Boring History | What Did Ancient Romans Really Eat Every Day? | Black Screen

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Hey friends! 
Tonight we're heading back to 

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the bustling kitchens and Smoky 
Street stools of ancient Rome 

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not for Grand Feast with 
Emperors but a discover what 

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everyday people actually ate. 
Boiler, it wasn't always olives 

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and wine at times. 
Fish sauce was used on all 

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dishes and we truly mean all 
dishes. 

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From barley porridge and honey, 
dorms to communal ovens and fast

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food stalls. 
Roman Cuisine was surprisingly, 

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inventive and occasionally 
questionable. 

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So before we roll into our 
little history story tonight, 

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take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe if you have not 

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already done. 
So also, please let us know 

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where you are tuning in from and
what it is. 

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Indeed for you. 
Now, dim your lights, grab that 

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blanket. 
Of course. 

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And let's get started, shall we?
Imagine yourself waking up in 

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ancient Rome at surround 158 and
stumbling towards your modest 

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apartment's kitchen. 
Your stomach is growling and 

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your dreaming of scrambled eggs,
toast with butter and maybe some

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orange juice. 
Well friend you're about to 

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discover that Roman breakfast 
was about as exciting as 

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watching paint dry on a humid 
day. 

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You see Romans didn't really do 
breakfast the way we think of 

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it. 
They had something called iron 

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which sounds fancy Until you 
realize it was basically, 

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whatever leftover bread you 
could find from yesterday, maybe

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dipped in wine if you were 
feeling particularly festive, 

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There were no eggs, benedict 
served here, just you some stale

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bread and the faint. 
Hope that lunch might be more 

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interesting. 
The Romans had this peculiar 

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relationship with morning meals.
That would make modern 

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nutritionists weep. 
They considered eating a big 

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breakfast to be somewhat 
gluttonous like wearing pajamas 

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to a board meeting. 
It just wasn't done. 

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If you had any sense of dignity,
instead they'd nibble on bread, 

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perhaps some cheese, if they 
were lucky and call it good 

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enough. 
If you were Rich enough to have 

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servants Fanning you with palm 
fronds, you might have had honey

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on your bread or olives. 
But for most Romans breakfast 

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was less rise and shine and more
rise and make do with whatever's

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not growing. 
Mold, the fascinating thing 

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about Roman food culture is how 
backwards it seems to us. 

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Now we've got our coffee shops 
on every corner, our breakfast, 

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burrito's and Our Endless. 
Cereal aisles that stretch like 

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ancient, Roman roads, But 
Roman's, they save their energy 

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for the real meal of the day 
which came much later. 

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Breakfast was just fuel to get 
you through the mornings. 

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Work, like putting just enough 
gas in your car, to reach the 

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next station. 
You'd wash down, your mega 

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breakfast with water, maybe some
diluted wine if you were feeling

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fancy or if the water looked 
particularly suspicious that 

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day, Roman water systems were 
impressive. 

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Sure, but you still have to be 
careful. 

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A little wine in your morning, 
drink wasn't about getting 

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tipsy, it was about not getting 
sick from whatever might be 

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swimming around in your cup. 
The bread itself would have been

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darker and coarser than what 
we're used to today. 

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Think of it as the ancient 
equivalent of whole grain except

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it wasn't a Health Choice. 
It was just what happened when 

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you ground wheat with primitive 
tools. 

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Sometimes you'd find intriguing 
surprises in your bread like 

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bits of Stone from the grinding 
process, Romans had strong 

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teeth. 
Or at least they did until they 

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didn't, you could get goat's 
milk if you lived in the country

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cows milk was more of a luxury 
item like truffle oil or premium

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vanilla extract today. 
Most Romans in the city would 

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have looked at you. 
Strangely, if you suggested 

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starting the day with a big 
glass of cold milk, just wasn't 

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part of their world. 
The relationship between the 

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morning meal and social class 
was intricate and multifaceted a

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wealthy Roman might have had 
slaves preparing. 

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Elaborate breads with various 
seeds and nuts baked in. 

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While a poor Roman was grateful 
for any bread at all. 

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The disparity between the 
affluent and the impoverished. 

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During breakfast time was 
comparable to the difference 

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between a luxurious continental 
breakfast at a five-star hotel 

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and a simple bowl of oatmeal, 
five star hotel and Amiga 

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breakfast from a gas station at 
6:00 a.m. 

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So there you are as an ancient 
Roman finishing, your modest 

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breakfast and preparing for the 
day ahead. 

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Your stomach isn't exactly 
singing with satisfaction but 

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you're fed enough to function. 
The real excitement, the actual 

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meal worth waiting for is still 
hours away. 

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But don't worry when it comes, 
it'll be worth the wait, even if

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it's not what you expect, so 
you've made it through your 

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underwhelming, Roman breakfast 
and now you're wondering about 

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lunch. 
Here's where things get 

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interesting Romans had this meal
called prandium which was sort 

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of like lunch except it wasn't 
really lunch the way we 

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understand it. 
It resembled a snack with a 

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sense of grandeur, think of 
brandium as the middle child of 

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Roman meals, overlooked 
underappreciated and often 

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forgotten entirely Most Romans 
would grab something quick and 

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light around midday assuming 
they were remembered to eat at 

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all. 
They were busy people, these 

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Romans, what were their empire 
building and their complex 

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social hierarchies to maintain 
If you were a working class 

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Roman, your lunch might have 
been a chunk of bread with some 

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cheese, maybe an apple. 
If you were lucky enough to find

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one that hadn't been cleaned by 
someone higher up the social 

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ladder, you did it quickly 
probably while standing and then

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get back to whatever important 
Roman business, you had to 

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attend to There were no 
leisurely lunch breaks, where 

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co-workers were discussed, the 
latest Gladiator matches. 

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The wealthy Road, Romans 
naturally had a different 

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approach to mid-day eating. 
They might have had cold meats, 

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some fruit and perhaps a bit of 
wine that was actually good in 

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state of the stuff that could 
strip paint. 

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But even they didn't make a big 
production of it. 

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Lunch was like a brief 
intermission in the play of 

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daily life acknowledged but not 
the main event. 

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Here's something that might 
surprise. 

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You Romans were big on cold 
lunches. 

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This was not due to their 
proclivity for meal prep, but 

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rather due to the impracticality
of preparing, a full meal in the

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middle of the day, most Romans 
living in cities didn't have 

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proper kitchens anyway. 
They lived in apartments that 

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would make modern studio 
dwellers, feel positively 

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spacious and cooking for 
facilities were shared or 

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non-existent. 
You'd find Romans eating lunch 

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in taverns, which was scattered 
throughout the cities like, 

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ancient food courts. 
These worked fanciest 

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establishments. 
Think more like a combination of

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a gas station Daly. 
And a sports bar, minus the 

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sports and the bar part. 
Food was cheap quick and 

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designed to keep you going 
rather than to impress anyone. 

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The typical Tavern. 
Lunch might include some 

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hard-boiled eggs, olives, bread 
and cheese. 

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If you are feeling adventurous, 
you might try some of the 

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prepared foods. 
They had sitting out though. 

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The concept of food safety was 
about as developed as their 

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understanding of germs, which is
to say not at all. 

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Fish was popular at lunch, 
especially if you live near the 

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coast. 
Romans have this thing for fish 

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sauce called gurram, which was 
basically the catch up of the 

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ancient world. 
They put it on everything and I 

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mean everything. 
Imagine if someone today decided

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that ranch dressing should go on
every single food item that's 

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Romans with their fish sauce. 
It was made from fermented fish 

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and testings which sounds 
absolutely horrifying Until you 

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realize. 
It's basically the ancestor of 

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Worcestershire sauce if you were
traveling, your lunch options 

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became even more limited. 
Roman roads were excellent for 

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getting from point A to point B 
but they weren't exactly lined 

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with convenient restaurants. 
You'd pack some bread, maybe 

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some dried meat and hope for the
best. 

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It was the ancient equivalent of
grabbing a protein bar and 

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hoping you'd find something 
better later. 

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Timing of lunch was also 
flexible in a way that would 

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confuse modern schedulers. 
Romans didn't have precise time 

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keeping the way we do. 
So lunchtime was more of a 

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general concept than a specific 
hour. 

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You wait, when you felt hungry 
and when you had free time, 

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which sometimes meant not eating
at all. 

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What's really fascinating, is 
how Romans viewed this meal or 

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lack thereof? 
They didn't see skipping lunch 

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as a hardship or a sign of being
too busy. 

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It was just part of life. 
It was saving their energy and 

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appetite for the real meal of 
the day. 

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Everything else was just keeping
the engine running until the 

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main event that comes the fun 
part shopping for the evening 

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meal which was where Roman's 
really showed their coloring 

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colors. 
But before you start imagining 

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neat grocery store aisles and 
shopping carts. 

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Let me paint you a picture of 
what food shopping actually 

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looked like in ancient Rome. 
First, you'd head to the local 

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market which was less like a 
modern supermarket and more like

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a chaotic Festival where 
everyone was trying to sell you 

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something. 
The noise alone would have been 

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overwhelming vendors shouting 
about their Wares. 

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Customers haggling over prices 
and animals, making whatever 

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sounds animals make when they're
about to become dinner. 

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It was like Black Friday, but 
every day with more chickens, 

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You'd start at the bread stalls 
because bread was the foundation

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of every Roman meal. 
The Bakers would have their 

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loaves, displayed, you'd need to
choose carefully. 

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Some bread was better than 
others and you could tell a lot 

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about someone social status by 
the quality of bread. 

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They bought. 
White bread was for the wealthy,

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darker bread was for everyone 
else. 

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It was like a carbohydrate bass 
social hierarchy. 

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The meat section would have been
an adventure in itself. 

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Romans consumed, Port lamb goat 
and beef. 

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However, beef was expensive and 
typically reserved for special 

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occasions. 
You'd see whole animals hanging 

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in the Stalls and the butcher 
would cut off whatever piece you

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want to right there. 
No neat packages wrapped in 

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plastic. 
Just you a butcher and whatever 

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animal was looking at you with 
those reproachful dead eyes. 

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Poultry was popular among the 
Romans, especially chicken, but 

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they also consumed Ducks geese 
and various other types of 

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birds, they had a particular 
fondness for stuffed dormice, 

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which sounds adorable Until you 
realize they were being stuffed 

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for dinner not as toys. 
Romans had some interesting 

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ideas about what constituted 
good eating. 

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The fish market would have been 
a sensory experience you'd never

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forget. 
Romans love their seafood and 

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they had access to both 
freshwater and saltwater fish. 

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You'd find everything from 
simple sardines to elaborate 

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preparations of mullet and sea 
bass. 

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The smell would have been 
intense. 

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Imagine the strongest fish 
market you've ever encountered 

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then, multiply it by about 
10:00. 

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Vegetables were sold by farmers 
who bring their produce from the

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countryside. 
You'd find onions, garlic leeks,

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cabbage, turnips, and various 
screens to make tomatoes didn't 

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exist yet. 
It was still hanging out in the 

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Americas, waiting to be 
discovered. 

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So Roman Cuisine was a lot less 
red than you might expect. 

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Fruits were seasonal 
Impressions, Apple's pears, 

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greats, and figs were common, 
but citrus fruits were exotic 

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Imports that cost more than most
people could afford. 

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If you desired an orange, it 
would be advisable to have the 

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ancient equivalent of a trust 
fund. the spice vendors will 

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like ancient drug dealers, but 
legal and with better business 

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licenses Pepper was incredibly 
valuable. 

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So valuable that it was 
sometimes used as currency. 

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Salt was essential for 
preserving food and Romans had 

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some pretty sophisticated ideas,
about different types of salt. 

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In their uses wine was sold 
everywhere and it came in 

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various qualities. 
The excellent stuff was for 

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special occasions and wealthy 
people. 

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While the everyday wine was more
like alcoholic vinegar, Romans 

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mixed their wine with water 
which was partly about taste and

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partly about not falling over 
before dinner was finished. 

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Shopping was not just about 
buying food, it was a social 

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activity, you'd run in to 
neighbors, catch up on gossip. 

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And probably hear about the 
latest political scandals. 

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The market was like Facebook, 
but with actual faces and fewer 

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privacy settings, you'd need to 
bring your containers for 

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00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:26,900
liquids and loose items. 
No. 

232
00:11:26,900 --> 00:11:30,100
Convenient bottles or bags. 
Just whatever Pottery or baskets

233
00:11:30,100 --> 00:11:33,800
you could carry If you lived in 
one of those multi-story, 

234
00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,300
apartment buildings and had to 
carry everything up narrow 

235
00:11:36,300 --> 00:11:38,700
stairs, shopping became a 
workout in itself. 

236
00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:42,400
The whole experience would have 
taken most of the day and you'd 

237
00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,000
need to be a skilled negotiator 
to get acceptable prices. 

238
00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:49,100
Romans expected, haggling the 
way, we expect barcodes, it was 

239
00:11:49,108 --> 00:11:52,000
just part of the process. 
You'd start with an outrageous 

240
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,100
price work your way down and 
eventually settle on something 

241
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:57,900
that made both parties. 
Slightly unhappy which meant it 

242
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:00,300
was probably fair. 
So you've survived the market 

243
00:12:00,300 --> 00:12:02,400
experience and made it home with
your purchases. 

244
00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:06,000
Now comes to the fun part. 
Actually cooking the food. 

245
00:12:07,100 --> 00:12:09,900
But here's where things get 
really interesting because Roman

246
00:12:09,900 --> 00:12:11,700
kitchens were nothing like what 
you're imagining. 

247
00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:15,700
If you lived in a typical Roman 
apartment, your kitchen might 

248
00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:18,700
have been a small Brazier 
basically a metal bowl with some

249
00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:20,200
charcoal in it. 
That's it. 

250
00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:23,808
There were no counters cabinets 
or refrigerators humming in the 

251
00:12:23,816 --> 00:12:26,000
corner. 
You do your cooking crouched 

252
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:26,800
over. 
This tiny fire. 

253
00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,300
Probably in a space that was 
barely bigger than a modern 

254
00:12:29,300 --> 00:12:31,300
closet. 
It was like trying to prepare 

255
00:12:31,300 --> 00:12:33,500
Thanksgiving dinner. 
Using only a Hibachi Grill. 

256
00:12:33,500 --> 00:12:37,000
The smoke from your cooking 
fire, had to go somewhere, and 

257
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:38,500
that somewhere was usually 
everywhere. 

258
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:41,900
Roman Apartments were known for 
their ventilation systems. 

259
00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:45,200
You'd open a window if you had 
one but mostly you just lived 

260
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:47,800
with the smoke. 
Everyone smelled, like cooking 

261
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:50,200
food all the time which was 
either the Charming or 

262
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:51,800
horrified, depending on your 
perspective. 

263
00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:55,300
If you were wealthy enough to 
have a proper house, you might 

264
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:57,200
have had a real kitchen with a 
stone half. 

265
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,500
Maybe even a small oven, but 
even these kitchens would have 

266
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:02,000
seen primitive by modern 
standards. 

267
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,300
The cooking area lacked running 
water and lacked knob, 

268
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,800
controlled gas burners. 
Everything was fire-based which 

269
00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:10,800
meant it took longer and 
required more attention. 

270
00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:15,000
Roman cooking was all about 
timing and patience you couldn't

271
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,300
just set a timer and walk away. 
You had to stay with your food 

272
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,900
watching it, adjusting the heat 
by moving, coals around and 

273
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:24,800
turning things by hand. 
It was like meditation. 

274
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:28,800
Except if you meditated wrong 
Dina burned, The most common 

275
00:13:28,800 --> 00:13:31,200
cooking vessel was a clay pot 
called an Olla. 

276
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,300
These came in various sizes and 
we were used for everything from

277
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:38,000
boiling water to making. 
Stews, Romans also had hands, 

278
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,100
but they were made of bronze or 
iron, not the nonstick. 

279
00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:44,300
One wonders were used to 
everything stuck to it, which 

280
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,100
made cooking an exercise in both
skill and frustration. 

281
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:51,500
Spices were grounded by hand 
using a mortar and pestle, which

282
00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:53,400
was an excellent exercise for 
your arms. 

283
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,700
But time-consuming you'd spend a
good portion of your cooking 

284
00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:00,500
time just preparing ingredients.
There were no food processors, 

285
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:05,200
no pre-chopped vegetables and no
shortcuts every meal was earned 

286
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,400
through actual physical labor. 
Storage was another challenge 

287
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:12,000
entirely without Refrigeration. 
You had to be creative about 

288
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,200
keeping food fresh. 
Romans used various preservation

289
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,000
techniques salting smoking 
drying and fermentation. 

290
00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:22,200
They had underground storage 
areas called Sally for wine and 

291
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,700
other perishables that these 
were mainly for the wealthy For 

292
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,400
most Romans, you bought what you
needed for that day's meal and 

293
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,900
not much more leftovers were 
problematic without Proper 

294
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:34,500
Storage so you learn to prepare 
just enough food for your 

295
00:14:34,508 --> 00:14:36,600
family. 
This meant shopping more 

296
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,400
frequently, but it also meant 
your food was always fresh 

297
00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,900
water, for cooking had to be 
carried from public fountains or

298
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:45,200
Wells. 
There was no turning on a tap. 

299
00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:47,500
You'd fill your water jars and 
carry them home. 

300
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:51,400
Then use that water sparingly, 
this approach made cooking more 

301
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:54,300
deliberate and less wasteful 
than modern cooking tents to be.

302
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:57,500
The Roman had some clever 
cooking techniques that worked 

303
00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:01,500
around their limitations, they'd
use honey as a preservative wine

304
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:04,900
as a cooking liquid and various 
herbs to mask the taste of food 

305
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,000
that was starting to turn. 
They became masters of one pot. 

306
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,400
Cooking out of necessity, 
creating complex flavors in 

307
00:15:11,408 --> 00:15:14,100
simple vessels. 
Baking was usually done. 

308
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:16,400
Communally. 
Most people didn't have ovens, 

309
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,200
so they prepare their bread 
dough at home and then take it 

310
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:20,700
to a communal Bakery, to be 
baked. 

311
00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:24,400
This practice created a social 
aspect to bread making that 

312
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:26,500
we've completely lost in modern 
times. 

313
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,700
The timing of food preparation 
was crucial because Romans ate 

314
00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:33,000
their main meal in the late 
afternoon or early evening. 

315
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:37,100
You need to start cooking hours 
before you plan to eat if you 

316
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,900
were preparing anything complex.
There was no ordering takeout. 

317
00:15:40,900 --> 00:15:44,000
If you ran out of time, you ate 
what you managed to prepare, or 

318
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:46,900
you didn't eat much at all. 
Despite all these challenges 

319
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:50,900
Romans to create some truly 
sophisticated dishes, they were 

320
00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:54,300
creative resourceful, and 
surprisingly Innovative in their

321
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:57,500
approach to cooking. 
They had to be their survival 

322
00:15:57,500 --> 00:16:00,000
depended on it. 
Finally, we reached the scene, 

323
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,000
her the main meal of the day and
the one Roman's actually cared 

324
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,400
about this meal was where they 
put their effort, their money, 

325
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:10,500
and their social energy. 
If breakfast was a handshake and

326
00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,300
lunch was a brief nod, dinner 
was a full embrace, the timing 

327
00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:15,800
of dinner would seem strange to 
us. 

328
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,600
Roman's typically ate their main
meal in the late afternoon or 

329
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,700
early evening. 
When the days work was done and 

330
00:16:21,700 --> 00:16:23,600
there was still enough light to 
see what you were eating. 

331
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:26,600
This wasn't about candle At 
Romance. 

332
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:30,900
It was about practicality. 
Lamp oil was expensive and you 

333
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:33,200
wanted to enjoy your food while 
you could actually see it. 

334
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,300
For ordinary Romans dinner was a
simple but satisfying Affair. 

335
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,300
You'd gather with your family 
around a low table, sitting on 

336
00:16:41,308 --> 00:16:45,000
stools, or benches the meal 
would center around bread, which

337
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,400
was eaten with everything and 
used as utensil. 

338
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,800
You tear off pieces and use them
to scoop up other foods. 

339
00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:53,400
Like an ancient version of a 
dinner roll, that actually 

340
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,500
worked for something. 
The main dish was often a 

341
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,300
porridge or stew called pulse 
which was made from various 

342
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:02,100
grains and whatever, vegetables 
meat or fish you could afford 

343
00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:05,400
Sound boring, a Romans had 
perfected. 

344
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,500
The art of making porridge 
fascinating, they'd add herbs 

345
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:11,800
spices, bits of meat vegetables.
And that you bicker to fish 

346
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:13,800
sauce. 
It was like the ancient 

347
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,099
equivalent of a delicious 
risotto if Rosato were made from

348
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:18,500
whatever you happen to have on 
hand. 

349
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:22,800
If you could afford meat, it was
usually pork lamb or goat. 

350
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:26,800
Chicken was also popular, and 
Romans had some intriguing ways 

351
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,300
of preparing it. 
They'd stuff, it with various 

352
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,600
mixtures, roast it with herbs or
cook it and wine sources that 

353
00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,300
would make modern chefs jealous.
The key was maximizing flavor 

354
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:39,300
with few ingredients. 
Vegetables played a supporting 

355
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,500
role but an important one, 
Romans ate a lot of cabbage, 

356
00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:44,900
onions, leeks and various 
greens. 

357
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:48,200
They prepared vegetables in ways
that would surprise modern Cooks

358
00:17:48,200 --> 00:17:51,800
often cooking them for much 
longer than we do today creating

359
00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,300
soft flavorful dishes that were 
easy to digest. 

360
00:17:55,300 --> 00:17:58,100
The wealthy Romans naturally had
completely different dinner 

361
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:00,700
experience their meals. 
Were elaborate Affairs that 

362
00:18:00,708 --> 00:18:03,100
could last for hours and include
multiple courses. 

363
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,900
They'd recline on couches. 
Yes, they literally laid down to

364
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:11,400
eat and Be served by slaves who 
brought course after course have

365
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:14,800
increasingly exotic foods, rich?
Romans might start with, 

366
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:19,800
gustatio appetizers like eggs 
olives, honey, glazed ham or 

367
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,900
various Seafood preparations. 
Then came the main courses which

368
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:26,600
could include roasted. 
Peacock stuffed wild boar, or 

369
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,600
elaborate fish dishes. 
They'd finish with sweet things.

370
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,900
Like Honey, Cakes or fruit. 
The really well, he would serve 

371
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,100
foods that were expensive. 
Not because they tasted 

372
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:37,100
excellent. 
But because they were rare or 

373
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:40,200
difficult to obtain. 
Flamingo tongues for example 

374
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,800
were a delicacy not because they
were delicious, but because they

375
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:47,500
were exotic and expensive. 
It was like serving gold, flake 

376
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:50,300
ice cream today. 
More about showing off than 

377
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:54,000
actual flavor. 
Wine was an essential part of 

378
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:55,600
dinner for everyone who could 
afford it. 

379
00:18:56,300 --> 00:18:58,900
The Romans developed 
sophisticated ideas about why 

380
00:18:58,900 --> 00:19:02,800
creating different types for 
various occasions, they'd mixed 

381
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:05,000
their wine with water. 
And sometimes with honey or 

382
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,600
spices, the quality of wine. 
You served set a lot about your 

383
00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:10,200
social status and your 
hospitality. 

384
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:14,400
The social aspect of dinner was 
just as important as the food. 

385
00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:18,000
This was when families came 
together, when friends visited, 

386
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:22,200
and when business was discussed,
Dinner was the social media of 

387
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:24,900
ancient Rome. 
It's where news was shared 

388
00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:28,100
relationships were built and 
social hierarchies were 

389
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,600
reinforced Romans had specific 
etiquette around dinner. 

390
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,800
That would seem strange to us. 
They ate with their fingers, but

391
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,500
there were rules about which 
ones to use and how to use them 

392
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:39,600
gracefully. 
They'd wash their hands 

393
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,500
frequently throughout the meal 
and servants would bring water 

394
00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:46,200
and towels between horses. 
The conversation at dinner was 

395
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:47,800
supposed to be pleasant and 
educational. 

396
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:51,300
Romans valued wit and 
intelligence of the dinner table

397
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:54,200
and a good host would guide the 
conversation to interesting 

398
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,200
topics. 
Politics, philosophy literature.

399
00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,200
Anything that would stimulate 
the mind while the body was 

400
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:02,400
being nourished. 
After the main course is the 

401
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:05,600
sweet finale, arrived. 
But Roman deserts were quite 

402
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:06,900
different from what you might 
expect. 

403
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:09,300
They didn't have sugar in the 
way, we know it. 

404
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:12,200
That was still centuries away 
from being common in Europe 

405
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:17,200
instead, Romans relied on honey,
fruit, and various inventive 

406
00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:19,700
combinations to satiate their 
sweet cravings. 

407
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:23,200
Honey was the star of Roman 
desserts. 

408
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:27,100
They used it in everything, 
drizzled over fresh fruit. 

409
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:31,300
Mixed into cakes and combined 
with nuts to make early versions

410
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:34,300
of nougat. 
Roman beekeepers were skilled 

411
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,100
Craftsmen and different types of
honey were prized for their 

412
00:20:37,100 --> 00:20:40,000
unique flavors. 
Time honey was particularly 

413
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,200
valued and Romans would pay 
premium prices for honey from 

414
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,700
specific regions. 
Roman cakes were dense. 

415
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:49,200
Sweet Affairs. 
That bore little resemblance to 

416
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,800
Modern birthday cakes. 
They were made with flour, eggs,

417
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,500
honey, and various nuts or dried
fruits. 

418
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,500
One, popular dessert was Lie, 
them, the cheesecake like 

419
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,000
creation that was often used in 
religious ceremonies as well as 

420
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,700
eating for pleasure. 
It was Heavy rich and probably 

421
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:07,600
would have left, you feeling 
pleasantly stuffed. 

422
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:10,800
Fruit was offered in the 
simplest and most satisfying 

423
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,800
into a meal. 
Romans had access to Apple's 

424
00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,000
pears, greats, figs and various 
berries. 

425
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,300
They'd sometimes cook fruit with
honey and wine to create compost

426
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:21,800
or they dry fruit to preserve it
for later. 

427
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:25,900
Use fresh fruit was seasonal and
pressure making it feel special 

428
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,900
when it appeared on the table 
but here's where Roman Cuisine 

429
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,800
gets from really interesting. 
They ate some things that would 

430
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:34,000
make modern diners run screaming
from the table. 

431
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,100
Remember those stuffed door, 
misses I mentioned earlier, 

432
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:39,600
Romans considered them, adela's 
sea. 

433
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,500
They'd fatten up dormice in 
special jars and stuff them with

434
00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:46,500
pork, pine nuts, and various 
seasoning before roasting them. 

435
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,700
It was like ancient Roman Tapas 
except with more adorable 

436
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:53,400
Woodland creatures. 
Romans also had a thing for 

437
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:55,200
organ meats, that would 
challenge even the most 

438
00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:59,400
adventurous, modern foodie they 
ate brains kidneys, liver and 

439
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:02,600
various other parts of animals 
that we typically avoid these 

440
00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:05,000
weren't poverty Foods. 
They were often considered 

441
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:08,700
Delicacies Roman Cooks had 
developed sophisticated ways of 

442
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:11,300
preparing. 
These organs often disguising 

443
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:14,100
their texture and enhancing 
their flavors with herbs and 

444
00:22:14,108 --> 00:22:16,100
spices. 
Sea. 

445
00:22:16,100 --> 00:22:17,500
Urchins were another Roman 
favorite? 

446
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:21,000
That might surprise you, they 
eat them raw like, ancient Sushi

447
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:22,600
or cook them in various 
preparations. 

448
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,000
Romans living near the coast had
access to all sorts of seafood. 

449
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:28,600
That was both familiar and 
exotic. 

450
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:32,000
They did everything from simple 
sardines to elaborate 

451
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,400
preparations of eels and Rays. 
The famous Roman fish sauce. 

452
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,100
Garam deserves special mention 
because it was a ubiquitous 

453
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:42,700
ingredient in Roman Cuisine. 
Guerra, The Source made from 

454
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,600
fermented fishing. 
Testers was considered the Umami

455
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:47,800
bomb of the ancient world 
Roman's. 

456
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:51,100
Put it on everything meets 
vegetables and even desserts 

457
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:55,200
sometimes it was salty, pungent,
and absolutely essential to 

458
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,100
Roman cooking. 
The best garam was made from 

459
00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:00,700
tuner intestines and was 
expensive enough to be a luxury 

460
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:03,600
item. 
Romans also ate various birds 

461
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,300
that we don't typically consider
food today. 

462
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:08,900
Peacocks swans and even 
ostriches appeared on Wealthy 

463
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:11,600
Roman tables. 
These were often prepared as 

464
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,600
much for spectacle. 
As for Taste, imagine a roasted 

465
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:16,900
peacock with its feathers 
replaced for presentation. 

466
00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:19,800
It was the epitome of elaborate 
dinner theater. 

467
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,100
One particularly strange, Roman 
delicacy was molsom a drink made

468
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:27,300
from wine and honey. 
That was often served at the 

469
00:23:27,300 --> 00:23:30,300
beginning of meals. 
But the Romans also made a 

470
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:32,900
version with added spices that 
were supposed to a digestion. 

471
00:23:32,900 --> 00:23:36,200
It was like ancient 
Pepto-Bismol, except it was 

472
00:23:36,208 --> 00:23:39,200
alcoholic and probably didn't 
help with digestion at all. 

473
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:43,100
The Romans Had A peculiar 
relationship with eggs that went

474
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:46,300
beyond simple breakfast. 
Fair Lady eggs from various 

475
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:51,100
Birds chickens, Ducks geese, and
even ostriches ostrich eggs, 

476
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:54,300
were enormous and were often 
prepared as shared dishes for 

477
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:57,600
special occasions. 
Imagine cracking, open an egg 

478
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:01,900
that could feed a family of six.
What's fascinating is how Romans

479
00:24:01,900 --> 00:24:04,700
combined flavors in ways that 
would seem strange to us today? 

480
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,100
They'd mix sweet and savory 
regularly adding honey to meet 

481
00:24:09,100 --> 00:24:11,000
dishes and using fruit in 
preparations. 

482
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,400
We'd consider purely Savory 
they'd cook fish with fruit. 

483
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,800
Add honey to vegetables and 
create complex flavor profiles 

484
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,000
that challenge the pallet. 
The end of a Roman dinner wasn't

485
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,300
just about food. 
It was about extending the 

486
00:24:23,300 --> 00:24:25,000
social experience as long as 
possible. 

487
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,900
The meal would gradually wind 
down with more wine conversation

488
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,600
and sometimes entertainment It 
was the ancient equivalent of 

489
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:35,400
lingering over coffee and 
dessert, except with more 

490
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,700
reclining and fewer espresso 
machines as your Roman dinner, 

491
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:41,600
finally winds down and you lean 
back full and satisfied. 

492
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,600
It's worth thinking about how 
this ancient way of eating has 

493
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,000
shaped our modern world. 
The Romans weren't just eating. 

494
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,300
They were creating patterns and 
preferences that would 

495
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,200
influence. 
European Cuisine for centuries 

496
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,600
to come many of the herbs and 
spices Romans used are still 

497
00:24:55,608 --> 00:24:57,200
essential in Mediterranean 
cooking. 

498
00:24:57,200 --> 00:25:01,700
Today, oregano thyme, Rosemary 
and Sage were Roman favorites 

499
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:04,800
that modern Italian Cooks. 
Still rely on the Romans 

500
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,200
basically created the foundation
for what we now, call 

501
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,400
Mediterranean Cuisine even 
though they didn't have access 

502
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,500
to tomatoes, potatoes, or many 
of the other ingredients we 

503
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:17,300
associate with the Italian food 
today, the Roman approach to 

504
00:25:17,308 --> 00:25:20,500
Wine was revolutionary and set 
standards that winemakers still 

505
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:23,000
follow. 
They developed ideas about aging

506
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,700
about pairing wine with food and
about the social importance of 

507
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:30,200
wine that persisted today, every
time you choose a wine to go 

508
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,100
with dinner, your participating 
in a traditional that Romans 

509
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:36,200
helped to establish. 
Roman attitudes toward communal 

510
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:38,400
eating also shaped European 
culture in ways. 

511
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,700
We still see today, the idea 
that dinner should be a social 

512
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:43,900
event that meals should bring 
people together. 

513
00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:46,300
And that food is about more than
just nutrition. 

514
00:25:46,300 --> 00:25:49,800
These are all Concepts that 
Romans championed, they 

515
00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,700
understood that eating together 
was about building relationships

516
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:56,100
and strengthening communities. 
The Roman class system around 

517
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:59,000
food or established patterns 
that took centuries to break 

518
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:01,700
down. 
The idea that certain foods were

519
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:04,700
for wealthy people and others 
were for the poor, that food 

520
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:08,200
could be a status symbol and 
that elaborate meals were a way 

521
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:10,900
to display wealth and power 
these Concepts. 

522
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:15,100
Persisted long after Rome fell, 
But perhaps, most importantly, 

523
00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:18,800
Roman showed us that cooking is 
about creativity and adaptation.

524
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,400
They took whatever and gradients
they have available and found 

525
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,200
ways to make them delicious. 
They didn't have the global 

526
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,600
ingredient Market. 
We do now, but they may do, they

527
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:32,400
were resourceful, inventive and 
surprisingly sophisticated in 

528
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,700
their approach to food. 
The Roman kitchen with all its 

529
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:38,500
limitations produced, some truly
remarkable dishes. 

530
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,100
They developed techniques for 
preserving food for combining 

531
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,700
flavors and for creating complex
meals. 

532
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:47,100
From simple ingredients. 
The understood. 

533
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:49,100
The cooking was both an art and 
a science. 

534
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:51,300
Requiring skill, patience and 
creativity. 

535
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,100
Roman eating habits. 
Also remind us that food culture

536
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:58,200
is always changing. 
What seems normal to us today? 

537
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,900
Would have been completely 
foreign to Romans just as 

538
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:02,600
they're eating habits seems 
strange to us. 

539
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:06,400
They adapted to their 
circumstances, made the most of 

540
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:09,100
their resources and created a 
food culture that was 

541
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:10,700
appropriate for their time and 
place. 

542
00:27:11,900 --> 00:27:15,200
The social aspects of Roman 
dining, the conversation, the 

543
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,400
entertainment, the sense of 
community, a things we could 

544
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:22,300
perhaps, learn from today. 
Romans understood that meals 

545
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:24,300
were about more than just 
consuming calories. 

546
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,700
They were about connecting with 
other people sharing experiences

547
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,900
and creating memories. 
As you drift off to sleep 

548
00:27:30,900 --> 00:27:33,800
tonight, full of this knowledge 
about Roman eating habits. 

549
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,800
You might find yourself thinking
differently about your meals. 

550
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,900
Every time you sit down to eat 
your participating in a 

551
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:43,300
tradition that stretches back, 
thousands of years, your part of

552
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:45,900
a long chain of people who have 
gathered around tables, shared 

553
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:48,700
food and used meals as a way to 
connect with others. 

554
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:52,500
The Romans may not have had our 
modern conveniences, our Global 

555
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:55,200
ingredients or are sophisticated
cooking equipment. 

556
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,100
But they had something that's 
perhaps more valuable. 

557
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:01,200
They understood that food is 
about more than just nutrition. 

558
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,200
It's about Community creativity 
and the simple pleasure of 

559
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:06,900
sharing a meal with people you 
care about. 

560
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,200
So tomorrow morning when you're 
having your elaborate breakfast 

561
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:13,200
that would have amazed any 
Roman, remember that you're 

562
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:15,400
eating like royalty, compared to
most people throughout history, 

563
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:19,600
and maybe, just maybe you'll 
appreciate that morning meal. 

564
00:28:19,600 --> 00:28:22,800
A little bit more knowing how 
far we've come from those simple

565
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:27,900
Roman breakfasts of bread and 
wine sweet dreams and may your 

566
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:31,500
meals be as satisfying as a 
Roman Cena, minus the door mice.

567
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:36,600
Just like that. 
We've come to the end of 

568
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:40,100
tonight's main story, but if 
your mind still wandering, don't

569
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:41,900
worry. 
You know how the story goes. 

570
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:45,900
There's a whole library of tales
waiting for you from Shakespeare

571
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:48,200
to Sherlock Holmes. 
And even our most popular 

572
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:50,600
stories on the channel that we 
from time to time, throw in 

573
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:53,900
here, maybe that's the one that 
will finally lull you into sleep

574
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:56,600
or maybe not. 
And that's the mystery. 

575
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,000
We're leaving you with tonight. 
Sleep. 

576
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:02,400
Well, my friends and as always 
Good night. 

577
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:22,600
I remember the day I first came 
to court a half-starved gesture 

578
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,300
with bells on my hat jangling 
and Dread in my belly. 

579
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:30,000
The royal castle loomed ahead. 
All Greystone walls and towering

580
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:31,600
battlements against a cloudy 
skull. 

581
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:35,500
My heart thudded, as I passed 
beneath the iron Port callus. 

582
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:38,600
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

583
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:41,000
bear. 
Motley I clutched my Loot and 

584
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,000
Falls tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

585
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:46,800
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flick on 

586
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,600
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

587
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,000
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

588
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:55,400
smoke spice. 
Why? 

589
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,100
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables? 

590
00:29:59,100 --> 00:30:00,900
I followed a steward into the 
enormous Hall. 

591
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:04,400
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
through on the floor at the far 

592
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:08,000
end on a raise dayus sat King, 
Edward of England, my new master

593
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,600
He wore Airline mantle and no 
Crown yet, he radiated 

594
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:14,300
Authority. 
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 

595
00:30:14,308 --> 00:30:16,400
me as the gathered. 
Courtiers announced me as the 

596
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,600
evenings entertainment. 
Every gaze in the hall turned, 

597
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,400
my way, I felt naked despite my 
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 

598
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:27,800
I swept a deep bow arms, played 
comically nearly losing my 

599
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,100
balance for affect a few 
Chuckles. 

600
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:34,200
Broke, the silence, welcome full
called the king his voice, 

601
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,500
echoing off, the rafters, what 
do they call you? 

602
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:40,800
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 
I answered brightly hiding my 

603
00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:44,300
nerves under a grin in truth. 
My Christian name was William 

604
00:30:44,300 --> 00:30:46,600
but a new life, warrant in a new
name. 

605
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:48,800
My answer earned an approving 
smirk. 

606
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:51,800
Very well. 
Tom there to see if your humor 

607
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,000
is a sharp as your tongue is 
quick said King. 

608
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,100
Edward, he gestured for me to 
begin. 

609
00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:00,700
I started with the jaunty tune 
on my loot, a body Tavern, song 

610
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:04,400
about a Tipsy fryer, losing his 
robe to the wind, my fingers 

611
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,700
trembled on the strings, but the
melody came out, Mary and bright

612
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:10,200
laughter rows from the tables at
the choruses. 

613
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:14,100
Naughty twist, emboldened, I 
launched into a comic tale. 

614
00:31:14,100 --> 00:31:18,000
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle
life, a joke about the cook over

615
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,800
salt and the stew, equip about a
night's rusted armor, creaking 

616
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,900
like an old ox The courtiers 
geffard and even the queen hit a

617
00:31:25,900 --> 00:31:29,000
smile behind her hand. 
Warm relief spread through my 

618
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:33,600
chest, they were laughing. 
Finally, I decided to make a 

619
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,900
bold joke aimed at the most 
significant Target. 

620
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:39,300
Balancing on one leg in an 
exaggerated pose. 

621
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:42,700
I lowered my voice 
conspiratorially Lords and 

622
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,800
Ladies I announced I've heard a 
wondrous secret about our 

623
00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:47,600
sovereign. 
A hush fell. 

624
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:50,000
A flashed an impish grin at King
Edward. 

625
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,600
It said his majesty has a unique
blessing from Saint Peter 

626
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,900
himself. 
Only the king can sit on his 

627
00:31:55,900 --> 00:31:59,300
throne and make the Angels Sing 
especially after he is enjoyed a

628
00:31:59,308 --> 00:32:02,500
Hearty dinner. 
I patted my backside and widened

629
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:05,500
my eyes innocently for a 
heartbeat silents. 

630
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:09,200
Some Lords look scandalized that
I joked about the king's Royal 

631
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:11,600
behind the king's eyebrow 
arched. 

632
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:16,100
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King, Edward threw back

633
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:19,400
his head and laughed a deep 
roaring laugh that shattered the

634
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:21,700
tension the court followed suit 
laughed. 

635
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:24,200
After Rippling through the 
whole, the King mimicked, 

636
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:28,000
sternness by waving a finger at 
me. mind, your cheek Nave or 

637
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:30,400
I'll have you whipped for 
impudence, he said, still 

638
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,800
chuckling I dropped my knees in 
a mock pleading bow. 

639
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,300
Mercy or Majesty. 
I only speak gospel truth in 

640
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:39,700
your praise. 
I replied with an overly Pious 

641
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:42,100
tone. 
The king laughed again and gave 

642
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:45,100
a dismissive wave signaling, my 
performance was over. 

643
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:49,600
As I backed away, trembling with
relief, a servant pressed to 

644
00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:52,400
Silver Coin into my palm, a 
reward from the king. 

645
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:56,500
I bowed One Last Time, cheeks 
flushed and retreated to the 

646
00:32:56,500 --> 00:33:00,300
edge of the hall. 
My debut had been a success that

647
00:33:00,300 --> 00:33:03,000
night, the Stuart showed me to a
small chamber in the Castle's 

648
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,000
upper kitchens simple but mine 
alone. 

649
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,700
I collapsed onto the straw 
filled bed exhausted but 

650
00:33:08,700 --> 00:33:12,300
exhilarated had arrived with 
nothing but my wits and earned, 

651
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:14,800
not only coin, but also a place 
in the king's household. 

652
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:19,000
I was no longer a Wandering 
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.

653
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:23,400
As I stared up at the ceiling, I
allowed myself a grin tomorrow. 

654
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:26,700
In each day that followed I 
would balance between humor and 

655
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:29,000
power, and a quart of laws and 
ladies. 

656
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:33,900
I a mere full and found a 
foothold of that year, I'd 

657
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:36,100
become a familiar part of Court 
life ever. 

658
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:37,600
Ready with a quick to lift a 
mood. 

659
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,000
On one Chris evening at a 
harvest Feast. 

660
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:44,900
The Great Hall hosted a Grand 
Banquet after a long day of 

661
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,700
festivities. 
The Trestle tables grown with 

662
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:51,500
roasted bore and spice Dale. 
I flitted around refilling 

663
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:54,100
drinks and tossing, one line as 
most laughed. 

664
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:58,200
Kindly, but sir, Roger a Burly, 
Baron with a Perpetual scale 

665
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:02,600
decided to Sport with me. 
Oh they're full he bellowed 

666
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:04,700
feigning joviality. 
We hear you. 

667
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:05,900
Juggle anything. 
Try these. 

668
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:09,800
He suddenly hurled two oranges 
at me, the first, I stashed out 

669
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,600
of the air, but the second 
struck my cheek sharply before 

670
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:16,800
splattering on the floor. 
Laughter erupted pain fled in my

671
00:34:16,808 --> 00:34:20,000
cheek and my face burned as 
Nobles held at my expense. 

672
00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:22,699
For an instant. 
I nearly flung the remaining 

673
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:25,300
orange at him. 
I imagine it smacking that red 

674
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:29,000
face oath but a full survives on
wit not Roth. 

675
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:32,400
I grinned foolishly and juggled 
the loan orange as if nothing 

676
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,400
were amiss many. 
Thanks my lord for the extra 

677
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:37,800
supper. 
I quit pretending to bite into 

678
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:41,100
the fruit before nearly dropping
it in an exaggerated fumble. 

679
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:45,100
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me rather than at

680
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,699
me even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I had accepted the mockery 

681
00:34:48,699 --> 00:34:52,500
gave a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand Bao, swallowing 

682
00:34:52,500 --> 00:34:56,199
my wounded Pride, when I rest a 
glance up at King Edward, he was

683
00:34:56,208 --> 00:35:00,700
watching me with a faint smirk. 
Later that night, a royal page 

684
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,700
summoned me to the king heart. 
Pounding with worry, I made my 

685
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:08,100
way to his private chamber. 
Had I overstepped in some way at

686
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:10,900
the feast. 
I entered to find King, Edward 

687
00:35:10,900 --> 00:35:14,100
Alone by the half gazing at the 
letters, spread on a table. 

688
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:18,200
His crown sat off to the side as
if he even gold and jewels grew 

689
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:21,300
heavy for him to night. 
Tom, come here a moment. 

690
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,100
He said this was no summons for 
entertainment. 

691
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,100
His tone was pensive. 
The king rubbed a hand over his 

692
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:30,500
brow news from the shires he 
muttered. 

693
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,700
Poor harvests and empty 
storehouses, yet my Lord's 

694
00:35:34,700 --> 00:35:38,900
demand their taxes in full. 
He sighed and glanced at me. 

695
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,900
You have a zest for that. 
His question was Earnest, not a 

696
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:44,600
command for a silly face or 
song. 

697
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:50,400
I took a breath. sire, if I may 
spin a small Fable, sometimes 

698
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:54,600
answers slink out better in 
story form, At his nod, I spoke 

699
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,200
softly I told of a farmer who 
had a skinny mule that pulled 

700
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:00,800
his plow when drought with the 
crops. 

701
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:04,400
The farmer threatened to whip 
the mule to make it work harder,

702
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:07,000
but the Beast begged for a bit 
more feed. 

703
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,400
So he'd have strength to pull 
the farmer relented and fed. 

704
00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:12,600
The mule extra grain comes 
spring. 

705
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:15,400
They killed enough land to 
survive and even Thrive when 

706
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:18,600
rains returned, As I finish, I 
stole a sidelong. 

707
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:21,600
Look at King, Edward, he stared 
out the window stroking. 

708
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,300
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

709
00:36:24,300 --> 00:36:28,600
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

710
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,900
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

711
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:37,200
I bowed my head relieved. 
Mules often do your majesty? 

712
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:40,600
Especially when they pray and 
rhyme, I said, with the jungle 

713
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,600
of my cat bell, he turned to 
face me and I saw a trace of 

714
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,700
admiration in his worn eyes. 
You have a sharper width than 

715
00:36:46,700 --> 00:36:49,600
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom
in nonsense. 

716
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:53,700
I felt a warmth in my chest. 
However I responded lightly 

717
00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:58,400
saying it's but a Fool's simple 
Fable sire King, Edward managed,

718
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:01,700
a slight smile. 
On the contrary, I will consider

719
00:37:01,700 --> 00:37:05,200
what you have implied. 
He clapped a hand on my 

720
00:37:05,208 --> 00:37:09,200
shoulder, the gesture of trust 
and thanks that will be all get 

721
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:11,600
some rest. 
I bowed deeply, good night. 

722
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:14,500
Your majesty before to partying,
I turned back with the cheeky 

723
00:37:14,500 --> 00:37:16,900
bow and don't forget to feed 
your mules sire. 

724
00:37:16,900 --> 00:37:20,200
I said, King Edward bark to 
brief laugh and wave me away. 

725
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,500
I slipped out with a grin. 
Walking back to my quarters 

726
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:27,000
through the dim corridors, I 
felt nearly weightless tonight. 

727
00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:28,900
I had stepped Beyond mirror 
Entertainer. 

728
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:33,300
I had in my small way shape, the
king's thoughts, it was 

729
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:35,300
exhilarating and a little 
terrifying. 

730
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:39,500
A Fool's jingling cap, I 
realized could carry surprising 

731
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:41,300
influence if I used my whip 
wisely. 

732
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:45,500
Although favor can change 
quickly for the time, being the 

733
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:47,700
king, relied on the Hidden 
Truths within my pranks. 

734
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,200
Winter brought hardship, and 
unrest a poor harvest left. 

735
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,300
Many starving and Whispers of 
Rebel can drifted into court. 

736
00:37:54,300 --> 00:37:58,400
King Edward's Tempo once jovial 
in my company, grew brittle, as 

737
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:01,700
dried kindling more often, I saw
him frown at reports from his 

738
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:05,300
Barons, grain riots poaching in 
the Royal forests. 

739
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:09,700
The distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

740
00:38:09,700 --> 00:38:11,300
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

741
00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:15,100
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

742
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:18,100
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the Halls

743
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:21,700
quiet, since the tension one by 
one prisoners were brought 

744
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,500
Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

745
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,300
deer on Crown Land. 
Begged, Mercy, it was to feed 

746
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:29,300
his Starving Children. 
Next. 

747
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:32,400
A ragged group of villagers 
accused of sparking, a food riot

748
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:33,800
in the north with dragged and 
chains. 

749
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:37,000
My stomach tightened at their 
Hollow cheeks and terrified 

750
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,400
eyes. 
The Barons and courtiers looked 

751
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:42,700
on with hard disapproval. 
So Warwick the king Stern face 

752
00:38:42,700 --> 00:38:45,800
to advisor urged severity. 
An example must be made your 

753
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:47,900
majesty. 
He declared loud enough for all 

754
00:38:47,900 --> 00:38:50,600
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers
and famine. 

755
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,700
Would only breed chaos. 
Show them the cost of defiance. 

756
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:58,500
I watched King Edward's face as 
where spoke a muscle in his jaw 

757
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:00,800
twitched. 
The Kings eyes, usually. 

758
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,200
So, keen and Alive were clouded 
with worried, he would rather 

759
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,900
not seem weak. 
The farmer was up first for 

760
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,300
judgment King Edward announced 
that the farmer would receive a 

761
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,700
public whipping as punishment. 
The poor man broke down in tears

762
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:15,800
grateful that he had avoided The
Noose. 

763
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:18,800
I let out a breath. 
I hadn't realized I was holding.

764
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,500
But then came the villagers a 
guard read out their crime 

765
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:24,700
leading. 
A mob to raid a granary owned by

766
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,400
the crown, an old woman among 
them cried out. 

767
00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:30,400
We only took the grain because 
our children would dieing. 

768
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:34,400
Her voice echoed in the hall. 
So Warwick shook his head in 

769
00:39:34,408 --> 00:39:38,200
disgust, the courtyard angrily 
about treason and thievery. 

770
00:39:38,200 --> 00:39:41,500
I bit my tongue, a thousand 
thoughts clashing, in my mind, 

771
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:43,800
he's had broken the law. 
Yes. 

772
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:47,400
But out of desperation. 
Like glanced toward the King 

773
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,200
Edward's face hardened. 
As he prepared to deliver his 

774
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:54,900
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 
You shall he began likely 

775
00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:57,000
meaning to condemn them to the 
dungeons or worse? 

776
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,600
But before I knew what I was 
doing, I stepped forward, my 

777
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,700
heart thundered in my chest but 
I couldn't stay silent. 

778
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:07,500
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 
weaving truth into jests the 

779
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:11,000
truth now came out bear and 
unadorned Your majesty. 

780
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:14,200
I interjected and a loud and 
clear voice to ask if I might 

781
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:18,000
offer a fools perspective. 
Shocked hush fell. 

782
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,400
One did not interrupt the king 
at trials. 

783
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,800
Certainly not a full. 
I didn't really heard so, 

784
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,000
Warwick's hiss of annoyance. 
King Edward turned, his cold 

785
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,000
Gaze on me, more startled than 
furious at least. 

786
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,000
Yet I swallowed hard, there was 
no turning back. 

787
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,000
I adopted a deliberately like 
tone though. 

788
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,800
My pulse pounded in my ears. 
These poor souls stand accused 

789
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,100
of stealing bread. 
I said gesturing to the 

790
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,200
trembling Villages and true that
is no jesting matter. 

791
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:48,300
But I wonder sire. 
If a father is to be whipped for

792
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:51,300
feeding his children, Venison 
and mothers are to be cast in 

793
00:40:51,308 --> 00:40:53,200
Dungeon for snatching a few 
lows. 

794
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,500
I forced a thin smile. 
Perhaps your humble full should 

795
00:40:57,500 --> 00:41:00,600
be punished as well for, I've 
been stealing your valuable are 

796
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,600
all these years without paying 
coin for it. 

797
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:05,700
Few nervous. 
Titus came from the back of the 

798
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,300
hall. 
Then died immediately the king's

799
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:11,600
eyes, narrowed, I pressed on my 
voice gaining A desperate 

800
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:13,900
strength. 
Only a fool would make light of 

801
00:41:13,908 --> 00:41:16,100
hunger. 
My Lord, I speak not to mock 

802
00:41:16,100 --> 00:41:19,500
your justice, but to beseech, 
your mercy starvation makes 

803
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:23,900
fools of us all Like out low my 
head bent, so I couldn't see his

804
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:26,100
reaction. 
My hands were shaking. 

805
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:28,500
No one else dared. 
Breathe. 

806
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:31,100
For a heartbeat. 
There was silent so deep. 

807
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,200
I heard the distant drip of wax 
from a candle. 

808
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:37,800
Then enough, King Edward said 
quietly, the word fell like an 

809
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:40,200
axe. 
I looked up his face was flushed

810
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:42,900
not with myth but with anger 
I'll hear no more. 

811
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:47,100
He stood from the throne and in 
that moment, he loomed larger 

812
00:41:47,100 --> 00:41:50,200
than I'd ever seen him. 
Who is King? 

813
00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:54,300
Here you fall? 
His voice was deceptively, soft 

814
00:41:54,300 --> 00:41:58,200
quivering with restrained, rage.
Do you presume to lecture me on 

815
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:01,300
duty and mercy dressed in Motley
and bells. 

816
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:05,200
Every utterance from his lips 
felt like a boulder hurled 

817
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,100
towards my head. 
I opened my mouth to stammer in 

818
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:10,500
apology but he silenced me with 
a glare. 

819
00:42:11,400 --> 00:42:13,300
Take him the king snapped to his
guards. 

820
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:16,400
In an instant rough hand sees my
arms. 

821
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:19,500
I belt it cap, tumbled to the 
floor as a guard yanked, him 

822
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:21,900
backward. 
I heard a few gasps among the 

823
00:42:21,900 --> 00:42:24,500
courtiers lady Margaery covered 
her mouth and dismay. 

824
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:26,900
So Warwick simply watched with a
thin smile. 

825
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:31,700
Like caps little bells jangled 
on the Stone's a faint jingling.

826
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:33,100
That seemed to underline my 
folly. 

827
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:37,500
King Edward's voice echoed in 
the rafters, cold and formal for

828
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:40,100
his disruption and insolence. 
Let the Kings full receive the 

829
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:43,100
same punishment. 
He pitted he should receive 20 

830
00:42:43,100 --> 00:42:47,700
lashes before the court at dawn.
Tara washed over me, 20 lashes, 

831
00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:49,500
my knees. 
Nearly buckled. 

832
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:53,300
I wanted to beg for forgiveness 
to plead that I'd only spoke out

833
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:55,800
of concern but I tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

834
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:58,800
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

835
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:01,900
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

836
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:05,600
hold me away, none dead to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

837
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:09,500
They threw me into a drafty 
chamber, where I collapsed to 

838
00:43:09,508 --> 00:43:12,200
the floor, my back pressed 
against Cold Stone. 

839
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:15,700
As I tried to catch my breath, I
tasted blood and must have 

840
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:17,100
bitten my tongue without 
noticing. 

841
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:21,100
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 
forced their way out and rolled 

842
00:43:21,100 --> 00:43:24,300
down my cheeks. 
Full full, full like, cursed 

843
00:43:24,300 --> 00:43:26,400
myself silently. 
What did I done? 

844
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,400
I had wanted to save a few 
peasants from the King's Rock. 

845
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:33,700
Instead, I had only intensified 
the king's wrath and burned 

846
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:36,500
myself in the process. 
In my mind, I saw the king's 

847
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:40,700
face again, in raged and 
unyielding, that image stabbed 

848
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:42,500
at my heart more sharply than 
any whip. 

849
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,700
Could not long ago. 
I had sat by that same man's 

850
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:47,700
half trading, fables and easing 
his burden's. 

851
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:50,500
Now, he looked at me as just 
another disobedient subject. 

852
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,500
Toward midnight, regards came to
escort me to the pillar in the 

853
00:43:54,508 --> 00:43:56,900
courtyard. 
The sentence was to be carried 

854
00:43:56,900 --> 00:43:58,800
out. 
At first light, they locked my 

855
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:00,600
wrists and neck in the wooden 
stocks. 

856
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,200
Stood hunched in that cruel 
device for Endless hours 

857
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,900
shivering in the winter cold 
alone under the stars, snow 

858
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:10,600
began to fall thin. 
Icy flakes catching in my hair. 

859
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,300
The pain had not yet begun but a
dread deeper than any wound 

860
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:18,100
nored at me. 
As Darkness deepened alone, 

861
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:20,300
figure approached through the 
Torchlight yard. 

862
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,400
I squinted through Frozen lashes
to see Master Robert, the king's

863
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:27,500
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak
Without a word. 

864
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,000
He draped it over my shoulders. 
His eyes were sad as he met my 

865
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,100
gaze. 
You were Brave Tom. 

866
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:35,600
He whispered just loud enough 
for me to hear. 

867
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:39,100
He was indeed Brave. 
If not a little foolish. 

868
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:41,100
A bitter laugh. 
Escaped me. 

869
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,500
What other thing could I be? 
He shook his head and pressed a 

870
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:47,800
small flask of Al to my lips 
greatly I drank a burning mouth 

871
00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:49,900
for the chase. 
Some of the Chill from my bonus 

872
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:54,400
is his majesty. 
I croaked buy raw from the cold 

873
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:55,900
night air as I struggled to hold
back. 

874
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,900
Sobs Master Robert side, he was 
alone in his Chambers. 

875
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:02,200
He's unlikely to change his mind
by morning. 

876
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:06,000
I am sorry. 
He hesitated some of us perceive

877
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:09,900
the truth, in your words, but 
the king he's under enormous 

878
00:45:09,900 --> 00:45:13,100
strain. 
I nodded as best I could with my

879
00:45:13,100 --> 00:45:16,100
neck trapped. 
Tear slipped down my face hot 

880
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:19,100
against my numb skin. 
Thank you, I managed to whisper 

881
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:22,000
the Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 

882
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,300
departed. 
Leaving the cloak as my only 

883
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:27,200
comfort. 
I spent the remaining hours in 

884
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:31,000
silent prayer prayer that the 
king's heart would soften that 

885
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:33,700
Dawn would never come and that I
might endure. 

886
00:45:33,700 --> 00:45:37,200
What was to come? 
I was not a warrior or a martyr.

887
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:39,300
Just a Fool who had flown too 
close to the Sun. 

888
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:41,500
The strange Freedom I'd had to 
speak. 

889
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,500
Truth had shown its price. 
At Sunrise. 

890
00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:47,700
They flogged me a bit down on a 
leather strap to keep from 

891
00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:51,400
screaming as each lash tour 
across my back fiery pain, 

892
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:55,300
exploded with every stroke. 
By the 10th, blow my vision. 

893
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:58,600
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp
in the restraints. 

894
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:01,600
Unable to stand, I didn't really
heard and official read out my 

895
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:03,700
crime of insolence to the 
gathered, courtiers as the 

896
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:06,300
punishment was delivered, as if 
it was some theater. 

897
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:10,300
And I was the main spectacle 
when it was mercifully over, 

898
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:14,100
they released the pillars lock 
and I crumpled to the snow, the 

899
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:16,800
world's spun for a moment, as I 
lay there with my cheek against 

900
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:21,300
the white trampled gram, I could
hear distant Applause from one 

901
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:25,900
or two Nobles ugly. 
Mockery warm blood trickled 

902
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:28,900
under my shirt. 
Two guards, lifted me to my feet

903
00:46:28,900 --> 00:46:31,600
and carried me away. 
As if I were worthless trash, I 

904
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,700
drifted In and Out Of 
Consciousness, once through a 

905
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,100
blur of tears, I thought I saw 
the king watching from a high 

906
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:40,000
window. 
I couldn't discern his 

907
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,100
expression. 
They dumped me in my little 

908
00:46:42,100 --> 00:46:45,500
chamber and left without a word.
I don't know how long I remained

909
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:49,100
motionless on the floor, curled 
up, and gasping, eventually a 

910
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:50,300
kind. 
Maid servant slipped in and 

911
00:46:50,308 --> 00:46:52,100
tended. 
My wounds with vinegar and clean

912
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:54,300
bandages, cluckin softly and 
pity. 

913
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:57,700
I thanked her in a hoarse 
whisper by Nightfall. 

914
00:46:57,700 --> 00:46:59,800
I could at least sit upright on 
my straw cot. 

915
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:03,100
Every movement sent bolts of 
Agony through my welded back. 

916
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:06,200
I stared at the dark sealing 
Hollow and heartsick. 

917
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,600
A full I had been indeed 
thinking I could speak for the 

918
00:47:09,608 --> 00:47:13,600
week and not be struck down. 
As the castle around me bustled 

919
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,500
with the evening supper and 
song, I lay in silence tasting, 

920
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:21,000
bitterness like bile. 
I did not know what hurt more. 

921
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:25,100
Fiery stripes across my back. 
All the cold distance that now 

922
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:29,500
yawned between me and the king. 
I had thought perhaps foolishly 

923
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:32,800
was my friend after a week under
seeds with little progress. 

924
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,900
The king decide to send a 
message of surrender, terms to 

925
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:39,400
do Jeffrey to my surprise. 
He chose me as the envoy. 

926
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:42,900
Perhaps, he chose me as the 
envoy as a form of punishment or

927
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:44,200
perhaps. 
He believed that having a full 

928
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,100
present would emphasize his 
contempt. 

929
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:49,900
Either way, I found myself 
standing before the king in his 

930
00:47:49,908 --> 00:47:53,000
Pavilion, as he thrusts to 
sealed parchment into my hand, 

931
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:56,300
carry our surrender offer to 
Duke Jeffries gate. 

932
00:47:56,300 --> 00:47:59,800
You the silver tongue, perhaps, 
you can persuade him where she 

933
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:03,100
engines cannot, he said coolie. 
His Knight smirked. 

934
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:07,200
We all knew this errand carried 
risk a rebel might easily kill 

935
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:09,200
the king's fool as a mockery of 
the message. 

936
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:12,600
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

937
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:16,600
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

938
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:20,100
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

939
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:24,200
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

940
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:28,200
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

941
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:33,000
Soon after I rode out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

942
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:36,700
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms of trumpeters, 

943
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:39,400
accompany partway and sounded a 
call before falling back. 

944
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:42,000
Alone. 
I approached the Castle's Gator 

945
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,800
cross a field littered with 
broken arrows, my spine, 

946
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:48,700
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister twang of a 

947
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:50,800
bowstring and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

948
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:55,300
But none came instead and not of
the Duke soldiers emerged at 

949
00:48:55,300 --> 00:48:59,700
top, the battlements crossbows 
trained on me, I come bearing a 

950
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:02,600
message from King Edward. 
I shouted up in a steady voice 

951
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:06,300
as I could manage. 
Eventually the iron pot colored 

952
00:49:06,300 --> 00:49:09,400
upward just enough for a handful
of armored men to drag me 

953
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:11,900
inside. 
I was roughly searched and 

954
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:14,500
relieved of my small dagger, 
more a tool than a weapon. 

955
00:49:14,500 --> 00:49:16,700
Then they shoved me into a 
torch-lit. 

956
00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:19,000
Great hall where Duke Jeffrey 
himself awaited. 

957
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:22,300
He was a formidable figure in 
steel plate and a crimson cloak 

958
00:49:22,300 --> 00:49:25,500
and middle-aged man with a 
scarred brow and weary eyes. 

959
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:29,000
So he said his voice. 
Echoing off the stone walls, 

960
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:32,800
Edward sends his full to parley 
is he so short of loyal Knights 

961
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:35,500
Snickers echoed from the Duke's 
men around me. 

962
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:39,600
Straightened to my full height. 
Trying not to let my knees Quake

963
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:42,100
loyal. 
Knights are too valuable to risk

964
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:44,700
on Duke Jeffrey. 
I replied before thinking better

965
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:47,400
of it. 
My old reflex for wit had 

966
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:49,600
slipped out. 
Some of the Rebel soldiers 

967
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,000
bristled that the Duke barked a 
short laugh. 

968
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:56,000
Hand me the message full, he 
said I presented the parchment 

969
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,300
with a slight vowel as he read 
the king's offer amnesty and 

970
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:00,600
exchange for immediate 
surrender. 

971
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:04,700
His face showed no flicker of 
concession when he finished he 

972
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:08,000
scoffed. 
Empty promises did Edward think 

973
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:10,100
a few pardoning words would make
meal? 

974
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:12,800
He must consider me more foolish
than you. 

975
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:17,100
Tense silence fell. 
I realized all eyes were on me 

976
00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:20,500
awaiting a response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

977
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:25,400
tongue-tied, I don't only scorn.
So drawing a shaky breath, I 

978
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:28,100
addressed the Duke. 
His majesty desires, no more. 

979
00:50:28,108 --> 00:50:30,900
Bloodshed, he offers you a 
chance to retain your lands and 

980
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:34,000
honor your grace. 
I implore you to think of the 

981
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,200
kingdom and your men who have 
families waiting for them. 

982
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:39,900
My voice echoed in the hall. 
There was a bold speech from my 

983
00:50:39,900 --> 00:50:43,100
station, but I spoke with 
genuine pleading, I had seen 

984
00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:45,900
enough suffering. 
Jeffrey regarded. 

985
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:47,500
Me with a faintly surprised 
expression. 

986
00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:51,800
He spoke earnestly as if he were
a fool, he sighed deeply. 

987
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,600
And for a moment, I thought I 
saw sorrow in his eyes. 

988
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:57,800
You are young. 
You do not know Edward as I do 

989
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:00,000
he keeps his promises only while
it suits him. 

990
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:02,900
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 
March will not yield to pretty 

991
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:05,900
words and Hollow Clemente we 
will meet on the field and 

992
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:07,400
settle our differences with 
steel. 

993
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:11,700
My heart sank. 
Is that your final answer? 

994
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:16,100
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 
He said, then he leaned forward 

995
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,400
and added in a low growl, tell 
Edward that by week's end. 

996
00:51:19,408 --> 00:51:21,000
I shall sit on his throne or 
die. 

997
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:24,200
In the attempt, I bowed 
understanding the parli was 

998
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:26,600
over. 
But as I turned to leave one of 

999
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:28,700
the Dukes Captain stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

1000
00:51:28,700 --> 00:51:31,000
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

1001
00:51:32,100 --> 00:51:35,400
Duke Jeffrey waved a Gauntlet at
hand, dismissively know. 

1002
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:39,100
He's but a messenger and an 
honest one at that, let him 

1003
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:41,600
return unharmed. 
We are not the Savages that 

1004
00:51:41,600 --> 00:51:46,800
Edward would claim. 
He looked at me, go full, thank 

1005
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:48,500
whatever. 
God you pray to that, I am not 

1006
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:51,900
in the mood to play games with a
gesture today, they escorted me 

1007
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,700
back to the gate. 
I felt the glare of archers on 

1008
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:58,000
my back, as I walked out, 
refusing to break into a run, 

1009
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:01,300
they shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

1010
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:04,800
Weak need with relief. 
I walked back to our lines. 

1011
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:08,400
Facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

1012
00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:11,500
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edwards Camp, I 

1013
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:14,400
delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
faithful to King Edward and his 

1014
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,500
Council the king's face 
tightened at the Duke's 

1015
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,100
Defiance. 
He said nothing to me, except a 

1016
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:22,300
curtain odd of dismissal. 
It was as if I were, truly 

1017
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,900
nothing more than a talking 
letter That night, I sat by the 

1018
00:52:25,900 --> 00:52:30,000
campfires watching, armored men,
hurry about sharpening swords 

1019
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:32,500
and Whispering prayers and 
murmuring about your moments. 

1020
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:34,900
Blood would begin to Flow by 
Dawn. 

1021
00:52:34,900 --> 00:52:39,000
I felt utterly small beneath the
vast, dark sky, once a Fool's 

1022
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:43,200
quick-witted in the king's hall.
Now it meant nothing on the eve 

1023
00:52:43,200 --> 00:52:45,600
of Slaughter. 
I realized I was witnessing the 

1024
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:48,300
keys of History turning 
indifferent to one humble 

1025
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:51,300
gesture. 
In the flicker of the firelight,

1026
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:54,000
I caught sight of king, Edward 
standing with his generals 

1027
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:56,500
Resolute and Grim. 
I remembered when he used to 

1028
00:52:56,500 --> 00:52:59,800
smile at my Antics. 
But that was before famine 

1029
00:52:59,800 --> 00:53:05,000
rebellion and my own over bold 
tongue had come between us now, 

1030
00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:09,000
I was just another soul in his 
train useful, only for the odd 

1031
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:12,800
Aaron As trumpet sounded though,
and mournful in the darkness, I 

1032
00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:15,600
wrapped my cloak tight and tried
to steal a few hours of sleep on

1033
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:18,400
the cold ground. 
Tomorrow's battle would decide 

1034
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:21,300
the fate of the Kingdom. 
He could do nothing but witness 

1035
00:53:21,300 --> 00:53:24,700
it, a full on the sidelines of 
Kings, hoping to survive the 

1036
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:29,300
coming door at Dawn King Edwards
army clashed with Jeffrey's 

1037
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:32,200
rebels in a coffin of Steel and 
screams. 

1038
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:35,000
Suddenly I saw King Edward 
unhorsed. 

1039
00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:38,200
His white charger had been 
felled under her hair and the 

1040
00:53:38,208 --> 00:53:41,000
King was on foot fighting off. 
Rebel soldiers, who pressed in 

1041
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:43,700
around him. 
My heart pounded in my chest, 

1042
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:47,400
the knights who should have been
by his side dispersed leaving, 

1043
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,500
only me close enough to assist 
him in that moment without 

1044
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:53,700
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 
spear from the churned mud and 

1045
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:57,200
ran towards the king. 
The sight of a Motley clad full 

1046
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,300
sprinting into the thick of 
battle stunned, both friends and

1047
00:54:00,300 --> 00:54:04,100
foes alike, one Rebel night, 
charged the king from behind. 

1048
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,600
I held myself at him with all my
might by sheer luck. 

1049
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:10,800
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

1050
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,000
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

1051
00:54:14,008 --> 00:54:17,500
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

1052
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:21,600
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

1053
00:54:21,600 --> 00:54:24,800
lunged at the King, Edward 
parried and together we stood 

1054
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:28,700
back to back Sovereign and 
fallen and unlikely circle of 

1055
00:54:28,708 --> 00:54:31,900
Defense. 
I brandished the spear wildly 

1056
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:34,100
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

1057
00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:37,800
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

1058
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:41,200
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

1059
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:43,900
and began to retreat. 
You pulled the king onto a fresh

1060
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:47,000
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

1061
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:50,400
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

1062
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:54,500
king's rallied forces by noon, 
it was over the rebels threw 

1063
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:57,900
down arms or fled Victory 
belonged to King Edward, but it 

1064
00:54:57,908 --> 00:55:01,100
came at a terrible cost body's 
carpeted the field and the 

1065
00:55:01,108 --> 00:55:04,100
surprise of the Wounded echoed 
in the Smoky air in the 

1066
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:06,800
aftermath, I slumped exhausted 
on a fallen log. 

1067
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:10,900
I hand still trembling from 
adrenaline, Bloods battered. 

1068
00:55:10,900 --> 00:55:14,000
My once colorful attire. 
Some of it from a shallow cut on

1069
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:16,600
my arm. 
As the king moved among the 

1070
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:19,800
living and dead tending to the 
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 

1071
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:22,200
over the Carnage, I watched in a
day's. 

1072
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,400
When at last the king approached
me, I struggled to my feet and 

1073
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:28,600
bowed on steadily. 
I expected perhaps a reprimand 

1074
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:32,100
for plunging into the fight. 
Unbidden Instead King Edward 

1075
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:35,000
dismounted and stepped forward. 
For a long moment. 

1076
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:38,900
He simply regarded me taking in 
the spear still clenched in my 

1077
00:55:38,900 --> 00:55:42,200
hand, and the drying blood on my
cheek, then to my shock, he 

1078
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:44,000
knelt slightly and placed a hand
on my shoulder. 

1079
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:46,800
You saved my life. 
Today he said quietly. 

1080
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:48,900
There was an openness in his 
face. 

1081
00:55:48,900 --> 00:55:51,000
I'd not seen since my earliest 
days at court. 

1082
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,500
Full or not Tom you have the 
heart of a true friend sire. 

1083
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:58,000
I only did what anyone would I 
suddenly choking up. 

1084
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:02,800
He shook his head and turned to 
the Lord's gathering around in a

1085
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:04,700
clear voice. 
He proclaimed that my bravery 

1086
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:06,400
had saved him and would not be 
forgotten. 

1087
00:56:07,600 --> 00:56:10,400
My cheeks burned with humble 
Pride, as Nobles, who wants 

1088
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:12,300
neared? 
Now, inclined their heads to me,

1089
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:15,500
I understood that my return to 
the king's favor, was not due to

1090
00:56:15,500 --> 00:56:18,700
humor, but rather to my 
unwavering loyalty during 

1091
00:56:18,700 --> 00:56:22,400
crucial moments, That evening we
shared a quiet Victory meal in 

1092
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:25,100
Camp late that night as I sat by
the dying. 

1093
00:56:25,100 --> 00:56:27,200
Fire. 
King, Edward draped, his own 

1094
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:30,600
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 
You'll catch your death in this 

1095
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:31,200
chill. 
Tom. 

1096
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:35,700
He said softly side by side 
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 

1097
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:38,200
a comfortable silence. 
After a long. 

1098
00:56:38,208 --> 00:56:40,700
Pause. 
He murmured so much lost. 

1099
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:42,700
Will God forgive me for this 
day? 

1100
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,200
In that moment, he was not a 
mighty king but a weary man. 

1101
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:50,700
I Found the courage to answer 
gently that he had done his duty

1102
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:54,100
and even shown Mercy. 
If a king can be merciful, I 

1103
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:57,700
said, surely God can too. 
He managed to warn smile and 

1104
00:56:57,700 --> 00:56:59,300
grip my arm. 
Thank you. 

1105
00:56:59,300 --> 00:57:03,000
Tommy whispered, by the time I 
crawled into my small tent, I 

1106
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:06,300
felt lighter than I had in a 
long while the gulf between the 

1107
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:09,900
king and his full had closed in 
The Crucible of war, and with it

1108
00:57:09,900 --> 00:57:12,900
came a new trust. 
I dare to hope that better days.

1109
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:16,100
Later ahead when I might serve 
him with both wit and devotion, 

1110
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:20,100
as I once did for a brief golden
time after the battle life, at 

1111
00:57:20,100 --> 00:57:23,400
court was kind to me. 
King Edward, kept me close and 

1112
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:26,800
though, I still dont caps and 
bells to amuse him, I also 

1113
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:28,400
became something of a confidant 
again. 

1114
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:31,700
I even offered the king and 
occasional candid observation to

1115
00:57:31,700 --> 00:57:34,100
Aid, his rule. 
The memory of my past. 

1116
00:57:34,100 --> 00:57:37,800
A strange Mente faded like a 
terrible dream but fortunes 

1117
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:41,200
wheel never stops. 
Turning some years later, a 

1118
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:43,800
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

1119
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:46,800
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

1120
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:49,600
Edward vigorous. 
In battle succumbed in his bed 

1121
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:53,000
chamber, after a week of fever, 
I started his bedside near the 

1122
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:55,000
end, holding his hand as the 
fever. 

1123
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:58,100
Took it on a frigid February 
night when he breathed his last.

1124
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:02,700
I lost not only my king, but all
so my truest friend, the court 

1125
00:58:02,700 --> 00:58:05,400
mourned. 
And then the power shifted, King

1126
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:08,300
Edwards Air was a boy of 12, so 
a council of Regents took 

1127
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:12,200
control Almost overnight, the 
atmosphere at court changed. 

1128
00:58:12,200 --> 00:58:16,200
The new rulers had little use 
for the Old Kings full to them. 

1129
00:58:16,200 --> 00:58:20,000
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 
at best irrelevant that worst a 

1130
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:23,000
nuisance with too many of the 
late King's confidences in the 

1131
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:24,500
weeks. 
After the funeral I became 

1132
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:28,500
increasingly unwelcome the boy 
King Guided by Stern advisors. 

1133
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:32,000
Showed no interest in my Antics 
I used to sit near the throne 

1134
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:34,800
but now I found myself standing 
at the back of the hall. 

1135
00:58:34,800 --> 00:58:39,100
One gray morning, I was summoned
before Lord Warwick the very 

1136
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:41,400
adviser who had urge my flogging
years ago. 

1137
00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:44,600
And now one of the princes 
Regents, he regarded me with 

1138
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:48,400
cold disdain The crown has 
decided your services are no 

1139
00:58:48,400 --> 00:58:51,700
longer required. 
He said flatly, he pushed across

1140
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:54,300
the table, a small purse of 
coins, perhaps, mentors, 

1141
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:57,300
suggestion of compensation. 
You are to leave the palace by 

1142
00:58:57,300 --> 00:59:01,700
sundown. 
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 

1143
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:04,100
dare to ask if I had given a 
fence or could make amends but 

1144
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:08,700
Warwick silence me with a glare.
The young king was too busy to 

1145
00:59:08,700 --> 00:59:12,400
indulge a Fool's prattle. 
He said they didn't require a 

1146
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:15,700
gesture to interrupt them. 
For an instant angered. 

1147
00:59:15,700 --> 00:59:19,400
I had bled for this Kingdom in 
the late King valued me, but one

1148
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:21,900
look at Warwick's face. 
Topping protest was futile. 

1149
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:25,400
These men saw only a clown, not 
a counselor. 

1150
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:29,200
I took the leather purse with 
trembling fingers, it felt 

1151
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:33,400
pitifully, light about my head. 
As you command my Lord. 

1152
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:36,700
I murdered there was nothing 
else to do to resist. 

1153
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:38,500
Would mean imprisonment or 
worse? 

1154
00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:42,700
that afternoon, I packed my 
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 

1155
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:46,600
Motley tunics, my Loot and the 
Gilded wooden full scepter King 

1156
00:59:46,600 --> 00:59:50,300
Edward, had once given me as a 
jesting staff of office Not one 

1157
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:53,800
familiar face came to wish me. 
Well, any who might have were 

1158
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:56,400
gone or afraid to show kindness 
to a dismissed full. 

1159
00:59:57,500 --> 00:59:59,400
I walked out of the palace gates
at Twilight. 

1160
00:59:59,400 --> 01:00:02,100
A solitary figure for the first 
time in years. 

1161
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:06,000
Regards hardly glanced at me as 
I passed under the pork Palace 

1162
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:09,300
where I had first entered. 
So many years ago, a frightened 

1163
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:11,500
youth. 
Eager to entertain a king. 

1164
01:00:12,500 --> 01:00:14,600
How different that departure was
now older. 

1165
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:17,400
Wiser and bearing the weight of 
Sorrows and joys alike. 

1166
01:00:18,300 --> 01:00:21,400
As I left the Royal Court behind
I pulled on a hill overlooking, 

1167
01:00:21,400 --> 01:00:26,100
the capital, the sun was sinking
in a cold purple sky in the 

1168
01:00:26,100 --> 01:00:27,900
distance. 
The towers of the castle, caught

1169
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:30,700
the last Light. 
Standing in that same spot on 

1170
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:33,800
Happy Days alongside King. 
Edward, I recalled listening to 

1171
01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:35,100
him. 
Fight his worries. 

1172
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:39,000
I remembered our laughs after 
our battles of wit and even our 

1173
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:42,100
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

1174
01:00:42,900 --> 01:00:46,000
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

1175
01:00:46,008 --> 01:00:49,000
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

1176
01:00:50,000 --> 01:00:53,600
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

1177
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:57,200
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

1178
01:00:57,208 --> 01:00:59,000
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

1179
01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:02,600
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

1180
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:05,400
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

1181
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:07,500
Market towns free in without a 
master. 

1182
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:09,800
Initially, the freedom felt 
jarring. 

1183
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:14,200
I could go anywhere say anything
yet who cared now for the words 

1184
01:01:14,200 --> 01:01:17,100
of a king's fool. 
I earned myself upper by telling

1185
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,400
stories or juggling in Tavern 
yards, performing not for 

1186
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:22,000
Nobles, but for farmers and 
fishermen. 

1187
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:24,800
Some nights. 
I stepped in a hay loft or under

1188
01:01:24,800 --> 01:01:27,300
the Open Sky, my joints ached 
more than they used to. 

1189
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:30,000
And the laughter, of course, 
villagers was a poor, substitute

1190
01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:32,100
for the attentive hush of a 
Royal Court. 

1191
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:35,900
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

1192
01:01:35,900 --> 01:01:38,500
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

1193
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:41,800
I narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

1194
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:45,000
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

1195
01:01:45,008 --> 01:01:49,000
Chuckles from the audience. 
Afterwards, as the Patron's 

1196
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:53,700
drifted off, the inky pressed 
into my handy or payment both 

1197
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:58,000
and asked, were you truly the 
king's full once? 

1198
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:03,900
I nodded with a faint smile. 
I was I replied, he shook his 

1199
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:06,800
head in Wonder and went to lock 
up leaving me alone with the 

1200
01:02:06,808 --> 01:02:10,300
dying fire. 
I sat there long after the last 

1201
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,200
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale
in my memories. 

1202
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:18,200
Yes, I had been the king's fool.
I had lived in a castle, Warren 

1203
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:20,300
silks. 
However, patched dined on 

1204
01:02:20,308 --> 01:02:23,500
Venison and custard and traded 
with powerful men. 

1205
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:28,600
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

1206
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:32,200
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

1207
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:34,800
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

1208
01:02:34,800 --> 01:02:37,700
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

1209
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:41,400
In the Silence of that table, 
and I realized that in my own 

1210
01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:43,300
way. 
I still carried the truth. 

1211
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:46,400
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

1212
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:49,000
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

1213
01:02:49,000 --> 01:02:51,700
Palace secrets. 
The strange privilege. 

1214
01:02:51,700 --> 01:02:55,400
I once held to speak truth to 
power had come at enormous risk.

1215
01:02:56,200 --> 01:02:57,900
Now I held a different sort of 
freedom. 

1216
01:02:57,900 --> 01:03:01,700
I could speak truth openly but 
Power no longer heeded. 

1217
01:03:01,700 --> 01:03:04,400
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 
of the glamour. 

1218
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:07,400
That wants gave my words. 
Wait, I drained, my ale and 

1219
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:08,900
stepped outside into the crisp 
night. 

1220
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:11,300
A thin sliver of moon hung 
overhead. 

1221
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:15,000
The Village was dark and 
sleeping only the distant bark 

1222
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:16,400
of a dog and the rustler of 
trees. 

1223
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:19,300
Kept me company pulling my 
threadbare cloak around my 

1224
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:22,700
shoulders, a walk down the empty
Lane toward the in stable Loft 

1225
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:27,000
for a pile of straw waited as my
bed overhead, countless Stars 

1226
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:30,400
glittered The same stars are 
used to Gazette from the castle,

1227
01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:33,700
parapets and King Edwards day. 
How many times did I stood by 

1228
01:03:33,708 --> 01:03:37,100
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation or making a 

1229
01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:39,100
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

1230
01:03:39,100 --> 01:03:41,500
almost hear the king's Rich 
laugh beside me. 

1231
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:45,600
An ache swelled in my throat 
parts, sorrow Parts, sweet 

1232
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:49,000
reminiscence, ah Edward. 
I'm murmured to the sky. 

1233
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:52,400
They took your full away but 
they'll never quite rid me of 

1234
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:54,500
you. 
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 

1235
01:03:54,500 --> 01:03:57,900
to say, but then foolishness had
always been my trade. 

1236
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,800
I climbed into the Loft and laid
down on the straw through a gap 

1237
01:04:02,808 --> 01:04:05,100
in the roof. 
I could see a splash of stars. 

1238
01:04:05,100 --> 01:04:08,400
I thought of the people. 
I had been eager young, gesture.

1239
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:11,500
The broken wretch in the stocks,
the unlikely hero on the 

1240
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:13,200
battlefield. 
The Trusted friend. 

1241
01:04:13,200 --> 01:04:16,400
And now the Vagabond 
Storyteller, which was the real 

1242
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:19,400
me. 
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 

1243
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:22,800
none. 
As I drifted to sleep, I found 

1244
01:04:22,800 --> 01:04:25,000
myself. 
Smiling in the dark, I had 

1245
01:04:25,008 --> 01:04:27,600
played my part in the 
grandparent of kings and clowns,

1246
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:31,000
and though, my costume was torn.
And my stage now, humble in, I 

1247
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:34,200
still had my wits, my memories, 
and my voice in the morning. 

1248
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:36,200
I would move on to the next 
Village in the next crowd. 

1249
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:40,100
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe
I'd make them think either way 

1250
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:42,000
the spirit of the king's full 
lived on. 

1251
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:45,300
As long as I drew breath, 
whatever tomorrow brings I will 

1252
01:04:45,300 --> 01:04:48,700
meet it as I always have with a 
jest on my tongue, a tear in my 

1253
01:04:48,708 --> 01:04:50,500
eye and hope in my Foolish 
Heart. 

1254
01:05:07,900 --> 01:05:13,400
Thomas Jefferson was born on 
April 13th 1743 at Shadwell, a 

1255
01:05:13,400 --> 01:05:14,600
plantation in the Virginia 
Piedmont. 

1256
01:05:15,400 --> 01:05:18,600
His father, Peter Jefferson was 
a surveyor and landowner 

1257
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:22,100
renowned for physical strength 
and an adventurous Spirit, his 

1258
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:25,200
mother Jane Randolph came from a
prominent family. 

1259
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,400
Growing up a mid Rolling Hills 
and dense forests young Thomas 

1260
01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:32,600
embraced the frontier ethos even
as he absorbed the Gentile, 

1261
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:34,500
expectations of the colonial 
Gentry. 

1262
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:38,300
He delighted in for horseback 
rides, the hush of Mountain 

1263
01:05:38,300 --> 01:05:40,700
Trails and the hum of 
intellectual debate. 

1264
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:45,200
Cuts of visiting tutors. 
By the 1750s, Virginia's 

1265
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:47,300
plantation economy thrived on 
Tobacco cultivation. 

1266
01:05:47,300 --> 01:05:51,800
With an enslaved, Workforce 
forming its backbone, Peter 

1267
01:05:51,800 --> 01:05:55,400
Jefferson owned and slaved 
laborers, and Thomas grew up. 

1268
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:58,500
Witnessing the institution's 
daily operations, and uneasy 

1269
01:05:58,500 --> 01:06:00,500
inheritance. 
That would later spark internal 

1270
01:06:00,500 --> 01:06:04,100
conflict in his adult years, but
as a child, he balanced field 

1271
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:05,800
observations with classical 
studies. 

1272
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,400
His father died. 
When Thomas was 14, leaving him,

1273
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:12,300
a sizable estate. 
But also the burden of paternal 

1274
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:16,500
absence this responsibility, 
shaped him instilling a drive 

1275
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:20,500
for self-reliance and scholarly 
achievement around age 17 

1276
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,500
Jefferson enrolled at the 
College of William and Mary in 

1277
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:26,100
Williamsburg, he immersed 
himself in philosophy 

1278
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:30,100
mathematics and the law studying
under influential mentors like 

1279
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:33,000
George Wythe late night. 
Reading sessions at the world 

1280
01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:36,000
Governors Palace Library. 
Fostered his fascination with 

1281
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:39,400
Enlightenment thinkers, John 
Locke, Montesquieu and others 

1282
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:42,400
their calls for reason, over 
tradition, resonated with 

1283
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:46,500
Jefferson who scouted texts on 
government science and ethics. 

1284
01:06:46,500 --> 01:06:49,300
He also cultivated his violence 
skills. 

1285
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:52,600
Joining small music, Gatherings 
that balanced his rigorous 

1286
01:06:52,600 --> 01:06:55,500
academic schedule. 
After concluding his college 

1287
01:06:55,500 --> 01:06:59,800
Years, Jefferson read law with 
wise forging, a bond that melded

1288
01:06:59,800 --> 01:07:04,000
legal with ethical inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

1289
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,000
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

1290
01:07:07,000 --> 01:07:11,600
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

1291
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:14,200
of tension's Brewing between the
colonies and Britain. 

1292
01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:17,200
Pretending assemblies where 
Taxation and representation, 

1293
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:21,700
Royal the Gentry, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

1294
01:07:21,700 --> 01:07:25,100
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice, but his 

1295
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:28,200
private letters revealed a keen 
sense of Injustice at 

1296
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:32,400
parliament's intrusions by 1767.
He began practicing law. 

1297
01:07:32,400 --> 01:07:36,000
After being admitted to the bar.
You frequently represented small

1298
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:38,900
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

1299
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:42,300
in Customs Enforcement. 
Observers noted his calm 

1300
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:46,000
demeanor, meticulous arguments 
and persuasive writing. 

1301
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:49,700
He built a reputation as a 
reliable Advocate, who valued 

1302
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:53,600
Clarity over, theatrics that 
skill set with soon extend to 

1303
01:07:53,600 --> 01:07:56,900
political life. 
Colonial, unrest, over the Stamp

1304
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,600
Act and Townshend Duties 
escalated, parallel to his legal

1305
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:04,900
career, Jefferson oversaw. 
The expansion of Monticello his 

1306
01:08:04,900 --> 01:08:07,300
future architectural, 
Masterpiece perched, on a hill 

1307
01:08:07,300 --> 01:08:09,600
near Shadwell. 
He'd begun to designing the 

1308
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,000
house in his early 20s 
referencing Palladium, styles 

1309
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,300
gleaned from books. 
But his Vantage offered sweeping

1310
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:20,600
views symbolizing for Jefferson 
both intellectual curiosity and 

1311
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:23,800
the potential of the new world. 
The adored, the notion of 

1312
01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:27,300
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

1313
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,800
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

1314
01:08:30,800 --> 01:08:34,000
rooms. 
Monticello was not just a home, 

1315
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,600
but a living laboratory for 
architecture, Horticulture and 

1316
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:45,100
personal reflection. 
In 1769, he won a seat in the 

1317
01:08:45,108 --> 01:08:48,500
Virginia House of Burgesses 
marking his formal entry into 

1318
01:08:48,500 --> 01:08:51,200
public affairs. 
He arrived in a tense climate 

1319
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:54,200
radical voices called for 
boycotts of British goods 

1320
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:57,899
Jefferson though quietly spoken 
sided with the emerging 

1321
01:08:57,899 --> 01:08:59,700
Patriots. 
He penned resolutions. 

1322
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:03,300
Declaring British ovary, though 
initially mild in tone over 

1323
01:09:03,300 --> 01:09:05,300
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

1324
01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:09,200
doubled down on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

1325
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,899
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,
a young Widow, Fame from musical

1326
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:16,300
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

1327
01:09:16,300 --> 01:09:20,500
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

1328
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,300
personal life. 
She joined him at Monticello, 

1329
01:09:23,300 --> 01:09:26,899
her health was fragile. 
They spent tranquil moments 

1330
01:09:26,899 --> 01:09:30,800
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin Marathon 

1331
01:09:30,800 --> 01:09:34,000
called. 
Their bond was tender yet 

1332
01:09:34,000 --> 01:09:37,500
overshadowed by the mortality 
rates of the period over their 

1333
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:41,100
decade together, Martha bought 
children, but only two daughters

1334
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:43,200
survived to adult hood her 
eventual. 

1335
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:45,700
Passing left, Jeff Jefferson in 
deep mourning and likely 

1336
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:47,700
influenced his future emotional 
Reserve. 

1337
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,700
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

1338
01:09:51,700 --> 01:09:53,899
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis. 

1339
01:09:54,700 --> 01:09:57,900
The Boston Tea Party erupted, 
the British closed, the port of 

1340
01:09:57,908 --> 01:10:01,000
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

1341
01:10:01,000 --> 01:10:04,800
Jefferson's pain influenced by 
his legal background, and 

1342
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:07,900
Enlightenment convictions would 
soon craft arguments that 

1343
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:12,600
soared, Beyond local assemblies.
Fate was guiding him toward the 

1344
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:15,600
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

1345
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:18,300
pivotal voice championing 
Independence and articulating. 

1346
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:21,900
A new model of governance for 
now though, he was a rising 

1347
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:24,900
Virginia notable Poise 
methodical and quietly 

1348
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:27,900
determined with Monticello as 
both sanctuary and symbol of 

1349
01:10:27,900 --> 01:10:31,300
evolving ideals. 
Jeffers political instincts, 

1350
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:34,700
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

1351
01:10:34,700 --> 01:10:38,600
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

1352
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:43,000
rights of British America. 
A pamphlet addressing colonial 

1353
01:10:43,000 --> 01:10:46,300
grievances though. 
Less famous than later texts. 

1354
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:49,400
It signaled, a decisive shift 
arguing. 

1355
01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:52,100
That Parliament had no authority
to govern the colonies without 

1356
01:10:52,100 --> 01:10:55,800
their consent. 
This stance radical for its time

1357
01:10:55,800 --> 01:10:58,600
circulated. 
Widely some older Patriots. 

1358
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:01,300
Found it Brash, but for 
Jefferson, it was a matter of 

1359
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:04,100
logical extension. 
If reason and natural rights 

1360
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:08,200
were Universal, British claims 
to Dominion flouted moral law, 

1361
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:13,200
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 
talents sending him in 1774 to 

1362
01:11:13,200 --> 01:11:16,300
the second continental congress 
in Philadelphia the environment 

1363
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,900
crackled with possibility 
delegates from 13 colonies 

1364
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:22,700
debated whether to petition the 
crown or brace for Independence,

1365
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:26,400
Jefferson stoic, Presence 
overshadowed by the fiery 

1366
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:29,400
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 

1367
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:33,700
masked his deep convictions. 
He served on committees drafting

1368
01:11:33,700 --> 01:11:36,500
formal statements. 
The skirmishes around Lexington 

1369
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:38,700
and Concord flared into the 
Revolutionary War. 

1370
01:11:38,700 --> 01:11:43,400
The push for full Independence 
intensified From 1776. 

1371
01:11:43,400 --> 01:11:46,500
The Congress of pointed a 
five-man committee to draft a 

1372
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:48,800
declaration asserting. 
The colonies break from Britain 

1373
01:11:48,800 --> 01:11:53,000
despite his relative youth 
Jefferson was chosen without 

1374
01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:56,300
Adams and Franklin among the 
others, they recognized his gift

1375
01:11:56,300 --> 01:11:59,600
for articulate Pros, honed by 
years of reading and lightning 

1376
01:11:59,600 --> 01:12:02,200
treaters as hold up in a second 
floor. 

1377
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:05,400
Apartment Jefferson wrote 
feverishly for two weeks. 

1378
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:09,100
You produced a text that merged 
lock-in philosophy with a 

1379
01:12:09,108 --> 01:12:14,000
distinctly American context, 
championing life, liberty, and 

1380
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:17,600
the pursuit of happiness. 
The phrase soared Beyond local 

1381
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:20,300
grievances, to a universal 
principle of individual rights 

1382
01:12:20,300 --> 01:12:23,000
Adams and Franklin made slight 
edits. 

1383
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:26,800
And the Congress after heated 
debate adopted a final version 

1384
01:12:26,800 --> 01:12:31,000
on July. 4th 1776 The Jeffersons
words became the Bedrock 

1385
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,000
statement of a nascent Nation 
although the final text 

1386
01:12:34,000 --> 01:12:37,400
moderated some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery, speaking of 

1387
01:12:37,400 --> 01:12:40,500
slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

1388
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:44,100
even then he condemned the slave
trade in an early draft of the 

1389
01:12:44,100 --> 01:12:47,500
Declaration that passage was cut
under pressure from Southern 

1390
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:50,000
delegates. 
Personally owned in slaved 

1391
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:54,100
individuals at Monticello over 
time, theoretical critics of 

1392
01:12:54,108 --> 01:12:57,200
slavery as morally. 
Corrosive Yeti never 

1393
01:12:57,200 --> 01:13:01,100
comprehensively freed his own. 
This Paradox rarely resolved 

1394
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:05,000
would haunt his legacy despite 
disclaiming the system as an 

1395
01:13:05,000 --> 01:13:08,300
abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

1396
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:11,100
Ran ran deep. 
Following the Declarations 

1397
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:14,100
adoption Jefferson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

1398
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:18,200
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes in 

1399
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:20,400
champion disestablishment of the
Anglican Church. 

1400
01:13:20,400 --> 01:13:23,400
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

1401
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:26,200
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

1402
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:29,600
concentrated wealth in certain 
families, such measures 

1403
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:33,000
including the Statute for 
Religious Freedom, would become 

1404
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:36,700
pillars of Jefferson's vision of
a republican Society, a place 

1405
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:39,900
where personal conscience 
reigned and inherited privileged

1406
01:13:39,900 --> 01:13:42,600
dwindled. 
Yet implementing them stirred 

1407
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:44,700
resistance from tradition bound,
legislators. 

1408
01:13:44,700 --> 01:13:49,400
During the war Jefferson served 
as Virginia's Governor from 1779

1409
01:13:49,400 --> 01:13:55,100
to 1781 a ten year, overshadowed
by British invasions The 

1410
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:57,500
conflict tested him in ways that
writing never had. 

1411
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:02,400
He faced logistical, chaos, 
troop shortages, Mega supplies, 

1412
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:06,100
and Loyalists Uprising. 
British forces under Benedict, 

1413
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,100
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 
capturing Jefferson at 

1414
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:13,100
Monticello Critics of his 
governorship circulated branding

1415
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:15,100
him ineffective or hesitant 
Under Pressure. 

1416
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:18,900
This damage to his reputation, 
but the walls kale slip. 

1417
01:14:18,900 --> 01:14:21,900
No. 
Easy solutions for any leader in

1418
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,200
1781 after stepping down, 
Jefferson retreated to 

1419
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:29,300
Monticello battered in spirit. 
Personal realm also dealt in 

1420
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,000
blows heartbreak. 
At the death of his wife Martha 

1421
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:34,700
in 1782. 
She had endured multiple 

1422
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:38,600
difficult pregnancies and her 
final days for Jefferson merely 

1423
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:42,200
inconsolable her deathbed 
request that he not remarried. 

1424
01:14:42,200 --> 01:14:45,500
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 
He burned their correspondence 

1425
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:48,600
and acting deep grief, and a 
desire for privacy. 

1426
01:14:48,600 --> 01:14:52,000
The father of two surviving 
daughters, he turned inward 

1427
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:55,800
focusing on writing notes, on 
the state of Virginia, a 

1428
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:58,400
comprehensive, look at his 
regions geography, economy and 

1429
01:14:58,400 --> 01:15:01,900
Moors sprinkled with 
philosophical musings that text 

1430
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:05,500
published years, later revealed,
both his intellectual scope, and

1431
01:15:05,500 --> 01:15:08,000
the racial theories that many 
modern readers find trouble in 

1432
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:13,600
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 
felt the weight of personal loss

1433
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:15,700
and the uncertainty of the new 
Confederation. 

1434
01:15:15,700 --> 01:15:18,200
He took a seat in the 
Continental Congress. 

1435
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:23,000
Forging ahead with legislative 
tasks, the faint outlines of a 

1436
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:24,600
more stable federal government 
were forming. 

1437
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:29,200
And so we see Jefferson father 
of the Declaration parted from 

1438
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:31,600
his wife. 
Uncertain about the new nation's

1439
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:34,300
trajectory that steadfast in 
suit of Reason. 

1440
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:37,800
Based governments. 
His next chapter, beckoned a 

1441
01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:40,700
diplomatic role in Europe, 
giving him advantage on global 

1442
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:42,400
politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

1443
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:44,700
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

1444
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,800
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging, heartbreak, 

1445
01:15:49,800 --> 01:15:52,700
revolutionary ideals. 
And the complexities of forging 

1446
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:57,300
a stable Republic from scratch. 
And 1784 Congress appointed 

1447
01:15:57,300 --> 01:15:59,200
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France. 

1448
01:15:59,200 --> 01:16:02,400
Succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 
representing the fledgling. 

1449
01:16:02,400 --> 01:16:06,500
United States abroad. 
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 

1450
01:16:06,500 --> 01:16:09,300
found the city teeming with 
Enlightenment further, 

1451
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:14,000
intellectual salons, Noble, 
flamboyance, despite missing 

1452
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:16,900
Monticello's quiet Hills. 
He savored the chance to 

1453
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:19,700
cultivate ties with European 
thinkers and push for commercial

1454
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:21,100
treaties. 
Beneficial to the US. 

1455
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:24,800
The immersed himself in French 
culture, tending theater, 

1456
01:16:24,800 --> 01:16:27,900
frequenting scientific 
demonstrations and forging 

1457
01:16:27,900 --> 01:16:30,400
friendships with luminaries like
the Marquis de Lafayette. 

1458
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:35,100
This diplomatic post sharp and 
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 

1459
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:38,500
He observed how Europe's Market 
called structures stifled. 

1460
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:41,900
Personal freedoms reinforcing 
his belief that the American 

1461
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:44,600
Express experiment in Republican
governance was unique 

1462
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:47,800
impressions. 
At the same time, he recognized 

1463
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:50,400
that Europe's manufacturing, 
base dwarfed, that of the US. 

1464
01:16:50,400 --> 01:16:54,200
He lobbied European state to 
accept American exports 

1465
01:16:54,200 --> 01:16:57,900
specially tobacco and Timba, 
hoping to reduce Reliance on 

1466
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:01,600
British Markets. 
Negotiations proved slow but 

1467
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:03,400
Jefferson's calm intellect 
helped. 

1468
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:07,100
Cultivate Goodwill. 
While in Paris Jefferson also 

1469
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,500
served as a cultural conduit, he
introduced French Elites to 

1470
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:13,800
American plants and produce 
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 

1471
01:17:13,808 --> 01:17:17,300
pecan trees in return. 
He noted Advanced French 

1472
01:17:17,300 --> 01:17:20,400
architecture and engineering, 
particularly the building of 

1473
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:24,500
canals and mechanized flour. 
Mills letters, home brimmed with

1474
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,400
ideas for implementing such 
Innovations in the new United 

1475
01:17:27,400 --> 01:17:30,800
States reflecting, his 
unwavering desire to see his 

1476
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:33,900
homeland flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

1477
01:17:33,900 --> 01:17:36,900
politics swirling. 
In France though, few predicted 

1478
01:17:36,900 --> 01:17:40,100
how rapidly the monarchy would 
topple in the coming years, on a

1479
01:17:40,100 --> 01:17:43,100
personal note, Jefferson's time 
in France was laced with 

1480
01:17:43,108 --> 01:17:46,700
paternal obligations. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

1481
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:48,900
later. 
Joined by young daughter Polly 

1482
01:17:48,900 --> 01:17:51,000
to ensure they had a European 
education. 

1483
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:54,400
He also maintained a retinue 
that included in slaved 

1484
01:17:54,400 --> 01:17:58,500
individuals from Monticello 
including Sally Hemmings his 

1485
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:01,000
presence stirred controversies 
that would Ripple through 

1486
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:04,500
subsequent centuries. 
Historians debate, the specifics

1487
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:07,500
of their relationship but many 
conclude that she bore children.

1488
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,700
Father father by Jefferson. 
While details remain partly, 

1489
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:13,100
opaque the power and balance 
under schools. 

1490
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:15,400
The moral complexities 
overshadowing, his public 

1491
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:19,500
championing of Liberty and 1789 
was the French Revolution 

1492
01:18:19,500 --> 01:18:22,700
erupted Geoffrey Jefferson 
initially celebrated the way of 

1493
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:25,300
reform. 
He saw parallels, with America's

1494
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,300
recent independent struggle, 
welcoming calls to curb 

1495
01:18:28,300 --> 01:18:31,700
aristocratic privilege. 
Yet, the revolution's escalation

1496
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:34,800
when moderate hopes gave way to 
the reign of terror alarmed him.

1497
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:39,400
Before that radical shift, he 
had already departed, France. 

1498
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,200
recalled to serve as the first 
Secretary of State under a 

1499
01:18:43,200 --> 01:18:47,900
President, George Washington, 
and 1790 His Paris sojourn ended

1500
01:18:47,900 --> 01:18:51,500
with a me of admiration for 
French Enlightenment and unease 

1501
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:53,600
at the extremes. 
Their Revolution might unleash 

1502
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:57,000
returning to the US Jeffers 
joined Washington's cabinet 

1503
01:18:57,000 --> 01:19:00,600
tasked with shaping foreign 
policy, this role put him at 

1504
01:19:00,600 --> 01:19:03,500
odds with treasury secretary 
Alexander Hamilton who 

1505
01:19:03,500 --> 01:19:05,700
championed a strong federal 
government and close ties with 

1506
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:08,600
Britain. 
Jefferson, conversely favored, 

1507
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:11,600
robust State, autonomy and 
warmer relations with France, 

1508
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:14,900
their clashes anchored, the 
birth of America's first party 

1509
01:19:14,900 --> 01:19:17,600
system. 
The Federalists led by Hamilton 

1510
01:19:17,600 --> 01:19:22,200
advocated centralization while 
the Democratic Republicans, led 

1511
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:26,000
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian
base, to democracy and suspicion

1512
01:19:26,000 --> 01:19:29,600
of concentrated Federal power. 
During this cabinet period, 

1513
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:34,000
Jefferson navigated multiple 
crises tensions with Britain. 

1514
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:36,900
Over Frontier 4S, uncertain 
alliances with 

1515
01:19:36,900 --> 01:19:39,900
post-revolutionary, France, and 
domestic Strife, like the 

1516
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:43,400
Whiskey Rebellion championed 
free trade and a minimal Navy. 

1517
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:45,900
Resisting Hamilton's push for 
standing army. 

1518
01:19:46,800 --> 01:19:49,800
Deep philosophical differences, 
turned personal, prompting 

1519
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:52,800
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 
in 1793 soon. 

1520
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:55,700
He built a political Network 
harnessing sympathetic 

1521
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:57,200
newspapers to shape public 
opinion. 

1522
01:19:57,200 --> 01:20:00,300
This Dynamic signaled, the 
future of American politics, 

1523
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:03,300
where partisan alignments would 
drive policy discourse. 

1524
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:09,200
By 1796 the Schism was public 
Jefferson found himself running 

1525
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:11,500
for president against John 
Adams, though. 

1526
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:14,700
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 
narrowly and became Adams's 

1527
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:17,100
vice. 
President, a job lacking much 

1528
01:20:17,100 --> 01:20:19,700
real power. 
From the Senate's, Vantage 

1529
01:20:19,700 --> 01:20:22,800
Jefferson observed Adams as 
president and acting laws like 

1530
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:26,200
the Alien and Sedition Acts, 
which Jefferson deemed chronic. 

1531
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:29,700
Furious covertly offered the 
Kentucky, resolution's 

1532
01:20:29,700 --> 01:20:32,300
suggesting States could nullify 
unconstitutional. 

1533
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:36,300
Federal statutes the movie 
introduced a heated debate, over

1534
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:39,800
federal state relations critics 
labeled its subversive. 

1535
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:43,200
But Jefferson saw it as 
safeguarding the Spirit of 76, 

1536
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:46,100
thus by the cusp of the 1800 
election. 

1537
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:50,000
Jefferson embodied a republican 
Champion for agrarian liberties.

1538
01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:52,800
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

1539
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:56,500
Yeti also carried personal 
baggage from his slavery 

1540
01:20:56,500 --> 01:20:58,900
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

1541
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:03,300
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

1542
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,700
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

1543
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:10,000
editorials and backroom deals. 
The election would test whether 

1544
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:12,600
the fledging Republic, could 
survive a peaceful transition of

1545
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:17,200
power or devolve into rancor. 
Jefferson's calm. 

1546
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:19,600
But determined approach. 
Once again, pressed him into a 

1547
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:22,200
central role. 
Bridging in lightning ideals and

1548
01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:24,700
the gritty realities of partisan
balls. 

1549
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:27,900
The election of 1800 brought 
turmoil. 

1550
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:32,100
John Adams, sought re-election, 
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 

1551
01:21:32,100 --> 01:21:35,100
and Jefferson's Democratic 
Republicans Consolidated around 

1552
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:37,500
him. 
The campaign was Victory, aulick

1553
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:41,600
filled with accusations, 
Federalists called Jefferson and

1554
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:44,600
atheist. 
Radical Republicans, branded 

1555
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:47,100
Adams. 
A monarchist in an era. 

1556
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:50,300
Before direct popular, ballots 
electors, cast votes for 

1557
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:54,000
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

1558
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:56,900
tire emerged between Jefferson 
and his running, mate, Aaron 

1559
01:21:56,900 --> 01:22:00,600
Burr each receiving, the same 
number of electoral votes, the 

1560
01:22:00,600 --> 01:22:04,100
House of Representatives control
by Federalists had to break the 

1561
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:08,400
tie Daze of tents balloting 
ensued ultimately with 

1562
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:11,300
Hamilton's reluctant nod 
Jefferson triumphed. 

1563
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:13,700
Your deal spurred. 
The 12th Amendment. 

1564
01:22:14,500 --> 01:22:17,600
Ensuring future presidential and
vice presidential candidates had

1565
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:20,400
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

1566
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:24,900
Jefferson assumed the presidency
in 1801. 

1567
01:22:25,600 --> 01:22:28,300
His inaugural address. 
Famously extolled Unity. 

1568
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:31,300
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

1569
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:33,900
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

1570
01:22:33,900 --> 01:22:36,100
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

1571
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:39,600
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

1572
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:42,700
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned, under the Sedition 

1573
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:45,000
Act. 
The aimed for a wise and Frugal 

1574
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:48,200
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

1575
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:50,900
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

1576
01:22:51,700 --> 01:22:54,900
This pastoral Vision, resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

1577
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:56,700
saw the new president as their 
Champion. 

1578
01:22:56,700 --> 01:23:00,300
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

1579
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:05,800
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 

1580
01:23:05,808 --> 01:23:08,200
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

1581
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:13,000
Jefferson hesitated aware the 
Constitution provided no 

1582
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,900
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude that the chance 

1583
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:20,000
to double the nation's territory
overshadowed, strict 

1584
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:24,600
constitutional Scruples, for 15 
million dollars US acquired a 

1585
01:23:24,600 --> 01:23:26,700
domain stretching from the 
Mississippi River to the Rocky 

1586
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:29,700
Mountains. 
This bold stroke ensured control

1587
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:32,900
of the Mississippi's, crucial 
Port of New Orleans and opened a

1588
01:23:32,900 --> 01:23:35,700
frontier for expansion 
westerners rejoiced. 

1589
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:39,700
The Federalists bought claiming 
it diluted the Eastern State's 

1590
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:42,400
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded 

1591
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:46,100
blending, principal with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

1592
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:48,200
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

1593
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:51,700
The Lewis and Clark expedition. 
Mary weather Lewis has former 

1594
01:23:51,700 --> 01:23:54,700
The secretary and William Clark,
led a team from the Missouri. 

1595
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:58,900
River to the Pacific coast, 
their 1804 to 1806 Journey 

1596
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:03,000
mapped routes documented, flora 
and fauna and engaged with 

1597
01:24:03,000 --> 01:24:06,500
indigenous Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

1598
01:24:06,500 --> 01:24:10,000
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

1599
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:13,700
Enlightenment ideals the 
Expedition success fueled 

1600
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:16,200
national pride and curiosity 
about the continents vast 

1601
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:19,800
potential yet it also signified 
new tensions with tribal 

1602
01:24:19,800 --> 01:24:23,300
communities as more settlers 
pressed Westwood domestically 

1603
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:27,000
Jefferson faced controversies. 
He disliked the existence of the

1604
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:30,000
bank, the United States, but 
tolerated it when expedient. 

1605
01:24:30,900 --> 01:24:34,500
Slashed Federal budgets forcing 
some in the Navy to protest that

1606
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:36,100
the nation's Cedar defenses 
weakened. 

1607
01:24:36,100 --> 01:24:40,300
Furthermore, the issue of 
slavery, persisted Jefferson's, 

1608
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:43,200
personal writing has described 
as hit as a moral and political 

1609
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:45,400
Hazard. 
Yet he neither freed most of his

1610
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:48,400
own enslaved individuals, more 
Champions Federal abolition 

1611
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,800
indeed, the 1807 law Banning the
importation of enslaved. 

1612
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:56,000
Africans was a partial measure 
some historians argued, 

1613
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:58,900
Jefferson Mr. Critical chance to
push for more sweeping reforms. 

1614
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:02,600
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

1615
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:06,900
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

1616
01:25:06,900 --> 01:25:09,800
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors into their

1617
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:13,600
navies and sensed Jefferson 
tried economic Warfare. 

1618
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:15,700
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

1619
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:20,100
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

1620
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:23,600
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

1621
01:25:23,600 --> 01:25:27,600
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

1622
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:30,200
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

1623
01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:34,300
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

1624
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:37,200
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year, in 

1625
01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:41,600
office, in 1809, he handed the 
president to his close Ally 

1626
01:25:41,600 --> 01:25:46,100
James Madison quietly retiring 
to Monticello his two terms 

1627
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:49,200
shape. 
The US expanded territory a 

1628
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,400
stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional 

1629
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:55,700
tensioners his approach. 
Mix of lofty. 

1630
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:59,700
Republican ideals and occasional
pragmatic contradictions left a 

1631
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:02,600
complex in print. 
People were revered him as a 

1632
01:26:02,608 --> 01:26:05,600
philosophical statement, but 
criticized his moral 

1633
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:08,700
inconsistencies. 
He parted from Washington, DC, 

1634
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:11,700
warned from the tribulation of 
governance yet proud, he had 

1635
01:26:11,700 --> 01:26:14,100
preserved, a measure of 
individual liberty and doubled 

1636
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:17,500
the nation's size with out 
large-scale War back at Monte 

1637
01:26:17,500 --> 01:26:19,300
cello. 
The next chapter in Jefferson's 

1638
01:26:19,300 --> 01:26:22,100
life would revolve around the 
pursuit of knowledge founding 

1639
01:26:22,100 --> 01:26:25,400
the university and hosting 
endless visitors and trained by 

1640
01:26:25,400 --> 01:26:29,100
the sage of the revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

1641
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:31,300
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

1642
01:26:31,300 --> 01:26:34,800
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

1643
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:38,800
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

1644
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,400
the place, he loved surrounded 
by inventions fields of crops 

1645
01:26:42,400 --> 01:26:46,400
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

1646
01:26:46,400 --> 01:26:49,400
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

1647
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:51,300
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

1648
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:54,400
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not equate to 

1649
01:26:54,400 --> 01:26:58,800
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

1650
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:03,100
of sage of Monticello receiving 
statement foreign visitors and 

1651
01:27:03,100 --> 01:27:06,900
curious Travelers corresponded. 
Widely shaping discourse on her 

1652
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:11,800
American identity and preserving
his Revolution era repute, the 

1653
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:15,800
estate itself, reflected his 
Restless, creativity expansion 

1654
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:19,000
to the house of pavilion's and 
elaborate of gardens for 

1655
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:22,500
experimental horticulture 
Visitors often found him in his 

1656
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:24,900
library or tinkering with 
mechanical gadgets, like a 

1657
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:27,800
polygraph machine that 
duplicated his handwriting. 

1658
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:30,800
His thirst for Innovation, 
remained undimmed. 

1659
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:34,100
However, Monticello's finance's 
were precarious. 

1660
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:38,300
Jefferson indulged in 
architectural, whims financed 

1661
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:41,800
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

1662
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:45,800
debts mounted, especially as he 
refused to scale back the 

1663
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,600
gracious lifestyle slavery. 
Underpinned Monticello's 

1664
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:51,900
operations with over 100 
enslaved. 

1665
01:27:51,900 --> 01:27:55,200
Individuals performing the labor
Jefferson supervised them 

1666
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:58,800
recording births tasks, and 
schedules with methodical detail

1667
01:27:58,800 --> 01:28:02,100
yet Behind These Ledges, like 
human lives subjected to force 

1668
01:28:02,100 --> 01:28:06,400
servitude, he recognized the 
moral Quagmire, but rationalized

1669
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:09,200
it with incrementalist 
arguments, were deferrals to 

1670
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:12,300
Future Generations. 
This tension complicated, his 

1671
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:14,000
Public Image as a champion of 
Liberty. 

1672
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:17,500
One of his crowning, retirement.
Achievements was founding the 

1673
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:20,500
University of Virginia. 
Jefferson felt older 

1674
01:28:20,500 --> 01:28:23,400
institutions to religious 
influences or arcade. 

1675
01:28:23,400 --> 01:28:26,700
Curricular, he envisioned a 
secular campus, emphasizing 

1676
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,400
modern languages science and 
abroad, base liberal, education 

1677
01:28:30,400 --> 01:28:33,800
persuading, the Virginia 
legislature to back it required 

1678
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:36,500
political finesse. 
He personally designed the 

1679
01:28:36,500 --> 01:28:39,800
campus layout with a central 
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman

1680
01:28:39,800 --> 01:28:43,300
Pantheon flanked by a demo, 
called Village Pavilions. 

1681
01:28:44,300 --> 01:28:46,800
construction began in 
Charlottesville near Monticello 

1682
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:51,900
around 1817, even in his 70s, 
Jefferson frequently visited, 

1683
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:55,200
the site, checking architectural
details, conferring with 

1684
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:59,800
Builders and selecting faculty 
Aim to cultivate enlightened 

1685
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:02,700
citizen leaders for a republic 
that demanded knowledge-based 

1686
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:05,400
self-governance. 
Meanwhile, National issues, 

1687
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,500
still beckoned as an elder 
Statesman of the democratic 

1688
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:12,400
Republican party, Jefferson 
provided advice to Madison and 

1689
01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:14,900
later to Monroe. 
He supported the Louisiana 

1690
01:29:14,900 --> 01:29:18,600
purchases expansion further 
welcoming new States into the 

1691
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:21,300
Union. 
However, the War of 1812 with 

1692
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:24,400
Britain tested, his convictions 
about limited government, and a 

1693
01:29:24,400 --> 01:29:27,900
small military lamented, that 
some Federalists enclaves seemed

1694
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:30,900
willing to undermine National 
Unity, especially in the 

1695
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:33,700
Northeast. 
Letters, show him, torn between 

1696
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:36,600
localism and the emergence of 
broader national identity. 

1697
01:29:37,800 --> 01:29:41,000
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

1698
01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:44,500
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

1699
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:46,200
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

1700
01:29:46,200 --> 01:29:49,500
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

1701
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:53,000
correspondents for years. 
But in retirement, both 

1702
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:57,500
recognized by the revolution's 
intensity through letters. 

1703
01:29:57,500 --> 01:30:00,900
They Revisited old debates. 
Monarchy versus republic, the 

1704
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:04,900
role of religion, the fragility 
of democracy, their exchange 

1705
01:30:04,900 --> 01:30:08,200
sword with philosophical 
reflection, spiced with humor 

1706
01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:11,300
about Advanced age. 
The Revival of their friendships

1707
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:14,400
stands as a testament to the 
capacity for a bridging old 

1708
01:30:14,400 --> 01:30:16,700
political Rifts in these 
letters. 

1709
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:19,700
Jefferson revealed his abiding, 
optimism with the American 

1710
01:30:19,700 --> 01:30:22,700
experiment though. 
Imperfect would endure, if 

1711
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:26,900
Guided, by reason, and virtuous 
leadership, yet personal sorrow.

1712
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,500
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 
several of his children enduring

1713
01:30:30,500 --> 01:30:33,700
repeated heartbreak. 
The Monticello household was no 

1714
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:36,400
quiet. 
Domain grandchildren, ran about 

1715
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:40,100
extended relatives, sought 
financial aid, and guests 

1716
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:43,000
arrived unannounced to clean a 
moment with the iconic founder. 

1717
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:46,200
You wore the mask of a 
benevolent patriarch? 

1718
01:30:47,000 --> 01:30:50,200
But Diaries hint at outs of 
melancholy, the precarious 

1719
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:52,200
economy pressed him to mortgage 
properties. 

1720
01:30:52,200 --> 01:30:55,500
And he relied on lines of credit
that threaten to upend the 

1721
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:57,900
estate. 
The image of Monticello, as a 

1722
01:30:57,900 --> 01:31:00,500
microcosm of Republican, 
Enlightenment concealed, a 

1723
01:31:00,508 --> 01:31:05,400
precarious ledge about singing. 
Because Jefferson neared 80 took

1724
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:07,800
pride in the University of 
Virginia's nearing completion. 

1725
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:11,700
He personally selected some 
Library materials established 

1726
01:31:11,700 --> 01:31:14,900
faculty guidelines and wrote 
about its potential to transform

1727
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:19,600
the American Education. 
In 1825 University opened. 

1728
01:31:19,600 --> 01:31:23,200
Its first class of students. 
Jefferson's dream had become 

1729
01:31:23,200 --> 01:31:26,100
real. 
A secular institution dedicated 

1730
01:31:26,100 --> 01:31:30,800
to free inquiry unencumbered by 
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 

1731
01:31:30,800 --> 01:31:33,400
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

1732
01:31:33,400 --> 01:31:36,300
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

1733
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:42,500
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

1734
01:31:42,500 --> 01:31:44,800
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

1735
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:46,500
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

1736
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:50,200
People noticed, his health 
fading, but he refused to slow 

1737
01:31:50,200 --> 01:31:54,900
yearned to see July, 4th, 1826. 
The 50th anniversary of the 

1738
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:59,400
Declaration of Independence. 
That day arrived in a poetic 

1739
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:02,300
twist, John Adams, and 
Jefferson, both passed away on 

1740
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,000
that date with Jefferson died in
the early afternoon. 

1741
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:08,700
The Synergy of these two 
revolutionaries departing on the

1742
01:32:08,700 --> 01:32:12,000
nation's half-century. 
Mark cemented a legend thus 

1743
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:15,100
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 
was no quiet Twilight. 

1744
01:32:15,100 --> 01:32:17,700
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

1745
01:32:17,700 --> 01:32:21,400
educational reform and 
reflection on a revolution's 

1746
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:23,500
legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

1747
01:32:23,500 --> 01:32:27,300
estate, waived by debt, a family
overshadowed, by the institution

1748
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:29,400
of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

1749
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:33,000
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

1750
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:37,000
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

1751
01:32:37,008 --> 01:32:40,500
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

1752
01:32:40,508 --> 01:32:43,300
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

1753
01:32:43,300 --> 01:32:46,900
that still Define the American 
ethos, In the immediate wake of 

1754
01:32:46,900 --> 01:32:50,900
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed over his legacy,

1755
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:54,700
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

1756
01:32:54,700 --> 01:32:57,200
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

1757
01:32:57,200 --> 01:33:00,500
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase, and the Visionary who 

1758
01:33:00,500 --> 01:33:04,000
championed religious freedom, 
others, lambasted his 

1759
01:33:04,000 --> 01:33:07,300
inconsistencies, a 
self-proclaimed, a galatian who 

1760
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:10,600
held in slave laborers, and 
Enlightenment thinker who let 

1761
01:33:10,600 --> 01:33:12,600
personal finance is descend into
chaos. 

1762
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:16,800
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

1763
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,400
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

1764
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:21,100
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect. 

1765
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:25,000
Soon faced Financial term oil. 
His heirs struggled to pay his 

1766
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:28,000
debts, they sold land and 
eventually auctioned off 

1767
01:33:28,000 --> 01:33:31,600
furniture in slaved individuals 
fracturing, the community that 

1768
01:33:31,600 --> 01:33:35,200
had sustained the plantation. 
Monticello changed hands 

1769
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:38,500
multiple times deteriorating 
until the early 20th century. 

1770
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:41,400
When the Thomas Jefferson 
Foundation, Acquired and 

1771
01:33:41,400 --> 01:33:44,500
restored it, symbolically 
reassembling his architectural 

1772
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:46,200
dream as an American heritage 
site. 

1773
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:49,700
This restoration also reignited 
debates about the everyday 

1774
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:52,400
realities of enslaved, families,
who once toiled their 

1775
01:33:52,408 --> 01:33:56,600
culminating in renewed, emphasis
on their stories, the dimension 

1776
01:33:56,600 --> 01:33:58,900
historically, muted in the 
veneration of Jefferson. 

1777
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:02,800
Meanwhile the broader American 
public constructed, a Mythic 

1778
01:34:02,800 --> 01:34:06,900
image of Jefferson in the 19th 
century, as political parties 

1779
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:10,800
shifted references to 
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 

1780
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:15,400
praising, his emphasis on small 
government minimal taxes and the

1781
01:34:15,408 --> 01:34:19,700
righteousness of Rural Life. 
Andrew Jackson supporters invoke

1782
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,600
Jefferson as a figure who 
championed the Common Man. 

1783
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,100
But historians recognize that 
Jefferson's own approach to 

1784
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:29,700
governance was more nuanced than
popularized idealists claimed. 

1785
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:33,400
He recognized the necessity of 
compromise and occasionally 

1786
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:36,800
invoked strong Federal measures 
specially in foreign affairs. 

1787
01:34:37,900 --> 01:34:40,700
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

1788
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:44,100
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder, who 

1789
01:34:44,100 --> 01:34:47,500
believed in educated citizenry 
to debate surround. 

1790
01:34:47,500 --> 01:34:51,800
The founders intention sawed the
Jeffersons letters cited by all 

1791
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:53,500
sides. 
Archival. 

1792
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:55,400
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

1793
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:59,300
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

1794
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:01,900
in his Dynamic shift, from 
localist to expansionist. 

1795
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:04,300
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

1796
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:06,900
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

1797
01:35:06,900 --> 01:35:11,800
Paragons but flawed Statesmen 
shaped by urgent demands and 

1798
01:35:11,800 --> 01:35:14,500
scholarship. 
The 1970s and Beyond propelled, 

1799
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:17,300
a fresh wave of inquiry, 
focusing on Jefferson's 

1800
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:20,500
relationship with Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

1801
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:23,500
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering. 

1802
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:26,800
Hemmings as children, this 
Revelation forced a national 

1803
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:29,200
re-evaluation of the so called 
sage of Monticello. 

1804
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:34,300
Some were scandalized others 
found it wholly unsurprising in 

1805
01:35:34,300 --> 01:35:37,600
retrospect it underscored the 
complexities swirling under his 

1806
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:41,500
polished philosophical veneer 
from man, who wrote, all men are

1807
01:35:41,508 --> 01:35:46,000
created equal reconciling these.
Two Realms intellectual champion

1808
01:35:46,000 --> 01:35:49,100
of Liberty, and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

1809
01:35:49,100 --> 01:35:52,400
never straightforward. 
Academic attention also Del 

1810
01:35:52,400 --> 01:35:53,900
deeper into his political 
philosophy. 

1811
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,900
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 
of Liberty and held a Greer in 

1812
01:35:57,908 --> 01:36:02,000
expansion across the continent. 
Yet it set the stage for Native 

1813
01:36:02,000 --> 01:36:05,000
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

1814
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:07,800
new territories while he 
personally doubted. 

1815
01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:10,400
The morality of forcibly taking 
indigenous lands. 

1816
01:36:10,400 --> 01:36:14,000
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

1817
01:36:14,800 --> 01:36:18,200
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that Stokes tensions for 

1818
01:36:18,200 --> 01:36:20,800
Generations. 
Culminating in forced 

1819
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:24,900
relocations today. 
Some reevaluate Jefferson's role

1820
01:36:24,900 --> 01:36:27,600
in the establishing moral 
Frameworks that facilitated 

1821
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:32,000
expansion at other Zoom vents in
popular memory, Jefferson's 

1822
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:36,600
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

1823
01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:40,000
as a testament to his rhetorical
Brilliance visitors, read 

1824
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:42,800
excerpts from the Declaration of
Independence and letters on the 

1825
01:36:42,808 --> 01:36:46,400
rotunda's walls underscoring. 
His luminous call for equality 

1826
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:49,900
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

1827
01:36:49,900 --> 01:36:53,500
not portray the full tangle of 
contradictions yet more 

1828
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:56,700
incisive, interpretive programs.
Now, incorporating nuanced, 

1829
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:59,700
describing his Progressive 
achievements and moral failing 

1830
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:03,600
side, by side the mid. 
These controversies Jefferson's 

1831
01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:06,600
intellectual achievements, 
remain uncontested, His 

1832
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:09,600
articulation of natural rights 
and the notion that legitimate 

1833
01:37:09,600 --> 01:37:12,900
governments stems from the 
consent of the governed carved. 

1834
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:15,300
A philosophical Bedrock for 
modern democracies worldwide 

1835
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:18,100
Educators, and politicians 
continue. 

1836
01:37:18,100 --> 01:37:21,600
Citing him to justify policy 
from religious tolerance to 

1837
01:37:21,600 --> 01:37:25,700
public education. meanwhile 
University of Virginia stands as

1838
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:27,900
living reminders of his 
conviction that knowledge, 

1839
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:32,200
Fosters responsible governments,
It's rotunda overshadowing. 

1840
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:35,900
The lawn keeps the spirit of 
Enlightenment learning alive. 

1841
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:40,200
Hence to centuries on Thomas, 
Jefferson remains as complicated

1842
01:37:40,200 --> 01:37:43,000
as the era, he shaped a luminous
author. 

1843
01:37:43,000 --> 01:37:47,200
Democracy's founding Creed 
overshadowed by glaring 

1844
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:50,800
contradictions on race and 
personal conduct His life 

1845
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,400
prompts reflection on how lofty 
ideals can Clash with ingrained,

1846
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:56,700
social structures and personal 
entanglements. 

1847
01:37:57,500 --> 01:38:00,800
For many Americans and observes 
abroad, grappling with Jefferson

1848
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:03,800
is akin to grappling with the 
nation's own layered identity. 

1849
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:07,800
Built on Noble declarations yet.
Intimately entangled in 

1850
01:38:07,800 --> 01:38:10,700
unresolved in Justice's the 
conversation. 

1851
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:14,300
He started continues bridging 
history and contemporary debates

1852
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:17,500
on Liberty equality and the 
messy realities and between 

1853
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,700
Thomas Jefferson's life. 
Invites Reflections on how 

1854
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:23,900
Visionary ideals intersect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

1855
01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:26,600
living. 
Exemplifies the possibility that

1856
01:38:26,600 --> 01:38:30,500
one can be intellectually. 
Gifted deeply principled yet. 

1857
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:34,200
Remain entangled in personal 
contradictions observing his 

1858
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:36,000
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

1859
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:39,500
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

1860
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:43,200
Each of facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

1861
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,400
personal convictions with 
structural constraints at 

1862
01:38:46,400 --> 01:38:49,300
Monticello his architectural 
flourishes, highlight, how 

1863
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:52,400
creativity can transform 
personal space into a canvas of 

1864
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:57,500
experimentation secret passages 
rotating book stands, an 

1865
01:38:57,500 --> 01:39:00,500
advanced ventilation, remind us 
that even domestic life can 

1866
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:01,900
become a playground of 
innovation. 

1867
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:05,000
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

1868
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:09,300
including Home and Office, But 
Monticello also unders, how 

1869
01:39:09,300 --> 01:39:11,100
Comfort can rely on unseen, 
labor? 

1870
01:39:11,100 --> 01:39:15,200
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
enslaved, men and women forced 

1871
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:18,900
to cater to Jefferson's designs.
His reality, cautions that 

1872
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,500
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

1873
01:39:21,500 --> 01:39:24,600
ethical failing Jefferson's 
public service. 

1874
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:29,200
From drafting the Declaration to
guide foreign policy under 

1875
01:39:29,200 --> 01:39:30,900
scores. 
The power of well-crafted 

1876
01:39:30,900 --> 01:39:33,100
language. 
He harnessed rhetorical 

1877
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:36,100
Precision to unify disparate 
colonies under ideals. 

1878
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:38,800
That centuries later remain a 
moral yardstick. 

1879
01:39:38,800 --> 01:39:42,700
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,
we cannot dismiss how 

1880
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:45,200
effectively words shape, 
Collective identity. 

1881
01:39:46,100 --> 01:39:50,000
In an age of digital media, 
Jefferson's example of firms 

1882
01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:53,000
that carefully chosen language 
can galvanized or fractionally 

1883
01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:55,900
divided. 
His success in bridging disputes

1884
01:39:55,900 --> 01:40:00,000
among the founders, suggest the 
value of measured compromise at 

1885
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:03,100
the same time, your deal of the 
1800 election warns us that 

1886
01:40:03,108 --> 01:40:05,300
parts and ship can nearly 
fracture a young democracy. 

1887
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:09,300
One cannot ignore the deeper 
moral debate, how man, 

1888
01:40:09,300 --> 01:40:11,900
proclaiming Universal rights are
held the structure of slavery. 

1889
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:15,100
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

1890
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:18,300
contradiction. 
Alternatively, one might 

1891
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:20,900
interpret it as a historical 
caution that even 

1892
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:24,000
well-intentioned reformers can 
remain captive to entrench deck 

1893
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,600
in a social norms. 
Jefferson's story prominently 

1894
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:29,400
highlights. 
The difference between personal 

1895
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:33,000
moral Clarity in institutional, 
inertia he compels us to 

1896
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:35,500
question our complicity in 
modern systems that might 

1897
01:40:35,500 --> 01:40:37,000
conflict with our professed 
values. 

1898
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:40,800
Additionally, Jefferson's 
championing of religious freedom

1899
01:40:40,800 --> 01:40:43,800
stands out. 
He insisted that each person's 

1900
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:45,700
beliefs labor be on the 
governmental reach. 

1901
01:40:46,500 --> 01:40:49,700
Starts that shape, not just 
America, but Global Norms on 

1902
01:40:49,700 --> 01:40:52,600
religious liberty, the Statute 
for Religious Freedom. 

1903
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:55,900
In Virginia though, overshadowed
by the declaration's fame, 

1904
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:59,000
seeded the principal that 
government cannot coerce 

1905
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,700
spiritual conviction today. 
As debate on religious 

1906
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:06,600
expression swirl worldwide, his 
early, push for disestablishment

1907
01:41:06,600 --> 01:41:10,200
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

1908
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:13,700
Jefferson's approach to 
educational Frameworks, founding

1909
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:16,400
the University of Virginia 
mirrored, his conviction that an

1910
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,500
informed populace anchors, a 
stable Republic, he favored 

1911
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:22,800
broad curricula from ancient 
languages to Modern Sciences, 

1912
01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:27,100
rejecting Church oversight. 
That model resonates in ongoing 

1913
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:29,900
dialogues about academic 
freedom, the role of public 

1914
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:33,300
universities, and how to equip 
citizens for complex Global 

1915
01:41:33,300 --> 01:41:36,000
realities. 
His notion that education 

1916
01:41:36,000 --> 01:41:38,500
Fosters, self-rule might be more
pertinent than ever. 

1917
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:43,400
In his final years weighed down 
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 

1918
01:41:43,400 --> 01:41:46,700
how personal miscalculation can 
overshadow public triumphs? 

1919
01:41:46,700 --> 01:41:50,200
The man who shaped a nation 
wrestled with monetary woes 

1920
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,300
culminating in Monticello's 
partial liquidation after his 

1921
01:41:53,300 --> 01:41:56,200
death. 
Story, underscores that bright 

1922
01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:58,400
Minds can still fall in everyday
management. 

1923
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:01,300
For modern professionals 
approaching midlife. 

1924
01:42:01,300 --> 01:42:05,500
The caution is clearly in some 
Arenas, does not inoculate 

1925
01:42:05,500 --> 01:42:08,400
against practical. 
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 

1926
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:13,300
coinciding with John Adams's on 
July 4th 1826, Atlanta, Mythic 

1927
01:42:13,300 --> 01:42:17,000
close to their entwined sagas, 
observers, their Marvel at 

1928
01:42:17,000 --> 01:42:20,100
providence's timing interpreting
it as a sign of national 

1929
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:22,900
destiny. 
Solemn passing of two 

1930
01:42:22,900 --> 01:42:25,600
revolutionary Architects on the 
Republic's half-century Mark 

1931
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:27,800
remains a striking historical 
coincidence. 

1932
01:42:28,700 --> 01:42:30,600
Yet behind that. 
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 

1933
01:42:30,600 --> 01:42:33,400
The more tangible truth, they 
were aging Patriots. 

1934
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:35,400
Who parted with an American 
still in flux. 

1935
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:39,200
Fragile, expanding, and 
grappling with unsolved 

1936
01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:42,600
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 
they set forth would guide and 

1937
01:42:42,600 --> 01:42:46,800
haunt subsequent Generations in 
deciding how, or whether to 

1938
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:52,300
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as

1939
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:56,100
a mosaic liberation's poet, 
contradictory slave owner, 

1940
01:42:56,100 --> 01:43:00,200
Visionary statement, floored 
caretaker of finance's and 

1941
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:02,400
father of an institution 
championing reason. 

1942
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:06,700
His life story holds up a mirror
to the interplay of aspiration 

1943
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:09,300
and compromise. 
The swirl of high-minded, 

1944
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:12,700
principal amid pragmatic, 
gambles for many that reflection

1945
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:16,000
remains instructive inviting us 
to measure our convictions 

1946
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:17,600
against the structures. 
We inhabit. 

1947
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:20,300
And confronting Jefferson's 
complexities. 

1948
01:43:20,300 --> 01:43:22,600
We do not just revisit a 
Founding Father. 

1949
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:25,600
We confront the universal 
tension of forging, a just 

1950
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:29,500
Society in an imperfect world 
and that conversation spurred by

1951
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,000
the man from Monticello remains 
as vital as ever. 

1952
01:43:47,300 --> 01:43:50,000
When we think of the Great 
Depression, we see dust storms 

1953
01:43:50,000 --> 01:43:53,000
and bread, lines and sepia. 
Before we can appreciate the 

1954
01:43:53,000 --> 01:43:55,400
psychological impact of the 
economic collapse. 

1955
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:58,700
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

1956
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:02,000
extraordinary optimism and 
excessive consumerism that few 

1957
01:44:02,000 --> 01:44:06,300
today can imagine by 1988 
Americans believed in Endless 

1958
01:44:06,300 --> 01:44:10,100
Prosperity almost religiously. 
The typical manufacturing pay 

1959
01:44:10,100 --> 01:44:14,300
has increased by approximately 
40% since the early 1920s, most 

1960
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:18,200
new, urban homes have indoor 
plumbing longer luxury in less 

1961
01:44:18,200 --> 01:44:21,600
than a decade car ownership rows
from 8 million to 23 million. 

1962
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:26,300
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

1963
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:30,900
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

1964
01:44:30,900 --> 01:44:33,600
stock market. 
We thought we'd discovered 

1965
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:35,500
economic immortality so 
Philadelphia. 

1966
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:37,800
Radio salesperson. 
Martin Steinberg. 

1967
01:44:37,800 --> 01:44:42,300
My customers bought Phil's and 
RCA's on installment plans with 

1968
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:45,400
10% down. 
I set up their new consoles as 

1969
01:44:45,400 --> 01:44:48,600
they discussed their Investments
Milton gave stock advice. 

1970
01:44:48,600 --> 01:44:50,600
Stock tips were to the shoe 
shine. 

1971
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:53,600
Boy, those should have been 
warning signs, but we were drunk

1972
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:56,700
with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

1973
01:44:56,700 --> 01:44:58,600
times generated a strange 
isolation. 

1974
01:44:59,500 --> 01:45:01,900
Extended families that live 
together for economic reasons, 

1975
01:45:01,900 --> 01:45:05,700
split into nuclear units. 
Many uncouples bought homes in 

1976
01:45:05,700 --> 01:45:07,200
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

1977
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:10,000
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

1978
01:45:10,000 --> 01:45:12,400
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

1979
01:45:12,400 --> 01:45:15,800
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

1980
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:19,300
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

1981
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:23,500
establishments, When the crash 
came we discovered how much we'd

1982
01:45:23,500 --> 01:45:26,800
sacrificed for material goods 
from marked late. 1920s, Boston,

1983
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:30,700
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

1984
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:34,500
My father was well-positioned. 
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 

1985
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:37,000
and phone. 
We scarcely knew our neighbor's 

1986
01:45:37,000 --> 01:45:39,400
ever on competed for new gadgets
and things. 

1987
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:43,500
We had little when my father 
lost his job in 1930. 

1988
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:47,900
We had limited resources. 
They didn't know as well enough 

1989
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:50,300
to help and we were ashamed to 
ask for assistance. 

1990
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,200
American society is atomization 
would be deadly during the 

1991
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,700
economic crisis, many families 
suffered a loan without 

1992
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:01,400
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

1993
01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:03,200
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

1994
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:07,600
First Tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured. 

1995
01:46:07,600 --> 01:46:10,500
Unlike today's fdic-insured, 
deposits. 

1996
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:13,200
Most Americans didn't know their
deposits. 

1997
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:15,000
Finance, speculative 
Investments. 

1998
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:17,900
People viewed. 
The collapse of rural banks in 

1999
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:20,800
the late, 19th and early 20th, 
centuries as a local issue, 

2000
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:24,500
affecting backward, rural 
communities, Continental 

2001
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:27,500
Illinois, bank teller, Harold 
Jenkins, recalls the denial. 

2002
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:29,200
Management. 
Assured us. 

2003
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:32,900
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases attributable

2004
01:46:32,900 --> 01:46:36,200
to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices, The crucial

2005
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:39,100
connections were missed our 
loan, officers approved 

2006
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:41,600
mortgages with low down, 
payments, and margin loans, for 

2007
01:46:41,600 --> 01:46:45,100
stock buyers after the crash are
leaders to correctly. 

2008
01:46:45,100 --> 01:46:49,300
This institutional, blindness 
included government in early 

2009
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:52,400
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 
Mellon, famously said, 

2010
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:55,500
gentlemen, liquidate labor 
stocks farms. 

2011
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:59,300
And real estate, we will 
eradicate the wrote a virtually 

2012
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:02,500
medieval understanding of 
economic mix held. 

2013
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,800
The economic hardship was 
necessary to purify and rebuild 

2014
01:47:05,800 --> 01:47:09,000
the economy. 
Approach would delay significant

2015
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:11,400
involvement until Millions were 
bankrupt. 

2016
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,600
The cycle modifications forced 
on everyday, Americans were most

2017
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:18,900
acute, the 1920s, influence, 
consumer Behavior, 

2018
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:21,800
significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

2019
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,000
as conveniences and identity 
markers. 

2020
01:47:24,800 --> 01:47:26,400
Car or cigarette brand defined 
one. 

2021
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:29,700
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

2022
01:47:29,700 --> 01:47:32,600
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

2023
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,800
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred Hayes a store 

2024
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:39,500
Clark. 
We forgot who we were the life 

2025
01:47:39,500 --> 01:47:41,600
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

2026
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:44,100
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

2027
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,600
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

2028
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:49,100
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

2029
01:47:49,100 --> 01:47:51,000
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

2030
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:56,100
How do you explain this reverse 
or Millions of Americans, This 

2031
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:59,600
cognitive dissonance between 
expectations and reality to find

2032
01:47:59,600 --> 01:48:02,500
the early depression. 
The world, they were promised to

2033
01:48:02,500 --> 01:48:05,800
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

2034
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:08,500
maps. 
All goal guides the financial 

2035
01:48:08,500 --> 01:48:12,900
collapse of 1929 to 1933 wasn't 
just about stock market losses 

2036
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:16,700
affecting wealthy investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

2037
01:48:16,700 --> 01:48:18,900
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

2038
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:24,000
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

2039
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:28,200
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

2040
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:30,400
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

2041
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:33,300
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

2042
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:37,300
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

2043
01:48:37,300 --> 01:48:40,200
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

2044
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:43,900
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

2045
01:48:43,908 --> 01:48:46,500
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

2046
01:48:46,500 --> 01:48:49,000
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

2047
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:53,100
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

2048
01:48:53,100 --> 01:48:57,100
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

2049
01:48:57,100 --> 01:49:00,200
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

2050
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:04,000
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

2051
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:08,200
That night mother cut up an old 
dressed to make me a new one for

2052
01:49:08,200 --> 01:49:10,300
school. 
We have to be creative. 

2053
01:49:10,300 --> 01:49:13,000
Now, she said the voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

2054
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:16,200
something back. 
What's rarely discussed and 

2055
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:19,200
depression histories is how the 
crisis transformed attitudes 

2056
01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:23,400
toward money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

2057
01:49:23,408 --> 01:49:26,000
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

2058
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:29,800
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

2059
01:49:29,800 --> 01:49:32,000
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

2060
01:49:32,000 --> 01:49:34,800
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

2061
01:49:34,800 --> 01:49:37,700
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

2062
01:49:38,400 --> 01:49:41,800
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

2063
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:45,400
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

2064
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:49,600
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

2065
01:49:50,400 --> 01:49:53,900
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

2066
01:49:53,900 --> 01:49:56,400
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

2067
01:49:56,400 --> 01:50:00,400
electricians, Wayne Thornton 
plumbing, contractor in Des 

2068
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,600
Moines described his experience 
money just disappeared. 

2069
01:50:03,600 --> 01:50:07,000
I had customers who needed leaks
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 

2070
01:50:07,000 --> 01:50:10,900
A started, taking chickens home.
Can vegetables and even 

2071
01:50:10,908 --> 01:50:14,600
Furniture in exchange for work, 
my secretary kept a ledger of 

2072
01:50:14,608 --> 01:50:18,500
who owned what by 1922. 
I was only getting about 30% of 

2073
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:19,900
my payments in actual current 
currency. 

2074
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:24,100
The rest was barter or promises.
This collapse of conventional 

2075
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:26,500
currency revealed. 
Something profound about money 

2076
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:30,100
itself that it exists primarily 
as a total agreement rather than

2077
01:50:30,100 --> 01:50:33,200
an inherent value. 
When that agreement faltered 

2078
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:36,400
communities improvised 
Alternatives based on trust and 

2079
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:39,100
shared. 
Necessity for children, the 

2080
01:50:39,100 --> 01:50:41,400
depressions monetary lessons 
were particularly complex, 

2081
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:46,600
Kathryn Wagner, grew up in San 
Francisco called my father had 

2082
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:49,600
been a successful attorney 
before the crash suddenly, he 

2083
01:50:49,600 --> 01:50:51,600
was accepting payment in 
firewood or fish. 

2084
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:55,000
I remember asking for a nickel 
for candy and my mother cried, 

2085
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:58,200
not because we didn't have a 
nickel, we did, but because she 

2086
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:01,900
understood that money now had to
be hoarded save for absolute 

2087
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:04,800
Necessities. 
The depression's monetary 

2088
01:51:04,800 --> 01:51:07,600
transformation was also visible 
in how physical currency was 

2089
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:11,100
treated bills. 
Were pressed, flat coins were 

2090
01:51:11,100 --> 01:51:14,900
counted repeatedly and cache was
hidden, increasingly creative 

2091
01:51:14,900 --> 01:51:18,100
locations. 
Laura Hillman, whose father was 

2092
01:51:18,100 --> 01:51:21,000
a bank manager in Cincinnati 
described finding money 

2093
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:23,600
throughout their home after his 
death in 1940. 

2094
01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:27,300
There were silver dollars so 
into the hems of curtains bills,

2095
01:51:27,300 --> 01:51:30,900
tucked between book pages coins 
and sealed mason jars, buried in

2096
01:51:30,900 --> 01:51:33,400
the garden. 
Father knew better than anyone 

2097
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:37,000
how fragile Banks were and it 
marked in permanently the 

2098
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,500
Practical aspects of monies. 
Transformation was a deeper 

2099
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,700
philosophical shift. 
Americans who had embraced 

2100
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:46,600
consumer culture and defined 
themselves through purchases. 

2101
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:49,000
Now, found themselves 
questioning, the basis of value 

2102
01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:51,700
itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

2103
01:51:51,700 --> 01:51:53,800
value became unavoidably 
apparent. 

2104
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:57,400
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

2105
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:00,900
And when a skilled laborers, 
daily wage fell from four 

2106
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:03,400
dollars to $1. 
If work could be found at all. 

2107
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:07,500
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

2108
01:52:07,500 --> 01:52:09,800
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money. 

2109
01:52:10,600 --> 01:52:13,100
The whole concept. 
The house didn't change 

2110
01:52:13,100 --> 01:52:15,200
physically when its price 
dropped 80%. 

2111
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,800
But suddenly the banks said, it 
was worth a 5th of what they 

2112
01:52:18,800 --> 01:52:22,000
claimed last year and a man's 
labor, didn't change when his 

2113
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:24,500
wage was cut. 
But now an hour of sweat was 

2114
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,900
worth half, ordered Bean. 
This change made people question

2115
01:52:27,900 --> 01:52:30,800
everything. 
This questioning extended to 

2116
01:52:30,800 --> 01:52:34,200
Authority itself when presidents
who wrote Roosevelt made 

2117
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:35,700
pronouncements about the 
economy. 

2118
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:39,000
Many Americans had become 
skeptical of official narrative,

2119
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:42,700
having watched soundbanks 
collapse and blue chip stocks 

2120
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,200
become worthless. 
They developed a weary to 

2121
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,300
towards institutional 
pronouncements that would 

2122
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:48,900
influence American politics for 
decades. 

2123
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:52,800
The depression's monetary chaos.
Also produced unexpected, social

2124
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:57,000
effects as cash became scare. 
Those who still had it gained 

2125
01:52:57,000 --> 01:52:59,400
outside. 
Influence, small town, Bankers. 

2126
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:02,400
Who had maintained liquidity. 
Landlords, who owned properties 

2127
01:53:02,400 --> 01:53:05,400
outright and business owners? 
Who had avoided debt found 

2128
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:07,500
themselves with disproportionate
Community power. 

2129
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:11,900
This shift, created new, social 
hierarchies based on traditional

2130
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:14,800
status markers. 
And more on financial Prudence, 

2131
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:18,300
a virtue that had been largely 
dismissed during the exuberant 

2132
01:53:18,300 --> 01:53:21,300
1920s. 
The social order flipped, 

2133
01:53:21,300 --> 01:53:25,500
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia, the

2134
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:29,700
flashy Spenders of the 20s were 
now, destitute while cautious, 

2135
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:33,500
Savers became Community leaders.
Everyone thought our principal 

2136
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:36,900
was a Frugal Miser that he was 
the only one who could provide 

2137
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:40,000
small loans to prevent faculty 
members from losing their homes.

2138
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:44,600
His influence grew tremendously,
the cycle impact of the 

2139
01:53:44,600 --> 01:53:47,300
depression created wounds that 
statistics can't capture 

2140
01:53:47,300 --> 01:53:51,800
invisible scars, that shape 
behaviors relationships and 

2141
01:53:51,800 --> 01:53:55,600
World Views for Generations. 
While historians often focus on 

2142
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:59,100
economic metrics, the True 
Legacy lived in changed minds 

2143
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:01,900
and hearts. 
For adults who had established 

2144
01:54:01,900 --> 01:54:04,900
identities and expectations 
before the crash the 

2145
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:08,500
psychological toll was 
particularly severe Dr. Edwin 

2146
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:11,100
Matthews, who practiced medicine
in Cleveland throughout the 

2147
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:14,500
1930s observed. 
I treated physical ailments, 

2148
01:54:14,500 --> 01:54:17,800
malnutrition tuberculosis 
exacerbated by poor housing 

2149
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:21,200
industrial injuries but the most
common problems were 

2150
01:54:21,200 --> 01:54:24,500
psychological insomnia. 
Played former businessman 

2151
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:28,400
digestive disorders, affected 
women, trying to feed families 

2152
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,700
on inadequate budgets. 
I observe Tremors in hands that 

2153
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:35,200
have previously been steadily. 
These stress-related ailments 

2154
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:37,700
rarely appear in depression. 
Statistics yet. 

2155
01:54:37,700 --> 01:54:40,700
They're affected Millions. 
More startling with the 

2156
01:54:40,708 --> 01:54:42,200
invisible. 
Behavioral changes. 

2157
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:45,000
People who had been outgoing 
became withdrawn 

2158
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,900
decision-making, became 
Paralyzed by fear. 

2159
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:51,100
Marriages strained under 
Financial pressure developed 

2160
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:53,900
communication patterns centered 
on avoidance, rather than 

2161
01:54:53,900 --> 01:54:56,700
confrontation. 
My mother changed completely 

2162
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:58,900
said, Richard Neville, who was 
10 years old. 

2163
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:01,900
When his father lost his 
accounting position in 1931 

2164
01:55:01,900 --> 01:55:04,700
before she'd been the 
neighborhood social organizer 

2165
01:55:04,700 --> 01:55:08,000
card, parties, Community, 
Theater Church events, after we 

2166
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:10,500
lost our home, and moved to a 
rental across town, she stopped 

2167
01:55:10,500 --> 01:55:13,700
seeing friends entirely, she'd 
say she was too busy, but I 

2168
01:55:13,708 --> 01:55:15,700
would find her sitting 
motionless by the window for 

2169
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,200
hours. 
The woman wants the heart of our

2170
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:22,000
community became nearly mute. 
This social withdrawal emerged 

2171
01:55:22,000 --> 01:55:25,300
as a common coping mechanism. 
Shame about downward Mobility 

2172
01:55:25,300 --> 01:55:28,000
led many to isolate themselves 
rather than maintain 

2173
01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:30,000
relationships that reminded them
of their losses. 

2174
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:33,600
This isolation, often 
compounded, depression, creating

2175
01:55:33,600 --> 01:55:36,700
cycles of emotional decline that
remained unaddressed in an era. 

2176
01:55:36,700 --> 01:55:40,500
When Mental Health Care was 
primitive and stigmatized For 

2177
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:43,100
children, the psychological 
impacts manifested differently. 

2178
01:55:43,100 --> 01:55:46,800
Many developed extreme risk 
aversion, and preoccupation with

2179
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:50,100
security, that would influence 
their adult decisions decades 

2180
01:55:50,100 --> 01:55:52,800
later School. 
Teachers reported students 

2181
01:55:52,800 --> 01:55:56,300
hoarding lunch, leftovers and 
school supplies children as 

2182
01:55:56,300 --> 01:55:59,000
young as six began asking 
anxious questions about family 

2183
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:01,600
finances. 
Clara Mortensen, who taught 

2184
01:56:01,600 --> 01:56:05,600
third grade in Omaha noted for 
the depression children would 

2185
01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:09,900
trade sandwich halves or share 
treats by. 1932, I observed 

2186
01:56:09,900 --> 01:56:12,700
students carefully wrapping 
uneven portions to take home. 

2187
01:56:12,700 --> 01:56:15,300
It count. 
Crayons repeatedly to ensure 

2188
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:17,500
none were lost. 
These were behaviors their 

2189
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:20,100
parents to directly taught them.
The children were absorbing 

2190
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:22,000
anxiety from the atmosphere 
around them. 

2191
01:56:23,500 --> 01:56:26,200
What's particularly striking 
about depression or Psychology 

2192
01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:28,100
was the disproportionate impact 
on men? 

2193
01:56:28,900 --> 01:56:31,600
In a culture that primarily 
Define masculine Success Through

2194
01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:35,200
provider ship unemployment, 
profoundly impacted the core of 

2195
01:56:35,200 --> 01:56:38,800
male identity women, though, 
certainly not immune to 

2196
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,000
depression. 
Trauma often had secondary 

2197
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:43,500
identities as caregivers and 
home managers. 

2198
01:56:43,500 --> 01:56:46,600
That remained intact despite 
Financial collapse, Henry 

2199
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:49,500
Gladwell who spent two years, 
riding the rails after losing 

2200
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,100
his Factory job in Akron. 
Described this gender, 

2201
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:56,100
differential, A man without work
in those days, wasn't a man at 

2202
01:56:56,100 --> 01:56:58,200
all. 
Women could still be mothers and

2203
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:01,600
wives without paychecks. 
Women faced severe, hardships, 

2204
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:04,900
but their experiences were 
different from men for us. 

2205
01:57:04,900 --> 01:57:08,400
Men unemployment wasn't just 
economic hardship, it was a 

2206
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,500
masculine, some fellows. 
I would leave home each morning 

2207
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:14,400
pretending to seek employment, 
but would actually spend the day

2208
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:17,300
in the public library just to 
maintain the fiction that they 

2209
01:57:17,300 --> 01:57:20,900
were still trying. 
This gendered experience created

2210
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:23,000
lasting imprints on family 
Dynamics. 

2211
01:57:23,700 --> 01:57:26,300
Children who watched fathers 
struggle with identity loss, 

2212
01:57:26,300 --> 01:57:29,500
often developed complex 
relationships with authority and

2213
01:57:29,508 --> 01:57:32,100
achievement. 
Many Depression era children 

2214
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:35,500
grew up to become Workaholics 
driving themselves, relentlessly

2215
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:38,400
to avoid the vulnerability, they
had witnessed in their at 

2216
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:40,700
parents. 
The cycle logical impact 

2217
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:43,900
extended to how people viewed 
institutions, trust in Banks 

2218
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:47,000
corporations and government 
suffered damage that would never

2219
01:57:47,000 --> 01:57:50,000
fully heal for many who had 
believed in American capitalism 

2220
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:53,400
as an essentially fast system 
that rewarded hard work. 

2221
01:57:53,400 --> 01:57:58,500
The depression destroyed, this 
foundational, assumption my 

2222
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:01,900
father was a True Believer in 
the American dream explained, 

2223
01:58:01,900 --> 01:58:05,500
Catherine Oaks whose family lost
their Michigan Farm to 

2224
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:10,300
foreclosure Immigrated from 
Poland, worked 18 hours a day 

2225
01:58:10,308 --> 01:58:15,200
and saved every penny. 
When the bank took off Farm 

2226
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:20,100
something broke in him, not just
sadness, his entire worldview 

2227
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:22,900
collapsed. 
He believed there was a moral 

2228
01:58:22,900 --> 01:58:26,400
order where virtue was rewarded.
After that he viewed all 

2229
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:29,800
institutions with suspicion, he 
wouldn't even trust the Post 

2230
01:58:29,800 --> 01:58:33,600
Office with packages. 
This institutional, distrust 

2231
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:36,600
manifested in behaviors that 
Outsiders often found in 

2232
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:39,900
comprehensible people who had 
survived bank failures might 

2233
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:42,800
divide their modest savings 
between multiple hiding places. 

2234
01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:47,000
Important documents were kept at
home rather than in safe deposit

2235
01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:50,200
boxes government assistance. 
Programs were viewed with 

2236
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:53,300
suspicion, even by those who 
desperately needed help. 

2237
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:58,300
Perhaps most profoundly, the 
depression, altered America's 

2238
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:00,000
relationship with possibility 
itself. 

2239
01:59:00,000 --> 01:59:03,600
The assumption that tomorrow 
would like be better than today.

2240
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:06,500
A Quinta century. 
American Outlook was replaced 

2241
01:59:06,500 --> 01:59:09,100
for many, by a persistent 
expectation of calamity. 

2242
01:59:10,000 --> 01:59:13,600
This anticipatory anxiety became
so ingrained that many 

2243
01:59:13,600 --> 01:59:16,500
depression survivors maintained 
emergencies preparations 

2244
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:19,300
throughout their lives long 
after economic recovery. 

2245
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:23,000
Grandmother kept a suitcase 
packed until the day she died in

2246
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,700
1992. 
Recalled, Tom Whittaker about 

2247
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:29,100
his grandmother who had lived 
through bank runs in 1931. 

2248
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:32,600
She insisted every family member
memorized, a meeting location, 

2249
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:35,900
if things fell apart again. 
She maintained a pantry that 

2250
01:59:35,908 --> 01:59:38,800
could feed 20 people for months.
When we cleaned out her 

2251
01:59:38,800 --> 01:59:42,000
apartment, we found gold coins. 
Sewn into the lining of her 

2252
01:59:42,000 --> 01:59:45,500
winter coat, depression never 
ended in her mind when We 

2253
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:47,600
examined, the depression Beyond 
economics statistics. 

2254
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:51,300
We discover how profoundly it 
transformed every day routines 

2255
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:55,300
and practices necessity forced 
innovation in ways that 

2256
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:57,900
fundamentally reshaped American 
domestic life. 

2257
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:01,300
Perhaps the most remarkable 
transformation happened in 

2258
02:00:01,300 --> 02:00:04,800
kitchens Across America cooking 
practices that had been trending

2259
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:07,100
toward convenience Foods in the 
1920s. 

2260
02:00:07,100 --> 02:00:10,500
Reverse dramatically women, who 
had never baked bread found 

2261
02:00:10,500 --> 02:00:13,500
themselves studying their 
grandmother's recipes complex 

2262
02:00:13,500 --> 02:00:16,300
systems for food, preservation 
emerged in urban apartment's. 

2263
02:00:16,300 --> 02:00:19,300
Never designed for such 
activities, Evelyn her others 

2264
02:00:19,300 --> 02:00:22,000
who managed to household in 
Baltimore described. 

2265
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:26,500
This coloring Revolution, Before
29, I bought Baker's bread and 

2266
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:30,100
canned vegetables without 
thinking after my husband's pay 

2267
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:32,500
was cut by 2/3. 
I had to relearn everything. 

2268
02:00:33,400 --> 02:00:36,000
I converted our fire escape into
a cooling rack for bread. 

2269
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:39,300
I learned to make five different
meals from a single chicken. 

2270
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:43,200
Nothing was wasted. 
Potato peels became super stock 

2271
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:45,200
and meat bones were boiled 
repeatedly. 

2272
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:48,000
We strained, the bacon, grease 
and used it for cooking 

2273
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:51,000
throughout the week. 
This culinary transformation 

2274
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,000
wasn't merely about frugality, 
it represented a fundamental 

2275
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:56,500
change in how Americans related 
to their food. 

2276
02:00:56,500 --> 02:01:00,600
The direct involvement in food 
production, created new 

2277
02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:03,600
relationships with ingredients 
and nutritional despite 

2278
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,800
financial hardship, many 
depression survivors reported 

2279
02:01:06,800 --> 02:01:10,000
that their diets improved in 
quality as they replaced 

2280
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:13,600
processed foods with scratch 
cooking, Home Maintenance 

2281
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,900
underwent, similarly invention, 
the service economy that had 

2282
02:01:16,900 --> 02:01:19,100
begun emerging in the 1920s 
collapsed. 

2283
02:01:19,100 --> 02:01:22,500
As families could no longer 
afford repairman cleaners or 

2284
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:25,900
delivery services. 
This scenario necessitated a 

2285
02:01:25,900 --> 02:01:27,600
massive reskilling of the 
American population. 

2286
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:30,700
Particularly among middle class 
men who had specialized 

2287
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:33,400
professionally but now needed to
become generalists. 

2288
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:37,400
Robert Thornhill would worked as
an accountant in Chicago, 

2289
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:41,200
exemplified this transition. 
Before the crash I called 

2290
02:01:41,200 --> 02:01:43,400
Professionals for everything 
electricians. 

2291
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:46,900
Plumbers Carpenters. 
After losing my position, I 

2292
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:49,900
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 
Streetcar, fare let alone 

2293
02:01:49,908 --> 02:01:52,500
dollars for repairs. 
I traded accounting. 

2294
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:54,800
Help to a hardware store, owner 
for tools and manuals. 

2295
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:59,300
I rewired our lighting fix the 
toilet and rebuilt, our kitchen 

2296
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:03,400
table, My father had been a 
farmer who could fix anything 

2297
02:02:03,400 --> 02:02:06,200
skills. 
I dismissed as unnecessary and 

2298
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:09,400
modern times the depression 
brought me back to his world 

2299
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:13,000
with humility. 
This reskilling extended Beyond 

2300
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:15,900
maintenance to a complete 
reimagining of how old objects 

2301
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:19,700
Americans developed in genius 
systems, for repurposing items. 

2302
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:22,900
That would otherwise be 
discarded flour, sacks became 

2303
02:02:22,900 --> 02:02:25,000
dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

2304
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,400
newspapers became insulation in 
cardboard was transformed into 

2305
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:32,000
Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

2306
02:02:32,000 --> 02:02:34,400
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

2307
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:37,800
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

2308
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:41,700
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renew the yarn into socks, 

2309
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:45,700
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

2310
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,100
set. 
She couldn't afford upholstery 

2311
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:51,100
she needed fabric. 
So she gathered, burlap coffee 

2312
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:54,100
sacks from local shops died, 
them with walnut, husks to 

2313
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:56,800
achieve a consistent color and 
refinished our worn out 

2314
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,400
furniture She stuffed the 
cushions with unraveled cotton 

2315
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:03,100
from worn out. 
Mattresses guests complemented, 

2316
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:06,100
our rustic decor. 
Never realizing it was born of 

2317
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:08,900
desperation Transportation 
underwent, perhaps the most 

2318
02:03:08,900 --> 02:03:12,200
visible transformation, the 
automobile, which had become 

2319
02:03:12,200 --> 02:03:15,900
Central to American identity in 
the 1920s was now often 

2320
02:03:15,900 --> 02:03:19,500
unaffordable to operate Families
who kept their cars developed 

2321
02:03:19,500 --> 02:03:23,000
elaborate systems to extend 
their utility adding cargo 

2322
02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:26,200
platforms to carry Goods. 
Converting sedans into pickup 

2323
02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:29,700
trucks by removing rear sections
and modifying engines to burn 

2324
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:32,700
lower quality fuels. 
Many families return to pre 

2325
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:38,000
Automotive Transportation, Urban
bicycle usage, Alan Parker who 

2326
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:39,800
delivered groceries and 
Philadelphia noted. 

2327
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:44,500
A 1932 the streets had changed 
completely, for weeks at a time 

2328
02:03:44,508 --> 02:03:46,300
people Park. 
Their cars up on blocks to 

2329
02:03:46,300 --> 02:03:49,600
reduce tire. 
Wear bicycle's were everywhere. 

2330
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:54,000
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

2331
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:56,000
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on the back. 

2332
02:03:56,000 --> 02:03:59,500
Fender people rigged, incredible
trailers to bite for moving 

2333
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:02,500
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

2334
02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:05,600
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment, movies, 

2335
02:04:05,600 --> 02:04:09,900
nightclubs and sports events 
became unaffordable luxuries for

2336
02:04:09,900 --> 02:04:14,200
many in response Americans. 
Rediscovered, participatory and 

2337
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:16,900
entertainment, Community 
singing, amateur theatricals, 

2338
02:04:16,900 --> 02:04:20,300
and storytelling circles 
experience, unexpected. 

2339
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:24,500
Revivals or games enjoyed, 
unprecedented popularity, with 

2340
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,300
families, often making their own
versions of commercial games. 

2341
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:30,500
The depression also forced 
reconsideration of living 

2342
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:33,400
arrangements. 
Extended families, Consolidated 

2343
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:36,700
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

2344
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:40,400
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

2345
02:04:40,400 --> 02:04:44,200
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

2346
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,200
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

2347
02:04:47,300 --> 02:04:49,800
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

2348
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:51,500
other women, described these 
Arrangements. 

2349
02:04:51,500 --> 02:04:55,300
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

2350
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,700
a secretary and provided most of
our cashing come with my sewing 

2351
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:00,000
machine. 
Still in working order. 

2352
02:05:00,000 --> 02:05:03,000
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

2353
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,000
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

2354
02:05:06,000 --> 02:05:08,800
as any factorie schedule for 
cooking cleaning and job 

2355
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:11,100
hunting. 
We weren't relatives but 

2356
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:13,200
necessity made us close of the 
many families. 

2357
02:05:14,900 --> 02:05:18,000
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

2358
02:05:18,000 --> 02:05:22,100
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

2359
02:05:22,100 --> 02:05:27,200
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

2360
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:28,800
available might come at any 
hour. 

2361
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:31,800
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

2362
02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:34,700
structure to days, no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

2363
02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:38,000
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

2364
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:42,000
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

2365
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,900
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred despair 

2366
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:50,400
so I created a schedule as rigid
as the Mills up at 5:30 

2367
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,500
breakfast job hunting until noon
afternoon's repair work or 

2368
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:57,200
gardening. 
I dedicate my evening to reading

2369
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:00,700
in order to enhance my skills on
Sundays, I dedicate myself to 

2370
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:03,200
church and spending time with my
family, it wasn't about 

2371
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:05,700
efficiency. 
It was about maintaining sanity 

2372
02:06:05,700 --> 02:06:07,500
when the clock no longer ruled 
my life. 

2373
02:06:08,500 --> 02:06:10,600
This reinvention of daily 
routines wasn't merely 

2374
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:12,900
adaptation. 
It represented a profound 

2375
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:15,900
cultural shift in how Americans 
related to material Goods, 

2376
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:20,100
services and time itself. 
The depression forced, a 

2377
02:06:20,100 --> 02:06:24,000
nationwide reassessment of needs
versus wants your ability versus

2378
02:06:24,000 --> 02:06:27,600
disposability and self-reliance 
versus specialization. 

2379
02:06:28,500 --> 02:06:31,200
These values would influence 
consumption, patterns, and 

2380
02:06:31,200 --> 02:06:33,700
domestic practices for decades 
after economic recovery. 

2381
02:06:33,700 --> 02:06:37,500
The depression is famous for 
individual hardships, but it's 

2382
02:06:37,500 --> 02:06:40,000
most impressive story. 
May be how communities devise 

2383
02:06:40,000 --> 02:06:42,300
survival strategies, that 
changed American Social 

2384
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:44,700
organization. 
Together, these responses 

2385
02:06:44,700 --> 02:06:47,200
provided resilience where 
individual efforts failed, 

2386
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:50,200
highly sophisticated 
neighborhood, support systems 

2387
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:53,700
arose, informal communication, 
networks, convey information 

2388
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:57,400
about jobs Assistance, programs 
and local credit providers in 

2389
02:06:57,400 --> 02:07:00,500
metropolitan areas. 
These networks spanned ethnic 

2390
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:04,200
and religious divides by using 
tenement hallways laundry lines 

2391
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:05,800
and front Stoops to spread 
information. 

2392
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:08,900
Before the crash. 
The Jewish families in our 

2393
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:10,600
building. 
Barely spoke to the Italian 

2394
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:12,300
families. 
Two floors down, said, 

2395
02:07:12,300 --> 02:07:13,900
Williamsburg resident, Sarah 
Goldstein. 

2396
02:07:13,900 --> 02:07:16,900
Mrs. Esposito. 
And my mother ran a Soup pot for

2397
02:07:16,900 --> 02:07:20,300
both families in 1931. 
After learning about the 

2398
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:22,900
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 
informed. 

2399
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:26,300
My father old boundaries fell 
because survival demanded. 

2400
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:30,800
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 
Candles with us on Friday nights

2401
02:07:30,800 --> 02:07:33,100
because we are family, not 
because she was Jewish. 

2402
02:07:34,200 --> 02:07:36,000
Community. 
Cohesion, led to practical 

2403
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:39,100
assistance systems organic, 
Child Care cooperatives. 

2404
02:07:39,100 --> 02:07:41,800
Let parents switch job. 
Hunting days tool. 

2405
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:44,200
Libraries let neighbors share 
expensive gear. 

2406
02:07:45,000 --> 02:07:47,900
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

2407
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:50,700
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

2408
02:07:50,700 --> 02:07:54,100
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

2409
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:57,000
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

2410
02:07:57,000 --> 02:07:59,800
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

2411
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:03,700
Religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefit societies extended their

2412
02:08:03,700 --> 02:08:05,600
roles to meet economic 
requirements. 

2413
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:10,100
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

2414
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:13,000
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

2415
02:08:13,000 --> 02:08:15,700
Washington said. 
How our organization 

2416
02:08:15,700 --> 02:08:18,500
traditionally provides burial 
benefits and social connections.

2417
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:21,800
We became a job office Food, 
Distribution Center and housing,

2418
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:25,300
referral agency overnight during
the Depression, every working 

2419
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:26,800
brother supported the 
unemployed. 

2420
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,700
When the economy faild, our 
community retained dignity, 

2421
02:08:30,900 --> 02:08:34,000
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 
workplace activism to provide 

2422
02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:37,000
overall support. 
The international ladies garment

2423
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:39,900
Workers Union in New York 
sponsored Health, Clinic's 

2424
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:42,400
Cooperative, housing, and adult 
education. 

2425
02:08:44,000 --> 02:08:46,700
Michigan United, Auto Workers, 
unemployment, councils 

2426
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:50,400
organized, direct action to 
avoid eviction later, UAB 

2427
02:08:50,400 --> 02:08:52,900
leader, Walter Rutha remembered 
early, Depression era 

2428
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:55,900
activities, 100 of workers, 
block the sheriff. 

2429
02:08:55,900 --> 02:08:58,700
When a family received an 
eviction notice, then we 

2430
02:08:58,700 --> 02:09:01,000
negotiate lower, rent, or 
payment schedule with the 

2431
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:03,900
landlord, we'd return the 
family's possessions after 

2432
02:09:03,900 --> 02:09:06,500
authorities left. 
If eviction was inevitable. 

2433
02:09:06,500 --> 02:09:10,100
Now we fought for Community 
survival, not pay. 

2434
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:14,300
Rural communities established 
unique mutual help systems. 

2435
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:18,100
Besides advocacy, The Grange 
coordinated seed exchanges, 

2436
02:09:18,100 --> 02:09:20,300
equipment, sharing and labor 
pooling. 

2437
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:24,300
Farmers formed, communal lending
circles, based on European and 

2438
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:26,800
African Customs. 
When bank failures devastated, 

2439
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:30,400
the conventional credit system, 
Transformations were specially 

2440
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:34,600
profound in churches, religion 
became a distribution employment

2441
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:37,000
and housing coordinators. 
In addition, to spiritual 

2442
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:40,200
assistance, when public 
education funds, fell Church, 

2443
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,500
basements became schools, 
religious communities, that had 

2444
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:45,700
focused on spirituality. 
Now, addressed material, 

2445
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:50,200
concerns directly, Before the 
depression, charity was a minor 

2446
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:53,800
part of our ministry said data. 
First Methodist Church, Pastor, 

2447
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:56,500
Michael Thompson. 
We turned our refuge into a 

2448
02:09:56,500 --> 02:10:00,900
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 
Sunday School classes became 

2449
02:10:00,900 --> 02:10:04,500
Healthcare Clinic with volunteer
nurses, we broadened Christian 

2450
02:10:04,500 --> 02:10:06,600
responsibility from Spirits to 
bodies. 

2451
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:09,300
Theological consequences were 
huge. 

2452
02:10:09,300 --> 02:10:11,100
We couldn't preach about 
Paradise. 

2453
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:12,400
While neglecting Earthly 
Missouri. 

2454
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:16,300
Crosscutting aspect of these 
Community Systems was 

2455
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:20,100
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

2456
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:23,000
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

2457
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:25,600
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

2458
02:10:25,600 --> 02:10:29,100
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

2459
02:10:29,100 --> 02:10:32,300
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

2460
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:35,200
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

2461
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:38,400
like West, Virginia's Arthur 
Dale community and spontaneous 

2462
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:40,900
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

2463
02:10:40,900 --> 02:10:44,900
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

2464
02:10:44,900 --> 02:10:46,600
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

2465
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:50,500
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

2466
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:55,200
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

2467
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:57,200
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

2468
02:10:58,000 --> 02:11:01,700
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

2469
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:04,000
restaurant. 
Veterans, ran our shared 

2470
02:11:04,000 --> 02:11:06,600
kitchen, we printed labor, 
backed script. 

2471
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:09,600
It was more than survival. 
We were developing an 

2472
02:11:09,600 --> 02:11:11,300
alternative to the fail to 
economy. 

2473
02:11:12,500 --> 02:11:15,100
These Villages were social and 
economic Innovation Labs. 

2474
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:18,900
Many tried Cooperative 
ownership, labor exchange, and 

2475
02:11:18,900 --> 02:11:21,100
non-monetary economies to 
replace capitalism. 

2476
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,300
Most of these attempts were 
absorbed into mainstream 

2477
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:27,500
Economic Institutions that the 
shaped American Community 

2478
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:30,500
organization. 
Community structures generated 

2479
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:33,700
psychological resilience that 
individuals couldn't most 

2480
02:11:33,700 --> 02:11:36,600
notably. 
Mutual Aid, participants had 

2481
02:11:36,600 --> 02:11:39,600
lower depression and suicide 
rates than those who struggled 

2482
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:41,800
alone. 
Community responses brought 

2483
02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:43,900
meaning to suffering, that may 
have seemed useless. 

2484
02:11:45,500 --> 02:11:48,300
Chicago settlement house. 
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 

2485
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:51,300
Community connections kept 
Spirits alive. 

2486
02:11:51,300 --> 02:11:55,200
A huge psychological difference,
existed between unemployed men 

2487
02:11:55,200 --> 02:11:58,200
who joined our workers Council. 
And those who stayed alienated 

2488
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:01,700
meaning and perseverance came 
from shared hardship. 

2489
02:12:01,700 --> 02:12:05,400
The council members endured 
hunger and pain with friends not

2490
02:12:05,400 --> 02:12:08,300
shamefully alone. 
These Collective survival 

2491
02:12:08,300 --> 02:12:10,000
structures. 
Challenged American 

2492
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,200
individualism greatly, he showed
that interdependence not 

2493
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:16,800
self-reliance, determined 
economic disaster, survivability

2494
02:12:18,200 --> 02:12:21,500
Long after the Depression, this 
lesson shaped social policy and 

2495
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:24,500
Community, organizing the Great 
Depression affected, almost all 

2496
02:12:24,500 --> 02:12:26,400
Americans. 
Although some of events are 

2497
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:29,400
forgotten, black Americans 
suffered greatly during the 

2498
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,600
Depression, the conventional 
narrative, rarely mention it 

2499
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:36,500
already discriminated against 
him, work housing and education.

2500
02:12:36,500 --> 02:12:39,500
Black communities saw the 
depression as a worsening of 

2501
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:42,500
their poverty. 
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian

2502
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:44,500
Thompson characterized this 
continuity. 

2503
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:46,700
White's discussed the 
depression. 

2504
02:12:46,700 --> 02:12:50,300
Like it ended the world. 
Historically colored people were

2505
02:12:50,300 --> 02:12:52,700
economically insecure last 
hired. 

2506
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:56,300
First dismissed, was our Norm we
lost even our minimal security, 

2507
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:59,100
my spouse, and I saved 400 
dollars for a house. 

2508
02:12:59,108 --> 02:13:02,000
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 
that money vanished. 

2509
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,300
No government officials worried 
about black Banks, like they did

2510
02:13:05,300 --> 02:13:08,200
white ones. 
Black agricultural workers 

2511
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,600
suffered most in rural areas in 
addition to Chronic debt from 

2512
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:14,100
sharecropping, they faced 
falling cotton prices and 

2513
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:17,600
agricultural mechanization. 
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 

2514
02:13:17,600 --> 02:13:21,000
eliminated, thousands of jobs in
the 1930s when Alternatives were

2515
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:23,400
scarce. 
This agricultural, displacement 

2516
02:13:23,400 --> 02:13:26,400
spurred the great migration of 
black Americans to Northern 

2517
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:29,500
cities, the housing 
discrimination forced them into 

2518
02:13:29,500 --> 02:13:34,000
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 
many New Deal initiatives helped

2519
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:36,800
Americans find housing but 
redlining excluded black 

2520
02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:39,800
neighborhoods indigenous. 
Populations experience the 

2521
02:13:39,800 --> 02:13:43,200
depression through our 
complicated mix of economic 

2522
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:47,000
breakdown and Colonial policy. 
The failure of the cash economy 

2523
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:49,700
had less of an impact on 
traditional subsistence tribes 

2524
02:13:49,700 --> 02:13:53,700
than on non-native those forced 
into wage labor by previous 

2525
02:13:53,700 --> 02:13:55,700
government. 
Legislation were especially 

2526
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:59,500
vulnerable, Joseph, Blackhawk 
and Omaha Tribal member who 

2527
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,500
worked in Nebraska Meatpacking 
for facilities said, government 

2528
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:04,800
schools and reservation 
regulations, destroyed our 

2529
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:06,900
grandparents Land Based 
abilities. 

2530
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:10,200
Any of us relied on wage work, 
that disappeared during the 

2531
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:13,200
Depression, the transformation 
of our hunting grounds into 

2532
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:15,900
farms and our plant Gathering 
sights into paved areas. 

2533
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:18,900
Prevented us from reverting to 
our ancient Customs, the 

2534
02:14:18,900 --> 02:14:22,200
simultaneous failure of both 
systems, put us Between Worlds. 

2535
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:27,300
The 1934 Indian reorganization 
Act, despite its promotion as a 

2536
02:14:27,300 --> 02:14:30,800
progressive reform, resulted in 
increased economic dependency 

2537
02:14:30,800 --> 02:14:33,800
during the Depression 
constitutions, that prioritize 

2538
02:14:33,800 --> 02:14:36,900
resource exploitation have 
reformed tribes promoting 

2539
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:39,100
outside interests over 
indigenous communities. 

2540
02:14:40,100 --> 02:14:42,400
Mexican-americans in the 
south-west had particular, 

2541
02:14:42,400 --> 02:14:45,700
depression problems. 
Large producers slashed wages 

2542
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:48,100
drastically. 
But still demanded hard work 

2543
02:14:48,100 --> 02:14:51,700
when crop prices plummeted 
Mexican and Mexican-American 

2544
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,800
workers faced violence, 
oppression and deportation due 

2545
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:57,600
to their organizing efforts. 
The federal government's 

2546
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,800
repatriation plans, demonstrate 
economic, distress, and racial 

2547
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:04,600
targeting about 60% of the one 
to two million, Mexican 

2548
02:15:04,600 --> 02:15:06,600
Americans, deported, or pushed 
to leave. 

2549
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:10,800
The US between 1929 and 1936. 
Were US citizens. 

2550
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:14,000
The result was one of the 
largest forced migration in 

2551
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,100
American history frequently with
without legal procedure. 

2552
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:22,200
Elena Ramirez whose family was 
deported to Mexico in. 1932 

2553
02:15:22,200 --> 02:15:25,400
said, immigration agents in 
circled, our Los Angeles 

2554
02:15:25,408 --> 02:15:27,600
neighborhood and loaded everyone
onto trucks. 

2555
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:30,900
The fact that my brother and I 
were born in California and held

2556
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:32,700
a American citizenship did not 
matter. 

2557
02:15:32,700 --> 02:15:37,100
We only had a few hours to pack.
My father worked at the same 

2558
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:40,200
Factory for nine years. 
Our church school and Friends 

2559
02:15:40,200 --> 02:15:42,900
vanished. 
Overnight we landed in Mexico as

2560
02:15:42,900 --> 02:15:46,100
strangers, 20 years, after my 
parents departed. 

2561
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:49,700
We were considered pochos, 
neither Mexican nor American 

2562
02:15:49,700 --> 02:15:52,600
Urban Americans. 
Rarely saw the hardship of rural

2563
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:56,100
white populations in Appalachia 
and the Ozarks economic 

2564
02:15:56,100 --> 02:16:00,000
deterioration in these areas 
began before, 1929 owing to 

2565
02:16:00,000 --> 02:16:03,400
Resource extraction and changing
agricultural markets, the 

2566
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:06,500
depression sank economically 
marginalized groups into deep 

2567
02:16:06,500 --> 02:16:09,400
poverty, these regions 
emphasized, the difference 

2568
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:12,400
between deserving and 
undeserving poor. 

2569
02:16:13,200 --> 02:16:14,900
New Deal. 
Initiatives favored, recent 

2570
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:17,000
middle class dropouts over 
multi-generational. 

2571
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:20,400
Poor Such multi-tiered 
assistance schemes, occasionally

2572
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:24,100
excluded, the most desperate. 
Disability during depression is 

2573
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:28,000
another underestimated pain 
Factor family support systems 

2574
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:31,400
and philanthropic institutions 
crumbled, putting Americans with

2575
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:33,400
Disabilities in unparalleled 
hardship. 

2576
02:16:34,299 --> 02:16:37,200
When demand for disabled 
American Services expanded 

2577
02:16:37,200 --> 02:16:40,200
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 
their facilities. 

2578
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:43,200
A Massachusetts state 
psychiatric hospitals. 

2579
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:46,900
Dr. Margaret Chen. 
Observed this declining we were 

2580
02:16:46,900 --> 02:16:51,100
understaffed and underfunded 
before the crash after State, 

2581
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:53,299
budgets fell circumstances were 
terrible. 

2582
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:57,600
Our patient base increased while
staff shrank by a third food 

2583
02:16:57,600 --> 02:17:00,200
quality, plummeted treatment 
became confinement. 

2584
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:03,299
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

2585
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:05,900
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

2586
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:10,400
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

2587
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:13,100
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

2588
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:16,200
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

2589
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:19,000
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

2590
02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:21,500
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

2591
02:17:21,500 --> 02:17:24,400
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

2592
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:28,000
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

2593
02:17:28,000 --> 02:17:30,799
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

2594
02:17:30,799 --> 02:17:34,299
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

2595
02:17:34,299 --> 02:17:37,200
depression related, 
psychological, trauma caused 

2596
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:40,400
untreated mental health issues. 
However, economic disaster. 

2597
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:43,100
Affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

2598
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:46,799
schools in various locations, 
cut academic years or shuttered,

2599
02:17:46,799 --> 02:17:50,400
due to budget, limitations child
labor, which had been falling 

2600
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:53,200
for decades rows as families, 
required cash from everyone 

2601
02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:56,100
malnutrition that key 
development had lifelong 

2602
02:17:56,100 --> 02:18:00,000
physical and cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky 

2603
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:02,799
teacher saw. 
These changes planting and 

2604
02:18:02,799 --> 02:18:04,799
harvest attendance was 
intermittent before the 

2605
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:09,200
catastrophe, many children 
vanished by 1932, I found them 

2606
02:18:09,200 --> 02:18:12,100
working full-time at anything 
they could find when I visited 

2607
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:14,600
their home's. 
Some families had broken up with

2608
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:17,400
children, living with relatives 
or neighbors while parents 

2609
02:18:17,400 --> 02:18:20,000
looked for jobs. 
Many of my students lost the 

2610
02:18:20,000 --> 02:18:22,400
idea of infancy as a protected 
period of development. 

2611
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:26,000
These forgotten depression 
scenes, show how economic 

2612
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:29,100
disaster deep and social 
divisions, while popular 

2613
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:32,100
narratives highlight shared pain
that linked Americans, he's 

2614
02:18:32,100 --> 02:18:36,100
Forgotten Tales show how crises 
reinforced race region, aptitude

2615
02:18:36,100 --> 02:18:38,200
and age. 
Hierarchies the Great Depression

2616
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:41,400
created enduring legacies. 
That shaped American Society for

2617
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:44,799
Generations, in ways, few could 
have predicted these influences 

2618
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:47,500
transformed behaviors and 
attitudes that would persist 

2619
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:51,200
long after economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

2620
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:53,299
American's relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

2621
02:18:54,500 --> 02:18:57,000
Russian survivors developed, 
what marketers later called, 

2622
02:18:57,000 --> 02:19:00,400
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

2623
02:19:00,400 --> 02:19:03,500
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

2624
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:07,200
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

2625
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:09,500
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

2626
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:13,000
Consolidated ones. 
Successful professionals refused

2627
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:17,299
mortgages despite having come 
Families stockpiled Necessities 

2628
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:21,299
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 

2629
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,600
consumer researcher in the 1950s
noted that conventional 

2630
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,500
advertising could not persuade 
depression survive, as they 

2631
02:19:27,500 --> 02:19:29,700
evaluated purchases through a 
trauma lens. 

2632
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:33,299
I interviewed a doctor who kept 
25 pounds of coffee in his 

2633
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:35,700
Pantry. 
When coffee was Raton during the

2634
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:37,400
war. 
He developed anxiety about 

2635
02:19:37,400 --> 02:19:41,600
shortages, 20 years later 
despite abundant supplies, he 

2636
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:44,400
maintained this buffer against a
threat that no longer existed. 

2637
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:48,500
This security oriented mindset 
was passed down to children, 

2638
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,500
raised by depression survivors. 
The silent generation and early 

2639
02:19:52,500 --> 02:19:54,800
baby boomers inherited their 
parents risk. 

2640
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,900
Aversion, despite growing up in 
unprecedented prosperity, This 

2641
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:01,700
generational transmission of 
financial trauma influenced 

2642
02:20:01,700 --> 02:20:04,200
banking, housing and Retail 
sectors for decades. 

2643
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,900
As these sectors are knowingly, 
catered to customers whose 

2644
02:20:07,900 --> 02:20:10,300
decision-making was influenced 
by psychological patterns 

2645
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:12,800
formed. 
During the 1930s, The 

2646
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:15,100
depression, fundamentally 
altered, Americans relationship 

2647
02:20:15,100 --> 02:20:19,200
with government. 
Before 1929 most citizens had 

2648
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:21,400
minimal interaction with federal
agencies. 

2649
02:20:21,400 --> 02:20:25,600
By 1940 government had become an
everyday present through relief.

2650
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:29,800
Programs employment projects and
Regulatory Frameworks this 

2651
02:20:29,800 --> 02:20:32,400
created expectations that 
transcended traditional 

2652
02:20:32,400 --> 02:20:35,900
political divisions. 
Frank Holloway who administered 

2653
02:20:35,900 --> 02:20:40,600
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.
Before the depression mentioning

2654
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:43,700
I worked for the federal 
government, Drew suspicion by 

2655
02:20:43,700 --> 02:20:46,200
1936. 
People welcomed me because I 

2656
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:49,300
represented jobs and assistance 
people who philosophically 

2657
02:20:49,300 --> 02:20:52,900
opposed government interference.
Now, expect Government 

2658
02:20:52,900 --> 02:20:56,700
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't
about liberal or conservative 

2659
02:20:56,700 --> 02:20:59,900
was at a fundamental 
recalibration of what government

2660
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:03,000
was for. 
Cultural expressions, underwent 

2661
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:06,600
profound transformation the Arts
developed dual impulses, that 

2662
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:09,900
seem contradictory, but often 
existed within the same works 

2663
02:21:09,900 --> 02:21:13,900
and flinching documentation of 
suffering, alongside Escapist 

2664
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:16,200
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

2665
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:19,600
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

2666
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:23,100
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

2667
02:21:23,108 --> 02:21:25,400
Hollywood musicals, and 
superhero comics. 

2668
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:29,200
Playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

2669
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:31,300
theater. 
Swung between Agate prop realism

2670
02:21:31,300 --> 02:21:34,400
and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

2671
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:37,100
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering, while 

2672
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:40,500
suggesting Transcendence 
audiences needed both truth and 

2673
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:43,500
hope reality and possibility. 
The depression created a 

2674
02:21:43,508 --> 02:21:45,600
generation that approached 
community building with 

2675
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:48,400
deliberate intention. 
Having experience to help 

2676
02:21:48,408 --> 02:21:51,400
economic disaster. 
Could isolate individuals, many 

2677
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:53,800
survivors became what 
sociologists later called, 

2678
02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:57,200
intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

2679
02:21:57,200 --> 02:21:59,600
Community connections, as 
insurance against future 

2680
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:03,200
hardship, the explosion of Civic
organizations in post 

2681
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:06,800
depression, America, from pta's 
to Neighborhood association's 

2682
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:11,500
reflected this impulse. 
While often viewed as expression

2683
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:15,300
of 1950s conformity. 
These organizations actually 

2684
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:18,300
represented lessons learned from
1930s, isolation. 

2685
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:22,200
Perhaps most profound was the 
depression's impact, on 

2686
02:22:22,200 --> 02:22:26,100
Americans relationship, with 
work itself employment became 

2687
02:22:26,100 --> 02:22:29,700
more than an economic necessity,
it became psychological 

2688
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:32,400
validation. 
The experience of involuntary 

2689
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:35,700
joblessness created lasting 
associations between work and 

2690
02:22:35,708 --> 02:22:37,500
identity. 
That influenced retirement 

2691
02:22:37,500 --> 02:22:41,600
patterns for decades. 
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied

2692
02:22:41,600 --> 02:22:45,500
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 
survivors approached retirement 

2693
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:47,600
differently than subsequent 
Generations. 

2694
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,700
They often could not articulate.
Why continued work to Central? 

2695
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:54,400
Once successful businessman told
me, I know, I don't need the 

2696
02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:58,400
money but I need to be needed. 
their concern was about income 

2697
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:00,500
but about a voiding, the 
psychological state of 

2698
02:23:00,508 --> 02:23:03,600
uselessness they had experienced
during unemployment decades 

2699
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:07,200
earlier, Looking back, many 
aspects of American life, we 

2700
02:23:07,200 --> 02:23:10,000
take for granted from Social 
Security, to bank deposit, 

2701
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:14,200
Insurance emerged directly from 
depression experience's these 

2702
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:17,700
institutional responses to 
catastrophe became so normalized

2703
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:21,400
that their Origins and crisis 
were forgotten their existence 

2704
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:25,200
seemingly natural rather than a 
response to specific historical 

2705
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:28,500
trauma. 
What remains most remarkable 

2706
02:23:28,500 --> 02:23:30,900
about the depression's legacy is
how it demonstrated. 

2707
02:23:30,900 --> 02:23:34,200
Both human vulnerability and 
resilience is simultaneously 

2708
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:38,100
revealed how quickly Prosperity 
could vanish and how fragile 

2709
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:41,400
social structures could prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

2710
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:43,900
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

2711
02:23:43,900 --> 02:23:45,700
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

2712
02:23:46,700 --> 02:23:48,700
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

2713
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:51,100
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

2714
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:53,700
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

2715
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:57,100
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

2716
02:23:57,100 --> 02:24:00,300
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

2717
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:03,300
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

2718
02:24:03,300 --> 02:24:06,500
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

2719
02:24:06,500 --> 02:24:09,400
kindnesses, and communities, 
forged and struggle that 

2720
02:24:09,408 --> 02:24:12,600
replaced it. 
Paradox of catastrophe is that 

2721
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:15,300
it takes with one hand, but 
gives with the other and 

2722
02:24:15,300 --> 02:24:17,500
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses. 

2723
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:36,400
Picture yourself waking up in a 
narrow bed, that is barely wider

2724
02:24:36,400 --> 02:24:39,200
than a coffin, but somehow more 
comfortable than anything. 

2725
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:41,100
You'd known before coming to 
ashwitha. 

2726
02:24:41,800 --> 02:24:44,500
The room, you share with two 
other housemates is tucked under

2727
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:46,900
the eaves where the ceiling 
slopes down. 

2728
02:24:46,908 --> 02:24:49,500
So dramatically that you've 
learned to duck instinctively, 

2729
02:24:49,500 --> 02:24:52,600
when getting dressed the walls 
are thin enough that you can 

2730
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:55,800
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

2731
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:58,000
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

2732
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:00,000
Wooden Spoons. 
Conducting an orchestra of 

2733
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:03,100
copper pots. 
It's 4:30 in the morning and 

2734
02:25:03,100 --> 02:25:06,900
your body has become a living 
alarm clock after 18 months in 

2735
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:08,500
service. 
You no longer need the Bell. 

2736
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:11,200
That Martha. 
The senior House made rings to 

2737
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:14,100
wake everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

2738
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:17,600
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

2739
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:19,800
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

2740
02:25:19,800 --> 02:25:22,400
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

2741
02:25:22,400 --> 02:25:25,400
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

2742
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:28,800
where you need the most 
Floorboards Creak their familiar

2743
02:25:28,800 --> 02:25:32,100
greeting, as you tiptoe around 
your sleeping, roommates, Sarah 

2744
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:35,000
the scholarly made talks in her 
sleep, about her sweet heart 

2745
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:38,400
back in the village while Emma, 
who works in the laundry, snores

2746
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:41,000
with the dedication of someone 
whose earned every moment of 

2747
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:44,000
rest. 
The servants staircase serves as

2748
02:25:44,000 --> 02:25:45,900
your primary route to all of 
important places. 

2749
02:25:45,900 --> 02:25:48,900
It's narrow and steep designed 
by architects. 

2750
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:51,800
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal scuttle up for flights 

2751
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:55,100
while balancing a chamber pot 
and trying not to wake the 

2752
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,700
entire household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

2753
02:25:58,700 --> 02:26:03,100
Grace, navigating these stairs, 
part mountain goat part ballet 

2754
02:26:03,100 --> 02:26:06,200
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backward into 

2755
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:09,000
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

2756
02:26:09,000 --> 02:26:12,100
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

2757
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:14,200
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

2758
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:16,500
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

2759
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:19,100
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 
It requires the kind of athletic

2760
02:26:19,100 --> 02:26:22,100
ability that would impress 
circus performers, you've 

2761
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,300
learned to approach it like a 
puzzle first the smaller pieces 

2762
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:28,900
then the great itself always 
mindful that cold dust has a 

2763
02:26:28,900 --> 02:26:30,900
magical ability to appear on 
surfaces. 

2764
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:34,000
You haven't even touched yet the
manor wakes up around you in 

2765
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:36,200
layers. 
First come the other servants 

2766
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:39,200
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

2767
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:41,900
Precision of dancers who 
rehearse the same performance 

2768
02:26:41,900 --> 02:26:46,500
for years then come the dogs. 
Lord Ashworth hunting hounds who

2769
02:26:46,500 --> 02:26:50,000
seem to insist on serving 
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 

2770
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:53,700
of human convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

2771
02:26:53,700 --> 02:26:57,400
to stir floorboards settling 
pipes, gurgling their morning 

2772
02:26:57,400 --> 02:26:59,500
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

2773
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:02,600
The grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

2774
02:27:02,600 --> 02:27:05,300
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

2775
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:08,500
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments, when the 

2776
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:10,400
man of belongs entirely to its 
servants. 

2777
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:13,100
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms. 

2778
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:16,000
That will later Buzz with the 
complicated social machine of 

2779
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:18,700
the upper classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

2780
02:27:18,700 --> 02:27:22,800
suspended animation, The drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

2781
02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:24,500
furniture. 
That costs more than most people

2782
02:27:24,500 --> 02:27:27,500
earn in a decade feels almost 
friendly in the pre-dawn 

2783
02:27:27,500 --> 02:27:30,600
darkness, you dust them 
mahogany, tables and straighten 

2784
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,100
the cushions on chairs that 
probably have their own names 

2785
02:27:33,100 --> 02:27:36,300
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tool 

2786
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,400
Windows reveals dust modes 
dancing in the air like tiny 

2787
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:42,100
rebellious spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

2788
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:45,000
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

2789
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:48,300
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

2790
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:51,300
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

2791
02:27:51,300 --> 02:27:52,900
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

2792
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:56,000
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

2793
02:27:57,000 --> 02:28:00,300
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

2794
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,600
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

2795
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:06,900
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

2796
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:09,200
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

2797
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:12,400
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

2798
02:28:12,400 --> 02:28:14,500
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

2799
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,500
The fires a lit, the main rooms 
are clean and you've managed to 

2800
02:28:18,500 --> 02:28:21,000
avoid waking. 
Anyone who might your wages for 

2801
02:28:21,000 --> 02:28:24,000
disturbing their beauty sleep. 
Your back aches, in that 

2802
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:26,700
particular way that comes from 
bending over greats and reaching

2803
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:29,600
under furniture. 
But there's a satisfaction in 

2804
02:28:29,600 --> 02:28:32,100
seeing the manor slowly come to 
life around your efforts. 

2805
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:35,100
The kitchen. 
When you finally make it there 

2806
02:28:35,100 --> 02:28:38,400
for your breakfast is a warm 
Refuge filled with the smell of 

2807
02:28:38,408 --> 02:28:42,200
fresh bread and the comfortable 
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 

2808
02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:44,400
domain. 
She ruled her realm with the 

2809
02:28:44,400 --> 02:28:46,500
authority of a general and the 
warmth of a favorite aunt, 

2810
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:50,100
Dispensing, both orders and 
wisdom in equal measure the 

2811
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:52,900
pecking order in a Victorian. 
Mansion is more complex than the

2812
02:28:52,900 --> 02:28:56,400
family tree of European royalty 
and twice as confusing for 

2813
02:28:56,400 --> 02:28:58,900
newcomers. 
You've learned to navigate this 

2814
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:02,500
social Labyrinth, with the skill
of a diplomat, always mindful of

2815
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:06,200
who out-ranks who and exactly 
how much courtesy each position 

2816
02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:09,200
demands. 
At the top of the servants 

2817
02:29:09,200 --> 02:29:11,800
hierarchy. 
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 

2818
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:14,800
who carries himself with the 
Dignity of a man who has never 

2819
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:18,400
doubted his place in the world. 
Mr. Whitmore the butler, 

2820
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:20,100
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

2821
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:23,900
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

2822
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,500
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

2823
02:29:27,500 --> 02:29:29,400
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

2824
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:33,000
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

2825
02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:35,500
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

2826
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:39,000
Who manages the female star with
the organizational skills of a 

2827
02:29:39,008 --> 02:29:42,200
military commander and the 
intuition of someone whose raise

2828
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:45,300
12 children? 
Carries a massive ring of keys 

2829
02:29:45,300 --> 02:29:48,600
that Jangles with every step 
announcing her presence. 

2830
02:29:48,600 --> 02:29:52,200
Like a one woman Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

2831
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:54,200
from the linen closets to The 
Wine Cellar. 

2832
02:29:54,200 --> 02:29:57,400
And the sound of them has become
the soundtrack of authority in 

2833
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,100
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

2834
02:30:00,100 --> 02:30:03,500
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 
and a heart that softer than her

2835
02:30:03,500 --> 02:30:06,300
Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

2836
02:30:06,300 --> 02:30:09,700
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

2837
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:12,800
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

2838
02:30:13,700 --> 02:30:17,000
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher key as 

2839
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:20,100
she reports directly to Mrs, 
Hartwell however within her 

2840
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:23,200
kitchen her Authority is 
unquestioned you found your 

2841
02:30:23,208 --> 02:30:25,700
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social machine, or 

2842
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,100
as a housemaid, you're above the
scholarly maids and the kitchen 

2843
02:30:29,100 --> 02:30:31,100
help. 
But below the ladies made to the

2844
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:33,700
governor's. 
To position that requires a 

2845
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:35,400
peculiar kind of social 
awareness. 

2846
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:39,400
You need to be respectful to 
those of you kind to those below

2847
02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:41,600
you and cautious around those at
your level. 

2848
02:30:41,600 --> 02:30:44,400
Because horizontal politics 
among servers can be more 

2849
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,800
treacherous than anything 
happening up stairs, the footmen

2850
02:30:47,800 --> 02:30:50,500
occupy their own strange 
category in this higher Archie, 

2851
02:30:50,500 --> 02:30:54,200
they're technically your equals,
but they seem to believe their 

2852
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:56,700
fancy uniforms and proximity to 
the dining room. 

2853
02:30:56,700 --> 02:30:58,300
Make them practically members of
the family. 

2854
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:02,700
James, the senior footman has 
mastered the skill of sneering 

2855
02:31:02,700 --> 02:31:07,200
at people while simultaneously, 
serving them soup, his permitted

2856
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:10,100
hair and pristine white gloves, 
make him look like he's 

2857
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:13,400
constantly ready for a formal 
portrait even when he's just 

2858
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:17,600
carrying cold, scuttles. 
The daily dance of Precedence 

2859
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:21,200
plays out in 100 small ways. 
Who enters the servants Hall? 

2860
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:24,800
First for meals, who gets the 
best seat near the fire, whose 

2861
02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:28,000
allowed to voice opinions about 
the family's guests and who must

2862
02:31:28,000 --> 02:31:31,800
simply listen and Nod. 
You've learned to read these 

2863
02:31:31,800 --> 02:31:35,300
subtle cues like a scholar, 
studying ancient texts because 

2864
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:38,200
misunderstanding your place can 
result in anything from cold 

2865
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:41,600
shoulders to actual dismissal. 
The Strangers part of this 

2866
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:44,400
higher key as how it mirrors the
family upstairs, while remaining

2867
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:48,200
completely separate from it. 
Lord Ashworth might be the 

2868
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:51,100
master of the house but he has 
no idea that William. 

2869
02:31:51,100 --> 02:31:54,300
The second footman has been 
conducting a subtle campaign of 

2870
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:58,200
cycle Warfare against Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

2871
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:00,800
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

2872
02:32:01,500 --> 02:32:04,600
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

2873
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:08,500
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

2874
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:12,100
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

2875
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:15,800
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

2876
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:18,500
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

2877
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:22,100
tensions rise, the key is 
understanding that everyone from

2878
02:32:22,100 --> 02:32:24,300
the lowest calorie made to the 
most exalted. 

2879
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:27,300
Ladies maid is desperately 
trying to maintain their 

2880
02:32:27,300 --> 02:32:29,300
dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

2881
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:30,800
little of it. 
People in service. 

2882
02:32:31,600 --> 02:32:35,500
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

2883
02:32:35,500 --> 02:32:37,600
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

2884
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:40,900
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

2885
02:32:40,908 --> 02:32:43,700
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

2886
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:45,700
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

2887
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:49,800
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

2888
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:51,900
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

2889
02:32:51,900 --> 02:32:54,500
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

2890
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:57,400
lullaby. 
Truly fascinating members of 

2891
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:00,300
this certainty, ecosystem of 
other Specialists, the lamp 

2892
02:33:00,300 --> 02:33:03,600
trimmer who treats each fixture 
like a delicate patient, 

2893
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,700
requiring surgery. 
The boot boy, who knows the 

2894
02:33:06,708 --> 02:33:09,400
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest. 

2895
02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:12,100
And the under Butler who is 
being groomed from Mr, 

2896
02:33:12,100 --> 02:33:15,000
whitmore's position and carries 
the weight of that future 

2897
02:33:15,000 --> 02:33:17,700
responsibility, like a crown 
that still being fitted. 

2898
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:20,700
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

2899
02:33:20,700 --> 02:33:23,800
Worlds, simultaneously like 
being an actor in a play where 

2900
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:26,100
half the cast doesn't know the 
other half exists. 

2901
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:29,300
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

2902
02:33:29,300 --> 02:33:32,500
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

2903
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:36,200
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

2904
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:39,800
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

2905
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:41,600
that connects every floor of the
house. 

2906
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,000
Designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

2907
02:33:45,000 --> 02:33:47,900
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

2908
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:50,600
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

2909
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:54,700
stairs and complete, darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

2910
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,800
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles is like, having

2911
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,100
a secret passage to everywhere 
that matters, except the secret 

2912
02:34:01,100 --> 02:34:03,300
is that you're not supposed to 
exist while using it. 

2913
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:06,600
The family's daily routine 
creates a complex choreography 

2914
02:34:06,600 --> 02:34:08,200
that you've learned to dance 
around. 

2915
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:10,700
Lady Ashworth, takes her 
morning. 

2916
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:13,500
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 
means you need to have her 

2917
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:17,400
sitting room Immaculate, by 
7:30, She has a particular way 

2918
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:20,800
of saying when things aren't 
range to her satisfaction, not 

2919
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:23,800
quite disapproval, but, 
definitely disappointment that 

2920
02:34:23,800 --> 02:34:26,100
can ruin your entire morning. 
If you're not prepared for it. 

2921
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:30,400
The children present their own 
unique challenge is Master 

2922
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:33,000
Frederick, 8 years old and 
convinced of his military 

2923
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:36,100
greatness has transformed the 
third floor into his personal 

2924
02:34:36,100 --> 02:34:38,500
Battlefield. 
You've learned to clean around 

2925
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:40,500
elaborate Arrangements of toy 
soldiers. 

2926
02:34:40,500 --> 02:34:43,400
Knowing that disturbing his 
campaigns could result in the 

2927
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:45,400
kind of tantrum. 
That brings his mother running 

2928
02:34:45,400 --> 02:34:48,300
and get servants blamed for 
corrupting Young Minds. 

2929
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:52,100
His sister. 
Miss Carolyn is 12 and has 

2930
02:34:52,100 --> 02:34:54,500
recently discovered, the power 
of treating servants, like her 

2931
02:34:54,500 --> 02:34:57,700
personal confidence, which is 
flattering Until you realize 

2932
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:00,400
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household. 

2933
02:35:00,400 --> 02:35:02,800
The guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

2934
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:05,800
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

2935
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:08,100
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

2936
02:35:08,800 --> 02:35:11,800
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

2937
02:35:11,800 --> 02:35:15,300
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

2938
02:35:15,300 --> 02:35:18,800
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

2939
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:21,500
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

2940
02:35:21,508 --> 02:35:23,800
completely different species. 
Are the worst. 

2941
02:35:25,400 --> 02:35:29,300
Mrs, Fitzpatrick, lady Ashworth,
sister visits monthly and treats

2942
02:35:29,300 --> 02:35:31,800
the servants Hall like her 
personal entertainment venue. 

2943
02:35:32,500 --> 02:35:36,000
Sheetz through asking intrusive 
questions about your personal 

2944
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:38,700
life, while simultaneously 
rearranging everything, 

2945
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:40,300
according to her own 
preferences. 

2946
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,200
Her ladies made. 
Miss Prentice apologizes 

2947
02:35:44,200 --> 02:35:47,500
constantly for her mysterious as
Behavior while somehow making it

2948
02:35:47,500 --> 02:35:48,900
clear that she considers 
herself. 

2949
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:52,800
Superior to the permanent staff,
The dinner party is away your 

2950
02:35:52,800 --> 02:35:55,100
invisibility skills. 
Get their greatest work out. 

2951
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:58,300
You've learned to move through 
the dining room, like a ghost. 

2952
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:02,000
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses while eight to 

2953
02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:03,300
12. 
People conduct conversations 

2954
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:05,700
that range from fascinating to 
horrifying. 

2955
02:36:05,700 --> 02:36:09,600
Within the same sentence. 
The trick is to listen without 

2956
02:36:09,600 --> 02:36:12,600
appearing, to listen to 
anticipate needs without seeming

2957
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:14,700
to pay attention. 
And to remember everything 

2958
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:17,000
while, pretending to forget it, 
all the moment, you leave the 

2959
02:36:17,000 --> 02:36:19,400
room. 
Overhearing conversations about 

2960
02:36:19,400 --> 02:36:23,600
politics and social scandals. 
That would make excellent gossip

2961
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:26,900
if you could share them, you've 
gained valuable insights. the 

2962
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:29,000
family discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

2963
02:36:29,000 --> 02:36:31,900
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

2964
02:36:31,900 --> 02:36:35,200
the weather to the Empire all 
while servants, move around them

2965
02:36:35,200 --> 02:36:38,800
like well-trained spirits It has
provided you with an education 

2966
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:40,700
in human nature that no school 
could match. 

2967
02:36:41,400 --> 02:36:43,800
The most challenging aspect of 
this Upstairs Downstairs. 

2968
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:46,900
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

2969
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:50,600
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

2970
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:53,800
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

2971
02:36:53,800 --> 02:36:56,700
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

2972
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:59,700
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

2973
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:02,300
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

2974
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:06,400
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, The 

2975
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:09,000
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama. 

2976
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:11,700
Different rooms have different 
personalities. 

2977
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:14,100
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

2978
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:15,700
For how you're supposed to 
behave in them. 

2979
02:37:15,700 --> 02:37:19,300
The library demands quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

2980
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,500
requires, careful, attention to 
every surface and the nurse 

2981
02:37:22,500 --> 02:37:24,300
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

2982
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:25,500
from. 
Knowing that children can 

2983
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:28,700
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

2984
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:32,100
cleaning a Victorian Mansion is 
like being a detective, a 

2985
02:37:32,100 --> 02:37:34,300
chemist and an athlete. 
All rolled in to one exhausting 

2986
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:38,700
profession You've learned that 
every stain tells a story every 

2987
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:42,100
surface has its personality and 
every cleaning solution has the 

2988
02:37:42,100 --> 02:37:45,300
potential to either save the day
or create a disaster that 

2989
02:37:45,300 --> 02:37:48,500
follows you for months. 
The cleaning supplies in Mrs. 

2990
02:37:48,500 --> 02:37:49,400
Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard. 

2991
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:52,100
Looked like ingredients for 
either medicine or Mayhem 

2992
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:54,000
depending on your level of 
expertise. 

2993
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:57,300
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard contains a variety of 

2994
02:37:57,300 --> 02:38:00,500
cleaning supplies, including 
carbolic acid for the floors, 

2995
02:38:00,500 --> 02:38:03,800
vinegar for the windows. 
And a product known as monkey 

2996
02:38:03,800 --> 02:38:07,400
brand soap, which while 
purportedly effective on 

2997
02:38:07,400 --> 02:38:10,400
everything from brass to boots. 
Often leaves your hands feeling 

2998
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,000
as if you've been handling 
sandpaper. 

2999
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:15,000
You've developed a personal 
relationship with different 

3000
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:17,500
types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

3001
02:38:17,500 --> 02:38:22,000
comes from daily living dust mud
occasional spilled tea, which 

3002
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:24,400
responds to straightforward 
cleaning methods and doesn't 

3003
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:27,500
hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

3004
02:38:27,500 --> 02:38:31,100
that hides in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

3005
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:33,200
you. 
When important guests, visit the

3006
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:36,000
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

3007
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:38,200
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

3008
02:38:38,200 --> 02:38:41,000
before which you're convinced is
either Supernatural or the 

3009
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:43,400
result of some servant 
conspiracy you haven't figured 

3010
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:45,900
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

3011
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:47,800
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage. 

3012
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,800
Usually reserved for mounting 
climbing, you've mastered the 

3013
02:38:50,800 --> 02:38:53,100
art of dismantling. 
These Crystal Monster's 

3014
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:56,400
meticulously cleaning, each 
individual Crystal with a 

3015
02:38:56,400 --> 02:38:59,000
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates, but 

3016
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:02,400
withholds the recipe, The 
crystals have to be dried with 

3017
02:39:02,400 --> 02:39:05,700
specific cloths polished with 
particular movements and 

3018
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,300
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

3019
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:12,000
wrong. 
And everyone will notice Carpet 

3020
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:14,500
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

3021
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,700
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

3022
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,400
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

3023
02:39:20,400 --> 02:39:23,500
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

3024
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:25,900
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

3025
02:39:25,900 --> 02:39:28,200
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

3026
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:31,500
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

3027
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:34,300
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

3028
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,400
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

3029
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:40,100
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

3030
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:43,100
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

3031
02:39:43,100 --> 02:39:45,800
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

3032
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:48,900
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

3033
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:50,800
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

3034
02:39:50,800 --> 02:39:53,700
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

3035
02:39:53,700 --> 02:39:57,900
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

3036
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:01,500
unsuspecting footland. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

3037
02:40:01,500 --> 02:40:04,800
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

3038
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:08,100
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

3039
02:40:08,100 --> 02:40:10,500
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

3040
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:12,800
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

3041
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:14,900
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

3042
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:18,200
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

3043
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,100
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

3044
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:23,700
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

3045
02:40:23,700 --> 02:40:26,100
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

3046
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:30,200
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

3047
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:32,900
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

3048
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:35,700
Wine needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine. 

3049
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:38,400
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

3050
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,300
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

3051
02:40:41,300 --> 02:40:43,200
whatever. 
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 

3052
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:46,900
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.
Your skills truly test. 

3053
02:40:46,900 --> 02:40:49,900
During the seasonal cleaning 
rituals spring cleaning means 

3054
02:40:49,900 --> 02:40:52,800
taking apart every room. 
Cleaning surfaces that have not 

3055
02:40:52,800 --> 02:40:55,600
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

3056
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:57,300
problems that have been hiding 
all winter. 

3057
02:40:57,300 --> 02:41:00,400
You've learned to approach these
marathon's like a military 

3058
02:41:00,400 --> 02:41:04,800
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management and 

3059
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:06,600
the kind of determination that 
comes from. 

3060
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:08,700
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

3061
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:11,800
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

3062
02:41:11,800 --> 02:41:15,100
become extension of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

3063
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,500
pressure each brush can handle, 
which cloths work best on which 

3064
02:41:18,500 --> 02:41:21,500
surfaces and how to make a 
feather duster perform, like a 

3065
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:24,200
Precision instrument. 
Your hands have developed. 

3066
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:27,800
Calluses in places that tell the
story of your daily routine and 

3067
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:30,200
your back has learned to bend 
and twist in ways that would 

3068
02:41:30,200 --> 02:41:33,200
impress contortionists, the 
kitchen is the heart of the 

3069
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:35,800
manner but it's a heart that 
beats with the rhythm of 

3070
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:39,100
organized, chaos, military, 
precision, and the occasional 

3071
02:41:39,100 --> 02:41:42,300
minor explosion when someone 
forgets that the temperamental 

3072
02:41:42,300 --> 02:41:46,000
stove has a mind of its own, 
You've learned to navigate this 

3073
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:49,000
culinary Battlefield with the 
skill of a diplomat and the 

3074
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:53,200
reflexes of someone who's been 
hit by flying pastry once too 

3075
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:55,800
often. 
This is Pemberton governs, her 

3076
02:41:55,800 --> 02:41:58,800
domain with a wooden spoon that 
has endured more use than most 

3077
02:41:58,800 --> 02:42:01,900
medieval weapons. 
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 

3078
02:42:01,900 --> 02:42:05,700
adeptly prepares a seven-course 
dinner for 12 guests managers. 

3079
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:09,900
The daily meals for 23 servants,
monitors dietary restrictions 

3080
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,200
that fluctuate, the weather and 
maintains a constant commentary 

3081
02:42:13,200 --> 02:42:15,700
on the moral failing of anyone 
who has ever questioned her 

3082
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,100
gravy. 
The kitchen follows a schedule 

3083
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:20,300
that would leave Railway 
conductors feeling envious 

3084
02:42:20,300 --> 02:42:23,600
breakfast. 
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 

3085
02:42:23,600 --> 02:42:26,300
the great stove being coaxed to 
life, like a temperamental 

3086
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:30,100
dragon that requires specific 
rituals to avoid breathing fire 

3087
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:33,200
in the wrong direction. 
The bread has to rise at 

3088
02:42:33,200 --> 02:42:36,600
precisely the right temperature,
the porridge must be stirred in 

3089
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:39,700
a particular pattern to avoid 
lumps and the bacon requires the

3090
02:42:39,700 --> 02:42:42,000
kind of attention. 
Usually reserved for diplomatic 

3091
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:45,600
negotiations, you've learned to 
read the kitchen's, moods like a

3092
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:49,200
weather forecaster When Mrs, 
Pemberton starts humming while 

3093
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:52,400
she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

3094
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:55,900
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

3095
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:58,200
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

3096
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:00,600
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

3097
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:04,400
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. 

3098
02:43:05,200 --> 02:43:07,900
When she starts banging pots 
louder than necessary. 

3099
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,200
Everyone knows to work faster 
and speak less. 

3100
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:15,800
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

3101
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:19,700
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

3102
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:23,100
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

3103
02:43:23,100 --> 02:43:25,400
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

3104
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:28,800
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

3105
02:43:28,808 --> 02:43:31,800
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

3106
02:43:31,800 --> 02:43:35,200
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

3107
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:38,600
a porcelain monster that could 
probably bathe the small horse. 

3108
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:41,900
And she approaches each load of 
dishes, like a general, planning

3109
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:44,400
a campaign. 
A preparation of meals for 

3110
02:43:44,400 --> 02:43:48,000
upstairs, is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

3111
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,400
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

3112
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:53,400
watchmakers. 
Every plate must be warm to the 

3113
02:43:53,400 --> 02:43:55,900
exact temperature. 
Every garnish placed with 

3114
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:59,000
artistic precision. 
And every course time to arrive 

3115
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:01,600
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

3116
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:04,800
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

3117
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,400
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

3118
02:44:07,408 --> 02:44:10,900
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

3119
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:13,700
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

3120
02:44:13,708 --> 02:44:18,300
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

3121
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:21,900
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

3122
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:25,200
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

3123
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:28,500
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

3124
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:32,000
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

3125
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,600
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

3126
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:37,400
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

3127
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:41,800
The weekly delivery of Supply is
turns the kitchen into a small 

3128
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:44,500
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

3129
02:44:44,500 --> 02:44:46,500
vegetables, meet Dairy and Dry 
Goods. 

3130
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:49,900
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects, 
everything with the critical eye

3131
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:52,200
of someone who has been fooled 
by wilted lettuce. 

3132
02:44:52,200 --> 02:44:56,100
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

3133
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,600
haggles over prices. 
Rejects inferior products and 

3134
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:02,300
somehow, manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

3135
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:05,200
that ensure the manor gets the 
best of everything while staying

3136
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:07,900
within budget. 
The kitchen Gosset network is 

3137
02:45:07,900 --> 02:45:11,400
more efficient than the Postal 
Service informational travels 

3138
02:45:11,400 --> 02:45:13,900
from the tradesman's entrance to
the servants Hall faster than 

3139
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:17,000
steamed from a kettle. 
A Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows 

3140
02:45:17,000 --> 02:45:18,800
about neighborhood scandals 
before they happen. 

3141
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:22,700
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

3142
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:26,500
butchers to unsuitable marriage 
is all while stirring sources 

3143
02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:29,100
and timing Ross, with the 
Precision of a master conductor.

3144
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:32,800
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

3145
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:35,100
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

3146
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:38,600
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

3147
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:41,900
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

3148
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:45,308
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

3149
02:45:45,316 --> 02:45:47,800
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

3150
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:51,800
During These Quiet Moments that 
you appreciate the kitchen's 

3151
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:55,900
warmth, both literal and 
metaphorical and understand why 

3152
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,300
it's considered the heart of the
entire household living in a 

3153
02:45:59,300 --> 02:46:02,000
Victorian Mansion or makes you 
an unwilling keeper of family 

3154
02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:05,800
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

3155
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:08,500
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

3156
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:11,400
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

3157
02:46:11,400 --> 02:46:13,700
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

3158
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:15,500
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

3159
02:46:15,500 --> 02:46:18,700
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

3160
02:46:18,700 --> 02:46:22,100
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

3161
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:25,500
the servant world and spending 
it on wise and leave you 

3162
02:46:25,500 --> 02:46:28,100
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

3163
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:31,500
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

3164
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:34,700
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

3165
02:46:34,700 --> 02:46:37,800
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha. 

3166
02:46:37,800 --> 02:46:41,100
The senior housemaid has been 
with the family for 15 years and

3167
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:44,800
knows everything about everyone.
You possesses an extensive 

3168
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:47,800
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

3169
02:46:47,800 --> 02:46:51,400
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth. 

3170
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:53,200
Sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner. 

3171
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:56,300
Martha dispenses this 
information like a careful 

3172
02:46:56,300 --> 02:47:00,000
pharmacist giving you just 
enough to satisfy your curiosity

3173
02:47:00,000 --> 02:47:02,500
without providing enough to get 
you into trouble. 

3174
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:06,100
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

3175
02:47:06,100 --> 02:47:08,800
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

3176
02:47:08,808 --> 02:47:11,500
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

3177
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:14,200
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

3178
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:16,100
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

3179
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:18,800
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

3180
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:21,800
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

3181
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:25,200
expected to comprehend. 
The artist in appearing 

3182
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:28,600
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant in remembering 

3183
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:30,500
everything while pretending to 
forget it. 

3184
02:47:30,500 --> 02:47:33,600
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

3185
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:36,800
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

3186
02:47:36,800 --> 02:47:39,400
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

3187
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:42,300
correspondence and their 
requests for specific services. 

3188
02:47:43,300 --> 02:47:46,800
Colonel Weatherby who visits 
quarterly always bring his soap 

3189
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:50,100
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

3190
02:47:50,100 --> 02:47:52,600
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

3191
02:47:52,608 --> 02:47:56,300
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

3192
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:58,700
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

3193
02:47:58,700 --> 02:48:00,300
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

3194
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:02,500
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

3195
02:48:02,500 --> 02:48:05,700
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

3196
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:08,300
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

3197
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:10,300
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

3198
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:12,600
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

3199
02:48:12,600 --> 02:48:16,000
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

3200
02:48:16,000 --> 02:48:18,900
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

3201
02:48:18,900 --> 02:48:21,900
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

3202
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:25,200
economies that must never be a 
parent to visitors this 

3203
02:48:25,200 --> 02:48:28,800
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

3204
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:32,300
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

3205
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,100
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servant's 

3206
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,000
hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

3207
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:40,800
the moment, when miscarried 
pairs, will notice her obvious 

3208
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:43,000
and fatuation. 
With the young curate who was 

3209
02:48:43,008 --> 02:48:45,000
visiting to discuss her 
charitable work. 

3210
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:48,900
Master fredric's current 
obsession with military history.

3211
02:48:48,900 --> 02:48:52,900
Seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 

3212
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:56,400
daughter of a visiting general 
which is a adorable Until you 

3213
02:48:56,400 --> 02:49:00,400
realize that 8 year old romantic
strategies involving, elaborate 

3214
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:02,000
displays of toy soldier 
expertise. 

3215
02:49:03,100 --> 02:49:06,100
Observing the relationship 
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 

3216
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:08,300
from the unique perspective of 
someone who maintains their 

3217
02:49:08,300 --> 02:49:11,300
private spaces is a fascinating 
study in Victorian marriage, 

3218
02:49:11,300 --> 02:49:14,900
they maintain the perfect facade
of domestic Harmony in public. 

3219
02:49:14,908 --> 02:49:18,700
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

3220
02:49:18,700 --> 02:49:21,900
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

3221
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:24,300
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

3222
02:49:24,300 --> 02:49:27,000
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

3223
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:29,900
other. 
The most unexpected secrets are 

3224
02:49:29,900 --> 02:49:31,500
the ones that reveal the 
family's Humanity. 

3225
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,500
You've discovered that Lord 
ashworth's poetry which he hides

3226
02:49:35,500 --> 02:49:38,100
in his desk drawer like its 
evidence of criminal activity. 

3227
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:41,600
Lady Ashworth. 
Discreetly transfers funds to 

3228
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,000
her former governors who was 
struggling financially. 

3229
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:47,100
Master Frederic sleeps with the 
stuffed elephant. 

3230
02:49:47,100 --> 02:49:50,200
He's had since infancy. 
A miscarriage keeps a diary 

3231
02:49:50,200 --> 02:49:53,100
locked in a box, you would never
dream of opening, even though, 

3232
02:49:53,100 --> 02:49:56,200
you know, exactly where she 
hides the key, the neighborhood 

3233
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:58,600
scandals that filter through the
servants Network are like 

3234
02:49:58,608 --> 02:50:00,200
chapters in a novel That Never 
Ends. 

3235
02:50:01,000 --> 02:50:03,700
There's the ongoing mystery of 
why the Pemberton family down 

3236
02:50:03,700 --> 02:50:05,400
the road. 
Suddenly dismissed their entire 

3237
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:07,900
staff last month. 
The speculation about whether 

3238
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,800
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 
actually as young as she claims 

3239
02:50:10,800 --> 02:50:13,800
to be and the delicious 
controversy surrounding the 

3240
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:16,800
Methodist ministers daughter, 
who's been seen walking on 

3241
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:19,200
chaperoned with the young man 
who is definitely not from a 

3242
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:21,600
suitable family. 
After 18 months in service, 

3243
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:24,100
you've learned that life in a 
Victorian Mansion is built on 

3244
02:50:24,108 --> 02:50:26,500
rhythm. 
The daily beet of routine that 

3245
02:50:26,508 --> 02:50:29,500
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

3246
02:50:29,500 --> 02:50:33,400
unexpected magic, that make all 
the hard work worth while your 

3247
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:37,000
days of developed, a musical 
quality each task flowing into 

3248
02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:39,400
the next with the kind of 
precision that comes from 

3249
02:50:39,400 --> 02:50:42,100
repetition. 
And the knowledge that 22 other 

3250
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:44,800
people depend on, you doing your
part perfectly. 

3251
02:50:46,100 --> 02:50:48,600
Changing seasons, bring 
different rhythms to the manor. 

3252
02:50:49,200 --> 02:50:51,700
Spring means opening Windows 
that have been sealed against 

3253
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:54,100
Winter's. 
Cold beating rugs, that have 

3254
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,100
collected months of fireplace 
smoke and the general, 

3255
02:50:57,100 --> 02:50:59,100
resurrection of a house that has
been hibernating. 

3256
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:03,400
Summer brings Garden parties 
house guests and the challenge 

3257
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:05,800
of keeping cool in rooms that 
face the afternoon sun. 

3258
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:10,400
Autumn means preparing for 
winter seed preserving food and 

3259
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:13,100
The Melancholy beauty of 
watching The Grounds transformed

3260
02:51:13,100 --> 02:51:17,300
into a landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

3261
02:51:17,300 --> 02:51:21,700
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

3262
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:24,200
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

3263
02:51:24,200 --> 02:51:28,300
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze everything solid You've 

3264
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:30,700
learned to find beauty in the 
most mundane tasks. 

3265
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:33,900
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

3266
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:37,200
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

3267
02:51:37,200 --> 02:51:39,400
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

3268
02:51:39,400 --> 02:51:41,300
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

3269
02:51:42,000 --> 02:51:43,600
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

3270
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:46,600
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

3271
02:51:46,600 --> 02:51:49,600
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

3272
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:54,000
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

3273
02:51:54,000 --> 02:51:57,500
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

3274
02:51:57,500 --> 02:52:00,300
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

3275
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:03,700
appreciate Lord ashworth's 
absent-minded Professor 

3276
02:52:03,700 --> 02:52:06,000
Tendencies. 
You Never Move anything on his 

3277
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:08,800
death even when it's been 
sitting in the same spot for 

3278
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:11,100
months. 
Lady Ashworth. 

3279
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:13,600
Perfectionist streak has taught 
you to anticipate problems 

3280
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,100
before they occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

3281
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:20,500
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

3282
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:22,600
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

3283
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,500
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

3284
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:27,600
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

3285
02:52:27,600 --> 02:52:31,400
confusion and the need for 
kindness, your fellow servants, 

3286
02:52:31,400 --> 02:52:33,600
have become the family. 
You never expected to find. 

3287
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:37,100
Martha's tough exterior, 
conceals a heart Shattered by 

3288
02:52:37,100 --> 02:52:40,000
numerous disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

3289
02:52:40,000 --> 02:52:43,600
assistance when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

3290
02:52:43,600 --> 02:52:47,500
complaints about ungrateful. 
People concealer profound joy in

3291
02:52:47,500 --> 02:52:49,900
providing nutritious food and 
maintaining their health. 

3292
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:53,800
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

3293
02:52:53,808 --> 02:52:56,700
moments of unexpected humor and 
surprising kindness. 

3294
02:52:57,600 --> 02:53:00,300
The skills you've developed in 
service of changed you in ways, 

3295
02:53:00,300 --> 02:53:03,800
you didn't anticipate, your 
hands have become capable of 

3296
02:53:03,800 --> 02:53:06,300
delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

3297
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:09,300
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

3298
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,600
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

3299
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:16,200
organized, more efficient, and 
better at solving problems 

3300
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:18,700
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

3301
02:53:18,700 --> 02:53:22,800
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

3302
02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:25,600
asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

3303
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:29,100
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service has 

3304
02:53:29,100 --> 02:53:31,500
taught you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

3305
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:33,400
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

3306
02:53:33,400 --> 02:53:37,200
adapt unexpected situations that
you can do more than you thought

3307
02:53:37,200 --> 02:53:39,900
and that dignity isn't based on 
social status. 

3308
02:53:41,000 --> 02:53:43,700
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

3309
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:44,900
You're still learning to 
imagine. 

3310
02:53:45,700 --> 02:53:49,200
Some servants spend their entire
careers in service Rising 

3311
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:51,700
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility. 

3312
02:53:52,800 --> 02:53:55,300
Others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

3313
02:53:55,300 --> 02:53:58,400
households, a few Mary, and 
leave service altogether, 

3314
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:00,800
carrying their skills into 
different lives. 

3315
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:04,600
You haven't decided which path 
you'll take, but you've learned 

3316
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:09,400
that having choices is a luxury,
your grateful for As you settle 

3317
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:12,800
into your narrow bed, at the end
of another long day, listening 

3318
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:15,600
to Sarah murmur about her sweet 
heart, and Emma's reliable 

3319
02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:17,900
snores. 
You realize that this life 

3320
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:20,300
you've built in service is more 
than just a job. 

3321
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:24,800
The community and education and 
a foundation for whatever comes 

3322
02:54:24,800 --> 02:54:27,100
next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

3323
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,700
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

3324
02:54:30,700 --> 02:54:33,600
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

3325
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:36,400
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

3326
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:39,000
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

3327
02:54:39,000 --> 02:54:42,900
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

3328
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:45,000
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

3329
02:54:45,700 --> 02:54:49,300
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

3330
02:54:49,300 --> 02:54:52,000
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

3331
02:54:52,000 --> 02:54:53,700
matters more than you might 
have. 

3332
02:54:53,708 --> 02:54:56,600
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servant stairs with 

3333
02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:59,900
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

3334
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:03,900
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

3335
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:05,600
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

3336
02:55:05,600 --> 02:55:07,000
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

3337
02:55:07,900 --> 02:55:11,100
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and 

3338
02:55:11,100 --> 02:55:14,000
families, the people who know 
exactly how you like your tea 

3339
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:17,300
and never forget to save you the
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 

3340
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:33,900
apple tart. 
Now, if you will imagine 

3341
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,400
yourself settling into the most 
comfortable chair you've ever 

3342
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:40,400
owned in your favorite blanket, 
with a warm cup of tea steaming 

3343
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:43,000
gently beside you. 
That's exactly how the 

3344
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:46,000
passengers aboard. 
The Titanic felt on that crisp 

3345
02:55:46,000 --> 02:55:48,800
April night. 
In 1912 the ship was like a 

3346
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:51,000
floating Mansion. 
Where someone had forgotten to 

3347
02:55:51,000 --> 02:55:53,600
mention the mortgage payments. 
Everything was paid for 

3348
02:55:53,600 --> 02:55:56,600
everything was perfect and 
everything was about to change 

3349
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:58,200
in the most dramatic way 
possible. 

3350
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:01,700
You're standing on the deck of 
what people call the unsinkable 

3351
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:04,900
ship though, that nickname would
prove about as accurate as 

3352
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:06,400
calling a chocolate teapot 
practical. 

3353
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:10,900
The Titanic was massive, imagine
three football fields lined up 

3354
02:56:10,908 --> 02:56:13,300
end-to-end, then add a 
department store on top. 

3355
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:16,700
She was so big that when you 
looked from one into the other, 

3356
02:56:16,700 --> 02:56:19,900
the opposite end seemed to 
disappear into the evening Mist.

3357
02:56:19,900 --> 02:56:23,000
Like a mirage. 
The night are carried a unique. 

3358
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:26,400
Chill that comes with being far 
from Land causing you to tighten

3359
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:28,900
your coat and appreciate the 
warmth of the ship's interior. 

3360
02:56:29,800 --> 02:56:33,600
Inside the grand staircase, 
adorned with polished Oak and 

3361
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:37,300
gleaming brass spiraled upwards 
like a scene from a fairy tale. 

3362
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:41,200
The first class dining room 
could seat 700 people, which was

3363
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:43,600
more than most small towns could
manage for Sunday church. 

3364
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:48,000
But here's where the story gets 
interesting, and where you might

3365
02:56:48,000 --> 02:56:50,400
want to adjust your pillow 
because this is where everything

3366
02:56:50,400 --> 02:56:53,100
starts to unravel. 
Like a favorite sweater with the

3367
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:56,800
loose thread Frederic, fleet was
up in the Crow's Nest, which 

3368
02:56:56,800 --> 02:57:00,000
sounds much more adventurous 
than it actually was think of it

3369
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,300
as the world's coldest windiest 
office job except instead of 

3370
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:06,000
watching spreadsheets your 
watching for icebergs. 

3371
02:57:07,200 --> 02:57:09,900
Fleetwood spent hours squinting 
into the darkness. 

3372
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:12,600
And the cold was beginning to 
cause his eyes to water. 

3373
02:57:12,600 --> 02:57:15,600
The binoculars that were meant 
to assist him in seeing better 

3374
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:19,100
while locked away in a cabinet. 
Someone had locked them away in 

3375
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:20,700
a cabinet and no one could 
locate the key. 

3376
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:24,000
It was like trying to thread a 
needle while wearing oven mitts.

3377
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:27,800
At 11:40 p.m. 
Fleet saw something that made 

3378
02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:31,600
his blood run colder than the 
April are the dark shape loomed 

3379
02:57:31,600 --> 02:57:33,200
ahead growing larger by the 
second. 

3380
02:57:33,200 --> 02:57:36,300
It wasn't the gentle picture 
postcard Iceberg. 

3381
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:39,400
You might imagine this was a 
mountain of ice that had been 

3382
02:57:39,408 --> 02:57:41,400
wandering. 
The North Atlantic like a lost 

3383
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:45,400
tourist, except this tourist 
weighed, about 400,000 tonnes, 

3384
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:49,300
and had absolutely no interest 
in getting out of anyone's way 

3385
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,100
Iceberg, right ahead. 
Fleet shouted, ringing, the 

3386
02:57:52,108 --> 02:57:55,400
warning Bell three times. 
A sound cut through the night, 

3387
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:58,400
like a dinner bell at a 
monastery, urgent, clear? 

3388
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:01,000
And absolutely impossible to 
ignore. 

3389
02:58:01,800 --> 02:58:03,900
Down in the bridge. 
First Officer Murdoch, received 

3390
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:06,700
the warning in immediately 
ordered hardest starboard. 

3391
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:10,600
Now, here's where Maritime 
tradition gets confusing harder.

3392
02:58:10,600 --> 02:58:13,100
Starbucks actually meant turn 
the wheel to the left. 

3393
02:58:13,100 --> 02:58:15,900
It's like, ordering a pizza with
everything on it and getting a 

3394
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:19,600
salad. 
The ship began to turn slowly 

3395
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:22,900
majestically like a dowager 
Duchess, a tempting to change 

3396
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:26,400
direction as tea party. 
For a moment, it looked like the

3397
02:58:26,400 --> 02:58:29,900
Titanic might slip past the 
iceberg like a person squeezing 

3398
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:32,900
through a crowded elevator. 
The massive ship was turning, 

3399
02:58:32,900 --> 02:58:36,400
the iceberg was passing by and 
you could almost hear the 

3400
02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:40,300
collective sigh of relief from 
the universe itself. but the 

3401
02:58:40,300 --> 02:58:43,800
ocean, as you'll discover as a 
sense of humor about as dark as 

3402
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:48,200
a moonless night, the iceberg 
scraped along the ship starboard

3403
02:58:48,200 --> 02:58:50,800
side with the sound like 
fingernails on a chalkboard, 

3404
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,500
except the chalkboard was made 
of steel and the fingernails 

3405
02:58:54,500 --> 02:58:56,800
were made of ice that had been 
hardening for thousands of 

3406
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:59,100
years. 
It wasn't a dramatic crash. 

3407
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:01,700
It was more like the world's 
most expensive can opener 

3408
02:59:01,700 --> 02:59:05,800
working its way along the hull. 
Most passengers didn't even feel

3409
02:59:05,800 --> 02:59:07,600
it. 
Many were already asleep 

3410
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:11,300
dreaming of their destinations, 
their loved ones or perhaps just

3411
02:59:11,300 --> 02:59:13,900
dreaming the kind of dreams you 
have when you're safe and warm 

3412
02:59:13,900 --> 02:59:17,000
and completely unaware that your
life is about to become very, 

3413
02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:22,100
very interesting, the slow 
realization 12:40 a.m. to 1:40 

3414
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:24,100
a.m. 
You know that feeling when you 

3415
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:27,600
lying in bed after sleep and you
hear a sound that doesn't quite 

3416
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:30,000
belong. 
Maybe it's the cat not knocking 

3417
02:59:30,000 --> 02:59:32,800
something over or perhaps the 
dishwasher making that weird 

3418
02:59:32,800 --> 02:59:35,400
noise again. 
That's exactly what was 

3419
02:59:35,400 --> 02:59:37,300
happening, aboard. 
The Titanic in the first hour 

3420
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:40,500
after the Collision. 
Most passengers experience, what

3421
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:44,500
you might call the gentle 
Awakening of concern, not panic,

3422
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:47,500
just a slowly growing awareness 
that something wasn't quite 

3423
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:49,100
right in their floating 
Paradise. 

3424
02:59:49,100 --> 02:59:52,900
Captain Edward Smith, who looked
exactly like you'd expect to see

3425
02:59:52,908 --> 02:59:57,400
Captain to look, Whitebeard 
serious expression and the kind 

3426
02:59:57,400 --> 03:00:00,200
of weathered face that suggested
he'd seen more than his share of

3427
03:00:00,208 --> 03:00:02,800
surprises was awakened by the 
impact. 

3428
03:00:03,700 --> 03:00:06,600
That's 62. 
He was planning to retire after 

3429
03:00:06,600 --> 03:00:09,800
this Voyage which gives you an 
idea of just how spectacularly 

3430
03:00:09,800 --> 03:00:11,400
is retirement plans were about 
to change. 

3431
03:00:12,500 --> 03:00:15,100
The damage assessment began 
immediately and it was like 

3432
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:17,800
watching a doctor, examine a 
patient, who insists they feel 

3433
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:19,600
fine while slowly bleeding to 
death. 

3434
03:00:20,400 --> 03:00:23,300
They called Thomas Andrews. 
The ship's designer, to survey, 

3435
03:00:23,300 --> 03:00:26,200
the damage Andrews knew the 
Titanic better than anyone. 

3436
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:29,900
He designed her compartments, 
her systems, every rivet and 

3437
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,400
Bean. 
Watching him examine his wounded

3438
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,100
creation was like watching a 
parent tend to an injured child.

3439
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:38,300
A mathematician would have wept 
at what Andrew's discovered. 

3440
03:00:38,300 --> 03:00:41,800
The iceberg at open the ship's 
first five compartments to the 

3441
03:00:41,800 --> 03:00:44,400
Sea. 
Now, the Titanic was designed to

3442
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:46,500
survive, flooding in up to four 
compartments. 

3443
03:00:46,500 --> 03:00:49,800
She was like a building designed
to withstand four alarm fire. 

3444
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:52,100
But the reality was a five alarm
situation. 

3445
03:00:52,100 --> 03:00:56,400
The ship could float with four 
compartments flooded but five 

3446
03:00:56,400 --> 03:00:59,400
that was like trying to carry 
water in a bucket with five 

3447
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:02,200
holes in the bottom. 
And Andrews did some quick 

3448
03:01:02,200 --> 03:01:05,400
calculations, the kind of math, 
that no one wants to do and 

3449
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:06,800
everyone hopes, they'll never 
need to know. 

3450
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:10,500
He concluded that the ship would
sink in about 90 minutes. 

3451
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:14,200
The ship could sink in as little
as two hours if they were 

3452
03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:17,200
extremely fortunate. 
Meanwhile passengers were 

3453
03:01:17,200 --> 03:01:20,200
starting to notice that their 
floating Hotel was developing a 

3454
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,200
slight list to starboard. 
Not enough to spill your tea, 

3455
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:25,900
but enough to make you wonder if
you'd had one too many glasses 

3456
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:28,800
of wine with dinner. 
The ship was slowly beginning to

3457
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:32,300
tip forward like a seesaw with 
an elephant getting on one end, 

3458
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:35,000
the crew began. 
What might be the most polite, 

3459
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:36,800
emergency response in Maritime 
history. 

3460
03:01:36,800 --> 03:01:40,500
Instead of shouting abandoned 
ship and causing mass panic. 

3461
03:01:40,500 --> 03:01:43,800
They decided to proceed with 
what you might call aggressive 

3462
03:01:43,800 --> 03:01:48,100
courtesy stewards began knocking
on doors informing passengers 

3463
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:50,800
that they might want to put on 
their life, jackets and come up 

3464
03:01:50,800 --> 03:01:53,300
to the deck. 
As a precaution, it was like 

3465
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:55,800
being invited to a surprise 
party where the surprise was 

3466
03:01:55,800 --> 03:01:58,100
that the party was actually a 
matter of life and death. 

3467
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:00,500
And getting passengers to take 
the situation. 

3468
03:02:00,500 --> 03:02:03,600
Seriously was like, trying to 
convince someone to leave a warm

3469
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:06,400
house because the weather 
forecast mentioned, possible 

3470
03:02:06,400 --> 03:02:09,000
rain. 
The ship was still brightly lit.

3471
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,200
The orchestra was still playing 
and the dining rooms were still 

3472
03:02:12,200 --> 03:02:15,200
warm and inviting. 
Why would anyone want to leave 

3473
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:18,100
this comfortable? 
Floating palace for a cold dark 

3474
03:02:18,100 --> 03:02:20,800
Lifeboat. 
The wireless operators. 

3475
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:23,200
Meanwhile were frantically 
tapping out to stress signals. 

3476
03:02:23,900 --> 03:02:26,900
While many operators, still 
preferred the traditional cqd, 

3477
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:30,700
which stood for come quick 
distress, many were using the 

3478
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:33,000
new international distress 
signal socks. 

3479
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:36,700
It was like trying to decide 
whether to text or call for help

3480
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:39,600
while your house is on fire. 
ships in the area began 

3481
03:02:39,600 --> 03:02:43,200
receiving these signals with 
varying degrees of urgency The 

3482
03:02:43,200 --> 03:02:47,200
Carpathia about 58 miles away. 
Change course, and began racing 

3483
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,400
toward the Titanic's position. 
Arthur Ostrom. 

3484
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:53,300
Her Captain was a man who 
understood trouble without 

3485
03:02:53,300 --> 03:02:55,600
asking twice. 
He was like a neighbor who 

3486
03:02:55,608 --> 03:02:57,500
brings a ladder before you know 
your locked out. 

3487
03:02:59,100 --> 03:03:02,300
But the closest ship, the 
California SAT motionless, just 

3488
03:03:02,300 --> 03:03:05,800
a few miles away, the radio, 
operator on the California had 

3489
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,000
gone to sleep, although her crew
could see the Titanic's distress

3490
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:11,700
Rockets, they assumed those were
just celebratory fireworks. 

3491
03:03:11,700 --> 03:03:15,600
It was like watching someone for
help and assuming their just 

3492
03:03:15,600 --> 03:03:18,200
being friendly. 
As the first hour passed, the 

3493
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,500
Titanic situation transformed 
from minor inconvenience to 

3494
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:24,000
serious problem. 
So we need to start thinking 

3495
03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:27,000
about those lifeboats. 
The ship was settling deeper 

3496
03:03:27,000 --> 03:03:29,900
into the water, and even the 
most optimistic passenger was 

3497
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:32,700
beginning to realize that their 
midnight Cruise was about to 

3498
03:03:32,700 --> 03:03:35,200
become significantly. 
More eventful than advertised 

3499
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:43,400
the Lifeboat dilemma. 1:40 a.m. 
to 240 a.m. imagine trying to 

3500
03:03:43,400 --> 03:03:47,000
convince a theater full of 
people to leave in the middle of

3501
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:49,900
their favorite show because 
you've heard rumors that it 

3502
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:53,200
might rain later. 
That's essentially what the crew

3503
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:56,000
of the Titanic faced as they 
began the Lifeboat loading 

3504
03:03:56,000 --> 03:03:59,200
process. 
The ship still felt safe warm 

3505
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:03,500
and stable. 
Well mostly stable and the 

3506
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:06,400
lifeboats looked about as 
inviting as a park bench in a 

3507
03:04:06,400 --> 03:04:09,200
snowstorm. 
The mathematics of survival were

3508
03:04:09,200 --> 03:04:12,500
becoming increasingly Grim, the 
most passengers, didn't realize 

3509
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:15,200
it yet. 
The Titanic carried lifeboats 

3510
03:04:15,200 --> 03:04:21,300
for 1,178 people but there were 
over 2,200 Souls aboard. 

3511
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:24,700
It was like having a dinner 
party for 20 people with only 10

3512
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:26,900
chairs. 
Someone was going to be left 

3513
03:04:26,900 --> 03:04:30,500
standing and in this case, 
standing meant something far 

3514
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:32,500
more permanent than social 
awkwardness. 

3515
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:36,800
The Women and Children. 
First protocol began, though, it

3516
03:04:36,800 --> 03:04:40,000
was implemented with the kind of
British that makes you wonder if

3517
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:43,100
they were organizing a cue for 
tea rather than a desperate 

3518
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,100
evacuation. 
Officers helped ladies in the 

3519
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:48,800
boats as if they were assisting 
them in carriages for an 

3520
03:04:48,808 --> 03:04:52,600
afternoon Drive, the whole scene
had an air of surreal curtisy 

3521
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:56,300
like a disaster, movie directed 
by someone who studied etiquette

3522
03:04:56,300 --> 03:04:59,000
manuals. 
You have to understand that 

3523
03:04:59,000 --> 03:05:02,100
these lifeboats were not the 
enclosed modern safety vessels. 

3524
03:05:02,100 --> 03:05:04,000
You might imagine they were 
open. 

3525
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:08,100
Wooden Boats, hang 70 feet of 
the dark Atlantic, which looked 

3526
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:10,400
about as welcoming as a basement
full of spiders. 

3527
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:15,400
The calmness of the ocean almost
Eerie contrasted with its near 

3528
03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:18,400
freezing temperature. 
Netting into one of these boats 

3529
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:21,100
meant trading, the warm 
familiar, safety of the ship for

3530
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,000
a cold uncertain. 
Future bobbing around in the 

3531
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:27,700
Darkness, Many of the lifeboats 
were launched only half full, 

3532
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,000
which sounds like poor planning,
but was actually human nature in

3533
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:34,100
action. 
Crew wasn't entirely sure the 

3534
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:37,200
boats could hold their full 
capacity of 65 people and 

3535
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:39,500
passengers were understandably 
reluctant to leave. 

3536
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:42,500
What's still felt like safety. 
It was like choosing between 

3537
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:44,900
staying in a house that might 
have a small fire somewhere 

3538
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:47,900
versus jumping into a swimming 
pool, that might be full of 

3539
03:05:47,908 --> 03:05:51,400
parameters. 
The ship's Orchestra led by 

3540
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:53,400
Wallace. 
Hartley continued, playing 

3541
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:56,600
throughout the evacuation. 
They'd move from the first class

3542
03:05:56,600 --> 03:05:59,400
Lounge to the boat deck. 
Providing, what might be history

3543
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:01,400
is most poignant sound track to 
disaster. 

3544
03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:04,500
Pick your favorite band. 
Playing a concert while the 

3545
03:06:04,500 --> 03:06:06,300
venue slowly sinks in to the 
ground. 

3546
03:06:06,300 --> 03:06:08,400
That's essentially what was 
happening. 

3547
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:11,700
Except with more violins and 
considerably higher Stakes. 

3548
03:06:12,700 --> 03:06:15,200
Stories from this period read 
like a collection of Small 

3549
03:06:15,200 --> 03:06:18,600
Miracles and heartbreaking 
decisions, the Lifeboat offered 

3550
03:06:18,600 --> 03:06:20,700
Ida Strauss. 
The wife of Macy's department 

3551
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:22,900
store, owner is Dora Strauss a 
seat. 

3552
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:25,100
She refused to leave her 
husband. 

3553
03:06:26,400 --> 03:06:30,300
We have lived together for 40 
years she said and where you go,

3554
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:33,600
I go. 
It was the kind of love story 

3555
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,000
that would make Hollywood. 
Screenwriters weep With Envy, 

3556
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:40,900
except the story wasn't fiction.
Captain Smith moved through the 

3557
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:43,600
ship like a ghost checking 
compartments. 

3558
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:46,400
Ensuring protocol was followed 
and slowly. 

3559
03:06:46,400 --> 03:06:49,200
Coming to terms with the fact 
that his final voyage was going 

3560
03:06:49,200 --> 03:06:53,600
to be exactly that final. 
He'd spent his entire career 

3561
03:06:53,600 --> 03:06:57,100
avoiding this exact scenario. 
And now he was living through 

3562
03:06:57,100 --> 03:07:00,000
every Sea, Captain's worst 
nightmare with the Dignity of 

3563
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:02,300
someone who spent decades 
preparing for a moment. 

3564
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:05,900
He hoped would never come the 
ship's tilt was becoming more 

3565
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:07,900
pronounced. 
Now though, it was still subtle 

3566
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:10,500
enough that you might mistake it
for the effects of a huge wave. 

3567
03:07:11,300 --> 03:07:14,300
Water was beginning to reach the
ship's name on the bow, which 

3568
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:16,700
was a bit like watching your 
bathtub slowly overflow. 

3569
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:17,900
While you're still sitting in 
it. 

3570
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:22,600
The Titanic was settling by the 
head Maritime terminology for 

3571
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:26,400
the front is going down first. 
Which sounds much more civilized

3572
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:27,900
than we're sinking nose. 
First. 

3573
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:31,600
As the second hour of the 
crisis, passed the situation 

3574
03:07:31,600 --> 03:07:34,900
shifted from organized 
evacuation to increase in the 

3575
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:37,700
Urgent departure. 
The lifeboats were being loaded 

3576
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:40,000
and lowered with growing 
efficiency though. 

3577
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:42,800
Efficiency is a relative term 
when you're trying to save over 

3578
03:07:42,800 --> 03:07:46,000
2000 people with equipment, 
designed for about half that 

3579
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:48,900
number. 
It was like trying to evacuate a

3580
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:53,100
small City using only golf carts
possible in theory but requiring

3581
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:55,500
a level of patience that the 
Atlantic Ocean wasn't 

3582
03:07:55,500 --> 03:07:58,700
particularly inclined to provide
the passengers. 

3583
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:01,100
Still aboard, were beginning to 
realize that their Floating 

3584
03:08:01,108 --> 03:08:03,800
Palace was becoming something 
more like a floating deadline 

3585
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:06,900
and the deadline was approaching
faster than anyone wanted to 

3586
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:12,100
admit, the orchestra plays on to
48, am to 3:40 a.m. there's 

3587
03:08:12,100 --> 03:08:15,000
something profoundly human about
the way people respond to crisis

3588
03:08:15,000 --> 03:08:19,400
some Panic, some freeze, some 
becoming incredibly practical 

3589
03:08:19,400 --> 03:08:23,500
and some like the Titanic's, 
Orchestra decide that if the 

3590
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,300
world is ending, it might as 
well end with wonderful music. 

3591
03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:28,600
Wallace, Hartley. 
And his seven. 

3592
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:31,500
Bandmates could either try to 
get into the lifeboats or 

3593
03:08:31,500 --> 03:08:34,500
Comforts of people who are 
starting to realize their night 

3594
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,500
was not going as planned. 
They chose music which tells you

3595
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:40,500
everything you need to know 
about the kind of people. 

3596
03:08:40,500 --> 03:08:44,500
They were the ship was now 
noticeably listing and the deck 

3597
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:47,500
was beginning to feel like a 
gently sloping hillsides rather 

3598
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:51,200
than the flat stable surface, it
had been just hours earlier, you

3599
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:53,900
can still walk normally, but 
there was a subtle sense that 

3600
03:08:53,900 --> 03:08:57,200
gravity was developing opinions 
about which direction was truly 

3601
03:08:57,200 --> 03:08:59,800
down. 
The Titanic was settling deeper 

3602
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:02,900
into the water and the ocean was
beginning to creep up the ship 

3603
03:09:02,900 --> 03:09:06,000
sides, like a very patient, 
chili visitor who had no 

3604
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,300
intention of leaving. 
By this point, the Lifeboat 

3605
03:09:09,300 --> 03:09:11,300
loading had taken on a more 
urgent character. 

3606
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:14,600
The crew was no longer merely 
suggesting that passengers 

3607
03:09:14,600 --> 03:09:17,900
consider getting into the boats.
Instead they were strongly 

3608
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:19,400
encouraging, immediate 
departure. 

3609
03:09:19,400 --> 03:09:22,700
It was like the difference 
between a gentle reminder that 

3610
03:09:22,700 --> 03:09:26,400
dinner is ready and someone 
yelling the kitchen is on fire. 

3611
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:30,500
The remaining passengers were 
beginning to display the full 

3612
03:09:30,500 --> 03:09:33,200
range of human behavior. 
Under extreme stress. 

3613
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:37,100
Some maintained an almost 
Supernatural caramel, helping 

3614
03:09:37,100 --> 03:09:39,600
others and making jokes to ease 
the tension. 

3615
03:09:40,900 --> 03:09:44,000
Others became increasingly 
agitated though the British 

3616
03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:47,600
tendency toward politeness meant
the even Panic was expressed 

3617
03:09:47,600 --> 03:09:51,300
with a certain of it was like 
watching a very well mannered 

3618
03:09:51,300 --> 03:09:53,200
apocalypse. 
Thomas Andrews. 

3619
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:55,900
The ship's designer was seen 
throughout this period with a 

3620
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:58,000
life jacket. 
Under his arm, not wearing it 

3621
03:09:58,000 --> 03:10:01,200
just carrying it as if he 
couldn't quite decide, whether 

3622
03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:03,200
the situation warranted putting 
it on. 

3623
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:05,300
He was like someone holding an 
umbrella. 

3624
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:07,200
While insisting, its not really 
raining yet. 

3625
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:10,300
And Andrews knew better than 
anyone that the ship was doomed,

3626
03:10:10,300 --> 03:10:13,600
but he seemed caught between his
Professional Knowledge and his 

3627
03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:17,900
emotional inability to accept 
that his Unsinkable creation was

3628
03:10:17,900 --> 03:10:19,700
doing exactly what he designed 
it. 

3629
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:22,400
Not to do. 
The wireless operators were 

3630
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:25,100
still frantically. 
Sending distress signals though.

3631
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,600
By now they were becoming 
increasingly specific about 

3632
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:30,400
their situation. 
The messages went from. 

3633
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:33,900
We have struck an iceberg to we 
are sinking fast to come as 

3634
03:10:33,900 --> 03:10:36,500
quickly as possible. 
It was like watching someone's 

3635
03:10:36,500 --> 03:10:38,600
text messages, become 
increasingly urgent. 

3636
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:42,400
Running a bit late to stuck in 
traffic to, please send help 

3637
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:45,100
immediately. 
The Carpathia was still racing 

3638
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:48,500
toward them that she was at 
least two hours away which in 

3639
03:10:48,500 --> 03:10:50,300
rescue terms might as well have 
been two days. 

3640
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,500
Captain rostron was pushing his 
ship Beyond her normal limits 

3641
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:57,200
but even mechanical sympathy 
couldn't make the laws of 

3642
03:10:57,208 --> 03:11:01,200
physics Bend to accommodate 
human desperation inside the 

3643
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:03,400
ship. 
The reality of the situation was

3644
03:11:03,400 --> 03:11:06,800
becoming impossible to ignore. 
The forward compartments were 

3645
03:11:06,800 --> 03:11:09,700
flooding and the water was 
beginning to reach areas where 

3646
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,900
passengers could see it. 
It was no longer a theoretical 

3647
03:11:12,900 --> 03:11:14,700
problem happening somewhere else
in the ship. 

3648
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:18,500
It was becoming a very visible 
very wet reminder that the 

3649
03:11:18,500 --> 03:11:21,500
Atlantic Ocean was slowly but 
inexorably claiming its newest. 

3650
03:11:21,500 --> 03:11:24,600
Real estate, the remaining 
passengers were facing a choice 

3651
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:28,300
that no one should have to make.
Stay with the warm familiar 

3652
03:11:28,300 --> 03:11:31,800
slowly sinking ship or trust 
their lives to small. 

3653
03:11:31,800 --> 03:11:34,800
Wooden boats floating in the 
middle of the ocean on a night. 

3654
03:11:34,800 --> 03:11:37,300
So cold that your breath formed 
clouds in the air. 

3655
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:40,500
It was like choosing between a 
comfortable bed that slowly 

3656
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:43,500
sliding toward a cliff, an 
attempt that might protect you 

3657
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:45,800
from the fall. 
Some families were being 

3658
03:11:45,808 --> 03:11:49,000
separated as women and children 
were helped into the boats while

3659
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:52,600
men were asked to wait. 
These weren't dramatic Hollywood

3660
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:55,200
parties. 
They were quiet desperate 

3661
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,000
moments between people who loved
each other, and who are 

3662
03:11:58,000 --> 03:12:00,500
beginning to realize that their 
goodbyes might be more final 

3663
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:04,400
than anyone wanted to admit. 
The ship's lights were still 

3664
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,500
blazing which created an almost 
surreal atmosphere. 

3665
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:11,600
Here was this massive 
brilliantly, lit, Palace slowly 

3666
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:15,300
sinking into the dark, ocean 
like a chandelier slowly 

3667
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:19,600
disappearing into Blackwater. 
Contrast between the ship's 

3668
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:22,900
artificial brightness. 
And the surrounding Darkness was

3669
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:26,500
becoming more pronounced as the 
Titanic settled deeper as if the

3670
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:29,000
ocean was slowly swallowing a 
piece of the modern world. 

3671
03:12:30,300 --> 03:12:33,800
As the third hour of the crisis 
passed, the situation of board, 

3672
03:12:33,800 --> 03:12:37,900
the Titanic had transformed from
emergency to catastrophe and 

3673
03:12:37,900 --> 03:12:40,300
everyone aboard was beginning to
understand that they were no 

3674
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:42,100
longer passengers on a luxury 
liner. 

3675
03:12:42,800 --> 03:12:44,800
They were survivors of a 
disaster that was still 

3676
03:12:44,800 --> 03:12:49,500
unfolding the final 
preparations. 3:40 a.m. to 4:40 

3677
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,800
a.m. have you ever experienced 
the moment when you attempt to 

3678
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:56,700
fix something that is clearly 
Beyond repair yet you persist in

3679
03:12:56,700 --> 03:12:59,500
your efforts because stopping 
would mean acknowledging that 

3680
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:03,400
the situation is truly hopeless.
That's where the Titanic found 

3681
03:13:03,400 --> 03:13:05,800
herself in the early morning 
hours of April 15th. 

3682
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,200
The ship was now, clearly 
sinking, but the crew continued,

3683
03:13:09,200 --> 03:13:12,000
their duties, with the kind of 
professional Dedication, that 

3684
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:14,900
would make you proud to be human
if the circumstances weren't so 

3685
03:13:14,908 --> 03:13:17,900
heartbreaking, the ship's list 
was becoming more pronounced, 

3686
03:13:17,900 --> 03:13:20,000
though. 
It was still gradual enough that

3687
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:22,300
you might mistake it for the 
effects of a huge swell. 

3688
03:13:23,500 --> 03:13:26,400
Forward decks were a wash now, 
which meant that the ocean was 

3689
03:13:26,400 --> 03:13:28,700
no longer content to stay 
outside the ship, where it 

3690
03:13:28,700 --> 03:13:32,100
belonged water was beginning to 
slosh around areas where 

3691
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:34,000
passengers had been walking. 
Just hours. 

3692
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:36,900
Early turning familiar corridors
into something. 

3693
03:13:36,900 --> 03:13:39,300
That resembled a very expensive 
frigate. 

3694
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:41,800
Swimming pool. 
The last of the lifeboats were 

3695
03:13:41,800 --> 03:13:46,100
being loaded and lowered though.
Loaded is perhaps two, generous 

3696
03:13:46,100 --> 03:13:49,200
a term for what was becoming an 
increasingly desperate process. 

3697
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:52,300
The remaining passengers were 
beginning to understand that the

3698
03:13:52,300 --> 03:13:54,900
supply of lifeboats was not 
going to meet the demand for 

3699
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:58,600
survival which is the kind of 
mathematics that makes everyone 

3700
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:01,000
suddenly very interested in 
alternative Solutions. 

3701
03:14:02,000 --> 03:14:04,400
Some passengers were 
constructing makeshift flotation

3702
03:14:04,400 --> 03:14:07,500
devices from deck, chairs, and 
life jackets, which sounds 

3703
03:14:07,500 --> 03:14:09,900
resourceful Until you realize 
they were essentially building 

3704
03:14:09,900 --> 03:14:12,500
Furniture boats to float in the 
middle of the Atlantic Ocean. 

3705
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:15,800
It was like trying to cross a 
river, using a coffee table as a

3706
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:19,300
raft, theoretically possible. 
But requiring a level of 

3707
03:14:19,300 --> 03:14:21,200
optimism that bordered on the 
supernatural. 

3708
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:25,200
The ship's crew was displaying 
the kind of professional 

3709
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:27,900
competence that makes you 
understand why going down with 

3710
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,400
the ship became such a respected
tradition. 

3711
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:33,200
They weren't heroes in the 
dramatic sense. 

3712
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:36,100
They were just people doing 
their jobs under circumstances, 

3713
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:38,900
that had moved far beyond 
anyone's job description. 

3714
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:42,300
It was like watching teachers 
continue to teach during a fire 

3715
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:45,900
drill except the fire drill was 
real and the fire was made of 

3716
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:48,600
ice cold. 
Ocean water Captain Smith was 

3717
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,900
seen throughout this period in 
that protocol was followed that 

3718
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:54,800
passengers were helped and that 
the ships final moments 

3719
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:56,500
maintained some semblance of 
dignity. 

3720
03:14:56,500 --> 03:14:59,500
He was like a hosted a dinner 
party that had gone 

3721
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,900
spectacularly wrong, still 
trying to ensure that his guests

3722
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:05,400
were comfortable even as the 
dining room slowly filled with 

3723
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:07,700
water. 
The ship's power was still 

3724
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:10,500
functioning which meant that the
lights remained on and the 

3725
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:13,700
wireless continued to work. 
The operators were still sending

3726
03:15:13,700 --> 03:15:16,400
distress signals, though. 
By now they were essentially 

3727
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:18,300
providing a running commentary 
on the disaster. 

3728
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:22,900
Engine room, flooded ship, 
sinking by the head, women and 

3729
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:25,400
children in boats. 
It was like live tweeting. 

3730
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,400
The apocalypse except with Morse
code and considerably higher 

3731
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:30,900
Stakes. 
Carpathia was still racing 

3732
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:34,000
toward them but distance and 
time were proving to be enemies.

3733
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:36,500
That could not be overcome by 
good intentions or skilled 

3734
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:39,300
seamanship. 
Captain rostron was pushing his 

3735
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:42,300
ship to its limits but even the 
fastest ship in the world 

3736
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,300
couldn't outrun the clock that 
was counting down the Titanic's.

3737
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:48,300
Remaining time, the band was 
still playing though, they'd 

3738
03:15:48,300 --> 03:15:50,100
moved to the boat deck to be 
close to the remaining 

3739
03:15:50,100 --> 03:15:52,500
passengers. 
Their music had evolved from 

3740
03:15:52,500 --> 03:15:54,600
dinner entertainment to 
something more profound. 

3741
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:57,600
A soundtrack for people facing 
the unthinkable. 

3742
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:00,800
They were providing comfort in 
the way that only music can 

3743
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,200
creating a small island of 
familiar sound in an ocean of 

3744
03:16:04,208 --> 03:16:07,600
uncertainty. 
The remaining passengers were 

3745
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:10,400
beginning to face the reality 
that their time aboard. 

3746
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:12,900
The Titanic was measured in 
minutes rather than hours. 

3747
03:16:13,600 --> 03:16:16,800
Some were writing letters as if 
they could somehow send final 

3748
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:19,100
messages to loved ones, through 
sheer determination. 

3749
03:16:20,300 --> 03:16:23,700
Others were praying which seemed
entirely appropriate given that 

3750
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:26,400
they were in a situation where 
only divine intervention could 

3751
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:29,800
provide a happy ending. 
The ship structure was beginning

3752
03:16:29,800 --> 03:16:33,000
to show signs of strain. 
The Titanic was never designed 

3753
03:16:33,000 --> 03:16:36,200
to be a submarine and the ocean 
was beginning to exert Precious 

3754
03:16:36,200 --> 03:16:38,300
on the whole that exceeded the 
original engineering 

3755
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:41,100
specifications. 
It was like watching a building 

3756
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:45,100
slowly collapse except it was 
floating and there was no where 

3757
03:16:45,100 --> 03:16:47,900
else to go. 
As the fourth hour of the 

3758
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:51,500
crisis, passed everyone aboard, 
the Titanic understood that they

3759
03:16:51,500 --> 03:16:53,200
were no longer dealing with a 
sinking ship. 

3760
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:55,900
They were dealing with the ship,
that was going to sing. 

3761
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:59,000
And the only remaining question 
was whether they would be on it 

3762
03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:03,300
or off it when that moment 
arrived, the final hour for 4:40

3763
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:06,500
a.m. to 5:40 a.m. 
There are moments in life when 

3764
03:17:06,500 --> 03:17:10,000
time seems to slow down when 
every second stretches like 

3765
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:12,100
taffy. 
And when you become acutely 

3766
03:17:12,100 --> 03:17:15,200
aware of every sound every 
sensation and every breath. 

3767
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:19,100
The final hour aboard. 
The Titanic was exactly such a 

3768
03:17:19,100 --> 03:17:22,800
moment except multiplied by over
1,000, people were all 

3769
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:26,000
experiencing the same impossible
situation simultaneously. 

3770
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:29,800
The ship was now listing 
severely enough that walking 

3771
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:33,000
required, conscious effort, 
like, trying to navigate a house

3772
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:35,800
where all the floors had been 
tilted at increasingly creative 

3773
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:38,800
angles. 
Forward part of the ship was 

3774
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:42,100
completely submerged, and the 
ocean was steadily encroaching 

3775
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:44,900
on the bridge devouring, The 
Vessel with an unwavering 

3776
03:17:44,900 --> 03:17:47,400
patience. 
They had lowered the last Light 

3777
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,900
boat, but several collapsible 
boats remained, a situation that

3778
03:17:50,900 --> 03:17:52,800
seemed more hopeful than it 
actually was. 

3779
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:56,500
These collapsible Boats were 
like a emergency parachutes, 

3780
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,700
theoretically helpful, but 
requiring a level of expertise 

3781
03:17:59,700 --> 03:18:03,200
and luck that most people didn't
possess getting them launched 

3782
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:05,800
and functional was like, trying 
to assemble Furniture during an 

3783
03:18:05,800 --> 03:18:09,000
earthquake while wearing mittens
The ship's lights were still 

3784
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:12,300
blazing creating an increasingly
surreal scene here. 

3785
03:18:12,300 --> 03:18:15,700
Was this massive ocean liner 
tilted, at an impossible angle 

3786
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:19,100
slowly disappearing into the 
dark water while still lit up 

3787
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:21,500
like a Christmas tree. 
It was like watching a 

3788
03:18:21,500 --> 03:18:24,700
skyscraper slowly sinking into 
the ground while all the office 

3789
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:28,300
lights remained on beautiful, 
terrible, and completely 

3790
03:18:28,300 --> 03:18:31,800
Unforgettable. 
The remaining passengers were 

3791
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:34,700
clustered on the stern, which 
was now the highest point of the

3792
03:18:34,700 --> 03:18:37,800
ship, they were like, people 
crowding onto the roof of a 

3793
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,700
flooding building except the 
roof was slowly tilting toward 

3794
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:43,500
the flood. 
Some were still remarkably calm.

3795
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:46,400
Others were praying and a few 
were making peace with their 

3796
03:18:46,400 --> 03:18:49,100
situation in the quiet 
dignified, way that people do 

3797
03:18:49,100 --> 03:18:51,400
when they realize that certain 
outcomes are inevitable. 

3798
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:55,200
The ship's, banned played until 
the very end though, what they 

3799
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:58,000
played in those final moments 
has been debated by historians 

3800
03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:01,700
for over a century. 
Some say it was Nearer My God to

3801
03:19:01,700 --> 03:19:04,600
thee, others claim. 
It was Autumn and still others 

3802
03:19:04,600 --> 03:19:08,000
insist, it was song of autumn 
What they played is irrelevant, 

3803
03:19:08,000 --> 03:19:11,600
what matters is that they played
at all giving comfort and 

3804
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:16,200
dignity to those who needed it? 
At approximately 205 a.m. ships 

3805
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:19,900
time the Titanic's lights 
flickered and went out plunging,

3806
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:23,700
the scene Into Darkness broken, 
only by the stars of the lights 

3807
03:19:23,700 --> 03:19:26,800
from the distant lifeboats. 
It was like someone had suddenly

3808
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:30,200
turned off all the lights in a 
theater, except the theater was 

3809
03:19:30,200 --> 03:19:34,000
sinking, and the audience was 
still inside the ship. 

3810
03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:36,600
Structure was now under 
stresses, that no engineered 

3811
03:19:36,600 --> 03:19:39,700
ever calculated. 
The Titanic was designed to 

3812
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:43,200
float, not to act as a massive 
lever with the ocean as its 

3813
03:19:43,200 --> 03:19:46,300
fulcrum. 
Sounds coming from deep within 

3814
03:19:46,300 --> 03:19:49,300
the ship were unlike anything 
anyone had ever heard. 

3815
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:53,500
Groaning, creaking and snapping 
noises that suggested the very 

3816
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:54,900
bones of the vessel were 
breaking. 

3817
03:19:55,900 --> 03:19:59,200
That 217 mm, the ship Stern 
Rose, High into the air. 

3818
03:19:59,200 --> 03:20:02,600
Creating a scene that defied 
both physics and Imagination. 

3819
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:06,000
The massive propellers designed 
to push the ship through water 

3820
03:20:06,000 --> 03:20:08,300
were now. 
Spinning uselessly in the cold 

3821
03:20:08,308 --> 03:20:12,100
night air It was like watching a
giant metal whale performing its

3822
03:20:12,100 --> 03:20:13,900
final impossible dance with the 
ocean. 

3823
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:19,100
Then at 2:28 a.m. the Titanic 
broke apart. the ship that had 

3824
03:20:19,108 --> 03:20:22,400
been called Unsinkable split 
into the forward section 

3825
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:25,400
disappearing immediately while 
the stern section lingered for a

3826
03:20:25,400 --> 03:20:29,200
moment, as if reluctant to 
follow It was like watching a 

3827
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:32,500
massive Cathedral collapse in 
slow motion, except the 

3828
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:34,800
cathedrals floating and taking 
people with it. 

3829
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:39,700
The stern section sank quickly. 
To appearing into the dark water

3830
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:42,000
with a sound that survivors 
would remember for the rest of 

3831
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:44,400
their lives. 
In less than three minutes. 

3832
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:48,100
The largest moving object ever 
created by humans, had vanished,

3833
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:52,500
completely leaving, only debris,
lifeboats and the kinds of 

3834
03:20:52,508 --> 03:20:54,200
memories that change people 
forever. 

3835
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:57,700
The ocean closed over the 
Titanic as if the ship had never

3836
03:20:57,700 --> 03:21:00,200
existed returning to the same 
deadly. 

3837
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:02,300
Calm that had characterized the 
entire night. 

3838
03:21:03,100 --> 03:21:06,500
The water was like black glass 
reflecting the stars and giving 

3839
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:09,400
no indication that it had just 
claimed one of Humanity's 

3840
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:13,800
greatest achievements and over 
1500 lives Silence has a weight 

3841
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:15,600
to it and the silence that 
followed. 

3842
03:21:15,600 --> 03:21:18,300
The Titanic sinking was heavier 
than anything though. 

3843
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:20,200
Survivors would ever experience 
again. 

3844
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:24,700
Think of the quietest moment 
you've ever had, then multiply 

3845
03:21:24,700 --> 03:21:27,100
it by the absence of something 
huge, that should be there. 

3846
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:31,900
The ocean stretched endlessly 
and all directions as calm and 

3847
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:33,600
indifferent. 
As it had been all night 

3848
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:36,000
offering. 
No evidence of the tragedy that 

3849
03:21:36,000 --> 03:21:38,800
had just occurred. 
The lifeboats were scattered 

3850
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:42,200
across several miles of ocean, 
like, leaves blown by a wind 

3851
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:45,700
that had suddenly stopped. 
In the small wooden vessels 

3852
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:49,200
about, 700, people huddled 
together, sharing body heat and 

3853
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:50,700
wandering. 
If they would live to see 

3854
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:54,800
another sunset, The boats were 
designed for short-term use not 

3855
03:21:54,800 --> 03:21:57,800
for spending hours in the middle
of the Atlantic Ocean on a 

3856
03:21:57,800 --> 03:21:58,900
night. 
When the air temperature was 

3857
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,900
below freezing and the water 
temperature was even colder. 

3858
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:05,800
Some Boats were organized and 
well-supplied with competent 

3859
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:07,800
crew members. 
Who knew how to row and navigate

3860
03:22:07,800 --> 03:22:09,900
others were. 
Essentially floating 

3861
03:22:09,900 --> 03:22:13,300
accidentally filled with people 
who had never been in a robot 

3862
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:17,100
before were now responsible for 
their survival in conditions 

3863
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:18,900
that would challenge experienced
Sailors. 

3864
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:22,100
It was like being asked to 
perform surgery after reading a 

3865
03:22:22,100 --> 03:22:24,300
first aid, manual possible in 
theory. 

3866
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:27,700
But requiring a level of skill 
that most people simply didn't 

3867
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:31,100
possess The survivors in the 
water faced an entirely 

3868
03:22:31,100 --> 03:22:34,200
different kind of challenge. 
The ocean temperature was about 

3869
03:22:34,200 --> 03:22:37,500
28 degrees Fahrenheit which 
means it was cold enough to kill

3870
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:41,000
in minutes rather than hours. 
Most people who ended up in the 

3871
03:22:41,000 --> 03:22:44,300
water had perhaps 10 to 15 
minutes before hypothermia would

3872
03:22:44,300 --> 03:22:47,200
make survival impossible. 
It was like being thrown into a 

3873
03:22:47,208 --> 03:22:49,100
freezer that was also trying to 
drown you. 

3874
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:52,100
The sounds from the water were 
perhaps the most haunting part 

3875
03:22:52,100 --> 03:22:55,700
of the entire experience of 
people were calling for help 

3876
03:22:55,700 --> 03:22:59,000
crying out for lifeboats to 
return pleading for rescue that 

3877
03:22:59,000 --> 03:23:02,900
most of them knew wasn't coming.
The survivors in the boats faced

3878
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:06,300
an impossible Choice return to 
help people in the water and 

3879
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:09,300
risk, swamping, their boats, or 
stay safe, and listen to the 

3880
03:23:09,300 --> 03:23:11,100
cries gradually faded into 
silence. 

3881
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,500
Most boats chose safety, which 
sounds heartless, but was 

3882
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:17,300
actually the mathematics of 
survival. 

3883
03:23:18,200 --> 03:23:20,800
The lifeboats were already 
crowded sitting low in the water

3884
03:23:20,800 --> 03:23:23,900
and attempting to pull people 
from the ocean would likely have

3885
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:27,100
resulted in even more deaths? 
It was like being asked to save 

3886
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:29,400
someone from drowning when 
you're barely keeping your head 

3887
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,400
above water. 
The Cries From the water. 

3888
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,400
Lost it for about an hour before
gradually fading to silence. 

3889
03:23:36,400 --> 03:23:38,700
Such Noise wasn't because people
were being rescued. 

3890
03:23:38,700 --> 03:23:42,400
It was because the ocean was the
last of those who hadn't made it

3891
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:45,300
to the boats. 
Silence, that followed was more 

3892
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:48,700
profound than any sound, a quiet
that seemed to spread across the

3893
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:51,800
water, like a blanket made of 
stars and sorrow. 

3894
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:55,100
As Dawn approached, the 
survivors began to see each 

3895
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:58,700
other more clearly, they were no
longer Anonymous passengers on a

3896
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:01,400
luxury liner. 
They were individuals who had 

3897
03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:04,200
shared an experience that would 
define the rest of their lives. 

3898
03:24:04,200 --> 03:24:06,200
Some were still in evening 
dress. 

3899
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:09,400
Others were in nightclubs and a 
few were wearing the kind of 

3900
03:24:09,400 --> 03:24:11,900
mismatched clothing that 
suggested they dressed quickly 

3901
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:13,600
in the dark while their world 
was ending. 

3902
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:18,100
At about 4 a.m. the Survivor 
spotted light on the horizon, 

3903
03:24:18,100 --> 03:24:22,100
the Carpathia derived appearing,
Like A Small Miracle on the vast

3904
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:24,600
ocean. 
Captain rostron had pushed his 

3905
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:27,700
ship Beyond her limits arriving.
Just as the survivors were 

3906
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:29,800
beginning to wonder if rescue 
would come at all. 

3907
03:24:30,500 --> 03:24:33,100
Seeing the Carpathia was akin to
spotting a light house. 

3908
03:24:33,100 --> 03:24:35,800
While lost at sea with the 
difference being that it was 

3909
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,400
actively moving towards you. 
The rescue operation, took hours

3910
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:42,800
as each Lifeboat had to be 
located approached and unloaded 

3911
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:46,200
The survivors were brought 
aboard the Carpathia to begin, 

3912
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:48,500
the long journey back to New 
York though. 

3913
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:51,000
They were returning as 
fundamentally different people 

3914
03:24:51,000 --> 03:24:53,900
than they had been. 
When they left, they were no 

3915
03:24:53,908 --> 03:24:57,100
longer passengers. 
They were survivors carrying 

3916
03:24:57,100 --> 03:24:59,400
memories and stories, that would
stay with them forever. 

3917
03:25:00,800 --> 03:25:04,300
The Titanic disaster, changed 
everything about Ocean, Travel 

3918
03:25:04,300 --> 03:25:08,000
Maritime, safety and Humanities 
relationship with technology. 

3919
03:25:09,200 --> 03:25:13,200
New regulations were established
more lifeboats were required and

3920
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:16,700
the idea that any ship could be 
Unsinkable was abandoned 

3921
03:25:16,700 --> 03:25:19,000
forever. 
It was like learning that your 

3922
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:22,400
house isn't actually Fireproof 
by watching it burn down a 

3923
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:24,300
lesson. 
That was both devastating and 

3924
03:25:24,300 --> 03:25:27,100
necessary. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

3925
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:30,000
Legacy of the Titanic isn't the 
technical improvements or the 

3926
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:33,600
safety regulations, it's the 
stories of ordinary people who 

3927
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:36,600
faced extraordinary 
circumstances and chose to act 

3928
03:25:36,600 --> 03:25:41,500
with courage dignity and Grace, 
the memories that matter include

3929
03:25:41,500 --> 03:25:44,400
the band that played until the 
end, the passengers who helped 

3930
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:47,100
others before themselves. 
And the crew who maintained 

3931
03:25:47,100 --> 03:25:49,700
protocol even as their world was
literally sinking. 

3932
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:54,600
The sun rose on April, 15th, 
1912 over an ocean that looked 

3933
03:25:54,600 --> 03:25:57,600
exactly as it had the day 
before, giving no indication 

3934
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:00,600
that it had just witnessed one 
of the most significant Maritime

3935
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:05,000
disaster in history. 
The Titanic was gone but the 

3936
03:26:05,000 --> 03:26:07,000
stories of that night would 
continue forever. 

3937
03:26:07,000 --> 03:26:10,800
Reminding us that even in our 
darkest moments, we have the 

3938
03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:12,900
capacity to choose how we Face 
The Impossible. 

3939
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:15,900
And that perhaps is the most 
human story of all. 

3940
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:35,400
In the early 19th century, 
United States was still refining

3941
03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:38,600
its identity grappling with 
International pressures. 

3942
03:26:38,600 --> 03:26:41,600
Chief among them was the 
persistent clash with Great 

3943
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,600
Britain which never fully 
receded, even after the 

3944
03:26:44,600 --> 03:26:48,600
Revolutionary War. 
By the year 1812 tensions. 

3945
03:26:48,600 --> 03:26:52,000
Had once again, escalated 
British warships roamed, the 

3946
03:26:52,008 --> 03:26:55,000
Atlantic seizing, American 
Merchant vessels and impressing,

3947
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,400
Sailors into the Royal Navy. 
Britain Justified these actions 

3948
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:01,700
by citing its endless struggle 
with Napoleonic France but 

3949
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:04,700
Americans saw them as blatant 
infringements on neutral rights 

3950
03:27:04,700 --> 03:27:09,200
politicians in Washington, DC, 
argued that National sale. 

3951
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:11,500
Honor demanded a Resolute 
stance. 

3952
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:15,300
Yet not all Americans. 
Agreed, New England Merchants 

3953
03:27:15,300 --> 03:27:18,800
dependent on overseas trade. 
Feared that a war would wreck 

3954
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:21,800
their livelihoods Frontier 
Farmers from the west and south.

3955
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:25,000
Meanwhile were more bellicose. 
They complained of British 

3956
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:28,200
influence over native tribes 
alleging that British agents 

3957
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,900
provided Weaponry to indigenous 
groups resisting American 

3958
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:33,700
expansion. 
Famed orators in Congress 

3959
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:37,000
labeled warhawks pressed for 
military action. 

3960
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:40,500
Insisting, that only Force could
end Maritime harassment and 

3961
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:44,200
secure National credibility. 
James Madison, the fourth 

3962
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:47,500
president presided over a 
Charged political scene. 

3963
03:27:48,300 --> 03:27:52,500
A quiet dealer. 
I save He weighed options 

3964
03:27:52,500 --> 03:27:56,100
carefully. 
But the Klamath a war, grew in 

3965
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:59,500
June 1812, Madison Center War 
message to Congress, 

3966
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:03,900
highlighting impressment, trade,
restrictions and alleged British

3967
03:28:03,900 --> 03:28:07,900
incitement of native violence. 
A narrow majority in both houses

3968
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:11,200
voted for war, marking the first
time that the United States 

3969
03:28:11,200 --> 03:28:14,400
formally declared it. 
The nation's newness and 

3970
03:28:14,400 --> 03:28:17,300
untested Military raised 
questions, could the young 

3971
03:28:17,300 --> 03:28:19,700
Republic must of the unity in 
resources to challenge. 

3972
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:23,500
The world's leading Naval power 
on paper, the British hardly 

3973
03:28:23,500 --> 03:28:26,900
viewed, the us as a primary 
threat, Napoleon's armies in 

3974
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:28,400
Europe had captured their 
attention. 

3975
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:31,400
Nonetheless, the British 
recognized that if the 

3976
03:28:31,400 --> 03:28:34,300
American's invaded Canada the 
region might be lost. 

3977
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:38,400
After all Canada was likely 
populated and the British 

3978
03:28:38,400 --> 03:28:40,500
presence there. 
Hinged on loyal malicious 

3979
03:28:40,500 --> 03:28:44,200
British believe that despite the
American impetus. 

3980
03:28:45,700 --> 03:28:48,700
The conflict wouldn't supplant. 
Britain's Prime Focus on the 

3981
03:28:48,700 --> 03:28:51,200
European front. 
So they stationed smaller 

3982
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,200
Garrison's trusting that, the 
disorganized American approach 

3983
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:57,800
would yield limited success 
across the Atlantic in American 

3984
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:00,600
port cities. 
Many tried to maintain Commerce 

3985
03:29:00,600 --> 03:29:04,000
but with British blockades, 
looming, Merchant captains, 

3986
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:06,600
found themselves restricted or 
forced to sail under constant 

3987
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:08,500
threat. 
The administration in 

3988
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:11,700
Washington, saw the conflict as 
a chance to rid the continent of

3989
03:29:11,700 --> 03:29:15,000
lingering British power. 
Some leaders fantasized that 

3990
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:16,800
capturing Canada might be 
straightforward. 

3991
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:20,300
They assume Canadians would 
readily join the American cause.

3992
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:25,000
However, the Assumption proved 
naive Canadian loyalty to the 

3993
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:28,200
crown, especially among certain 
Pockets was stronger than 

3994
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:32,300
American Ted anticipated. 
Meanwhile, the wars outbreak 

3995
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,400
also reverberated among native 
nations particularly in the 

3996
03:29:35,408 --> 03:29:38,500
Great Lakes region, some tribes 
formed alliances with the 

3997
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:41,400
British, considering them to be 
less harmful than the land 

3998
03:29:41,400 --> 03:29:44,000
hungry. 
American, settlers leaders, like

3999
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:46,700
to come surface to form abroad 
indigenous. 

4000
03:29:46,700 --> 03:29:49,400
Confederation that might halt 
further, American encroachment. 

4001
03:29:50,400 --> 03:29:52,900
For them. 
This war was another chapter in 

4002
03:29:52,900 --> 03:29:55,100
a longstanding struggle to 
defend their home lands. 

4003
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:59,500
The British short on Manpower 
readily welcome to indigenous 

4004
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:02,700
allies will be it with uncertain
commitments once the war ended. 

4005
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:07,200
Public opinion within the United
States remained uneven, southern

4006
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:09,500
and western states. 
Tended to favor hostilities. 

4007
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:13,700
In contrast, many new englanders
reliant on Atlantic trade. 

4008
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:16,800
Found the conflict ruinous some 
states. 

4009
03:30:16,800 --> 03:30:18,700
Half-heartedly contributed 
militia. 

4010
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,600
Political friction within the US
threatened to hamper effective, 

4011
03:30:22,600 --> 03:30:25,400
prosecution of the war. 
Nevertheless, the formal 

4012
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,800
declaration spurred initial 
bursts of patriotism in certain 

4013
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:32,600
regions, local militia parades, 
and oratory about defending 

4014
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:36,300
Liberty, repeated the rhetoric 
of the revolutionary era, the 

4015
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:40,600
critics derided, the war as Mr. 
Madison's war As the summer of 

4016
03:30:40,608 --> 03:30:44,500
1812 progressed American forces 
ready, invasions across the 

4017
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:48,600
Canadian border aiming to 
quickly seize territory, the war

4018
03:30:48,600 --> 03:30:51,300
department. 
However, was ill-prepared the 

4019
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:55,000
regular army was small offered 
by mix of Revolutionary, War, 

4020
03:30:55,000 --> 03:30:57,800
veterans, and political 
appointees State, militias 

4021
03:30:57,800 --> 03:31:01,300
varied, widely and disciplined. 
Apply lines were shaking, still,

4022
03:31:01,300 --> 03:31:03,700
generals promise, Swift 
victories. 

4023
03:31:03,700 --> 03:31:07,300
The Observers from Europe, half 
attended, while embroiled in 

4024
03:31:07,300 --> 03:31:11,400
Napoleonic campaigns, watched 
with Miles interest, suspecting 

4025
03:31:11,400 --> 03:31:13,000
the conflict would remain 
localized. 

4026
03:31:13,900 --> 03:31:17,700
The War of 1812 began. 
In this precarious multifaceted 

4027
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:20,100
environment. 
The Americans believed they 

4028
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:24,400
could avenge Maritime wrongs and
perhaps expand into Canada, the 

4029
03:31:24,400 --> 03:31:27,700
British confident. 
But distracted expected to 

4030
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:31,700
defend Canada with minimal 
resources indigenous Nations 

4031
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:35,300
caught in the crossfire saw an 
opportunity to resist American 

4032
03:31:35,300 --> 03:31:37,900
expansion. 
As the war commenced. 

4033
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:40,500
Few realized the transformative 
effects. 

4034
03:31:40,500 --> 03:31:42,800
It would have on North America's
diplomatic and cultural 

4035
03:31:42,800 --> 03:31:46,300
landscape. 
Early in 1813 American 

4036
03:31:46,300 --> 03:31:49,700
strategists, believe they could 
redeem the humiliation of 1812 

4037
03:31:49,700 --> 03:31:51,900
by launching renewed defensive 
in Canada. 

4038
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:56,300
However, the same structural 
flaws, persisted volunteer, 

4039
03:31:56,300 --> 03:31:59,800
militias uncertain supply lines 
and Leadership lacking 

4040
03:31:59,800 --> 03:32:01,700
experience in large-scale 
campaigns. 

4041
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:05,800
Generals like Henry Dearborn 
coordinated, thrusts along Lake 

4042
03:32:05,800 --> 03:32:09,800
Ontario in the Niagara Frontier.
Yet cooperation between commands

4043
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:13,400
remained shaky and British 
Defenders aided by local militia

4044
03:32:13,400 --> 03:32:16,600
and Indigenous allies 
effectively, countered many 

4045
03:32:16,600 --> 03:32:20,800
moves. on Lake Erie, Oliver 
Hazard, Perry supervised a 

4046
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:26,600
frantic shipbuilding effort at 
Presque Isle presidential The 

4047
03:32:26,600 --> 03:32:30,400
plan was bold construct. 
A small Fleet to wrest control 

4048
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:33,100
of the lake from the British 
thereby isolating their 

4049
03:32:33,100 --> 03:32:34,800
garrisons in Western Upper 
Canada. 

4050
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:40,000
In September 1813 Perry, 
Squadron faced the British at 

4051
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:42,900
the Battle of Lake Erie. 
The mid chaotic fighting 

4052
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:46,800
Perry's, Flagship took heavy 
damage, prompting him to row to 

4053
03:32:46,808 --> 03:32:48,300
another vessel and continue the 
fight. 

4054
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:53,000
The result was a striking, 
American victory culminating in 

4055
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:56,000
his laconic message. 
We have met the enemy and they 

4056
03:32:56,000 --> 03:32:59,000
are ours. 
This triumphed, Britain Supply 

4057
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:02,100
route and forced them to abandon
Detroit simultaneously. 

4058
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:05,000
William Henry, Harrison LED, an 
American Army into Upper Canada.

4059
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:09,200
Bolstered by a lake erie's, 
strategic Advantage, Harrison 

4060
03:33:09,200 --> 03:33:12,300
Advanced culminating in the 
battle of the Thames in October,

4061
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:15,800
1813. 
The death of their shattered, 

4062
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:19,100
the indigenous Coalition in the 
region, although some tribes 

4063
03:33:19,100 --> 03:33:21,800
would continue resistance, 
unified front to camps. 

4064
03:33:21,800 --> 03:33:25,200
Are championed as dissipated 
American morale sword at these 

4065
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:28,500
Regional successes mitigating 
memories of the prior years. 

4066
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:32,700
Catastrophes yet not all fronts 
prospered along Lake Ontario, 

4067
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:36,600
The American's captured and 
burned, York future Toronto, 

4068
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:40,300
angering Canadian locals, but 
failing to achieve a decisive 

4069
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:44,200
hold Furthermore, the attempt to
hold or take the Niagara region 

4070
03:33:44,200 --> 03:33:47,800
vacillate as leadership. 
Changed the incompetent or 

4071
03:33:47,800 --> 03:33:50,000
quarrelsome, interplay among 
American generals let 

4072
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:53,300
opportunities slip away. 
British regulars though 

4073
03:33:53,300 --> 03:33:56,600
outnumbered capitalized on 
interior lines, and local 

4074
03:33:56,600 --> 03:33:58,800
knowledge. 
They also enjoyed better 

4075
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:00,800
coordination with indigenous 
forces. 

4076
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:05,200
On the Atlantic side the US Navy
is larger warships occasionally 

4077
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:08,800
triumphed in single ship duels 
but Britain's blockade grew 

4078
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:12,100
tighter, American Merchant 
vessels found it perilous to 

4079
03:34:12,100 --> 03:34:14,700
venture out. 
Privateers operating from 

4080
03:34:14,700 --> 03:34:17,200
smaller ports. 
Try to slip through, capturing 

4081
03:34:17,200 --> 03:34:19,100
British Merchant ships for 
Bounty. 

4082
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:22,500
Despite being a significant 
threat to Britain, he's 

4083
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:26,300
privateers were unable to lift 
the blockade. coastal towns 

4084
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:29,800
faced hardship, as imported 
goods, became scarce, fueling 

4085
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:34,400
discontent In New England is 
specially anti-war sentiments. 

4086
03:34:34,400 --> 03:34:38,400
Solidified, some Federalists saw
the conflict as a southern War 

4087
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:42,200
suspecting expansions in 
territory only benefited. 

4088
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:44,100
South-Western agrarian 
interests. 

4089
03:34:44,700 --> 03:34:48,600
Amid these realities 1814 
brought a water shed shift in 

4090
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:52,100
the global context. 
Napoleon's defeat in Europe, 

4091
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:54,500
freed British resources to Pivot
to North America. 

4092
03:34:54,500 --> 03:34:59,500
The British plan major offence 
of one, a southern thrust aiming

4093
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:02,900
to capture New Orleans. 
Another amid Atlanta Invasion to

4094
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:05,800
strike the Chesapeake. 
They also stepped up at the 

4095
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:07,600
temps to secure control of Lake 
Champlain. 

4096
03:35:07,600 --> 03:35:12,100
A route to New York's interior. 
The intensification alarm the 

4097
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:14,600
Mattson Administration which 
realized that if these drives 

4098
03:35:14,600 --> 03:35:18,600
succeeded major US cities could 
fall or States, might Bolt from 

4099
03:35:18,608 --> 03:35:22,900
the Union. also, Central and 
1814 was a series of 

4100
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:26,700
negotiations, that began in 
Ghent, Belgium, American 

4101
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:30,200
delegates, including John, 
Quincy Adams and Henry, Clay 

4102
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:34,600
faced British counterparts, 
These talks progressed slowly, 

4103
03:35:34,600 --> 03:35:38,100
shaped by events on the 
battlefield initially. 

4104
03:35:38,100 --> 03:35:41,500
Britain, demanded concessions 
like a recognized in indigenous 

4105
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:44,600
buffer state in the old 
Northwest while the Americans 

4106
03:35:44,600 --> 03:35:47,100
insisted on status quo 
Antebellum. 

4107
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:51,300
Each side hoped for a military 
advantage that would improve 

4108
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:53,200
bargaining throughout the 
summer. 

4109
03:35:53,200 --> 03:35:57,600
The negotiations, sea sword, 
overshadowed by intensifying 

4110
03:35:57,600 --> 03:36:01,000
hostilities and overlooked 
aspect was the South-Western 

4111
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:03,300
Frontier. 
Where Andrew Jackson confronted 

4112
03:36:03,300 --> 03:36:06,200
Creek Warriors allied with or 
influenced by the British? 

4113
03:36:07,100 --> 03:36:09,600
Jackson's Tennessee. 
Volunteers, waged, Fierce 

4114
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,300
campaigns in the creek War. 
Culminating, in a decisive 

4115
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:13,400
victory. 
At Horseshoe. 

4116
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:16,700
Bend the resulting treaty forced
vast, land, cessions, from The 

4117
03:36:16,700 --> 03:36:18,800
Creeks, revealing, how the War 
of 1812. 

4118
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:23,400
Also served American expansion 
to indigenous expense Jackson's 

4119
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:26,400
reputation, soared positioning 
him for greater National 

4120
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:30,300
prominence after the conflict. 
Thus, by mid 1814, the war was 

4121
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:33,400
nearing a pivotal moment. 
The British planned to unleash 

4122
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:35,100
this Superior fleets and Veteran
troops. 

4123
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:38,100
Now freed from European 
entanglements, the Americans 

4124
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:41,600
battered and divided pinned 
hopes on local successes and the

4125
03:36:41,608 --> 03:36:45,100
resilience of militia. 
Diplomatic channels flickered, 

4126
03:36:45,100 --> 03:36:48,200
but no one was sure, how soon or
on what terms piece would 

4127
03:36:48,200 --> 03:36:50,600
arrive? 
Stage was set for dramatic 

4128
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:53,300
clashes that would shape not 
just the immediate fortunes of 

4129
03:36:53,308 --> 03:36:56,300
the two countries that the 
future map of North America. 

4130
03:36:57,300 --> 03:36:59,700
Observers recognize that the 
war's outcome. 

4131
03:36:59,700 --> 03:37:03,400
Might finally clarify whether 
the United States after three 

4132
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:06,700
decades of Independence could 
fully stand among Global powers 

4133
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:08,700
or remain overshadowed by older 
Empires. 

4134
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:13,100
Late 1814 saw Britain, escalate 
one prong targeted, the 

4135
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,300
Chesapeake, it success at 
capturing and burning Washington

4136
03:37:16,300 --> 03:37:20,300
DC in August shocked Americans. 
The British sought to quickly 

4137
03:37:20,300 --> 03:37:21,700
follow up by attacking 
Baltimore. 

4138
03:37:21,700 --> 03:37:25,400
A crucial Port. 
If Baltimore fell Britain, might

4139
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,600
cripple the Region's Commerce 
and break American resolve yet 

4140
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:32,100
Baltimore's Defenders prepared, 
vigorously citizens, erected 

4141
03:37:32,100 --> 03:37:35,400
barricades sank vessels to block
Harbor, approaches and 

4142
03:37:35,400 --> 03:37:38,500
reinforced Fort McHenry. 
British warships. 

4143
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:41,100
Commenced bombardment on the 
night of September 13th. 

4144
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:44,000
Unleashing Salvo after Salvo in 
the fort. 

4145
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:46,700
Despite the onslaught, the fort 
held. 

4146
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,500
When Dawn arrived, the American 
flags still billowed witnessed 

4147
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:55,500
by Francis Scott Key who penned 
the Star Spangled Banner. 

4148
03:37:56,900 --> 03:37:59,200
This morale, boosting outcome 
force, the British to withdraw 

4149
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:01,900
neutralizing, their Chesapeake 
campaign. 

4150
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:06,300
Another British thrust aimed at 
Lake Champlain, an army Advanced

4151
03:38:06,300 --> 03:38:09,500
from Canada, hoping to slice 
into Upstate New York and 

4152
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:14,700
isolate New England. 
On September 11th, 1814 American

4153
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:17,400
Naval forces, under Thomas 
macdonough, won the pivotal 

4154
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,900
Battle of Plattsburgh Bay out. 
Maneuvering the British Squadron

4155
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:24,600
with their Naval support, lost 
the British land Invasion, 

4156
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:26,600
faltered forcing a hasty 
Retreat. 

4157
03:38:26,600 --> 03:38:31,000
This second repulsed alongside 
Baltimore's defense shattered. 

4158
03:38:31,000 --> 03:38:33,500
British hopes for a swift 
resolution by capturing major 

4159
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,000
towns. 
Meanwhile, the southwestern 

4160
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:37,500
Frontier remained a separate 
theater. 

4161
03:38:37,500 --> 03:38:40,700
Andrew Jackson's victory over 
the Creeks, had freed him to 

4162
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:43,800
concentrate on potential. 
British moves along the Gulf 

4163
03:38:43,800 --> 03:38:46,600
Coast. 
British strategists planned, a 

4164
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:49,400
grand assault on New Orleans, 
imagining that controlling the 

4165
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:51,700
Mississippi's mouth would hamper
American expansion. 

4166
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:54,500
Jacks. 
And where of the vital 

4167
03:38:54,500 --> 03:38:56,300
importance of the city 
assembled? 

4168
03:38:56,300 --> 03:39:00,000
A force of militia, volunteers 
Freedman, and even a group of 

4169
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:03,800
Barataria Pirates under Jean, 
Lafitte forging a makeshift but 

4170
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:06,700
spirited Army. 
But that confrontational 

4171
03:39:06,700 --> 03:39:09,100
weighted, final, culmination, 
early, the next year. 

4172
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:13,500
In the midst of these unfolding 
battles, negotiations in Kent 

4173
03:39:13,500 --> 03:39:16,200
progressed. 
Sensing that neither side would 

4174
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:19,900
gain from prolonged conflict. 
British diplomats seized earlier

4175
03:39:19,900 --> 03:39:23,200
demands for territory or 
indigenous buffer States while 

4176
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:26,700
America's stung by the burning 
of their Capital recognized that

4177
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:31,100
an indefinite War, threatened 
ruing. by December a draft 

4178
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:34,300
treaty, emerged endorsing the 
principle of status quo 

4179
03:39:34,300 --> 03:39:38,100
Antebellum, both nations, would 
revert to pre-war boundaries, 

4180
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:41,600
Outstanding issues like 
impressment or Maritime rights, 

4181
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:44,700
were not addressed rendering the
Wars original triggers. 

4182
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:47,900
Unsolved nonetheless, the 
desperate weariness on both 

4183
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:50,700
sides pressed them to sign the 
Treaty of Ghent on the December 

4184
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:56,200
24th. 1814 however, word of the 
treaty needed to Traverse the 

4185
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:58,900
Atlantic. 
None of the signatories realized

4186
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:01,000
a major confrontation loomed on 
the Mississippi. 

4187
03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:03,700
British forces. 
Landed near New Orleans in 

4188
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:08,100
mid-December 1814 Jackson rushed
to fortify the city's approaches

4189
03:40:08,100 --> 03:40:11,800
digging entrenchments. 
Along the Rodriguez Canal on 

4190
03:40:11,800 --> 03:40:15,200
January 8th. 1815 the British 
launched a frontal assault. 

4191
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:18,800
Certain their disciplined ranks.
Could overwhelm Jackson's ragtag

4192
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:22,400
Defenders instead entrenched 
Americans and leashed 

4193
03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:24,600
devastating vollies of musket 
and artillery. 

4194
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:28,000
Fire decimating British columns 
the attack. 

4195
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:31,700
Collapsed British casualties 
soared while American losses 

4196
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,200
were modest Jacksons Victory, 
catapulted, him in international

4197
03:40:35,200 --> 03:40:37,800
stardom. 
Ironically this epic battle 

4198
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:39,400
occurred after the signing of 
peace. 

4199
03:40:40,400 --> 03:40:41,900
When news of the Treaty of 
Ghent. 

4200
03:40:41,900 --> 03:40:43,800
Finally, reached North America 
Weeks Later. 

4201
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:47,500
Both countries ratified at 
promptly halting further 

4202
03:40:47,500 --> 03:40:51,700
bloodshed For Americans, the war
concluded on an emotional High. 

4203
03:40:51,700 --> 03:40:54,200
Thanks to the improbable success
at New Orleans. 

4204
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:57,500
They hailed the conflict as a 
second triumph over the Britain,

4205
03:40:57,500 --> 03:41:00,400
ignoring that the treaty 
emitted, the maritime issues 

4206
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:02,600
that sparked the war for 
Britain. 

4207
03:41:02,600 --> 03:41:05,500
The war had always been a side 
theater overshadowed by the 

4208
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:08,200
Napoleonic Wars. 
So ending it with minimal, 

4209
03:41:08,200 --> 03:41:12,100
concessions was acceptable. 
Only indigenous Nations truly 

4210
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:15,500
lost out with tecumseh's 
Confederation broken and no 

4211
03:41:15,500 --> 03:41:18,500
recognized buffer. 
Territory the war that spurred 

4212
03:41:18,500 --> 03:41:22,000
the Unstoppable wave of American
expansion, westward in the 

4213
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:24,100
aftermath Federer list 
opposition. 

4214
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,700
Collapsed tainted by wall 
rumored secession talk at the 

4215
03:41:27,708 --> 03:41:31,600
Hartford Convention, the party 
with adhering in the so-called 

4216
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:35,200
Era of Good Feelings. 
The war also stimulated a sense 

4217
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:37,400
of national identity, forging 
Heroes. 

4218
03:41:37,400 --> 03:41:40,700
Like Andrew Jackson William, 
Henry Harrison and Oliver Hazard

4219
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:43,200
Perry. 
The Mythos of the war over 

4220
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:45,500
shadowed the chaotic 
mismanagement and Half Baked 

4221
03:41:45,500 --> 03:41:47,400
strategies that marked its early
phases. 

4222
03:41:47,400 --> 03:41:51,300
Instead popular memory latched 
onto the Star-Spangled defense 

4223
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:53,700
of Fort. 
McHenry the ragtag victory at 

4224
03:41:53,700 --> 03:41:56,700
New Orleans and the notion that 
the United States had defended 

4225
03:41:56,700 --> 03:42:01,400
its independence once again. 
From a broader perspective, the 

4226
03:42:01,400 --> 03:42:04,900
War of 1812 significantly shaped
North American geopolitics. 

4227
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:08,900
Canada having rebuffed Invasion 
Consolidated. 

4228
03:42:08,900 --> 03:42:12,100
Its distinct identity 
reinforcing loyalty to the crown

4229
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:16,200
the United States for its part. 
Experienced a surge of 

4230
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:19,700
nationalism, ironically 
reinforcing Union sentiments, 

4231
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:22,800
despite the wars Rocky start, 
The conflict. 

4232
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:25,800
Also revealed structural 
weaknesses in American Finance 

4233
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:29,900
and Logistics prompting 
post-war, reforms freed from 

4234
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:33,500
foreign entanglements, the US 
turned more confidently, toward 

4235
03:42:33,500 --> 03:42:35,400
internal development and 
westward expansion. 

4236
03:42:36,500 --> 03:42:38,700
Indeed the wars Messi 
conclusion. 

4237
03:42:38,700 --> 03:42:41,600
Paved the path for subsequent 
growth that would define much of

4238
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:44,700
the 19th century. 
Historians continued to debate 

4239
03:42:44,700 --> 03:42:46,800
the War of 1812 deeper 
significant. 

4240
03:42:46,800 --> 03:42:50,400
Some label it. 
A minor War overshadowed by the 

4241
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:53,300
Napoleonic Giants in Europe 
While others, see it. 

4242
03:42:53,300 --> 03:42:55,400
As a critical test of American 
sovereignty. 

4243
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:58,600
The reality perhaps is the both 
are true. 

4244
03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:01,900
On the grand scale. 
Britain was more consumed with 

4245
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:06,000
the Napoleon, but for the young 
United States, The conflict 

4246
03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:09,100
marked a crucial juncture. 
Did the New Republic have the 

4247
03:43:09,100 --> 03:43:12,000
Cajun to withstand external 
assault or would it fragment 

4248
03:43:12,000 --> 03:43:15,000
under pressure? 
One often overlooked outcome was

4249
03:43:15,000 --> 03:43:16,900
the impetus for American 
industrialization. 

4250
03:43:17,900 --> 03:43:20,200
British blockades cut off 
European Imports. 

4251
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:23,800
Prompting domestic manufacturers
to step in and Supply textiles 

4252
03:43:23,800 --> 03:43:26,500
and finished goods. 
Previously sourced from abroad 

4253
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,200
This unintended stimulus laid 
early foundations for the 

4254
03:43:30,208 --> 03:43:34,900
Industrial Revolution Stateside 
once piece resumed, those infant

4255
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:36,600
Industries demanded tariff 
protection. 

4256
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:39,900
Spurring sectional. 
Debates over free trade versus 

4257
03:43:39,900 --> 03:43:43,500
protective measures a theme. 
That shaped National politics. 

4258
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:45,700
Well, into the mid-century the 
war. 

4259
03:43:45,700 --> 03:43:48,200
Also spurred the creation of new
symbols of identity. 

4260
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:52,700
The Battered, but surviving flag
at Fort McHenry the poem by 

4261
03:43:52,700 --> 03:43:55,500
Francis Scott Key that morphed 
into a national anthem. 

4262
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:59,100
And even the iconic image of 
Dolly, Madison rescuing crucial 

4263
03:43:59,100 --> 03:44:02,000
State papers. 
These narratives termed the War 

4264
03:44:02,000 --> 03:44:04,300
of 1812 into a story of pure 
strength. 

4265
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:08,600
For many Americans in subsequent
decades, it stood as proof that 

4266
03:44:08,600 --> 03:44:11,800
courage and cunning could offset
inferior numbers or resources 

4267
03:44:11,800 --> 03:44:14,700
that cultural Legacy 
overshadowed, the administrative

4268
03:44:14,700 --> 03:44:17,200
bumbling and the parties and 
Rancor that nearly crippled the 

4269
03:44:17,200 --> 03:44:19,400
war effort for indigenous 
Nations. 

4270
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,400
The wars end accelerated. 
Their dispossession to come as 

4271
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:25,900
dream of a native Confederacy 
collapsed with his death. 

4272
03:44:26,500 --> 03:44:30,000
British forces no longer needing
a bulwark against us expansion. 

4273
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:32,600
Provided limited post-war 
assistance. 

4274
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,100
Tribes that had allied with 
Britain faced retribution or 

4275
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:37,700
land seizures As Americans 
advance. 

4276
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:41,000
The South Andrew Jackson's 
post-war. 

4277
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:43,400
Ascendancy led to further 
treaties pushing native groups 

4278
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:47,200
West, thus the War of 1812 
served as a key moment. 

4279
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:50,400
Paving the way for widespread 
White Settlement throughout the 

4280
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:54,900
Mississippi region and Beyond As
for Canada, it developed a sense

4281
03:44:54,900 --> 03:44:58,600
of shared Heritage by resisting 
American invasions French and 

4282
03:44:58,600 --> 03:45:01,600
English-speaking Canadians 
United under the crown to repel 

4283
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:05,100
the foreign threat. so in seeds 
for a budding national identity 

4284
03:45:05,100 --> 03:45:09,700
distinct from Britain and the US
Figures like Laura cord who 

4285
03:45:09,700 --> 03:45:12,900
carried warning of an American 
raid or the dead General. 

4286
03:45:12,900 --> 03:45:18,200
Isaac became Local Heroes. 
The wars memory on the Canada 

4287
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:22,200
would not be simply swallowed by
the larger public to the South a

4288
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:24,300
dynamic that remains a point of 
cultural Pride. 

4289
03:45:24,300 --> 03:45:27,800
Meanwhile the returning US 
soldiers found themselves in 

4290
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:31,100
varied conditions. 
Many Frontier militias simply 

4291
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:35,000
melted back into civilian life 
officers like Andrew Jackson or 

4292
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:37,900
William Henry Harrison parley, 
their War reputation to 

4293
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:41,100
political Capital eventually 
capturing the White House. 

4294
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:44,300
The post-war political 
environment recognized the 

4295
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:46,000
potency of war heroes as 
leaders. 

4296
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:50,700
That Federalist Party tarred 
with disloyalty soon dissolved 

4297
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:54,000
leaving the Democratic 
Republicans dominant though. 

4298
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:56,700
Internal factions would later 
spin off into new parties. 

4299
03:45:56,700 --> 03:46:01,100
James Madison completed his 
presidency in 1817, claiming the

4300
03:46:01,100 --> 03:46:03,400
war had proven, the 
Constitutional system could 

4301
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:07,800
endure an external threat. 
However, not all scars vanished.

4302
03:46:08,500 --> 03:46:12,700
New England's economy battered 
by blockades, pivoted more 

4303
03:46:12,700 --> 03:46:16,000
strongly toward manufacturing, 
Southern cotton, expanded 

4304
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:19,100
rapidly. 
Ironically fueled by the sense 

4305
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:22,300
of security that no immediate 
British incursion, threatened, 

4306
03:46:22,300 --> 03:46:25,600
the coastline The wars of 
ephemeral alliances with French 

4307
03:46:25,600 --> 03:46:29,400
Exiles or Spanish forces in 
Florida, factored in to ongoing 

4308
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:32,000
jockeying for territory within a
few years. 

4309
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:35,600
The US negotiated further 
expansions, culminating in the 

4310
03:46:35,608 --> 03:46:40,400
acquisition of Florida from 
Spain in 1819, These expansions 

4311
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:45,100
ironically were partly grease by
the sense that the US had won 

4312
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:48,400
the War of 1812. 
Even if the official treaty 

4313
03:46:48,400 --> 03:46:50,400
indicated, no formal, Victor or 
concession. 

4314
03:46:51,400 --> 03:46:53,800
Thus the conflicts Legacy 
blossomed in multiple 

4315
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:56,400
directions. 
For some it was an afterthought 

4316
03:46:56,400 --> 03:47:00,200
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Saga for others, especially 

4317
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:02,200
Americans. 
It was a second war of 

4318
03:47:02,208 --> 03:47:05,800
independence that validated the 
Constitutional experiment for 

4319
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:08,300
indigenous Nations, it 
triggered, sorrowful 

4320
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:12,200
fragmentation, for Canadians it.
Stamped a rebellious proud 

4321
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:14,300
identity that shaped future 
Confederation. 

4322
03:47:14,300 --> 03:47:17,800
And for the wider Atlantic 
World, it removed a potential 

4323
03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:21,700
Thorn allowing Britain and the 
US to gradually pivot from 

4324
03:47:21,700 --> 03:47:24,600
enemies to trading. 
Partners course, the 

4325
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:27,300
complexities of war, never 
vanished neatly subsequent 

4326
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:31,100
decades or tensions, Remain the 
boundary disputes in the Great 

4327
03:47:31,100 --> 03:47:35,700
Lakes region eventually resolved
by birth peaceful diplomacy, the

4328
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:38,700
War of 1812 thus quietly ended 
in an era of direct 

4329
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:41,900
anglo-american conflict. 
In the century that followed 

4330
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:44,900
both Nations found more 
pressing, concerns elsewhere, 

4331
03:47:44,900 --> 03:47:48,900
forging an uneasy but enduring 
peace over time. 

4332
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:52,700
The war receded into historical 
memory overshadowed, by other 

4333
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:55,900
Milestones, yet its impact on 
shaping North American, 

4334
03:47:55,900 --> 03:47:59,700
political cultural and economic 
trajectories remains in 

4335
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:02,100
disputable from a modern 
viewpoint. 

4336
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:05,900
The War of 1812 often suffers 
from overshadowing by the 

4337
03:48:05,900 --> 03:48:09,200
American Revolution, or the 
Civil War, yet it introduced 

4338
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:13,000
important transformations in how
Americans conceptualize their a 

4339
03:48:13,000 --> 03:48:15,900
government's role. 
How local militias interface 

4340
03:48:15,900 --> 03:48:19,500
with Federal Authority and how 
the broader continent responded 

4341
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:22,800
to shifting, power dynamics for 
a generation that came of age. 

4342
03:48:22,800 --> 03:48:26,200
After 1776, the war, proved 
their own defining moment. 

4343
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:30,000
Many states or newly minted. 
Heroes were identified local 

4344
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:33,100
episodes of Valor forging. 
A tapestry of War Stories That 

4345
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:37,200
fed local Pride among lesson 
known anecdotes is the role of 

4346
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:40,700
enslaved men who escaped to 
British lines particularly in 

4347
03:48:40,700 --> 03:48:43,900
the Chesapeake region. 
The British offered freedom to 

4348
03:48:43,900 --> 03:48:47,300
those who joined their calls, 
akin to certain practices during

4349
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,000
the revolution. 
Many seized the charms. 

4350
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:52,800
Enforcing British logistical 
efforts or forming labor 

4351
03:48:52,800 --> 03:48:56,300
battalions, following the war. 
Some relocated to British 

4352
03:48:56,300 --> 03:49:01,000
territories such as Nova Scotia 
or Trinidad, forming diaspora 

4353
03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:03,500
communities known as merkin's. 
The phenomenon. 

4354
03:49:03,500 --> 03:49:06,000
Highlighted the contradictory 
nature of War fought over 

4355
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:10,200
Liberty while slavery persisted 
adding another dimension to the 

4356
03:49:10,200 --> 03:49:13,700
moral tension of the era. 
Another overlooked thread is the

4357
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:17,400
role of women on the home front.
Dolly Madison's Rescue of the 

4358
03:49:17,408 --> 03:49:20,200
White House. 
Portrait is famous but countless

4359
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:23,300
unnamed women. 
Toiled under blockades farmed 

4360
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:25,200
while. 
Husbands marched and nursed, 

4361
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:29,300
wounded militiamen, some women 
with entrepreneurial Flair 

4362
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:33,200
turned to weaving or local 
manufacturing to fill voids left

4363
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:37,300
by the disrupted in Port Market.
Their contributions though. 

4364
03:49:37,300 --> 03:49:40,400
Seldom documented were part of 
the shift toward a more 

4365
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:44,200
self-sufficient, domestic 
economy, proving that crises can

4366
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:46,400
spur inventive, responses in 
local communities. 

4367
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:50,100
Meanwhile, the impetus for 
building infrastructure, grew 

4368
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:53,200
the war exposed how the poor 
roads, hindered troupe, 

4369
03:49:53,200 --> 03:49:56,200
movements and supply lines, 
prompting calls for federal 

4370
03:49:56,200 --> 03:49:59,900
investment in internal 
improvements, canals turnpike's.

4371
03:49:59,900 --> 03:50:02,600
And eventually railroads, 
although these developments 

4372
03:50:02,600 --> 03:50:05,500
Advanced, mostly after the war 
ended, the War of 1812 

4373
03:50:05,500 --> 03:50:08,700
experience, laid bare the 
necessity for chronic activity. 

4374
03:50:09,500 --> 03:50:12,400
As a result, the federal 
government gradually leaned into

4375
03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:14,200
more involvement with the 
infrastructure. 

4376
03:50:14,200 --> 03:50:18,700
An idea championed by national 
Republicans, who wanted to unify

4377
03:50:18,700 --> 03:50:20,900
the states through improved 
trade routes. 

4378
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:24,800
Diplomatically post-war 
settlements signified, a slow 

4379
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:28,100
thorong in anglo-american 
relations British Statesman 

4380
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:31,300
preoccupied with maintaining 
post Napoleonic Europe's order. 

4381
03:50:31,300 --> 03:50:34,900
Found it pragmatic to reduce 
friction across the Atlantic. 

4382
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:37,800
The rush Baggett agreement of 
1817? 

4383
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:41,900
Demilitarized the Great Lakes a 
pioneering Arms, Control pack 

4384
03:50:41,900 --> 03:50:45,600
that diffused future tensions 
over time, the Canada US, 

4385
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:48,900
boundary stabilized. 
Fostering an unusual phenomenon,

4386
03:50:48,900 --> 03:50:51,700
the world's longest undefended 
Frontier. 

4387
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:55,200
This shift from hostility to 
Mutual accommodation in. 

4388
03:50:55,200 --> 03:50:58,300
North America stands as a direct
outgrowth of the war. 

4389
03:50:58,300 --> 03:51:01,800
Even if overshadowed by the 
dramatic episodes of 1812 to 

4390
03:51:01,800 --> 03:51:06,400
1815 for indigenous peoples was 
end spelled heartbreak. 

4391
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:09,800
Britain no longer needed to 
bolster native confederation's. 

4392
03:51:09,800 --> 03:51:13,600
So they withdrew support The 
momentum of American expansion. 

4393
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:18,600
Resumed Unstoppable. 
Patchwork of treaties Force onto

4394
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,900
smaller lands or Westwood. 
The war had briefly offered a 

4395
03:51:21,900 --> 03:51:23,800
chance for Unity under to come 
to Kansas leadership. 

4396
03:51:23,800 --> 03:51:27,800
But that Vision perished at the 
tens, The subsequent 

4397
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:31,500
displacement of tribes in Ohio 
and Indiana sword, part of the 

4398
03:51:31,500 --> 03:51:34,200
broader National policy, that 
would eventually culminate in 

4399
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:36,200
the force Hood, removals of the 
1830s. 

4400
03:51:37,200 --> 03:51:40,700
Culturally, the war Federal 
romantic notion of American 

4401
03:51:40,700 --> 03:51:44,200
Pride in adversity. 
Painters produced Works. 

4402
03:51:44,200 --> 03:51:46,400
Depicting. 
The Constitution's Jewels at sea

4403
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:48,300
or the British retreat from 
Baltimore. 

4404
03:51:49,200 --> 03:51:52,900
Poetry and ballads commemorated.
Local militia triumphs over 

4405
03:51:52,900 --> 03:51:55,600
decades. 
These popular accounts coalesced

4406
03:51:55,600 --> 03:51:58,300
into a somewhat sanitized 
narrative, highlighting victory 

4407
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:01,100
at New Orleans and the heroic 
stand at Fort McHenry. 

4408
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,300
The fiascos, the bungled 
invasions of Canada, the burning

4409
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:08,900
of Washington slipped into 
lesser emphasis this selective, 

4410
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:11,800
memory pattern shaped how 
textbooks presented the war for 

4411
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:14,100
Generations. 
Culminating, in a sense that the

4412
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:17,500
US overcame formidable odds to 
defend its independence once 

4413
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:21,700
more, Thus, the War of 1812 was 
not solely about the immediate 

4414
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:23,900
triggers of Maritime rights or 
Frontier attention. 

4415
03:52:24,700 --> 03:52:27,900
Its significance, unfolded. 
Over decades, influencing 

4416
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:31,800
Economic Policy, forging new 
Heroes, weaving, New cultural 

4417
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,800
motifs and setting boundaries 
for indigenous communities, even

4418
03:52:35,800 --> 03:52:38,600
with no territorial gains 
certified, the intangible 

4419
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:42,500
results were profound. 
The conflict established that 

4420
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,300
the US could wage war without 
fracturing or be, it narrowly? 

4421
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:49,300
It paved a path for internal 
expansion and signaled that a 

4422
03:52:49,300 --> 03:52:52,100
truly post Colonial. 
North America was emerging With 

4423
03:52:52,100 --> 03:52:54,400
the US and Canada forging 
distinct identities. 

4424
03:52:55,300 --> 03:52:58,900
Looking back these legacies 
underscore that Wars even ones 

4425
03:52:58,900 --> 03:53:01,800
overshadowed by larger. 
Global events can reshape 

4426
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:05,400
continents and subtle but 
enduring ways the War of 1812 

4427
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,600
might seem distant yet. 
It's the themes echo in 

4428
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:11,500
contemporary life. 
How a Young Nation handle's, 

4429
03:53:11,500 --> 03:53:14,100
International bullying, the 
friction between defending 

4430
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,000
principles and managing everyday
Commerce. 

4431
03:53:16,900 --> 03:53:19,800
And the tensions of forging 
Unity among disparate Regional 

4432
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:23,100
interests. 
Observing how that the US then 

4433
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:27,500
navigated blockades invasions 
and internal disputes can offer 

4434
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:31,000
perspective on the modern crises
where resource constraints and 

4435
03:53:31,008 --> 03:53:34,600
political divides remain just as
real albeit in different forms. 

4436
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:39,200
One instructive aspect is the 
leadership Dynamic President 

4437
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,400
Madison. 
Initially reluctant found 

4438
03:53:41,400 --> 03:53:44,100
himself back into a war by vocal
Congressional voices. 

4439
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:47,500
The wars early failures exposed 
the cost of insufficient 

4440
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:50,900
preparation and partisan. 
Bickering, only by mid conflict,

4441
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,300
did the administration 
coordinate effectively with 

4442
03:53:53,300 --> 03:53:56,500
local, militias Naval 
contractors and privateers. 

4443
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:01,000
This shift from disorganization 
to partial Synergy teaches how 

4444
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:04,700
policy making once confronted 
with the real adversity can 

4445
03:54:04,700 --> 03:54:07,700
pivot. 
Many modern observers glean that

4446
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:11,300
advanced planning while I dealt 
often collides with political 

4447
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:15,100
hesitancy yet, adversity can 
spur belated but decisive 

4448
03:54:15,100 --> 03:54:17,900
collaboration. 
Another dimension is the 

4449
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:19,700
interplay of personal and 
strategic. 

4450
03:54:19,700 --> 03:54:23,300
Agendas ambitious. 
Generals such as William Hull or

4451
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:25,700
later. 
Jacob Brown had their reputation

4452
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:29,000
at stake. 
Politicians in Congress, angled 

4453
03:54:29,000 --> 03:54:30,500
for local advantage or 
re-election. 

4454
03:54:31,200 --> 03:54:34,900
The war's path was shaped by 
these individual aims, sometimes

4455
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:37,300
to the detriment of cohesive 
National strategy. 

4456
03:54:37,300 --> 03:54:40,600
Similarly, in today's 
environment personal ambition 

4457
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,900
can sabotage or realign 
Collective efforts showing that 

4458
03:54:43,900 --> 03:54:46,700
cohesively leadership must 
harness personal drives rather 

4459
03:54:46,700 --> 03:54:50,100
than deny them. 
The conflict also, underscores, 

4460
03:54:50,100 --> 03:54:53,500
how external catalysts can unify
in otherwise fractious Society, 

4461
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:57,100
despite ongoing disputes, the 
burning of Washington United 

4462
03:54:57,100 --> 03:55:00,600
many who previously criticized 
the war, the subsequent defense 

4463
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:03,300
of Baltimore turned to spare 
into resilience bridging 

4464
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:05,800
divides. 
At least temporarily this 

4465
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:07,600
phenomenon. 
Appears repeatedly in. 

4466
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:11,400
National History is a tangible. 
External threat can Galvanize 

4467
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:13,500
Unity. 
Overshadowing internal 

4468
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:16,900
differences. 
Sustaining that Unity after the 

4469
03:55:16,900 --> 03:55:18,500
crisis of eights is another 
matter. 

4470
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:21,800
A lesson, well, illustrated by 
the Meltdown of Federalists 

4471
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:25,000
support post-war and the 
ephemeral Era of Good Feelings. 

4472
03:55:25,900 --> 03:55:29,800
From a moral Vantage. 
The war showcase how indigenous 

4473
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:32,400
Alliance is can be manipulated 
by great Powers. 

4474
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:36,000
British promises to protect 
native lands or the American 

4475
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:38,400
pledged to incorporate friendly 
tribes. 

4476
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:42,400
Often found little fulfillment, 
once strategic ends were met The

4477
03:55:42,400 --> 03:55:45,100
ephemeral nature of these 
alliances led to tragic outcomes

4478
03:55:45,100 --> 03:55:48,200
for indigenous communities, 
modern discussions about the 

4479
03:55:48,200 --> 03:55:50,900
rights of marginalized groups 
caught in geopolitical 

4480
03:55:50,900 --> 03:55:53,300
crossfires resonate with the 
story of these nations. 

4481
03:55:53,300 --> 03:55:57,400
Exploitation as pawns while 
times differ the principle that 

4482
03:55:57,400 --> 03:56:00,500
real autonomy seldom emerges 
from foreign patrons remains 

4483
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:05,200
relevant in the realm of memory,
the War of 1812 reveals how 

4484
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:06,600
selective retelling can 
overshadow. 

4485
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:09,800
Complexities Francis Scott Key's
rockets. 

4486
03:56:09,800 --> 03:56:13,400
Red glare sword in the National 
Consciousness overshadowing 

4487
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:16,600
episodes where us invasions 
faild or inflicted harm on 

4488
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,600
civilians today. 
Educational curricula often 

4489
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:22,600
reduced the water to a handful 
of famous, vignettes, burning of

4490
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:25,600
Washington. 
Star Spangled Banner Andrew 

4491
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:29,600
Jackson, New Orleans neglecting 
the messy intricacies this 

4492
03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:33,000
phenomenon in historical, 
narratives underscores the 

4493
03:56:33,000 --> 03:56:35,400
importance of seeking more, 
profound perspectives Beyond 

4494
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:38,400
iconic highlights. 
Another parallel to modern 

4495
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:42,300
times, is the wars reflection on
global Commerce, then, as now 

4496
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:45,700
major Powers tried to control 
trade routes imposing blockades,

4497
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:48,400
or sanctions. 
The US had to navigate to duel 

4498
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:51,900
challenge, sustaining internal 
Unity while resisting external 

4499
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:55,000
economic pressure, the wars 
outcome hinted that a nation 

4500
03:56:55,008 --> 03:56:58,800
with robust internal markets and
flexible production can endure 

4501
03:56:58,800 --> 03:57:02,600
even when cut off from usual 
trade, This resilience Dynamic 

4502
03:57:02,600 --> 03:57:04,800
remains at the core of 
contemporary, discourse around 

4503
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,400
self-sufficiency and Global 
Supply chains. 

4504
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:11,800
Ultimately, the War of 1812 
Legacy remains multifaceted. 

4505
03:57:12,500 --> 03:57:15,300
Americans around A Renewed sense
of identity. 

4506
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,700
Advanced some individuals, 
politically and inflicted 

4507
03:57:18,700 --> 03:57:22,400
irreparable damage on indigenous
confederacies it, highlighted 

4508
03:57:22,400 --> 03:57:26,200
that the young Republic though. 
Battered could stand, as an 

4509
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:29,200
independent entity shaping, a 
distinct brand of national 

4510
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:32,400
pride, that propelled expansions
West and culturally Evolution at

4511
03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:35,700
home yet. 
The moral questions particularly

4512
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:38,700
regarding indigenous and slaved 
population's revealed deeper 

4513
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:42,400
costs, For midlife readers, who 
are balancing personal ideals 

4514
03:57:42,400 --> 03:57:44,900
with real world. 
Complexities, the War of 1812 

4515
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:48,400
emphasizes that every Grand 
Enterprise from commercial 

4516
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:52,300
policy to Warfare hinges on 
negotiations of principal and 

4517
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:55,800
ambition and compromise. 
During this delicate balance 

4518
03:57:55,800 --> 03:57:59,000
societies, often uncover, their 
potential for harmony as well as

4519
03:57:59,008 --> 03:58:03,200
the potential for future strike.
When the final guns fell, silent

4520
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:04,700
in the Treaty of Ghent was 
ratified. 

4521
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:07,200
The War of 1812 immediate 
outcome. 

4522
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:10,000
Could be summarized as a 
military stalemate but a cycle 

4523
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:13,500
logical victory for the US. 
The impetus behind the War 

4524
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:17,100
ending, British impressment, and
Maritime restrictions remained 

4525
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:19,100
largely unresolved in the text 
of Peace. 

4526
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:22,500
But Global shifts. 
Including the final defeat of 

4527
03:58:22,500 --> 03:58:25,000
Napoleon rendered. 
Those Maritime issues moot. 

4528
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:28,400
Britain no longer felt the same 
compulsion to detain American 

4529
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:31,200
Sailors. 
Gradually normal trade, resumed,

4530
03:58:31,200 --> 03:58:34,900
domestically, the war left 
behind a changed political and 

4531
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:38,300
economic landscape. 
The Federalist Party collapsed 

4532
03:58:38,300 --> 03:58:42,500
tainted by its near treasonous 
Heartford convention the 

4533
03:58:42,500 --> 03:58:45,000
Democratic Republicans 
established a single party 

4534
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:48,600
dominance despite the emergence 
of internal factors, James 

4535
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,800
Monroe, succeeded Madison. 
And ushered in the so-called Era

4536
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:55,300
of Good Feelings for parties, 
ambering, lulled temporarily. 

4537
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:58,700
Simultaneously. 
The war stoked calls for a more 

4538
03:58:58,700 --> 03:59:03,200
robust National infrastructure 
roads, canals a better banking 

4539
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:05,700
system to prevent future 
logistic nightmares. 

4540
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:09,400
Many of the same states to 
bought at Federal Authority 

4541
03:59:09,400 --> 03:59:11,300
during the war. 
Now grudgingly admitted the 

4542
03:59:11,300 --> 03:59:14,100
necessity of coordinated 
planning of the wars 

4543
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:17,600
personalities, Andrew Jackson 
emerged as the archetypal hero, 

4544
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:21,100
his Triumph for New Orleans 
overshadowed earlier for as 

4545
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:26,000
popular ballads, hail him as the
Unstoppable Old Hickory This 

4546
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:28,700
catapulted, Jackson toward the 
presidency in the following 

4547
03:59:28,700 --> 03:59:32,700
decade shaping, a new wave of 
populist politics that departed 

4548
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:35,000
from the more Patrician style of
Jefferson or Madison. 

4549
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:38,500
Another figure Dolly Madison 
remained. 

4550
03:59:38,500 --> 03:59:40,900
A cultural icon for her bravery 
during the White House of 

4551
03:59:40,908 --> 03:59:44,700
evacuation, exemplifying how 
small a personal acts can become

4552
03:59:44,700 --> 03:59:48,100
legendary in a war, overshadowed
by battles and sieges. 

4553
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:51,800
Meanwhile, the war's end did not
bring peace to indigenous 

4554
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:54,200
Nations. 
With tecumseh's Coalition 

4555
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:58,600
shattered American expansion, 
surged West leading to treaties 

4556
03:59:58,600 --> 04:00:01,200
that often Force tribes off 
ancestral lands. 

4557
04:00:01,200 --> 04:00:05,000
The wars of ephemeral alliances 
where in the British used tribal

4558
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:08,500
forces to hamper us invasions 
vanished, once the conflict 

4559
04:00:08,500 --> 04:00:12,000
concluded leaving tribes 
vulnerable, This pattern 

4560
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:15,200
repeated throughout the 19th 
century, culminating in a 

4561
04:00:15,200 --> 04:00:17,800
systematic push across the 
continent that overshadowed 

4562
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:20,600
early illusion of indigenous-led
Confederation. 

4563
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:23,900
For Britain. 
The war was a minor chapter. 

4564
04:00:23,908 --> 04:00:26,500
Most British historical accounts
mention it. 

4565
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,700
As a side Conflict overshadowed 
by the Napoleonic Wars, the 

4566
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:32,700
eventual forging of an amicable 
British American relationship in

4567
04:00:32,700 --> 04:00:35,300
the 19th century. 
Meant that the War of 1812 

4568
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:37,900
quietly retreated into the 
background of British 

4569
04:00:37,900 --> 04:00:41,400
Consciousness, The Joint Rush 
Baggett agreement of 1817 

4570
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,900
prevented future Naval, 
build-ups on the great lakes and

4571
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:48,000
fostered the concept of a 
demilitarized boundary that 

4572
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:51,900
remains remarkable in global 
terms for Canada defending 

4573
04:00:51,900 --> 04:00:54,700
against American invasions 
underlined, a budding sense of 

4574
04:00:54,700 --> 04:00:58,200
distinct identity residents of 
Upper and Lower Canada. 

4575
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:01,900
Had to many American surprised. 
Not welcome the idea of 

4576
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,700
annexation. 
This loyalty to the British 

4577
04:01:04,700 --> 04:01:08,700
crown found fresh impetus after 
repelling, repeated us attacks 

4578
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:11,400
over time. 
Canadian historians pointed to 

4579
04:01:11,400 --> 04:01:13,500
the War of 1812 as a 
foundational moment. 

4580
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:16,800
The volunteer militias that 
reliance's with indigenous 

4581
04:01:16,800 --> 04:01:19,800
Fighters and the persevering 
local leadership, formed the 

4582
04:01:19,800 --> 04:01:21,000
nucleus of later. 
Canadian. 

4583
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:24,800
Unity commemoration throughout 
the 19th century celebrated 

4584
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:28,000
Heroes, like Isaac Brock forging
National myths. 

4585
04:01:28,000 --> 04:01:31,900
That shape the country's future.
In the broader context of US. 

4586
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:35,000
Military traditional the war. 
Highlighted weaknesses, that 

4587
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:38,700
spurred professionalization. 
The humiliating collapses of 

4588
04:01:38,708 --> 04:01:41,500
malicious taught that raw 
volunteer forces needed, better 

4589
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:44,700
training and discipline Naval 
successes on the other hand. 

4590
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:48,100
Proved the potential of a 
well-crafted professional Navy. 

4591
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:52,200
Post-war the Navy's leadership, 
gradually expanded the opting 

4592
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:54,900
new ship designs and forging a 
tradition that would eventually 

4593
04:01:54,900 --> 04:01:56,900
Propel the US to Maritime 
prominence. 

4594
04:01:56,900 --> 04:01:59,600
In The Next Century. 
The Army though, overshadowed 

4595
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:03,000
also instituted reforms in 
leadership, selection and Supply

4596
04:02:03,000 --> 04:02:06,500
management. 
As the decades passed the wars 

4597
04:02:06,500 --> 04:02:08,300
memory nestled into National 
Law. 

4598
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:12,400
The Star-Spangled Banner 
originally penned as a poem, The

4599
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,100
eventually became the national 
anthem by the early 20th 

4600
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:18,000
century. 
Immortalizing that moment at 

4601
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:22,900
Fort McHenry Veteran's of the 
war overshadowed, by the larger 

4602
04:02:22,900 --> 04:02:25,900
generation of Revolutionary War 
Patriot's, formed their 

4603
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:28,600
association's though, their 
Recollections were less 

4604
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:31,500
frequently and eyes. 
It wasn't until the war 

4605
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:35,200
Centennial in 1912 that a wave 
of commemorative events, revived

4606
04:02:35,200 --> 04:02:38,400
interest historians, passed 
Diaries and official records. 

4607
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:42,400
Unveiling the wars complexities.
How it Advanced certain 

4608
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:46,400
domestic, Industries, spurred 
expansion, inflamed indigenous, 

4609
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:48,700
dispossession. 
And permanently altered the 

4610
04:02:48,700 --> 04:02:53,400
shape of Canadian identity. 
For Canada, it reinforced a 

4611
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:55,900
distinctive path under the crown
for Britain. 

4612
04:02:55,900 --> 04:02:58,900
It ended an irksome Sideshow 
that proved Americans wouldn't 

4613
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:02,800
revert to Colonial dependence 
and for indigenous peoples, it 

4614
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:05,700
signaled, the lethal truth of an
expanding American Republic. 

4615
04:03:06,700 --> 04:03:10,400
The wars finale overshadowed by 
The Surreal timing of news 

4616
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:14,600
delivered no single glorious 
Victor but shaped the next 

4617
04:03:14,600 --> 04:03:17,500
centuries cross-border realities
in ways subtle yet enduring. 

4618
04:03:30,900 --> 04:03:35,300
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 
the unmetal province of owari 

4619
04:03:35,300 --> 04:03:38,400
amid appeared in Japan. 
Now remembered for Endless 

4620
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:40,500
conflicts and rapidly shifting 
feudal. 

4621
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:44,500
Allegiances his father. 
Her number heater was a minor 

4622
04:03:44,500 --> 04:03:48,300
warlord grappling with clan in 
fighting local skirmishes and 

4623
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:50,700
the Perpetual risk of large 
armies from neighboring 

4624
04:03:50,700 --> 04:03:53,100
province's. 
There was no guarantee that the 

4625
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,500
infant of Bruno would transform 
the realm families, fourth 

4626
04:03:56,500 --> 04:04:00,000
Alliance is crumbled. 
A new leaders emerged overnight.

4627
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:04,500
Yet from the Vantage of time, 
it's clear he planted seeds, 

4628
04:04:04,500 --> 04:04:07,100
that would remake Japan. 
Early records. 

4629
04:04:07,100 --> 04:04:09,600
Describe a young Nobunaga as 
unruly. 

4630
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,100
He spurned. 
Formalities wearing. 

4631
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:16,100
Outlandish clothes, arriving 
late to Solemn ceremonies and 

4632
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:19,200
generally annoying Clan Elders. 
They labeled him full Hardy, or 

4633
04:04:19,208 --> 04:04:21,100
even an embarrassment to the 
odor name. 

4634
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:24,900
But behind that facade of 
flamboyance looked to creative 

4635
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,100
mind hungry for novelty. 
He tinkered with foreign 

4636
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:32,300
trinkets asked probing questions
about strategy and displayed a 

4637
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:35,600
knack for analyzing rival 
movements teachers who tried to 

4638
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:39,100
tame him, rarely succeeded yet, 
they noticed flashes of 

4639
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:41,900
Brilliance like the time. 
He walked the perimeter of his 

4640
04:04:41,900 --> 04:04:45,400
father's Castle pointing out 
weaknesses in Gate, design that 

4641
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:50,000
grown Samurai overlooked, his 
father's death in 1551 thrust. 

4642
04:04:50,000 --> 04:04:54,100
This untested youth into sudden,
prominence instantly, the odor, 

4643
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:57,000
clam fractured uncle's, 
half-brothers and distant 

4644
04:04:57,000 --> 04:04:58,700
cousins jostled for the top 
seat. 

4645
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:02,600
Conventional wisdom, suggested 
that the audacious full of owari

4646
04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:05,800
had little charms. 
But in the swirl of that crisis,

4647
04:05:05,800 --> 04:05:10,200
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he
broke a hood short term packed 

4648
04:05:10,200 --> 04:05:12,400
with key. 
Retainers promised them new 

4649
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:16,100
lands in swiftly, dismantled the
claims of older relatives, who 

4650
04:05:16,100 --> 04:05:19,400
underestimated him. 
Some, he exiled and some, he 

4651
04:05:19,400 --> 04:05:21,600
subdued military within two 
years. 

4652
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:26,100
He asserted control over most of
a woori Observe is realized he 

4653
04:05:26,100 --> 04:05:28,900
was no clown. 
He simply despised the old 

4654
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:31,000
ceremonial style and did things 
his own way. 

4655
04:05:31,800 --> 04:05:34,800
Rumor has it that around this 
time, a traveling Merchant 

4656
04:05:34,800 --> 04:05:38,100
introduced him to our Keepers, 
matchlock guns from the West. 

4657
04:05:38,100 --> 04:05:41,700
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 
as crude and unworthy 

4658
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:46,200
overshadowed by the Elegance of 
swords and Spears, Nobunaga 

4659
04:05:46,200 --> 04:05:48,400
though, recognized their 
potential. 

4660
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:52,600
He quietly stockpiled them 
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 

4661
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:54,900
or adapt them. 
He tested them in private 

4662
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,300
drills, training foot soldiers 
to Fire and disciplined volleys.

4663
04:05:58,300 --> 04:06:02,100
The practice was a departure 
from the singer who Norm which 

4664
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:06,000
romanticized heroic duels. 
Aimed to harness the Synergy of 

4665
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,800
the ranks prioritizing 
technology over individual 

4666
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:11,400
Bardot. 
Such a notion, didn't spread 

4667
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:14,300
widely yet. 
But the seeds were planted for a

4668
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:17,300
new kind of warfare. 
The first major test of his 

4669
04:06:17,300 --> 04:06:21,500
cunning came in 1560. 
When in regards yoshimoto, one 

4670
04:06:21,500 --> 04:06:24,100
of the era's most formidable 
Warlords, Ned. 

4671
04:06:24,100 --> 04:06:26,800
A giant army through a warri in 
route to the Capitol. 

4672
04:06:26,800 --> 04:06:30,100
The conventional approach would 
have been for smaller clowns to 

4673
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:33,800
hide in fortified castles or 
tempt, half-hearted skirmishes, 

4674
04:06:33,800 --> 04:06:37,800
but nobody went bold famously 
prayed at a local, Shrine, 

4675
04:06:37,800 --> 04:06:41,600
offered sake to his men and then
launched a surprise attack at 

4676
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,700
IKEA hazama. 
The result was astonishing 

4677
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:50,200
yoshimoto, vast Force lulled 
into overconfidence collapsed 

4678
04:06:50,200 --> 04:06:53,100
under nobunaga's. 
Ambush yoshimoto himself was 

4679
04:06:53,100 --> 04:06:56,200
killed in the confusion, this 
Victory stunned, the Japanese 

4680
04:06:56,200 --> 04:07:00,700
archipelago a lesser Clan from 
owari under a Brash, young Lord,

4681
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:03,400
and toppled one of the biggest 
threats in a single day. 

4682
04:07:04,300 --> 04:07:08,200
After okehazama, smaller, local,
Warlords, rushed to align with 

4683
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:12,500
the odor Clan or at least sign. 
New, traly packed nobunaga's 

4684
04:07:12,500 --> 04:07:15,000
Prestige sword. 
Yet he did not rest. 

4685
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:18,200
He began forging deeper 
connections with merchants in 

4686
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:21,500
nearby free cities establishing 
an economic backbone. 

4687
04:07:21,500 --> 04:07:25,200
He sought a lion, says with key 
figures in minor and Omi 

4688
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:28,600
province's using marriages and 
mutual defense packs. 

4689
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:32,700
At the same time, he displayed 
unpredictability punishing, 

4690
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:36,600
Uncle Cooperative, Lords harshly
sacking, their castles, and 

4691
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,300
installing loyal. 
Retainer families in the void. 

4692
04:07:40,200 --> 04:07:44,000
These expansions he showed an 
unusual attitude towards status 

4693
04:07:44,000 --> 04:07:47,200
traditional samurai lineage 
mattered less to him than 

4694
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:49,800
competence. 
If a farmers son, displayed 

4695
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,500
skill nobunny might Elevate him 
to command squads or handle 

4696
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:56,000
taxes. 
The situation on settled old 

4697
04:07:56,000 --> 04:07:58,400
Aristocrats who viewed 
inheritance as the Bedrock of 

4698
04:07:58,408 --> 04:08:01,400
power Nobunaga cared little for 
their complaints. 

4699
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:04,300
Arguing that Victory and 
stability were more important 

4700
04:08:04,300 --> 04:08:08,200
than outmoded hierarchies. 
This approach gained him Fierce 

4701
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:10,300
loyalty from those who 
recognized that Talent was 

4702
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:13,900
rewarded but it also sowed 
resentment among the Old Guard 

4703
04:08:13,900 --> 04:08:18,400
who saw him as an iconoclast. 
By the late 1560s. 

4704
04:08:18,400 --> 04:08:21,600
Oda Nobunaga had outgrown the 
label full. 

4705
04:08:22,100 --> 04:08:24,900
He was forging a reputation as a
radical risk taker. 

4706
04:08:24,900 --> 04:08:29,300
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

4707
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:32,500
warfare in Council. 
He might appeared dressed simply

4708
04:08:32,500 --> 04:08:35,100
focusing on substance and of 
pomp. 

4709
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:39,900
Observers were called that in 
private, he studied Maps 

4710
04:08:39,900 --> 04:08:43,900
meticulously pondering, how to 
break the web of petty Wars that

4711
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:47,300
capture Japan fractured, no one 
yet, imagined the scale of his 

4712
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:51,300
ambition that he'd attempt to 
unify the entire land, but the 

4713
04:08:51,300 --> 04:08:55,900
signs were there in every bold 
decision, every new alliance and

4714
04:08:55,900 --> 04:08:59,100
every shattered old tradition, 
he was on the brink of a far 

4715
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:02,700
more sweeping campaign. 
As his influence grew in Ori, 

4716
04:09:02,700 --> 04:09:05,700
Oda Nobunaga, distracted, his 
attention, towards the 

4717
04:09:05,700 --> 04:09:10,000
neighboring Mino. this domain 
was under the site oclan known 

4718
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:12,400
for cunning leadership, and 
strong hustle defenses, 

4719
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:15,500
especially the imposing an, 
abyaneh Castle perched on a 

4720
04:09:15,508 --> 04:09:18,300
steep hill, Local, Warlords 
murmured. 

4721
04:09:18,300 --> 04:09:21,900
That Mino was a fortress Laden 
region, not easily subjugated, 

4722
04:09:21,900 --> 04:09:25,500
but Nobunaga believed that if he
could see his Mino he would 

4723
04:09:25,500 --> 04:09:28,000
secure a critical foothold on 
the route to Kyoto 

4724
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:31,300
diplomatically. 
He first tried forging a 

4725
04:09:31,300 --> 04:09:34,000
connection he arranged for his 
foster daughter to marry. 

4726
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:37,300
The Saito are the Hope was to 
pave a smoother path. 

4727
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:41,900
Yet the Sato patriarch Saito 
dosan died in a familial 

4728
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:44,000
conflict leaving the clan 
leadership. 

4729
04:09:44,000 --> 04:09:47,000
In flux, the new Saito head 
refused to yield. 

4730
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:51,300
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from Nino 

4731
04:09:51,300 --> 04:09:53,200
who hated the new site Ole 
leadership. 

4732
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:56,500
He cleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

4733
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:59,500
supply routes. 
He also hammered away at saito's

4734
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:02,100
border fortifications with 
Relentless minor assaults 

4735
04:10:02,100 --> 04:10:06,600
wearing them down around this 
period toyotomi hideyoshi and 

4736
04:10:06,600 --> 04:10:09,600
unassuming foot soldier with a 
knack for persuasion captured 

4737
04:10:09,600 --> 04:10:13,400
nobunaga's attention. 
He broke at local alliance's and

4738
04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:17,300
bribed to underlings to sabotage
defenses from within the 

4739
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:21,700
infiltration was so effective 
that by 1567 saito's lines 

4740
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:24,800
crumbled under a 
well-coordinated strike in Abbey

4741
04:10:24,800 --> 04:10:28,000
armor, Castle fell and no, 
Bernardo promptly renamed the 

4742
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:30,600
Fortress gifu symbolizing, a 
fresh chapter. 

4743
04:10:31,500 --> 04:10:33,700
Gifu Castle. 
Thus, became his new base 

4744
04:10:33,700 --> 04:10:35,800
overshadowing, a worries older 
seat. 

4745
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:39,400
Local Legend says he pinned a 
banner reading tenka, FUBU 

4746
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:43,000
roughly, meaning all the realm 
under one sword, an audacious 

4747
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,500
motto that showcased his 
aspiration to unified. 

4748
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:49,500
Japan, having secured Mino. 
He cast his Gaze on Kyoto. 

4749
04:10:49,500 --> 04:10:53,300
The imperial capital had lost 
much of its luster battered by 

4750
04:10:53,300 --> 04:10:57,800
Decades of feuding Warlords. 
The ashikaga shogunate nominally

4751
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:00,700
ruling Japan was overshadowed by
local Powers. 

4752
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:05,400
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki
approached Nobunaga pleading for

4753
04:11:05,400 --> 04:11:09,800
rescue from rival Warlords 
sensing opportunity no Bernardo 

4754
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:14,700
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 
city's confusion allowed him to 

4755
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:18,100
install yoshia. 
Though it was an arrangement 

4756
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:22,000
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 
Nobunaga intended to influence 

4757
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:25,500
National politics. 
Covertly utilizing your xiake as

4758
04:11:25,500 --> 04:11:28,800
a symbolic leader. 
Kyoto's popular's, reacted, with

4759
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:31,600
mixed emotions. 
Some welcome to an end to chaos.

4760
04:11:31,600 --> 04:11:35,400
Others feared a new Tyrant. 
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 

4761
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:38,600
by rebuilding toads and temples 
wrecked by early conflicts. 

4762
04:11:39,300 --> 04:11:43,100
He minted, coinage, Finance, 
local markets, and even politely

4763
04:11:43,100 --> 04:11:46,100
introduced fresh laws to curb 
violence in the capitals 

4764
04:11:46,100 --> 04:11:48,800
districts. 
Yet, these gestures of 

4765
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:52,300
benevolence coexisted with his 
iron fisted approach to dissent,

4766
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:54,900
for instance, lingering warlord 
forces. 

4767
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:58,000
Who refused to submit found 
themselves crushed among them, 

4768
04:11:58,000 --> 04:12:01,800
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 
the city subdued, its rebellious

4769
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:05,300
Corners over a matter of months?
Nevertheless friction arose with

4770
04:12:05,308 --> 04:12:08,300
the Shogun ashikaga. 
Yoshiaki who bristled at being 

4771
04:12:08,300 --> 04:12:12,300
overshadowed yoshiaki quietly. 
Tried building alliances among 

4772
04:12:12,300 --> 04:12:15,500
traditional Clans. 
Fueling, an anti-odor Coalition 

4773
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,700
that included powerful Barons 
like a Sakura and Desai. 

4774
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:21,900
The standoff that followed 
tested nobunaga's skill at 

4775
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:24,900
multi-front campaigns. 
Ironically, his brother in law, 

4776
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,600
as I nagamasa, husband to 
nobunaga's Sister oichi, led the

4777
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:32,700
iCloud A personal heartbreak of 
Waging War against his kin 

4778
04:12:32,700 --> 04:12:35,200
weighed heavily. 
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 

4779
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:40,100
He arranged for alliances with 
Tokugawa who secured the East 

4780
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:44,100
allowing the odor main Force to 
handle the azai asakura threat. 

4781
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:49,000
The battles near Anna Garwood in
1570, proved intense, with odor 

4782
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:51,400
and Tokugawa, armies. 
Eventually prevailing after 

4783
04:12:51,400 --> 04:12:53,500
vicious. 
Hand-to-hand fighting this 

4784
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,700
Victory though, overshadowed in 
popular law by larger events 

4785
04:12:56,700 --> 04:13:00,000
signaled, that Family Ties would
not determined from his great 

4786
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:03,500
omission. 
Around this juncture, Nobunaga 

4787
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:05,300
displayed his approach to 
religious factions. 

4788
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:09,900
More starkly the warrior monks 
of mountie near Kyoto allied 

4789
04:13:09,900 --> 04:13:13,800
with the azai asakura Coalition,
Nobunaga demanded their 

4790
04:13:13,800 --> 04:13:17,800
submission, they refused in 
1571, he Unleashed a brutal 

4791
04:13:17,800 --> 04:13:21,800
assault, the entire complex at 
Enrique G was put to Flame and 

4792
04:13:21,800 --> 04:13:26,100
thousands of monks novices and 
civilians perished, it was an 

4793
04:13:26,100 --> 04:13:27,700
act. 
So Grim at even shocked some of 

4794
04:13:27,708 --> 04:13:31,900
nobunaga's staunch allies. 
But he justified it claiming 

4795
04:13:31,900 --> 04:13:34,200
that the militant monks of 
threatened, the capitals order 

4796
04:13:34,200 --> 04:13:37,200
for two long for him. 
No sacred label. 

4797
04:13:37,200 --> 04:13:39,800
Could Shield an armed group from
the Unstoppable cause of 

4798
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:42,600
unification. 
If an institution medaled 

4799
04:13:42,600 --> 04:13:45,300
military, it had to be crushed 
no matter. 

4800
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:48,000
Its spiritual veneer. 
Though these actions 

4801
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:50,700
Consolidated his grip, they 
fueled a reputation for 

4802
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,100
ruthlessness people whispered 
that he had become a Demon Lord.

4803
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:57,100
Yet. 
Ironically, he also cultivated 

4804
04:13:57,100 --> 04:14:00,700
appreciation for the Arts. 
He introduced modern style of 

4805
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:03,900
Castle architecture, invited 
Portuguese artists to 

4806
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:06,800
demonstrate new building 
techniques and toyed with the 

4807
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:08,700
newly introduced trend of tea 
ceremony. 

4808
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,700
This contradictory mix. 
Stream brutality on the 

4809
04:14:12,708 --> 04:14:15,300
battlefield paired with the 
refined cultural, Pursuits, 

4810
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:19,300
confused many, but it formed the
heart of bruna's method. 

4811
04:14:19,300 --> 04:14:22,800
Forging a new Japan by blending 
modern Innovation with 

4812
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:26,000
unstoppable Force. 
By 1573. 

4813
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:29,900
The puppet Shogun yoshiaki. 
Now thoroughly at odds, with 

4814
04:14:29,908 --> 04:14:33,300
Nobunaga was exiled. 
The ashikaga, shogunate 

4815
04:14:33,300 --> 04:14:36,000
officially collapsed. 
From that point forward. 

4816
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:38,700
The question wasn't, whether the
old order was gone? 

4817
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,700
It was whether no Bernardo could
fill the vacuum before other 

4818
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:44,700
Warlords struck. 
The next moves he made would 

4819
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:46,800
Define the entire future of the 
archipelago. 

4820
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:51,900
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 
dynamic in central Japan, the 

4821
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:54,800
centuries old ashikaga, 
shogunate, stood dissolved 

4822
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:58,100
leaving a power vacuum that 
odinaka sought to fill. 

4823
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:00,700
Although he did not assume the 
Shogun title. 

4824
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:04,200
Some suspect, he viewed as two 
entangled with our cake baggage.

4825
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:07,800
He effectively governed from 
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 

4826
04:15:08,500 --> 04:15:13,200
Nobunaga subordinates, notably 
hashiba hideyoshi later toyotomi

4827
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:17,100
hideyoshi and Tokugawa, yesu 
took on crucial roles in 

4828
04:15:17,100 --> 04:15:20,200
expanding the odor domain and 
stabilizing conquered 

4829
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:23,900
territories, nonetheless pockets
of fierce resistance remained 

4830
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:26,600
including the, might of the 
Takeda clan in eastern. 

4831
04:15:26,600 --> 04:15:30,500
Provinces one would not expect 
that a man ascending, so rapidly

4832
04:15:30,500 --> 04:15:33,600
would find time for culture yet 
nobunaga's, passion for 

4833
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:36,900
spectacle, grew reports, 
mentioned Grand, Banquets, and 

4834
04:15:36,908 --> 04:15:40,600
Kyoto with exotic dishes, 
Portuguese, wine and comedic 

4835
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:42,600
theater performed at Night by 
Torchlight. 

4836
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:47,200
He sponsored the no drama though
in a personal style that adapted

4837
04:15:47,200 --> 04:15:51,200
script to Lord new Heroes. 
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 

4838
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:55,300
know they believed was the 
Hallmark of an older refined 

4839
04:15:55,300 --> 04:16:00,500
tradition. but to Nobunaga, 
Tradition was a tool, not a 

4840
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:03,600
chain. 
He saw an artistic displays an 

4841
04:16:03,600 --> 04:16:06,900
opportunity to unify the 
fraction Elite's by enticing 

4842
04:16:06,900 --> 04:16:09,100
them with entertainment and 
proving that his rule 

4843
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:11,000
overshadowed, any prior 
pageantry. 

4844
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:14,400
Still wore overshadowed these 
amusements. 

4845
04:16:14,400 --> 04:16:20,800
The formidable to catering died 
in 1573 leaving in charge 

4846
04:16:20,800 --> 04:16:22,900
though, less accomplished than 
his father. 

4847
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:26,700
Katsurei was no pushover in 
1575. 

4848
04:16:26,700 --> 04:16:30,500
He led a formidable, Cavalry 
Force into macawa clashing with 

4849
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:33,300
no buena's Allied armies the 
event. 

4850
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:35,600
Set the stage for the pivotal 
battle of nagashino. 

4851
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:40,200
Typically a Cavalry swarm 
overcame infantry but nobunaga's

4852
04:16:40,200 --> 04:16:43,300
novel approach extensive 
Palisades rotating lines of 

4853
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:46,600
aquabus years shattered. 
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 

4854
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:50,100
charges the musket volley is 
decimated the Takeda ranks 

4855
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:52,800
eyewitnesses described how for 
the first time. 

4856
04:16:52,800 --> 04:16:56,600
Mast Firearms, overcame famed, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain 

4857
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,800
this watershed moment reaffirmed
his reputation as a modernizing 

4858
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:04,900
general who embraced Firearms, 
wholeheartedly Following 

4859
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:08,900
nagashino the Takeda Clans. 
Prestige plummeted enabling 

4860
04:17:08,900 --> 04:17:13,100
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 
Eastern domains Meanwhile in the

4861
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:15,200
capital, he grew more direct and
quelling. 

4862
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:17,700
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or
religious sects. 

4863
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:20,700
He was rumored to have 
humiliated, certain courtiers, 

4864
04:17:20,700 --> 04:17:22,200
who showed insufficient 
obedience. 

4865
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:26,300
Indeed, a swirl of new rumors 
painted him as borderline 

4866
04:17:26,300 --> 04:17:30,500
sacrilegious, ignoring the 
established Kami Worship in 

4867
04:17:30,500 --> 04:17:33,200
shrines or publicly mocking, 
certain Shrine rituals as 

4868
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:36,800
superstitious this spurred the 
rumor of him being the demon 

4869
04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:40,200
warlord culminating in some 
devout Warriors forming tiny 

4870
04:17:40,200 --> 04:17:42,900
conspiracies to rid the land of 
the Empire's figure. 

4871
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:45,200
One. 
Overlooked Dimension was his 

4872
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:48,600
approach to Camaros. 
Beyond the free markets and 

4873
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:51,800
Castle towns, Nobunaga 
established weigh stations. 

4874
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,900
And lodging posts along, major 
highways he suppressed local 

4875
04:17:54,900 --> 04:17:56,600
toll collectors. 
Who bled Travelers? 

4876
04:17:56,600 --> 04:17:59,400
This policy triggered an 
economic upswing. 

4877
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:04,300
Caravans from the Seto Inland 
Sea carried salt, textiles and 

4878
04:18:04,300 --> 04:18:06,300
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 
to pay. 

4879
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:10,400
The odor domain thus built a 
stable physical backbone. 

4880
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:14,000
Fueling further expansions and 
enabling him to Grant rewards to

4881
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:16,200
Loyal vassals without 
bankrupting the treasury. 

4882
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,000
Such a commercial Savvy. 
Warlord was a novelty in a 

4883
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:22,700
period when martial Glory 
overshadowed The Humble of 

4884
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:26,800
business of Econo comics, 
Nobunaga also interacted with a 

4885
04:18:26,800 --> 04:18:28,800
figure rarely acknowledged in 
mainstream accounts. 

4886
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:34,100
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai a tall man

4887
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,700
from Portuguese or Italian 
mission's yasuke arrived in 

4888
04:18:37,700 --> 04:18:41,200
Japan under uncertain 
circumstances impressed by his 

4889
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:44,700
physique and exotic background. 
No, Bernard took an interest, 

4890
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:49,000
eventually welcoming him into 
service, letters from Jesuit, 

4891
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:52,100
sauces hint that Nobunaga found 
Jessica's presence refreshing. 

4892
04:18:52,100 --> 04:18:56,300
The symbol of how broad the 
world truly was some accounts 

4893
04:18:56,300 --> 04:18:58,600
mention that yesterday was 
entrusted with certain guard 

4894
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:02,100
duties, while the authenticity 
of the arrangement has faced 

4895
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:04,400
debate. 
It underscores how nobunaga's 

4896
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,500
curiosity extended, even to 
foreigners of unusual origin. 

4897
04:19:08,300 --> 04:19:12,200
Bridging cultural gaps at a time
when xenophobia was rampant by 

4898
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:15,000
the end of the 1570s 
Unstoppable. 

4899
04:19:15,000 --> 04:19:17,400
Momentum seemed to Define 
obnoxious progress. 

4900
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:21,100
The Hallmark Fortress of azuchi 
built near Lake Beaver, 

4901
04:19:21,100 --> 04:19:24,700
exemplified his vision part 
stronghold part palatial 

4902
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,900
residence with decorative murals
and advanced architectural 

4903
04:19:27,900 --> 04:19:30,500
engineering. 
Visitors wrote that climbing, 

4904
04:19:30,500 --> 04:19:33,200
each floor of revealed new 
painted Illusions and hidden 

4905
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,300
defensive features. 
An embodiment of both aesthetic 

4906
04:19:36,300 --> 04:19:39,700
Flair and martial cunning, he 
invited traveling missionaries, 

4907
04:19:39,700 --> 04:19:43,300
Artisans, and even some rival 
Lords to see as Majesty 

4908
04:19:43,300 --> 04:19:46,200
proclaiming that his building 
was the model of the future. 

4909
04:19:46,200 --> 04:19:49,300
In truth, the structure was also
a statement. 

4910
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:52,600
Odor rules soared above the old,
Petty, provincialism. 

4911
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:55,000
A new day, demanded, new 
monuments. 

4912
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:57,800
Yet, Ambitions, stirs. 
Resentments. 

4913
04:19:58,700 --> 04:20:02,200
Many older Clans forced into 
submission, quite at least 

4914
04:20:02,208 --> 04:20:05,900
sought to chance to break free. 
The extent of nobunaga's. 

4915
04:20:05,900 --> 04:20:08,100
Reforms threatened, the old 
feudal, compacts. 

4916
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:11,700
Even within his retinue. 
Some felt overshadowed by 

4917
04:20:11,700 --> 04:20:15,300
hideyoshi ascendancy or 
frustrated by Nubian, Aquas 

4918
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:18,900
ruthless, single-mindedness 
betrayal, they rarely signaled. 

4919
04:20:18,900 --> 04:20:22,900
Openly bubbled beneath the 
surface, the old adage that a 

4920
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:25,500
fortress come withstand for an 
assault but not always internal 

4921
04:20:25,500 --> 04:20:28,800
treachery would soon. 
Prove hauntingly apt, although 

4922
04:20:28,800 --> 04:20:32,900
the warlord pressed, onward 
planning fresh campaigns events 

4923
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:35,700
at the cusp of the 1580s, would 
reveal the Fatal cost of 

4924
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:44,500
ignoring that silent discontent.
In Spring 1580 strongholds were 

4925
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,300
mostly crushed. 
The takada clan was in shambles 

4926
04:20:47,300 --> 04:20:50,500
and the capital recognized him, 
as the de facto power. 

4927
04:20:50,500 --> 04:20:54,000
Yet a cluster of uneasy 
alliances still dotted the map, 

4928
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:56,900
including some Warlords, who 
pretended loyalty while 

4929
04:20:56,900 --> 04:20:59,600
resenting odor. 
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 

4930
04:20:59,600 --> 04:21:02,900
rarely timid seemed almost 
relaxed that year, hosting 

4931
04:21:02,900 --> 04:21:07,300
lavish celebration at azuchi and
paying only mild heed to rumors 

4932
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:11,100
of minor revolts and distant. 
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 

4933
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:13,700
of Conquest had lulled into 
believing only a formidable 

4934
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:15,200
outside, foe could challenge 
him. 

4935
04:21:16,200 --> 04:21:19,800
Among his retainers akechi 
mitsuhide, quietly navigated, 

4936
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:23,700
the New Order mitza Hyde had 
served Nobunaga lawyerly yet. 

4937
04:21:23,700 --> 04:21:26,700
Their relationship was never 
warm nobunaga's. 

4938
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,100
Leadership style often involved 
public dressing Downs of 

4939
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:31,000
subordinates who fail or 
displeased him. 

4940
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:34,500
Some claimed mitsu hide who 
endured multiple humiliations 

4941
04:21:34,500 --> 04:21:37,400
once when an odor supply, line 
Fiasco cost. 

4942
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:40,900
Mitza Hyde's, mother her life at
the hands of brighams Nobunaga 

4943
04:21:40,900 --> 04:21:42,600
supposedly dismissed it 
callously. 

4944
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:46,900
Another time a minor mishap had 
a feast LED Nobunaga to fling a 

4945
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:50,900
teacup in Anger, scolding Amit 
suhaid whether these spats 

4946
04:21:50,900 --> 04:21:54,300
vested into hatred remains 
uncertain but it's clear 

4947
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:58,000
mitsuhide felt overshadowed in 
the swirl of odors triumphant 

4948
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:01,200
expansions many believed 
mitsuhide was too measured or 

4949
04:22:01,200 --> 04:22:03,300
timid to lash out they were 
mistaken. 

4950
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:07,400
Parallel to these tensions, 
Nobunaga decided to press 

4951
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:10,500
further west sending hideyoshi 
to seduce the Maori Clan. 

4952
04:22:11,300 --> 04:22:14,800
That campaign demanded 
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 

4953
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:18,400
to dispatch extra troops. 
He halted in Kyoto at honor ji 

4954
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:20,900
Temple intending. 
A brief rest on route to greet, 

4955
04:22:20,900 --> 04:22:23,600
hideyoshi forces. 
The temple though. 

4956
04:22:23,600 --> 04:22:26,100
Not heavily fortified was 
considered safe enough. 

4957
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:29,500
Given the capitals calm. 
Nobunaga was traveling lightly 

4958
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:33,000
with only a small guard, most of
his main Army had been deployed 

4959
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:36,400
to support different operations.
Some close advisors question 

4960
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:39,100
this vulnerability. 
But no Bernard brushed aside 

4961
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:41,600
their concerns certain no 
serious threat. 

4962
04:22:41,600 --> 04:22:47,600
Lurked Then came that fateful of
June 21st. 1582 a catchy. 

4963
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:49,700
Mitsu. 
Hide commanding a Detachment 

4964
04:22:49,700 --> 04:22:51,400
under the pretext of 
reinforcing. 

4965
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:56,000
Hideyoshi turned his Force 
abruptly toward onori Storming 

4966
04:22:56,000 --> 04:22:57,700
in. 
They caught the odegaards 

4967
04:22:57,700 --> 04:23:00,300
unawares. 
The temples interior lit with 

4968
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:03,100
flames as mitsu hides. 
Men, torched wooden Halls, 

4969
04:23:03,100 --> 04:23:05,700
Nobunaga fought back with sword 
in hand. 

4970
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:09,100
But the odds were overwhelming 
realizing Escape was impossible.

4971
04:23:09,100 --> 04:23:11,700
He retreated deeper into the 
complex. 

4972
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,400
Sources differ on the details 
but they Converge on the notion 

4973
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:18,800
that he took his life either by 
separate who or ensuring no 

4974
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:21,800
capture rather than fallen into 
high taunts. 

4975
04:23:21,800 --> 04:23:26,000
The Blazing Temple sealed. 
The scene forging an indelible 

4976
04:23:26,000 --> 04:23:28,700
final image. 
Japan's, mightiest unifier 

4977
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:32,500
consumed by betrayal and fire 
undone not by an external rival,

4978
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:36,000
but by a subordinate, he 
underestimated Mitsuhide 

4979
04:23:36,000 --> 04:23:38,900
proclaiming the realm is ours. 
Tried to consolidate. 

4980
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:42,800
But public shock overshadowed 
any acceptance of his coup. 

4981
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:46,400
He had a Yoshi on hearing the 
news on swiftly made peace with 

4982
04:23:46,400 --> 04:23:49,600
the Maury to rush back in a 
short campaign, culminating in 

4983
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,200
the Battle of yamazaki. 
Hideyoshi Avenged. 

4984
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:55,500
Nobunaga defeating mitsu hide. 
Less than two weeks after 

4985
04:23:55,500 --> 04:24:00,100
homogene, mitsuhide attempting 
to flee was slain by Bandits or 

4986
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,500
vengeful peasants and ironic in 
that left, no stable regime in 

4987
04:24:03,500 --> 04:24:06,100
his wake. 
The Echoes of that betrayal 

4988
04:24:06,100 --> 04:24:10,800
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide
treachery became a byword for 

4989
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:13,100
disloyalty and sudden reversal 
of Fortune. 

4990
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:17,500
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the
odor Clan, but the impetus for 

4991
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:20,400
unification, persisted hideyoshi
emerged. 

4992
04:24:20,400 --> 04:24:23,800
As the next major figure 
eventually subjugating much of 

4993
04:24:23,800 --> 04:24:27,500
Japan and styling himself as the
unifier Tokugawa. 

4994
04:24:27,500 --> 04:24:31,200
Yay, ASU more patient would 
Outlast them all and set up the 

4995
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:35,100
Tokugawa, shogunate. 
In each subsequent stage, the 

4996
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:36,800
ghost of nobunaga's ambition, 
hovered. 

4997
04:24:37,400 --> 04:24:38,600
Hideyoshi and yay. 
Asui. 

4998
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:41,000
Both acknowledged that their 
expansion's leaned on the 

4999
04:24:41,000 --> 04:24:44,600
foundation, Nobunaga laid the 
harnessing of firearms, the 

5000
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:48,100
impetus for centralized domain 
and the notion that old feudal 

5001
04:24:48,100 --> 04:24:50,200
autonomy should yield to a 
singular Authority. 

5002
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:54,200
In many ways. 
The abrupt end at homogeneous 

5003
04:24:54,200 --> 04:24:58,700
Legacy as a fiery Comet 
unpredictable transformative, 

5004
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:02,000
but short lived. 
Story and puzzle over. 

5005
04:25:02,008 --> 04:25:03,700
What might have been had he 
survived? 

5006
04:25:03,700 --> 04:25:07,400
Would he afford a stable 
monarchy or introduced a new 

5007
04:25:07,408 --> 04:25:10,500
bureaucratic structure? 
Might as tolerance of foreign 

5008
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:14,300
presents have expanded, Japan's 
Global Connections early Or 

5009
04:25:14,300 --> 04:25:17,700
could he have become a dreaded 
autographed, stifling dissent so

5010
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,800
thoroughly as to hamper future 
evolution. the abruptness of his

5011
04:25:21,808 --> 04:25:25,600
death leaves, a swirl of 
speculation, the sight of Honor 

5012
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,900
G itself stands in Kyoto, the 
much rebuilt after the 

5013
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:33,200
conflagration tourists passed by
a modest Memorial Often 

5014
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:37,000
overshadowed, by more famous 
temples yet, for students of 

5015
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:40,700
Japan sengoku era that place 
resonates as a symbolic 

5016
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,300
Crossroads, the Unstoppable 
warlord ended by his retainer 

5017
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:46,900
Pivoting. 
The entire Arc of national 

5018
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:50,000
unification. 
The charge remains from that day

5019
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:54,900
along gone but glimpses remain 
in curated relics Diaries and a 

5020
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:57,300
handful of Swords believed to 
have belonged to nobunaga's 

5021
04:25:57,300 --> 04:26:00,300
retinue. 
Each artifact, underscores the 

5022
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:04,500
transients of power. 
One moment, near omnipotent, 

5023
04:26:04,500 --> 04:26:08,600
figure rewriting the lands' 
destiny, the next of victim of 

5024
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:13,100
fate and betrayal. 
Thus the final chapter of his 

5025
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:15,900
life, stands not as a 
diminishment but as a crescendo 

5026
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:20,200
in Falling, hemant the impetus 
that others carried forth. 

5027
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:22,600
He or she. 
Yeah. 

5028
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:26,400
So and the entire notion of an 
eventually unified Japan and 

5029
04:26:26,400 --> 04:26:30,500
under a single rule Trace back 
to nobunaga's, Unstoppable wave.

5030
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:35,100
Force the country to see the old
code, where our KX chivalry 

5031
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:39,300
overshadowed modernization was 
no longer viable in that sense, 

5032
04:26:39,300 --> 04:26:41,800
though. 
He vanished in Flames the brand 

5033
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:43,900
of Revolution, he championed 
burned onward. 

5034
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:47,300
Fueling, the next generation's 
quest to reorder the Nation 

5035
04:26:47,300 --> 04:26:51,300
Under a single banner. 
Post honor G the manner in which

5036
04:26:51,300 --> 04:26:55,400
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 
offers a profound insight into 

5037
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:57,300
how Japan processes historical 
figures. 

5038
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:01,400
In the immediate aftermath many 
Warlords excised him from 

5039
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:04,800
official genealogies. 
He had after all the dismantled 

5040
04:27:04,800 --> 04:27:07,700
textures of tradition. 
However, within a decade 

5041
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:10,800
references, re-emerged 
describing him as the initial 

5042
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,500
impetus that any Warlords 
seeking unification must 

5043
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:16,100
emulate. 
Some local chroniclers wrote 

5044
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,700
tributes praising the Demon's 
Clarity a phrase that captured 

5045
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:22,900
the Paradox demon and cruelty 
Clarity in vision. 

5046
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:29,000
Tokugawa after establishing the 
Tokugawa, shogunate in 1603, 

5047
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:33,000
quietly ensured That official, 
records didn't overshadow, the 

5048
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:38,100
tokara sentient narrative with 
too much odor, idolization, Yet 

5049
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:40,800
IAS super personally. 
Revered Noble's decisive 

5050
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:43,400
approach. 
Private Diaries mention how the 

5051
04:27:43,400 --> 04:27:46,300
new Shogun studied old 
Battlefield notes from okay, 

5052
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:49,700
hazama and nagashino gleaning 
insights for the potential 

5053
04:27:49,700 --> 04:27:52,100
crises. 
Ironically the official 

5054
04:27:52,100 --> 04:27:54,700
narrative downplayed. 
Odors significance to bolster 

5055
04:27:54,700 --> 04:27:58,300
Tokugawa legitimacy, but in 
private, the recollection of 

5056
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:01,200
odors daring strategies 
continued to provide valuable 

5057
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:05,300
insights Meanwhile, rural 
Legends cropped up casting 

5058
04:28:05,300 --> 04:28:08,900
nebula is a Restless spirit. 
Farmers told Tales of hearing 

5059
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:12,300
Phantom hoofbeats on the stormy 
nights said to be his ghost 

5060
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:14,900
re-enacting. 
Night raids in some folk songs 

5061
04:28:14,900 --> 04:28:18,600
nobunaga's Thunder. 
Referred to unexpected storms 

5062
04:28:18,600 --> 04:28:22,200
damaging, unharvested Fields. 
Nominus sign of Unstoppable, 

5063
04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:25,700
Force such Tales embedded him 
into the realm of folk 

5064
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:28,900
Superstition, people are cross 
province's, specially in 

5065
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:32,300
regions, want scorched by his 
campaigns, found Echoes of both,

5066
04:28:32,300 --> 04:28:35,600
or and Dread in the stories by 
the Edo period. 

5067
04:28:35,600 --> 04:28:38,400
Would block prints. 
Portrayed him with stylized 

5068
04:28:38,400 --> 04:28:41,100
armor scowling or triumphant in 
mid-battle. 

5069
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:44,900
Few dramatization and Kabuki 
theater though. 

5070
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:48,500
Typically focusing on hideyoshi 
occasionally included Cameo 

5071
04:28:48,500 --> 04:28:51,500
references to Nobunaga as an 
unyielding presence. 

5072
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:55,100
Over shadowing the stage the 
sensors of the takagawa regime. 

5073
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,800
Usually avoided depicting him, 
two favorably fear of stirring, 

5074
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:02,000
rebellious sentiments that might
Champion a Nobunaga style 

5075
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:05,000
revolt. 
Despite these constraints 

5076
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,200
underground manuscripts 
circulated. 

5077
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:10,100
That teased out, his modern 
aspects, like his willingness to

5078
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:12,500
incorporate foreigners or push 
Advanced weapons. 

5079
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:16,300
Samurai, who read them in 
private might feel emboldened by

5080
04:29:16,300 --> 04:29:18,700
the notion of discarding stale 
tradition, in favor of 

5081
04:29:18,708 --> 04:29:23,500
pragmatic, modernity, The Meiji 
Restoration in the late, 19th 

5082
04:29:23,500 --> 04:29:26,900
century revived interest, as 
Japan opened to the world. 

5083
04:29:26,900 --> 04:29:30,200
Some intellectuals lauded 
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 

5084
04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:33,600
on trade and Technology. 
Claiming he was the first modern

5085
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:36,500
Japanese. 
Western Scholars who visited 

5086
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:39,100
found in Nobunaga figure 
reminiscent of Europe's, 

5087
04:29:39,100 --> 04:29:42,000
absolute monarchs. 
A man who overcame medieval 

5088
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:45,100
fragmentation. 
They wrote comparative essays 

5089
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:49,300
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 
or Napoleon in Samurai fod of 

5090
04:29:49,300 --> 04:29:51,400
form. 
Although these analogies were 

5091
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,100
simplistic, they further 
cemented his Global mistake, 

5092
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:58,200
Museum started collecting items 
rumored to be from his domain 

5093
04:29:58,200 --> 04:30:02,800
archibus and partial suits of 
lacquered armor, each artifact. 

5094
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:05,600
Conveyed, a fragment of his 
endeavours to propel Japan 

5095
04:30:05,600 --> 04:30:09,500
forward centuries in a single 
generation in the 20th century 

5096
04:30:09,500 --> 04:30:13,100
as War raged globally. 
Some Japanese, militarists 

5097
04:30:13,100 --> 04:30:15,400
admired nobunaga's Unstoppable 
aggression. 

5098
04:30:15,400 --> 04:30:18,500
They saw him as a model for 
unyielding expansion. 

5099
04:30:18,500 --> 04:30:23,100
Post-war that sentiment cooled 
replaced by more nuanced 

5100
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:26,300
academic approach. 
The emphasis shifted toward 

5101
04:30:26,300 --> 04:30:29,900
analyzing his socio-economic 
policies, like standardizing 

5102
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:33,500
measure systems or encouraging 
open trade in Castle towns. 

5103
04:30:34,400 --> 04:30:36,900
Contemporary historians 
highlight how those policies 

5104
04:30:36,900 --> 04:30:40,600
laid See's from eventual stable 
economy under the Tucker. 

5105
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,900
Even if that regime ionically 
closed off certain foreign 

5106
04:30:43,900 --> 04:30:47,400
influences, another wave of 
scholarship focuses on the 

5107
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:50,800
cultural interplay, the Synergy 
of Christian missionaries and 

5108
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:54,000
the partial acceptance of their 
ideas that might have blossomed 

5109
04:30:54,000 --> 04:30:57,900
further had no Bernard injured. 
In popular culture of the late 

5110
04:30:57,900 --> 04:30:59,700
20th and early 21st. 
Centuries. 

5111
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:04,700
A deluge of creative retellings,
reimagined him video games, 

5112
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:08,600
featuring sengoku battles depict
him as a fearsome Overlord with 

5113
04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:12,400
unstoppable power-ups, and 
specialized gun, squads Manga 

5114
04:31:12,400 --> 04:31:16,200
and Anime often play with the 
Demon King label, recasting him 

5115
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:18,400
in Time, Slips scenarios or 
comedic subplots. 

5116
04:31:18,400 --> 04:31:22,700
Dramas vary from an honorable 
anti-hero forging, Unity to a 

5117
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:26,900
borderline sadistic tyrant. 
This breadth of interpretations,

5118
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:31,100
testifies to his complexity, 
even in a comedic Cameo, the 

5119
04:31:31,100 --> 04:31:35,200
essence of Unstoppable change 
remains he's recognized as the 

5120
04:31:35,200 --> 04:31:37,600
impetus behind Japan's. 
Transition from fractious, 

5121
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:41,600
medieval to the cusp of early 
modern hence the modern lens 

5122
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:44,100
sifts through centuries of 
contradiction. 

5123
04:31:45,200 --> 04:31:48,200
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 
heroic in forging? 

5124
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:51,500
A stable path? 
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out

5125
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:53,800
of genuine openness or purely 
for Advantage? 

5126
04:31:53,800 --> 04:31:57,200
Did he Harbours future blueprint
for a stable monarchy? 

5127
04:31:57,200 --> 04:31:59,600
Or was he improvising day by 
day? 

5128
04:31:59,600 --> 04:32:03,000
Exploiting each short-term 
opportunity, the record 

5129
04:32:03,000 --> 04:32:04,600
suggests. 
All these angles might hold 

5130
04:32:04,600 --> 04:32:07,500
truth. 
He was multifaceted a man on 

5131
04:32:07,500 --> 04:32:10,500
Shackled by tradition ready to 
harness any advantage, 

5132
04:32:10,500 --> 04:32:13,000
Unstoppable, until undone by 
betrayal. 

5133
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:17,000
In that sense. 
Oda nobunaga's name remains a 

5134
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:19,100
prism, turn it one way. 
You see? 

5135
04:32:19,100 --> 04:32:21,800
A progressive champion of 
modernization tilted? 

5136
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:26,000
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 
old shrines and foes Japan's 

5137
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:27,400
memory. 
And the world's Fascination 

5138
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:29,600
revolve around these shifting 
lights. 

5139
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:32,600
Among lesser known facets of 
nobunaga's. 

5140
04:32:32,600 --> 04:32:36,000
Story is his personal retinue of
varied, advisors, some from 

5141
04:32:36,000 --> 04:32:38,600
backgrounds, not typically 
admitted to Samurai Council. 

5142
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:42,300
He believed that rank was earned
by Merit an unusual stance. 

5143
04:32:42,300 --> 04:32:45,000
For the time. 
For instance, he wants a 

5144
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:47,700
pointed, a skilled blacksmith to
direct certain Siege engine 

5145
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:51,100
Creations, that was heresy, in 
the eyes of traditional samurai,

5146
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:55,400
a blacksmith leading Warrior's 
Nobunaga brushed off the critics

5147
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:58,100
pointing to results the 
blacksmith's. 

5148
04:32:58,100 --> 04:33:00,900
Technical cunning helped Forge, 
Innovative catapults that 

5149
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:02,900
battered a walled Fortress into 
submission. 

5150
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:06,400
This anecdote though, 
overshadowed in mainstream 

5151
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:10,599
accounts, exemplifies his break 
from hierarchical Norms another,

5152
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:13,599
overlooked detail lies in the 
realm of intelligence gathering 

5153
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,500
Nobunaga. 
According to scattered Diaries 

5154
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:19,599
established, a nascent 
Espionage, networking, Kyoto, 

5155
04:33:19,599 --> 04:33:22,599
and Merchants towns. 
He recognized that raw might 

5156
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:25,900
alone, wouldn't keep him ahead, 
through discreet, Watchers, some

5157
04:33:25,900 --> 04:33:28,500
disguised as traveling 
entertainers, Somers pilgrims 

5158
04:33:28,500 --> 04:33:32,200
gleaned updates on Rival Lords 
of alliances, or fractures 

5159
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:35,300
Buddhist sects, plotting, and 
Secret. this network of 

5160
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:38,000
information helped prevent 
revolts and enabled him to 

5161
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:42,300
intercept Clan collusion well, 
Espionage existed in Prior eras,

5162
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:46,200
Nobunaga systematized, it more 
thoroughly reflecting, a 

5163
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:48,000
willingness to adopt, whatever, 
gave him an edge. 

5164
04:33:48,700 --> 04:33:51,700
One, puzzling Dimension was his 
attitude to the Imperial Court. 

5165
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:55,300
Typically Warlords are the 
revered, the Emperor as a 

5166
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,700
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 
Nobunaga courted. 

5167
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:01,700
The courts favor in a measured 
way offering them economic 

5168
04:34:01,700 --> 04:34:05,000
assistance refurbishing certain 
neglected Palace halls and 

5169
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:08,400
ensuring the emperor's dignity. 
This was not out of pure 

5170
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:10,700
devotion. 
It was a strategic move by 

5171
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:13,500
championing the emperor's 
Prestige, he legitimized his 

5172
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:18,099
expansions at some ceremonies, 
he arrived in flamboyant attire.

5173
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:22,300
Overshadowing lesser Lords, then
humbly bowed before the emperor 

5174
04:34:22,300 --> 04:34:25,400
an odd mixture of vanity in a 
basement that left Watchers 

5175
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:28,400
uncertain, how to interpret him.
The emperor. 

5176
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:32,099
Oh, powerless, in martial, 
terms, recognized that nobody's 

5177
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:35,099
guardianship provided a stable 
environment for the courts of 

5178
04:34:35,099 --> 04:34:42,099
thus a polite if uneasy Synergy 
arose, Nobunaga's personal life,

5179
04:34:42,099 --> 04:34:45,300
beyond the political realm 
remains partially veiled. 

5180
04:34:46,000 --> 04:34:48,500
He married multiple times 
forging alliances with 

5181
04:34:48,500 --> 04:34:51,800
significant families. 
Notably little is said about 

5182
04:34:51,800 --> 04:34:55,300
deep personal attachments. 
Some historians wonder if he 

5183
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:58,700
maintained an emotional remove 
seeing marriage as a strategic 

5184
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:01,200
game. 
A personal diary, snippet, 

5185
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:04,599
suggests a fleeting mention of a
beloved consort but her name 

5186
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:08,300
remains uncertain lost in burned
records or overshadowed by 

5187
04:35:08,308 --> 04:35:11,500
former marriages. 
The Narrative is incomplete 

5188
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:15,099
overshadowed, by Warfare logs 
and alliances it. 

5189
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:17,900
Underscores how the official 
story seldom captures, intimate 

5190
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:20,500
sentiments? 
Specially for a man, so public 

5191
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:23,200
in ambition. 
One room at anecdote, from 

5192
04:35:23,200 --> 04:35:26,300
Castle staff claims that 
Nobunaga had a private reading 

5193
04:35:26,300 --> 04:35:29,800
habit, poetry, anthologies, from
the ham period and Chinese 

5194
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:32,500
military treaters. 
He found parallels between 

5195
04:35:32,500 --> 04:35:35,200
ancient poems, praising a 
femoral blossoms and the 

5196
04:35:35,200 --> 04:35:38,700
transients of alliance's. 
He told a close retainer that 

5197
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:41,000
the ephemeral nature of cherry 
blossoms matched. 

5198
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:44,000
The ephemeral nature of men's 
loyalty some guests, this 

5199
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:46,700
reflection spurred him to adopt 
Savage efficiency in the 

5200
04:35:46,707 --> 04:35:50,200
stamping out, potential threats,
believing that if a blossom 

5201
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:52,700
would fall, anyway, best it do 
so on his terms. 

5202
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:55,500
Whether or not that anecdote is 
fully accurate. 

5203
04:35:55,500 --> 04:35:59,700
It captures the sense that a 
philosophical thread ran under 

5204
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:03,099
his pragmatic exterior. 
As for the everyday peasant or 

5205
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:06,099
merchants in his expanding 
territory, the experience was 

5206
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:08,300
double-edged. 
They might face forced 

5207
04:36:08,300 --> 04:36:10,700
relocations or heavy Corvette 
labor to build new 

5208
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:13,300
fortifications. 
But once integrated, they also 

5209
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:16,400
benefited from relative security
and New Roads that spurred 

5210
04:36:16,400 --> 04:36:18,800
Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

5211
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:20,700
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

5212
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:23,400
at decreased local Warfare. 
And disquiet about the 

5213
04:36:23,408 --> 04:36:25,500
unwavering demands of the odor 
Administration. 

5214
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:29,500
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

5215
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:32,400
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

5216
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:35,800
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

5217
04:36:35,800 --> 04:36:38,900
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

5218
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:42,300
between a Karma and the dread 
that a single misstep. 

5219
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:45,700
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown As he neared the Final

5220
04:36:45,700 --> 04:36:50,099
Chapter, some retelling he grew 
more flamboyant, he staged 

5221
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:53,400
Banquets with Kabuki or comedic 
plays wearing a labyrinth 

5222
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:57,599
kimonos, others emphasize, and 
increasing paranoia, pushing him

5223
04:36:57,599 --> 04:37:01,200
to punish even mine or a fronts 
possibly both narrow who was 

5224
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:03,800
contain truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

5225
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,400
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch. 

5226
04:37:06,400 --> 04:37:09,599
Yet felt the Press of Potential 
betrayals from every corner, 

5227
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:13,099
could produce a contradictory 
starts lavish celebration. 

5228
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:15,200
One day Savage clamped down the 
next. 

5229
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:20,000
Ultimately that tension snapped 
at hamaji leaving him consumed 

5230
04:37:20,000 --> 04:37:23,099
by betrayal. 
In the end, these lesser known 

5231
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:27,200
details, his Espionage, 
unorthodox appointments subtle 

5232
04:37:27,200 --> 04:37:30,000
alliances with the Imperial 
Court and personal reading 

5233
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:34,599
habits, magnify how complex Oda 
Nobunaga was not purely The 

5234
04:37:34,599 --> 04:37:38,099
Demon King not purely, the 
modernizing champion, you 

5235
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:40,500
Traverse spaces Beyond 
simplistic labels. 

5236
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:45,000
His story though, overshadowed 
by dramatic battles resonates in

5237
04:37:45,000 --> 04:37:48,900
the subtle underpinnings of how 
he managed Realms resources and 

5238
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:52,099
relationships. 
It hints that while overshadowed

5239
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:55,800
by an era of swirling conflict. 
His efforts carved out A New 

5240
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:59,099
Path from medieval fragmentation
to emergent Central Authority. 

5241
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:02,099
Paving the way for hidden. 
Yoshi, yay. 

5242
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:06,500
And the eventual of a stable or 
be at close Japan under the 

5243
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:11,500
takagawa Standing at the 
Confluence of myth and fact Oda 

5244
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:14,300
Nobunaga remains a singular 
figure in Japan's, historical 

5245
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:17,300
consciousness. 
Centuries of paths since that 

5246
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:21,500
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 
shadow of Honor gingers 

5247
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:25,900
observers even in modern times 
seen him attention between 

5248
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:30,000
brutality in lightning tradition
and radical innovation. 

5249
04:38:30,700 --> 04:38:34,500
His presence Looms in Talk of 
the sengoku era, overshadowing 

5250
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,500
many of his contemporaries 
because he alone dared to step 

5251
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:38,500
outside. 
The old rules. 

5252
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:42,599
So dramatically One wonders. 
How if not for mitts coup 

5253
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,599
Japan's path, might differ. 
Maybe Nobunaga would have 

5254
04:38:45,608 --> 04:38:49,400
extended even friendly a ties 
with the West fostering deeper 

5255
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:52,300
trade or adopting new Sciences. 
Some speculate. 

5256
04:38:52,300 --> 04:38:54,599
He might have orchestrated a 
national bureaucracy. 

5257
04:38:54,599 --> 04:38:56,500
Well before Tokugawa, 
consolidation. 

5258
04:38:57,200 --> 04:39:00,900
Speeding modernization by 
centuries. others argue, the 

5259
04:39:00,900 --> 04:39:03,900
pace of Western contact was 
still too slow and that his 

5260
04:39:03,900 --> 04:39:07,200
stance on Christianity was too 
ambiguous to create a real 

5261
04:39:07,207 --> 04:39:10,500
opening or perhaps his severity 
would have ignited, a larger 

5262
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:15,000
civil Revolt, cutting his story 
short anyway, such conjectures 

5263
04:39:15,000 --> 04:39:19,300
swirl Because the actual drama 
ended abruptly leaving a vacuum 

5264
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:24,700
for hide a Yoshi and the eyasu 
to fill Modern Japan historians 

5265
04:39:24,700 --> 04:39:28,300
group, him among the three great
unifiers will be at the earliest

5266
04:39:28,300 --> 04:39:31,000
and the most audacious hideyoshi
refined. 

5267
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:35,000
Yay in Trent but Nobunaga was 
the Unstoppable. 

5268
04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:39,900
Spark various local festivals in
gifu or Nagoya, celebrate him as

5269
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:42,600
an iconic. 
Local Hero, perhaps ignoring the

5270
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:46,500
cruelty that charred, the walls 
of Temple's The Duality remains 

5271
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:49,600
parades, costumed, and 
flamboyant, odor regalia, 

5272
04:39:49,600 --> 04:39:53,400
hosting cheerful crowds 
ironically commemorating a man 

5273
04:39:53,400 --> 04:39:56,900
who showed little Mercy to foes.
Yet, that contradiction is not 

5274
04:39:56,900 --> 04:39:59,100
lost on participants, who 
acknowledge that? 

5275
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:01,200
Forging a new order seldom 
occurs gently. 

5276
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:04,500
Schools in Japan, mentioned him 
in textbooks or be at briefly 

5277
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:11,700
formidable Lord who championed 
guns overcame the emigalo G. 

5278
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:15,300
This truncated version rarely 
delves into his approach to 

5279
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:17,100
governance or the 
transformations in Commerce. 

5280
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:20,400
He championed meanwhile academic
circles delve deeper 

5281
04:40:20,400 --> 04:40:23,800
re-evaluating newly found 
Diaries or cross-referencing 

5282
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:27,000
Portuguese Mission letters each 
reexamination can shift. 

5283
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:30,600
The Nuance was he truly a patron
of broad-minded exchange or just

5284
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:32,700
pragmatic about receiving 
Advanced Weaponry? 

5285
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,900
It is free market instincts. 
Come from moral convictions or 

5286
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:40,400
from a desire to centralize 
wealth under his control The 

5287
04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:43,100
records are incomplete. 
Ensuring debates. 

5288
04:40:43,100 --> 04:40:46,400
Continue. 
Outside Japan, popular culture 

5289
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:49,700
globalized his name. 
Strategy games depict him as a 

5290
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:53,100
charismatic conqueror with 
Cutting Edge, muskets anime 

5291
04:40:53,100 --> 04:40:55,200
series swirl into fantasy 
battles. 

5292
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:57,700
Occasionally. 
They highlight the Heartbreak of

5293
04:40:57,700 --> 04:41:00,100
betrayal. 
Other times, the Unstoppable 

5294
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:03,800
conquests In global narratives 
about heroic tyrants. 

5295
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:08,900
Oda Nobunaga stands, comfortably
among Genghis, Khan Napoleon and

5296
04:41:08,900 --> 04:41:11,100
other icons of Unstoppable 
expansion. 

5297
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:15,500
The Mythic Dimension grows with 
each retailing overshadowing 

5298
04:41:15,500 --> 04:41:18,400
smaller truths, like how he 
dealt daily with Petty, Clan 

5299
04:41:18,400 --> 04:41:21,600
disputes or Municipal tax 
controverses, yet, those small 

5300
04:41:21,600 --> 04:41:23,600
truths made the difference in 
his success. 

5301
04:41:23,600 --> 04:41:27,400
The capacity to handle detail 
from forging muskets to forging 

5302
04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:29,200
Pax with blacksmiths and foreign
Traders. 

5303
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:32,708
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is
that leadership in a time of 

5304
04:41:32,716 --> 04:41:35,700
flux is rarely. 
Pure nobunaga's story. 

5305
04:41:35,708 --> 04:41:38,300
Underscores how seizing the 
moment demands leaps of 

5306
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:41,600
imagination, a willingness, to 
adopt, unfamiliar tools and 

5307
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:44,800
Readiness, for pushback from 
entrenched interests, but such 

5308
04:41:44,800 --> 04:41:46,300
leaps. 
Can also breed enemies from 

5309
04:41:46,300 --> 04:41:50,700
unexpected places. 
He overcame vast hurdles only to

5310
04:41:50,700 --> 04:41:53,200
be undone by the retainer whose 
loyalty he took for granted. 

5311
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:57,600
The caution is timeless. 
And stoppable impetus might 

5312
04:41:57,608 --> 04:42:01,200
yield breathtaking victories. 
But ignoring the intricacies of 

5313
04:42:01,200 --> 04:42:05,000
trust, can prove fatal for all 
the rancor, the story of Odin, 

5314
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:09,300
one of bridging a medieval 
fractiousness to a future marked

5315
04:42:09,300 --> 04:42:12,300
by Central governance, the 
Unstoppable impetus. 

5316
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:15,300
He began was not fully realized 
in his life time, but the 

5317
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:19,500
impetus did not die at honor, 
get it through his successors 

5318
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:25,500
culminating in a unified though 
autocratic Tokugawa regime, So 

5319
04:42:25,500 --> 04:42:28,800
in a sense he was the father of 
modern Japan in everything but 

5320
04:42:28,800 --> 04:42:32,400
his official name that's the 
irony, the one who set the stage

5321
04:42:32,400 --> 04:42:34,300
for stability. 
Never personally enjoyed it. 

5322
04:42:34,300 --> 04:42:37,800
His life ended in a 
conflagration leaving fans of 

5323
04:42:37,800 --> 04:42:40,800
heroic epic to mourn that the 
Unstoppable path ended. 

5324
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:44,800
Just short of the final victory.
Perhaps that ending Paradox, 

5325
04:42:44,800 --> 04:42:48,500
amplifies, his Legend in a land 
that often underscores the 

5326
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:50,200
ephemeral beauty of cherry 
blossoms. 

5327
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:53,700
Fleeting in their Prime 
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 

5328
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:55,800
Apex of his might resonates as 
an epic. 

5329
04:42:55,808 --> 04:42:59,400
Tragic, flourish. 
Even as a new Japan, eventually 

5330
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:02,500
dawned under different hands. 
The memory of the one who dared 

5331
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:06,500
to break every mold to scorn our
kick codes and to forcibly 

5332
04:43:06,500 --> 04:43:09,200
shape, the realm remains an 
endless source of contemplation 

5333
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:13,900
debate and creative inspiration.
Oda Nobunaga and the name that 

5334
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:17,300
centuries later remains 
intertwined with the Unstoppable

5335
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:21,300
drive to unify a Land once 
splintered by War overshadowed, 

5336
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:25,300
only by the final violent, twist
of fate, that gave rise to a 

5337
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:27,800
legend beyond the measure of 
success or failure. 

5338
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:44,100
the first voice came not with 
thunderous Clarity, but as a 

5339
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:48,200
whisper easily mistaken for Wind
Through the garden, I was 13 

5340
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:51,600
herbs behind my father. 
Jacques house in Tommy. 

5341
04:43:52,900 --> 04:43:55,000
Most people remember me? 
Describing the voice as 

5342
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:58,900
appearing with blinding light at
noon, but the truth differs it 

5343
04:43:58,900 --> 04:44:02,200
was actually dusk the owl when 
Shadows transform into something

5344
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:04,700
else entirely. 
Jahan. 

5345
04:44:05,300 --> 04:44:08,800
It said my name in the old 
tongue, it was familiar. 

5346
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:12,600
Not commanding nor frightening 
like someone who had known me 

5347
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:14,800
before. 
I knew myself, I dropped my 

5348
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:17,000
basket herb scattering across 
soil. 

5349
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:20,700
Still warm from the day's son. 
No one had prepared me for this 

5350
04:44:20,700 --> 04:44:22,800
moment. 
Even though our priest father, 

5351
04:44:22,800 --> 04:44:27,200
the Franti frequently spoke 
about Saints and visions, People

5352
04:44:27,200 --> 04:44:30,000
imagine I was overcome with 
religious Ecstasy, but my 

5353
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,300
initial reaction was irritation.
I had chores to finish before 

5354
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:35,300
dark. 
And mother would scold me for 

5355
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:37,500
dallying only, when the voice 
came again. 

5356
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:39,900
Three days later, while I 
attended our sheep, did I begin 

5357
04:44:39,900 --> 04:44:41,700
to understand. 
It was Michael, the Archangel 

5358
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:45,300
though he did not announce 
himself grandly he simply began 

5359
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:47,600
speaking as if he were 
continuing a long-established 

5360
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:52,300
conversation our village existed
in Perpetual anxiety, the 

5361
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:54,300
English and Beyonds raided 
regularly. 

5362
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:56,700
Forcing us to flee with our 
livestock to the nearby 

5363
04:44:56,700 --> 04:45:00,500
fortified island of My father 
served as a village. 

5364
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:03,600
Official Dean lake called him 
and I watched how the weight of 

5365
04:45:03,608 --> 04:45:06,900
protecting others bet his 
shoulders, when he returned from

5366
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:08,500
bearing, neighbors killed in 
raids. 

5367
04:45:10,000 --> 04:45:14,600
He'd sit silently by our half. 
Staring at nothing. 

5368
04:45:16,200 --> 04:45:19,000
This was the inheritance of 
every child in Lorraine. 

5369
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:21,900
The knowledge that safety was 
temporary violence. 

5370
04:45:21,900 --> 04:45:25,900
Inevitable. 
The voices Catherine and 

5371
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:28,800
Margaret joined, Michael. 
Eventually did not immediately 

5372
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:32,800
speak of saving France. 
He spoke of me how I must remain

5373
04:45:32,800 --> 04:45:34,700
pure, how I must listen 
carefully. 

5374
04:45:35,700 --> 04:45:39,500
People think I was a simple girl
but Simplicity was impossible in

5375
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:44,100
our border region where language
loyalty and custom blurred. 

5376
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:46,700
We spoke a dialect that was 
neither purely French. 

5377
04:45:46,700 --> 04:45:50,400
Nor German we pledged allegiance
to Lords whose names changed 

5378
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:53,500
with the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

5379
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:56,200
They told me once though I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

5380
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:59,100
and had never seen nobility safe
for occasional passing nights. 

5381
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:02,500
Howling quiet. 
My ignorance weighing heavily on

5382
04:46:02,500 --> 04:46:06,500
my mind, you will know was all 
they answered mother taught me 

5383
04:46:06,508 --> 04:46:09,200
to sow and spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

5384
04:46:09,200 --> 04:46:11,400
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

5385
04:46:12,200 --> 04:46:15,300
Father, taught me to manage off 
few acres and to recognize when 

5386
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:19,200
rain threatened the hay Harvest.
These mundane lessons proved as 

5387
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:21,300
crucial as anything the voices 
in parted. 

5388
04:46:22,100 --> 04:46:25,700
I hit the voices from everyone, 
especially my dear friend or 

5389
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:27,900
Viet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

5390
04:46:27,900 --> 04:46:30,900
church altar together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

5391
04:46:30,900 --> 04:46:32,400
waded. 
In the Meuse River during 

5392
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:35,600
Summer's heat. 
Normalcy became my disguise. 

5393
04:46:35,600 --> 04:46:38,000
When my mother, spoke of 
arranging a marriage with the 

5394
04:46:38,000 --> 04:46:41,300
son of a nearby farmer. 
I neither agreed nor objected 

5395
04:46:41,300 --> 04:46:44,400
though the voices had already 
commanded, my virginity be 

5396
04:46:44,400 --> 04:46:48,400
preserved I simply continued 
spinning wool, kneading bread 

5397
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:51,900
and appearing unchanged while 
something profound transformed. 

5398
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,400
Within me the summer, I turned 
16 English forces. 

5399
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:58,700
Pushed deeper into our region. 
I watched refugees stream 

5400
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:01,200
through. 
Domini women carrying whatever 

5401
04:47:01,200 --> 04:47:04,300
possessions they could save men 
with haunted eyes and children 

5402
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,200
to exhausted to cry. 
They brought stories of 

5403
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:10,600
villages, burned of harvest 
destroyed and of casual 

5404
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:13,700
cruelties inflicted by mercenary
soldiers, who fought for coin 

5405
04:47:13,700 --> 04:47:17,100
rather than cause One night 
while our family sheltered in 

5406
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:20,200
the church during a raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

5407
04:47:20,200 --> 04:47:23,600
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

5408
04:47:23,600 --> 04:47:27,200
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

5409
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:29,200
resolve that matched, the voice 
is growing urgency. 

5410
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:32,400
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

5411
04:47:32,400 --> 04:47:35,600
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

5412
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:38,900
kingdom crumbles. 
I'm a girl who cannot read. 

5413
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:41,200
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

5414
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,300
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

5415
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,200
I laughed aloud at this 
absurdity earning a questioning 

5416
04:47:48,200 --> 04:47:50,600
look from my brother Pierre as 
we gathered kindling in the 

5417
04:47:50,608 --> 04:47:54,800
forest. you were chosen before 
birth Margaret, added not for 

5418
04:47:54,800 --> 04:47:58,800
your knowledge, but for your 
heart, As winter approached 

5419
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:01,400
burgundy and soldiers burned 
part of our village. 

5420
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:04,100
I helped neighbors. 
Salvage what remained of their 

5421
04:48:04,108 --> 04:48:07,100
homes by digging through Ash for
cooking pots and for anything 

5422
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:09,900
usable. 
The voices, grew more insistent 

5423
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:13,000
speaking, not just in Quiet 
Moments, but during daily tasks 

5424
04:48:13,000 --> 04:48:15,500
during mass. 
And during rare moments of 

5425
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:20,000
Village celebration, Go to 
Learners, they commanded speak 

5426
04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:24,500
to Robert de Boudreaux, the name
the Garrison Commander, a Gruff 

5427
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:26,400
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 
fair. 

5428
04:48:26,400 --> 04:48:28,500
What? 
I didn't know was how a peasant 

5429
04:48:28,500 --> 04:48:31,400
girl might gain his audience, 
how I might convince him of the 

5430
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:34,100
Divine messages. 
Only, I could hear, but the 

5431
04:48:34,100 --> 04:48:35,400
voice is left, no room for 
doubt. 

5432
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:39,100
I would go, I would speak. 
I would begin this impossible 

5433
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:41,600
Journey. 
So, I planted my hair one. 

5434
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:43,200
Final time before. 
Cutting it away. 

5435
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:46,000
Trading, A daughter's life for 
something without precedent. 

5436
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:48,800
My cousin Johannes. 
Last swath thought I was insane.

5437
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:52,200
When I asked him to escort me to
Walker a practical man with 

5438
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:55,100
callous hands and a Perpetual. 
Pharaoh between his brows and 

5439
04:48:55,100 --> 04:48:58,200
nonetheless agreed perhaps out 
of curiosity about what a 

5440
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,200
transformed his once quite 
cousin into someone who spoke 

5441
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:04,600
with unnerving. 
Certainly Three times, you will 

5442
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:06,600
knock on the captain's door, 
Catherine told me. 

5443
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,200
Twice, he will refuse you. 
The third time. 

5444
04:49:10,200 --> 04:49:13,700
He will listen. 
During the January journey to 

5445
04:49:13,700 --> 04:49:17,200
vocular, my feet became numb 
from wearing worn, leather 

5446
04:49:17,200 --> 04:49:20,700
shoes, Frost glazed the bare 
trees, like, spun sugar, 

5447
04:49:20,708 --> 04:49:24,100
beautiful and bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

5448
04:49:24,100 --> 04:49:27,300
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage. 

5449
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:30,700
You're on filled silences with 
nervous chatter about his 

5450
04:49:30,700 --> 04:49:32,400
Vineyard, and about Village 
gossip. 

5451
04:49:32,400 --> 04:49:35,500
Carefully, avoiding questions 
about my purpose and we crested 

5452
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:38,600
the final Hill. 
What exactly will you say to 

5453
04:49:38,600 --> 04:49:40,900
him? 
He finally asked as vocalists 

5454
04:49:40,900 --> 04:49:44,200
stonewall's, came into view. 
The truth seemed both too simple

5455
04:49:44,200 --> 04:49:48,100
and to extraordinary Voices From
Heaven commanded me to seek an 

5456
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:50,500
audience with the Garrison 
Commander, so that I could 

5457
04:49:50,500 --> 04:49:53,100
eventually lead the doe fan to 
his coronation at Ryan's. 

5458
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,100
Instead I said only what God 
wishes me to say. 

5459
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:01,400
Boat records guard snickered at 
the sight of me a peasant, girl,

5460
04:50:01,400 --> 04:50:03,300
in a home. 
Spun dress requesting an 

5461
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:06,300
audience with their Commander, 
but something in my dimona made 

5462
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:08,100
them hesitate to Simply turn me 
away. 

5463
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:12,000
Perhaps it was the way I stood 
as if inhabited by something 

5464
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:14,800
larger than myself. 
They brought boat recorder to 

5465
04:50:14,800 --> 04:50:18,200
the Courtyard rather than 
admitting me to his quarters, a 

5466
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,300
public humiliation intended to 
discourage further persistence. 

5467
04:50:22,100 --> 04:50:25,100
The Heavenly Lord has a messages
concerning the welfare of 

5468
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:27,500
France. 
I announced borrowing formality.

5469
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:31,700
I'd never needed in Domini. 
Boudreaux bearded broad 

5470
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:35,500
shouldered perpetually armored 
even in peacetime laughed, not 

5471
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:37,800
cruelty. 
But with the weariness of a man 

5472
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:40,800
besieged by people claiming 
special knowledge and desperate 

5473
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:43,400
times. 
Return to your father child. 

5474
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:46,800
He said, learn to improve your 
thread, spinning skills and of 

5475
04:50:46,800 --> 04:50:50,500
telling stories. 
I did not argue the voices had 

5476
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:53,600
prepared me for rejection. 
Your own looked relieved as we 

5477
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:56,700
left believing the matter 
concluded, but I remained in 

5478
04:50:56,700 --> 04:51:00,100
vocalo, staying with distant 
relatives, the kindly wheel, 

5479
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:03,600
right Honore and his wife 
Catherine larae who took me in 

5480
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:05,500
despite their confusion about my
purpose. 

5481
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:08,400
Daily. 
I attended mass at the chapel of

5482
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:10,800
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 
floors. 

5483
04:51:10,800 --> 04:51:14,100
That bruised, my knees. 
Townspeople began noticing. 

5484
04:51:14,100 --> 04:51:16,600
The strange girl, who prayed 
with unusual intensity. 

5485
04:51:17,300 --> 04:51:20,300
Some mocked me others. 
Sensing something Beyond 

5486
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:23,700
ordinary Faith, began asking for
blessings, for prayers, specific

5487
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:26,900
to their troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

5488
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:29,200
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

5489
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:33,900
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

5490
04:51:33,900 --> 04:51:37,200
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through papery skin 

5491
04:51:37,200 --> 04:51:40,800
and prayed anyway. 
When the fever broke three days 

5492
04:51:40,800 --> 04:51:43,000
later. 
Whispers about me change tenor. 

5493
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:45,400
I was back at Beauregard's door 
six days. 

5494
04:51:45,408 --> 04:51:48,900
After my initial rejection, this
time, he received me properly in

5495
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:51,800
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

5496
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,700
town. 
He stood before his massive oak 

5497
04:51:54,700 --> 04:51:57,500
desk, my shadow small against 
the Stonewall behind me. 

5498
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:01,000
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

5499
04:52:01,008 --> 04:52:05,100
greeting, not claims truth. 
The steadiness in my voice 

5500
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:10,200
surprised even me. 
Today, nearly all are forces of 

5501
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:13,000
suffered defeat. 
Skirmish near a place called 

5502
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:16,600
Revere the Ambush targeted, men 
carrying Lenten, fish and 

5503
04:52:16,600 --> 04:52:20,000
Provisions for the besieged. 
You will receive confirmation of

5504
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:23,400
the situation in days. 
I had not known these words 

5505
04:52:23,400 --> 04:52:26,600
would come from my mouth until 
they emerged the voices had 

5506
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:29,200
whispered to the moments before 
and just to end his chamber. 

5507
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:32,900
Boudreau's expression changed 
from skepticism to guarded 

5508
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:36,700
caution. 
If the story proves true, he 

5509
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:39,400
began. 
When it proves true, I corrected

5510
04:52:39,400 --> 04:52:43,300
you will provide me an escort to
she know, He dismissed me 

5511
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:46,400
without commitment Messengers, 
confirmed the battle of the 

5512
04:52:46,400 --> 04:52:49,300
herrings four days later while 
my prediction was not 

5513
04:52:49,300 --> 04:52:52,900
particularly detailed its 
verification startled, Boudreaux

5514
04:52:52,900 --> 04:52:55,700
into taking me. 
Seriously, on my third visit, he

5515
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:59,100
listened fully I must dress as a
man explained. 

5516
04:52:59,100 --> 04:53:02,400
The journey is dangerous and I 
have been promised protection. 

5517
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:06,200
If I maintain my virtue, what I 
didn't say is that the voice is 

5518
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,600
sometimes revealed to me, 
glimpses of what awaited roads 

5519
04:53:09,600 --> 04:53:12,900
crawling with burgundy, patrols 
English archers and Forest, 

5520
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:15,200
Clearing and rivers swollen with
winter melt. 

5521
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,900
A woman traveling would face 
dangers, Beyond enemy soldiers. 

5522
04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:22,100
The voice is Promised safety, 
but required prudence. 

5523
04:53:22,800 --> 04:53:26,200
Boudreaux commission, Male 
clothing for me a dark, Woolen 

5524
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,300
tunic leggings and a boot that 
needed stuffing at the toes 

5525
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:31,900
border. 
Cut my hair even shorter 

5526
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:34,200
cropping. 
It close to my scalp when I 

5527
04:53:34,208 --> 04:53:36,000
dressed in these garments for 
the first time. 

5528
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:39,500
The La Jolla watched with 
troubled Fascination Henry 

5529
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:41,600
crossed himself, Catherine, 
white tears. 

5530
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:45,600
You look honestly, started 
unable to find appropriate 

5531
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:47,700
words. 
Like God's instrument. 

5532
04:53:47,700 --> 04:53:51,500
I finished for him though. 
I felt only like myself, simply 

5533
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:56,500
clad differently, Jeanette's and
bertrande pool of bow trees. 

5534
04:53:56,500 --> 04:54:00,800
Men volunteered to accompany me 
to Chinook Both later claimed 

5535
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:03,000
divine inspiration, moved them 
to offer an escort. 

5536
04:54:03,000 --> 04:54:05,400
But I saw more Earthly 
calculation in their eyes 

5537
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:08,400
curiosity about whether the 
strange girl might truly have 

5538
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:11,300
Heavenly favor whether their 
fortunes might Rise by 

5539
04:54:11,300 --> 04:54:14,900
proximity. 
The night before departure Bode 

5540
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:18,500
recore summoned, me once more, 
the chambers single candle cast,

5541
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:20,200
dramatic Shadows across his 
face. 

5542
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:24,000
Deepening already severe 
features. if you are deceiving 

5543
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:27,700
us, if you lead my men into 
danger through false prophecy, 

5544
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:29,800
he let the threat hang on 
finished. 

5545
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:33,900
I move only as directed, I 
answered your men safety as 

5546
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:37,500
precious to heaven. 
He handed me a sword, then not 

5547
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:40,400
ceremoniously, but with a 
practicality that acknowledge 

5548
04:54:40,400 --> 04:54:42,900
the dangers ahead. 
Can you use this? 

5549
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:46,300
I had never held a sword before 
its weight. 

5550
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:48,700
Surprised me, the cool against 
my palm. 

5551
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,900
I will not need to I said, 
others will fight. 

5552
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:57,800
I carry the standard. 
This answer so specific yet, so 

5553
04:54:57,800 --> 04:55:01,900
odd seemed to finally convinced 
him, he nodded once, reclaim the

5554
04:55:01,908 --> 04:55:05,200
sword and uttered words that 
would become famous, despite 

5555
04:55:05,200 --> 04:55:07,900
their lack of theatrical Flair 
in their actual delivery. 

5556
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:12,900
Go then and let come what comes?
The following morning, February 

5557
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:17,800
23rd, a departed vocular, with 
my small escort, townspeople 

5558
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,700
gathered to watch some, touching
my garments as if I were already

5559
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:23,700
a saint a woman pressed a rosary
into my hand. 

5560
04:55:23,700 --> 04:55:27,800
A blacksmith crossed himself. 
As I passed, I did not look back

5561
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:30,800
at the town's gate, even though 
homesickness was already pulling

5562
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:34,800
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for
a Simplicity that I had now 

5563
04:55:34,800 --> 04:55:38,600
irrevocably lost. 
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 

5564
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:41,800
travel through enemy territory 
and beyond that challenges. 

5565
04:55:41,800 --> 04:55:45,400
I could scarcely imagine but 
Michael's voice accompanied me 

5566
04:55:45,400 --> 04:55:49,500
Steady as my heartbeat. 
France is Liberation begins with

5567
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:52,500
each step. 
You take the journey to Shin on 

5568
04:55:52,500 --> 04:55:54,300
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

5569
04:55:54,300 --> 04:55:57,900
We traveled mainly at night 
avoiding main roads, where 

5570
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:00,600
English and Beyond Patrol 
sought, travelers to Robble, 

5571
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:04,000
Ransom during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

5572
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:07,600
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Jeanette Mets and pulan G. 

5573
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:10,800
Initially insisted, I sleep 
separate from them to protect my

5574
04:56:10,800 --> 04:56:14,300
virtue but practicality soon, 
dissolved such courtesies. 

5575
04:56:14,300 --> 04:56:18,400
We huddled together for warmth. 
In February's biting cold, my 

5576
04:56:18,400 --> 04:56:21,200
male attire and their honor 
providing sufficient barriers. 

5577
04:56:22,000 --> 04:56:24,900
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

5578
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:28,000
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

5579
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:31,000
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

5580
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:34,900
should have intercepted us. 
The wind shifted pool and you 

5581
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:37,400
remarked not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

5582
04:56:37,408 --> 04:56:41,800
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

5583
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:44,000
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

5584
04:56:44,000 --> 04:56:47,900
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

5585
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:50,900
Ford. 
My escorts exchanged meaningful 

5586
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:54,100
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

5587
04:56:54,100 --> 04:56:56,100
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

5588
04:56:57,100 --> 04:56:59,600
Will you truly recognize the 
doffo Jean asked? 

5589
04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:02,200
One evening as we warmed. 
Our hands over a small 

5590
04:57:02,200 --> 04:57:05,800
carefully, shielded fire They 
say he often hides among his 

5591
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:09,700
courtiers to test visitors. 
God will identify his anointed. 

5592
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:12,800
I answered a private. 
I wondered how this recognition 

5593
04:57:12,800 --> 04:57:15,400
would manifest. 
The voices remained 

5594
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:17,700
frustratingly. 
Vague on practical details. 

5595
04:57:18,600 --> 04:57:22,100
We reached Shin on March 6th, 
but two more days passed before 

5596
04:57:22,100 --> 04:57:25,200
gaining entrance to the castle. 
We lodged in the town below 

5597
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,200
where I endured the first of 
many examinations by Church 

5598
04:57:28,200 --> 04:57:31,100
officials balls and sent to 
determine whether my claims were

5599
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:34,800
divine inspiration, demonic 
influence, or simple Madness. 

5600
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:37,300
How can we know God speaks 
through. 

5601
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:39,600
You demanded. 
An elderly priest, with 

5602
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:42,700
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 
sour from fasting. 

5603
04:57:43,700 --> 04:57:45,500
By the signs that follow. 
I replied. 

5604
04:57:45,500 --> 04:57:47,300
Remembering Catherine's 
coaching. 

5605
04:57:48,000 --> 04:57:51,100
God does not ask for Blind 
Faith, but provides confirmation

5606
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:54,500
for those who truly seek. 
What signs of you performed? 

5607
04:57:54,500 --> 04:57:57,100
None, yet signs. 
Are not tricks. 

5608
04:57:57,100 --> 04:57:58,700
Of The Conjurer performed on 
demand. 

5609
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:02,700
They unfold as needed. 
He seemed satisfied with this 

5610
04:58:02,700 --> 04:58:05,600
answer, which surprised me. 
Later. 

5611
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:09,100
I learned he reported favorably 
on my Orthodoxy noting I 

5612
04:58:09,100 --> 04:58:12,600
answered questions about faith 
with simple Clarity rather than 

5613
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:14,800
elaborate theological 
constructions, that might 

5614
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:19,000
suggest educated heretical 
influences when I eventually 

5615
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,200
gained entry to the castle I 
face to plan challenge. 

5616
04:58:23,200 --> 04:58:26,000
Charles not yet crowned and 
increasingly doubtful of his 

5617
04:58:26,000 --> 04:58:28,500
legitimacy. 
Had a range for another man to 

5618
04:58:28,500 --> 04:58:31,800
sit on the throne while he stood
among dozens of richly dressed 

5619
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:33,900
courtiers. 
The Great Hall. 

5620
04:58:33,900 --> 04:58:37,600
Blazed, with hundreds of 
candles, they're like reflecting

5621
04:58:37,600 --> 04:58:40,400
off Jewels fingers and Golden 
Threads woven through Noble 

5622
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:42,800
garments. 
The assembled Court, watched 

5623
04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:46,300
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

5624
04:58:46,300 --> 04:58:49,400
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

5625
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:53,100
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment, my confidence 

5626
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:56,500
wavered, these were people whose
everyday garments cost more than

5627
04:58:56,508 --> 04:59:00,000
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance brought me here. 

5628
04:59:00,700 --> 04:59:03,900
Then Margaret whispered not in 
my ear but directly within my 

5629
04:59:03,908 --> 04:59:06,800
mind. 
Remember your purpose, you are 

5630
04:59:06,800 --> 04:59:09,200
not sent to be dazzled by 
Earthly riches. 

5631
04:59:10,300 --> 04:59:12,900
Without hesitation, I walked 
directly through the crowd 

5632
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:15,500
toward a plainly Dressed Man 
Standing among the courtiers 

5633
04:59:15,500 --> 04:59:18,400
kneeling before him. 
I said what the voice is 

5634
04:59:18,400 --> 04:59:21,400
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory 

5635
04:59:21,400 --> 04:59:24,900
gentle dofar. 
Charles's face registered shock 

5636
04:59:24,900 --> 04:59:27,400
quickly, controlled I am not the
king. 

5637
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:30,000
He protested. 
Maintaining the charade. 

5638
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:34,700
I did not call you King. 
I answered, you are the dofa but

5639
04:59:34,700 --> 04:59:37,900
you will be king when properly 
consecrated at Raya as his God's

5640
04:59:37,900 --> 04:59:42,800
will. the court mermaid, Charles
gestured for seclusion, guiding 

5641
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:46,200
me to a window ledge where we 
could Converse discreetly If you

5642
04:59:46,200 --> 04:59:49,900
truly come from God, he said, 
quietly tell me something, only 

5643
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:53,600
Divine knowledge could reveal. 
Her repeated words, Michael had 

5644
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,900
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

5645
04:59:56,900 --> 04:59:59,200
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

5646
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,000
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning, whether 

5647
05:00:02,000 --> 05:00:05,000
your mother's reputation, spoke 
truth, about your birth, God 

5648
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:07,500
answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

5649
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:11,400
to France, your suffering is 
seen your doubts, are understood

5650
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,100
that you must clay. 
What heaven has preserved for 

5651
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:18,400
you. 
Charles paled visibly he later 

5652
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:20,600
confirmed that he had prayed 
this prayer in solitude. 

5653
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:23,700
That I knew its contents 
convinced him when nothing else 

5654
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:26,400
might have. 
Yet, despite this private 

5655
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,300
conviction, Charles remained 
publicly cautious. 

5656
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:33,000
I was subjected to further 
examinations including three 

5657
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:35,800
weeks of questioning by 
theologians at poitiers who 

5658
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:38,400
probed for heretical beliefs or 
signs of demonic influence. 

5659
05:00:39,600 --> 05:00:42,700
They examined, my body, for 
which is marks, questioned, by 

5660
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:45,800
insistence on mayor attire and 
tested my knowledge of Christian

5661
05:00:45,800 --> 05:00:49,100
doctrine, what history really 
records, is the humiliation of 

5662
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:51,500
these examinations and the 
indignity of learning men, 

5663
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:55,500
debating, whether my virginity 
indicated Divine protection will

5664
05:00:55,500 --> 05:00:58,900
simply lack of opportunity. 
As well as whether my voice is 

5665
05:00:58,900 --> 05:01:02,800
were Angels or clever demons, 
One elderly, Theologian 

5666
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:04,600
suggested. 
I might simply suffer from 

5667
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:06,900
female hysteria due to my 
unmarried state. 

5668
05:01:07,800 --> 05:01:11,600
Perhaps a replied evenly. 
Does hysteria typically predict 

5669
05:01:11,600 --> 05:01:14,600
military outcomes or recognized 
King's? 

5670
05:01:15,400 --> 05:01:17,600
During these weeks of 
examination, I grew increasingly

5671
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:22,000
frustrated by delays Allie on 
remained under seeds situation. 

5672
05:01:22,000 --> 05:01:24,700
Deteriorating, the voices became
more urgent. 

5673
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:28,100
Sometimes waking me from sleep 
with commands to move quickly. 

5674
05:01:29,000 --> 05:01:32,600
Time, Slips Away, Michael 
warned, France's heart weakens 

5675
05:01:32,600 --> 05:01:34,100
with each passengers passing 
day. 

5676
05:01:34,100 --> 05:01:37,900
I petition Charles repeatedly 
for Action, facing resistance 

5677
05:01:37,900 --> 05:01:41,000
from his advisor. 
Jorge de La Creme who viewed me 

5678
05:01:41,000 --> 05:01:44,600
as a threat to his influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

5679
05:01:44,600 --> 05:01:47,500
He told Charles within my 
hearing yet, prophecies are 

5680
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,400
cheap while soldiers lives a 
dire prophecies. 

5681
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:53,700
May be cheap, I counter it. 
But the price of ignorance is 

5682
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:56,700
the fall of your kingdom. 
Charles wavered between 

5683
05:01:56,708 --> 05:01:59,500
believing my Divine mandate and 
fearing the consequences of 

5684
05:01:59,500 --> 05:02:03,200
following an unproven visionary.
What finally convinced him was 

5685
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:07,100
pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had failed. 

5686
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:10,300
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

5687
05:02:10,300 --> 05:02:12,800
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

5688
05:02:12,800 --> 05:02:14,900
allowing me to attempt, lifting 
The Siege at all. 

5689
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:17,300
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

5690
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:18,900
compared to the Daily losses 
already. 

5691
05:02:18,900 --> 05:02:22,000
Incurred. 
If I succeeded, the reward was 

5692
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:25,400
in calculus. 
In late, April after nearly 

5693
05:02:25,400 --> 05:02:27,200
seven weeks of delay in 
examination. 

5694
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:29,200
Charles, finally granted me my 
mission. 

5695
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:33,300
I was provided armor made to my 
measurements lightweight plate, 

5696
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:35,500
that nonetheless felt foreign 
against my body. 

5697
05:02:36,200 --> 05:02:39,600
The sword giving to me, was 
served of ordinary, not the 

5698
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:41,800
special blade. 
I described seeing in my vision.

5699
05:02:42,800 --> 05:02:46,500
There is a sword Meant For Me, 
Explain to Charles buried behind

5700
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:49,900
the altar, at Saint, Catherine, 
de Fierro Boise, it Bears. 

5701
05:02:49,900 --> 05:02:52,200
Five crosses on its blade and 
has lame there since Charles 

5702
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:55,500
martel's time. 
Charles still testing the limits

5703
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:56,400
of My Strange. 
Knowledge. 

5704
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,400
Sent men to investigate this 
oddly specific claim. 

5705
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,700
They indeed found an ancient 
sword buried exactly where 

5706
05:03:02,700 --> 05:03:07,000
described its existence unknown 
to the local priests, this sword

5707
05:03:07,000 --> 05:03:09,100
became my physical token of 
divine sanction. 

5708
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:12,700
However, I primarily carried a 
standard in stead of wielding 

5709
05:03:12,700 --> 05:03:16,000
weapons. 
The standard was my design, a 

5710
05:03:16,000 --> 05:03:18,600
White Field adorned with fleur 
de lis bearing. 

5711
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:21,900
The name's Jesus Maria and 
depicting, God, holding the 

5712
05:03:21,900 --> 05:03:25,800
world with angels at his side. 
This banana would proceed me 

5713
05:03:25,800 --> 05:03:28,400
into battle of visible. 
Reminder that are caused 

5714
05:03:28,400 --> 05:03:31,800
Heavenly blessing. 
Before departing on. 

5715
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:35,000
I dictated a letter to the 
English commanders surrounding 

5716
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:37,100
Orleans. 
Warning them to depart from 

5717
05:03:37,100 --> 05:03:39,800
France or face. 
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 

5718
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:42,300
Who recorded my words kept 
glancing up in disbelief as 

5719
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,400
increasingly forceful language 
flowed from The Peasant, girl 

5720
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:48,200
before him. 
Surrender to the maid sent by 

5721
05:03:48,200 --> 05:03:51,100
God, the king of Heaven. 
You will not hold the kingdom of

5722
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:53,700
France from God, the king of 
heaven, son of sink, Maori. 

5723
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:58,000
King Charles the true heir. 
Will hold it for God wills it. 

5724
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:02,300
When read aloud afterward, the 
word sounded strange to my ears,

5725
05:04:02,300 --> 05:04:05,500
both mine and not mine, carrying
an authority. 

5726
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,700
I'd never possessed in domini, 
the courtiers exchanged, 

5727
05:04:08,700 --> 05:04:11,900
troubled glances, and certain, 
whether they witnessed inspired 

5728
05:04:11,900 --> 05:04:15,700
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 
However, Charles had chosen to 

5729
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:19,100
support my journey, Charles had 
gathered equipment and assembled

5730
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:21,000
troops. 
The Impossible campaign was 

5731
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:24,000
about to begin. 
On the evening before our 

5732
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:26,500
departure for all, I stood alone
on the castle. 

5733
05:04:26,500 --> 05:04:31,200
Ramparts watching spring Stars 
emerge. home sickness washed 

5734
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:35,000
over me unexpectedly, not for my
Village specifically, but for 

5735
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:38,200
anonymity for the piece of 
tending sheep on quiet Hillside 

5736
05:04:39,400 --> 05:04:42,300
Having doubts, Catherine asked 
her voice gentle within my mind.

5737
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:47,000
No doubts I answered silently. 
Simply a conscious understanding

5738
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:51,000
of what you can't take back. 
A path Narrows before you. 

5739
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:55,100
Shingled remember why you were 
chosen not for skill with sword 

5740
05:04:55,100 --> 05:04:58,400
or strategy, but for perfect 
faith in God's plan. 

5741
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:01,600
I nodded though. 
No human eyes witness this 

5742
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,300
private exchange. 
Perfect faith. 

5743
05:05:05,100 --> 05:05:09,200
It was not blindness to danger 
or an absence of fear, but a 

5744
05:05:09,200 --> 05:05:13,100
willingness to proceed despite 
both With that understanding, I 

5745
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:14,900
descended to prepare for 
departure. 

5746
05:05:14,900 --> 05:05:18,500
Ready to transform from examined
curiosity to Battlefield. 

5747
05:05:18,500 --> 05:05:22,100
Commander we departed tours on 
April 27th, with supplies and 

5748
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:23,800
reinforcements for the besieged 
city. 

5749
05:05:23,800 --> 05:05:26,900
But conflict emerged immediately
between military commanders and 

5750
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:29,200
me. 
A teenage girl claiming Divine 

5751
05:05:29,200 --> 05:05:32,200
guidance. 
The Army's veteran captains, 

5752
05:05:32,200 --> 05:05:36,400
genre, lahir and Etienne de Vil.
Regarded me with open 

5753
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:38,700
skepticism. 
They had weathered years of 

5754
05:05:38,700 --> 05:05:42,300
defeats and developed cautious. 
Strategies avoid confrontation 

5755
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:46,000
preserve remaining forces and 
accept that all Leon would 

5756
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:48,000
eventually fall like other 
strongholds before it. 

5757
05:05:48,900 --> 05:05:51,000
God did not send me to follow 
cautious men. 

5758
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:53,200
I informed them during our first
Council. 

5759
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:56,800
On will not fall. 
We will not merely deliver 

5760
05:05:56,800 --> 05:05:58,700
supplies. 
We will break The Siege 

5761
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:01,100
entirely. 
La here. 

5762
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:04,700
And notorious Soldier known for 
Creative profanity. 

5763
05:06:04,700 --> 05:06:09,400
Stared at me in disbelief. 
With what divine wind to blow 

5764
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:12,200
the English away. 
They outnumber us, they have 

5765
05:06:12,208 --> 05:06:15,200
secured their positions. 
They outnumbered David against 

5766
05:06:15,200 --> 05:06:17,900
Goliath. 
I replied numbers mean nothing 

5767
05:06:17,900 --> 05:06:22,100
against God's will. 
These exchanges established our 

5768
05:06:22,100 --> 05:06:24,600
working relationship. 
They planned according to 

5769
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:27,600
military experience and I 
insisted on more aggressive 

5770
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,100
action than conventional wisdom,
suggested was prudent. 

5771
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:33,800
The compromised that emerged 
involved approaching Ally for an

5772
05:06:33,800 --> 05:06:36,700
unexpected Direction. 
Crossing the Loire, rather than 

5773
05:06:36,700 --> 05:06:39,000
confronting the stronger English
positions directly. 

5774
05:06:40,200 --> 05:06:42,700
This decision portrayed in 
Chronicles as my strategic 

5775
05:06:42,700 --> 05:06:46,000
Brilliance actually resulted 
from practical necessity 

5776
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:49,700
combined with fortunate timing. 
Spring rains had made the river 

5777
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:52,600
higher than usual, limiting 
Crossing points, but also 

5778
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:54,600
focusing English defensive 
positions. 

5779
05:06:55,400 --> 05:06:59,100
My inspiration to approach from 
the East, simply utilized 

5780
05:06:59,100 --> 05:07:02,500
terrain the English a deemed too
difficult to defend heavily. 

5781
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,000
We reached the Louis. 
Southern Bank on April 29th, 

5782
05:07:06,000 --> 05:07:08,800
where I dictated another letter 
to the English commanders. 

5783
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:11,900
This one delivered by Harold 
directly to their lines. 

5784
05:07:12,700 --> 05:07:15,300
You men of England who have no 
right in this Kingdom of France,

5785
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:17,900
go away into your country, in 
God's name. 

5786
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:22,100
And if you do not do this, wait 
Tidings, from the maid, who will

5787
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:24,700
come to see you shortly to your 
very great injury. 

5788
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:27,500
The English soldiers who heard 
this message? 

5789
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:31,200
Reportedly laughed asking if the
French had grown so desperate, 

5790
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:33,800
they now sent girls to fight 
their battles. 

5791
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,500
William, Glasgow their Commander
sent back a message, threatening

5792
05:07:37,500 --> 05:07:39,700
to burn me as a witch, and hang 
those who followed me as 

5793
05:07:39,700 --> 05:07:42,100
Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

5794
05:07:42,100 --> 05:07:45,600
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

5795
05:07:45,600 --> 05:07:48,400
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

5796
05:07:48,400 --> 05:07:51,500
confidence. 
That night, I prayed longer than

5797
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:55,600
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices, would grown somewhat 

5798
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:57,400
quietus and my departure from 
sheol. 

5799
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:01,000
The English threatened fire. 
I whispered to the darkness of 

5800
05:08:01,000 --> 05:08:03,300
my tent. 
All human flesh. 

5801
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:06,100
Fears Flames Margaret answered 
compassionately. 

5802
05:08:06,100 --> 05:08:10,400
But remember, the true fire is 
God's purpose burning through. 

5803
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:13,600
You it consumes doubt and 
illuminates the path. 

5804
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:18,100
On April 30th, we successfully 
transported supplies into all 

5805
05:08:18,100 --> 05:08:21,500
Leon via river barges bringing 
desperately needed Provisions to

5806
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:24,600
the city's Defenders. 
I entered that evening during a 

5807
05:08:24,600 --> 05:08:28,000
rainstorm soaked and physically 
exhausted, but filled with 

5808
05:08:28,000 --> 05:08:31,700
strange exhilaration citizens 
line, the narrow streets, 

5809
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:35,600
despite the weather, reaching to
touch my armor or standard as if

5810
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,900
I carry a tangible blessing. 
Jack Bouchee, the city treasurer

5811
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,600
offered his home for my lodging.
His daughter, Charlotte closest 

5812
05:08:43,600 --> 05:08:47,100
to my age among the household 
helped remove my armor that the 

5813
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:50,400
first evening. 
She gosht sing bruises, already 

5814
05:08:50,400 --> 05:08:53,100
forming Where Metal and pressed 
against my skin during the long 

5815
05:08:53,100 --> 05:08:55,500
ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

5816
05:08:55,500 --> 05:08:58,600
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

5817
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:01,600
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered. 

5818
05:09:02,400 --> 05:09:04,200
The truth was. 
I barely noticed physical 

5819
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:06,700
discomfort. 
My focus had narrowed to a 

5820
05:09:06,708 --> 05:09:09,700
single purpose for filling. 
What the voice is promised. 

5821
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:12,800
The following day is brought 
increasing frustration. 

5822
05:09:13,900 --> 05:09:18,300
Military commanders insisted on 
gradual approaches small gains 

5823
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:19,800
and careful conservation of 
resources. 

5824
05:09:19,800 --> 05:09:24,500
I demanded immediate decisive 
action against key English 

5825
05:09:24,500 --> 05:09:27,300
fortifications. 
Each workouts will became a 

5826
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,800
battle itself, me against 
experienced soldiers, who saw my

5827
05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:35,700
urgency as naivete On May 4th 
while commanders deliberated 

5828
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:38,100
yet. 
Another cautious plan, I napped 

5829
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:41,400
briefly in the chamber within 
dream-like moments, Michael 

5830
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:45,100
appeared, with unusual Clarity. 
They attacked the Eastern Gate, 

5831
05:09:45,100 --> 05:09:50,600
he stated without Preamble now. 
I woke instantly calling from my

5832
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:53,600
Squire to help with our armor. 
Charlotte who had been mending 

5833
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:56,800
nearby looked startled. 
At my sudden urgency what 

5834
05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:59,600
happens. 
She asked Eastern Gate. 

5835
05:09:59,600 --> 05:10:02,600
Was all, I managed while 
struggling through my padded 

5836
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:05,300
undergarment fighting has begun 
In Deed. 

5837
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:08,200
While commanders planned English
forces, had launched a surprise 

5838
05:10:08,200 --> 05:10:11,000
assault against South Loop, one 
of the Cities Eastern 

5839
05:10:11,000 --> 05:10:14,600
fortifications, By the time I 
reached the area French 

5840
05:10:14,600 --> 05:10:17,900
Defenders were already 
retreating and disarray. without

5841
05:10:17,900 --> 05:10:20,400
waiting for formal orders, I 
wrote directly toward the 

5842
05:10:20,400 --> 05:10:23,600
conflict with the standardized 
High Soldiers. 

5843
05:10:23,600 --> 05:10:26,400
Later described the events as 
miraculous noting, how 

5844
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:29,800
retreating men turned back upon 
seeing me and how their broken 

5845
05:10:29,808 --> 05:10:32,300
courage transformed into a 
determined Advance. 

5846
05:10:32,300 --> 05:10:35,800
The reality was less mystical, 
but no, less effective. 

5847
05:10:36,800 --> 05:10:39,800
In the confusion of battle, a 
symbolic focal point. 

5848
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:43,700
Distinctive figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakable Banner, 

5849
05:10:43,700 --> 05:10:46,600
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

5850
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:50,000
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

5851
05:10:50,000 --> 05:10:52,600
I called my voice carrying 
surprisingly. 

5852
05:10:52,600 --> 05:10:56,500
Well, across the din of combat 
forward, God has delivered them 

5853
05:10:56,500 --> 05:11:01,300
into our hands. 
The battle turned by evening. 

5854
05:11:01,300 --> 05:11:04,900
Saint Louis had fallen to our 
forces this Victory while modest

5855
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:07,900
and strategic terms. 
Transformed perceptions 

5856
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:11,200
soldiers, who had doubted began 
viewing me with superstitious 

5857
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:12,700
ore? 
Commanders. 

5858
05:11:12,700 --> 05:11:15,000
Who had dismissed my counts or 
became more willing to listen 

5859
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:17,800
yet challenges to Authority 
continued. 

5860
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:21,700
On May the 5th June Noir, 
attempted to exclude me from 

5861
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:24,000
counsel's planning operations, 
without my knowledge. 

5862
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:26,800
Upon discovering this, I 
confronted him directly. 

5863
05:11:27,600 --> 05:11:30,500
Do you believe you can conceal 
God's battle from his messenger?

5864
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:33,000
I demanded interrupting their 
clothes meeting. 

5865
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:36,500
Why do you plot in Shadows When 
Heaven watches were regardless 

5866
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:40,000
do, you are intelligent 
politically astute recognized 

5867
05:11:40,000 --> 05:11:43,400
the changing mood among troops. 
We sought only to spare you, the

5868
05:11:43,400 --> 05:11:47,200
technical details, your 
diplomatically Spare me nothing.

5869
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:51,100
I counted, I was not sent to be 
spared, but to lead. 

5870
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:54,900
The following day, The Assault 
on Saint, John LeBlanc and the 

5871
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:58,300
Augustana Fortress took place. 
This incident was one of the key

5872
05:11:58,300 --> 05:12:00,700
events that solidified my 
reputation among common 

5873
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:03,300
soldiers. 
English Defenders had positioned

5874
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:04,800
archers to cover the main 
approach. 

5875
05:12:05,700 --> 05:12:08,300
As our forces hesitated under 
the deadly reign of arrows. 

5876
05:12:08,300 --> 05:12:11,300
I rode forward alone. 
Standards Held High. 

5877
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:14,500
An arrow struck. 
Her armor Witnesses later, 

5878
05:12:14,500 --> 05:12:16,700
reported. 
Yet she continued as if 

5879
05:12:16,700 --> 05:12:19,700
untouched. 
In truth, the arrow glanced off 

5880
05:12:19,700 --> 05:12:21,900
my shoulder plate, bruising but 
not penetrating. 

5881
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:25,100
More significant than this, 
minor miracle. 

5882
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:27,800
The psychological effect of my 
advanced. 

5883
05:12:28,800 --> 05:12:32,000
Soldiers, Shame by a girl's 
courage, surged forward, the 

5884
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:35,900
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought to decisive 

5885
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:38,600
assault against lateral, the 
main Fortress controlling, 

5886
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:42,200
alleles River Crossing. 
Here, my Legend and reality most

5887
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,500
dramatically intercept, 
historical accounts described 

5888
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:47,000
me, taking an arrow to the 
shoulder. 

5889
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:49,600
Having predicted this injury the
previous day. 

5890
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,600
The wound was real. 
An English Longbow Arrow. 

5891
05:12:52,600 --> 05:12:55,900
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

5892
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:59,800
had been more General Blood will
be drawn tomorrow but not all of

5893
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:00,300
it. 
French. 

5894
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:03,200
The pain nearly caused 
unconsciousness. 

5895
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:06,700
I was pulled from Battle briefly
while the arrow was removed, not

5896
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:10,100
ceremoniously as depicted in 
romantic paintings but with 

5897
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:13,700
brutal efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

5898
05:13:13,700 --> 05:13:17,400
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded And poured 

5899
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:19,800
boiling oil into the wound to 
cauterize, the bleeding pain 

5900
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:21,400
that exceeded the original 
injury. 

5901
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:24,000
Wine. 
I gasped afterward. 

5902
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:28,400
Just a little. 
Instead of wine, it gave me 

5903
05:13:28,408 --> 05:13:31,900
consecrated bread communion 
without formal ceremony 

5904
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,900
Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

5905
05:13:35,908 --> 05:13:38,600
could stand again though using 
my right arm remained 

5906
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:40,700
impossible. 
Military commanders. 

5907
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:43,000
Seeing my condition, ordered a 
retreat for the day. 

5908
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:44,900
The assault would resume 
tomorrow. 

5909
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:46,800
They decided without consulting 
me. 

5910
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:50,100
I heard this decision while 
having my wound bandaged. 

5911
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:54,600
Know I counted struggling back 
in to partial armor despite 

5912
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:58,200
Charlotte's protests, we 
finished today, English resolved

5913
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:01,200
wyndalls with each passing hour 
returning to battle with the 

5914
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:02,800
wound. 
Still fresh became the defining 

5915
05:14:02,800 --> 05:14:05,900
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 
the injured made refusing 

5916
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:08,300
Retreat standard transferred to 
my left hand. 

5917
05:14:08,300 --> 05:14:11,600
While my right arm useless 
rallying troops for the final 

5918
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:15,200
push as daylight began fading 
What's rarely recorded is how 

5919
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:18,500
fever already began clouding. 
My thoughts, how each movement 

5920
05:14:18,500 --> 05:14:21,400
sent waves of nausea through me 
and how the voices seemed to 

5921
05:14:21,408 --> 05:14:24,900
speak from an increasingly 
enormous distance yet? 

5922
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:28,100
Purpose carried me forward, when
physical strengths should have 

5923
05:14:28,100 --> 05:14:30,200
failed. 
The English Commander glass, 

5924
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,700
Dale, who had promised to burn 
me as a witch died during this 

5925
05:14:33,700 --> 05:14:35,700
final assault. 
When a makeshift Bridge 

5926
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:39,600
collapsed beneath him, he 
drowned in the Loire way down by

5927
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,600
the very armored meant to 
protect him soldiers, on both 

5928
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,600
sides viewed, his death as 
Divine judgment, superstitious 

5929
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:48,500
fear spreading through 
remaining, English forces by 

5930
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:52,800
Nightfall, lateral had fallen, 
The Siege that had strangled, 

5931
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:55,300
all the offer seven months 
broken, just four days of 

5932
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:58,500
concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

5933
05:14:58,500 --> 05:15:01,300
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

5934
05:15:01,300 --> 05:15:04,300
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

5935
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:08,000
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

5936
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:12,300
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expectedly the 

5937
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:16,000
starvation or Master instead 
found themselves liberated, they

5938
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:18,900
credited the maid The Peasant 
girl from domini who had 

5939
05:15:18,908 --> 05:15:21,900
promised to deliverance and 
against all rational expectation

5940
05:15:21,900 --> 05:15:25,500
delivered it. 
That night fevered and weak from

5941
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:28,500
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

5942
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,100
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

5943
05:15:31,100 --> 05:15:34,200
through me, Well, I had my 
presence, simply catalyzed human

5944
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:37,500
courage that already existed 
waiting only for symbol and 

5945
05:15:37,500 --> 05:15:41,800
purpose to crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

5946
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:43,700
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

5947
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:48,200
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

5948
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:51,700
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling the lepus

5949
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:54,500
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

5950
05:15:54,500 --> 05:15:55,700
that would follow me through 
history. 

5951
05:15:56,600 --> 05:16:00,900
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching 

5952
05:16:00,900 --> 05:16:04,600
feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

5953
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:06,800
commands might require by 
Nightfall. 

5954
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:11,800
Lateral had fallen The Siege 
that had strangled all for seven

5955
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:14,100
months broken, just four days of
concerted action. 

5956
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,000
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

5957
05:16:18,000 --> 05:16:20,400
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

5958
05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:23,200
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

5959
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:28,100
Allele erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

5960
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:31,500
citizens who had expected either
the starvation or Mastercard, 

5961
05:16:31,500 --> 05:16:34,500
instead found themselves 
liberated, they credited the 

5962
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:37,300
maid The Peasant girl from 
Dahmer me who had promised 

5963
05:16:37,300 --> 05:16:40,200
deliverance and against all 
rational expectation delivered 

5964
05:16:40,200 --> 05:16:43,400
it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

5965
05:16:43,400 --> 05:16:46,400
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

5966
05:16:46,400 --> 05:16:49,000
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

5967
05:16:49,000 --> 05:16:52,500
through me had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

5968
05:16:52,500 --> 05:16:55,700
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

5969
05:16:55,700 --> 05:16:59,700
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

5970
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:01,600
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

5971
05:17:02,500 --> 05:17:06,100
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

5972
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:09,700
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling me lepus 

5973
05:17:09,700 --> 05:17:12,400
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

5974
05:17:12,400 --> 05:17:13,600
that would follow me through 
history. 

5975
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:18,800
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching. 

5976
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:22,500
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

5977
05:17:22,500 --> 05:17:25,000
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

5978
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:28,800
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

5979
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:32,300
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

5980
05:17:32,300 --> 05:17:34,300
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

5981
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:38,600
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices, commands traveling 

5982
05:17:38,600 --> 05:17:41,000
with thousands of soldiers. 
While identifiably female 

5983
05:17:41,000 --> 05:17:44,600
invited dangers, obvious to any 
woman Divine protection, not 

5984
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:48,400
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

5985
05:17:48,400 --> 05:17:51,200
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

5986
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:53,400
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

5987
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:58,000
We reached ways on July 16th. 
The city, welcome Charles 

5988
05:17:58,000 --> 05:18:01,600
without resistance its citizens,
lining streets to witness, what 

5989
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:03,400
many had thought impossible 
months early. 

5990
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:07,000
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 
that same day urging 

5991
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,100
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

5992
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:12,100
piece that will last with the 
rightful King. 

5993
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:15,000
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

5994
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:18,300
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

5995
05:18:18,300 --> 05:18:21,000
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July,

5996
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:23,200
the 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

5997
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:27,100
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

5998
05:18:27,100 --> 05:18:29,200
King. 
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.

5999
05:18:30,300 --> 05:18:33,800
Reality contained more nuanced. 
I indeed stood near the altar 

6000
05:18:33,800 --> 05:18:36,500
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

6001
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:39,700
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

6002
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,500
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary Mission. 

6003
05:18:42,500 --> 05:18:45,600
The voices had given me. 
Charles knelt before the 

6004
05:18:45,600 --> 05:18:48,600
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

6005
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:51,300
and Rose as King. 
Charles the seventh, his 

6006
05:18:51,300 --> 05:18:53,100
legitimacy, no longer 
questionable. 

6007
05:18:53,800 --> 05:18:56,500
As the Archbishop placed the 
crown on his head, I 

6008
05:18:56,500 --> 05:19:00,700
spontaneously broken into tears.
Now God's work is accomplished. 

6009
05:19:00,700 --> 05:19:03,900
I told him afterward during the 
celebration Feast where I was 

6010
05:19:03,908 --> 05:19:06,900
granted a position of Honor. 
You are the true king of France 

6011
05:19:06,900 --> 05:19:09,100
by holy coronation as well as by
birth. 

6012
05:19:10,100 --> 05:19:12,800
Charles emotionally moved. 
Despite his typically, reserved 

6013
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,700
nature asked, what reward I 
desired for my service, 

6014
05:19:15,700 --> 05:19:19,300
courtiers leaned forward and 
participating requests for 

6015
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:22,400
titles lands and wealth, the 
normal currency of Royal 

6016
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:25,700
gratitude. 
Grant tax exemption to domini. 

6017
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:29,200
I requested instead my people 
are poor and have suffered much 

6018
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:33,200
from the walls Passage. 
This modest request enhanced my 

6019
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:36,500
reputation for saintly 
disinterest, in worldly gain as 

6020
05:19:36,500 --> 05:19:38,700
it costs the crown, almost 
nothing and showed my lack of 

6021
05:19:38,708 --> 05:19:42,400
personal ambition. 
The voice is never promised a 

6022
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:44,300
personal reward for completing 
Heaven's tasks. 

6023
05:19:44,300 --> 05:19:47,800
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

6024
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:51,400
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

6025
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:55,000
palace experience. 
Something unprecedented Silence 

6026
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:58,900
from the voices that had guided 
me since age 13 I prayed for 

6027
05:19:58,908 --> 05:20:02,400
hours, seeking their familiar 
presence but encountered only 

6028
05:20:02,400 --> 05:20:05,700
ordinary Stillness. 
Have I failed in some manner. 

6029
05:20:05,700 --> 05:20:08,700
I finally asked aloud desperate 
for a response. 

6030
05:20:09,500 --> 05:20:12,100
Catherine's voice when it 
finally came sounded distant, as

6031
05:20:12,100 --> 05:20:14,200
if speaking across enormous 
separation. 

6032
05:20:15,000 --> 05:20:18,000
The path, divides. 
Before You One Direction, leads 

6033
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:20,700
to Earthly Glory. 
But spiritual Peril, the other 

6034
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:23,000
is bodily suffering, but 
Heavenly Triumph. 

6035
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:26,700
Which should I choose? 
I begged but receive no answer. 

6036
05:20:26,700 --> 05:20:29,000
The voice is diminishing 
Clarity. 

6037
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:33,400
Troubled, me deeply as we 
departed Rams on July 20th for 

6038
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:35,400
years. 
They had provided unmistakable 

6039
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:38,400
Direction. 
Now, at the moment of greatest 

6040
05:20:38,400 --> 05:20:42,400
public, Acclaim, they guide us 
through ambiguous precisely when

6041
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:45,100
political complexity demanded 
the clearest understanding 

6042
05:20:46,200 --> 05:20:49,500
Charles and his advisors favored
consolidating recent gains 

6043
05:20:49,500 --> 05:20:53,000
negotiating with burgundy and 
avoiding confrontation with 

6044
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:56,500
primary English forces. 
I advocated for an immediate 

6045
05:20:56,500 --> 05:20:58,700
Advance on Paris aiming to 
strike. 

6046
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,800
While our momentum remained 
strong and English Authority 

6047
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:04,100
appeared. 
Weakest these Divergent 

6048
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:07,200
strategies reflected fundamental
differences in perspective. 

6049
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:10,400
Charles thinking in political 
terms of alliances and 

6050
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,500
sustainable power. 
And me still operating from a 

6051
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:16,300
Divine mandate to drive foreign 
forces from France entirely. 

6052
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:18,700
God did not deliver victory at 
all. 

6053
05:21:18,700 --> 05:21:21,100
He could stop halfway to 
complete Liberation. 

6054
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:25,400
I argued during counsel's Paris 
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 

6055
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:27,000
it and the English position 
collapses. 

6056
05:21:28,100 --> 05:21:30,500
What I couldn't share was my 
growing fear that time was 

6057
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:33,700
running out, and that the fading
of the voices signaled, an 

6058
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:37,700
impending end to Divine favor, 
This created urgency, I couldn't

6059
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:39,300
fully explain to military 
commanders. 

6060
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:41,000
A custom to deliberate 
campaigns. 

6061
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,600
As we travel through recently, 
liberated territories, common 

6062
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,700
people flocked to see me, 
reaching to touch my armor 

6063
05:21:47,700 --> 05:21:50,600
begging blessings for children 
and offering tokens of 

6064
05:21:50,600 --> 05:21:54,100
appreciation. 
Women wept openly seeing in me 

6065
05:21:54,100 --> 05:21:56,700
something that transcended 
conventional limitations placed 

6066
05:21:56,700 --> 05:22:00,500
on our gender men removed caps. 
Respectfully, as if you're in 

6067
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:02,700
the presence of something 
wholly, this veneration 

6068
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:05,900
discomforted me, increasingly, I
am not a saint. 

6069
05:22:05,900 --> 05:22:09,400
I told Charlotte doll breath a 
noble woman who had joined our 

6070
05:22:09,400 --> 05:22:11,900
traveling court and attempted to
collect my discarded garments, 

6071
05:22:11,900 --> 05:22:14,800
as relics. 
I'm only God's messenger nothing

6072
05:22:14,800 --> 05:22:16,300
in myself. 
Yet. 

6073
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:19,400
God chose you. 
She counted that distinction 

6074
05:22:19,400 --> 05:22:23,500
itself, makes you extraordinary.
This growing Cult of Personality

6075
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:27,000
served immediate political 
purposes, rallying support, for 

6076
05:22:27,000 --> 05:22:29,800
Charles, demonstrating Divine 
favor for his rule. 

6077
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:33,800
But created complications, I was
ill equipped to navigate each 

6078
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:38,100
miraculous attribution each 
story embellished in retelling 

6079
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:41,300
placed me further from the 
simple girl who had left on Remy

6080
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:44,000
leaving Heaven's instructions 
were straightforward. 

6081
05:22:45,000 --> 05:22:47,600
By Late July Charles had begun 
secret negotiations with 

6082
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:50,800
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 
resolution, while publicly 

6083
05:22:50,800 --> 05:22:54,400
maintaining military pressure. 
This strategy made political 

6084
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:56,100
sense. 
But contradicted, the voices 

6085
05:22:56,100 --> 05:22:58,900
increasingly sporadic. 
Instructions for complete 

6086
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:00,400
Liberation through direct 
action. 

6087
05:23:01,700 --> 05:23:04,000
The resulting tension manifested
in Council debate. 

6088
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:06,500
Where my previously. 
Decisive guidance. 

6089
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:10,000
Now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

6090
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:13,900
conventional alternatives. 
You are not sent to negotiate 

6091
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,500
half measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

6092
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:19,700
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presence. 

6093
05:23:21,100 --> 05:23:23,700
Yet when I repeated such 
sentiments to Charles and his 

6094
05:23:23,700 --> 05:23:26,400
counselors, they increasingly 
regarded them as militarily 

6095
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:29,800
unrealistic and politically 
naive, the maded served her 

6096
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:31,000
purpose in delivering 
coronation. 

6097
05:23:31,000 --> 05:23:34,500
Now, practical governance, 
required competencies Heaven, 

6098
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,800
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 
this Divergence would soon lead 

6099
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:41,500
to Paris and decisions that 
would alter my path irrevocably 

6100
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:45,300
August found using incrementally
toward Paris while Charles 

6101
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:48,700
simultaneously, pursued, 
negotiations with burgundy, this

6102
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:51,500
contradictory approach military 
pressure paired at the 

6103
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:54,100
Diplomatic Outreach created, 
strategic confusion. 

6104
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,100
Where we truly attempting to 
recapture Paris or merely 

6105
05:23:58,100 --> 05:24:00,400
demonstrating military 
capability to strengthen 

6106
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:04,400
Charles's negotiating position. 
The Duke of Bedford English 

6107
05:24:04,400 --> 05:24:07,800
Regent for their child, King 
Henry, the sick recognized our 

6108
05:24:07,800 --> 05:24:12,000
momentum and retreated from 
direct confrontation reinforcing

6109
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:13,500
Paris. 
While yielding smaller 

6110
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:16,700
surrounding territories. 
On August 14th. 

6111
05:24:16,700 --> 05:24:20,400
Charles signed a 15-day truce 
with burgundy, supposedly, 

6112
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:23,600
creating space for peace 
negotiations, while actually 

6113
05:24:23,600 --> 05:24:26,100
providing English forces. 
Critical time to strengthen 

6114
05:24:26,100 --> 05:24:29,300
paris's defenses. 
I oppose this truce vehemently 

6115
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:31,200
sensing opportunities slipping 
away. 

6116
05:24:32,300 --> 05:24:35,100
While you exchange Pleasant 
messages or enemies, rebuild 

6117
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:38,300
walls and restore courage. 
I warned Charles the moment for 

6118
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:43,600
decisive action passes with each
day of delay, The voices though.

6119
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:46,100
Less frequent reinforced. 
This urgency. 

6120
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:50,700
Paris must not remain in enemy 
hands, Margaret insisted during 

6121
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:52,800
prayer. 
The city's, Liberation will 

6122
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:56,800
break English resolved 
completely Charles wavered 

6123
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,700
between my continued insistence 
on Divine mandate and his 

6124
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:01,800
counselors emphasis on political
reality. 

6125
05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:04,600
The compromise that emerged 
satisfied. 

6126
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:08,600
No one our forces would advance 
to paris's outskirts but avoid 

6127
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:11,500
full of salt. 
While negotiations continued by 

6128
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:14,700
late August, we established 
positions at sandini within 

6129
05:25:14,700 --> 05:25:18,900
sight of paris's Northern walls.
The city's proximity affected 

6130
05:25:18,900 --> 05:25:20,700
me. 
Strangely after months of 

6131
05:25:20,708 --> 05:25:24,000
campaigning focused on the 
subjective actually seeing its 

6132
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:27,000
towers and spiers created an 
almost physical yearning to 

6133
05:25:27,000 --> 05:25:28,500
complete what the voice is had 
promised. 

6134
05:25:29,600 --> 05:25:32,700
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 
along positions facing the city 

6135
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:36,200
studying defense's planning 
approaches and praying for Clear

6136
05:25:36,200 --> 05:25:38,500
instruction that came with 
decreasing reliability. 

6137
05:25:39,500 --> 05:25:43,000
The truce with burgundy expired 
without meaningful agreement on 

6138
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:45,300
September 8th. 
I convinced our commanders to 

6139
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:47,900
attempt in assault against 
paris's defense's near the South

6140
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:51,000
honorary gate despite Charles 
with holding full support for 

6141
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:54,000
the operational. 
This partial commitment meant 

6142
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,300
attacking with insufficient 
forces against prepared 

6143
05:25:56,300 --> 05:25:59,400
positions, a military mistake 
Justified only by my 

6144
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:02,000
increasingly desperate 
insistence that heaven would 

6145
05:26:02,000 --> 05:26:05,800
provide necessary advantage. 
God will blind their Gunners. 

6146
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:08,100
I promised troops assembled for 
the assault. 

6147
05:26:08,100 --> 05:26:11,500
Divine protection, covers us as 
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 

6148
05:26:13,100 --> 05:26:15,900
The attack commenced at noon 
initial progress. 

6149
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:19,200
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 
We reached the outer moat with 

6150
05:26:19,200 --> 05:26:22,000
minimal casualties and 
established positions within 

6151
05:26:22,000 --> 05:26:23,100
bow. 
Range of the walls. 

6152
05:26:23,900 --> 05:26:27,000
I led a contingent testing depth
that the inner moat seeking 

6153
05:26:27,000 --> 05:26:29,900
Crossing points, while carrying 
my standard forward as visible 

6154
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:32,800
inspiration. 
Then reality asserted itself. 

6155
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:36,400
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 
prepared thoroughly during the 

6156
05:26:36,400 --> 05:26:40,200
negotiation delays. 
Canon and crossbow fire rain 

6157
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:43,300
down upon exposed positions the 
moat proved deeper than 

6158
05:26:43,308 --> 05:26:45,900
expected. 
Its bottom studded with sharp 

6159
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:47,700
and Stakes. 
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 

6160
05:26:47,700 --> 05:26:51,100
men died, attempting Crossing's 
that proved impossible without 

6161
05:26:51,100 --> 05:26:54,700
proper equipment. 
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 

6162
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:57,000
bolt. 
Struck my thigh penetrating 

6163
05:26:57,000 --> 05:26:59,800
deeply. 
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 

6164
05:26:59,800 --> 05:27:01,800
wound immediately incapacitated 
me. 

6165
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:05,300
Continued shouting encouragement
from where I fell. 

6166
05:27:05,300 --> 05:27:08,900
Insisting the attack continued 
despite my condition but 

6167
05:27:08,900 --> 05:27:11,900
commanders ordered Retreat upon 
seeing the standard Bearer down.

6168
05:27:12,600 --> 05:27:16,000
Soldiers carried me from the 
battlefield as Darkness fell our

6169
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:18,100
forces withdrawing. 
And frustration, rather than 

6170
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:21,700
defeat we had never established 
positions from which Victory was

6171
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:24,500
possible. 
The wound itself, while painful 

6172
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:27,800
would heal cleanly. 
The spiritual injury proved more

6173
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:31,200
significant for the first time I
had promised divine intervention

6174
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:35,600
that fail to materialize. why I 
whispered that night, while 

6175
05:27:35,600 --> 05:27:38,400
surgeons extracted the bolt 
using methodical cruelty 

6176
05:27:38,400 --> 05:27:42,200
necessary to prevent festering, 
Why was Paris denied to us? 

6177
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:45,300
When all he was granted. 
The voice is remained. 

6178
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:48,400
Silent through hours of pain, 
there are absence felt more 

6179
05:27:48,400 --> 05:27:51,700
painful than physical harm had. 
They abandoned me due to some 

6180
05:27:51,708 --> 05:27:54,800
failure, had I misunderstood 
Heaven's intent all along. 

6181
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,600
Charles receiving news of the 
failed, assault ordered 

6182
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:01,700
immediate withdrawal from 
paris's facility. 

6183
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:05,700
In my view, this sensible 
military decision, represented a

6184
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:08,400
personal betrayal. 
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 

6185
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:11,900
in favor of political 
convenience, when I was finally 

6186
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,900
permitted an audience, three 
days later, I found that he was 

6187
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:17,400
already reframing recent events 
for the courtiers. 

6188
05:28:18,200 --> 05:28:21,300
The maid accomplished what God 
sent her to do, he explained 

6189
05:28:21,300 --> 05:28:24,400
smoothly? 
All Leon liberated coronation 

6190
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:26,800
achieved. 
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 

6191
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,400
paris's immediate recovery. 
You speak for heaven. 

6192
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:33,500
Now a challenge him struggling 
to stand straight. 

6193
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:36,400
Despite the pain in my bandaged 
leg the mission remains 

6194
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:38,900
incomplete while Englishman 
occupy, French soil. 

6195
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:42,800
Charles regarded me with the 
complex emotion, gratitude for 

6196
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,100
past service tempered by growing
political inconvenience of my 

6197
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:49,300
unyielding position. 
France's restoration will 

6198
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:53,400
require years, not months. 
He said, gently Even Heaven, 

6199
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:56,300
Must recognize Earthly 
limitations this exchange 

6200
05:28:56,300 --> 05:28:57,800
marked. 
A fundamental shift in our 

6201
05:28:57,800 --> 05:29:01,100
relationship where Charles had 
once needed my perceived Divine 

6202
05:29:01,100 --> 05:29:05,200
sanction to legitimize his rule 
successful coronation, now 

6203
05:29:05,200 --> 05:29:08,400
provided independent Authority. 
The maid remained useful 

6204
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,700
symbolically, but increasingly 
problematic practically as 

6205
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,600
military campaigns transition 
toward diplomatic Solutions, 

6206
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:16,900
requiring compromise and voices 
prohibited. 

6207
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:21,000
Through Autumn a company, the 
Royal Court as it with Drew to 

6208
05:29:21,000 --> 05:29:24,600
safer territory along the Loire.
My wound healed gradually. 

6209
05:29:24,600 --> 05:29:27,400
While my position diminished 
subtly, Still honored 

6210
05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:30,200
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

6211
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,300
councils. 
Charles granted me Noble status 

6212
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:36,900
in the providing arms depicting.
A sword supporting the crown 

6213
05:29:36,900 --> 05:29:39,000
beneath the fleur de lis 
recognition. 

6214
05:29:39,000 --> 05:29:42,500
That pacified my supporters, 
while effectively sidelining me 

6215
05:29:42,500 --> 05:29:46,100
from direct military command. 
this period marked my most 

6216
05:29:46,100 --> 05:29:49,900
difficult spiritual challenge, 
the voices returned into Mitten 

6217
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:53,300
Lee, that spoke with disturbing 
and consistency, Michael 

6218
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:57,100
demanded, aggressive action, 
while Catherine Council 

6219
05:29:57,100 --> 05:30:00,500
patients, Margaret sometimes 
suggested accepting, a 

6220
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,800
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

6221
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:05,300
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

6222
05:30:06,200 --> 05:30:08,400
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

6223
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:10,700
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of early 

6224
05:30:10,700 --> 05:30:12,900
missionaries had some of the 
voices. 

6225
05:30:12,900 --> 05:30:16,500
I heard been false all along Was
I now, miss hearing Divine 

6226
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:18,900
instruction or was Heaven 
itself. 

6227
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:21,200
Divided on France's proper path 
forward. 

6228
05:30:22,000 --> 05:30:25,700
Christmas 1429 found me in 
ceremonial attendance at court 

6229
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:29,100
celebrations, outwardly honored,
but inwardly conflicted. 

6230
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:32,700
I watched elaborate pageantry 
commemorating, Charles's 

6231
05:30:32,700 --> 05:30:35,300
coronation the performance. 
Is that all ready? 

6232
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:37,600
Incorporated stylized to pick 
pictures of the maid. 

6233
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:40,400
As a semi-mythical figure guide 
for Francis resurgence. 

6234
05:30:41,300 --> 05:30:46,000
The actual jahani still bandaged
increasingly isolated observed, 

6235
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:48,900
her transformation into a symbol
with growing discomfort. 

6236
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,500
That Knight kneeling alone in 
the castle Chapel long after 

6237
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:55,600
formal Services concluded, 
experienced the voices with 

6238
05:30:55,600 --> 05:30:58,000
unusual Clarity after months of 
ambiguity. 

6239
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:01,800
Your time grows short. 
Michael stated without Preamble,

6240
05:31:01,800 --> 05:31:05,000
you must continue the fight, 
while Freedom remains yours. 

6241
05:31:05,700 --> 05:31:07,400
The king no longer heeds. 
My Council. 

6242
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:10,600
I protested commanders, follow 
his Direction, not mine. 

6243
05:31:11,300 --> 05:31:15,000
Then you must act independently.
You know, came the reply better 

6244
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:17,300
capture by enemies than 
surrender to comfortable 

6245
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:20,200
irrelevance though. 
Troubling this guidance, offered

6246
05:31:20,200 --> 05:31:22,000
that I had been lacking for 
months. 

6247
05:31:22,900 --> 05:31:26,900
As 1429 ended a result to escape
the increasingly, guilded 

6248
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:29,400
constraints of Court, life and 
returned to direct action. 

6249
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:33,200
Even without Royal sanction, 
this decision tactically 

6250
05:31:33,200 --> 05:31:36,700
questionable politically naive 
would determine my fate in ways.

6251
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:40,000
The voice is never clearly 
revealed the New Year began with

6252
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:41,600
me. 
Effectively sidelined at court 

6253
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:45,400
while Charles pursued diplomatic
arrangements, with burgundy, I 

6254
05:31:45,400 --> 05:31:48,900
chafe at inactivity since 
Impressions time wasting, while 

6255
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:51,000
the voice is growing, 
increasingly urgent about 

6256
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:54,900
continuing France's liberation 
by March 1430. 

6257
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:57,500
I could bear ceremonial 
confinement. 

6258
05:31:57,500 --> 05:32:00,200
No longer Without Royal 
permission. 

6259
05:32:00,200 --> 05:32:04,200
Technically desertion though my 
status remained ambiguous, I 

6260
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:06,700
departed secretly with a small 
company of loyal followers. 

6261
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:10,500
We rode for compean, 
strategically, vital Town, 

6262
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,300
threatened by The Burgundian 
forces north of Paris. 

6263
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:16,600
This decision reflected, both 
military logic and the voices 

6264
05:32:16,600 --> 05:32:19,900
and assistance that action could
not await Royal convenience. 

6265
05:32:20,600 --> 05:32:23,900
My departure created political 
complications for Charles, who 

6266
05:32:23,900 --> 05:32:26,700
neither officially commend nor 
endorsed by independent 

6267
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:30,500
operation, this ambiguity, 
proved ultimately fatal had I 

6268
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:31,900
remained clearly under Royal 
protection. 

6269
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:34,800
Subsequent events might have 
unfolded differently. 

6270
05:32:36,500 --> 05:32:39,900
We reached compean April, where 
the town's Governor yellow, 

6271
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:43,700
welcome to reinforcement despite
its unofficial nature. 

6272
05:32:43,700 --> 05:32:47,400
The gandhian forces. 
Underberg had been methodically 

6273
05:32:47,400 --> 05:32:50,100
isolating. 
The town capturing surrounding 

6274
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:54,000
positions Our arrival boosted 
Defender, morale temporarily. 

6275
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:56,800
But the Strategic situation 
remained precarious. 

6276
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,400
On May the 23rd. 
I led a sortie against positions

6277
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,000
at Margie initially achieving 
surprise. 

6278
05:33:04,700 --> 05:33:07,500
However, enemy reinforcements 
arrived quickly, forcing 

6279
05:33:07,500 --> 05:33:11,000
retirement toward the town as 
our forces retreated across the 

6280
05:33:11,000 --> 05:33:13,100
single bridge. 
In to compensate disaster. 

6281
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:16,200
Struck the drawbridge raised, 
prematurely stranding. 

6282
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:20,600
Rear guard Defenders, including 
my sea of outside the walls. 

6283
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:25,000
Accounts of this moment, very 
dramatically some claim 

6284
05:33:25,000 --> 05:33:28,400
deliberate betrayal by flavy who
supposedly ordered early closure

6285
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,400
knowing I would be captured 
others suggested simple 

6286
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:33,800
miscommunication during confused
withdrawal. 

6287
05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:37,600
The voices had warned of 
betrayal for months, trust, Only

6288
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,800
Heaven not changeable men. 
Michael had cautioned 

6289
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:43,900
repeatedly, but provided no 
specific protection against this

6290
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:46,500
development. 
Burgundy and soldiers, 

6291
05:33:46,500 --> 05:33:49,100
surrounded me. 
And after a brief battle, they 

6292
05:33:49,100 --> 05:33:53,400
pulled me from my horse. 
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 

6293
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:56,800
Donny claimed, my surrender. 
Technically, capturing Me by 

6294
05:33:56,800 --> 05:33:59,800
laying hand on my leg, according
to contemporary accounts. 

6295
05:34:00,500 --> 05:34:03,100
My sword raised to continue 
resistance lowered, upon 

6296
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:05,200
recognition. 
That futile struggle would only 

6297
05:34:05,200 --> 05:34:08,300
result in unnecessary deaths 
among my few remaining 

6298
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:11,700
companions. 
I am worth more alive for ransom

6299
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:13,900
than dead. 
I told one Dawn in a practical 

6300
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:16,700
manner, even though I knew that 
the ransom would likely never 

6301
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:20,300
materialized, the voice is had 
never specifically predicted 

6302
05:34:20,300 --> 05:34:22,300
capture. 
That had indicated, great 

6303
05:34:22,300 --> 05:34:24,700
suffering layer ahead as part of
Heaven's plan. 

6304
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:29,100
Initially captivity seemed 
relatively benign, Luxembourg 

6305
05:34:29,100 --> 05:34:31,600
treated me as a valuable 
prisoner rather than a criminal 

6306
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:34,000
housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

6307
05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:36,400
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

6308
05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:39,600
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

6309
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,300
recaptured and transferred. 
To more secure, confinement of 

6310
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:45,900
borova Castle there 
luxembourg's, aren't Jan and 

6311
05:34:45,908 --> 05:34:48,900
wife Jean. 
Bunn, treated me with unexpected

6312
05:34:48,900 --> 05:34:51,700
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentle 

6313
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:54,900
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

6314
05:34:56,100 --> 05:34:59,400
Their compassion, the first 
feminine companionship I'd 

6315
05:34:59,400 --> 05:35:03,100
experienced since leaving domme 
tempted me toward compromise, I 

6316
05:35:03,100 --> 05:35:06,500
knew the voices would forbid. 
Why must I maintain a male 

6317
05:35:06,508 --> 05:35:08,300
appearance now that fighting has
ended? 

6318
05:35:08,300 --> 05:35:12,200
I asked during prayer, receiving
Catherine's uncompromising 

6319
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:16,700
response, your mission hasn't 
changed with capture male attire

6320
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:19,900
remains both practical 
protection and a visible sign of

6321
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:21,900
the Divine exception to worldly 
constraints. 

6322
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,600
News reached me at borov that 
compean situation, worse, and 

6323
05:35:26,600 --> 05:35:28,500
daily. 
In desperation. 

6324
05:35:28,500 --> 05:35:32,200
I attempted a second Escape in 
October this time jumping from 

6325
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:36,200
the tower window, approximately 
70 feet above ground, the fold 

6326
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:39,400
should have proof fatal that I 
survived with only bruising and 

6327
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:41,400
temporary. 
Unconsciousness was later 

6328
05:35:41,400 --> 05:35:45,300
presented as either a miracle or
evidence of demonic protection, 

6329
05:35:45,300 --> 05:35:49,400
depending on The Interpreter. 
By November political 

6330
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:52,300
machinations surrounding my 
captivity clarified horribly. 

6331
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:56,200
The English recognizing my 
symbolic value arranged a 

6332
05:35:56,200 --> 05:36:00,000
purchase from Luxembourg for 
10,000 Libras a substantial. 

6333
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,500
Sum indicating my importance to 
their strategy. 

6334
05:36:02,500 --> 05:36:06,200
Charles made no counter offer. 
Effectively abandoning me to the

6335
05:36:06,208 --> 05:36:09,100
enemies judgment. 
The English faced a dilemma 

6336
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:12,500
regarding my disposition. 
Simple, execution of a captured 

6337
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:14,800
enemy combatant would risk, 
martyrdom potentially, 

6338
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,200
strengthening French Resistance,
rather than weakening it. 

6339
05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:22,100
A more complex strategy emerged.
Systematic, destruction of my 

6340
05:36:22,100 --> 05:36:24,900
Divine claims through 
ecclesiastical condemnation for 

6341
05:36:24,900 --> 05:36:27,100
heresy. 
This approach would not only 

6342
05:36:27,100 --> 05:36:31,300
eliminate me physically but more
importantly, delegitimize. 

6343
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:35,500
Everything I represented, Divine
sanction for Charles's Rule and 

6344
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:37,900
Heaven, support for French 
Resurgence against English 

6345
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:40,700
occupation. 
In December 1430, they 

6346
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:43,800
transferred me to rule within 
English controlled territory 

6347
05:36:43,800 --> 05:36:46,400
conditions. 
Deteriorated immediately. 

6348
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,700
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

6349
05:36:49,700 --> 05:36:52,900
custody normally accorded, those
facing religious charges 

6350
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:56,900
confined in Iron shackles 
guarded continuously by Common 

6351
05:36:56,900 --> 05:37:00,500
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

6352
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:03,000
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

6353
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:05,100
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

6354
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:07,700
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

6355
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:11,000
serve? 
Remember Christ, before Pilate 

6356
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:15,300
Margaret answered. 
Truth remains truth, even when 

6357
05:37:15,300 --> 05:37:19,200
power condemns it. 
The trial officially began. 

6358
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:22,800
February 21st 1431, and a bishop
Pierre. 

6359
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:24,800
Cauchon. 
Whose appointment revealed the 

6360
05:37:24,808 --> 05:37:26,900
proceedings predetermined 
nature. 

6361
05:37:26,900 --> 05:37:30,300
He was a known English 
sympathizer, with personal 

6362
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:33,800
animosity toward me, assessors, 
and judges were carefully 

6363
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:35,700
selected to ensure the desired 
outcome. 

6364
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:38,900
Well, though, it was technically
in ecclesiastical Court, the 

6365
05:37:38,900 --> 05:37:41,100
proceedings were entirely 
controlled by English 

6366
05:37:41,100 --> 05:37:44,400
authorities. 
Looking Back Now across times 

6367
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:47,200
distance, I see legal 
complexities, I could not 

6368
05:37:47,200 --> 05:37:50,800
recognize their request, for 
balanced representation from 

6369
05:37:50,800 --> 05:37:54,300
both English, and French. 
Clerics, was denied my appealed 

6370
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:57,500
to the pope technically my right
under Church law was ignored 

6371
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,100
most Crawley. 
Highly Educated theologians 

6372
05:38:00,100 --> 05:38:02,800
denied. 
Me Council twisting, simple 

6373
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:05,000
statements into heretical 
formulations. 

6374
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:09,200
Do you believe yourself to be in
God's Grace Court on asked early

6375
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:12,200
in the proceedings? 
A theological trap answering? 

6376
05:38:12,200 --> 05:38:15,500
Yes, would imply a presumption 
that is condemned by church 

6377
05:38:15,500 --> 05:38:18,600
doctrine while answering? 
No, would indicate an admission 

6378
05:38:18,600 --> 05:38:20,800
of guilt. 
If I am not. 

6379
05:38:21,600 --> 05:38:24,400
May God put me there. 
I replied after a moment's 

6380
05:38:24,400 --> 05:38:27,400
thought. 
If I am may God keep me there. 

6381
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:31,800
This answer frustrated the 
interrogators, but I simply 

6382
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:33,900
expressed my actual 
understanding, showing, 

6383
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:37,500
unexpected, theological 
sophistication, Grace remained, 

6384
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:39,900
God's Province, not mind. 
Absolutely. 

6385
05:38:41,100 --> 05:38:45,100
For five months interrogation, 
continued, sometimes publicly 

6386
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:48,100
before a full tribunal sometimes
in private prison questioning, 

6387
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:51,900
my male attire became the 
central Focus providing tangible

6388
05:38:51,900 --> 05:38:54,100
evidence of defiance against 
Natural order. 

6389
05:38:55,000 --> 05:38:58,600
Voices were dissected endlessly,
where they Angels or demons. 

6390
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:02,200
Why did they speak to an 
uneducated girl rather than 

6391
05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:04,100
through the established church 
hierarchy? 

6392
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:08,400
I recorded an examined each of 
my answers for inconsistencies 

6393
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:12,300
and potential heresies. 
What records don't capture the 

6394
05:39:12,300 --> 05:39:14,400
physical deterioration during 
this period. 

6395
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,300
Prison conditions. 
Continuous shackling, poor 

6396
05:39:18,300 --> 05:39:21,700
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 
God's harassment, gradually 

6397
05:39:21,700 --> 05:39:24,300
weakened a body already 
compromised by previous wounds 

6398
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:27,200
and hardship. 
By may, I suffered recurring, 

6399
05:39:27,200 --> 05:39:29,900
fevers dramatic weight loss and 
periods of confusion during 

6400
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:33,000
longer integration's. 
The voice is remained present 

6401
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:37,200
but changed character, less 
commanding more comforting, a 

6402
05:39:37,200 --> 05:39:39,700
smoking increasingly of heavenly
reward rather than Earthly 

6403
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,900
Victory preparing me for an 
outcome that seemed increasingly

6404
05:39:42,900 --> 05:39:45,200
inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

6405
05:39:45,208 --> 05:39:47,300
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

6406
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:49,900
The body is temporary. 
Catherine, answer. 

6407
05:39:49,900 --> 05:39:53,500
Gently, what matters is truth 
maintained until the end. 

6408
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:57,000
On May the 24th. 
I was taken to the room on 

6409
05:39:57,000 --> 05:40:00,100
Cemetery where scaffolds had 
been erected one holding 

6410
05:40:00,100 --> 05:40:02,300
officials, who would witness my 
anticipated? 

6411
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:04,800
Recantation. 
Another displaying instruments 

6412
05:40:04,800 --> 05:40:06,400
of execution. 
Should I refuse? 

6413
05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:10,000
Exhausted physically and 
isolated completely. 

6414
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:13,300
I briefly wavered when presented
with a document, I was told 

6415
05:40:13,300 --> 05:40:16,300
contained a simple app, duration
of male clothing and independent

6416
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:19,900
interpretation of voices. 
What I was unaware of was that 

6417
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:22,700
the actual document contained, a
comprehensive admission of fraud

6418
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:25,700
demonic influence and heretical 
intent. 

6419
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:29,100
Completely repudiating. 
Everything I had experienced and

6420
05:40:29,100 --> 05:40:33,100
represented Unable to read, I 
trusted partial translations 

6421
05:40:33,100 --> 05:40:35,800
provided by clerics whose 
deception served their 

6422
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:39,200
predetermined purpose. 
I signed with a simple Crossmark

6423
05:40:39,200 --> 05:40:41,800
unaware that I was giving my 
enemies exactly what they 

6424
05:40:41,800 --> 05:40:44,100
needed. 
And apparent admission that 

6425
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,900
everything I had claimed about 
Divine guidance was false this 

6426
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:51,700
temporary weakness, a product of
extreme duress rather than a 

6427
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:54,700
genuine change of heart provided
legal justification For What 

6428
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:58,600
followed Return to prison rather
than transfer to ecclesiastical 

6429
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:01,600
custody as promised. 
I found myself still surrounded 

6430
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:04,100
by hostile guards. 
Still denied female 

6431
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:06,000
companionship. 
That would have made feminine 

6432
05:41:06,000 --> 05:41:07,500
clothing, practically 
sustainable. 

6433
05:41:08,500 --> 05:41:11,400
When my clothes were taken while
I stepped and only male attire 

6434
05:41:11,400 --> 05:41:14,000
was left available. 
I faced an impossible Choice 

6435
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:17,500
remain naked among male guards 
or Dawn forbidden. 

6436
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:20,700
Garments, the voice is spoke 
with unusual Clarity that 

6437
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:23,500
morning. 
Better modest impropriety than 

6438
05:41:23,500 --> 05:41:27,100
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

6439
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:30,700
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemy 

6440
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:34,500
sought. when judges returned to 
document this transgression, I 

6441
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:38,000
formally recanted my previous 
abbreviation Stating clearly, 

6442
05:41:38,000 --> 05:41:41,700
that voices were indeed Divine, 
that the mission had been Heaven

6443
05:41:41,700 --> 05:41:44,300
Sent and that temporary weakness
had betrayed truth. 

6444
05:41:45,400 --> 05:41:49,200
I would rather do Penance once 
with death, the bear 

6445
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:51,600
imprisonment suffering 
continuously. 

6446
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:55,000
I told them with renewed Clarity
despite knowing the consequence 

6447
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:59,600
On May the 30th 1431. 
The final sentence was announced

6448
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:04,000
declared a relapsed heretic. 
I would face public execution, 

6449
05:42:04,000 --> 05:42:06,900
by burning the most painful 
death authorities could legally.

6450
05:42:06,900 --> 05:42:10,700
Impose, deliberately chosen to 
create maximum suffering, they 

6451
05:42:10,700 --> 05:42:14,600
hoped would produce a final 
public confession that morning, 

6452
05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:17,400
I made a final confession to a 
sympathetic priest and received 

6453
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:20,900
communion, despite being 
formally excommunicated, a small

6454
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:23,800
Act of compassionate Defiance by
a cleric who recognized 

6455
05:42:23,800 --> 05:42:27,700
Injustice unfolding, Wearing the
traditional long, white garment 

6456
05:42:27,700 --> 05:42:31,000
for heresy executions. 
A cart transported me through 

6457
05:42:31,008 --> 05:42:34,100
Rouen streets toward the old 
marketplace, where executioner 

6458
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:36,800
waited, The crowds mood 
surprised me. 

6459
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:40,900
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. 

6460
05:42:41,700 --> 05:42:44,700
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

6461
05:42:44,700 --> 05:42:47,500
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

6462
05:42:47,500 --> 05:42:51,700
transcended, political loyalty. 
Later accounts with English 

6463
05:42:51,700 --> 05:42:54,600
authorities, grew concerned that
sympathy might transform into 

6464
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:57,100
riots and that marted him was 
being created. 

6465
05:42:57,100 --> 05:43:00,800
Despite their carefully, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

6466
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:03,900
Ground officials at me a final 
opportunity to recount before. 

6467
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:06,700
Tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

6468
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:08,400
paire. 
The method was deliberate. 

6469
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:11,600
Slow death by Suffocation and 
burning rather than quicker, 

6470
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,300
execution, methods of available.
Jesus. 

6471
05:43:14,300 --> 05:43:18,300
I called repeatedly as flames 
were lit, no longer concerned 

6472
05:43:18,300 --> 05:43:20,200
with appearing strong before 
enemies. 

6473
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:23,500
Simply seeking comfort in the 
name that had died in my journey

6474
05:43:23,500 --> 05:43:27,000
from its beginning. 
The voice is spoke one final 

6475
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:31,800
time as smoke began Rising. 
Your suffering ends today your 

6476
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:35,700
Vindication begins. 
The physical Agony that followed

6477
05:43:35,700 --> 05:43:39,500
transcends description, 
historical accounts, claim my 

6478
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:41,100
heart remained intact among 
ashes. 

6479
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:44,400
Afterward a symbolic detail, 
probably invented by later. 

6480
05:43:44,400 --> 05:43:47,500
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 
elements for potential canonized

6481
05:43:47,500 --> 05:43:50,900
in nization, What mattered 
wasn't physical preservation, 

6482
05:43:50,900 --> 05:43:55,100
but the truth maintained until 
the end that simple Faith could 

6483
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,300
withstand elaborate machinations
of power and that Divine 

6484
05:43:58,300 --> 05:44:02,400
Purpose, worked through unlikely
instruments. 25 years later, 

6485
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:05,400
Charles the seventh firmly 
established as France's 

6486
05:44:05,400 --> 05:44:08,800
legitimate, king would order an 
investigation that formerly. 

6487
05:44:08,800 --> 05:44:12,100
Nullified my conviction 
declaring the trial Prejudiced 

6488
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:16,500
and illegitimate in 1456 a 
rehabilitation trial formerly 

6489
05:44:16,500 --> 05:44:19,800
cleared, my name of heresy 
charges Yet, full Vindication 

6490
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:22,500
waited. 
Nearly 5 centuries until May the

6491
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:25,300
16th 1920. 
When the Catholic Church 

6492
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:28,500
declared me, a Saint official 
recognition that voices, 

6493
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:31,700
condemned, his demonic had 
indeed, been Divine history, 

6494
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:35,600
remembers outcomes, all Leon 
relieved, Charles, crowned 

6495
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:38,700
France, eventually liberated 
from the English occupation, 

6496
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:42,900
these visible victories obscure,
the internal Journey that began 

6497
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:46,300
with a garden whisper and ended 
in Marketplace, Flames. 

6498
05:44:46,300 --> 05:44:49,500
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

6499
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:53,200
Glory, they offered only purpose
Direction and the chance to 

6500
05:44:53,200 --> 05:44:55,700
serve as an instrument for 
something larger than myself. 

6501
05:44:56,600 --> 05:44:58,600
They called me made of all 
dubbed. 

6502
05:44:58,600 --> 05:45:01,500
Me a miracle. 
Worker labeled me a witch and a 

6503
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:04,000
heretic and eventually 
recognized me as a saint. 

6504
05:45:04,800 --> 05:45:08,800
Yet through all transformations,
I remained Johannes from donor. 

6505
05:45:08,800 --> 05:45:13,000
Me a simple girl, who answered 
when voices called who held to 

6506
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:15,600
truth heard within more firmly 
than to comfort offered without 

6507
05:45:16,800 --> 05:45:20,100
Perhaps that represents the most
enduring Legacy that 

6508
05:45:20,100 --> 05:45:23,800
extraordinary purpose, May 
inhabit ordinary lives that 

6509
05:45:23,800 --> 05:45:27,100
Divine participation in human 
history, rarely follows expected

6510
05:45:27,100 --> 05:45:29,200
channels. 
But instead Works through 

6511
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:33,000
unlikely vessels willing to say 
simply here, am I send me?