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:14,200
developed, truly sophisticated 
and frequently, remarkably 

5732
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:16,800
effective tools and techniques 
within the limitations of 

5733
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:21,200
medieval Materials Science and 
Manufacturing capabilities spies

5734
05:16:21,200 --> 05:16:23,800
pushed the limits of what could 
be done with pens, income 

5735
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:26,400
parchment, and writing, 
technology was essential for 

5736
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:28,300
intelligence operations during 
the Middle Ages. 

5737
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:32,200
They created inks that when 
heated or exposed to particular 

5738
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:35,400
chemicals, could change color 
making messages appear or 

5739
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:39,000
vanishes needed inks that were 
invisible until exposed to 

5740
05:16:39,000 --> 05:16:42,300
specific substances. 
That only the intended recipient

5741
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:45,500
would know how to apply were 
made by some medieval spies 

5742
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:48,800
another medieval invention that 
called for exceptional patience.

5743
05:16:48,800 --> 05:16:51,400
And skill was the production of 
microscopic text. 

5744
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:55,400
In order to conceal entire 
intelligence reports, in what 

5745
05:16:55,400 --> 05:16:57,800
seemed to be ornamental 
flourishes, on common documents,

5746
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:01,600
spies learn to write messages. 
So tiny, that they were nearly 

5747
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:05,600
imperceptible to the human eye, 
only magnifying glasses, which 

5748
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:07,600
were uncommon and costly during 
the Middle Ages. 

5749
05:17:07,600 --> 05:17:10,300
Could read these messages, hit 
the hands of medieval 

5750
05:17:10,300 --> 05:17:13,400
intelligence networks, sealing 
wax developed into a highly 

5751
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:16,800
Advanced security technology. 
In order to make it nearly 

5752
05:17:16,800 --> 05:17:20,200
impossible to detect tampering, 
spies developed methods for 

5753
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,700
melting and reselling wax. 
Seals, they develop techniques 

5754
05:17:23,700 --> 05:17:26,400
for encoding confidential 
information into the wax itself 

5755
05:17:26,400 --> 05:17:29,700
and made unique seal designs 
with concealed elements, that 

5756
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:32,900
could confirm authenticity by 
producing phony letters, 

5757
05:17:32,900 --> 05:17:35,900
official seals and travel 
documents that could withstand 

5758
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:38,800
close examination. 
Medieval spies also made 

5759
05:17:38,800 --> 05:17:42,800
significant advances in the 
field of document forgery. this 

5760
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:46,500
called for in-depth familiarity 
with the materials methods and 

5761
05:17:46,500 --> 05:17:49,800
administrative processes 
utilized in various regions, in 

5762
05:17:49,800 --> 05:17:53,700
addition to artistic talent A 
successful forger needed to be 

5763
05:17:53,700 --> 05:17:56,900
familiar with the writing styles
Inc, formulations and 

5764
05:17:56,900 --> 05:18:00,500
papermaking procedures utilized 
in different administrative and 

5765
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:03,200
Court settings. 
Despite being archaic by today's

5766
05:18:03,200 --> 05:18:07,000
standards optical devices were 
crucial to Medieval intelligence

5767
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,700
operations, Spies developed 
methods for using glass and 

5768
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:13,500
crystal to magnify small text or
images. 

5769
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:16,400
Made Simple, telescopes to 
observe activities in the 

5770
05:18:16,408 --> 05:18:19,600
distance and used mirrors, to 
send light signals over long 

5771
05:18:19,600 --> 05:18:22,300
distances. 
These Optical advancements. 

5772
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:25,900
Necessitated a thorough 
comprehension of medieval mirror

5773
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:28,900
making and lens. 
Grinding methods, medieval spies

5774
05:18:28,900 --> 05:18:31,700
were able to operate more 
effectively and with less chance

5775
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:33,500
of being caught. 
Thanks to the development of 

5776
05:18:33,500 --> 05:18:35,300
portable writing and message 
systems. 

5777
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:38,800
They designed message containers
that could be hidden in places 

5778
05:18:38,800 --> 05:18:40,600
where casual searches wouldn't 
find them. 

5779
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:43,600
They developed inks, that could 
be quickly mixed from everyday 

5780
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:46,600
materials and they made writing 
kits, that could be hidden 

5781
05:18:46,600 --> 05:18:49,400
inside every day objects. 
Even though clock and timing 

5782
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:51,100
Technologies were still in their
infancy. 

5783
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:54,300
During the Middle Ages 
intelligence networks, adopted 

5784
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:57,300
them for security and 
coordination Reasons by using 

5785
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:01,000
natural phenomena like tide 
cycles star positions and Shadow

5786
05:19:01,000 --> 05:19:03,500
lengths to coordinate activities
across multiple locations. 

5787
05:19:03,500 --> 05:19:07,200
Spies created techniques for 
timing meetings and message 

5788
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:09,400
deliveries. 
That did not rely on mechanical 

5789
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:13,100
clocks as spies produced more 
precise and in depth maps of 

5790
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:16,400
regions, fortifications and 
routes of travel, medieval 

5791
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:18,700
cartography evolved into an 
intelligence tool. 

5792
05:19:19,600 --> 05:19:23,400
Militarily sensitive information
such as the locations of Supply 

5793
05:19:23,400 --> 05:19:27,400
caches defensive weaknesses, and
secret routes was frequently 

5794
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:30,900
included on these Maps. 
Making Maps, required knowledge 

5795
05:19:30,900 --> 05:19:32,900
of military engineering and 
strategic planning. 

5796
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:35,900
In addition, to geography, 
despite being constrained by 

5797
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:37,800
medieval manufacturing 
capabilities. 

5798
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:41,400
Mechanical Devices were 
surprisingly sophisticatedly 

5799
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:43,100
modified for intelligence 
purposes. 

5800
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:48,000
Spies made mechanical aids for 
scaling walls or getting around 

5801
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:51,300
security measures made lock 
picking tools that looked like 

5802
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:54,500
commonplace tools and made 
secret compartments in every day

5803
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:57,800
objects despite being founded on
what is now regarded as 

5804
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:00,400
primitive science. 
Medieval intelligence 

5805
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:02,800
practitioners possess, 
surprisingly sophisticated, 

5806
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,500
chemical knowledge. 
Buys knew how to make sabotage 

5807
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:10,200
related explosives poisons. 
That could be used covertly and 

5808
05:20:10,200 --> 05:20:13,000
chemical tests that could detect
tampered documents or materials 

5809
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:16,400
technologies that could Shield 
confidential documents from 

5810
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:20,600
moisture, insects theft and 
accidental Discovery were needed

5811
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:23,100
for the preservation and storage
of intelligence data. 

5812
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:26,900
Waterproof containers hiding 
spots, that could withstand 

5813
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:29,800
building Renovations and storage
systems that would keep data 

5814
05:20:29,800 --> 05:20:32,800
safe for years or decades while 
still being available to 

5815
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:35,200
authorized users were all 
inventions of medieval. 

5816
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:39,300
Spies medieval spies had to 
invent innovative ways to modify

5817
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:42,200
existing Technologies. 
In order to communicate over 

5818
05:20:42,200 --> 05:20:45,500
great distances, they 
established networks of human 

5819
05:20:45,500 --> 05:20:49,200
Messengers who could transmit 
information more quickly than 

5820
05:20:49,200 --> 05:20:51,400
traditional commercial or 
diplomatic channels. 

5821
05:20:51,400 --> 05:20:54,900
Employed trained Birds to 
deliver messages and device 

5822
05:20:54,900 --> 05:20:57,300
systems of signal fires and 
mirror flashes for quick 

5823
05:20:57,300 --> 05:20:59,700
communication. 
Medieval spies were able to 

5824
05:20:59,700 --> 05:21:02,600
better conceal their activities 
and change their appearances. 

5825
05:21:02,600 --> 05:21:05,300
Thanks to Technologies for 
disguise and concealment. 

5826
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:09,000
Using the tools and resources 
available in medieval Society, 

5827
05:21:09,000 --> 05:21:12,200
they created ways to alter their
physical appearance, social 

5828
05:21:12,200 --> 05:21:16,000
standing and perceived age. 
These disguise is needed to be 

5829
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:18,300
convincing enough to fool. 
Anyone who might come into 

5830
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:20,200
contact with the spy on a 
regular basis. 

5831
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,400
Over a long period of Time, 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

5832
05:21:23,400 --> 05:21:26,600
created authentication and 
verification systems that were 

5833
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:29,800
incredibly difficult to forge 
and frequently cleverly 

5834
05:21:29,800 --> 05:21:32,700
straightforward. 
They developed physical tokens 

5835
05:21:32,700 --> 05:21:36,200
that were almost impossible to 
counterfeit identification 

5836
05:21:36,200 --> 05:21:38,200
systems. 
Based on information that only 

5837
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:40,800
authorized agents would know and
recognition. 

5838
05:21:40,800 --> 05:21:43,600
Protocols, that could confirm 
identity without written 

5839
05:21:43,600 --> 05:21:46,400
records, the creation of 
information processing and 

5840
05:21:46,400 --> 05:21:49,700
Analysis systems by medieval 
spies who lacked formal 

5841
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,700
bureaucratic structures. 
And computers may have been the 

5842
05:21:52,700 --> 05:21:56,200
most remarkable development They
produce systems for monitoring 

5843
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:59,600
shifting political ties. 
Techniques for integrating data.

5844
05:21:59,600 --> 05:22:02,700
From various sources and 
analytical Frameworks that could

5845
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:05,000
spot patterns and Trends in 
intricate political 

5846
05:22:05,000 --> 05:22:07,700
circumstances these 
technological advancements. 

5847
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:10,500
Show how extraordinary 
creativity was driven by 

5848
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:13,700
practical necessity in the field
of medieval intelligence work. 

5849
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:17,700
Devil spies operating under 
strict material and 

5850
05:22:17,700 --> 05:22:20,600
technological. 
Limitations developed solutions 

5851
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:24,000
that were sophisticated in their
application, but often elegant 

5852
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:27,700
in their simplicity, The 
intelligence technologies that 

5853
05:22:27,700 --> 05:22:30,900
would develop over centuries 
into the systems, utilized by 

5854
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:34,100
contemporary, intelligence 
agencies were made possible by 

5855
05:22:34,100 --> 05:22:36,600
their Innovations. 
Let's take a step back and 

5856
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:38,400
track. 
The Unseen strands that link 

5857
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:41,600
those mud splattered medieval 
spies to the advanced 

5858
05:22:41,600 --> 05:22:44,400
intelligence operations of 
today, as you approach the 

5859
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:48,100
bottom of your cup and feel the 
soft pull of impending sleep, 

5860
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:52,100
With the end of the Medieval 
Era, the methods networks and 

5861
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:53,800
values they created did not 
vanish. 

5862
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:58,800
Rather they changed adapted and 
served as the Cornerstone for 

5863
05:22:58,800 --> 05:23:01,200
intelligence operations that 
still influence our world. 

5864
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:04,300
Today, the establishment of 
intelligence gathering as a 

5865
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:07,100
crucial government function, was
the most fundamental Legacy of 

5866
05:23:07,100 --> 05:23:11,300
medieval Espionage initially. 
Considering spying a repugnant 

5867
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:14,500
necessity, medieval rulers, 
eventually realized that 

5868
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:17,900
information was just as crucial 
to preserving political power, 

5869
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:21,800
as armies as a result of this 
acknowledgment, permanent 

5870
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:25,100
intelligent organizations were 
established which later 

5871
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:27,400
developed into the National 
Intelligence Services of 

5872
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,500
contemporary nation's. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

5873
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:33,200
created recruitment guidelines 
that set trends that are still 

5874
05:23:33,208 --> 05:23:36,300
used by contemporary 
organizations intelligence, 

5875
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:38,800
recruitments still heavily 
favors, those who could travel 

5876
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:42,600
without suspicion, who naturally
asked questions and who have the

5877
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:45,300
cycle fortitude to keep up full 
site identities? 

5878
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:50,300
The most successful spies as 
demonstrated by medieval spies a

5879
05:23:50,300 --> 05:23:52,700
frequently, those who can blend 
in with the general population. 

5880
05:23:52,700 --> 05:23:56,100
The foundation for contemporary 
intelligence, communication was 

5881
05:23:56,100 --> 05:23:59,200
established by medieval advances
in Secure, communication and 

5882
05:23:59,200 --> 05:24:02,300
cryptography. 
The complex encryption systems 

5883
05:24:02,300 --> 05:24:05,600
that Safeguard contemporary 
intelligence Communications were

5884
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:08,300
developed from the codes and 
cyphers created by medieval 

5885
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:10,900
Networks. 
The fundamental concepts of 

5886
05:24:10,900 --> 05:24:14,800
secure, communication message, 
authentication, and key 

5887
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:17,500
distribution that medieval spies
found difficult to grasp 

5888
05:24:17,500 --> 05:24:20,800
continue to be major obstacles 
for contemporary intelligence 

5889
05:24:20,800 --> 05:24:24,000
organizations, modern 
intelligence Services, continue 

5890
05:24:24,000 --> 05:24:26,400
to employ the organizational 
principles established by the 

5891
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:28,800
network structures developed by 
medieval intelligence 

5892
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:31,300
organizations. 
Modern intelligence 

5893
05:24:31,300 --> 05:24:34,400
compartmentalization was based 
on the cell structures that 

5894
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:37,300
prevented medieval networks from
being totally compromised. 

5895
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:40,700
When individual agents were 
apprehended one of the main 

5896
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:43,300
challenges for contemporary 
intelligence operations is 

5897
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:45,800
maintaining the operational 
security, and coordination, 

5898
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,200
balance that medieval networks 
were able to achieve the 

5899
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:51,900
fundamentals of contemporary 
defensive intelligence work were

5900
05:24:51,900 --> 05:24:54,000
established by the 
counterintelligence awareness 

5901
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:57,800
that medieval spies developed in
reaction, to enemy intelligence 

5902
05:24:57,800 --> 05:25:01,200
activities, Modern 
counterintelligence doctrines, 

5903
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:03,600
which assumed hostile 
intelligence services. 

5904
05:25:03,600 --> 05:25:06,400
Are continuously attempting to 
compromise friendly operations. 

5905
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,400
Ah, based on the medieval 
understanding that intelligence 

5906
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:11,900
Services must defend themselves 
against deception. 

5907
05:25:11,900 --> 05:25:15,200
And penetration modern forensic,
methods for examining 

5908
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:18,300
intelligence materials are the 
result of medieval advancements 

5909
05:25:18,300 --> 05:25:20,300
in document analysis and 
verification. 

5910
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:24,100
Modern intelligence analysis 
techniques which employ 

5911
05:25:24,100 --> 05:25:26,700
technology, but adhere to 
similar logical principles 

5912
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:30,000
evolved from the abilities that 
medieval spies developed for 

5913
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:33,900
identifying forged documents, 
evaluating writing styles and 

5914
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:36,400
confirming the reliability of 
information sources. 

5915
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:39,000
Modern knowledge of intelligence
operations. 

5916
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:41,500
Incorporates the psychological 
understanding of human 

5917
05:25:41,500 --> 05:25:45,300
motivation deceit and loyalty 
that medieval intelligence 

5918
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:49,000
practitioners acquired. 
Medieval spies acquired skills, 

5919
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,600
in motivating agents, evaluating
The credibility of sources and 

5920
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:55,300
preserving operational security 
while fostering fruitful 

5921
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:58,400
collaborations. 
These realizations continue to 

5922
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,200
be essential to contemporary 
human intelligence activities, 

5923
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:04,400
medieval networks successful, 
integration of military and 

5924
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,700
diplomatic operations with 
intelligence work, created 

5925
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:10,400
models, that contemporary 
governments continue to adhere 

5926
05:26:10,400 --> 05:26:14,600
to The effective coordination of
military action diplomacy and 

5927
05:26:14,600 --> 05:26:18,300
intelligence was a lesson 
learned by medieval rulers that 

5928
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:20,500
are still applicable to 
contemporary National Security 

5929
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:24,100
strategy, modern intelligence 
funding and financial management

5930
05:26:24,100 --> 05:26:26,600
have their roots. 
In the economic principles that 

5931
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:28,900
guided medieval intelligence 
operations. 

5932
05:26:29,800 --> 05:26:32,600
Just as it was for medieval spy,
Master's attempting to pay 

5933
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:35,900
agents covertly the problem of 
financing covid. 

5934
05:26:35,900 --> 05:26:38,400
Operations without leaving, 
audit trails, that hostile 

5935
05:26:38,400 --> 05:26:40,400
Services could use is still 
present today. 

5936
05:26:40,400 --> 05:26:43,900
Modern intelligence services are
still confronted with the moral 

5937
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:46,300
and legal, dilemmas brought up 
by medieval Espionage 

5938
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,300
operations. 
Modern democratic societies, 

5939
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:52,700
must strike a balance between 
security requirements, legal 

5940
05:26:52,700 --> 05:26:55,000
restrictions, and ethical 
principles. 

5941
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:58,200
Medieval societies grappled with
the conflict, between the 

5942
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:00,800
Practical necessity of 
intelligence work and 

5943
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,000
traditional moral and legal 
principles, modern intelligence.

5944
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:06,700
Technology development is 
characterized by patterns of 

5945
05:27:06,708 --> 05:27:09,900
adaptation and creativity that 
were established by the 

5946
05:27:09,900 --> 05:27:12,500
technological innovations. 
Pioneered by medieval 

5947
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:15,400
intelligence Networks. 
In the same way that 

5948
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:17,900
contemporary intelligence 
agencies, modify commercial 

5949
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,600
Technologies for security 
applications, medieval spies who

5950
05:27:21,600 --> 05:27:24,400
modified civilian Technologies 
for intelligence purposes. 

5951
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:28,200
Started a tradition, medieval 
intelligence Works global Scopes

5952
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:30,800
set the stage for contemporary 
intelligence competition and 

5953
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:33,900
collaboration cross. 
Political, medieval intelligence

5954
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:36,800
networks, created models for 
state to state intelligence 

5955
05:27:36,800 --> 05:27:40,400
cooperation and competition. 
That still have an impact on 

5956
05:27:40,400 --> 05:27:42,300
contemporary International 
intelligence, cooperation 

5957
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:46,700
literature entertainment and the
general Public's perception of 

5958
05:27:46,700 --> 05:27:49,500
intelligence work, all reflect 
the cultural influence of 

5959
05:27:49,508 --> 05:27:52,800
medieval Espionage and continued
to shape how contemporary 

5960
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:56,300
societies view spies and 
intelligence organizations. 

5961
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,500
The way intelligence work is 
portrayed and understood in 

5962
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:01,800
popular culture is still 
influenced by The Narrative 

5963
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:05,400
patterns created by medieval 
Tales of spies and secret 

5964
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,000
agents. 
The value of historical analysis

5965
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:10,500
for contemporary intelligence 
work was established by the 

5966
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:13,800
institutional memory, that 
medieval intelligence networks 

5967
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:17,500
Preserve Medieval practitioners 
set the standard for 

5968
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:20,200
contemporary intelligence 
services that preserve 

5969
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:23,200
historical records and analyze 
past operations to enhance 

5970
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,500
present performance by learning 
from the successes and failures 

5971
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:30,100
of early operations. 
Most significantly medieval 

5972
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:34,500
Espionage showed that at its 
core intelligence work is not 

5973
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:37,700
about technology or 
institutional Frameworks but 

5974
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:42,000
rather about human relationships
and psychology, the success or 

5975
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:45,400
failure of medieval spies was 
determined by their capacity to 

5976
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:47,100
comprehend and influence human 
behavior. 

5977
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:50,800
A skill that is essential to 
intelligence operations, even 

5978
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:53,400
with all of the modern era's 
technological, advancements. 

5979
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:56,600
Modern intelligence services are
still influenced by the moral 

5980
05:28:56,600 --> 05:28:59,300
and Professional Standards set 
by The Bravery and commitment of

5981
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:02,700
medieval intelligence agents. 
Modern intelligence 

5982
05:29:02,700 --> 05:29:05,400
professionals are still inspired
by the traditions of Service 

5983
05:29:05,400 --> 05:29:09,200
established by medieval spies 
who risk their lives for causes.

5984
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:12,200
They supported upheld 
Professional Standards in the 

5985
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:15,400
face of personal danger, and 
serve their societies without 

5986
05:29:15,400 --> 05:29:18,700
much credit or compensation, the
principles and techniques that 

5987
05:29:18,700 --> 05:29:21,700
were initially developed by 
those Anonymous medieval agents,

5988
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:26,400
who traveled, muddy roads, slept
in flea-infested ins and risk 

5989
05:29:26,400 --> 05:29:28,300
their lives to gather 
information that would shape, 

5990
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:31,500
the course of history are still 
used by modern intelligence 

5991
05:29:31,500 --> 05:29:34,200
agencies, as they confront new 
challenges, from International 

5992
05:29:34,200 --> 05:29:38,400
terrorism, technological change,
and evolving security threats. 

5993
05:29:38,400 --> 05:29:41,500
Think about the amazing people 
whose stories we have told 

5994
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:43,900
tonight, as you get ready to 
close this, chapter of history 

5995
05:29:43,900 --> 05:29:47,100
and go to sleep, they were 
regular people who made 

5996
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:50,400
extraordinary Life Choices. 
People who put up with 

5997
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:54,100
discomfort risk and anonymity 
for causes that frequently 

5998
05:29:54,100 --> 05:29:56,200
brought the little reward and 
little recognition. 

5999
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:59,400
The glitzy characters of 
contemporary fiction were not. 

6000
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:01,600
The medieval spies whose stories
we have exam. 

6001
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:04,200
And rather they were perhaps 
more admirable. 

6002
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:07,800
Actual people who bravely 
creatively and resolutely face 

6003
05:30:07,800 --> 05:30:11,000
real challenges, They 
contributed to historical 

6004
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:12,700
advancements. 
That shape, the world we 

6005
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:15,500
inherited solved problems. 
That would have challenged 

6006
05:30:15,500 --> 05:30:18,900
contemporary professionals and 
upheld their integrity and 

6007
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:20,900
situations that would have 
broken many others. 

6008
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:25,000
These underappreciated Heroes of
medieval statecraft servers a 

6009
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:28,200
reminder that history has shaped
by the innumerable people who 

6010
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:31,500
labor silently in the background
to maintain Communications, 

6011
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:35,500
gather information and provide 
the intelligence necessary for 

6012
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:39,300
effective leadership not just by
kings and queens, conflicts and 

6013
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:41,800
treaties. 
Their contribution should be 

6014
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:44,400
honored because they were the 
unsung heroes of their time. 

6015
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:47,800
Their experiences also serve as 
a reminder that the problems 

6016
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:51,100
intelligence professionals. 
Face such as striking, a balance

6017
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:54,100
between security and 
Effectiveness juggling personal,

6018
05:30:54,100 --> 05:30:56,800
and professional commitments, 
and balancing morally 

6019
05:30:56,800 --> 05:31:01,000
challenging, but necessary work 
a universal human struggles that

6020
05:31:01,000 --> 05:31:05,000
cut across all time periods, 
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 

6021
05:31:05,000 --> 05:31:08,800
Coded messages, concealed in 
merchant letters or courageous 

6022
05:31:08,800 --> 05:31:10,500
people. 
Walking perilous roads in 

6023
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:13,600
support of causes they believed 
in they come to mind as you 

6024
05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:17,500
drift off to sleep. 
These dreams introduce you to a 

6025
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,300
never-ending tale of 
selflessness service, and unsung

6026
05:31:20,300 --> 05:31:22,500
bravery that has influenced our 
world. 

6027
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:26,000
In ways we hardly ever recognize
all the lives of the medieval 

6028
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:28,400
spies we've met tonight were 
frequently uncomfortable. 

6029
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:32,400
Dangerous and little known. 
Their work was vital to the 

6030
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,500
societies. 
They served They serve as a 

6031
05:31:35,500 --> 05:31:37,500
reminder. 
That Civilization is not solely 

6032
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:39,600
dependent on the well known 
people whose names. 

6033
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:42,100
We can still recall. 
But also on the innumerable 

6034
05:31:42,100 --> 05:31:45,800
unnamed people who make 
incalculable frequently unseen, 

6035
05:31:45,800 --> 05:31:49,700
but always vital contributions 
to the common good rest easy. 

6036
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:51,800
Knowing that you've spent the 
evening with some of the bravest

6037
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:55,000
and most devoted people in 
history, people, whose 

6038
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:57,600
dedication to service and 
willingness to make sacrifices 

6039
05:31:57,600 --> 05:32:01,000
for the greater good made. 
Traditions, that still serve and

6040
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:04,600
protect our contemporary world. 
Every intelligence professional 

6041
05:32:04,600 --> 05:32:07,600
who carries on their work 
carries on their legacy and 

6042
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:10,200
their memory is honored. 
Every time we remember that true

6043
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,900
heroism frequently doesn't wear 
a uniform and doesn't seek 

6044
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:17,700
recognition, sweet dreams and 
may you rest in peace, knowing 

6045
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:20,200
that courageous people have 
always worked in silence to 

6046
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:22,900
defend the society. 
As they served requesting 

6047
05:32:22,900 --> 05:32:25,200
nothing more than the 
Fulfillment of their Duty and 

6048
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:27,100
service to cause his bigger than
themselves.