What Dinner Really Felt Like in a Victorian Home | Boring History

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What's Poppin? 
My little sleepy buddies. 

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I know you guys use these 
episodes for sleep. 

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So let's snuggle up. 
You are about to experience the 

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most elaborate daily ritual of 
middle-class, Victorian life. 

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You'll step into a London 
townhouses, dinner approaches 

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feeling the weight of propriety 
the warmth of Gaslight and the 

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careful choreography of a meal 
that says everything about who 

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you are. 
Sounds of the day fade as we 

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settle into this slower world 
together. 

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So, if you're new here, as 
always joining the community is 

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super easy, just tap, subscribe,
like the video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world, you're watching from. 

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And what time it is for you now,
get comfortable, and let's 

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begin. 
The afternoon light has that 

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particular Amber quality that 
makes dust Motes visible in 

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still air. 
You've been aware of the 

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approaching dinner hour since 
about 4:00 when the households 

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Rhythm shifted. 
Almost imperceptibly. 

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The Parlor maid appeared with 
fresh coals for the drawing room

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fire. 
The kitchen below. 

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Stairs grew louder. 
With purposeful activity. 

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Even the house itself seemed to 
straighten. 

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Its posture, your upstairs, and 
your dressing room now, and the 

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act of changing for dinner. 
Feels less like vanity and more,

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like, suiting up for a 
performance. 

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Your day clothes, perfectly 
respectable for receiving 

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morning, callers or writing, 
correspondents won't do for the 

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evening meal. 
That's simply not how things 

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work. 
The woman who helps you dress 

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three times daily is already 
laying out your dinner attire 

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with a practice deficiency of 
someone who could do this 

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blindfolded, a fabric, she 
selected feels heavier than your

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afternoon dress. 
Darker too. 

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There's a practicality to this, 
that nobody discusses openly 

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evening clothes, hide stains, 
better under Gaslight and the 

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Richer colors. 
Photograph. 

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Well, if someone important drops
by with a new camera, but mostly

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the weight of the fabric itself,
reminds you to move differently.

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Slower more deliberately You 
become a slightly different 

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version of yourself and dinner. 
Clothings, your corset gets 

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tightened again, though. 
Not as severely as it would be 

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for a ball. 
You need to breathe well enough 

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to eat multiple courses without 
looking distressed. 

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There's an art to this Titan off
to create the fashionable 

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silhouette, loosen enough that 
you won't need smelling salts 

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before. 
The fish course, the woman 

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dressed in. 
You knows exactly where that 

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line Falls. 
Has been doing this long enough 

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to recognize the difference 
between your sharp inhale of 

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discomfort and your sharp, 
inhale of I actually cannot 

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breathe the house, smells 
different now than it, did two 

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hours ago, cooking odors are 
rising through the floorboards. 

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Despite everyone's best efforts 
to contain them, you can detect 

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roasting meat, something sweet 
and caramelized bread warming 

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and Underneath It. 
All the ever-present, cold 

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smoke. 
That defines London are. 

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These smells don't offend you 
the way they might, if they 

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appeared in the drawing room 
here in the private process of 

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dressing, there are almost 
comforting They mean dinner is 

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happening. 
The household is functioning as 

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it should, your hands. 
Get special attention. 

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They'll be visible all evening 
holding utensils lifting glasses

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and gesturing politely during 
conversation. 

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The woman helping you dress 
produces a small dish of almond,

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paste mixed with honey and Rose 
Water. 

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You work it into your palms 
while she fastens the seemingly 

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infinite row of buttons up your 
back. 

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Your nails have been cleaned 
with a small brush. 

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Any ink stains from letter? 
Writing have been scrubbed away.

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Your hands now look, like 
they've never done anything more

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strenuous than needlework. the 
jewelry you wear tonight is real

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but not ostentatious a simple 
gold, brooch at your collar, 

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small earrings, your wedding 
ring, if you're married or 

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perhaps a family ring if you're 
not The massive Jewels stay 

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locked away for actual social 
events dinner at home. 

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Even a formal dinner at home. 
Doesn't call for anything. 

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That might be mistaken for 
showing off. 

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That would be vulgar. 
The victorians have very 

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specific ideas about vulgarity 
and they're more than happy to 

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discuss them at length behind 
closed doors. 

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Your hair has been dressed since
this afternoon but it gets 

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refreshed. 
Now a few pins repositioned any 

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loose, strands, tucked back, the
style itself is elaborate enough

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to show. 
You've made an effort, but not 

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so elaborate that it looks like 
you're trying to impress your 

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own family. 
There's a sweet spot here too 

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and finding it requires the kind
of social mathematics that 

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everyone pretends doesn't exist.
But everyone absolutely 

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practices from somewhere below. 
You hear the dining room door 

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open and close. 
The butler is doing his final 

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inspection. 
He'll be checking that every 

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glass is spotless every fourth 
line, and every candle trim to 

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the proper height. 
He approaches this task with the

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gravity of a general inspecting 
troops before battle. 

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In his mind, he probably is 
preparing for battle against 

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disorder against impropriety 
against anything that might 

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suggest this household is less 
than perfectly managed. 

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You can hear your husband in his
dressing room across the hall. 

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The sounds of male dressing are 
different sharper, quicker, less

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fabric rustling, more draw 
closing. 

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He's probably struggling with 
his collar, studs. 

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He struggles with them every 
evening, and every evening, he 

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refuses to admit, he finds the 
annoying, Men's Formal Wear in 

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this area. 
Seems designed specifically to 

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test patients the high, starched
collars. 

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The multiple waistcoat buttons 
and the cufflinks that never 

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want to cooperate. 
But he emerged looking 

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effortlessly dignified as though
these clothes assembled 

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themselves. 
The clock on your mantle shows 

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half past six dinner is at 7. 
This gives you just enough time 

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to finish dressing compose 
yourself and descend to the 

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drawing room where you'll wait 
the final minutes before the 

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meal. 
Nobody arrives in the dining 

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room, early that would suggest 
your two eager to eat, which 

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would suggest you're not quite 
in control of your appetite. 

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Self-control is everything in 
this world. 

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Your dress is finally fastened. 
You stand and feel its weight 

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settle around you. 
The skirt is heavy enough that 

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you'll need to think about 
doorways and Furniture Corners. 

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The bustle at your back creates 
a silhouette that photographs 

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beautifully. 
But sits awkwardly you've long 

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since stopped noticing this is 
simply how clothes work a last 

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look in the mirror. 
Shows you transformed from your 

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afternoon self into your evening
self. 

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Same face, different 
presentation, your expression is

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changed too, though. 
You haven't consciously adjusted

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it, you look more composed now, 
more formal, ready for the small

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theater production. 
That is a proper Victorian 

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dinner. 
The drawing room serves as a 

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staging area. 
You're here. 

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Now with your husband, waiting 
for the butler to announce that 

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dinner is served. 
Neither of you has much to say, 

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this isn't uncomfortable 
silence. 

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Its expectant silence your both 
mentally preparing for the 

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performance ahead. 
The drawing room fire has been 

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built up to combat the Autumn 
chills settling over London. 

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Outside your windows, the street
is growing dark lamplighters are

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making their rounds. 
You can hear their footsteps on 

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the pavement and the small 
whoosh of each Gaslamp igniting.

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In a few minutes your street 
will glow with that. 

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Particular yellowish light. 
That makes everything look 

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slightly unreal. 
Your husband is pretending to 

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read the evening newspaper, but 
he's really just holding it. 

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You're pretending to examine 
some needlework, but you're 

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really just holding that too. 
These are the props of waiting. 

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Everyone knows you're both 
simply marking time until the 

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formal part of the evening 
Begins. 

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The butler appears in the 
doorway with perfect timing. 

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He doesn't speak. 
He simply stands there with a 

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slight incline of his head, this
is the signal you set down your 

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needle work. 
Your husband folds his newspaper

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with audible crispness together.
You process. 

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The 12 feet from drawing room to
dining room with the solemnity 

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of a wedding March. 
The dining room hits. 

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You first with temperature. 
It's warmer than the drawing 

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room, warmer than anywhere else 
in the house. 

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Fire here has been burning 
longer, and the kitchen below is

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radiating. 
Heat through the floorboards. 

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But it's not uncomfortably warm.
It's the kind of warmth that 

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makes you relaxed like lightly 
listening muscles, you didn't 

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realize you'd tents to then 
comes the light. 

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The dining room is dimmer than 
you'd expect. 

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Let it primarily by candles on 
the table and in wall sconces, 

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there's Gaslight tube but it's 
been turned down low. 

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The Victorian of discovered that
dimmer light is more flattering,

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more mysterious, and more 
forgiving of imperfect household

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maintenance. 
In this light, the silver 

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gleams, the crystal catches and 
multiplies flame. 

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Even the wallpaper looks richer 
the table dominates the room, 

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like an altar dominates a 
church, it's not a large table, 

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you're not hosting tonight, just
dining on for meal, but it's 

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been set with the full formal 
service. 

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Anyway, this is how things are 
done. 

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The white tablecloth is so 
heavily starched, it could 

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practically stand up by itself. 
Later in the evening. 

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If you accidentally brush 
against it, you'll hear the 

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fabric. 
Crackle, your place settings are

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elaborate enough to confuse a 
modern person, multiple Forks on

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the left, multiple knives and 
spoons on the right and glasses 

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arranged to the knives in a 
specific pattern. 

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There's a logic to the 
arrangement but it's not 

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immediately obvious. 
He start with the outermost 

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utensils and work inward as the 
horses progress. 

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Everyone knows this just like 
everyone knows you don't discuss

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knowing this. 
The rules are meant to appear 

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natural. 
Not learned the China is your 

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second best set. 
The actual best set only appears

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when you're entertaining guests,
who might notice the quality. 

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Tonight's pieces are still 
lovely white with a delicate 

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floral border. 
But they're meant for regular 

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use regular, use in. 
This context means formal 

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family. 
Dinners, the plates are warmed. 

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You'll discover this. 
When you first touch one, the 

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victorians hate cold food with a
passion that borders on 

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irrational, Crystal Water 
goblets, stand at attention of 

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each knife. 
They'll remain largely 

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decorative. 
You'll drink from the sparingly 

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if at all. 
Wine glasses. 

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Wait nearby different shapes for
different wines. 

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The red wine glass has around a 
bowl. 

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The white wine glass is taller 
and narrower, the Sherry glass 

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is the smallest. 
There's a science to glassware 

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that people study seriously. 
The shape apparently affects how

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the wine tastes. 
These suspect it's mostly about 

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having the right equipment to 
demonstrate. 

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You know what, the right 
equipment is the centerpiece is 

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a modest arrangement of autumn 
flowers and some Greenery. 

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Nothing too tall. 
Nothing too fragrant. 

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Tool. 
Centerpieces block conversation 

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across the table. 
Fragrant ones compete with food 

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smells. 
This Arrangement, is exactly 

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tall enough to be decorative and
exactly neutral enough. 

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To offend, no one, it probably 
took the Parlor, maid 15 minutes

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to arrange at this morning. 
Adjusting and readjusting until 

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it achieved perfect, mediocrity,
silver salt Cellars sit at 

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intervals along the table, tiny 
spoons, rest in them, you'll use

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these to transfer salt to the 
edge of your plate. 

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Then pinch the salt from there 
to season your food. 

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Shaking salt directly onto food 
from a seller would be crude. 

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These are the kinds of 
distinctions that separate your 

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class from the ones below and 
above you. 

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The rooms will paper is dark red
with a subtle pattern in 

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Candlelight. 
It looks almost burgundy. 

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The victorians favor dark colors
in dining rooms because they 

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don't show such stains from 
candles and they created 

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intimate atmosphere. 
The walls seem to absorb sounds 

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too. 
Making the room feel hushed. 

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Even when conversation flows, 
you could whisper here and be 

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heard clearly across the table. 
Heavy curtains frame, the 

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windows already drawn against 
the night they made from the 

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same deep red fabric as the 
wallpapers base color. 

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00:12:23,500 --> 00:12:26,500
During the day, these curtains 
stay open to show the street 

233
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:30,400
that this is a respectable 
household. during dinner, they 

234
00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:32,800
closed to keep the private 
theater of dining away from 

235
00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:36,200
public eyes, the sideboard 
against one wall, holds the 

236
00:12:36,208 --> 00:12:40,200
evening Supporting Cast of 
serving pieces, Covered dishes, 

237
00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:44,200
weight there, keeping food, 
warm, a crystal decanter of wine

238
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,900
extra napkins. 
In case of spills, the butler 

239
00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:50,500
will move between table and 
sideboard throughout the meal 

240
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:53,600
with choreographed Precision. 
The fire in the dining room, 

241
00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:57,000
fireplace burns with a different
quality than drawing room fires.

242
00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:01,500
It's more purposeful more 
utilitarian it's not trying to 

243
00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:04,700
be cozy it's trying to keep the 
room at the proper temperature 

244
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,800
for digestion. 
The victorians have theories 

245
00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:10,900
about digestion and temperature,
most of these theories are 

246
00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:13,900
completely wrong, but everyone 
believes them with absolute 

247
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,600
confidence. 
Your chair Waits behind you. 

248
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,300
It's a heavy piece of furniture 
with the arms and a padded seat.

249
00:13:20,300 --> 00:13:23,600
It doesn't slide easily on the 
carpet, which is intentional. 

250
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:27,700
Furniture, that's difficult to 
move appears more permanent more

251
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,500
established. 
Like furniture that shifts 

252
00:13:30,500 --> 00:13:33,600
around suggests you might leave 
at any moment which suggests 

253
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:37,200
instability the butler stands 
ready to assist with seating. 

254
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,500
This is a choreographed moment 
that happens the same way every 

255
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:42,800
evening your husband will be 
seated. 

256
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:46,200
First at the head of the table, 
you'll take your place at the 

257
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:48,400
foot. 
Even though you're only two 

258
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:51,000
people, you'll sit at opposite 
ends of this table. 

259
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:54,400
As though commanding a dinner 
party of 12, the distance 

260
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,800
between you and your husband, 
probably eight feet is standard 

261
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:00,500
for formal dining. 
It allows servants to move 

262
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:04,000
freely around the table. 
It creates proper space for food

263
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,100
presentation. 
It also makes conversations 

264
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:09,800
slightly difficult, which is 
either a feature or a bug, 

265
00:14:09,808 --> 00:14:12,500
depending on how you feel about 
your spouse on any given 

266
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:13,900
evening. 
The butler. 

267
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:17,400
Pulls out your chair. 
The sound of wood legs on carpet

268
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:20,400
is muffled, but substantial you 
approach. 

269
00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:24,800
From the left side, always the 
left and wait until the chair is

270
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,400
positioned correctly before 
sitting then you sit in one 

271
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,300
smooth motion. 
While the butler pushes the 

272
00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:33,700
chair forward. 
It's a small dance. 

273
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,900
You've done hundreds of times 
some times. 

274
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:39,300
You wonder what would happen if 
you just pulled out your own 

275
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:42,900
chair and sat down like a normal
person but you know what would 

276
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:45,600
happen. 
The butler would be quietly, 

277
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,500
horrified. 
Entire household would sense the

278
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:51,400
disruption. 
The evening would feel slightly 

279
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:53,700
off like a picture frame 
hanging. 

280
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:56,600
Crooked your napkin sits folded 
on your plate. 

281
00:14:56,600 --> 00:15:00,700
In a laboratory shape. 
A Bishop's hat may be or a fan. 

282
00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,900
The Parlor maid, spent actual 
time folding these this 

283
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,200
afternoon, you pick it up and 
unfold it in your lap with 

284
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:12,100
deliberate movements. 
The napkin is enormous large 

285
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:13,600
enough to protect your entire 
dress front. 

286
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,200
If necessary is also starch, 
just enough to stay where you 

287
00:15:17,208 --> 00:15:20,400
place it across the table. 
Your husband is performing the 

288
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:24,400
same napkin ritual. 
His napkin is identical to yours

289
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,400
because a quality and napkin 
size is a important. 

290
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,900
You catch his eye and he gives 
you a small smile. 

291
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:34,400
This is the moment you both 
acknowledge the absurdity of 

292
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,000
sitting so far, apart, while 
dining alone, but acknowledging,

293
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:41,200
it doesn't mean changing it, the
ritual matters more than the 

294
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:43,900
efficiency. 
The first thing you notice after

295
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:46,400
sitting is how different, the 
room looks from this position. 

296
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:49,700
The centerpiece now blocks your 
direct view of your husband. 

297
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:53,200
You can see him around the 
flowers, but you have to make 

298
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,900
the effort. 
Every conversation across this 

299
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:58,700
table will require you to lean 
slightly to one side or the 

300
00:15:58,708 --> 00:16:01,000
other. 
Your hands rest naturally on the

301
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,800
table Edge but not too far 
forward elbows. 

302
00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:06,200
Never touch the table. 
Everyone knows this. 

303
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,000
But hands can rest lightly on 
the table cloth between courses.

304
00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,100
Your posture is straight without
being rigid. 

305
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,800
Comfortable, but not casual. 
You'll maintain this posture 

306
00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:20,500
through seven courses and 
roughly 90 minutes of dining. 

307
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:24,400
The Butlers taken his position 
near the sideboard standing at 

308
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:26,800
attention. 
He's not exactly watching you, 

309
00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:28,600
but he's aware of your every 
movement. 

310
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,600
He'll know, the instant, you're 
ready for the next course. 

311
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:34,300
He'll notice. 
If you need water, he's 

312
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:37,300
developed a sixth sense for 
anticipating needs before. 

313
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,600
They're expressed. 
This is what makes him excellent

314
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,300
at his job and probably 
exhausting to live with the 

315
00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:44,700
room. 
Settles into its dining 

316
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:49,300
configuration. 
Fire pops, softly candle Flames 

317
00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:53,300
wave in some invisible draft. 
You can hear kitchen sounds from

318
00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:57,000
below muffled clattering and 
voice giving instructions. 

319
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,000
These sounds don't disturb the 
dining room atmosphere. 

320
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,400
There are evidence that 
everything's working, as it 

321
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:06,500
should, your husband clears. 
His throat gently, this is The 

322
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:11,000
Unofficial signal that dinner 
May begin The butler responds by

323
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,599
moving toward the sideboard to 
collect the first course. until 

324
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:19,800
this moment, everyone has been 
in position, but Frozen, Now, 

325
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:23,800
the evening can actually start 
you adjust your seating slightly

326
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,400
settling in for the long 
performance ahead. 

327
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:30,000
Your corset presses against your
ribs at this angle. 

328
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,700
You breathe carefully. 
Finding the Rhythm that will 

329
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:35,300
work for the next hour and a 
half. 

330
00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:39,700
Shallow breaths but steady you 
learned this years ago? 

331
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,800
Fight the corset and you'll be 
miserable work with it. 

332
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:45,800
And you barely notice, it's 
there. 

333
00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,300
The chairs arms, provide a place
to rest your wrist between 

334
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:52,400
courses, you'll use these 
strategically throughout the 

335
00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:55,300
meals provides stability for 
cutting meat. 

336
00:17:55,300 --> 00:17:59,500
They offer a resting place when 
conversation pauses, they're 

337
00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:03,000
possibly the most useful part of
dining room furniture, though. 

338
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,700
Nobody ever mentions this, your 
feet touch the floor, solidly, 

339
00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:09,400
Dining chairs a lower than 
drawing room. 

340
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,000
Chairs, and the table. 
Height is calibrated. 

341
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000
Exactly. 
Your arms can rest comfortably 

342
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:19,100
on the table Edge, your plate, 
when it arrives will sit at the 

343
00:18:19,108 --> 00:18:21,700
perfect distance for eating 
without hunching forward. 

344
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,900
Someone calculated these 
measurements decades ago and 

345
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,400
everyone since has simply 
replicated than without 

346
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:30,900
question. 
The temperature at table level 

347
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:35,500
is perfect too high and you'd 
feel stuffy too low, in the food

348
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:39,100
would cool too quickly. 
The victorians have worked out, 

349
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:42,800
the thermodynamics of dining 
rooms the way Engineers, work 

350
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:46,900
out Bridge construction. 
There's an ideal temperature 

351
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,200
zone and considerable effort 
goes into. 

352
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,100
Maintaining it from your 
position. 

353
00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:55,600
You can see the fire directly. 
It's been built in layers, coal 

354
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:58,800
on the bottom producing heat 
with some wood on top producing 

355
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:01,300
Ambience. 
The Flames are energetic, but 

356
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:05,000
contained, Later in the evening,
someone will add more coal. 

357
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,300
You're barely notice when this 
happens the servants are ghosts.

358
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,500
When they want to be the butler 
returns from the sideboard, 

359
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:15,200
carrying a covered silver dish. 
He moves with the deliberate 

360
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:17,500
pace of someone carrying 
something valuable. 

361
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:22,300
His footsteps on the carpet, a 
silent, he could be floating for

362
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,500
all the noisy makes this is the 
beginning. 

363
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:30,300
Everything before this moment 
was preparation, now you're 

364
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,200
actually dining the butler, 
place is a small plate before 

365
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:37,500
you with practice precision. 
Plato's warm noticeably warm 

366
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,000
heated in the kitchen before 
food touched it. 

367
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:42,500
On the plate. 
Sit, something that looks 

368
00:19:42,500 --> 00:19:44,300
delicate and carefully 
constructed. 

369
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:47,800
It's the first course. 
And first course is all always 

370
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,300
about restraint. 
They announced that this will be

371
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:52,700
a civilized meal, not a Feeding 
Frenzy. 

372
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:55,300
Tonight's first course, is 
oysters. 

373
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:59,000
Six of them arranged on the 
plate with geometric precision. 

374
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:02,700
They're sitting in their half 
shells, already opened in the 

375
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:04,900
kitchen. 
The small Fork. 

376
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:07,700
Rest beside the plate. 
This wasn't part of your 

377
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:10,400
original place. 
Setting it appeared with the 

378
00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:14,100
oysters as if by Magic, the 
oysters glistening in the 

379
00:20:14,108 --> 00:20:15,800
candlelight like they're made of
pewter. 

380
00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:20,700
And silk, each one is different 
slightly different size slightly

381
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,900
different shape, but they've 
been arranged to look uniform. 

382
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,100
Someone in the kitchen spent 
time selecting these making sure

383
00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:29,900
none were too large or too 
small. 

384
00:20:29,900 --> 00:20:33,900
The first course sets the tone 
nobody wants to set the tone 

385
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:37,900
with a massive frightening. 
Oyster thin slices of lemon sit 

386
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:41,000
between the shells. 
A tiny dish of mignonette sauce 

387
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,500
vinegar shallots and pepper 
appears at your Plate's Edge. 

388
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:49,600
Smell reaching you as mostly 
brine that distinct ocean scent.

389
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:51,100
That means the oysters are 
fresh. 

390
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:56,300
Not yesterday, fresh to day, 
fresh, possibly this afternoon, 

391
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,700
fresh to noon. 
You pick up the small fork and 

392
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:01,100
look across the table at your 
husband. 

393
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:05,200
He's examining his own oyster 
plate with the expression of a 

394
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:06,600
man who would rather be eating 
beef. 

395
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:09,200
He doesn't dislike oysters. 
Exactly. 

396
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:11,900
He dislikes. 
That oysters are fashionable. 

397
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,500
He dislikes, that fashionable 
things must be eaten even when 

398
00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,700
you'd prefer something else. 
But Elite them because that's 

399
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:21,900
what the first course is the 
technique for eating oysters has

400
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:24,100
been explained to you many times
though. 

401
00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:26,900
You learned it so long ago that 
the explanations feel like 

402
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:30,900
something you were born knowing 
You use the small Fork to detach

403
00:21:30,900 --> 00:21:34,000
the oyster from its shell, 
cutting the muscle that holds it

404
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,600
in place. 
Then you're supposed to lift the

405
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:38,600
shell and let the oyster slide 
into your mouth. 

406
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,100
You're definitely not supposed 
to chew it. 

407
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:44,700
Let it rest on your tongue. 
Maybe compress it slightly 

408
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:49,100
against your palate, then 
swallow Chewing oysters is what 

409
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:52,200
people in restaurants. 
Do proper people simply receive 

410
00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:54,900
osters, you squeeze lemon over 
the first one. 

411
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,800
The juice runs down into the 
shells curve mixing with the 

412
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:01,600
oysters natural. 
Lick would The smell intense. 

413
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:05,100
Suffice more citrus. 
Now, cutting through the brine. 

414
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:08,100
You add a tiny amount of 
mignonette sauce with the 

415
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:10,200
miniature spoon provided for 
this purpose. 

416
00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:13,700
The victorians have specific 
utensils for everything. 

417
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:17,500
Somewhere in London, there's 
probably a factory employing 

418
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:20,600
dozens of people to make nothing
but tiny spoons for minion 

419
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,000
netsource. 
The shell is rough against your 

420
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,200
lips, cold from the oyster, 
slightly sharp along the edge, 

421
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,500
then the oyster itself, slides 
into your mouth, and you 

422
00:22:29,500 --> 00:22:32,100
understand why people either 
love these or hate them. 

423
00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:34,800
The texture is like nothing 
else. 

424
00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:40,500
Silky and firm at the same time.
The Taste is intensely ocean, 

425
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:43,500
not fishy, but definitely from 
water. 

426
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:46,800
Salt. 
Yes, but also something mineral.

427
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:51,200
Something that reminds you of 
rocks and Tides you, let it rest

428
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,700
on your tongue for a moment. 
The lemon brightens everything. 

429
00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:58,500
The minion adds a sharp vinegar 
note that cuts through the 

430
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:03,000
richness, then you swallow and 
the oyster is gone leaving 

431
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:06,300
behind just flavor and a faint 
memory of texture. 

432
00:23:06,300 --> 00:23:09,300
Your husband has eaten his first
oyster while you were 

433
00:23:09,308 --> 00:23:12,200
contemplating yours. 
He's reaching for a second. 

434
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,600
The meal has officially begun 
your both eating. 

435
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,900
Now both committed to the 
evening's progression. 

436
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,900
The second oyster is slightly 
larger than the first more lemon

437
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:23,500
this time. 
Less Source. 

438
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:26,500
The third one. 
You eat without any additions at

439
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:28,200
all. 
Just to taste the oyster itself.

440
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:32,300
It sweet underneath the brine 
almost buttery. 

441
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:35,400
These are good oysters someone 
at the fish monger. 

442
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,500
Did their job, well, eating or 
oysters creates a rhythm 

443
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:45,000
detached lift receive swallow. 
Detach lift received swallow, 

444
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:49,300
its meditative in its way. 
Your mind can wander while your 

445
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:51,300
hands perform. 
This simple sequence. 

446
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:55,400
You think about the oysters 
journey to this table harvested 

447
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:57,400
somewhere on the coast. 
Probably this morning. 

448
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:02,300
It's a nice transported by train
to London, sold at Market, 

449
00:24:02,300 --> 00:24:05,500
carried to your kitchen and 
opened by someone whose hands 

450
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,000
are probably cut from years of 
oyster shells. 

451
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,600
All this effort to produce six 
small bites of food, that take 

452
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:16,000
maybe three minutes to eat, the 
butler appears silently to 

453
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:17,800
refill. 
Your water glass, you didn't 

454
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,400
notice it was low. 
He noticed, this is his gift 

455
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,800
noticing things before anyone 
else, realizes they need 

456
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:26,700
noticing fourth. 
Oyster. 

457
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:31,100
The Rhythm continues. 
You're eating slowly but not too

458
00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:34,100
slowly. 
There's a paste to First courses

459
00:24:34,100 --> 00:24:36,200
that everyone understands 
without discussing. 

460
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,800
Fast enough to show your not 
afraid of food, slow enough to 

461
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:42,800
demonstrate your not desperately
hungry. 

462
00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:46,000
The performance of eating is 
sometimes more important than 

463
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,800
the eating itself. 
Your husband finishes his 

464
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,800
oysters before you finish yours.
He sets down his fork with a 

465
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:54,900
soft, click against his plate 
and waits. 

466
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:59,800
He could start a conversation 
now, but he doesn't He'll still 

467
00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:02,500
eating talking. 
While someone is eating oysters 

468
00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:05,300
would be poor form or oysters 
demand, a certain amount of 

469
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:08,700
concentration. 
Fifth, oyster your developing 

470
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:11,200
favorites. 
Now, This one is particularly 

471
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,800
Briny and particularly firm, the
lemon juice. 

472
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:16,800
You add seems to make it Sparkle
somehow. 

473
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:20,400
Chemistry, you don't understand 
is happening on this shell. 

474
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:24,200
The sixth and final oyster feels
almost disappointing. 

475
00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:27,000
First, of course, is always end 
too quickly. 

476
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:30,400
You've barely settled into the 
meals Rhythm and already the 

477
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:34,100
opening act is over. 
You eat this last oyster slowly 

478
00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:39,000
trying to extend the experience 
more, lemon, more sauce. 

479
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:41,300
Hold it in your mouth, a moment 
longer. 

480
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:45,400
Let the flavors develop fully 
before, swallowing your plate is

481
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,700
now decorated with six, empty 
shells arranged in a circle 

482
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:51,600
around the edge. 
The center is clean white 

483
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,000
porcelain. 
The visual effect is 

484
00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:57,600
surprisingly pleasing. 
These organic irregular shells 

485
00:25:57,600 --> 00:25:59,500
against the perfect manufactured
plate. 

486
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:01,600
It looks like an art 
installation. 

487
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,700
You'd see in a gallery if 
galleries existed for dinner 

488
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,500
courses, the butler has been 
waiting for this moment. 

489
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:10,000
The instant you set down your 
fork. 

490
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:11,600
He moves forward to collect your
plate. 

491
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,900
Your husband's plate is lifted 
at the same time, both plates 

492
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:19,500
disappear toward the sideboard, 
the oyster Forks, vanished too. 

493
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:24,000
Intense seconds, all evidence of
the first course is gone except 

494
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:25,300
the taste lingering in your 
mouth. 

495
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:28,600
A pause now. 
Maybe two minutes of nothing. 

496
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:33,000
This is intentional. 
The break between courses, gives

497
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,800
your stomach time to register 
that food has arrived. 

498
00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:40,500
It lets conversation resume if 
anyone has something to say, it 

499
00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:42,600
builds anticipation for the next
course. 

500
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,400
The victorians understand that 
eating is about timing is much 

501
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,900
as taste, the butler, returns 
carrying two plates that are 

502
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:52,000
noticeably larger than the first
course plates. 

503
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,400
These are dinner plates, proper 
dinner plates, the kind that 

504
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:57,000
could hold a reasonable amount 
of food. 

505
00:26:57,000 --> 00:27:00,600
And they do hold a reasonable 
amount of food arranged, of 

506
00:27:00,608 --> 00:27:04,300
course with the Precision of a 
military formation, your plate 

507
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:09,000
arrives first on, its a portion 
of a roasted lamb sliced, thin 

508
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:10,900
and arranged in an overlapping 
pattern. 

509
00:27:11,900 --> 00:27:15,100
The side, the lamb, a small, 
roasted potatoes their skins 

510
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:18,700
crisped and gleaming with 
butter, green beans, run 

511
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:23,400
alongside the potatoes arranged 
in a parallel line, a small pool

512
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,400
of gravy sits in the Plate's 
curved, dark and glossy. 

513
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,900
Everything is positioned with 
geometric intentionality, the 

514
00:27:30,900 --> 00:27:33,700
smell hits you before, you've 
even registered all the visual 

515
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,900
details. 
Roasted meat rosemary, garlic 

516
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:40,600
butter and the Deep Savory 
Center of gravy made from pan 

517
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,100
drippings. 
This is the smell that makes 

518
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:45,100
your stomach. 
Suddenly remember, its hungry. 

519
00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:49,000
The oysters were interesting. 
This is food, your husband 

520
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,900
receives his plate, 
simultaneously. 

521
00:27:50,900 --> 00:27:55,500
His portion is noticeably larger
than yours about half again as 

522
00:27:55,500 --> 00:28:00,100
much meat more potatoes. 
Nobody mentions this discrepancy

523
00:28:00,100 --> 00:28:04,100
because the discrepancy is 
expected men, get larger 

524
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:08,200
portions women, get portion 
sized for their supposedly 

525
00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:12,200
smaller appetites and definitely
smaller stomachs compressed. 

526
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,700
Buy corsets Whether you're 
actually less hungry than your 

527
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:19,000
husband is irrelevant new 
utensils have appeared beside 

528
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,900
your plate. 
A proper deny knife and fork, 

529
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,200
larger, and heavier than 
anything used in the first 

530
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:26,900
course, the knife has real 
weight to it. 

531
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:31,100
Fork, tines are sharp. 
These are serious, eating 

532
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:35,200
implements, you arrange your 
napkin slightly making sure it's

533
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:36,700
positioned to catch any 
potential. 

534
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:41,000
Drips gravy has a way of finding
shirts and dress bodices through

535
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,000
some kind of malicious 
navigation system. 

536
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,100
The napkin is your primary 
defense. 

537
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,900
The lamb has been cooked 
properly pink in the middle gray

538
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:51,600
at the edges. 
You can see this in the slice 

539
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,100
portion on your plate. 
The outside has that desirable 

540
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:58,400
crossed where herbs and heat 
combined to create something 

541
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,700
more delicious than the sum of 
its parts. 

542
00:29:00,700 --> 00:29:03,600
You select a piece from the 
middle of the rangement and cut 

543
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,300
it carefully. 
The knife slides through with 

544
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:09,200
just the right amount of 
resistance, two, easy would 

545
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:12,500
mean, the meat is overcooked to 
difficult would mean its tough. 

546
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:16,800
This is exactly right. 
The first bite, combines lamb 

547
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:18,800
gravy and a small piece of 
potato. 

548
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:22,800
You've learned that food tastes 
better in combinations than a 

549
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:26,300
nice relation. 
The lamb is tender and Rich with

550
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:28,500
the distinctive slightly gamy, 
flavor. 

551
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:32,400
That separates it from beef. 
The gravy adds salt and depth. 

552
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,700
The potato provides textural 
contrast and soaks up the gravy 

553
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,500
like an edible sponge, your 
mouth is suddenly very happy 

554
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:43,400
across the table. 
Your husband is cutting his meat

555
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:45,600
with the focused. 
Attention of someone performing 

556
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:48,200
surgery, men are taught to cut 
meat. 

557
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:51,200
Decisively one firm, motion per 
cut. 

558
00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:55,400
Women are taught to cut more 
delicately with multiple small 

559
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:57,200
soaring motions. 
If necessary. 

560
00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:00,900
These gendered cutting 
techniques are apparently 

561
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:02,900
important enough. 
That people write etiquette 

562
00:30:02,900 --> 00:30:06,000
books, explaining them, the 
green beans are still slightly, 

563
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,900
crisp, dressed with butter and 
possibly, a touch of almond. 

564
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,000
You want to expecting the 
Almond. 

565
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,900
That's a nice surprise. 
The beans taste green and fresh,

566
00:30:14,900 --> 00:30:18,200
despite being cooked, some in 
the kitchen understands 

567
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,600
vegetables. 
You eat, methodically working 

568
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:24,500
your way around the plate, a 
bite of lamb, a potato, some 

569
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:27,100
beans, another bite of lamb with
gravy. 

570
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:29,200
And doesn't matter. 
Exactly. 

571
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:32,000
But having some pattern to your 
eating looks better than 

572
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:34,300
randomly attacking whatever 
appears closest. 

573
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:38,400
Even eating alone with your 
husband appearances matter. 

574
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,000
The potatoes have been roasted 
in duck fat, if your palate is 

575
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,800
correct. 
They have that particular 

576
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,000
richness that butter alone 
doesn't provide? 

577
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:49,600
Their outsides a crispy. 
They're insights fluffy. 

578
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,900
They're possibly the best thing 
on the plate though. 

579
00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,800
You'd never say this out loud. 
Admitting you prefer potatoes to

580
00:30:56,808 --> 00:30:58,600
lamb. 
Would suggest your priorities 

581
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:00,700
are wrong. 
Your husband speaks for the 

582
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:02,800
first time since the main course
arrived. 

583
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,200
The lamb is very good tonight. 
You agree that the lamb is very 

584
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,300
good tonight. 
This exchange covers all 

585
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:14,200
necessary conversation about the
food going into more detail. 

586
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,000
Would suggest, your overly 
focused on eating, not 

587
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:19,100
commenting at all. 
Would suggest your ungrateful. 

588
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:23,600
This brief acknowledgment is The
Sweet Spot you're about halfway 

589
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,600
through your portion. 
When you realize you're eating 

590
00:31:25,608 --> 00:31:28,900
too quickly, first courses 
should be eaten at a leisurely 

591
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:31,500
Pace. 
Main courses should be eaten at 

592
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:33,100
a pace. 
Suggesting your enjoying the 

593
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:36,700
food but not obsessed with it. 
You deliberately slow down 

594
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:40,000
setting your knife and fork on 
your plate between bites. 

595
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:44,100
This is the proper resting 
position knife and fork in an 

596
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,500
expat on the plate. 
Setting them parallel with 

597
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:50,100
signal your finished and you're 
definitely not finished. 

598
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:54,000
The wine glasses have been 
filled red wine for the main 

599
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,700
course you didn't notice when 
this happened. 

600
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:59,100
The butler is a magician when he
wants to be. 

601
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:02,800
The wine is a burgundy. 
You think or possibly a Claret? 

602
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,700
The victorians aren't as fussy 
about wine as the French, but 

603
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:09,400
they do understand that red wine
goes with red meat. 

604
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:13,300
You take a small sip. 
The wine is dry and slightly 

605
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:15,800
tannic with fruit notes. 
That complement the Lambs 

606
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,200
richness. 
Your husband is eating more 

607
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:20,100
quickly than you but not 
rapidly. 

608
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:24,000
His larger portion requires more
efficient to eating to finish in

609
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,000
a reasonable time frame. 
He is about three quarters 

610
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,600
through when you are still 
navigating your halfway point. 

611
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:33,300
This is normal these 
proportional timing differences 

612
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:35,600
work out naturally. 
If everyone eats at their proper

613
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:37,600
Pace. 
The gravy is becoming more 

614
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:39,200
important as the meal 
progresses. 

615
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:43,300
It started doesn't have now 
become the element that ties 

616
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,300
everything together. 
You find yourself deliberately 

617
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:50,000
saving some for the final bites 
running out of gravy before 

618
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:51,600
finishing. 
Your meat would be a small 

619
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:55,000
tragedy, the rooms temperatures 
increase slightly from the hot 

620
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:59,200
plate and the continuing fire 
warm now, but not uncomfortable,

621
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:02,600
the wine helps. 
Everything is slightly blurred 

622
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,100
at the edges in that Pleasant 
way that good food and 

623
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:07,800
low-light, create a small piece 
of land. 

624
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:10,900
Resist your knife. 
You have to sort it slightly 

625
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:13,500
more than elegantly these 
moments happen. 

626
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:17,600
Nobody has invented meet that 
cuts perfectly every single 

627
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:20,100
time. 
You managed to separate the 

628
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:23,200
piece without anything. 
Sliding off your plate or making

629
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:27,300
dramatic knife, screeching 
sounds small victories. 

630
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,600
The potatoes are gone. 
You ate them, strategically 

631
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:33,400
spreading them throughout the 
meal instead of consuming them 

632
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:36,900
all at once. 
Now, you miss them, the plate 

633
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,500
looks emptier without their 
golden presents. 

634
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:42,400
Your husband sets down his 
utensils in the finished 

635
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:44,400
position. 
Parallel across his plate. 

636
00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,600
He's done. 
You're not quite done but close 

637
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:49,100
enough. 
That finishing won't take long. 

638
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:52,200
You work through your final few 
bites with the knowledge that 

639
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,900
the butler is probably preparing
to clear plates, the last bite 

640
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:59,500
of lamb swirled through 
remaining gravy accompanied by a

641
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:03,300
single green bean. 
You choose slowly tasting 

642
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:04,300
everything. 
One last time. 

643
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:07,800
Then it's gone. 
Your plate is clean except for 

644
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:11,500
smears of gravy and butter. 
Your Ranger knife and fork in 

645
00:34:11,507 --> 00:34:15,699
the finish position, the Butler 
materializes Beside You both 

646
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:17,500
plates are lifted 
simultaneously. 

647
00:34:17,500 --> 00:34:21,500
Your wine glasses, remain wine 
carries through multiple 

648
00:34:21,500 --> 00:34:24,100
courses. 
The empty plates vanished toward

649
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:27,100
the sideboard, Another pause 
now. 

650
00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:30,699
Longer this time, you've eaten, 
the substantial part of the 

651
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,699
evening's meal. 
What comes next is supplementary

652
00:34:33,699 --> 00:34:35,699
the break. 
After the main course. 

653
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:37,800
Feels different from the break 
after oysters. 

654
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,699
Your stomach is genuinely 
satisfied. 

655
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:45,300
Now, the slightly frantic Edge 
that hunger creates as vanished 

656
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:47,500
You're in that comfortable 
state? 

657
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:50,100
Where more food sounds pleasant 
but not necessary. 

658
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:52,900
Your husband adjusts his 
position in his chair. 

659
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:56,500
Settling back slightly. 
This is as casual as he'll get 

660
00:34:56,500 --> 00:34:58,800
during dinner. 
He's not sprawling or anything 

661
00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,500
undignified. 
He still upright, still proper. 

662
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,000
But the ramrod posture is 
softened. 

663
00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,800
You do the same, nobody 
mentioned this shift but you 

664
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:08,700
both felled. 
It happened. 

665
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:12,000
The wine gets attention now that
food isn't competing for your 

666
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,800
focus. 
You lift your glass and really 

667
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,900
look at the wine examining its 
color in the candlelight. 

668
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,100
It's a deep red almost purple at
the Edge's. 

669
00:35:22,700 --> 00:35:25,400
The victorians have opinions 
about wine appreciation that 

670
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:29,000
they've absorbed from French 
culture holding wine up to the 

671
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,600
light and contemplating its 
seriously as part of the 

672
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:35,400
performance you take a sip. 
The wine is opened up since you 

673
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:38,700
first tasted it, whatever 
tanning was shot before of 

674
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:42,900
mellowed, the fruit flavors are 
more prominent You're not a wine

675
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:46,600
expert by any stretch but you 
can tell this is decent Wine, 

676
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,100
Not spectacular, but certainly 
good enough for a family dinner,

677
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,100
your husband is looking at you 
with the expression that means 

678
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:55,400
he's about to start an actual 
conversation. 

679
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:58,600
The earlier comment about lamb 
was ritual. 

680
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:02,100
This will be real. 
I spoke with Matthews today 

681
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:05,100
about the property. 
Matthews is your solicitor. 

682
00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:08,400
The property is a small house. 
You're considering purchasing as

683
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:12,000
an investment This is the kind 
of discussion that happens 

684
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:14,800
during the post. 
Main course, lull business, 

685
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:17,200
stalkers acceptable. 
Now, it wouldn't have been 

686
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:19,700
during oysters and it won't be 
during Desert. 

687
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:23,700
But right now in the brake 
practical matters can emerge. 

688
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:26,900
You ask what? 
Matthew said your husband 

689
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:30,500
explained some detail about 
deeds and surveys and structural

690
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,900
assessments Your listening. 
But also, thinking about how 

691
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:36,600
strange it is, that major 
financial decisions get 

692
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:40,900
discussed across eight feet of 
dining table over, dirty plates 

693
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:44,100
and wine glasses. 
But this is when husbands, and 

694
00:36:44,108 --> 00:36:48,000
wives often have uninterrupted 
time together, The dining room 

695
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:51,400
becomes an office by default. 
The conversation continues for 

696
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,100
several minutes. 
You offer opinions about the 

697
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,400
properties location. 
Your husband mentioned concerned

698
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:01,300
about drainage You both agree 
that Matthews should proceed 

699
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:04,400
with the structural assessment. 
Before any offer is made, this 

700
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,600
is partnership in Victorian 
marriage, collaborative, 

701
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,600
decision-making, conducted with 
formal politeness. 

702
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:13,200
The butler is waiting somewhere 
in the periphery. 

703
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:17,200
He can hear every word of this 
conversation servants, always, 

704
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:21,700
can everyone pretends they 
can't, but they absolutely can. 

705
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:25,000
Your private discussions about 
property and money are being 

706
00:37:25,008 --> 00:37:27,800
absorbed by a man who will 
repeat nothing, but remember, 

707
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:29,800
everything, you finish your 
wine. 

708
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:32,900
The butler appears instantly to 
refill the glass. 

709
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:34,900
This timing can't be 
coincidence. 

710
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:38,800
He's been watching without 
appearing to what your glass is 

711
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,700
never empty. 
Your husband's glass is never 

712
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:44,200
empty. 
This is the standard, the 

713
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,500
household, maintains the 
conversation, shifts to social 

714
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,200
obligation. 
There's a dinner party next week

715
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:52,800
at the Hendersons, your expected
to attend. 

716
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,500
Neither of you is particularly 
enthused about this but 

717
00:37:56,500 --> 00:37:59,800
attendance is mandatory, the 
Hendersons are connected to 

718
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,800
people who matter not attending 
would be noticed. 

719
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,300
Being noticed for absence is 
never good. 

720
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,800
Your husband mentioned that 
Henderson son is apparently 

721
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:11,800
courting, the Thompson girl. 
This is Gossip which is 

722
00:38:11,808 --> 00:38:15,100
technically beneath formal 
dinner conversation, but you're 

723
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:17,200
only two people and nobody's 
keeping score. 

724
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:21,500
The Thompson girl is perfectly 
nice but not well connected. 

725
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:25,900
The Hendersons can do better. 
You both agree on this without 

726
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:29,200
saying it directly? 
The victorians have perfected. 

727
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,600
The art of judgmental 
implication more wine appears in

728
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:35,400
your glass. 
Your surprised to realize you've

729
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:36,600
finished the previous serving 
already. 

730
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:40,900
The wine is working its way 
through your system, creating a 

731
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,300
pleasant warmth that has nothing
to do with the fire. 

732
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:47,700
Everything is slightly softer 
now, the candlelight seems 

733
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:51,000
warmer your husband's face 
across the table looks younger 

734
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:53,400
somehow. 
The discussion meanders to 

735
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,400
household matters, the carpets 
in the morning, room need 

736
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:58,800
replacing. 
There's a persistent draft in 

737
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:00,800
The Upstairs Hall way that 
nobody can locate. 

738
00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:04,600
The cold delivery man has 
started arriving at inconvenient

739
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,500
times. 
These are the mundane details 

740
00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:09,400
that fill. 
Actual marriage is behind all 

741
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:12,100
the formality. 
You're not just discussing 

742
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:14,300
property Investments and social 
obligations. 

743
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:18,400
Your figuring out how to keep a 
household running, your husband 

744
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,500
Smiles at something. 
You said about the cold 

745
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:23,600
delivery, man. 
A real smile, not the plight in 

746
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:26,100
a smile. 
These moments of genuine 

747
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,100
connection happen in the spaces 
between formal Behavior. 

748
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:32,800
Your performing dinner but 
you're also just two people 

749
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,500
talking about your lives, the 
butler shifts position slightly.

750
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:39,600
This is the signal that the 
kitchen is ready for the next 

751
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:43,900
course, the social interlude is 
ending you feel it without 

752
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:46,800
anyone announcing it. 
The evenings rhythm is. 

753
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:49,500
Pulling you forward. 
You straighten slightly in your 

754
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:52,300
chair, your husband notices and 
does the same. 

755
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:57,100
The brief relaxation is over 
desert is coming and desert 

756
00:39:57,100 --> 00:39:58,900
requires. 
Its own form of attention. 

757
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:01,600
The butler approaches with two 
smaller plates. 

758
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:05,500
Deserters arrived with the 
formality of a diplomatic Envoy.

759
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,100
The plates are clean white, 
porcelain different from any 

760
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:11,800
use, so far. 
This evening, the victorians 

761
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,200
believed that horses deserve 
their own dishes. 

762
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:17,500
Using the same plate for 
multiple courses, would be like 

763
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:20,700
wearing the same shoes to a 
wedding and a funeral, tonight's

764
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:24,000
desert is trifle. 
You can see it constructed in a 

765
00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:28,000
small Crystal Bowl layers of 
sponge cake, soaked in Sherry 

766
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:32,400
custard jam and whipped cream. 
The bowl itself is possibly more

767
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:34,100
valuable than the food. 
Inside it. 

768
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:37,400
The cream on top has been 
smoothed with the flat edge of a

769
00:40:37,408 --> 00:40:40,600
knife, creating a pristine White
surface. 

770
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:46,100
A single candied Violet sits in 
the center purple and delicate. 

771
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:49,900
The desert spoon appears beside 
the bowl, small, and elegant 

772
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,300
with a rounded Bowl instead of 
the oval shape of soup Spoons. 

773
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,700
The victorians have different 
spoons for every possible eating

774
00:40:56,700 --> 00:40:59,400
scenario. 
There's probably a specific 

775
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:02,900
spoon for eating trifle. 
That's distinct from the spoon 

776
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:05,200
for eating custard directly 
though. 

777
00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:06,900
You can't imagine what the 
difference would be. 

778
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:09,800
You lift the spoon and break 
through the whipped cream 

779
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:12,700
surface. 
The layers reveal themselves, as

780
00:41:12,700 --> 00:41:14,900
you dig down, the custard is 
pale, yellow. 

781
00:41:14,900 --> 00:41:18,700
And the jam is dark red possibly
raspberry. 

782
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:22,600
The cake at the bottom, has 
absorbed Sherry and turned 

783
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:25,800
slightly in exactly. 
The way trifle is supposed to be

784
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:28,900
soggy. 
The first bite is intensely 

785
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:31,800
sweet. 
After the Savory lamb and 

786
00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:35,900
mineral oysters, the sweetness 
is almost shocking, your palate.

787
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:39,600
Needs a moment to recalibrate 
then the flavors sort themselves

788
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:42,100
out. 
The cream is Rich and barely 

789
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:44,700
sweet. 
The custard is vanilla heavy. 

790
00:41:44,700 --> 00:41:49,100
The jam provides tart fruit 
notes and the Sherry soaked 

791
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:53,100
cake, adds boozy depth. 
This is not subtle food. 

792
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:57,000
This is a celebration in a bowl.
Your husband is eating his 

793
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,400
trifle with the focused 
attention of someone who 

794
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:03,100
genuinely enjoys desert. 
He's not performing for 

795
00:42:03,100 --> 00:42:05,400
enjoyment. 
He actually likes this. 

796
00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,200
You can tell by how carefully 
he's constructing each spoonful,

797
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:11,800
making sure to get some of every
layer. 

798
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,300
The candied Violet, on top of 
your trifle, turns out to be 

799
00:42:15,308 --> 00:42:19,000
completely edible, you expected 
it to be decorative, but when 

800
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:23,300
you taste it cautiously, it's 
actually quite nice floral 

801
00:42:23,300 --> 00:42:26,400
without being perfume, like 
slightly crunchy from the sugar 

802
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:28,900
coating. 
You eat it, slowly letting it 

803
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:32,000
dissolve on your tongue. 
Eating trifle creates a kind of 

804
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:35,900
archaeological dig in Reverse, 
your deconstructing the layers 

805
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:38,600
with each spoonful. 
Working your way, down through 

806
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:42,100
cream and custard and jam and 
until you reach the foundation 

807
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:46,100
of Sherry soaked cake. 
The cake is almost putting like 

808
00:42:46,100 --> 00:42:47,900
now, barely holding its 
structure. 

809
00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:50,900
It dissolves in your mouth, more
than being chewed. 

810
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:54,500
This cherry flavor becomes more 
prominent as you go deeper. 

811
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:57,400
Someone in the kitchen was not 
shy with the bottle. 

812
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:01,100
This trifle could probably get 
you slightly Tipsy if you ate 

813
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:04,400
enough of it combined with the 
wine you've been drinking all 

814
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,300
evening, you're definitely 
feeling warmer and more relaxed 

815
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:10,200
than you were at the meals 
begining, your husband finishes 

816
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,200
his trifle before you finish 
yours. 

817
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:16,800
This is becoming a pattern. 
He sets his spoon in the empty 

818
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:18,200
bowl with a satisfied 
expression. 

819
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:22,100
You're still working through 
your bottom layers, savoring, 

820
00:43:22,100 --> 00:43:25,300
the last few bites. 
The dining room feels Cozier now

821
00:43:25,300 --> 00:43:28,100
than it did earlier. 
The candles have burned down 

822
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:32,300
slightly, creating softer light.
Fire has settled into steady 

823
00:43:32,300 --> 00:43:36,600
warmth, rather than active Heat.
Outside the curtained windows, 

824
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,200
London is fully dark. 
Your isolated in this warm 

825
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,800
bubble of food and light. 
The final spoonful of trifle is 

826
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,000
mostly just soaked cake and jam 
the cream and custard. 

827
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:48,700
A long gone. 
You eat it. 

828
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,400
Slowly knowing that finishing 
this bite marks, the end of the 

829
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:55,200
formal meal. 
Once the desert is gone, dinner 

830
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:58,300
is officially over. 
What comes next is a different 

831
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,700
part of the evening entirely. 
You set your spoon in the empty 

832
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:03,600
bowl. 
The butler has been waiting for 

833
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:08,200
this moment. both dessert bowls 
are cleared, the wine glasses, 

834
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:12,300
remain still half full The tape 
is now clear except for these 

835
00:44:12,300 --> 00:44:15,000
glasses and the centerpiece that
has been presiding over the 

836
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,700
meal, like a small floral 
dignitary, your husband stands 

837
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:21,300
first. 
This is the signal that dinner 

838
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:23,800
has concluded. 
You stand as well. 

839
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,600
Carefully navigating the weight 
of your skirts and the slight 

840
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:30,100
whining induced unsteadiness in 
your legs. 

841
00:44:30,100 --> 00:44:32,700
You've been sitting for nearly 
90 minutes. 

842
00:44:33,500 --> 00:44:36,800
Standing feels strange. 
The butler has already moved to 

843
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:39,300
the door ready to open it for 
your exit. 

844
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:44,200
Nobody says the meal is over. 
The meal is simply over because 

845
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:46,300
people are standing and moving 
towards the door. 

846
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:50,600
The butler understands this 
language perfectly, you process 

847
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:53,700
out of the dining room with your
husband returning to the drawing

848
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:56,700
room, where the evening began. 
The fire here has been 

849
00:44:56,708 --> 00:45:00,000
maintained during dinner. 
Someone came in while you're 

850
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:01,500
eating and added coal and 
adjusted. 

851
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:05,600
The logs, the room is warm and 
inviting this is the hour for 

852
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:07,600
coffee. 
And after dinner drinks, the 

853
00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:10,800
drawing room has been set for 
this purpose, a coffee service, 

854
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:16,100
on a side table, small cups, and
sauces sugar and cream, a 

855
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:18,100
decanter of ports. 
Its nearby for your husband. 

856
00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:22,200
Brandy too, probably though, you
can't see it from where your 

857
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:24,900
standing, you settle in to a 
chair near the fire. 

858
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:26,600
A different chair than before 
dinner. 

859
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:30,400
That chair was for waiting. 
This chair is for digesting. 

860
00:45:31,500 --> 00:45:34,400
The distinction feels important,
even if you can't explain 

861
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:38,000
exactly why the Parlor. 
Maid appears with coffee, she 

862
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:40,900
pauses silently and add sugar 
and cream, according to your 

863
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,600
preferences without asking. 
Everyone in the household knows 

864
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:48,400
how you take coffee. 
This information is filed away 

865
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:51,200
and servant, memory banks and 
retrieved whenever necessary, 

866
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,600
the coffee is strong and hot 
just below scolding. 

867
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:57,700
You hold the cup carefully, 
letting the heat, warm your 

868
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:00,100
hands. 
The coffee's bitterness cuts, 

869
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:02,300
through the residual. 
Sweetness from the trifle. 

870
00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:05,500
Your palate is resetting 
preparing for the evenings. 

871
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:08,800
Next phase, your husband takes 
his port to a chair across from 

872
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:10,700
you. 
Port is what gentleman? 

873
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,900
Drink after dinner. 
It's sweet and fortified and 

874
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:17,400
probably completely unnecessary 
after wine and Sherry soaked, 

875
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:21,700
trifle the tradition demands. 
It He'll sip it slowly for the 

876
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:23,600
next half. 
Hour, possibly reading the 

877
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,000
newspaper again, or simply 
staring into the fire. 

878
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:29,400
This post dinnertime is quieter 
than the meal itself. 

879
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:34,600
Performance pressure, ZZ you 
fulfill the days formal dining 

880
00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,200
obligation. 
What you do now is more 

881
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:41,300
flexible, you might do 
needlework read, write letters, 

882
00:46:41,300 --> 00:46:45,600
have actual conversation. 
Or simply sit in companionable 

883
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:50,100
silence, digesting and thinking 
about nothing in particular, the

884
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:52,500
house is settling into its 
evening routine around you. 

885
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:55,600
You can hear distant sounds 
servants. 

886
00:46:55,600 --> 00:46:58,800
Clearing the dining room washing
dishes in the skullery and 

887
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:00,700
preparing tomorrow's breakfast 
items. 

888
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:05,400
The household runs on a schedule
that never stops while you're 

889
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:06,800
resting. 
Other people are working. 

890
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,500
This is simply how things 
function, your corset is 

891
00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:13,700
noticeably uncomfortable. 
Now, it was fine during dinner 

892
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:15,600
fine. 
Even during Desert, but now that

893
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:18,300
you're sitting quietly, it's 
pressing against your full 

894
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:22,200
stomach, you shift position 
carefully trying to find an 

895
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,000
angle that provides relief 
without looking like your 

896
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:26,000
squirming. 
This is the price of 

897
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:29,100
fashionable, silhouette. 
The coffee cup is empty. 

898
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:32,700
You can consider a second cup 
but decide against it too much 

899
00:47:32,708 --> 00:47:34,400
coffee. 
This late will keep you awake. 

900
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:37,800
You have that slightly over full
feeling that comes from eating a

901
00:47:37,808 --> 00:47:40,100
proper. 
Multi-course meal, not 

902
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:43,000
uncomfortable, exactly. 
But definitely aware that. 

903
00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:46,000
Your stomach is occupied. 
Your husband is set aside his 

904
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:49,100
pork glass and picked up a book.
He's not really reading it. 

905
00:47:49,100 --> 00:47:52,700
He's just open to a random page 
in his staring at word without 

906
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:55,700
absorbing them. 
This is his version of winding 

907
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:59,500
down let the food settle. 
Let the wine metabolize. 

908
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,300
Transition slowly from the 
formal evening to actual night 

909
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:06,500
time. 
The clock on the mantle shows 

910
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:09,700
half past 8:00. 
Two hours ago, you are upstairs 

911
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:12,900
dressing for dinner. 
Now, dinner is over and the 

912
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:15,200
evening is settling into its 
final phase. 

913
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,300
In another hour, you'll begin 
preparing for bed. 

914
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:21,100
The days formal activities are 
complete. 

915
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:24,200
You Close Your Eyes For a 
Moment, listening to the fire 

916
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:27,300
crackle and the house. 
Breathe The evening has been 

917
00:48:27,300 --> 00:48:30,900
exactly what every evening is. 
A careful performance of 

918
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:34,300
propriety and routine. 
Nothing, exciting happened. 

919
00:48:34,300 --> 00:48:38,800
Nothing was supposed to happen. 
The success of the evening lies,

920
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:40,300
precisely, and how ordinary it 
was. 

921
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:43,200
The drawing room. 
Fire is dying down to Embers. 

922
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:46,600
The rum has taken on that late 
evening Stillness, where even 

923
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:50,200
movement feels like it should be
slow and deliberate Your husband

924
00:48:50,208 --> 00:48:53,500
has closed his book, you've set 
aside your needlework. 

925
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:56,700
The evening is winding down 
through mutual unspoken 

926
00:48:56,700 --> 00:48:59,200
agreement. 
This is the time when the formal

927
00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:00,700
parts of your personas Fall 
Away. 

928
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:05,100
Your both tired from the day 
comfortable from the meal and 

929
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:09,100
slightly fuzzy from the wine. 
The need to maintain perfect to 

930
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:11,900
his faded. 
You can slout slightly in your 

931
00:49:11,908 --> 00:49:15,600
chair, you can loosen his 
collar, just a bit, nobody's 

932
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,300
watching anymore, except each 
other, and you've seen each 

933
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:20,700
other at far less dignified 
moments than this. 

934
00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:24,700
The house is quieter. 
Now, the kitchen sound of cease 

935
00:49:24,700 --> 00:49:28,000
the Servants of finished their 
dinner service duties and moved 

936
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:29,500
on to their own evening 
routines. 

937
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:32,600
Soon, the down stairs will be 
locked up for the night. 

938
00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:36,500
The routine is so established 
that it happens without anyone 

939
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,400
needing to coordinate it. 
You think about the meal in 

940
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,300
retrospect the oysters that 
started everything. 

941
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:46,800
The lamb that formed the heart 
of it, Trifle that concluded it,

942
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:51,300
the wine that accompanied it all
this same pattern repeats, most 

943
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,600
evenings with variations 
different first courses, 

944
00:49:54,600 --> 00:49:57,500
different Meats, different 
desserts but the structure 

945
00:49:57,500 --> 00:50:01,200
remains constant, the ritual 
doesn't change just because the 

946
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:05,100
specific foods do your husband 
stands and stretches slightly. 

947
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:08,900
This is his signal that he's 
ready to retire for the evening,

948
00:50:08,900 --> 00:50:12,300
you stand as well, feeling the 
full weight of your dinner, 

949
00:50:12,300 --> 00:50:15,900
pressing against your corset. 
Tomorrow, you'll face the same 

950
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:18,800
rituals again. 
Dressing for dinner, the 

951
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:21,800
procession to the dining room. 
The careful choreography of 

952
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,700
eating. 
It's exhausting and its way, all

953
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:27,300
these performance, but there's 
no comfort in it. 

954
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:32,100
You know exactly what to expect,
the boundaries are clear, the 

955
00:50:32,100 --> 00:50:35,600
rules are established, you don't
have to wonder what comes next 

956
00:50:35,600 --> 00:50:38,200
or how to behave the script is 
written. 

957
00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:40,600
You just have to follow it 
together. 

958
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:42,600
You leave the drawing room and 
climb the stairs to your 

959
00:50:42,608 --> 00:50:44,900
respective dressing rooms 
tomorrow night. 

960
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,400
You'll do this again and the 
night after that, and the night 

961
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:51,800
after that. 
Dinner at 7:00 multiple courses.

962
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,700
Proper utensils. 
Perfect posture. 

963
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:57,500
This is life in a Victorian 
household. 

964
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:01,500
This is what dinner. 
Really feels like the gaslights 

965
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:03,900
in the hallway cost Long Shadows
as you walk. 

966
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:06,600
Your footsteps are muffled by 
carpet. 

967
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:10,900
The house is preparing for sleep
and so are you behind you, the 

968
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:14,400
dining room stands, empty the 
table already cleared and reset 

969
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,900
for tomorrow's breakfast, the 
cycle, never stops the 

970
00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:21,600
performance, simply pauses until
the next meal, you reach your 

971
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,100
dressing room and the woman who 
dressed you for dinner appears 

972
00:51:24,100 --> 00:51:27,400
to help you on dress. 
The buttons get unfastened in 

973
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,300
reverse order. 
The heavy evening dress is 

974
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:33,600
lifted away. 
Corset loosens with blessed 

975
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:37,700
relief your breathing deepens 
and immediately you put on your 

976
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:40,800
night, dress, soft cotton, 
comfortable, completely 

977
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:43,100
unpresentable. 
This is who you are when 

978
00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:46,200
nobody's watching in bed. 
Finally, the days formal 

979
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:49,500
activities received. 
The Dinner becomes just another 

980
00:51:49,500 --> 00:51:51,400
dinner in an endless series of 
dinners. 

981
00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:54,800
But while you were in it, while 
you were sitting at that table, 

982
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:58,200
with Candlelight and warm plates
and wine, it was the entire 

983
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:00,800
world. 
That's the strange thing about 

984
00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:03,500
routine. 
Each iteration feels both 

985
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:07,500
insignificant and somehow 
important you close your eyes 

986
00:52:07,500 --> 00:52:10,100
and let the evening fade 
tomorrow will bring the same 

987
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:13,900
patterns, dressing, dining 
performing being the proper. 

988
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,200
Victorian person, you're 
supposed to be But for now 

989
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:19,400
you're just tired and full and 
ready for sleep. 

990
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:23,700
The house settles into complete 
quiet, even the servants are 

991
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:26,400
still now. 
Outside London continues, its 

992
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:30,200
noisy existence but in here 
everything has stopped The 

993
00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:32,600
dining room, waits in darkness 
for tomorrow's breakfast. 

994
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,100
The drawing room, fire burns 
down to Ash. 

995
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:40,100
The whole, elaborate structure 
of Victorian, Domesticity pauses

996
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:43,000
to catch its breath. 
This is what dinner, really felt

997
00:52:43,000 --> 00:52:47,200
like, not just the food, though.
The food mattered, not just the 

998
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:50,700
wine, though, the wine helped. 
It was the weight of 

999
00:52:50,700 --> 00:52:53,300
expectation. 
The comfort of ritual. 

1000
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:57,800
A performance of propriety and 
Underneath It All the simple 

1001
00:52:57,800 --> 00:52:59,600
human need to eat and be 
together. 

1002
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:02,900
Dinner was theater and necessity
combined. 

1003
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:06,800
It was exhausting and reassuring
in equal measure and tomorrow 

1004
00:53:06,800 --> 00:53:09,200
evening at 7:00. 
You'll do it all again. 

1005
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:19,200
Close your eyes and imagine a 
time before Forks, existed. 

1006
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:22,800
Before napkins, before anyone 
ever told you to keep your 

1007
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:26,500
elbows off the table, we're 
going back, roughly 300,000 

1008
00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:29,600
years to win your ancient 
ancestors, were just trying to 

1009
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:33,000
figure out this whole Being 
Human thing and table manners, 

1010
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,900
ranked somewhere below, avoid 
being eaten by large caps on 

1011
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:41,200
their list of concerns. 
Picture early humans gathered 

1012
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:45,200
around a fire as the sun sets 
casting orange light across the 

1013
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:49,700
landscape, there's no table 
obviously that Innovation is 

1014
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:51,700
still tens of thousands of years
away. 

1015
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:57,800
Instead people Crouch or sit on 
the ground, probably on whatever

1016
00:53:57,800 --> 00:53:59,900
Flat Rock, seemed most 
comfortable that day. 

1017
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:03,600
The meal is simple. 
Perhaps some roasted meat from 

1018
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:06,900
the day's hunt, Maybe, Roots or 
berries, gathered from the 

1019
00:54:06,900 --> 00:54:10,100
surrounding area, all eaten with
the original utensils. 

1020
00:54:10,100 --> 00:54:13,400
Your hands. 
There's a certain poetry to this

1021
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:16,300
simplicity. 
No one worried about which Fork 

1022
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:18,100
to use because Forks, didn't 
exist. 

1023
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:21,300
No one stressed about proper 
posture because there were no 

1024
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:25,500
chairs to slout in. 
The biggest etiquette concern 

1025
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,200
was probably making sure 
everyone got their fair share. 

1026
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:31,100
Which is actually a form of 
table manners. 

1027
00:54:31,100 --> 00:54:34,300
When you think about it, just 
the most fundamental kind. 

1028
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:38,700
Fire, crackle. 
Softly, someone tears off a 

1029
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:40,200
piece of meat and passes it 
along. 

1030
00:54:40,900 --> 00:54:43,700
Fingers, get greasy and that's 
perfectly fine. 

1031
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:47,300
Because the concept of finger 
bowls won't be invented for 

1032
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:50,300
another several millennia. 
When you're done eating, you 

1033
00:54:50,300 --> 00:54:53,800
might wipe your hands on grass 
or simply lick them clean the 

1034
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:55,700
evening. 
Air is cool and bellies are full

1035
00:54:55,700 --> 00:54:57,200
and that's really all that 
matters. 

1036
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,300
There's thousands of years drift
by like lazy clouds. 

1037
00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:05,600
Human start developing small 
rituals around eating, not 

1038
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:10,300
rules, exactly but patterns. 
Maybe the eldest person, eats 

1039
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,100
first, maybe certain foods are 
shared While others are claimed 

1040
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:16,900
individually. 
These aren't written guidelines 

1041
00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:20,700
writing hasn't been invented yet
but they're the seeds of what 

1042
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:22,300
will eventually become table 
manners. 

1043
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,100
The rhythm of communal eating 
develops. 

1044
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:26,300
Its own. 
Gentle Cadence. 

1045
00:55:26,300 --> 00:55:29,400
There's something deeply 
soothing about eating together. 

1046
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:32,400
Share, sharing food prepared 
over the same fire. 

1047
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,100
You can almost hear the soft 
sounds of prehistoric meals. 

1048
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:40,800
The crackle of flames the murmur
of voices in early languages. 

1049
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:44,700
We'd never recognized and the 
simple satisfaction of full 

1050
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:49,500
stomachs and warm companionship 
in caves across Europe, Africa, 

1051
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:54,000
and Asia, similar scenes play 
out night after night. the 

1052
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:58,400
details vary different foods, 
different Landscapes, different 

1053
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:02,700
faces around different fires, 
But the essence remains constant

1054
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:06,400
humans eating together, 
developing the first social 

1055
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,100
bonds that would eventually lead
to civilization. 

1056
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:12,400
Table manners in their most 
primitive form. 

1057
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:16,000
A really just the codification 
of respect and sharing. 

1058
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:18,800
There's no stress in these 
ancient meals. 

1059
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:22,300
No, wondering if you're using 
the right spoon or whether 

1060
00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:24,400
you're napkin. 
Should go on your left or right.

1061
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:29,100
Just the simple Act of eating 
together as Darkness. 

1062
00:56:29,100 --> 00:56:31,500
Settles in around the fires Warm
Glow. 

1063
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:35,400
Let that Simplicity wash over. 
You like a warm Barth. 

1064
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:39,300
Now we're going to fast forward 
and you can feel time flowing 

1065
00:56:39,300 --> 00:56:44,700
like honey slow and sweet to 
around 3,000 BCE when 

1066
00:56:44,700 --> 00:56:48,300
civilizations in Mesopotamia and
Egypt started getting Fancy with

1067
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:51,300
their eating Arrangements. 
This is where things start 

1068
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:54,000
getting interesting and a 
wonderfully drowsy sort of way 

1069
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,100
the Sumerians. 
Those clever people who invented

1070
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:01,200
writing and the wheel and beer 
truly Humanity's Greatest Hits 

1071
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:05,100
also began developing the first 
real dining customs. 

1072
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:09,100
Imagine a wealthy Sumerian 
household where low tables 

1073
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:12,800
appear for the first time people
still sit on the floor or on, 

1074
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,100
cushions, but now there's a 
designated surface for food. 

1075
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:19,300
It's a small change that makes a
big difference. 

1076
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:22,500
Like the first time someone 
decided been to a better than 

1077
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,000
sleeping on bare ground. 
In these early Mesopotamian, 

1078
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,000
homes bread served as both food 
and plate. 

1079
00:57:29,700 --> 00:57:32,400
You tear off a piece of 
flatbread and use it to scoop 

1080
00:57:32,400 --> 00:57:36,300
up, stews, vegetables, and 
meats, when you finish eating, 

1081
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:39,200
you could eat your plate. 
It's brilliantly, efficient and 

1082
00:57:39,208 --> 00:57:42,300
remarkably tidy, no dishes to 
wash afterward. 

1083
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:46,000
The warm bread in your hands 
slightly oily from whatever it 

1084
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:48,500
had. 
Scooped still, radiating gentle 

1085
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:52,600
heat from the oven. 
Egyptian dining Customs evolved 

1086
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:55,500
along similar lines, but with 
their own special flourishes. 

1087
00:57:56,300 --> 00:57:59,800
The wealthier, Egyptians loved a
good feast and they developed 

1088
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:01,900
elaborate protocols around these
meals. 

1089
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:06,100
Servants would bring water and 
nature on a naturally occurring.

1090
00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:10,300
Salt for guests to wash their 
hands before eating It's the 

1091
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:13,800
first recorded incidents of 
Premier hand washing which means

1092
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:18,900
somewhere around 2000 BC. 
E someone decided Clean Hands 

1093
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:22,200
made for better dining. 
Pitch yourself at an Egyptian 

1094
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:25,700
bankwit the rumors cool. 
Despite the desert heat out 

1095
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:29,900
side, thanks to thick, mud 
brick, walls palm fronds wave, 

1096
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:33,300
gently overhead, creating 
shifting patterns of Shadow and 

1097
00:58:33,300 --> 00:58:36,200
Light. 
You're Seated on a low stool and

1098
00:58:36,200 --> 00:58:40,100
before you as a small table 
Laden with food, roasted duck. 

1099
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,900
Fresh figs bread. 
Still warm from the oven and 

1100
00:58:43,900 --> 00:58:46,800
bear in a clay vessel that stays
surprisingly cool. 

1101
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:50,900
A servant approaches with a bowl
of water and a clean cloth. 

1102
00:58:50,900 --> 00:58:52,800
You dip your fingers in the 
water. 

1103
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:56,900
It's been infused with flower 
petals and it smells faintly of 

1104
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:01,100
Lotus blossoms. 
Cloth is soft linen, woven. 

1105
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,400
So finely, it feels like a 
whisper against your skin. 

1106
00:59:05,300 --> 00:59:08,900
This is civilizations, way of 
saying, before we eat together, 

1107
00:59:08,900 --> 00:59:12,800
let's be cleaned together. 
It's a small gesture that 

1108
00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:17,300
carries enormous meaning. 
The Egyptians also pioneered the

1109
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:20,100
concept of dining in courses 
rather than having everything 

1110
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:23,300
presented at once. 
First might come fruits and 

1111
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:27,700
vegetables, then fish then meet 
each course, arriving with its 

1112
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:31,200
own subtle ceremony. 
There's a rhythm to the kind of 

1113
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:34,400
eating a gentle progression, 
that mirrors, the flow of the 

1114
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:37,300
Nile itself. 
Steady predictable. 

1115
00:59:37,300 --> 00:59:43,500
Soothing in ancient China around
the same period entirely 

1116
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:45,600
different dining Customs were 
emerging. 

1117
00:59:46,500 --> 00:59:50,800
The Chinese developed the use of
Chopsticks around 1200 BCE and 

1118
00:59:50,800 --> 00:59:54,100
with them came, a whole 
philosophy of eating Chopsticks 

1119
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:56,200
required patience, precision and
practice. 

1120
00:59:57,100 --> 01:00:00,600
They slowed down the eating 
process, which the Chinese sages

1121
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:03,600
believed was healthier for 
digestion and better for social 

1122
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,900
interaction. 
Confucius that wise teacher 

1123
01:00:06,900 --> 01:00:09,500
whose thoughts would influence 
Asian culture for millennia? 

1124
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:11,900
Had strong opinions about 
dining. 

1125
01:00:11,900 --> 01:00:16,000
He believed that the way you ate
revealed your character, Food 

1126
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,500
should be cut into small 
manageable pieces in the 

1127
01:00:18,500 --> 01:00:20,200
kitchen. 
Never at the table. 

1128
01:00:20,200 --> 01:00:22,300
When knives might suggest 
violence. 

1129
01:00:23,100 --> 01:00:26,600
Meals should be eaten slowly 
with attention to Flavors and 

1130
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:29,900
textures conversation. 
Should be gentle and thoughtful,

1131
01:00:29,900 --> 01:00:33,500
can you feel how these ancient 
practices were already moving 

1132
01:00:33,500 --> 01:00:37,000
toward mindfulness? 
The Egyptians with their ritual 

1133
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:40,900
hand washing the Chinese with 
their deliberate Chopsticks and 

1134
01:00:40,900 --> 01:00:44,100
the mess of pertains with their 
orderly progression of courses. 

1135
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:46,900
All of them were discovering 
that eating could be more than 

1136
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:50,600
just fuel consumption. 
It could be meditation, ceremony

1137
01:00:50,600 --> 01:00:54,500
or art. 
In ancient Greece, symposiums 

1138
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:56,300
became the height of civilized 
dining. 

1139
01:00:57,100 --> 01:01:02,300
Men would recline on couches. 
Yes, lying down while eating the

1140
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:05,800
Greeks really knew how to relax 
and enjoy course after course of

1141
01:01:05,800 --> 01:01:08,700
food, while discussing 
philosophy poetry and politics 

1142
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:13,700
Wine was mixed with water in 
special vessels called craters. 

1143
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:17,000
And there were specific 
protocols for how much water to 

1144
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,500
add depending on the seriousness
of the discussion. 

1145
01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:24,900
The gentle clinking of ceramic 
cups, the soft Russell of robes 

1146
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:28,000
is Dinah shifted on their 
couches and the murmur of 

1147
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:30,700
thoughtful conversation 
punctuated by laughter. 

1148
01:01:31,600 --> 01:01:34,300
Greek dining rooms must have had
a wonderful peaceful energy. 

1149
01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:37,300
Even the occasional heated 
debate would have eventually 

1150
01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:40,900
smooth out into philosophical 
contemplation as the evening 

1151
01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:43,700
wore on and the wine to water 
ratio shifted. 

1152
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:48,000
Romans never, once to be 
outdone, by Greeks took the 

1153
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:52,300
concept of elaborate dining and 
expanded it to almost absurd 

1154
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:55,000
levels. 
A wealthy Roman dinner party 

1155
01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:59,200
called a convivium could last 
for hours featuring dozens of 

1156
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:02,700
courses, entertainment between 
dishes and social. 

1157
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,300
Rituals that made a modern 
etiquette look simple by 

1158
01:02:05,300 --> 01:02:07,700
comparison. 
But here's what's lovely about 

1159
01:02:07,700 --> 01:02:11,900
Roman dining Customs, despite 
all the elaborate protocols, the

1160
01:02:11,900 --> 01:02:13,700
underlying goal was comfort and 
pleasure. 

1161
01:02:14,600 --> 01:02:18,500
Couches were cushioned with the 
softest Fabrics rooms were 

1162
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:20,900
designed to catch cooling 
breezes in summer and retain 

1163
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:25,400
warmth in winter. 
Servants moved silently ensuring

1164
01:02:25,400 --> 01:02:27,100
guests. 
Never had to reach for anything.

1165
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:30,900
The entire experience was 
engineered to help diners, 

1166
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:34,400
relax, completely. 
Imagine reclining on one of 

1167
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:37,900
those Roman dining couches 
propped up on your left elbow. 

1168
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:42,100
As was customary leaving your 
right hand free for eating the 

1169
01:02:42,100 --> 01:02:44,900
cushions beneath, you are 
stuffed with wool and covered in

1170
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:46,400
linen. 
That's been washed so many 

1171
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:49,200
times. 
It feels like Silk The room 

1172
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:53,100
smells of olive oil herbs and 
the faint smokiness of the 

1173
01:02:53,100 --> 01:02:56,200
kitchen fires. 
Someone is playing a liar in the

1174
01:02:56,200 --> 01:02:59,200
corner. 
Very softly, just loud enough to

1175
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:01,300
fill the silence between 
conversations. 

1176
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,900
These ancient civilizations were
discovering something profound 

1177
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,400
that. 
How we eat together shapes who 

1178
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:10,800
we become together? 
Table manners weren't just 

1179
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:13,200
arbitrary rules. 
They were Frameworks for 

1180
01:03:13,200 --> 01:03:18,000
connection opportunities, for 
Artistry, and Pathways to peace.

1181
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:22,200
As you drift deeper into 
relaxation, let that 

1182
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:25,700
understanding settle over. 
You like a warm gentle blanket. 

1183
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:31,000
We're moving forward now through
time like a slow River arriving 

1184
01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:33,800
in medieval Europe around 1,000 
CE. 

1185
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:37,800
This is when table manners 
started becoming truly codified 

1186
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:41,400
written down in manuscripts, 
that Nobles would study with the

1187
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:44,100
same seriousness, we might apply
to learning a new language. 

1188
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:48,400
The medieval period is 
fascinating for table manners, 

1189
01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:52,000
because it represents a kind of 
bridge between ancient in 

1190
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:56,000
formality and modern refinement.
Castles and manor houses had 

1191
01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:59,800
great Halls where dozens, or 
even hundreds of people might 

1192
01:03:59,800 --> 01:04:02,400
eat together creating a need for
Clear. 

1193
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:05,500
Social rules about how to behave
when you're sharing a trestle 

1194
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:07,900
table with everyone, from 
knights to Kitchen staff. 

1195
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:12,100
You're a great hall on a winter 
evening torches and candles. 

1196
01:04:12,100 --> 01:04:15,300
Provide flickering light that 
makes Shadows danced on stone 

1197
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:20,200
walls, the fire in the central, 
half crackles and Pops sending 

1198
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:24,900
occasional Sparks upward. 
Long wooden tables, run the 

1199
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:27,700
length of the hall and people 
are beginning to gather for the 

1200
01:04:27,708 --> 01:04:31,200
evening meal. 
The air smells of wood smoke 

1201
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:35,400
roasting meat and the musty 
scent of the rushes scattered on

1202
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:38,500
the floor. 
You're Seated on a wooden bench.

1203
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:41,500
Chairs with backs are still 
mostly reserved for the very 

1204
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:42,900
important people at the high 
table. 

1205
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:48,200
Before you is a trencher, which 
is a thick slice of stale bread 

1206
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:51,400
that serves as your plate, it's 
going to soak up juices and 

1207
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:54,300
gravies from your meal, and by 
the end of dinner, it will be 

1208
01:04:54,308 --> 01:04:56,400
thoroughly, saturated and 
delicious. 

1209
01:04:57,200 --> 01:04:59,900
Sometimes trenches were given to
the poor after meals. 

1210
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:02,200
Other times. 
They were eaten by the diners 

1211
01:05:02,200 --> 01:05:06,400
themselves. 
Waste not want not Medieval 

1212
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:09,000
table, manners, were spelled out
in text with wonderfully 

1213
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:12,500
Specific Instructions. 13th 
century guide. 

1214
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:15,900
Advised do not touch your ears 
or nose with your bare hands 

1215
01:05:15,900 --> 01:05:20,200
while eating Another suggested 
refrain from picking your teeth 

1216
01:05:20,200 --> 01:05:22,800
with your knife. 
These instructions, tell us 

1217
01:05:22,808 --> 01:05:25,200
something important. 
They wouldn't need to write 

1218
01:05:25,200 --> 01:05:27,000
these rules down. 
If people weren't doing these 

1219
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:30,900
things medieval dining was 
clearly a work in progress. 

1220
01:05:31,600 --> 01:05:34,500
The concept of sharing was 
Central to Medieval eating. 

1221
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:37,600
You didn't have your own cup, 
you shared one with your 

1222
01:05:37,608 --> 01:05:40,300
neighbor. 
Large serving dishes called 

1223
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:43,700
messes, were placed along the 
table, and groups of four to six

1224
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:45,300
people would eat from the same 
mess. 

1225
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,800
This required cooperation, and a
certain amount of consideration.

1226
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,100
Taking too much meant your mess 
mates. 

1227
01:05:52,100 --> 01:05:54,900
Would go hungry hogging the 
shared cup. 

1228
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:58,500
Meant thirsty neighbors. 
Etiquette manuals from this 

1229
01:05:58,500 --> 01:06:01,900
period emphasize cleanliness 
with an almost desperate 

1230
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:05,000
urgency. 
Wash your hands before eating. 

1231
01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:08,500
They insist wipe your mouth 
before drinking from the shared 

1232
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:11,200
cup. 
Don't put food back into the 

1233
01:06:11,200 --> 01:06:13,100
communal dish after you've 
bitten it. 

1234
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:17,700
Reading between the lines, you 
can sense medieval people trying

1235
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:20,800
very hard to make communal 
dining more pleasant while 

1236
01:06:20,800 --> 01:06:25,200
working with limited resources. 
Forks were virtually unknown in 

1237
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:27,400
medieval Europe. 
They wouldn't become common 

1238
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:31,300
until the Renaissance instead, 
you ate with a knife and your 

1239
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:35,100
fingers, which required a 
certain delicacy. you were 

1240
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:37,700
supposed to eat with your thumb 
index and middle fingers only 

1241
01:06:37,700 --> 01:06:42,500
using all five fingers was 
considered boorish, its oddly 

1242
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:46,600
specific, but when you think 
about it, eating with just three

1243
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:50,600
fingers does require more 
precision and care and grabbing 

1244
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:54,400
food with your whole hand, The 
rhythm of a medieval meal had 

1245
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:57,500
its own. 
Soothing quality first serve 

1246
01:06:57,500 --> 01:07:01,100
servants brought base of water 
around for hand washing, then 

1247
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:05,000
bread was placed on the table, 
not just the trenches, but fresh

1248
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:08,700
bread for eating. 
Then came the first course. 

1249
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:11,800
Usually something in a source 
that could be scoped up with 

1250
01:07:11,800 --> 01:07:16,200
bread, Between courses, there 
might be entertainment a 

1251
01:07:16,200 --> 01:07:19,000
Minstrel singing. 
A juggler performing or simply 

1252
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:20,500
conversation. 
Flowing up. 

1253
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:22,800
And down the long tables. 
Drinking. 

1254
01:07:22,800 --> 01:07:24,800
Customs had their own gentle 
ceremony. 

1255
01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:29,000
When you wanted wine or ale, you
didn't just grab the shared cup 

1256
01:07:29,000 --> 01:07:31,600
and drink. 
You were supposed to wipe your 

1257
01:07:31,600 --> 01:07:34,900
mouth first so you wouldn't 
leave food residue on the rim, 

1258
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:38,800
then you drank wipe the Rim 
Clean and pass the cup to your 

1259
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:42,000
neighbor. 
It created a rhythm white during

1260
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:46,100
White Pass. 
Pup was making its way around 

1261
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:48,800
the table, like a slow 
companionable dance. 

1262
01:07:48,800 --> 01:07:52,200
One particularly Charming 
medieval custard, was the 

1263
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:56,300
voider, a bowl placed on the 
table for bones shells and other

1264
01:07:56,300 --> 01:07:59,900
inedible scraps. 
The name itself is wonderfully 

1265
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:02,400
descriptive. 
It's where food goes to be 

1266
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:05,500
voided from the meal. 
Servants would periodically, 

1267
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:08,900
empty the void as and bring 
fresh ones, keeping the table 

1268
01:08:08,900 --> 01:08:12,300
relatively tidy despite the 
absence of individual plaits. 

1269
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,500
As the evening progressed and 
the meal moved through its 

1270
01:08:15,500 --> 01:08:18,000
horses. 
The Great Hall would grow warmer

1271
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:21,100
from all the bodies and the fire
louder from wine and 

1272
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:24,300
conversation and somehow more 
intimate despite the crowds. 

1273
01:08:25,200 --> 01:08:28,300
There's something about sharing 
food from communal dishes and 

1274
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,300
drinking from shared cups that 
breaks down social barriers, 

1275
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:34,600
even in hierarchical, medieval 
Society. 

1276
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:39,200
The highest ranking people sat 
at the high table, which was 

1277
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:41,000
literally elevated on a 
platform. 

1278
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:45,700
So everyone could see them this 
created a theater of dining, the

1279
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:49,399
noble family, eating and full 
view while the rest of the hall 

1280
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:51,200
watched and tried to emulate 
Their Manners. 

1281
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:55,100
It was etiquette as performance 
art teaching, by example, rather

1282
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:59,000
than lecture by the end of a 
medieval Feast The Trenches 

1283
01:08:59,000 --> 01:09:02,399
would be soggy with gravy the 
void as full and the shared 

1284
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:05,300
cups. 
While circulated more water 

1285
01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:08,000
would be brought for hand 
washing even more important. 

1286
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:11,700
Now than before the meal herbs 
might be chewed to freshen 

1287
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:15,200
breath Some households provided 
finger bowls centered with 

1288
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:19,000
rosewater, a small luxury that 
made the cleanup process, feel 

1289
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:22,800
less like a chore and more like 
a ritual. as you imagine all of 

1290
01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:26,700
this, the warm Hall, The 
Friendly chaos, the shared 

1291
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:31,100
dishes and cups, the gentle 
rhythm of medieval dining, let 

1292
01:09:31,100 --> 01:09:35,300
yourself relax into the communal
nature of it all There's 

1293
01:09:35,300 --> 01:09:38,000
something deeply comforting 
about eating together like this 

1294
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,399
connected by shared vessels and 
shared spaces. 

1295
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:44,800
All of you experienced in the 
same meal in the same moment. 

1296
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:49,000
Drift forward with me now 
through the 1400s and into the 

1297
01:09:49,008 --> 01:09:53,500
1500s as Europe, awakens from 
its medieval Slumber into the 

1298
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,800
Renaissance. 
This is when table manners, 

1299
01:09:56,800 --> 01:10:00,700
transformed from practical 
guidelines for group eating into

1300
01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:04,500
an elaborate code that signaled 
education status and 

1301
01:10:04,500 --> 01:10:07,600
sophistication. 
It's also when dining becomes 

1302
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:10,600
genuinely beautiful. 
In ways that would have seemed 

1303
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:13,900
impossibly fancy to, our 
medieval ancestors, the 

1304
01:10:13,900 --> 01:10:17,800
Renaissance began in Italy, and 
so did many dining Innovations, 

1305
01:10:18,800 --> 01:10:22,500
Talion Nobles flush with wealth,
from trade and banking began 

1306
01:10:22,500 --> 01:10:25,300
competing to host the most 
impressive dinner parties. 

1307
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:28,800
This competition drove 
innovation, in everything from 

1308
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:32,800
table settings to menu planning 
to the physical act of eating 

1309
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:36,100
itself. 
Imagine being invited to a 

1310
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:38,500
dinner to Florence in Palazzo, 
in 1550. 

1311
01:10:39,300 --> 01:10:42,200
You enter a room that's been 
transformed into a work of art. 

1312
01:10:43,000 --> 01:10:45,800
The walls are hung with 
tapestries depicting classical 

1313
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:48,500
scenes. 
The ceiling has been painted 

1314
01:10:48,500 --> 01:10:54,700
with clouds and cherubs Candles 
expensive wax candles not Smoky 

1315
01:10:54,700 --> 01:11:00,100
talo provide warm steady light 
from Silver candelabras. the 

1316
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:04,500
table itself makes you pause, 
it's covered with white linen so

1317
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:07,500
fine you can almost see through 
it and the cloth drapes to the 

1318
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:12,400
floor in perfect folds on this 
pristine white canvas an entire 

1319
01:11:12,400 --> 01:11:16,900
landscape of dishes has been 
arranged Silver platters ceramic

1320
01:11:16,900 --> 01:11:20,900
bowls, painted with intricate 
designs and glass vessels that 

1321
01:11:20,900 --> 01:11:24,000
catch the candlelight and throw 
rainbow sparkles across the 

1322
01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:27,200
table cloth. 
And here's something new each 

1323
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:31,500
guest has their own plate. 
Not a bread trencher, but an 

1324
01:11:31,500 --> 01:11:34,400
actual plate made of pewter or 
ceramic. 

1325
01:11:35,100 --> 01:11:37,700
Individual plates were a 
Renaissance Innovation that 

1326
01:11:37,700 --> 01:11:39,800
changed everything about how 
people ate. 

1327
01:11:40,500 --> 01:11:43,900
Even more revolutionary. 
You have your own Cup made of 

1328
01:11:43,908 --> 01:11:47,400
glass perhaps or silver. 
If your host is particularly, 

1329
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:52,600
well, he sits to your right and 
it's yours alone for the entire 

1330
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:56,000
meal. 
No more wiping and passing, you 

1331
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:58,400
can drink whenever you want 
without coordination or 

1332
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:01,900
consideration for others. 
It's a small change that 

1333
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:06,000
represents a massive shift in 
dining Philosophy from communal 

1334
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:08,600
to individual from shared to 
personal. 

1335
01:12:09,900 --> 01:12:12,300
But the most significant 
Innovation sits beside your 

1336
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:15,600
plate looking Innocent but 
carrying revolutionary 

1337
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:19,800
implications a fork. 
The fork had existed for 

1338
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:23,300
centuries in the Byzantine 
Empire and parts of the Middle 

1339
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,600
East, but it was Catherine de 
Medici, who really popularized 

1340
01:12:26,600 --> 01:12:29,800
it in Western Europe when she 
brought the custom from Italy to

1341
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:34,500
France in 1533. 
At first people thought Forks 

1342
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:39,500
were pretentious even sinful 
after all God Gave You fingers 

1343
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:42,600
for eating? 
But slowly the forks 

1344
01:12:42,600 --> 01:12:45,500
practicality won out using a 
fork. 

1345
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:47,700
Required learning entirely new 
skills. 

1346
01:12:47,700 --> 01:12:50,400
You couldn't just stab at your 
food randomly. 

1347
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:52,300
There was a right way and a 
wrong way. 

1348
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,700
Fork went in your left hand, the
knife in your right, you use the

1349
01:12:56,700 --> 01:12:59,700
knife to cut and the fork to 
spear and lift your mouth. 

1350
01:12:59,700 --> 01:13:03,400
It was a kind of dance, a 
coordination of both hands 

1351
01:13:03,400 --> 01:13:06,400
working together. 
Mastering it marked you as 

1352
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:10,800
educated and refined talion. 
Etiquette manuals from this 

1353
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:14,300
period are wonderfully details. 
They explained not just what to 

1354
01:13:14,300 --> 01:13:17,800
do but why? 
Don't blow on your food to cool 

1355
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:20,000
it. 
Wait patiently for it to cool 

1356
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:22,700
naturally. 
Don't make noise when you eat. 

1357
01:13:23,600 --> 01:13:27,400
too quietly and deliberately 
don't gesture wildly with your 

1358
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:30,900
hands while talking keep your 
movements controlled and 

1359
01:13:30,908 --> 01:13:35,400
graceful every action should 
demonstrate restraint patients 

1360
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:39,200
and consideration. 
The Renaissance obsession with 

1361
01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:41,600
classical Antiquity extended to 
dining. 

1362
01:13:42,400 --> 01:13:46,000
Wealthy host, tried to recreate 
Roman, Banquets with similar, 

1363
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:48,400
reclining, couches, and 
elaborate courses. 

1364
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:53,500
But they also added new elements
printed menus describing each 

1365
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:57,600
course, decorative, sculptures 
made of sugar or marzipan and 

1366
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:00,500
even mechanical devices that 
move dishes around the table. 

1367
01:14:01,300 --> 01:14:04,000
Dining became theater spectacle 
and art. 

1368
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:07,700
Picture yourself at one of these
elaborate Renaissance dinners. 

1369
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:12,100
The first course arrives a 
delicate soup served in painted 

1370
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:15,700
bowls, he noticed everyone 
picking up the bear for Lee, 

1371
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:19,400
bringing it to their lips to sip
rather than slurping from a 

1372
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:22,300
spoon. 
The warmth of the soup, the 

1373
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:24,300
subtle flavors of herbs and 
cream. 

1374
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:27,300
The gentle clink of ceramic 
against the table. 

1375
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:33,500
It's all very refined, very 
controlled. between courses 

1376
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:37,000
servants appear with water and 
cloths for hand-washing, even 

1377
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:40,100
though you're using utensils and
theoretically not getting your 

1378
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:43,600
hands dirty, It's become more 
ritual than necessity. 

1379
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:47,300
A pause in the meal that allows 
for conversation and digestion. 

1380
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:52,400
The water is centered perhaps 
with lavender or lemon and the 

1381
01:14:52,408 --> 01:14:55,800
cloths are warmed. 
Even the Practical aspects of 

1382
01:14:55,808 --> 01:14:59,600
dining have become luxurious. 
The French Court, took Italian 

1383
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:03,500
refinement, and elevated. 
It further under Louis, the 14th

1384
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:05,900
dining at verse. 
I became so elaborate that it 

1385
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:10,300
required guide books, The Sun 
King dined in public like a 

1386
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:13,700
medieval Lord, but with such 
ceremony that watching him eat 

1387
01:15:13,700 --> 01:15:17,300
was considered entertainment. 
There were officials, whose only

1388
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:20,600
job was to carry the king's 
napkin others who tasted his 

1389
01:15:20,600 --> 01:15:23,600
food and still others, who 
managed the progression of 

1390
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,600
courses. 
French etiquette introduced the 

1391
01:15:26,608 --> 01:15:32,400
concept of service where all the
dishes for each course were 

1392
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:35,400
placed on the table 
simultaneously creating an 

1393
01:15:35,400 --> 01:15:39,300
impressive display. 
You didn't simply eat you, 

1394
01:15:39,300 --> 01:15:42,300
surveyed the options made 
choices and constructed your own

1395
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:46,400
meal from the available dishes. 
It required both decision, 

1396
01:15:46,400 --> 01:15:49,500
making and restraint, you 
couldn't try everything without 

1397
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:53,000
appearing greedy. 
Napkins evolved during this 

1398
01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:55,500
period into something 
approaching what we use today. 

1399
01:15:55,500 --> 01:15:59,000
Renaissance napkins were large 
squares of linen. 

1400
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:02,700
Often embroidered with family 
crests or decorative patterns. 

1401
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:07,000
They had multiple uses wiping 
your fingers in the mouth, 

1402
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:10,300
protecting your clothing and 
even being tied around your 

1403
01:16:10,300 --> 01:16:13,300
neck, like a bib for 
particularly Saucy dishes. 

1404
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:16,700
Some etiquette manuals 
suggested, elaborate napkin 

1405
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:19,600
folds the could take servants 
hours to perfect. 

1406
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,200
The seating arrangement at 
Renaissance dinners, followed 

1407
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:25,400
strict. 
Protocols, the most important 

1408
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:29,100
guests sat to the hosts, right? 
The second most important, their

1409
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:34,000
left and so on down the table 
into sending order of rank Where

1410
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:36,900
you sat announced your social 
status to everyone pressed. 

1411
01:16:36,900 --> 01:16:40,400
This created a physical 
representation of social 

1412
01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:44,300
hierarchy, with the table 
itself, becoming a map of power 

1413
01:16:44,300 --> 01:16:47,900
and prestige, Music often 
accompanied these elaborate 

1414
01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:51,200
meals but it was carefully chose
and to be soothing rather than 

1415
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:55,800
stimulating. 
Soft lute, music, perhaps, or a 

1416
01:16:55,800 --> 01:16:59,900
small Ensemble, playing gentle. 
Madrigals The music filled the 

1417
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:03,500
spaces between conversation 
without overwhelming it like a 

1418
01:17:03,500 --> 01:17:06,100
Sonic tablecloth underneath. 
The sounds of dining. 

1419
01:17:07,000 --> 01:17:11,200
Even the music was refined 
controlled, and perfectly 

1420
01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:13,700
pitched to enhance rather than 
dominate. 

1421
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:17,400
As you imagine yourself in this 
Renaissance, dining room, the 

1422
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,600
candlelight the music, the 
careful, choreography of 

1423
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:24,500
utensils and courses notice how 
much more deliberate? 

1424
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:28,300
Everything has become. 
Medieval dining was communal and

1425
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:30,600
energetic. 
Renaissance, dining is 

1426
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:34,900
individual and contemplative. 
Both have their charms, but 

1427
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:37,900
there's something particularly 
peaceful about this new approach

1428
01:17:37,900 --> 01:17:41,200
where every movement is 
considered every gesture 

1429
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:43,900
meaningful. 
Let the refinement of it all 

1430
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:47,000
wash overview. 
The careful placement of forks 

1431
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:49,800
and knives. 
The gentle rhythm of course, is 

1432
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:52,300
the soft Candlelight reflecting 
off. 

1433
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:56,100
Polished silver. 
This is dining as meditation 

1434
01:17:56,100 --> 01:18:00,400
eating as an art form, close 
your eyes and breathe in the 

1435
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:02,400
lavender. 
Centered water, from the finger 

1436
01:18:02,400 --> 01:18:06,300
Bowl, feel the smooth linen of 
the napkin and hear the quiet, 

1437
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:10,900
clink of silver against ceramic.
Everything is designed to create

1438
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:16,300
peace, Beauty and harmony. 
Now, we're moving into the 19th 

1439
01:18:16,300 --> 01:18:18,700
century, and if you thought 
Renaissance dining was 

1440
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:22,900
elaborate, just wait. 
The Victorian era took table 

1441
01:18:22,900 --> 01:18:25,500
manners and transformed them 
into something approaching 

1442
01:18:25,500 --> 01:18:28,500
rocket science. 
This was the peak of dining 

1443
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:32,100
complexity when knowing which 
Fork to use could make or break 

1444
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:35,200
your social standing. 
Settle deep into your 

1445
01:18:35,208 --> 01:18:37,900
comfortable spot because 
understanding Victorian table 

1446
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:40,700
manners, requires a kind of 
relaxed attention. 

1447
01:18:41,800 --> 01:18:45,000
Try too hard to follow all the 
rules, you'll just get confused 

1448
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:48,600
better to let them wash over. 
You like a gentle very 

1449
01:18:48,600 --> 01:18:52,700
particular way. 
In Victorian Britain and America

1450
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,200
the middle class was expanding 
rapidly. 

1451
01:18:56,200 --> 01:18:59,200
Suddenly people who had grown 
up, eating simple meals, from 

1452
01:18:59,200 --> 01:19:01,500
simple. 
Dishes found themselves with 

1453
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:04,700
enough, money to host, dinner 
parties but having money wasn't 

1454
01:19:04,700 --> 01:19:07,600
enough, he needed to know how to
behave properly. 

1455
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:12,300
This created a massive market 
for etikette books, which 

1456
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:16,000
multiplied like rabbits and 
filled pages with increasingly 

1457
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:20,300
Specific Instructions. 
The Victorian dinner table was a

1458
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:23,300
Marvel of organization. 
That a formal dinner. 

1459
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:25,600
You might have six or seven 
different Forks. 

1460
01:19:25,600 --> 01:19:28,100
Each designed for a specific 
course. 

1461
01:19:28,100 --> 01:19:31,800
There was the fish fork with its
slightly wider tines. 

1462
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:34,600
The salad fork is smaller than 
the dinner Fork. 

1463
01:19:34,600 --> 01:19:38,500
The oyster Fork tiny and 
specialized the placement of 

1464
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:41,800
these utensils communicated. 
The menu, you could read the 

1465
01:19:41,800 --> 01:19:43,600
table like a map of the meal to 
come. 

1466
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:45,700
But Forks, were just the 
beginning. 

1467
01:19:46,400 --> 01:19:49,300
You also had multiple knives. 
A butter knife. 

1468
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:51,500
A fish knife? 
A dinner knife. 

1469
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:55,700
And a cheese knife. 
Multiple spoons, soup spoon, 

1470
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:59,100
desserts, spoon and Demi tasks 
spoon for coffee. 

1471
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:05,600
Multiple glasses, water goblet 
red, wine glass, white wine 

1472
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:09,100
glass, Sherry glass and 
champagne flute. 

1473
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:12,600
Fully set. 
Victorian table could have 20 

1474
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:14,800
pieces of silverware and 
glassware per person. 

1475
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:17,900
The rule for using. 
All these utensils was actually 

1476
01:20:17,900 --> 01:20:20,100
quite simple though. 
Memorizing. 

1477
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:23,900
What went where was complex 
start from the outside and work 

1478
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:26,800
your way in? 
The outermost Fork was for the 

1479
01:20:26,800 --> 01:20:29,800
first course, the next one in 
for the second course. 

1480
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:33,600
And so on this meant, you didn't
need to know what each utensil 

1481
01:20:33,600 --> 01:20:35,700
was called. 
You just needed to know the 

1482
01:20:35,700 --> 01:20:39,100
sequence picture yourself at a 
Victorian dinner party. 

1483
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,100
You're wearing formal clothing 
that slightly uncomfortable 

1484
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,100
corsets for women tight collars 
for men. 

1485
01:20:45,800 --> 01:20:49,500
The dining room is elaborately 
decorated with heavy curtains or

1486
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:53,100
make furniture and multiple 
layers of table Linens. 

1487
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:58,900
The table itself is a landscape 
of China, Crystal and silver all

1488
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:01,000
gleaming in the light from a 
chandelier overhead. 

1489
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:05,100
The meal begins with soup served
by gloved servants, who Moved 

1490
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:09,000
silently around the table. 
You pick up your soup spoon, the

1491
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,000
larger spoon at your place 
setting and here's where it gets

1492
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:14,800
specific. 
You're supposed to spoon, soup 

1493
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:19,300
away from you, not towards you, 
this prevents drips from falling

1494
01:21:19,300 --> 01:21:21,900
on your clothing. 
You sit from the side of the 

1495
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:26,100
spoon, not the tip. 
You never ever blow on the soup 

1496
01:21:26,100 --> 01:21:28,500
to cool it, no matter how hot it
is. 

1497
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:32,300
When you finish your suit, you 
place the spoon on the plate 

1498
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:35,500
beneath the bowl handle pointing
to the 4:00 position. 

1499
01:21:36,700 --> 01:21:39,600
This signals to the servers that
you're done and they can clear 

1500
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:42,500
your place. 
Every position of the utensils 

1501
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:46,200
communicated, something resting 
position meant you were pausing 

1502
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:48,600
and finished position meant, 
they could clear. 

1503
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:52,600
Between each course, servants 
would change, not just the plate

1504
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:56,300
but all the utensils what you'd 
eaten fish with would be 

1505
01:21:56,300 --> 01:21:59,400
replaced with fresh implements 
for the next course, this 

1506
01:21:59,400 --> 01:22:03,600
created a rhythm to the meal. 
Eat pause while the table is 

1507
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:07,500
cleared and reset, eat the next 
course pause again. 

1508
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:12,000
The pauses were for conversation
which was as choreographed as 

1509
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,800
the eating. 
Victorian conversation rules 

1510
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:17,300
were elaborate. 
You were supposed to talk to the

1511
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:20,500
person on your right during some
courses and the person on your 

1512
01:22:20,508 --> 01:22:23,400
left during others. 
Topics were carefully 

1513
01:22:23,400 --> 01:22:26,600
circumscribed. 
Nothing too political religious 

1514
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:28,600
or personal. 
The weather was safe. 

1515
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:31,600
Recent books were acceptable 
garden. 

1516
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:34,900
Design was perfect. 
The goal was pleasant 

1517
01:22:34,900 --> 01:22:39,900
uncontroversial conversation 
that helped digestion rather 

1518
01:22:39,900 --> 01:22:44,200
than hindering it. 
Napkin uses evolved into an art 

1519
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:46,600
form. 
When you sat down, you unfolded 

1520
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:48,600
your napkin and placed it across
your lap. 

1521
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,400
Never tucked into your collar 
like a bit. 

1522
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:55,100
You use it to dab, your mouth 
not white vigorously. 

1523
01:22:56,100 --> 01:22:59,300
If you needed to leave the table
temporarily you place the napkin

1524
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:01,800
on your chair. 
Only when the meal was 

1525
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:04,200
completely finished? 
Did you put the napkin on the 

1526
01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:07,100
table and even then, you didn't 
Fold It neatly. 

1527
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:10,800
That might suggest you expected 
to use the same napkin again. 

1528
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:14,100
Implying, your host didn't have 
enough clean vacuums for every 

1529
01:23:14,100 --> 01:23:18,000
meal The Victorian era 
introduced, what the French 

1530
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:22,200
called service salaries, Russian
service, which replaced the 

1531
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:25,000
French style. 
Instead of all dishes appearing 

1532
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:27,100
at once. 
Russian service brought one 

1533
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:31,500
course at a time already plated.
This was more practical for 

1534
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:35,100
homes without large staffs of 
servants and created a more 

1535
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:37,500
controlled sequential dining 
experience. 

1536
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:41,800
The meal became like a story 
unfolding chapter by chapter. 

1537
01:23:42,600 --> 01:23:45,300
Women's etiquette books had 
additional rules. 

1538
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:47,800
You were never supposed to 
appear too hungry. 

1539
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:52,000
You should eat slowly in small 
bites, showing restraint and 

1540
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:55,500
delicacy foods. 
That required messy eating 

1541
01:23:55,500 --> 01:23:59,500
lobster artichokes whole fruits 
should be approached with 

1542
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:04,100
extreme care or avoided entirely
informal situations. 

1543
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:07,300
The goal was to eat sufficiently
without appearing to actually 

1544
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:11,200
need food which is quite the 
mental gymnastics when you think

1545
01:24:11,200 --> 01:24:13,800
about it. 
Alcohol consumption was 

1546
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:16,400
carefully regulated by social 
rules. 

1547
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:19,800
Gentleman, could drink more 
freely, but even they were 

1548
01:24:19,800 --> 01:24:22,100
expected to maintain perfect 
composure. 

1549
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:25,900
Ladies might have a glass of 
wine with dinner but were 

1550
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:29,300
encouraged to dilute it with 
water and sip rather than drink.

1551
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:34,400
Toasting was a complex ritual 
with its own protocols who could

1552
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:38,100
propose toasts when and how 
everyone should respond? 

1553
01:24:39,200 --> 01:24:43,200
The link of Victorian formal 
dinners could be astonishing. 7 

1554
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:45,200
or 8 courses, spread over three 
or four hours. 

1555
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:47,600
Wasn't unusual for an important 
dinner party. 

1556
01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:51,800
This required enormous stamina 
from both hosts and guests. 

1557
01:24:51,800 --> 01:24:55,900
You had to pace yourself, eating
enough to be polite, but not so 

1558
01:24:55,900 --> 01:24:58,900
much that you'd be uncomfortably
full before the meal ended. 

1559
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:03,100
Imagine how these long dinners 
must have felt the initial 

1560
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:06,300
excitement of arriving and 
seeing the beautiful set table. 

1561
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:10,700
Careful attention required for 
the first few courses, making 

1562
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:14,600
sure you use the right utensils 
and followed all the rules, the 

1563
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,700
gradual relaxation as wine and 
conversation flowed. 

1564
01:25:17,700 --> 01:25:22,800
The slight fatigue set in around
course, 5 or 6:00 the gentle 

1565
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:24,700
relief. 
When desert finally appeared 

1566
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:29,100
signaling the approaching end 
What's interesting about 

1567
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:31,500
Victorian table, manners is how 
much they were about 

1568
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:35,700
demonstrating control over your 
appetite, your emotions your 

1569
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:40,800
movements and your conversation.
Every aspect of dining became an

1570
01:25:40,808 --> 01:25:43,800
opportunity to show that you 
were civilized educated and 

1571
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:45,900
refined enough to belong in 
polite Society. 

1572
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:51,700
It was exhausting, but it was 
also strangely meditative When 

1573
01:25:51,700 --> 01:25:54,800
every action is prescribed, you 
stop worrying about what to do 

1574
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:58,500
and simply follow the pattern. 
As you drift in that Pleasant 

1575
01:25:58,500 --> 01:26:00,300
space between waking and 
sleeping. 

1576
01:26:00,300 --> 01:26:03,600
Imagine the soft clink of Fine 
China. 

1577
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:08,100
The gentle murmur of appropriate
conversation and The Gleam of 

1578
01:26:08,108 --> 01:26:12,200
Candlelight on crystal Taurean 
dining rooms must have been 

1579
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:14,000
peaceful in their own formal 
way. 

1580
01:26:14,000 --> 01:26:17,900
Everyone following the same 
elaborate choreography, moving 

1581
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:21,100
through the meal, like dancers 
who all know the steps. 

1582
01:26:22,200 --> 01:26:25,200
Let that formality relax. 
You, rather than stress you 

1583
01:26:25,208 --> 01:26:29,100
this, something soothing about 
knowing exactly what is expected

1584
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:32,100
about moving through prescribed 
patterns. 

1585
01:26:33,100 --> 01:26:35,900
Victorian table manners might 
have been complex, but they 

1586
01:26:35,900 --> 01:26:39,200
created a framework that made 
social interaction predictable 

1587
01:26:39,200 --> 01:26:42,600
and therefore in its way 
peaceful. 

1588
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:46,800
As we move into the 20th 
century, something wonderful 

1589
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:50,400
happens to table manners. 
They start absorbing influences 

1590
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,800
from around the world. 
The elaborate European rules 

1591
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:55,400
that are dominated for 
centuries. 

1592
01:26:55,400 --> 01:27:00,300
Begin mixing with Customs from 
Asia Africa, the Middle East and

1593
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:04,700
the Americas creating a richer 
more diverse understanding of 

1594
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:08,300
how people can eat together. 
Let your mind drift across the 

1595
01:27:08,300 --> 01:27:12,300
globe now, visiting different 
dining Traditions each with its 

1596
01:27:12,300 --> 01:27:16,500
own Beauty and logic. 
Will travel gently like a slow 

1597
01:27:16,500 --> 01:27:20,600
boat on a calm sea stopping at 
various ports to observe and 

1598
01:27:20,600 --> 01:27:24,300
appreciate. 
In Japan table manners, revolve 

1599
01:27:24,300 --> 01:27:28,100
around respect for the food for 
those who prepared it and for 

1600
01:27:28,100 --> 01:27:32,900
your dining companions. 
Before eating you say itadakimas

1601
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:37,300
which roughly translates to. 
I humbly receive this food, it 

1602
01:27:37,300 --> 01:27:40,000
acknowledges the plants and 
animals that gave their lives, 

1603
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:43,700
the people who prepared the meal
and the natural forces that made

1604
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:47,000
it all possible. 
This single word, turns eating 

1605
01:27:47,000 --> 01:27:50,300
into gratitude Chopstick. 
Etiquette in Japan is 

1606
01:27:50,300 --> 01:27:53,500
wonderfully specific. 
Never stick Chopsticks 

1607
01:27:53,500 --> 01:27:56,500
vertically into rice. 
That's how food is offered to 

1608
01:27:56,500 --> 01:27:59,400
the Dead. 
Never pass food from Chopstick 

1609
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:02,600
to Chopstick, that resembles a 
funeral ritual. 

1610
01:28:03,600 --> 01:28:07,000
Never Point Chopsticks at people
or wave them around while 

1611
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:09,200
talking. 
The rules aren't arbitrary, 

1612
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:12,700
they'll connect to deeper 
cultural meanings, about respect

1613
01:28:12,700 --> 01:28:16,100
and awareness. 
Picture of Japanese meal. 

1614
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:20,500
You're sitting on a Tammy mats 
with a low table before you 

1615
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:23,800
Multiple small dishes are 
arranged beautifully. 

1616
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:26,300
Each one a miniature work of 
art. 

1617
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:28,500
There's rice in a lacquered 
bowl. 

1618
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:32,800
Miso soup steaming gently 
carefully, arranged, vegetables 

1619
01:28:32,800 --> 01:28:35,900
and fish. 
You pick up your chopsticks, 

1620
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:40,400
hold them correctly, which takes
practice and begin eating slowly

1621
01:28:40,400 --> 01:28:43,100
appreciating each flavor 
separately. 

1622
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:46,500
The pace of a traditional 
Japanese meal is beautifully. 

1623
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:49,600
Meditative small portions mean, 
you eat slowly? 

1624
01:28:49,600 --> 01:28:53,000
The variety of dishes means 
you're constantly experiencing 

1625
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:57,000
new flavors and textures. 
slurping noodles is not just 

1626
01:28:57,000 --> 01:29:01,700
acceptable, but encouraged it 
cools the noodle and enhances 

1627
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:04,500
the flavor. 
Sound of slurping. 

1628
01:29:04,500 --> 01:29:06,200
Noodles in a Japanese 
restaurant. 

1629
01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:09,800
Is the sound of appreciation, 
pleasure and enjoyment. 

1630
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:14,300
Travel with me now to India 
where eating with your hands is 

1631
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:16,800
not only common but also 
considered preferable for 

1632
01:29:16,800 --> 01:29:20,600
certain foods. there's a 
technique to it, you use your 

1633
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:25,000
right hand only and specifically
your fingers, not your palm, you

1634
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:28,500
mix the rice or bread with curry
or Dal for forming a small ball 

1635
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:31,600
and lift it to your mouth with 
your thumb pushing from behind. 

1636
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:36,000
This isn't careless or messy, 
it's actually quite precise. 

1637
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:40,300
The temperature of the food, the
texture, the way flavors 

1638
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:44,100
combine, all of this is enhanced
by the tactile experience of 

1639
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:48,000
eating with your hands. 
Western utensils create a 

1640
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:51,600
barrier between you and your 
food Indian eating customs. 

1641
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:55,800
Remove that barrier making the 
meal more intimate and immediate

1642
01:29:56,600 --> 01:30:00,100
Indian dining etiquette 
emphasizes Hospitality above 

1643
01:30:00,100 --> 01:30:02,700
almost. 
Everything else guests are 

1644
01:30:02,700 --> 01:30:05,900
served first and encouraged to 
eat their fill refusing. 

1645
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:10,000
Food is considered insulting to 
The Host There's a phrase in 

1646
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:14,300
Hindi, a teethy devote, which 
means the guest is God. 

1647
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:18,200
This philosophy shapes 
everything about how meals are 

1648
01:30:18,200 --> 01:30:21,400
served and shared. 
Drift now to Ethiopia, where 

1649
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:24,200
communally, eating reaches a 
beautiful extreme with the 

1650
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:28,500
practice of eating from a shared
platter in jera a spongy 

1651
01:30:28,500 --> 01:30:32,900
flatbread covers, a large plate 
and various stews and vegetables

1652
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:36,000
are spooned onto it. 
Everyone eats from the same 

1653
01:30:36,000 --> 01:30:39,700
platter tearing off pieces of 
injera to scoop up the food. 

1654
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:44,300
There are no individual plates, 
no personal portions, just 

1655
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:48,500
shared abundance, there's even a
practice called gersha where you

1656
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,900
tear off a piece of injera with 
food and feed it directly to 

1657
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,000
someone else at the table, 
usually a guest or someone you 

1658
01:30:55,000 --> 01:30:58,600
want to honor This intimate Act 
of feeding. 

1659
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:01,100
Another person is a gesture of 
love and respect. 

1660
01:31:02,000 --> 01:31:05,200
It breaks down barriers between 
people more effectively than any

1661
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:08,900
formal etiquette rule. 
Could In the Middle East, 

1662
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:12,700
hospitality and generosity 
defined dining Customs. 

1663
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:15,400
Coffee service. 
Becomes an elaborate ritual 

1664
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:19,500
involving multiple rounds and 
specific protocols, Meals. 

1665
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,700
Often begin with medzi small 
dishes of appetizers. 

1666
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,700
That encourage lingering tasting
and conversation. 

1667
01:31:26,800 --> 01:31:30,200
Pace is unhurried rushing 
through a meal would insult both

1668
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:33,700
the food and your companion's 
traditional Middle Eastern 

1669
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:35,700
dining. 
Often happens on floor. 

1670
01:31:35,700 --> 01:31:39,000
Cushions around a low table or 
cloth spread on the ground. 

1671
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:43,300
The posture itself sitting 
cross-legged or with legs to the

1672
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:45,700
side, create a relaxed 
atmosphere. 

1673
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,100
Can't eat formal course off to. 
Formal course, when you're 

1674
01:31:49,100 --> 01:31:52,500
allowing on, cushions the 
environment encourages ease and 

1675
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:58,200
comfort, Mexican dining Customs,
blend indigenous and Spanish 

1676
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:00,100
influences into something 
unique. 

1677
01:32:01,400 --> 01:32:04,200
The concept of sobre Mesa the 
time. 

1678
01:32:04,200 --> 01:32:06,200
Spent lingering at the table 
after a meal. 

1679
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:08,900
Is Central to Mexican food 
culture? 

1680
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:13,500
The meal itself might last an 
hour, the sober Mesa could last 

1681
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,300
two or three, this isn't wasted 
time. 

1682
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:20,300
It's when real conversation 
happens when relationships 

1683
01:32:20,300 --> 01:32:22,400
deepen. 
And when the community 

1684
01:32:22,400 --> 01:32:26,300
strengthens, Chinese, Banquets 
introduced The Lazy. 

1685
01:32:26,300 --> 01:32:30,500
Susan a rotating platform in the
center of the table that makes 

1686
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:34,300
sharing dishes effortless. 
Everyone can access everything 

1687
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:36,700
without reaching or asking for 
things to be passed. 

1688
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:41,500
It's both practical and symbolic
representing the circular nature

1689
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:45,800
of community and the idea that 
everyone has equal access to 

1690
01:32:45,800 --> 01:32:49,700
Shared resources. 
Korean dining brings side 

1691
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:53,100
dishes, called banchan. 
Small portions of kimchi 

1692
01:32:53,100 --> 01:32:55,900
vegetables and other items that 
accompanied the main meal. 

1693
01:32:56,800 --> 01:32:59,000
These are communal and 
replenished throughout the meal.

1694
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:02,300
The number of banchan, reflects 
the formality of the occasion. 

1695
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:05,000
More banshan means more honor to
the guests. 

1696
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,100
It's a quantifiable 
demonstration of respect and 

1697
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:10,200
care. 
What's beautiful about 

1698
01:33:10,200 --> 01:33:13,200
experiencing all these different
Traditions is realizing that 

1699
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:16,500
table manners aren't about 
arbitrary European rules. 

1700
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:19,200
There are about creating 
Frameworks for connection 

1701
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:23,900
respect and community. 
Japanese Chopstick etiquette, 

1702
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:28,900
Indian hand eating techniques, 
Ethiopian communal platters and 

1703
01:33:28,900 --> 01:33:32,000
Middle Eastern Hospitality. 
They're all saying the same 

1704
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:35,600
thing in different languages 
eating together matters and how 

1705
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:37,500
we do it shapes who we become 
together. 

1706
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:42,000
The 20th century saw these 
Traditions increasingly interact

1707
01:33:42,000 --> 01:33:45,400
as travel became easier and 
immigration brought new 

1708
01:33:45,400 --> 01:33:49,300
communities to new places. 
A child growing up in London, 

1709
01:33:49,300 --> 01:33:52,000
might experience Chopsticks at a
Chinese restaurant. 

1710
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:56,300
Eat with their hands at an 
Indian friend's house, and use a

1711
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:59,900
knife and fork at home. 
This mixing created people who 

1712
01:33:59,900 --> 01:34:03,600
were fluent in multiple dining 
languages and able to move 

1713
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:05,200
comfortably between different 
food. 

1714
01:34:05,200 --> 01:34:08,900
Cultures, what emerges from this
Global exchange as a kind of 

1715
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,000
meteor etiquette, the 
understanding that different 

1716
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:15,200
situations call for different 
manners and that being polite 

1717
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:18,800
means adapting to the customs of
your hosts rather than insisting

1718
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:22,000
on your own habits. 
If you're invited to a Japanese 

1719
01:34:22,008 --> 01:34:24,200
home, you remove your shoes and 
sit on the floor. 

1720
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:27,900
If you're eating Ethiopian food,
you share from the communal 

1721
01:34:27,900 --> 01:34:30,700
platter. 
Flexibility becomes the highest 

1722
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:34,100
form of good manners. 
This all means that the rigid 

1723
01:34:34,100 --> 01:34:35,500
Victorian Rules, start 
loosening. 

1724
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:39,900
Yes, there are still formal 
dinners with specific protocols 

1725
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:43,600
but they're increasingly seen as
one option among many rather 

1726
01:34:43,600 --> 01:34:45,300
than the only correct way to 
eat. 

1727
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:49,500
Casual meal with friends, might 
involve Pizza eaten with hands 

1728
01:34:49,500 --> 01:34:53,000
straight from the box, a 
business lunch might be salad at

1729
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:55,500
a desk. 
A celebration dinner might be an

1730
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:59,800
elaborate multi-course affair. 
Each context has its appropriate

1731
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:03,400
customs and navigating them 
successfully requires awareness,

1732
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:07,600
rather than memorization. 
As you imagine yourself moving 

1733
01:35:07,600 --> 01:35:11,300
between these different dining 
cultures the tatami mats of 

1734
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:13,400
Japan. 
The cushioned floor of a 

1735
01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:16,700
Moroccan home, the communal 
table of an Ethiopian 

1736
01:35:16,700 --> 01:35:19,200
restaurant. 
The formal dining room of a 

1737
01:35:19,200 --> 01:35:22,800
European style dinner party. 
Feel how each environment 

1738
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:24,600
invites? 
A different kind of presents. 

1739
01:35:25,500 --> 01:35:30,000
Some of meditative and precise 
others are warm and communal and

1740
01:35:30,000 --> 01:35:31,400
still. 
Others are formal and 

1741
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:33,600
structured. 
All of them are valid. 

1742
01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:35,900
All of them have something to 
teach. 

1743
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:38,600
The blending of global 
influences. 

1744
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:40,600
Also, brings new foods to new 
places. 

1745
01:35:40,600 --> 01:35:43,800
And with those Foods come new 
challenges for table manners. 

1746
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:47,600
How do you eat sushi? 
Politely Is it okay to use your 

1747
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:50,500
hands for tacos? 
What's the proper way to 

1748
01:35:50,500 --> 01:35:53,800
approach Poe with its 
complicated combination of 

1749
01:35:53,800 --> 01:35:56,400
noodles broth herbs and 
condiments? 

1750
01:35:56,400 --> 01:36:00,100
These questions don't have 
single answers, they depend on 

1751
01:36:00,108 --> 01:36:02,900
context company and cultural 
sensitivity. 

1752
01:36:03,700 --> 01:36:06,700
What's delightful is watching 
how different cultures handle 

1753
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:08,100
the? 
Same practical problems in 

1754
01:36:08,100 --> 01:36:10,800
different ways. 
Everybody needs to clean their 

1755
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:15,400
hands before and after eating, 
The Japanese use oshibori hot 

1756
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:19,100
damp towels. 
Middle Eastern cultures offer 

1757
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:24,000
rose water in beautiful bowls, 
Europeans provide finger bowls 

1758
01:36:24,000 --> 01:36:26,700
with lemon. 
American's might just gesture 

1759
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:30,400
toward the bathroom, same need 
different, elegant Solutions. 

1760
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:34,200
Similarly, every culture has 
developed ways to show, respect 

1761
01:36:34,200 --> 01:36:38,700
for food and those who prepared 
it saying, grace before meals 

1762
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:41,000
offering the first portion to 
Elders. 

1763
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:44,600
Complementing, the cook and 
leaving a small amount on your 

1764
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:46,200
plate show. 
You've been well fed. 

1765
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:51,200
These Customs vary in detail, 
but United purpose, they all 

1766
01:36:51,208 --> 01:36:53,600
acknowledge that eating is more 
than just a biological 

1767
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:57,100
necessity. 
It's a spiritual and social Act.

1768
01:36:58,200 --> 01:37:01,100
Let yourself relax into this 
beautiful diversity. 

1769
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:06,100
There's no single right way to 
eat, no universal code of table,

1770
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:07,600
manners, that applies 
everywhere. 

1771
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:12,900
Instead, there's a rich tapestry
of Customs, each reflecting the 

1772
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,300
values environment and history 
of the people who practice them.

1773
01:37:17,100 --> 01:37:20,400
Understanding, this can be 
liberating, you don't need to 

1774
01:37:20,400 --> 01:37:25,100
know every rule, just the 
willingness to observe adapt and

1775
01:37:25,100 --> 01:37:28,600
show respect. 
As we drift into the 21st 

1776
01:37:28,600 --> 01:37:33,100
century, your time, the present 
moment table, manners, find the 

1777
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:34,600
cells in an interesting 
position. 

1778
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:39,100
The elaborate Victoria and rules
still exist in certain contexts.

1779
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:42,000
But there are no longer the 
default to assumption for every 

1780
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:45,300
meal. 
Instead modern table, manners 

1781
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,800
are situational flexible and 
increasingly focused on 

1782
01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:52,500
practical considerations rather 
than arbitrary status markers. 

1783
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:56,000
The pace of modern life has 
changed how we eat in 

1784
01:37:56,008 --> 01:38:00,000
fundamental ways quick. 
Lunches at desks grabbing dinner

1785
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:04,000
between activities, eating while
commuting, these were not 

1786
01:38:04,000 --> 01:38:07,500
options in previous eras. 
This creates tension between 

1787
01:38:07,500 --> 01:38:10,600
traditional, Notions of proper 
dining and the reality of 

1788
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:14,100
contemporary schedule's. 
The result is a kind of 

1789
01:38:14,100 --> 01:38:17,400
bifurcation. 
Some meals are formal and 

1790
01:38:17,400 --> 01:38:21,400
traditional others are pragmatic
and casual and navigating 

1791
01:38:21,400 --> 01:38:23,600
between them requires a 
different, kind of social 

1792
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:26,500
intelligence. 
Think about your own meals over 

1793
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:28,808
the past week. 
Probably somewhere you can 

1794
01:38:28,816 --> 01:38:31,000
quickly maybe while doing 
something else. 

1795
01:38:31,000 --> 01:38:34,800
Perhaps you had breakfast 
standing at the counter lunch at

1796
01:38:34,800 --> 01:38:38,100
your desk and dinner in front of
the television. these meals have

1797
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,600
their own informal etiquette, 
not the kind written in books, 

1798
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:44,400
but the kind that emerges from 
shared understanding about 

1799
01:38:44,400 --> 01:38:47,700
what's acceptable, But then, 
maybe you also had a meal that 

1800
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:51,500
more significant dinner with 
family, where everyone sat down 

1801
01:38:51,500 --> 01:38:55,400
together lunch with a friend at 
a restaurant, a holiday 

1802
01:38:55,400 --> 01:38:59,900
gathering with extended family. 
For these meals, different rules

1803
01:38:59,900 --> 01:39:04,400
applied, not necessarily formal 
rules but rules nonetheless. 

1804
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:09,600
You probably put your phone away
engaged in conversation and paid

1805
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:12,100
attention to your eating Pace 
relative to others. 

1806
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:17,000
This is the dance of modern 
table manners, knowing when to 

1807
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:20,300
apply which standards 
understanding the unspoken 

1808
01:39:20,300 --> 01:39:23,800
expectations of different 
situations and being able to 

1809
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:27,700
shift gears smoothly, It's 
actually more complex than 

1810
01:39:27,700 --> 01:39:31,200
Victorian etiquette, in some 
ways because at least victorians

1811
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:32,600
knew the rules were always the 
same. 

1812
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:36,800
Modern diners need to read 
contexts and adapt constantly. 

1813
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:40,800
Smartphone has introduced 
entirely new etiquette 

1814
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:44,900
questions, is it okay to check 
your phone during dinner to 

1815
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:48,300
photograph your food, to scroll 
through social media between 

1816
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:51,800
courses, the answers depend on, 
who you are, and what the 

1817
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:54,900
situation is. 
A casual lunch with close 

1818
01:39:54,900 --> 01:39:56,900
friends, might include phones on
the table. 

1819
01:39:56,900 --> 01:39:59,900
A formal business dinner. 
Definitely wouldn't. 

1820
01:40:00,900 --> 01:40:02,600
We're still collectively 
negotiating. 

1821
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:06,100
These Norms food photography has
become its own phenomenon. 

1822
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:09,600
Millions of people photograph 
their meals and share them on 

1823
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:12,900
line turning every plate into 
potential content. 

1824
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:16,800
Traditional etiquette would 
probably faint at this practice 

1825
01:40:16,800 --> 01:40:21,500
taking pictures of food before 
eating it delaying a hot meal to

1826
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:25,200
get the right lighting. 
But modern manners are evolving 

1827
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:28,400
to accommodate this new reality 
with some restaurants, even 

1828
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:30,100
designing dishes to be 
photogenic. 

1829
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:34,500
The rise of dietary restrictions
and food preferences as also 

1830
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:38,300
changed table, manners. 
Vegetarians vegans people with 

1831
01:40:38,300 --> 01:40:41,000
allergies and religious dietary 
requirements. 

1832
01:40:41,000 --> 01:40:44,500
All of these create situations 
that require new forms of 

1833
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,700
consideration. 
Good hosts asked about dietary 

1834
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:49,600
restrictions before planning 
menus. 

1835
01:40:49,600 --> 01:40:53,300
Good guests communicate their 
needs clearly and appreciate 

1836
01:40:53,300 --> 01:40:57,100
efforts made on their behalf. 
It's old-fashioned consideration

1837
01:40:57,100 --> 01:41:01,100
applied to new situations. 
Environmental Consciousness is 

1838
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:05,500
influencing table manners too. 
Reducing food waste is become a 

1839
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:09,100
form of politeness using 
reusable containers, instead of 

1840
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:12,100
disposables choosing sustainable
Foods. 

1841
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:16,000
These might seem like personal 
choices rather than etiquette 

1842
01:41:16,000 --> 01:41:19,500
but their increasingly seen as 
part of being a considerate 

1843
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:24,300
Diner and Community member 
Concept of mindful eating has 

1844
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:27,100
introduced meditative practices 
to meal time. 

1845
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:31,900
Eating slowly paying attention 
to Flavors and textures and 

1846
01:41:31,900 --> 01:41:34,700
being present with your food 
rather than distracted by 

1847
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:38,400
devices or thoughts, these 
practices borrow from Buddhist 

1848
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:40,300
traditions, and, contemporary 
Wellness culture. 

1849
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:44,400
They're not quite table manners 
in the traditional sense, but 

1850
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,300
their definitely etiquette for 
how to relate to food and the 

1851
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:50,400
act of eating. 
Tipping culture creates its own 

1852
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:54,500
complex etiquette varying 
dramatically by country and even

1853
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:59,900
by city in some places tipping 
is essential and expected in 

1854
01:41:59,900 --> 01:42:03,000
others. 
It's insulting The amounts, 

1855
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:06,900
vary, the situations where it's 
appropriate, vary and even the 

1856
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:10,800
method of tipping varies, it's a
Minefield of social expectations

1857
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:14,200
that somehow, everyone is 
expected to navigate without 

1858
01:42:14,200 --> 01:42:17,600
explicit instruction. 
Family dinner tables have 

1859
01:42:17,608 --> 01:42:21,000
changed dramatically. 
Were Victorian families. 

1860
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,000
Might have formal dinners every 
night modern families. 

1861
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:26,700
Are lucky to gather everyone for
meals a few times a week. 

1862
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:31,100
This scarcity makes shared meals
more precious but also less 

1863
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:35,300
practiced children might grow up
with fewer examples of table, 

1864
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:38,900
manners, learning them in fits 
and starts rather than through 

1865
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:42,000
daily repetition yet. 
There's a counter movement 

1866
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:43,400
toward reclaiming, the dinner 
table. 

1867
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:47,900
Slow food movements Farm to 
Table restaurants, cooking 

1868
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:52,300
classes and Mill, kit service's,
all of these represent people 

1869
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:55,900
trying to make eating together 
more intentional, more valued 

1870
01:42:55,900 --> 01:43:00,100
and more ceremonial. 
It's as if having gone through a

1871
01:43:00,100 --> 01:43:04,000
period of extreme casualisation,
we're collectively realizing 

1872
01:43:04,000 --> 01:43:06,300
that something important was 
lost and trying to get it back. 

1873
01:43:07,300 --> 01:43:11,500
Restaurant etiquette has evolved
too the rise of casual fine. 

1874
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:14,800
Dining has created spaces, where
you might encounter amazing food

1875
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:19,000
without formal dress codes or 
elaborate protocols, you can eat

1876
01:43:19,000 --> 01:43:21,400
Michelin starred Cuisine while 
wearing jeans. 

1877
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:25,400
This democratization of fancy 
food is made high quality. 

1878
01:43:25,400 --> 01:43:28,200
Dining more accessible but also 
more confusing. 

1879
01:43:29,300 --> 01:43:31,100
How formal should you be in 
these spaces? 

1880
01:43:32,000 --> 01:43:35,100
Food delivery and takeout of 
created new situations with 

1881
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:38,500
their own Unwritten rules. 
Do you tip delivery drivers? 

1882
01:43:38,500 --> 01:43:40,100
The same as a restaurant 
servers? 

1883
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:42,200
How do you tip for pickup 
orders? 

1884
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:46,100
What's appropriate when ordering
through apps vs calling 

1885
01:43:46,100 --> 01:43:49,800
directly? 
These questions didn't exist 

1886
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,500
when 20 years ago, now their 
part of every day, dining life. 

1887
01:43:54,400 --> 01:43:58,800
Pandemic added another layer of 
complexity introducing Concepts,

1888
01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:02,300
like outdoor dining, takeout, 
cocktails, and virtual dinner 

1889
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:05,100
parties. 
Some of these Innovations will 

1890
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:08,800
probably fade others, might 
become permanent parts of how we

1891
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,000
share meals table. 
Manners are adapting in real 

1892
01:44:12,000 --> 01:44:15,800
time and we're all participating
in creating the new norms. 

1893
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:20,000
What's interesting about modern 
table manners is that they're 

1894
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:21,600
more democratic than they've 
ever been. 

1895
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:25,500
Victorian etiquette was 
explicitly about class 

1896
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:28,200
distinction knowing the rules 
marked. 

1897
01:44:28,200 --> 01:44:31,500
You as upper class not knowing 
them marked you as an outsider. 

1898
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:35,400
Modern etiquette is more about 
context and consideration. 

1899
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:38,900
The goal isn't to demonstrate 
Superior breeding but to make 

1900
01:44:38,900 --> 01:44:43,400
everyone comfortable and show 
respect for the situation, This 

1901
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:47,500
shift reflects broader, social 
changes, we're less hierarchical

1902
01:44:47,500 --> 01:44:51,600
than victorians more Global than
medieval Europeans and more 

1903
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:53,500
diverse than Renaissance 
Italians. 

1904
01:44:54,400 --> 01:44:56,700
Our table manners. 
Need to accommodate all of that 

1905
01:44:56,700 --> 01:45:00,500
complexity while still serving, 
the fundamental purpose of 

1906
01:45:00,500 --> 01:45:05,000
making shared meals, Pleasant 
and meaningful. as you think 

1907
01:45:05,000 --> 01:45:08,400
about your own relationship to 
table, manners, notice how much 

1908
01:45:08,400 --> 01:45:11,600
unconscious knowledge, you 
actually have you probably know 

1909
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:15,100
when to use formal manners and 
when to relax you like clear 

1910
01:45:15,100 --> 01:45:18,200
adapt, your behavior based on 
who you're eating with and where

1911
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:21,400
you're eating, You've 
internalized thousands of small 

1912
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:23,800
rules without ever explicitly 
learning them. 

1913
01:45:23,800 --> 01:45:28,000
This is how etiquette has always
worked, really, the written 

1914
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:31,400
rules are just the tip of the 
iceberg beneath them as an ocean

1915
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:35,900
of unspoken understanding about 
consideration, respect and 

1916
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:39,400
social harmony. 
Modern table manners, might seem

1917
01:45:39,408 --> 01:45:42,700
chaotic compared to Victorian 
rigidity, but they're actually 

1918
01:45:42,700 --> 01:45:45,900
quite sophisticated in their 
flexibility and adaptiveness. 

1919
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:50,300
Let that understanding settle 
over you like a soft blanket. 

1920
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:54,300
You already know how to navigate
these situations, you've been 

1921
01:45:54,308 --> 01:45:56,600
doing it. 
Your whole life learning and 

1922
01:45:56,600 --> 01:46:00,000
adapting and reading social cues
table. 

1923
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:01,900
Manners aren't a test. 
You need to pass. 

1924
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:05,300
There are dance. 
You already know how to do even 

1925
01:46:05,300 --> 01:46:07,300
if you've never formally, 
studied the steps. 

1926
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:10,500
As we approach the end of our 
journey, through the history of 

1927
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:12,800
table. 
Manners, let's pause to consider

1928
01:46:12,800 --> 01:46:14,900
what all of this reveals about 
human nature. 

1929
01:46:15,900 --> 01:46:18,800
Because table manners, when you 
really think about them, are 

1930
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:22,400
about much more than knowing, 
which Fork to use at their core 

1931
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:24,600
table. 
Manners are about transforming a

1932
01:46:24,600 --> 01:46:28,500
biological necessity, eating 
into an opportunity for 

1933
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:33,300
connection Beauty and meaning 
every culture that has ever 

1934
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:36,900
existed has developed some form 
of dining etiquette, which 

1935
01:46:36,900 --> 01:46:39,000
suggests that this 
transformation is something 

1936
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:43,400
human's fundamentally need We're
not content to Simply fuel our 

1937
01:46:43,400 --> 01:46:45,600
bodies. 
We want to make the process 

1938
01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:48,500
meaningful. 
Think about what table manners 

1939
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:51,100
actually accomplish? 
They slow us down. 

1940
01:46:51,100 --> 01:46:55,600
Making us eat more deliberately 
The create predictable patterns 

1941
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:59,800
that reduce social anxiety when 
everyone follows the same rules,

1942
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,200
there's less uncertainty about 
how to behave. 

1943
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:06,200
They demonstrate respect for 
food, for those who prepared it 

1944
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:10,400
and for our dining companions. 
They turn eating from a solitary

1945
01:47:10,400 --> 01:47:14,600
act into a communal ritual. 
The evolution of table, manners 

1946
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:16,900
mirrors, the evolution of 
civilization itself. 

1947
01:47:16,900 --> 01:47:21,100
The society became more complex 
table manners, became more 

1948
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:25,200
elaborate AS Global Connections 
increased table manners, 

1949
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:26,900
absorbed more diverse 
influences. 

1950
01:47:27,900 --> 01:47:31,000
A social hierarchy is shifted 
table manners became more 

1951
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:35,800
democratic the history of how we
eat together is in miniature, 

1952
01:47:35,800 --> 01:47:37,900
the history of how we've learned
to live together. 

1953
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:41,000
There's something deeply 
comforting about this 

1954
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,300
continuity. 
Your medieval ancestors, worry 

1955
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:47,400
about table manners, your 
Victorian great, great 

1956
01:47:47,400 --> 01:47:49,500
grandparents memorized Fork 
placement. 

1957
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:53,000
Your parents taught you to chew 
with your mouth closed. 

1958
01:47:53,000 --> 01:47:57,400
This chain of transmission, 
stretching back, thousands of 

1959
01:47:57,400 --> 01:48:01,400
years, can connect you to every 
human who has ever shared a meal

1960
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:03,700
and wondered about the right way
to do it. 

1961
01:48:04,700 --> 01:48:06,900
The anxiety. 
Many people feel about table 

1962
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:09,800
manners worrying about doing 
something wrong, feeling 

1963
01:48:09,800 --> 01:48:13,700
uncertain, informal dining 
situations is actually evidence 

1964
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:17,200
of how much we care about 
connection and belonging we 

1965
01:48:17,200 --> 01:48:20,300
worry because we want to show 
respect because we want to be 

1966
01:48:20,308 --> 01:48:24,100
included and because we 
recognize that how we behave at 

1967
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:27,100
the table signal, something 
important about Who We Are. 

1968
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:30,600
But here's the beautiful secret 
that becomes clear. 

1969
01:48:30,600 --> 01:48:34,900
When you study table, manners 
across cultures, and trees, If 

1970
01:48:34,908 --> 01:48:38,100
it rules matter, much less than 
the spirit behind them. 

1971
01:48:38,900 --> 01:48:41,700
Victorian silver arrangements 
and Japanese Chopstick. 

1972
01:48:41,700 --> 01:48:44,700
Protocols, look completely 
different but they're both 

1973
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:48,900
expressing the same values. 
Respect consideration, 

1974
01:48:48,900 --> 01:48:53,700
mindfulness and community. 
You can follow every rule 

1975
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:56,200
perfectly and still be a 
terrible dinner companion. 

1976
01:48:56,200 --> 01:48:58,200
If you lack those underlying 
values. 

1977
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:01,500
This means that good table 
manners are ultimately about 

1978
01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:06,100
awareness of the food of your 
fellow diners of the context and

1979
01:49:06,100 --> 01:49:09,400
of your own behavior. 
Whether you're using a fork or 

1980
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:12,500
Chopsticks or your hands doesn't
matter as much as whether you're

1981
01:49:12,500 --> 01:49:15,000
being thoughtful, considerate 
and present. 

1982
01:49:15,900 --> 01:49:19,100
The most important table manner,
the one that transcends all 

1983
01:49:19,100 --> 01:49:22,700
cultural variations and 
historical changes might simply 

1984
01:49:22,700 --> 01:49:26,500
be this pay attention. 
Pay attention to what you're 

1985
01:49:26,500 --> 01:49:30,000
eating savoring flavors rather 
than mindlessly consuming. 

1986
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,200
Pay attention to who you're 
eating with engaging with them 

1987
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,800
rather than being distracted. 
Pay attention to the moment, 

1988
01:49:37,800 --> 01:49:42,400
recognizing that this meal. 
Like all meals is temporary and 

1989
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:46,200
therefore precious when you 
think about it this way, table 

1990
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:47,900
manners become a form of 
meditation. 

1991
01:49:49,000 --> 01:49:52,100
The careful placement of 
utensils, the deliberate pace of

1992
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:54,400
eating and the mindful 
conversation. 

1993
01:49:54,400 --> 01:49:57,500
All of these, create a 
structured opportunity to be 

1994
01:49:57,508 --> 01:50:01,400
fully present in a world that 
constantly demands our attention

1995
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,100
and fragments are Focus 
mealtime. 

1996
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,300
Is offer a rare chance to be 
completely here. 

1997
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:10,800
Now engaged with the physical 
and social reality immediately 

1998
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:14,000
in front of us. 
This is perhaps why so many 

1999
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:16,600
spiritual Traditions include 
ritual meals. 

2000
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:20,700
The Jewish Sabbath dinner 
Christian communion, Islamic 

2001
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:24,900
iftar, and Buddhist monks meals.
All of these use food and 

2002
01:50:24,900 --> 01:50:27,700
communally eating as vehicles 
for something transcendent. 

2003
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:31,700
Table manners at their best 
point toward this same 

2004
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:34,700
Transcendence. 
They elevate the ordinary Act of

2005
01:50:34,708 --> 01:50:38,800
eating into something sacred 
even, casual modern meals, can 

2006
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:41,700
carry this quality. 
If we let them that quick lunch 

2007
01:50:41,700 --> 01:50:44,500
with a colleague becomes an 
opportunity to strengthen a 

2008
01:50:44,500 --> 01:50:48,600
relationship, That family dinner
even if everyone slightly 

2009
01:50:48,600 --> 01:50:51,400
distracted and someone's 
checking their phone, still 

2010
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:52,700
creates a moment of 
togetherness. 

2011
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:57,200
That solo meal. 
If eaten mindfully becomes a 

2012
01:50:57,200 --> 01:50:59,200
practice of self-care and 
presence. 

2013
01:50:59,900 --> 01:51:02,100
The future of table, manners is 
still being written. 

2014
01:51:02,100 --> 01:51:04,500
Will we return to more formal 
dining? 

2015
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:07,500
As a reaction against modern 
casualness, will new 

2016
01:51:07,500 --> 01:51:10,600
technologies, create entirely 
new eating situations that 

2017
01:51:10,600 --> 01:51:14,500
require new etiquette. 
Will global integration create a

2018
01:51:14,508 --> 01:51:18,000
universal set of table. 
Manners, or will we maintain our

2019
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:21,600
beautiful diversity of customs? 
Probably all of these things 

2020
01:51:21,600 --> 01:51:24,700
will happen in different ways in
different places for different 

2021
01:51:24,700 --> 01:51:27,500
people. 
Table manners will continue to 

2022
01:51:27,500 --> 01:51:30,600
evolve because they've always 
evolved adapting to new 

2023
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:33,600
circumstances while maintaining 
their fundamental purpose. 

2024
01:51:34,500 --> 01:51:37,500
Making the act of eating 
together, more meaningful, more 

2025
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:42,000
pleasant and more human. as you 
lie there and comfort, full of 

2026
01:51:42,008 --> 01:51:44,800
new knowledge about how humans 
have tried to make eating 

2027
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,300
civilized across the Millennia, 
let yourself appreciate the 

2028
01:51:48,300 --> 01:51:51,900
simple fact that you're part of 
this long tradition, Every meal 

2029
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:55,300
you share with others where the 
formal or casual, whether you 

2030
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:59,200
follow every rule or make it up 
as you go, connects you to every

2031
01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:01,900
human who has ever broken bread 
with another person. 

2032
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:06,300
Your table manners, whatever. 
They are a part of an ongoing 

2033
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:09,000
human conversation about how we 
should live together. 

2034
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,300
And that conversation that 
continuous attempt to transform 

2035
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:16,700
biological, necessity into 
social, art is one of the things

2036
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,800
that makes us most human. 
Let's end where we began 

2037
01:52:19,800 --> 01:52:24,000
imagining a meal but now with 
all the accumulated wisdom of 

2038
01:52:24,000 --> 01:52:25,700
human history and forming our 
vision. 

2039
01:52:26,600 --> 01:52:30,100
Picture the perfect meal 
combining everything. 

2040
01:52:30,100 --> 01:52:35,000
We've learned It takes place at 
a table, maybe High, maybe low. 

2041
01:52:35,000 --> 01:52:38,300
Maybe not a table at all, but a 
cloth spread on the ground. 

2042
01:52:39,300 --> 01:52:41,800
The setting is comfortable, 
whether that means formal 

2043
01:52:41,800 --> 01:52:44,100
chairs, or floor, cushions or 
something in between. 

2044
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:49,300
The important thing is that you 
feel at ease able to relax and 

2045
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:54,400
to the experience. the lighting 
is gentle candles, perhaps or 

2046
01:52:54,400 --> 01:52:58,600
natural light, filtering through
windows or the soft glow of a 

2047
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:02,800
Setting Sun, Nothing harsh or 
clinical, just enough light to 

2048
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:04,600
see the food and your companions
clearly. 

2049
01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:09,100
The temperature is perfectly 
comfortable, not too hot or cold

2050
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:12,500
with just enough air movement to
feel fresh without being drafty.

2051
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:18,100
for you is food that someone 
prepared with care, maybe it's 

2052
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:21,800
simple, maybe elaborate Maybe it
came from a cross, the world, 

2053
01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:26,100
maybe from just down the road. 
The specifics don't matter as 

2054
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:28,100
much as the attention that went 
into it. 

2055
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:31,600
Someone thought about what would
nourish and please and then made

2056
01:53:31,600 --> 01:53:34,200
it happen. 
You have the right implements 

2057
01:53:34,200 --> 01:53:38,000
for eating, whatever those are 
for this particular meal, fork 

2058
01:53:38,000 --> 01:53:41,900
and knife Chopsticks, a piece of
flatbread, your hands. 

2059
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:45,500
It doesn't matter because you 
know how to use them and they 

2060
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:49,000
feel naturally in your grass. 
The table is set appropriately 

2061
01:53:49,000 --> 01:53:52,400
for the occasion with everything
you need within easy, reach 

2062
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:54,900
around the table of people, you 
care about. 

2063
01:53:54,900 --> 01:53:59,500
They might be family, friends 
colleagues or even strangers who

2064
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:03,100
will become friends by meals. 
And The presence makes the food 

2065
01:54:03,100 --> 01:54:06,400
taste better. 
The Experience richer and the 

2066
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:10,800
moment more complete, you can 
see their faces, clearly hear 

2067
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:14,500
their voices easily and feel 
their presence without crowding.

2068
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:19,400
The meal begins with some 
acknowledgment, perhaps formal 

2069
01:54:19,400 --> 01:54:21,700
Grace. 
Perhaps a simple toast. 

2070
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:25,400
Perhaps just a moment of shared 
appreciation before the first 

2071
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:28,300
bite. 
This brief pause creates a 

2072
01:54:28,300 --> 01:54:32,400
threshold marking the transition
from ordinary time to meal time 

2073
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:35,400
from scattered activity to 
Shared Focus. 

2074
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:38,500
You eat slowly enough to taste 
what you're eating. 

2075
01:54:38,500 --> 01:54:43,800
The flavors register fully, salt
and Sweet Bitter and sour and 

2076
01:54:43,800 --> 01:54:46,500
the complex middle notes that 
make food, interesting. 

2077
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:52,800
Textures matter to crisp and 
soft, smooth and rough, and the 

2078
01:54:52,808 --> 01:54:55,300
way different foods play against
each other in your mouth. 

2079
01:54:56,300 --> 01:54:59,300
You're not just consuming 
calories your experience in 

2080
01:54:59,300 --> 01:55:02,400
something. 
The conversation, flows, 

2081
01:55:02,400 --> 01:55:05,200
naturally with space for both 
talking and eating. 

2082
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:08,100
No one dominates everyone 
contributes. 

2083
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:11,500
Topics range freely, stay 
Pleasant. 

2084
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:15,000
This isn't the place for 
argument or stress though. 

2085
01:55:15,000 --> 01:55:19,100
Real discussion is welcome. 
Laughter comes easily along with

2086
01:55:19,108 --> 01:55:21,900
the comfortable silences of 
people who don't need to fill 

2087
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:25,600
every moment with noise. 
Pace is unhurried. 

2088
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:28,900
If there are multiple courses, 
they arrived with enough time 

2089
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:31,200
between them for digestion and 
conversation. 

2090
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:35,100
If it's a single course, 
everyone eats at roughly the 

2091
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:38,400
same speed with no one feeling 
rushed or held back. 

2092
01:55:39,200 --> 01:55:43,300
Time becomes elastic expanding 
to fill, whatever space the 

2093
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:47,400
meal, needs your present, not 
thinking about what comes next. 

2094
01:55:47,400 --> 01:55:49,700
Not dwelling on what came 
before. 

2095
01:55:49,700 --> 01:55:52,900
Just hear in this moment with 
this food and these people. 

2096
01:55:53,800 --> 01:55:57,100
Your phone is somewhere else or 
at least silenced and ignored. 

2097
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:00,100
The outside world can wait right
now. 

2098
01:56:00,100 --> 01:56:04,600
There's only this table. 
This meal this company. when the

2099
01:56:04,608 --> 01:56:08,500
meal ends and all meals must 
end, eventually it ends gently 

2100
01:56:09,400 --> 01:56:12,900
There's no abrupt transition, no
rushed clearing of plates, 

2101
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:17,000
there's coffee or tea, perhaps 
just a lingering at the table. 

2102
01:56:17,000 --> 01:56:20,500
Extending the experience of few 
more precious minutes. 

2103
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:22,800
It acknowledgment that it's 
ending. 

2104
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:27,200
Makes the last moment sweeter. 
You leave the table satisfied 

2105
01:56:27,200 --> 01:56:30,400
but not overstuffed. 
Nourished him body and spirit 

2106
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:34,400
and grateful for the food and 
the company, and the time. the 

2107
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:37,900
memory of this meal will settle 
into, you becoming part of the 

2108
01:56:37,900 --> 01:56:42,600
accumulated experience of all 
good meals you've ever had all 

2109
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:46,000
the moments when eating together
created something larger than 

2110
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,600
the sum of its parts This 
perfect meal doesn't require 

2111
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:51,800
perfect manners in the Victorian
sense. 

2112
01:56:51,800 --> 01:56:54,400
It doesn't need elaborate 
settings or expensive 

2113
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:56,300
ingredients or impeccable 
protocol. 

2114
01:56:56,300 --> 01:57:01,100
What it needs is a tension 
consideration and presence. 

2115
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:06,300
Everything else, the specific 
Customs, the particular Foods, 

2116
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:10,400
the exact setting are just 
variations on these fundamental 

2117
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:12,800
themes and here's the wonderful 
secret. 

2118
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,900
You can create this perfect meal
or something close to it. 

2119
01:57:16,900 --> 01:57:21,700
Almost any time you choose, it 
doesn't require well or special 

2120
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:25,100
knowledge or ideal 
circumstances, it just requires 

2121
01:57:25,100 --> 01:57:29,400
deciding that this meal. 
This moment matters enough to 

2122
01:57:29,400 --> 01:57:33,300
give it your full attention. 
As you drift now towards sleep. 

2123
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:35,700
Let yourself hold the image of 
that perfect meal. 

2124
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:39,700
Feel the contentment of a good 
meal shared with good company. 

2125
01:57:39,700 --> 01:57:44,100
Taste the flavors hear the 
gentle conversation and feel the

2126
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:47,800
warmth of connection. 
Let it all settle into you like 

2127
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:52,000
satisfaction after eating that 
sense of being well-fed. 

2128
01:57:52,000 --> 01:57:56,100
In every way that matters All 
around the world at this very 

2129
01:57:56,100 --> 01:57:57,700
moment. 
People are gathering to eat 

2130
01:57:57,700 --> 01:57:59,400
together. 
They're using different 

2131
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:02,000
utensils. 
Following different customs and 

2132
01:58:02,000 --> 01:58:05,300
eating different foods. but 
they're all doing the same 

2133
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,400
essential thing transforming, 
the act of eating into an 

2134
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:11,900
opportunity for connection 
Beauty and meaning You're part 

2135
01:58:11,908 --> 01:58:15,300
of that Global community of 
eaters that vast, Human family 

2136
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:18,500
that has always gathered around 
fires and tables and flaws and 

2137
01:58:18,500 --> 01:58:21,300
picnic blankets to share food 
and lives. 

2138
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:25,500
Your table manners, whatever 
they are, are your contribution 

2139
01:58:25,500 --> 01:58:29,200
to this ongoing human project of
making eating together matter. 

2140
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:31,900
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that tomorrow, 

2141
01:58:31,900 --> 01:58:34,600
there will be more meals, more 
opportunities to practice 

2142
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:38,400
presence and consideration and 
more chances to turn the simple 

2143
01:58:38,400 --> 01:58:43,000
Act of eating into something 
approaching art. the history of 

2144
01:58:43,000 --> 01:58:46,000
table manners is still being 
written and you're one of its 

2145
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:49,200
authors dream of Feasts and 
quiet dinners. 

2146
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:53,200
Of perfect moments around 
imperfect tables of all the 

2147
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:55,700
meals yet to come and all the 
ways, they'll connect you to 

2148
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:59,600
your self and others. dream of 
Humanity's long journey from 

2149
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:03,900
eating raw food with our fingers
around, prehistoric fires to 

2150
01:59:03,900 --> 01:59:07,000
whatever beautiful new dining 
Customs, the future will bring 

2151
01:59:08,200 --> 01:59:12,000
And when you wake, remember the 
next meal is a fresh opportunity

2152
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:14,700
to make that history. 
Just a little bit more peaceful,

2153
01:59:14,700 --> 01:59:18,100
a little bit more Mindful and a 
little bit more human. 

2154
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:20,700
Sleep. 
Well, the table is always 

2155
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:27,700
waiting. 
Imagine New York City in 1904 

2156
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:30,900
when the tallest skyscrapers 
hardly reached the skyline and 

2157
01:59:30,900 --> 01:59:34,300
horses continued to clip clop 
along cobblestone streets with 

2158
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:36,800
the occasional car. 
Julius Robert Oppenheimer 

2159
01:59:36,800 --> 01:59:40,000
though, everyone would call him,
Robert, or simply OC to his 

2160
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:43,400
friends was born into this world
of Gaslight and escalating 

2161
01:59:43,400 --> 01:59:46,300
ambition, though Roberts early 
years, were depicted in more 

2162
01:59:46,300 --> 01:59:48,500
general terms. 
You might think that future 

2163
01:59:48,500 --> 01:59:51,200
Atomic scientists come from, 
childhood spent staring at 

2164
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:53,700
telescope and chemistry sets 
Julius. 

2165
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:56,500
His father had come from Germany
with little more than a keen 

2166
01:59:56,500 --> 01:59:59,000
sense of style and a passion for
textiles. 

2167
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:02,100
By the time Robert was born, the
family business had become 

2168
02:00:02,100 --> 02:00:04,700
successful enough to buy an 
apartment with a view of the 

2169
02:00:04,700 --> 02:00:08,500
Hudson River furnished with 
impressionist paintings, Persian

2170
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:12,100
rugs and the kind of cozy choir 
that comes with having money. 

2171
02:00:12,100 --> 02:00:15,100
Ella Roberts, mother was an 
artist who saw the world through

2172
02:00:15,100 --> 02:00:18,300
light and Shadow compositions as
young Robert played quietly 

2173
02:00:18,300 --> 02:00:21,000
close by, she had set up a 
reasonable by their Upper West 

2174
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:24,300
Side homes, tall windows and 
began painting watercolors 

2175
02:00:24,300 --> 02:00:27,400
displaying the Thoughtfulness 
that would define his entire 

2176
02:00:27,400 --> 02:00:30,100
life. 
Even as a young child, he had an

2177
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:32,100
eye for the world that seemed 
older than his years. 

2178
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:35,600
It wasn't precocious in the way 
that adults find it, unsettling,

2179
02:00:35,600 --> 02:00:38,700
but it was genuine. 
Curiosity about how things fit 

2180
02:00:38,700 --> 02:00:40,900
together, though. 
Deeply intellectual, the 

2181
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:44,100
Oppenheimer household was not 
particularly religious, every 

2182
02:00:44,100 --> 02:00:47,600
wall was adorned with books like
old friends waiting to chat and 

2183
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:50,700
topics discussed at the dinner. 
Table included literature art 

2184
02:00:50,700 --> 02:00:53,300
and difficult philosophical 
issues like a tiny. 

2185
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:57,000
Sober sponge, Robert took in all
of this cultivating, the kind of

2186
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:00,300
all-encompassing curiosity that 
would eventually enable him to 

2187
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:03,600
discuss Hindu philosophy with 
the same ease as he would 

2188
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:07,000
quantum mechanics, Robert found 
school to be almost too easy. 

2189
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:10,400
He was quietly working his way 
through books that most adults 

2190
02:01:10,400 --> 02:01:12,600
would find difficult. 
While other kids were having 

2191
02:01:12,600 --> 02:01:16,000
trouble with spelling and math. 
By the age of 10, he was reading

2192
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:19,300
translated, Plato and Penning. 
Poetry that was surprisingly 

2193
02:01:19,300 --> 02:01:22,800
sophisticated for someone whose 
voice had not yet changed this 

2194
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,100
thin pale boy who could talk 
about literature. 

2195
02:01:25,400 --> 02:01:28,500
A graduate student but still 
required assistance getting to 

2196
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:31,400
books on high shelves. 
Left his teachers unsure of how 

2197
02:01:31,400 --> 02:01:34,800
to interpret him an alternative 
form of Education was offered by

2198
02:01:34,808 --> 02:01:36,800
the family's Long Island 
Vacation House. 

2199
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:39,800
Robert developed a contemplative
love for the outdoors here. 

2200
02:01:39,800 --> 02:01:42,800
He was a child who collected 
rocks with the methodical 

2201
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:45,400
attention of someone who saw 
stories in their crystalline 

2202
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,200
structures. 
Not the kind who built forts or 

2203
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:51,700
Court frogs an early indication 
of the scientific mind growing 

2204
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:54,000
beneath his literary. 
Interests was the meticulous 

2205
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:56,100
labeling and cataloging of each 
specimen. 

2206
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,400
Among family friends Roberts 
rock collection became 

2207
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:02,400
legendary. 
He could spend hours studying a 

2208
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:05,200
single mineral sample. 
Turning it in the light to 

2209
02:02:05,200 --> 02:02:08,800
reveal various features reading 
about its geological formation 

2210
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:11,600
and comprehending its 
significance in the grand scheme

2211
02:02:11,600 --> 02:02:13,600
of things. 
He first learned to think in 

2212
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:17,200
deep time to Envision forces 
that could reshape continents 

2213
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:20,600
and processes that took millions
of years thanks to geologie 

2214
02:02:20,600 --> 02:02:22,700
later. 
On this sense of scale would 

2215
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:25,400
enable him to understand physics
Concepts that other bright 

2216
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:28,300
Minds, found difficult to 
understand by his early. 

2217
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:31,300
Adolescence Robert had developed
into a young man who appeared to

2218
02:02:31,300 --> 02:02:32,900
be a little different from his 
contemporaries. 

2219
02:02:32,900 --> 02:02:36,800
He was amiable enough but his 
passion and the ferocity with 

2220
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,500
which he pursued them had an 
unearthly quality. 

2221
02:02:39,500 --> 02:02:43,100
Robert had become enthralled 
with Hindu philosophy and wanted

2222
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:46,100
to read the original texts. 
So he was teaching himself 

2223
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:48,200
Sanskrit. 
While other boys his age were 

2224
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:50,600
learning baseball. 
And the first hints of romantic 

2225
02:02:50,600 --> 02:02:52,400
interest. 
Although, Robert was 

2226
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,400
undoubtedly, not exempt from the
joy of intellectual achievement 

2227
02:02:55,400 --> 02:02:59,300
the sand, Grit study was more 
than just academic boasting. 

2228
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,500
The philosophical issues, these 
ancient writings addressed such 

2229
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:05,600
as what the nature of reality is
truly captivated him. 

2230
02:03:06,400 --> 02:03:09,200
How do we make sense of our 
position in the vast seemingly 

2231
02:03:09,200 --> 02:03:11,100
uncaring? 
Universe for him. 

2232
02:03:11,100 --> 02:03:14,100
These were pressing personal 
issues rather than abstract, 

2233
02:03:14,100 --> 02:03:16,100
riddles. 
That would shape his views on 

2234
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:19,100
everything from moral 
responsibility to subatomic 

2235
02:03:19,100 --> 02:03:21,800
particles. 
His parents were both proud and 

2236
02:03:21,800 --> 02:03:24,600
perplexed, as they observe their
sons intellectual growth. 

2237
02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:27,100
Robert appeared to be developing
into a person. 

2238
02:03:27,100 --> 02:03:28,800
Whose mind worked on 
frequencies. 

2239
02:03:28,800 --> 02:03:32,000
They were always able to pick up
despite their desire to raise a 

2240
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:35,300
thoughtful cultured child. 
They realized they were raising 

2241
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:38,200
someone very special. 
When he casually mentioned over 

2242
02:03:38,200 --> 02:03:40,900
breakfast, that he had started a
small literary magazine at 

2243
02:03:40,900 --> 02:03:43,800
school, all that he had been 
communicating with professional,

2244
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:46,400
geologists about his rock 
collection for Robert. 

2245
02:03:46,400 --> 02:03:49,100
The passage from childhood to 
adolescents wasn't totally 

2246
02:03:49,100 --> 02:03:51,400
seamless. 
Social situations were 

2247
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:53,900
occasionally awkward due to his 
intellectual prowess. 

2248
02:03:53,900 --> 02:03:57,000
He would make references that 
were too complex for his peers 

2249
02:03:57,000 --> 02:04:00,100
to understand or get so 
engrossed in a book that he 

2250
02:04:00,100 --> 02:04:03,900
forgot he was meant to be taking
part in group activities and of 

2251
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:06,200
growing resentful or conceited 
over his differences. 

2252
02:04:06,300 --> 02:04:09,300
Is Robert acquired, a kind of 
mild disinterest, that would 

2253
02:04:09,300 --> 02:04:10,900
benefit him for the rest of his 
life. 

2254
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:14,600
He discovered how to live in two
different worlds at once the 

2255
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:17,400
world of scientific facts and 
the world of artistic Beauty, 

2256
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,600
the world of teenage worries and
the world of adulthood ideas. 

2257
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:23,700
Robert had already started to 
consider the issues that would 

2258
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:26,000
shape his adult life as he 
neared graduation from the 

2259
02:04:26,000 --> 02:04:28,700
ethical culture School. 
The school that placed equal 

2260
02:04:28,700 --> 02:04:31,100
emphasis on moral growth and 
academic success. 

2261
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:34,100
How can we strike a balance 
between social responsibility 

2262
02:04:34,100 --> 02:04:37,700
and personal success? 
What responsibilities do, we 

2263
02:04:37,708 --> 02:04:39,300
have to serve others with our 
gifts? 

2264
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:42,600
In a universe, that appears to 
be controlled by impersonal 

2265
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:44,600
forces. 
How do we find meaning? 

2266
02:04:44,600 --> 02:04:47,700
These were the usual worries of 
a College, Bound 18 year old, 

2267
02:04:47,708 --> 02:04:51,300
but then Robert Oppenheimer had 
never been normal with 

2268
02:04:51,300 --> 02:04:53,600
interests. 
Ranging from poetry, to geology 

2269
02:04:53,600 --> 02:04:56,200
to philosophy. 
He was getting ready to enroll 

2270
02:04:56,200 --> 02:04:58,900
at Harvard University with a 
mine that was already beginning 

2271
02:04:58,900 --> 02:05:01,400
to recognize connections, that 
others had overlooked. 

2272
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:04,600
The young man who had begun, by 
gathering rocks, Was preparing 

2273
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:07,100
to contribute to the discovery 
of the atoms Mysteries. 

2274
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:11,700
Someone with Roberts thirst for 
knowledge Harvard in 1922 was 

2275
02:05:11,700 --> 02:05:15,300
like an intellectual candy store
as the majority of freshmen were

2276
02:05:15,300 --> 02:05:18,000
learning how to organize their 
own laundry and deal with the 

2277
02:05:18,008 --> 02:05:20,100
social complexities of living in
a door. 

2278
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:23,600
Robert was taking courses from a
wide range of academic 

2279
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:27,800
Specialties much like a person 
at a fancy Buffet who is unable 

2280
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:29,300
to choose between the main 
courses. 

2281
02:05:29,300 --> 02:05:32,300
And the appetizers, do you know 
how some people discover their 

2282
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:34,800
calling early on and pursue to 
Sidious? 

2283
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:39,200
Robert wasn't like that. 
Rather, he went into college 

2284
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:41,800
like a passionate Adventurer, 
charting a new continent. 

2285
02:05:41,800 --> 02:05:44,500
He enrolled in classes in 
languages, literature 

2286
02:05:44,500 --> 02:05:47,600
philosophy, history, and almost 
as an afterthought, chemistry 

2287
02:05:47,600 --> 02:05:50,500
and physics, his transcript 
appeared to be the work of 

2288
02:05:50,508 --> 02:05:53,900
multiple students, who schedules
had been inadvertently combined 

2289
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:56,800
during this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

2290
02:05:56,800 --> 02:05:58,800
finishing school for young men 
from well to do families. 

2291
02:05:58,800 --> 02:06:02,700
But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

2292
02:06:02,700 --> 02:06:05,600
that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

2293
02:06:05,600 --> 02:06:08,100
could take place between these 
two Realms. 

2294
02:06:08,100 --> 02:06:11,000
Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

2295
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:14,300
situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

2296
02:06:14,300 --> 02:06:17,600
academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

2297
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:20,300
questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

2298
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:23,400
materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

2299
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:26,700
Robert might tangentially bring 
up a Sanskrit texts in a 

2300
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,500
literature class to clarify a 
point regarding Western poetry 

2301
02:06:29,500 --> 02:06:32,500
he would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

2302
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,300
Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and matter in a 

2303
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:37,900
chemistry. 
Lab some faculty members felt 

2304
02:06:37,900 --> 02:06:40,400
uneasy about the 
interdisciplinary thinking While

2305
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:42,200
others were genuinely thrilled 
about it. 

2306
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:46,508
Students who shared his diverse 
interests Roberts room in his 

2307
02:06:46,516 --> 02:06:49,800
Harvard dorm turned into a sort 
of Salon, Robert would lead 

2308
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:53,300
casual conversations, that could
range from quantum theory to TS 

2309
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,700
while other undergraduates were 
preoccupied with football games 

2310
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,900
and fraternity parties 
Elliott's, most recent poems are

2311
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:03,200
about the Russian revolutions, 
political ramifications, Robert 

2312
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:05,900
was genuinely interested in what
other people thought about the 

2313
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:08,400
big questions and genuinely 
curious about everything. 

2314
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:11,900
So, these weren't performances 
or attempts to flaunt himself. 

2315
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:16,500
The academic work was almost too
simple in a fraction of the time

2316
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:19,500
required for his peers to master
the assigned material for most 

2317
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:23,400
courses, Robert was able to read
independently about topics that 

2318
02:07:23,400 --> 02:07:25,700
went. 
Well beyond any syllabus, he 

2319
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:28,900
found that he had a special 
talent for physics, not only for

2320
02:07:28,900 --> 02:07:31,900
manipulating numbers but also 
for using his imagination to 

2321
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:35,300
picture how the invisible realm 
of atoms and energy might truly 

2322
02:07:35,300 --> 02:07:38,200
function. 
However despite his academic 

2323
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:40,800
success, Robert was having 
trouble answering more 

2324
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:44,000
introspective questions about 
his life goals in his Social 

2325
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:46,400
Circle. 
It was expected that intelligent

2326
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:48,900
young men would pursue 
respectable careers in business,

2327
02:07:48,900 --> 02:07:53,000
law or medicine which would 
enable them to continue living 

2328
02:07:53,000 --> 02:07:55,000
the comfortable lives. 
They had known as children, 

2329
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:57,900
these traditional routes, 
through robot in, but in some 

2330
02:07:57,900 --> 02:08:00,700
way, they seem too narrow for 
the questions that captivated 

2331
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:04,400
him something clicked in his 
junior year, a professor who had

2332
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:06,400
trained in Europe and brought 
back, tales of the 

2333
02:08:06,400 --> 02:08:09,100
groundbreaking discoveries being
made in physics Labs across the 

2334
02:08:09,100 --> 02:08:10,900
Atlantic. 
Teaching Robert. 

2335
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:14,200
An advanced chemistry course. 
For the first time, Robert 

2336
02:08:14,200 --> 02:08:17,300
realized that science was about 
asking basic questions about the

2337
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:20,700
nature of reality itself. 
Not just about learning facts 

2338
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:24,100
and doing calculations. 
The moment was ideal in the 

2339
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,600
1920s physics was going through.
A revolution that only occurs 

2340
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:31,200
once every 100 years. 
Quantum mechanics and relativity

2341
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,000
Theory discoveries were 
upending, everything scientists 

2342
02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:36,300
believe. 
They knew about matter energy, 

2343
02:08:36,300 --> 02:08:39,600
space and time. 
Robert wanted to be involved 

2344
02:08:39,600 --> 02:08:42,400
because it felt like he was 
witnessing the development of a 

2345
02:08:42,400 --> 02:08:45,500
new perspective on the cosmos. 
Robert had discovered his 

2346
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:48,200
calling, by his senior year, he 
would pursue a career in 

2347
02:08:48,208 --> 02:08:50,300
physics. 
But he wanted to focus on the 

2348
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,000
fundamental issues that were 
changing how people perceive 

2349
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:55,300
reality. 
This was more of a calling than 

2350
02:08:55,300 --> 02:08:58,200
a career decision. 
It was the same kind of intense 

2351
02:08:58,200 --> 02:09:01,000
Dedication that might Inspire 
someone to pursue a career in 

2352
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,300
philosophy or poetry after 
earning a summa cum laude degree

2353
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:06,700
in 1925. 
Robert had to make a decision 

2354
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:08,200
that would affect the rest of 
his life. 

2355
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,200
He had the option to remain in 
America and pursue Graduate 

2356
02:09:11,200 --> 02:09:14,000
Studies at one of the reputable 
universities, which would 

2357
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:16,700
provide him with a secure and 
reliable route to academic 

2358
02:09:16,700 --> 02:09:19,000
achievement. 
He could also travel to Europe 

2359
02:09:19,000 --> 02:09:21,500
where the Giants of theoretical.
Physics were working out the 

2360
02:09:21,500 --> 02:09:24,500
implications of quantum, theory,
and coffee shops, and Labs from 

2361
02:09:24,500 --> 02:09:27,700
Cambridge to gutting. 
And That's where the real action

2362
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:30,900
was in theoretical physics. 
The choice to travel to Europe, 

2363
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:32,800
wasn't made solely for academic 
reasons. 

2364
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:36,900
In addition, Robert was fleeing 
from a complex romantic 

2365
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:40,700
circumstance that had left him, 
emotionally damaged, and unsure 

2366
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:43,700
of his own discernment in 
Private Affairs Europe, provided

2367
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:46,300
him with both geographical 
separation from issues. 

2368
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:49,700
He wasn't yet prepared to handle
and intellectual Adventure. 

2369
02:09:49,700 --> 02:09:54,200
Thus in the fall of 1925, Robert
found himself on a ship 

2370
02:09:54,200 --> 02:09:57,400
traveling across the Atlantic 
with letters of introduction to 

2371
02:09:57,400 --> 02:10:00,800
some of the world's most 
renowned scientists and a ton of

2372
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:04,600
questions concerning atomic 
structure, quantum mechanics and

2373
02:10:04,600 --> 02:10:08,500
the bizarre new reality. 
That physics was unveiling, he 

2374
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:12,100
was 21 years old bright, a 
little gullible about the world 

2375
02:10:12,100 --> 02:10:15,500
outside of Academia and on the 
cusp of one of the most exciting

2376
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:19,000
errors in scientific history. 
The young man was traveling 

2377
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:21,800
across the ocean to contribute 
to the understanding of the true

2378
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:24,800
nature of the universe. 
He had begun his college career 

2379
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:28,000
by reading poetry and collecting
rocks, someone with Robert 

2380
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:31,000
ambition and curiosity, had been
unconsciously preparing for 

2381
02:10:31,000 --> 02:10:33,200
this, kind of intellectual 
Adventure, all his life. 

2382
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:37,900
Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

2383
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:40,100
head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

2384
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:43,000
impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

2385
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:45,200
of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

2386
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:48,100
This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

2387
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:51,400
laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

2388
02:10:51,400 --> 02:10:54,200
reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous, 

2389
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:58,000
experimentation and astute 
intuition were making some of 

2390
02:10:58,008 --> 02:11:01,700
the most significant discoveries
in atomic physics back. 

2391
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:05,100
Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

2392
02:11:05,100 --> 02:11:08,500
world, with Scientists 
discussing Atomic nuclei and 

2393
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:11,300
electrons the way, others might 
discuss the weather and 

2394
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:13,800
equipment that looked like it 
belonged in the basement of a 

2395
02:11:13,800 --> 02:11:17,300
Victorian inventors home. 
Robert was in the odd position 

2396
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:20,200
of being fully unprepared. 
For the Practical experimental 

2397
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:23,600
methods that British physics. 
Placed such a strong emphasis on

2398
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:27,300
but intellectually prepared, for
sophisticated theoretical work. 

2399
02:11:27,300 --> 02:11:30,200
You know how it feels to believe
you are proficient at something 

2400
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,300
until you observe a true expert 
in action. 

2401
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:35,500
Those were Roberts initial 
months at Cambridge. 

2402
02:11:35,500 --> 02:11:38,600
He was able to explain quantum 
mechanics with mathematical 

2403
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:41,200
precision. 
But he was unable to handle the 

2404
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:42,800
delicate. 
Manipulations needed for 

2405
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:45,700
experimental work without 
causing minor catastrophes. 

2406
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:48,700
His attempts to construct 
equipment frequently ended in 

2407
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:51,800
shattered glassware and outcomes
that left is supervisors 

2408
02:11:51,800 --> 02:11:53,600
wandering. 
If theoretical physics would be 

2409
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:56,700
a better fit for this driven, 
Young American Robert worked 

2410
02:11:56,700 --> 02:11:58,400
with the same methodical 
intensity. 

2411
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:01,100
He brought to everything else, 
so it wasn't a lack of 

2412
02:12:01,108 --> 02:12:02,900
intelligence or effort. 
That was the issue. 

2413
02:12:02,900 --> 02:12:07,000
However, experimental physics, 
necessitates, a distinct way of 

2414
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:09,800
thinking attack tactile 
comprehension of material 

2415
02:12:09,800 --> 02:12:12,300
behavior. 
And an intuitive sense of when 

2416
02:12:12,300 --> 02:12:15,300
something is functioning 
correctly, the concrete world of

2417
02:12:15,300 --> 02:12:19,200
laboratory equipment was almost 
alien to Robert whose mind was 

2418
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:21,500
already functioning at such 
abstract levels. 

2419
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:25,900
In fact, Roberts growth as a 
scientist depended heavily on 

2420
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:28,400
the difficult time. 
He had to face the possibility 

2421
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:30,700
that his intellectual gifts 
might be limited. 

2422
02:12:30,700 --> 02:12:33,500
And for the first time, in his 
academic career, something 

2423
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:36,700
wasn't coming easily. 
Instead of giving up, Robert 

2424
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:39,200
took this setback as an 
opportunity to reflect more 

2425
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:41,200
thoroughly on his Career goals 
as a physicist. 

2426
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:45,900
In contrast, the theoretical 
work fulfilled, all of Robert's 

2427
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:49,800
expectations in the 1920s. 
The physics Community was small 

2428
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,900
enough for informal seminars and
one-on-one discussions to 

2429
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:56,300
quickly spread revolutionary 
ideas, Robert found himself at 

2430
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:59,300
the center of debates concerning
Quantum, tunneling wave, 

2431
02:12:59,300 --> 02:13:02,000
particle, duality, and other 
ideas that went against 

2432
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:04,100
everything. 
People had previously believed 

2433
02:13:04,100 --> 02:13:06,100
to be true about the physical 
world. 

2434
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:09,800
Robert decided to transfer to 
gutting and Germany, where Max 

2435
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:12,200
born was spearheading some of 
the most advanced work in 

2436
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:14,800
theoretical physics after a year
at Cambridge. 

2437
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,200
This choice would influence the 
remainder of Robert's career. 

2438
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:20,600
This was part of a revolutionary
movement. 

2439
02:13:20,600 --> 02:13:23,900
That was rewriting, the laws of 
nature, not just a change in 

2440
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:27,100
universities. 
The quantum Revolution began in 

2441
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:31,000
gutting in in 1926, when bright 
people realized their making 

2442
02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:33,600
discoveries that will forever 
alter human understanding. 

2443
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:37,200
The university town is filled 
with the kind of intellectual 

2444
02:13:37,200 --> 02:13:40,000
excitement, that result when 
Robert arrived. 

2445
02:13:40,000 --> 02:13:42,700
He was surrounded by Young 
physicists from all over the 

2446
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:45,300
world who all interested in 
working with born. 

2447
02:13:45,300 --> 02:13:47,800
And his colleague's on problems 
that had never been solved 

2448
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,600
because they had never been 
properly formulated before in a 

2449
02:13:51,600 --> 02:13:53,900
way that Robert had never 
encountered before the work was 

2450
02:13:53,900 --> 02:13:57,100
highly collaborative. 
In coffee shop, conversations 

2451
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:01,300
and seminars ideas were freely, 
exchanged and progressed toward 

2452
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:03,200
understanding was more important
than credit. 

2453
02:14:03,200 --> 02:14:06,500
Robert flourished in this 
setting and found that rather 

2454
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:10,000
than detracting from his physics
thinking his wide, cultural 

2455
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:12,000
background and philosophical 
interests. 

2456
02:14:12,000 --> 02:14:15,200
Actually, strengthened it Robert
started working on quantum, 

2457
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:17,900
mechanical problems under 
Bourne's, tutelage that called 

2458
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:20,500
for real physical intuition 
about the behavior of atoms and 

2459
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:24,000
molecules, in addition to 
mathematical expertise, the 

2460
02:14:24,000 --> 02:14:27,100
quantum mechanics of molecular 
rotation, was the subject of his

2461
02:14:27,100 --> 02:14:30,500
doctoral dissertation, which he 
finished in an exceptionally 

2462
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:33,300
short amount of time. 
This technical work showed his 

2463
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,100
command of the new theoretical 
tools and opened up research 

2464
02:14:36,100 --> 02:14:37,800
avenues. 
That would occupy other 

2465
02:14:37,800 --> 02:14:41,200
physicists for decades what 
Robert discovered about the true

2466
02:14:41,200 --> 02:14:43,400
nature of science. 
However, may have been more 

2467
02:14:43,400 --> 02:14:45,200
significant than the particular 
study. 

2468
02:14:45,200 --> 02:14:48,500
He learned in gutting and that 
the best discoveries frequently 

2469
02:14:48,500 --> 02:14:51,500
result from identifying, which 
questions are worthwhile to ask 

2470
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:54,600
rather than from resolving 
predetermined issues. 

2471
02:14:54,600 --> 02:14:58,000
He develop The ability to think,
like, a theoretical physicist, 

2472
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:01,600
which included being at ease 
with ambiguity Adept at 

2473
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:04,900
mathematical abstraction, and 
constantly aware of connections 

2474
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,700
that others might Overlook 
Roberts knowledge of politics 

2475
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,400
and culture was also expanded by
his time in Europe. 

2476
02:15:11,000 --> 02:15:12,700
Which would have an impact on 
his future. 

2477
02:15:12,700 --> 02:15:16,600
This was vimar Germany, a 
country struggling with economic

2478
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:20,000
instability and escalating 
political tensions as it 

2479
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,200
attempted to reconstruct itself.
Following the destruction of 

2480
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:26,800
World War One Robert saw 
first-hand how political forces 

2481
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,500
could quickly jeopardize 
academic freedom and scientific 

2482
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:33,300
collaboration but he also saw 
first-hand how intellectual life

2483
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:35,500
could Thrive even in turbulent 
Times? 

2484
02:15:35,500 --> 02:15:39,300
Robert had changed from a bright
but unfocused college graduate 

2485
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:41,700
to one of the rising stars of 
theoretical physics. 

2486
02:15:41,700 --> 02:15:45,100
By the time, he finished his 
Doctorate in 1927, he had 

2487
02:15:45,100 --> 02:15:47,300
acquired research techniques 
that would benefit him 

2488
02:15:47,300 --> 02:15:50,200
throughout his career learn to 
think in the mathematical 

2489
02:15:50,200 --> 02:15:53,600
language of quantum mechanics 
and cultivated connections with 

2490
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:56,300
Scientists who would influence 
physics in the 20th century? 

2491
02:15:56,300 --> 02:16:00,100
Once a hobbyist rock collector, 
the young man was now prepared 

2492
02:16:00,100 --> 02:16:02,700
to contribute to the discovery 
of the fundamental laws, 

2493
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:06,500
governing everything from Star 
Behavior to Atomic Structure, he

2494
02:16:06,500 --> 02:16:09,700
would however, first go back to 
America to assist in creating a 

2495
02:16:09,708 --> 02:16:12,000
physics community. 
That could rival the 

2496
02:16:12,000 --> 02:16:14,400
intellectual stimulation. 
He had encountered in Europe, 

2497
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:17,500
Robert was carrying more than 
just a doctorate as he got ready

2498
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:19,400
to set sail, again, across the 
Atlantic. 

2499
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,000
He was introducing, a fresh 
perspective on physics. 

2500
02:16:22,000 --> 02:16:24,200
That would contribute to the 
transformation of American 

2501
02:16:24,200 --> 02:16:27,500
Science from a primarily 
Regional Endeavor into a global 

2502
02:16:27,500 --> 02:16:30,500
leader in basic research. 
The young man who had enjoyed 

2503
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:32,200
reading. 
Sanskrit was coming back as a 

2504
02:16:32,208 --> 02:16:35,500
man who could decipher Nature's 
Own hidden grammar, in contrast 

2505
02:16:35,500 --> 02:16:37,900
to the intellectual Oasis, he 
had encountered in Europe, 

2506
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:40,400
American physics appeared to be 
a desert. 

2507
02:16:40,400 --> 02:16:44,000
When Robert returned to the 
United States in 1927, the 

2508
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:46,299
majority of American physics, 
departments were still 

2509
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:49,299
concentrating on real world 
applications and conventional 

2510
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,600
experimental methods while 
European universities were 

2511
02:16:52,600 --> 02:16:55,500
humming with discussions about 
relativity Theory and quantum 

2512
02:16:55,500 --> 02:16:57,500
mechanics. 
Everyone was still playing 

2513
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:00,500
simple folk tunes, which was 
like coming back from a Symphony

2514
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:03,000
concert. 
However, Robert viewed. 

2515
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:05,100
This as an opportunity rather 
than a letdown. 

2516
02:17:05,100 --> 02:17:08,400
Even though American physics was
theoretically underdeveloped, 

2517
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:10,799
there was still an opportunity 
to develop something. 

2518
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,100
New and established an 
intellectual community that 

2519
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:16,200
could compete with the major 
European learning. 

2520
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:19,299
Hubs it only required, someone 
who was prepared to sow the 

2521
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:22,200
seeds and then patiently and 
enthusiastically tend to their 

2522
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:24,299
growth. 
The physics department at the 

2523
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:27,000
University of California 
Berkeley, where he held his 

2524
02:17:27,000 --> 02:17:29,900
first job was searching for 
someone who could introduce 

2525
02:17:29,900 --> 02:17:32,400
graduate students to the 
theoretical work, that was 

2526
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:33,900
transforming the field in 
Europe. 

2527
02:17:33,900 --> 02:17:37,000
When Robert got there, there 
were a few bright students who 

2528
02:17:37,000 --> 02:17:39,400
wanted to learn about quantum 
mechanics, but didn't know where

2529
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:42,100
to start. 
It was similar to asking someone

2530
02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:44,500
who had never heard the language
to teach them a foreign 

2531
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:46,500
language. 
What followed was one of those? 

2532
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:49,500
Understated revolutions that 
alter everything, but a rarely 

2533
02:17:49,500 --> 02:17:52,400
reported in the media. 
Robert started constructing, the

2534
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:54,500
Berkeley School of theoretical 
physics. 

2535
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,500
Turning nearly nothing into a 
research program, that would 

2536
02:17:57,500 --> 02:17:59,400
eventually compete with the best
in the world. 

2537
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:02,500
However, he accomplished this in
a manner, that was 

2538
02:18:02,500 --> 02:18:06,100
distinctively, American fusing 
European sophistication with a 

2539
02:18:06,108 --> 02:18:09,900
more open cooperative and 
Democratic method of scientific 

2540
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:13,000
inquiry Roberts teaching style, 
was the key because it was 

2541
02:18:13,008 --> 02:18:15,299
different from anything, his 
students had ever encountered, 

2542
02:18:15,299 --> 02:18:18,400
rather than giving polished 
lectures, while standing at a 

2543
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:21,600
Blackboard Robert would solve 
problems allowed as his students

2544
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,299
observed, the process of 
discovery it was similar to 

2545
02:18:24,299 --> 02:18:26,700
being permitted to watch a 
master Craftsman in action, 

2546
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:29,200
witnessing. 
Not only the final product, but 

2547
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:31,700
also the methods and ways of 
thinking that enabled 

2548
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:34,500
excellence. 
The physics Community came to 

2549
02:18:34,500 --> 02:18:37,299
Revere Roberts seminars. 
He would be deep in conversation

2550
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:40,500
with whoever derived. 
Early explaining connections 

2551
02:18:40,500 --> 02:18:44,200
between quantum mechanics 
statistical mechanics an astro 

2552
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:46,000
physics. 
That most professors would treat

2553
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:49,000
his distinct subjects while 
drawing equations on the 

2554
02:18:49,000 --> 02:18:52,700
Blackboard, everyone was 
expected to contribute and the 

2555
02:18:52,700 --> 02:18:55,000
environment was more akin to 
sell on than a classroom. 

2556
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:58,600
Do you know how some Educators 
tend to oversimplify difficult 

2557
02:18:58,600 --> 02:19:00,799
subjects? 
Robert possessed, the opposite 

2558
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:03,000
Talent? 
He was able to make even the 

2559
02:19:03,000 --> 02:19:05,200
most difficult. 
Theoretical physics ideas seem 

2560
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:08,700
not just understandable, but 
inevitable, his seminars, would 

2561
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:11,400
leave students with a fresh 
perspective on physical issues 

2562
02:19:11,400 --> 02:19:14,600
as well as new knowledge as if 
they had been given access to 

2563
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,100
secrets about the true workings 
of the universe students from 

2564
02:19:18,100 --> 02:19:20,799
all over, the nation were drawn 
to the Berkeley program because 

2565
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:23,799
they had heard about this young 
Professor who was making a 

2566
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:26,500
significant contribution to the 
teaching of physics in America. 

2567
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:30,299
They arrived hoping to learn 
quantum mechanics, but instead, 

2568
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:32,100
they found a whole new way of 
doing science. 

2569
02:19:32,100 --> 02:19:36,700
One that value depth, as much as
Brett philosophical insight, as 

2570
02:19:36,700 --> 02:19:40,000
much as mathematical skill and 
teamwork as much as individual 

2571
02:19:40,000 --> 02:19:43,600
success Roberts impact went well
beyond His official teaching 

2572
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:45,900
duties. 
For a whole generation of 

2573
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:48,200
American, physicists, many of 
whom would later. 

2574
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:50,100
Make important contributions to 
the discipline. 

2575
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:53,700
He served as a mentor and 
intellectual Mentor more 

2576
02:19:53,700 --> 02:19:56,000
significantly, though he was not
merely teaching them to solve 

2577
02:19:56,000 --> 02:19:57,900
problems. 
He was teaching them how to 

2578
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:01,600
think like scientists Roberts 
interdisciplinary approach and 

2579
02:20:01,608 --> 02:20:04,400
wide range of interests were 
reflected in the research that 

2580
02:20:04,400 --> 02:20:07,600
came out of Berkeley. 
In the 1930s working on issues 

2581
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:10,700
ranging from nuclear theory to 
astrophysics to Atomic and 

2582
02:20:10,708 --> 02:20:13,400
molecular physics. 
His students frequently 

2583
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:16,200
discovered connections between 
these ostensibly disparate 

2584
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:18,900
fields that more narrowly 
focused researchers would 

2585
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:22,400
Overlook although Robert himself
made significant contributions 

2586
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:24,000
to the fields of quantum 
tunneling. 

2587
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:26,400
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 
stars. 

2588
02:20:26,400 --> 02:20:29,600
His greatest accomplishment was 
establishing a scientific 

2589
02:20:29,600 --> 02:20:33,600
Community capable of confidently
and creatively addressing any 

2590
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:36,600
issue Roberts. 
Genuine excitement for the 

2591
02:20:36,608 --> 02:20:39,500
process of Discovery. 
In addition to his Mastery of 

2592
02:20:39,508 --> 02:20:43,200
physics was what made him, such 
an Effective Teacher, he tackled

2593
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:46,000
every new problem with the 
Positiveness of someone who was 

2594
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:49,200
learning physics for the first 
time and this enthusiasm was 

2595
02:20:49,200 --> 02:20:52,500
infectious, in addition to 
learning how to solve problems. 

2596
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:55,500
Students also discovered how 
much they enjoy the intellectual

2597
02:20:55,500 --> 02:20:58,000
Journey. 
That is scientific research, the

2598
02:20:58,000 --> 02:20:59,400
Berkeley school was one of the 
top. 

2599
02:20:59,400 --> 02:21:02,300
Hubs for theoretical physics, 
research worldwide, by the late,

2600
02:21:02,300 --> 02:21:04,400
1930s. 
The collaborative 

2601
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:07,400
interdisciplinary approach that 
Robert had taught them was being

2602
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:10,100
carried by his former students, 
as they dispersed throughout 

2603
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,200
American universities. 
American physics was starting to

2604
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:16,500
compete with European science by
creating its own unique research

2605
02:21:16,500 --> 02:21:19,900
and teaching methodology, rather
than by imitating European 

2606
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:23,600
techniques, however, Roberts 
career and the interaction 

2607
02:21:23,600 --> 02:21:26,900
between science and Society were
about to change as a result of 

2608
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:30,200
the intersection of his teaching
success with more significant 

2609
02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:34,500
historical forces soon the same 
theoretical discoveries that 

2610
02:21:34,500 --> 02:21:36,700
made his seminar. 
So fascinating would serve as 

2611
02:21:36,700 --> 02:21:39,500
the basis for weapons with 
previously, unheard of 

2612
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:43,300
destructive potential and the 
educator who had dedicated his 

2613
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:46,500
professional life to fostering. 
Intellectual Community would be 

2614
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:48,900
called upon to lead, an 
unprecedented scientific 

2615
02:21:48,900 --> 02:21:50,700
Endeavor to put an end to a 
conflict. 

2616
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:53,700
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 
and intellectual leadership. 

2617
02:21:53,700 --> 02:21:57,200
Abilities would be put to the 
test as he went from being a 

2618
02:21:57,200 --> 02:22:00,000
university Professor to a 
scientific administrator. 

2619
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,200
However, the groundwork had been
established during his time at 

2620
02:22:03,208 --> 02:22:06,000
Berkeley where he discovered 
that the most significant 

2621
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:08,800
scientific breakthroughs 
frequently result from groups of

2622
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:12,200
gifted individuals collaborating
to achieve shared objectives. 

2623
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,500
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 
imagine being tasked with 

2624
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:18,600
creating a brand new city in the
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 

2625
02:22:18,600 --> 02:22:22,000
assembling a team of some of the
most talented and erratic 

2626
02:22:22,000 --> 02:22:25,100
scientists on the planet and 
organizing them to tackle the 

2627
02:22:25,100 --> 02:22:27,700
most difficult technical problem
in human history. 

2628
02:22:27,700 --> 02:22:32,000
All while keeping everything you
do completely Secret in 1942, 

2629
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:34,100
Robert was offered this task by 
the US government. 

2630
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:39,500
And he accepted it at somehow at
7,300 feet about sea level on a 

2631
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:42,400
plateau in circled by mountains,
that seemed to go on forever 

2632
02:22:42,400 --> 02:22:44,600
beneath a vast guy. 
Robert. 

2633
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:47,700
First impression of Los Alamos, 
was hardly more than a boy's 

2634
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:50,700
school. 
It was remote harsh, and totally

2635
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:53,200
unfit for the kind of scientific
work that would have to take 

2636
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:56,000
place there. 
But it was also beautiful in the

2637
02:22:56,000 --> 02:22:59,200
way that Barren Landscapes can 
be after seeing the website. 

2638
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:01,700
The majority of people would 
have recommended going somewhere

2639
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:05,500
more affordable but when Robert 
looked at that Mesa he noticed 

2640
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:08,300
something different, he saw a 
setting that might motivate the 

2641
02:23:08,300 --> 02:23:10,800
kind of extraordinary effort 
that extraordinary times 

2642
02:23:10,800 --> 02:23:13,700
required. 
A space that could support quick

2643
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:17,500
expansion and an isolation that 
would offer security more than 

2644
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:19,200
that. 
He realized that developing. 

2645
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:21,100
The atomic bomb was a human 
challenge. 

2646
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:24,200
That would necessitate the 
establishment of an entirely new

2647
02:23:24,200 --> 02:23:27,400
type of scientific Community. 
The Manhattan Project marked a 

2648
02:23:27,408 --> 02:23:30,100
significant change in the 
structure and financing of 

2649
02:23:30,100 --> 02:23:34,000
scientific research Los Alamos 
would unite 100s of scientists 

2650
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:37,500
and Engineers to work on a 
single well-defined goal under 

2651
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:40,800
military security and government
guidance rather than having 

2652
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:43,600
individual professors work with 
small groups of students on 

2653
02:23:43,600 --> 02:23:46,900
problems of their own choosing 
with Robert conducting. 

2654
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:49,700
It was like attempting to turn 
scientific research from chamber

2655
02:23:49,700 --> 02:23:53,800
music into a symphony orchestra 
Just the logistical difficulties

2656
02:23:53,800 --> 02:23:56,900
were astounding without knowing 
exactly what they would be 

2657
02:23:56,900 --> 02:23:59,700
working on scientists and their 
families had to be recruited. 

2658
02:24:00,600 --> 02:24:03,100
The closest major city was 
hundreds of miles away. 

2659
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,600
So how housing labs and support 
facilities had to be, their 

2660
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:10,000
equipment, had to be transported
to an unofficial site via 

2661
02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:13,100
Mountain Roads. 
And it had to happen fast enough

2662
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:15,000
to change the course of a global
conflict. 

2663
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:18,600
The human problems however were 
even more intricate. 

2664
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:21,500
In addition to representing 
various physics and chemistry, 

2665
02:24:21,500 --> 02:24:23,900
Specialties the scientists who 
arrived at. 

2666
02:24:23,908 --> 02:24:27,300
Los Alamos also represented 
various cultures, research 

2667
02:24:27,300 --> 02:24:30,300
methodologies and viewpoints on.
The best way to structure. 

2668
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:33,200
Scientific Endeavors American 
Scholars who had never left 

2669
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,000
their homelands, collaborated 
with European refugees who had 

2670
02:24:36,008 --> 02:24:39,600
fled fascism Engineers, who had 
to construct real devices. 

2671
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:41,600
That would functioning combat 
environments. 

2672
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,700
Worked alongside theoretical 
physicists, who thought in 

2673
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:48,300
abstract mathematical terms, 
although he undoubtedly helped 

2674
02:24:48,300 --> 02:24:51,600
solve technical problems 
Roberts, genius during the time 

2675
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:55,200
was more organizational and 
social than scientific somehow. 

2676
02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:57,600
He was able to maintain 
scientific standards under 

2677
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:01,000
extreme time, pressure balance 
the conflicting demands of 

2678
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,800
scientific, openness and 
Military security and Foster a 

2679
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:07,200
sense of shared purpose among 
individuals who had spent their 

2680
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:10,700
careers working independently. 
There had never been a 

2681
02:25:10,700 --> 02:25:13,100
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

2682
02:25:13,100 --> 02:25:16,200
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

2683
02:25:16,200 --> 02:25:18,000
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

2684
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:21,700
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

2685
02:25:21,700 --> 02:25:25,300
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

2686
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:28,300
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

2687
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:31,200
applied to real-world issues 
with immediate consequences. 

2688
02:25:31,200 --> 02:25:34,400
During this time Roberts. 
Leadership style was a 

2689
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:37,800
reflection of all he had learned
in his years, as a teacher about

2690
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:40,400
scientific creativity and human 
motivation. 

2691
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:43,600
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

2692
02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:46,800
individuals could produce their 
best work rather than attempting

2693
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:48,500
to micromanage technical 
details. 

2694
02:25:48,500 --> 02:25:51,500
Made sure his scientists have 
the tools and assistance, they 

2695
02:25:51,500 --> 02:25:53,900
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

2696
02:25:54,700 --> 02:25:57,000
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

2697
02:25:57,000 --> 02:26:00,500
interdisciplinary cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

2698
02:26:00,500 --> 02:26:03,600
Berkeley for someone with 
Roberts wide range, of cultural 

2699
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:05,300
interests, and vast, personal 
Network. 

2700
02:26:05,300 --> 02:26:08,600
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

2701
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:11,800
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

2702
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:14,600
communist groups which had not 
seemed significant during his 

2703
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:17,300
academic career. 
Suddenly became issues of 

2704
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,400
National Security when he was a 
tempting to coordinate the most 

2705
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:22,900
significant scientific Endeavor 
in American history. 

2706
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:27,100
FBI agents looked into his 
background maintaining, his own 

2707
02:26:27,100 --> 02:26:29,800
moral equilibrium and sense of 
perspective, while overseeing 

2708
02:26:29,800 --> 02:26:32,100
work that was specifically 
intended to produce. 

2709
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:35,700
Wmds was perhaps the most 
challenging tasks, Robert had to

2710
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:37,800
undertake. 
After years of studying 

2711
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,700
philosophical issues, regarding 
the nature of reality and human 

2712
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,900
responsibility. 
The man was now directly faced 

2713
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:45,600
with the applications of 
scientific knowledge. 

2714
02:26:46,500 --> 02:26:49,100
The technical work moved, along 
remarkably quickly. 

2715
02:26:49,100 --> 02:26:52,300
And effectively the kind of 
concentrated cooperation that 

2716
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,800
only the urgency of War could 
Foster led to the resolution of 

2717
02:26:55,800 --> 02:26:58,400
issues that might have taken 
years to resolve in peace. 

2718
02:26:58,400 --> 02:26:59,400
Time. 
In a matter of months, 

2719
02:26:59,400 --> 02:27:03,500
scientists who had never held a 
job outside of Academia were now

2720
02:27:03,508 --> 02:27:06,500
managing, intricate engineering 
projects, and designing 

2721
02:27:06,500 --> 02:27:09,500
industrial processes. 
The precise blueprints for 

2722
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:12,600
nuclear weapons were developed 
using the theoretical insights 

2723
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:15,900
of quantum mechanics. 
Robert started to wrestle with 

2724
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:18,100
issues, that would follow him 
for the rest of his life. 

2725
02:27:18,100 --> 02:27:21,600
As the project came to a close. 
What moral ramifications did, 

2726
02:27:21,600 --> 02:27:24,900
what they were producing have. 
What effects might nuclear 

2727
02:27:24,900 --> 02:27:27,400
weapons have on human 
civilization and international 

2728
02:27:27,400 --> 02:27:30,300
relations. 
What obligations did scientists 

2729
02:27:30,300 --> 02:27:32,400
have regarding how their 
findings were used? 

2730
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,200
These were pressing real-world 
issues that would soon require 

2731
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:38,500
Solutions, not abstract, 
philosophical conundrums. 

2732
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,800
When he first agreed to build a 
laboratory. 

2733
02:27:40,800 --> 02:27:44,100
In the desert, the quiet bookish
Professor who had once taught 

2734
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:47,200
Sanskrit for fun was about to 
become one of the most powerful 

2735
02:27:47,200 --> 02:27:50,300
people in modern history and the
weight of that influence was 

2736
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:52,200
starting to weigh heavily on 
him. 

2737
02:27:52,200 --> 02:27:55,600
Roberts stood in a bunker in the
New Mexico desert on the morning

2738
02:27:55,600 --> 02:28:00,300
of July, 16th 1945 and 
anticipating where the three 

2739
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,100
years of the most rigorous 
scientific Endeavor in human 

2740
02:28:03,100 --> 02:28:07,200
history would yield the outcome.
That theory had predicted 20,000

2741
02:28:07,200 --> 02:28:09,100
yards away on a tower was the 
gadget. 

2742
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:12,500
They dubbed Gadget far enough 
away that in the worst case 

2743
02:28:12,500 --> 02:28:14,400
scenario. 
They might live to lament their 

2744
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:16,200
errors. 
You know how you feel, when 

2745
02:28:16,200 --> 02:28:19,200
you've studied everything you 
can before a final exam, but 

2746
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:22,100
you're still unsure if you'll be
sufficiently prepared, the 

2747
02:28:22,100 --> 02:28:24,000
state's were a little higher 
than A course grade. 

2748
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:27,500
But that was Robert's mindset in
the pre-dawn darkness of the 

2749
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:29,900
Alamogordo desert. 
They were on the verge of the 

2750
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:33,200
first artificial nuclear 
explosion in Earth's history, if

2751
02:28:33,200 --> 02:28:36,400
their calculations were accurate
If they calculations were 

2752
02:28:36,400 --> 02:28:39,600
incorrect, the repercussions 
could be anything from a 

2753
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:42,600
regional disaster to an 
embarrassing failure with the 

2754
02:28:42,608 --> 02:28:45,300
same mechanical accuracy that 
had defined the Manhattan 

2755
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:51,400
Project as a whole, the 
countdown began 10, 9, 8 7, at 

2756
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:54,400
0, a flash of light brighter 
than the sun, blazed across the 

2757
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:59,000
desert visible from 150 miles 
away, transforming the mountains

2758
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:02,600
into Bleak Silhouettes against a
man-made Dawn, even from a 

2759
02:29:02,608 --> 02:29:06,200
distance, observers could feel 
the heat on their faces then 

2760
02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:08,800
like an unseen tsunami, the 
Shockwave rolled across the 

2761
02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:11,400
desert floor. 
It was precisely the kind of 

2762
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:13,800
literary allusion that had 
defined Roberts thinking 

2763
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:17,400
throughout his career, but this 
time, the ancient poetry carried

2764
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:19,800
a weight that no classroom 
discussion, could have prepared 

2765
02:29:19,800 --> 02:29:23,100
him for Robert later claimed 
that a line from the bag of Gita

2766
02:29:23,100 --> 02:29:24,900
came to mind. 
As he watched the expanding, 

2767
02:29:24,900 --> 02:29:27,000
Fireball rise into a mushroom 
cloud. 

2768
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:29,800
That would become the iconic 
image of the nuclear age. 

2769
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:33,900
Now, I am become death destroyer
of worlds. 

2770
02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:38,300
In addition to being Robert's 
greatest scientific achievement.

2771
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:42,100
The Trinity test marked the 
start of his most trying times 

2772
02:29:42,100 --> 02:29:45,300
as a person, however, the 
successful detonation also meant

2773
02:29:45,300 --> 02:29:47,700
that Robert and his colleagues 
had succeeded in creating 

2774
02:29:47,700 --> 02:29:50,500
something that could potentially
destroy human civilization. 

2775
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:54,300
Proving that the theoretical 
work, done at Los Alamos had 

2776
02:29:54,300 --> 02:29:57,000
been correct and that the 
massive investment of talent and

2777
02:29:57,000 --> 02:29:59,900
resources had produced the 
weapon that military planners 

2778
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:03,600
believed could end World War 2. 
The weeks after Trinity were a 

2779
02:30:03,600 --> 02:30:06,500
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 
and mounting fear of what they 

2780
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:09,200
had let loose though. 
Many of the scientists at Los 

2781
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:11,800
Alamos were starting to realize 
that their achievement would 

2782
02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:15,500
fundamentally alter human 
perceptions of power War and the

2783
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:18,000
natural world. 
They had achieved something 

2784
02:30:18,000 --> 02:30:22,000
unprecedented in the history of 
Science and Engineering, Robert 

2785
02:30:22,000 --> 02:30:23,500
was in the odd position of 
receiving. 

2786
02:30:23,500 --> 02:30:26,200
Praise for accomplishments that 
made him feel more and more 

2787
02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:28,600
uncomfortable. 
It was a practical illustration 

2788
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:31,500
of how humans could use the 
basic forces of nature, for 

2789
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:35,300
destructive ends based on the 
same theoretical, insights That 

2790
02:30:35,300 --> 02:30:38,000
had made his Berkeley seminars, 
so intellectually stimulating, 

2791
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,200
it was similar to receiving 
recognition for resolving a 

2792
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:44,200
sophisticated mathematical 
puzzle while being aware that 

2793
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:47,500
the solution would result in 
great suffering, Robert and his 

2794
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:49,900
colleagues discovered along with
the rest of the world, what 

2795
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:52,400
their theoretical work looked 
like, when applied to real 

2796
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:55,200
cities with real people, when 
the bombs were dropped on 

2797
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:59,700
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945, photographs of destroyed 

2798
02:30:59,700 --> 02:31:03,400
buildings reports of radiation, 
sickness and death tolls. 

2799
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:05,800
That reached the hundreds of 
thousands replaced. 

2800
02:31:05,800 --> 02:31:09,000
The abstract calculations about 
energy release and blast effects

2801
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:12,200
like Robert's own emotions, The 
public's response to the atomic 

2802
02:31:12,200 --> 02:31:15,000
bombs was complicated. 
The weapons may have saved 

2803
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,100
hundreds of thousands of 
American and Japanese lives by 

2804
02:31:18,100 --> 02:31:20,500
bringing an end to World War 2 
without the need for an 

2805
02:31:20,508 --> 02:31:24,200
expensive invasion of Japan. 
However, they had also brought a

2806
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:27,100
new class of destructive power 
into human history, making 

2807
02:31:27,100 --> 02:31:29,200
earlier. 
Conflicts seem almost archaic in

2808
02:31:29,200 --> 02:31:32,200
comparison as the man who had 
enabled nuclear war. 

2809
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:34,900
Robert was both feared and 
hailed as a hero. 

2810
02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:37,900
Every one who had worked on the 
Manhattan Project found, it 

2811
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:40,500
difficult to make the shift from
the urgency of War to 

2812
02:31:40,500 --> 02:31:43,900
contemplation in peace. 
But Robert found it particularly

2813
02:31:43,900 --> 02:31:46,500
difficult. 
The immediate objective of 

2814
02:31:46,500 --> 02:31:48,900
bringing the water a closed 
before Nazi, Germany could 

2815
02:31:48,908 --> 02:31:51,800
create its own. 
Atomic bomb had taken precedence

2816
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:54,300
over the ethical concerns 
surrounding nuclear weapons 

2817
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:56,800
during the conflict. 
Now, that the war was over and 

2818
02:31:56,800 --> 02:31:58,800
the US was the only country with
nuclear weapons. 

2819
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:00,900
Those ethical issues needed to 
be addressed. 

2820
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:04,400
Robert started, discussing the 
ramifications of atomic energy 

2821
02:32:04,400 --> 02:32:07,500
and public contending. 
The disastrous arms race could 

2822
02:32:07,500 --> 02:32:11,000
only be avoided by International
collaboration and civilian 

2823
02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:14,200
control of nuclear technology. 
Some of his detractors would 

2824
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:16,600
later viewers support for 
international control of nuclear

2825
02:32:16,600 --> 02:32:19,500
weapons, and the sharing of 
atomic secrets with other 

2826
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:21,500
countries as naive or even 
treasonous. 

2827
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:24,600
However Roberts worries were 
more grounded in his knowledge 

2828
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:26,900
of the relevant science that in 
political ideology. 

2829
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:30,500
He understood that a world with 
multiple nuclear Powers would be

2830
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,400
far more dangerous than one. 
Where nuclear energy was managed

2831
02:32:33,400 --> 02:32:35,400
cooperatively by International 
institutions. 

2832
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:39,200
That the fundamentals of nuclear
physics, could not be kept 

2833
02:32:39,200 --> 02:32:42,700
secret forever, and the other 
countries would eventually 

2834
02:32:42,700 --> 02:32:44,300
develop their own Atomic 
weapons. 

2835
02:32:44,300 --> 02:32:47,900
After learning Sanskrit, out of 
curiosity and collecting rocks 

2836
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:49,900
for fun. 
The man, now, found himself at 

2837
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:52,300
the center of discussions about 
the future of human 

2838
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:55,100
civilization, in order to decide
whether his scientific 

2839
02:32:55,100 --> 02:32:57,700
accomplishments would be 
regarded as Humanity's greatest 

2840
02:32:57,700 --> 02:32:59,500
achievement or its ultimate 
error. 

2841
02:32:59,500 --> 02:33:02,700
The theoretical physicist who 
had previously preferred the 

2842
02:33:02,700 --> 02:33:06,700
company of books and ideas was 
now, conferring with generals 

2843
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:10,600
politicians and diplomats on 
this matter, by the end of 1945,

2844
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:13,400
Robert was starting to realize 
that scientific achievement 

2845
02:33:13,400 --> 02:33:15,400
could be more burdened and the 
failure. 

2846
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:18,800
Particularly if it provided 
humans with capabilities that 

2847
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:22,000
their moral development and 
wisdom had not equipped them to 

2848
02:33:22,000 --> 02:33:25,600
manage responsibly the boy who 
had once pondered his place in 

2849
02:33:25,600 --> 02:33:28,100
the universe was now struggling 
with the fact that he had helped

2850
02:33:28,100 --> 02:33:30,800
create a world in which that 
Universe might not have much 

2851
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:33,400
more time to reflect following 
Los Alamos. 

2852
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:36,200
Robert, learned something that 
many successful people learn to 

2853
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:38,900
Late. 
Fame can be a trap that alters 

2854
02:33:38,900 --> 02:33:41,100
your perception of yourself, as 
well as how other people 

2855
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:43,400
perceive. 
You now, one of America's, most 

2856
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:46,500
famous scientists, the bashful 
Professor, who had been happy to

2857
02:33:46,508 --> 02:33:49,200
lecture, small groups of 
graduate students about quantum,

2858
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:53,200
mechanics was expected to have 
views on everything from nuclear

2859
02:33:53,200 --> 02:33:55,700
policy to the fate of human 
civilization. 

2860
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:58,800
Imagine being asked to comment 
on political decisions. 

2861
02:33:58,800 --> 02:34:02,000
You're not qualified to make 
invited to every significant 

2862
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:04,300
meeting on subjects. 
You have never studied and 

2863
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:07,600
treated as an authority on 
matters that are well outside of

2864
02:34:07,600 --> 02:34:11,600
your actual area of expertise. 
This was Robert's life in the 

2865
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:15,700
late 1940s, and he managed it 
with his usual wits and a 

2866
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:18,700
naivety about public relations 
and politics that would lead to 

2867
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:21,600
major problems down the road. 
Robert was offered a new 

2868
02:34:21,608 --> 02:34:24,800
position by the atomic energy 
commission that seemed to be a 

2869
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:27,800
perfect fit for his background 
in science and his wider 

2870
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,100
interest in culture director of 
Princeton's Institute for 

2871
02:34:31,100 --> 02:34:34,100
advanced study, one of the most 
prominent places in American 

2872
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:36,800
intellectual life. 
It allowed the brightest Minds 

2873
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:39,600
in the world to focus on basic 
research without being 

2874
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:43,400
sidetracked by administrative or
teaching, responsibilities along

2875
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:46,300
with other Titans of 20th 
century mathematics and science 

2876
02:34:46,300 --> 02:34:51,400
Einstein worked there. 
In the late 1940s, Princeton was

2877
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:54,700
a Haven for Scholars, where 
serious thinkers could Ponder. 

2878
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,700
The most profound issues in 
their disciplines with the same 

2879
02:34:57,700 --> 02:34:59,700
further he had brought to Los 
Alamos. 

2880
02:34:59,700 --> 02:35:03,300
Robert threw himself into this 
work but this time the urgency 

2881
02:35:03,300 --> 02:35:05,000
was intellectual rather than 
military. 

2882
02:35:05,000 --> 02:35:07,900
He sought to ascertain. 
Whether there were more profound

2883
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:11,100
ideas that might bring together 
our knowledge of matter energy, 

2884
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:14,800
space and time as well as 
whether the theoretical 

2885
02:35:14,800 --> 02:35:16,500
insights. 
Of quantum mechanics, could be 

2886
02:35:16,508 --> 02:35:19,600
expanded upon. 
However, Robert was unable to 

2887
02:35:19,600 --> 02:35:22,500
fully escape the public role, 
that his wartime accomplishments

2888
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:25,100
had given him. 
He testified before Congress on 

2889
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:27,900
nuclear policy. 
Served on government advisory 

2890
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:30,700
committees and delivered 
lectures to audiences who were 

2891
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:33,600
more interested in hearing from 
the father of the atomic bomb. 

2892
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:36,700
Then from a theoretical 
physicist tackling abstract, 

2893
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:40,500
Quantum field Theory problems, 
Robert was exposed to political 

2894
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:43,300
forces through these public 
activities, that followed rules 

2895
02:35:43,300 --> 02:35:45,800
very different from those, he'd 
learned in academic and 

2896
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:48,800
scientific circles, although, 
there may be disagreements over,

2897
02:35:49,000 --> 02:35:52,100
Is most people in universities 
respect one another's, right to 

2898
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:55,100
have differing views, 
ideological disagreements in 

2899
02:35:55,100 --> 02:35:57,300
politics particularly in the 
early years of the Cold War 

2900
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:00,800
could easily turn into personal 
assaults and inquiries about 

2901
02:36:00,800 --> 02:36:04,000
loyalty and patriotism, 
politicians and journalists 

2902
02:36:04,000 --> 02:36:06,500
searching for proof of 
disloyalty among high-profile 

2903
02:36:06,500 --> 02:36:08,600
Americans. 
Suddenly, turned Roberts 

2904
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:11,700
previous affiliations with 
Communists and leftist groups 

2905
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:14,100
which had seemed in 
consequential during his 

2906
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:17,700
academic career and had been a 
disregarded during the war 

2907
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,200
because his Services were needed
into ammunition. 

2908
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:23,700
They dusted off and looked for 
evidence of subversive activity 

2909
02:36:23,700 --> 02:36:26,500
in the same FBI files that had 
been put aside during the 

2910
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:30,100
Manhattan Project. 
Ironically, Robert had never 

2911
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:34,000
been a particularly political 
individual in the 1930s, his 

2912
02:36:34,000 --> 02:36:37,000
engagement with leftist groups, 
was driven less by a methodical 

2913
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:40,600
political philosophy and more by
intellectual curiosity and 

2914
02:36:40,600 --> 02:36:43,500
social justice concerns, 
although he had attended 

2915
02:36:43,500 --> 02:36:46,900
meetings and given money to 
causes that seemed deserving, he

2916
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:48,800
had never been the type of 
activists who sought to 

2917
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:52,300
overthrow the US government or 
Advanced Soviet objectives. 

2918
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:56,000
However, context, and subtlety 
don't translate well into 

2919
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:59,700
political headlines and Roberts,
multifaceted personality and 

2920
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:01,400
wide range of intellectual 
interests. 

2921
02:37:01,400 --> 02:37:04,100
Made him a prime target for 
those who wished to paint 

2922
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:08,200
scientists as dishonest. 
And possibly treacherous, the 

2923
02:37:08,200 --> 02:37:10,900
man was now being questioned 
about his dedication to American

2924
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:13,900
Security after spending three 
years of his life developing 

2925
02:37:13,900 --> 02:37:15,800
weapons. 
That helped win World War 2 

2926
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:18,800
Roberts, search for meaning. 
And purpose, in research, that 

2927
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:21,600
was unrelated to immediate 
practical applications was 

2928
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:23,700
reflected in the scientific work
produced. 

2929
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:26,500
During this time, he was working
on his shoes in elementary 

2930
02:37:26,500 --> 02:37:28,200
particle physics and Quantum 
field. 

2931
02:37:28,400 --> 02:37:31,300
Theory that might not be useful 
for decades if at all with the 

2932
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:34,100
weight of knowing how quickly 
theoretical insights, could be 

2933
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:36,000
turned into game-changing 
Technologies. 

2934
02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:39,900
It was like going back to the 
pure intellectual pleasure that 

2935
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:43,000
had initially drawn him to 
physics Roberts lectures. 

2936
02:37:43,000 --> 02:37:45,600
During this time shows someone 
attempting to understand the 

2937
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,000
meaning of Science in a world 
where scientific advancements 

2938
02:37:49,000 --> 02:37:50,800
could have such far-reaching 
effects. 

2939
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:54,300
Discuss the need for scientists 
to consider the wider. 

2940
02:37:54,300 --> 02:37:57,400
Ramifications of their work. 
The responsibility that came 

2941
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:00,000
with discovering Nature's 
secrets and the relationship 

2942
02:38:00,000 --> 02:38:03,500
between scientific knowledge and
human values for Robert. 

2943
02:38:03,500 --> 02:38:06,100
These were urgent personal 
issues that kept him up at 

2944
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:07,900
night. 
Not purely philosophical 

2945
02:38:07,900 --> 02:38:10,300
debates. 
The man was now struggling with 

2946
02:38:10,300 --> 02:38:12,400
the ethical implications of 
scientific knowledge. 

2947
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:16,200
Whereas previously, he delighted
in the pure intellectual beauty 

2948
02:38:16,200 --> 02:38:19,600
of quantum mechanics, When 
knowledge of the natural world 

2949
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:21,900
could be abused, how do you seek
it out? 

2950
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,400
How do you strike a balance 
between citizens duty to advance

2951
02:38:25,400 --> 02:38:28,400
human welfare and scientists 
duty to pursue the truth? 

2952
02:38:28,400 --> 02:38:31,700
Those who had ever expressed 
sympathy for leftist causes or 

2953
02:38:31,700 --> 02:38:33,500
supported International 
cooperation. 

2954
02:38:33,500 --> 02:38:36,900
In nuclear policy face growing 
hostility in the political 

2955
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,800
atmosphere of the early 1950s 
politicians like Senator Joseph 

2956
02:38:40,800 --> 02:38:44,400
McCarthy were advancing their 
careers by disparaging fellow 

2957
02:38:44,400 --> 02:38:46,700
Travelers and suspected 
Communists. 

2958
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:50,000
Fostering an environment where 
affiliation with divisive 

2959
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:53,000
ideologies could ruin 
reputations and lead to Career. 

2960
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:56,200
Termination Roberts position 
became more and more vulnerable 

2961
02:38:56,200 --> 02:38:59,400
politicians seeking to prove 
their anti-communist 

2962
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:02,900
credentials, naturally targeted 
him because of his notoriety as 

2963
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,400
a scientist and his prior 
affiliation with leftist causes 

2964
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,000
at the same time. 
He disagreed with political and 

2965
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,800
military leaders who supported a
more aggressive strategy for 

2966
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:15,000
cold war, competition with the 
Soviet Union because of his 

2967
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:17,300
persistence support for 
international control of 

2968
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:19,700
nuclear. 
Weapons and his opposition to 

2969
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:21,400
the development of hydrogen 
bombs. 

2970
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:24,900
For Robert, the hydrogen bomb 
controversy was a specially 

2971
02:39:24,900 --> 02:39:27,200
challenging the physics that had
enabled. 

2972
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:30,200
The atomic bomb was extended in 
the theoretical work needed to 

2973
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:33,900
develop, Fusion weapons but the 
potential destructive power was 

2974
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:36,300
orders of magnitude higher as 
weapons. 

2975
02:39:36,300 --> 02:39:39,100
So destructive that they could 
have no logical strategic use, 

2976
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:42,400
Robert contended that hydrogen 
bonds were both morally and 

2977
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:46,300
militarily, unnecessary critics,
however, saw his resistance to 

2978
02:39:46,300 --> 02:39:49,300
the hydrogen bomb as proof that 
he was either unaware of Soviet 

2979
02:39:49,300 --> 02:39:52,200
intentions or deliberately 
trying to undermine American 

2980
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:55,400
nuclear capabilities in a 
political climate that favored 

2981
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,900
straightforward classifications 
of loyalty and disloyalty, it 

2982
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:01,800
was challenging to convey the 
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who

2983
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:03,600
opposed some types of nuclear 
weapons. 

2984
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:05,400
But supported nuclear 
deterrents. 

2985
02:40:05,400 --> 02:40:08,600
Robert became more and more 
excluded from the policy debates

2986
02:40:08,600 --> 02:40:11,900
where his scientific background 
could have been most useful as 

2987
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,200
the 1950s went on. 
He was now distrusted by the 

2988
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:17,700
same government that had trusted
him to plan the Manhattan. 

2989
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:21,200
Decisions about the development 
and deployment of America's 

2990
02:40:21,200 --> 02:40:24,400
nuclear, arsenal were routinely,
excluding the man who had 

2991
02:40:24,400 --> 02:40:28,000
contributed to its creation. 
This time period had a huge 

2992
02:40:28,000 --> 02:40:30,800
personal cost. 
Robert had based his career on 

2993
02:40:30,800 --> 02:40:33,300
the belief that reasonable 
people would respect and 

2994
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:35,900
acknowledge scientific 
integrity, and intellectual 

2995
02:40:35,900 --> 02:40:39,400
honesty, he was learning that 
moral complexity was frequently 

2996
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:41,100
misunderstood as moral 
confusion. 

2997
02:40:41,100 --> 02:40:44,400
And that these traits could be 
viewed as weaknesses rather than

2998
02:40:44,400 --> 02:40:47,900
strengths in the context of Cold
War Politics, the scene was 

2999
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:49,500
being prepared for a 
confrontation. 

3000
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,900
That would put not only Roberts 
fortitude to the test, but also,

3001
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:56,400
the balance between political 
power and scientific knowledge. 

3002
02:40:56,400 --> 02:41:00,000
In American democracy, the boy 
who had once read Sanskrit and 

3003
02:41:00,000 --> 02:41:02,800
collected rocks was about to 
encounter the most challenging 

3004
02:41:02,800 --> 02:41:05,600
task of his life. 
A political trial that would 

3005
02:41:05,600 --> 02:41:08,300
decide whether or not 
intellectual Independence and 

3006
02:41:08,300 --> 02:41:12,300
public service could co-exist in
Cold War America rather than a 

3007
02:41:12,300 --> 02:41:14,600
scientific issue that could be 
resolved with careful 

3008
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:17,300
consideration and Innovative 
thinking Robert was a 

3009
02:41:17,300 --> 02:41:20,700
well-respected scientific 
adviser until he received a 

3010
02:41:20,700 --> 02:41:24,300
letter in December 1953, that 
would make him a symbol of the 

3011
02:41:24,300 --> 02:41:27,700
conflicts in Cold War America 
between National Security and 

3012
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:30,400
intellectual Freedom. 
His security clearance was being

3013
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:32,200
revoked by the atomic energy 
commission. 

3014
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:36,400
The same agency that a depended 
on his knowledge for years, due 

3015
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:38,800
to concerns about his 
dependability and loyalty. 

3016
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:41,700
Have you ever had the depressing
realization that people you 

3017
02:41:41,700 --> 02:41:44,000
trusted have been Gathering 
evidence of your alleged 

3018
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:47,100
wrongdoing and assembling a case
against you behind your back. 

3019
02:41:47,100 --> 02:41:49,800
All the while smiling and 
seeking your advice. 

3020
02:41:49,800 --> 02:41:52,700
That was the case for Robert 
when he discovered that FBI 

3021
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:55,200
records spanning Decades of his 
contacts discussions. 

3022
02:41:55,200 --> 02:41:59,200
And actions had been assembled 
into a case to him from any 

3023
02:41:59,200 --> 02:42:01,600
government employment. 
Involving classified material, 

3024
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:05,600
the charges included, both 
specific all Broad questions 

3025
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:07,800
regarding Roberts, moral fiber 
and discernment. 

3026
02:42:07,800 --> 02:42:10,900
His prioritized a communist 
groups were cited. 

3027
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:14,100
As proof of his betrayal. 
His resistance to the hydrogen 

3028
02:42:14,100 --> 02:42:17,600
bomb was seen as possibly driven
more by outside pressure than by

3029
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:19,400
ethical and scientific 
considerations. 

3030
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,700
His wide range of intellectual 
interests and complex 

3031
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:26,300
personality with somehow turned 
into proof of his unreliability 

3032
02:42:27,300 --> 02:42:29,600
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

3033
02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:31,300
his life. 
He could quietly. 

3034
02:42:31,300 --> 02:42:34,300
Accept that his security 
clearance had been revoked, go 

3035
02:42:34,300 --> 02:42:37,500
back to working, only on 
academic projects and escape the

3036
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:39,300
publicity. 
That would accompany a legal 

3037
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:42,600
battle or aware that this would 
produce a public spectacle that 

3038
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,700
would subject specifics of his 
personal life and political 

3039
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:47,800
affiliations to hostile 
scrutiny. 

3040
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:51,400
He could insist on a hearing, 
Robert's choice to contest, the 

3041
02:42:51,400 --> 02:42:55,200
charges demonstrated his in his 
own moral character, as well as 

3042
02:42:55,200 --> 02:42:58,400
his ignorance of the procedure. 
He was about to undergo, he felt

3043
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:00,700
that reasonable people would 
realize that his service to the 

3044
02:43:00,700 --> 02:43:03,900
nation had always been driven by
patriotism rather than 

3045
02:43:03,900 --> 02:43:06,400
disloyalty. 
If he could clearly explain his 

3046
02:43:06,400 --> 02:43:09,700
actions and motivations, he 
didn't realize how much the 

3047
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:13,100
political landscape had changed 
since the War years when his 

3048
02:43:13,100 --> 02:43:16,200
contributions had been accepted.
In spite of suspicions about his

3049
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:19,400
affiliation, with the exception 
of the legal protections that 

3050
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:23,500
defendants, typically, enjoy the
hearings which started in April 

3051
02:43:23,500 --> 02:43:27,300
1954, had all the features of a 
criminal trial, despite being 

3052
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:30,600
Formerly referred to as an 
administrative review, in 

3053
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:33,500
addition to being unable to 
cross-examine hostile Witnesses 

3054
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:35,000
and view the evidence against 
him. 

3055
02:43:35,000 --> 02:43:38,200
Robert was also unable to see 
the cases key classified 

3056
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,500
documents because his attorneys 
lacked security clearances. 

3057
02:43:41,500 --> 02:43:44,500
The extent to which Roberts life
had been monitored by the 

3058
02:43:44,500 --> 02:43:46,100
government for years was made 
clear. 

3059
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:49,100
During the proceedings FBI 
agents had gathered 

3060
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:51,400
comprehensive reports on his 
personal relationships and 

3061
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:54,600
political activities. 
Monitored his conversations and 

3062
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:57,600
looked into his friends and 
co-workers, the man who had 

3063
02:43:57,600 --> 02:44:00,500
dedicated his life to government
service during the war was now 

3064
02:44:00,500 --> 02:44:03,700
discovering that during his most
productive time, the same 

3065
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:06,700
government had been, considering
him a possible security threat 

3066
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:10,200
according to the testimony. 
Given during the hearing, Robert

3067
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:13,200
did not look like the person, 
his friends and co-workers knew 

3068
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:16,000
he was characterized by 
witnesses as conceited 

3069
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,900
untrustworthy and possibly 
disloyal someone who's 

3070
02:44:19,900 --> 02:44:22,100
resistance to specific weapons 
programs. 

3071
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:25,900
May be driven more by outside 
pressure and by sincere, ethical

3072
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:29,600
and scientific. 
Sophisticated introspective 

3073
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:32,700
physicist, who had constructed 
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 

3074
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:35,000
cartoon villain. 
Whose every move could be seen 

3075
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:38,000
as proof of subversive intent. 
According to Robert's own 

3076
02:44:38,008 --> 02:44:40,000
testimony. 
He was being methodically 

3077
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:43,100
humiliated by a procedure that 
appeared to be more intended to 

3078
02:44:43,100 --> 02:44:46,100
ruin his reputation than to 
ascertain the truth about his 

3079
02:44:46,100 --> 02:44:49,100
loyalty and he was fighting to 
keep his dignity. 

3080
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:53,100
He responded to inquiries about 
personal details, described 

3081
02:44:53,100 --> 02:44:56,900
relationships, and conversations
from decades past and attempted 

3082
02:44:56,900 --> 02:45:00,600
to explain his nuanced stances 
on complex policy issues, to 

3083
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:03,300
those who seemed intent on. 
Misinterpreting them the 

3084
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:06,000
testimony of former co-workers 
and friends who had been coerced

3085
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:09,500
into testifying against Robert, 
was the most upsetting part of 

3086
02:45:09,508 --> 02:45:12,900
the hearing testimonies 
regarding his character judgment

3087
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:15,900
and dependability were requested
from government officials. 

3088
02:45:15,900 --> 02:45:19,300
Who had consulted him scientists
who had collaborated with him at

3089
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:23,100
Los Alamos and close friends who
had confided in him, others gave

3090
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:25,500
him the kind of carefully 
qualified testimony that hurt 

3091
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:27,800
him while preserving their own 
security. 

3092
02:45:27,900 --> 02:45:31,400
Clearances While others bravely,
stood by him, given the 

3093
02:45:31,408 --> 02:45:33,900
political atmosphere and the 
way, the proceedings were set up

3094
02:45:33,900 --> 02:45:38,500
the final decision, which was 
made public in June. 1954 was 

3095
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:40,700
inevitable. 
The hearing board came to the 

3096
02:45:40,708 --> 02:45:43,800
conclusion that although Robert 
was most likely loyal, his 

3097
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:47,000
character and judgment were 
questioned, making him unfit to 

3098
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:48,400
have access to classified 
material. 

3099
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,200
His position, as a government 
advisor was essentially 

3100
02:45:51,200 --> 02:45:54,400
terminated when his security 
clearance was revoked and many 

3101
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:57,600
Americans began to view him. 
As a security risk both 

3102
02:45:57,600 --> 02:46:00,300
personally and professionally, 
Robert suffered greatly in the 

3103
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,300
immediate wake of the hearings, 
many in the government and 

3104
02:46:03,300 --> 02:46:05,500
defense establishment. 
Now viewed, the man who had, 

3105
02:46:05,500 --> 02:46:08,900
once been one of America's most 
eminent scientists as a pariah, 

3106
02:46:08,900 --> 02:46:12,100
former co-workers were reluctant
to associate with someone who 

3107
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:15,200
carried the stigma of having 
this security clearance. 

3108
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:19,000
Revoked, Speaking invitations 
were withdrawn and job 

3109
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:22,100
opportunities, vanished. 
However, the hearing also had 

3110
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:24,800
wider ramifications for 
democracy and Science in America

3111
02:46:24,800 --> 02:46:28,000
other scientists were warned by 
Robert's treatment that moral 

3112
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:31,500
complexity, and independent 
thought were dangerous traits in

3113
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:33,700
anyone wishing to work on 
matters of national 

3114
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:36,100
significance. 
The case showed how easily 

3115
02:46:36,100 --> 02:46:39,500
political factors could override
expertise and how easily the 

3116
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:42,500
demands of ideological 
Conformity could compromise. 

3117
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:45,300
Scientific Integrity. 
Robert was starting a new 

3118
02:46:45,308 --> 02:46:47,900
chapter in his life that would 
put his fortitude to the test 

3119
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:51,100
and require him to reevaluate 
his identity and Mission. 

3120
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:54,600
As he walked out of the hearing 
room, for the last time, having 

3121
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:58,100
lost both his security clearance
and his position as a government

3122
02:46:58,100 --> 02:47:02,100
advisor, in a Democratic Society
Under Pressure, the young man 

3123
02:47:02,100 --> 02:47:04,800
who had constructed atomic bombs
and the boy who had gathered 

3124
02:47:04,800 --> 02:47:07,300
rocks. 
Now represented the strength and

3125
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:10,600
fragility of intellectual 
Independence, Robert was placed 

3126
02:47:10,600 --> 02:47:13,600
in a strange form of Exile, 
following the security hearings 

3127
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:17,200
He was not exiled from the 
nation but he was essentially 

3128
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:19,900
cut off from the government work
that had provided the greatest 

3129
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:22,400
practical value to his 
scientific expertise. 

3130
02:47:22,400 --> 02:47:25,500
It was similar to being a master
craftsmen who was abruptly. 

3131
02:47:25,500 --> 02:47:28,000
Informed, that his abilities 
were no longer required for the 

3132
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:31,500
most important projects, 
abandoning him to work alone on 

3133
02:47:31,500 --> 02:47:34,200
his craft While others made the 
choices that would determine the

3134
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:37,800
course of events. 
Both practically encycl, the 

3135
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:41,200
change was abrupt, Robert had 
been at the Forefront of 

3136
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:44,000
America's most significant 
scientific and policy debates 

3137
02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:46,600
for over 10 years. 
He had grown accustomed to 

3138
02:47:46,600 --> 02:47:49,700
receiving calls from government.
Representatives request for 

3139
02:47:49,700 --> 02:47:52,900
advice on nuclear weapons 
policy, and invitations to 

3140
02:47:52,900 --> 02:47:56,300
high-level meetings for the 
first time since before the war,

3141
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:58,400
the man, who'd been one of 
America's. 

3142
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:02,100
Most consulted experts found 
himself with extended periods, 

3143
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:05,800
of unbroken time, when the phone
abruptly stopped ringing and the

3144
02:48:05,808 --> 02:48:09,400
invitation stopped coming in The
Institute for advanced study at 

3145
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,700
Princeton served as a Haven 
during this trying time because 

3146
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:15,000
of the institutes culture of 
intellectual Independence, 

3147
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:19,000
Roberts, political issues had no
bearing on his reputation there 

3148
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,000
and his colleague, still 
respected him for his scientific

3149
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:24,600
accomplishments. 
Even in this Safe Haven though 

3150
02:48:24,600 --> 02:48:27,200
Robert, founded difficult to 
understand the new meaning of 

3151
02:48:27,208 --> 02:48:30,700
his life and work, you know, how
losing something significant can

3152
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:33,600
occasionally reveal side of 
yourself that were hidden or 

3153
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:36,400
ignored, while you were 
preoccupied with it Roberts. 

3154
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,500
Exile from government service 
compelled him to ReDiscover as 

3155
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:42,900
Of himself that his work as a 
nuclear policy, adviser had 

3156
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:46,000
obscured with new Vigor. 
He went back to his physics, 

3157
02:48:46,000 --> 02:48:49,100
studies tackling Quantum field, 
Theory problems that were 

3158
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:51,700
intellectually demanding but 
wholly, unrelated to military 

3159
02:48:51,700 --> 02:48:55,100
uses, during this time, Robert 
produced, some of his most 

3160
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:57,600
imaginative and ambitious 
scientific work. 

3161
02:48:57,600 --> 02:49:00,800
He could now focus on the kinds 
of fundamental questions that 

3162
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:04,200
initially Drew him to physics. 
Freed from the pragmatic 

3163
02:49:04,200 --> 02:49:07,400
concerns that to dominated his 
thinking, both during and after 

3164
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:10,600
the war, whether the theoretical
framework of quantum mechanics, 

3165
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:13,500
could be expanded to offer a 
cohesive understanding of all 

3166
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:15,000
the fundamental forces in 
nature. 

3167
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:19,900
What physicists now, refer to as
a theory of everything was of 

3168
02:49:19,900 --> 02:49:23,200
particular interest to him. 
However, Robert also started to 

3169
02:49:23,200 --> 02:49:26,400
approach the relationship 
between science and society and 

3170
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:29,100
The Wider ramifications of 
scientific knowledge in a more 

3171
02:49:29,108 --> 02:49:31,800
methodical manner. 
He had a unique perspective on 

3172
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:34,400
how scientific advancements 
could be used to gain political 

3173
02:49:34,400 --> 02:49:37,900
and military power as well as 
how scientists could be torn 

3174
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:41,000
between their civic duties and 
their dedication to the truth. 

3175
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:44,700
Thanks to his experience is 
during the Hatton project and 

3176
02:49:44,700 --> 02:49:47,400
the security hearings. 
Robert became one of the first 

3177
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:50,100
well-known signs to write 
thoughtfully about what is now 

3178
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:53,400
known as the social 
responsibility of science, as a 

3179
02:49:53,400 --> 02:49:56,400
result of these Reflections. 
He maintained that scientists 

3180
02:49:56,400 --> 02:49:58,800
could not merely seek knowledge 
for its own sake without 

3181
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,400
considering the potential 
application of that knowledge. 

3182
02:50:01,400 --> 02:50:04,700
He also caution Against The 
Perils of Permitting political 

3183
02:50:04,700 --> 02:50:08,100
factors to obstruct free speech 
and scientific investigation. 

3184
02:50:08,100 --> 02:50:10,200
During this time, his writing 
and speaking. 

3185
02:50:10,208 --> 02:50:13,200
Demonstrated a mind, still 
struggling with the basic issues

3186
02:50:13,200 --> 02:50:16,400
that had captivated him since he
was a young boy, but now 

3187
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:18,700
bearing, the burden of 
experience from witnessing the 

3188
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:22,000
transformation of intangible 
Concepts into revolutionary 

3189
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:24,500
Technologies. 
The young man who had pondered 

3190
02:50:24,500 --> 02:50:27,300
the nature of reality, had grown
into a man who recognized the 

3191
02:50:27,300 --> 02:50:30,400
dangers that could arise. 
When people were able to alter 

3192
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,400
reality at its most basic 
levels, in addition to a 

3193
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:36,500
lingering sense of loss and 
dislocation Roberts, personal 

3194
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:40,700
life in the 1950s. 
And 1960s was characterized by a

3195
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:43,200
slow recovery from the trauma of
the security hearings. 

3196
02:50:43,200 --> 02:50:46,300
He continued to be close to his 
children and stayed married to 

3197
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:47,900
Kitty. 
Who had been there for him 

3198
02:50:47,900 --> 02:50:51,200
during the ordeal. 
However, friends noticed that he

3199
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:54,600
was now wary than before, that 
the world was more hostile and 

3200
02:50:54,600 --> 02:50:56,500
unpredictable than he had 
previously realized. 

3201
02:50:57,700 --> 02:50:59,900
Over time. 
The scientific communities 

3202
02:50:59,900 --> 02:51:02,800
reaction to Robert's treatment 
changed at first. 

3203
02:51:02,800 --> 02:51:05,700
A lot of scientists were 
hesitant to support him because 

3204
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,200
they were worried that doing so 
would harm their own careers. 

3205
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:11,500
However, more scientists 
realized that the attack on 

3206
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:14,200
Robert was actually an attack on
the independence and integrity 

3207
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,600
of science itself as the 
political landscape started to 

3208
02:51:17,600 --> 02:51:20,400
shift in the late 1950s and 
early 1960s. 

3209
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:24,300
During this time, Robert's 
writings and lectures Drew 

3210
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:27,200
audiences interested in his 
viewpoint on the ethical and 

3211
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:29,300
political issues confronting 
contemporary society. 

3212
02:51:29,300 --> 02:51:33,100
As well as his scientific 
discoveries, his experience is 

3213
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:35,700
had given him a unique authority
to speak about the relationship 

3214
02:51:35,700 --> 02:51:39,000
between power and knowledge. 
In the modern world, making him 

3215
02:51:39,000 --> 02:51:42,100
a sort of Elder Statesman of 
American intellectual life. 

3216
02:51:42,100 --> 02:51:45,400
Ironically Roberts exclusion 
from government policy 

3217
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:48,300
discussions occurred just when 
his insights could have been 

3218
02:51:48,300 --> 02:51:50,800
most useful. 
The risk of nuclear war was 

3219
02:51:50,800 --> 02:51:53,400
becoming a constant aspect of 
international relations. 

3220
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:57,200
The nuclear arms race was 
speeding up and new weapons were

3221
02:51:57,200 --> 02:52:00,000
being Developed that made the 
atomic bombs of World War 2 seem

3222
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:02,800
almost archaic. 
The man who had contributed to 

3223
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:05,200
the creation of this predicament
was now, barred from 

3224
02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:07,900
participating, in attempts to 
control or remedy it. 

3225
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:11,000
However, Roberts influenced 
during this time came from his 

3226
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:14,200
work, as a public intellectual, 
and teacher, rather than, from 

3227
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:16,400
his direct involvement in policy
decisions. 

3228
02:52:16,400 --> 02:52:19,200
His writings and speeches 
influenced, degeneration of 

3229
02:52:19,200 --> 02:52:21,100
scientists perspectives on their
roles. 

3230
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,400
And his example showed that 
intellectual Integrity could be 

3231
02:52:24,400 --> 02:52:28,700
upheld in the face of strong 
political pressure as the 1960s 

3232
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:31,600
went on Robert started to get 
credit for his scientific 

3233
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:34,600
contributions without openly 
criticizing the way the 

3234
02:52:34,600 --> 02:52:35,500
government. 
Treated him. 

3235
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:38,100
He was invited to deliver 
significant lectures. 

3236
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:41,800
Won prestigious honors and was 
progressively restored to his 

3237
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:44,700
position as a respected member 
of American intellectual life. 

3238
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:48,200
But in exchange for the 
recognition, he agreed to stay 

3239
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:50,900
out of the circles that made the
most significant decisions 

3240
02:52:50,900 --> 02:52:53,900
regarding nuclear weapons. 
When the nuclear age, he helped 

3241
02:52:53,908 --> 02:52:57,900
create continued to unfold in 
ways that exceeded even his Most

3242
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:00,800
pessimistic predictions about 
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 

3243
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:03,600
and fulfilled. 
Some of his worst fears, the man

3244
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,600
who had once stood in the New 
Mexico desert and watched the 

3245
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:10,000
first atomic explosion was now 
watching from a distance, the 

3246
02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:12,800
boy who had once gathered rocks 
on Long Island beaches had 

3247
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:14,800
transformed into something, 
Robert could never have 

3248
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:17,800
predicted as he approached his 
last year's a living 

3249
02:53:17,808 --> 02:53:20,500
representation of the ethical 
dilemmas that occur when 

3250
02:53:20,500 --> 02:53:24,100
political power and scientific 
knowledge, Collide the whole 

3251
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:27,400
story of Humanity's journey into
the nuclear age from the 

3252
02:53:27,408 --> 02:53:29,800
theoretical. 
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic

3253
02:53:29,800 --> 02:53:33,100
weapons to the political Fallout
that was still being felt 

3254
02:53:33,100 --> 02:53:35,800
decades. 
Later was etched in the mind of 

3255
02:53:35,808 --> 02:53:39,200
the elderly physicist strolling 
through the peaceful streets of 

3256
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:41,400
Prince tan. 
You know how sometimes the most 

3257
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:44,500
significant life lessons are 
revealed only near the end when 

3258
02:53:44,500 --> 02:53:47,400
all of the different experiences
and decisions can be viewed as a

3259
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:50,800
part of a greater whole growing 
awareness of what his remarkable

3260
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,500
life had shown about the 
opportunities and risks faced by

3261
02:53:53,508 --> 02:53:57,000
any society that depends more 
and more on scientific knowledge

3262
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,600
for its Security and prosperity 
characterized Roberts later 

3263
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:04,100
years as the political landscape
shifted and more American 

3264
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:06,200
started to doubt, the excesses 
of Cold War. 

3265
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:10,100
Hysteria Roberts reputation 
started to slowly recover in the

3266
02:54:10,108 --> 02:54:12,700
1960s. 
But quickly gained momentum 

3267
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:16,200
scientists, who had kept quiet 
during his ordeal started to 

3268
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:18,600
openly discuss. 
How unfair his treatment was 

3269
02:54:18,600 --> 02:54:21,900
government Representatives who 
had supported or Taken part in 

3270
02:54:21,900 --> 02:54:25,300
the security hearings started to
privately apologized for their 

3271
02:54:25,300 --> 02:54:27,300
involvement. 
In what was becoming viewed as a

3272
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,500
disgraceful chapter in American 
history, the government's 

3273
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,000
highest award for contributions 
to nuclear science. 

3274
02:54:33,000 --> 02:54:36,800
The Enrico Fermi award was given
to Robert by President, Lyndon 

3275
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:40,500
Johnson in 1963. 
The ceremony was meticulously 

3276
02:54:40,500 --> 02:54:42,000
planned to honor. 
Robert scientific 

3277
02:54:42,000 --> 02:54:45,200
accomplishments without 
specifically criticizing how the

3278
02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:47,000
eyes and Howard Administration 
handled him. 

3279
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:49,200
However, the symbolism was 
clear. 

3280
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:52,600
Robert was being honored for his
contributions to American 

3281
02:54:52,600 --> 02:54:55,000
Science by the same government 
that had labeled him. 

3282
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,000
A security risk Roberts 
acceptance of the award 

3283
02:54:58,000 --> 02:55:00,900
demonstrated, the elegance and 
Nuance that had defined his 

3284
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:03,300
whole professional life. 
He could have taken the 

3285
02:55:03,300 --> 02:55:06,700
opportunity to be resentful of 
how he was treated or to attack 

3286
02:55:06,700 --> 02:55:09,200
the political forces that had 
almost ruined his career. 

3287
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:13,600
Rather, he discussed the ongoing
difficulties that society and 

3288
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:16,500
scientists face as they consider
the ramifications of nuclear 

3289
02:55:16,500 --> 02:55:21,100
technology and other significant
advancements Roberts latest 

3290
02:55:21,100 --> 02:55:23,700
scientific Endeavors, 
demonstrated his continuing 

3291
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:27,400
interest in basic issues as well
as his developing realization 

3292
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:30,000
that he was running out of time 
to make significant 

3293
02:55:30,000 --> 02:55:32,500
contributions. 
He kept considering the most 

3294
02:55:32,500 --> 02:55:34,500
profound issues in theoretical 
physics. 

3295
02:55:34,500 --> 02:55:37,900
But he also started to devote 
more of his time to instructing 

3296
02:55:37,900 --> 02:55:41,200
and guiding the next generation 
of scientists who would continue

3297
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:43,300
the work. 
He had started during these 

3298
02:55:43,300 --> 02:55:45,700
time, his lectures were mastered
works of scientific 

3299
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:49,000
communication that Blended 
technical Mastery with the kind 

3300
02:55:49,000 --> 02:55:52,100
of wide range. 
In cultural perspective that had

3301
02:55:52,100 --> 02:55:55,000
always been a Hallmark of his 
thought during these lectures 

3302
02:55:55,000 --> 02:55:57,300
students and colleagues 
frequently commented that they 

3303
02:55:57,300 --> 02:55:59,500
felt as though they were 
watching someone who had 

3304
02:55:59,500 --> 02:56:02,600
accomplished a unique synthesis 
of philosophical, understanding,

3305
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:07,000
scientific knowledge and hard. 
One wisdom about human nature 

3306
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:10,300
Roberts impact on American 
Science went well beyond his 

3307
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:13,100
involvement in the Manhattan 
Project or his particular 

3308
02:56:13,100 --> 02:56:16,000
research contributions. 
He had contributed to the 

3309
02:56:16,000 --> 02:56:18,500
development of the idea that a 
scientist should be a public 

3310
02:56:18,500 --> 02:56:22,100
intellectual who could explain 
difficult scientific Concepts to

3311
02:56:22,100 --> 02:56:25,100
a wider audience and who had an 
obligation to consider the 

3312
02:56:25,100 --> 02:56:28,100
social and political 
ramifications of scientific 

3313
02:56:28,100 --> 02:56:31,000
advancements as Science and 
Technology shaped modern 

3314
02:56:31,000 --> 02:56:33,600
society, more and more. 
This model would become more and

3315
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,200
more significant. 
During his time at Berkeley, 

3316
02:56:36,200 --> 02:56:39,300
Robert trained a generation of 
physicists who would go on to 

3317
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,600
make important contributions to 
American Science. 

3318
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:44,900
Perhaps more significantly 
though they can continue his 

3319
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,300
method of conducting scientific 
research which placed a strong 

3320
02:56:48,308 --> 02:56:51,800
emphasis on teamwork. 
Intellectual diversity, and the 

3321
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:54,600
significance of comprehending, 
the larger context in which 

3322
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:58,500
scientific work is conducted the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

3323
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:01,200
physics served as a model for 
the structure and methodology of

3324
02:57:01,208 --> 02:57:02,700
cutting-edge scientific 
research. 

3325
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:05,500
In his later years Roberts 
interpersonal. 

3326
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:08,500
Relationships were characterized
by greater understanding of the 

3327
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:11,800
familial ties and friendships 
that had supported him during 

3328
02:57:11,800 --> 02:57:14,500
his darkest moments with those 
closest to him. 

3329
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:17,200
The man who had occasionally 
come across as distant and 

3330
02:57:17,200 --> 02:57:20,300
intellectually intimidating, 
became more approachable and 

3331
02:57:20,300 --> 02:57:23,900
emotionally transparent friends 
observed that in ways that his 

3332
02:57:23,900 --> 02:57:27,300
prior emphasis on academic 
success may have obscured, his 

3333
02:57:27,300 --> 02:57:30,800
experiences had taught him to 
Value loyalty and real human 

3334
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:33,000
connection. 
Some of the most profound 

3335
02:57:33,000 --> 02:57:35,700
observations on science and 
Society, ever written by a 

3336
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:38,400
scientist were found in Roberts 
last years of life. 

3337
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,400
He wrote about the need for 
wisdom, to keep up with human 

3338
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:44,800
technical capabilities, the 
beauty and horror of scientific 

3339
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:47,400
discovery and the 
responsibilities that come with 

3340
02:57:47,400 --> 02:57:50,700
knowledge future generations of 
scientists Would consider their 

3341
02:57:50,700 --> 02:57:53,300
work and its implications 
differently as a result of these

3342
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:56,100
lectures and essays. 
When Roberts health started to 

3343
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:59,700
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 
he approached his impending 

3344
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:02,700
death with the same blend of 
emotional nuance and 

3345
02:58:02,700 --> 02:58:06,100
intellectual curiosity that had 
marked his approach to all of 

3346
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:07,700
his other significant life 
challenges. 

3347
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:11,200
He did not seem to see death as 
a tragedy to be avoided at all 

3348
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:16,500
costs but rather as another 
mystery to be pondered At 62, 

3349
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:19,900
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 
from throat, cancer on February,

3350
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:23,900
18th 1967, a legacy is 
complicated and difficult. 

3351
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,300
As the man himself was left 
behind by the passing of the boy

3352
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:30,300
who had collected rocks. 
The young man who had learned 

3353
02:58:30,300 --> 02:58:33,500
Sanskrit the teacher, who had 
revolutionized American 

3354
02:58:33,500 --> 02:58:37,300
theoretical physics, the 
scientific administrator who had

3355
02:58:37,308 --> 02:58:40,500
planned the Manhattan Project 
and the public intellectual who 

3356
02:58:40,500 --> 02:58:43,200
had wrestled with the moral 
implications of nuclear weapons.

3357
02:58:43,200 --> 02:58:45,500
Think about this, as you go to 
bed tonight? 

3358
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,500
Intelligent people are still 
awake today because of the 

3359
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:50,800
questions that kept Robert, 
Oppenheimer up at night. 

3360
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,000
During his most trying times. 
How can we strike a balance 

3361
02:58:54,000 --> 02:58:56,900
between seeking knowledge and 
being concerned about its 

3362
02:58:56,900 --> 02:58:59,500
implications? 
What obligations do 

3363
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:02,600
professionals have to society 
and what obligations does 

3364
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:05,000
society have to uphold 
intellectual Freedom? 

3365
02:59:05,000 --> 02:59:08,600
How do we make informed choices 
about technologies that have the

3366
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:11,500
potential to drastically alter 
human civilization? 

3367
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:14,800
There are no simple answers to 
these questions in Robert's 

3368
02:59:14,800 --> 02:59:17,300
life, but it does offer 
something perhaps more valuable.

3369
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:20,800
An example of how a thoughtful 
individual can wrestle with 

3370
02:59:20,808 --> 02:59:23,900
moral complexity without 
slipping into either naive 

3371
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:27,400
idealism, or cynicism, the man 
who assisted in the development 

3372
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:29,600
of nuclear weapons. 
Spent the remainder of his life,

3373
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:33,400
attempting to comprehend and 
explain the ramifications of his

3374
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:35,500
actions, never escaping 
responsibility. 

3375
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:39,300
But also not letting guilt stop 
him from making further 

3376
02:59:39,300 --> 02:59:42,200
contributions to the welfare and
knowledge of humanity. 

3377
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:45,200
Robert contributed to the 
creation of the atomic age, 

3378
02:59:45,200 --> 02:59:48,900
which is still developing today.
Although nuclear weapons 

3379
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:51,900
continue to pose a threat to 
human survival nuclear 

3380
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,900
technology. 
Also produces carbon free energy

3381
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:57,400
and life-saving Medical 
Treatments. 

3382
02:59:57,400 --> 03:00:00,100
The same scientific technique 
that uncovered. 

3383
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:02,700
The mysteries of atomic 
structure are still producing 

3384
03:00:02,700 --> 03:00:04,900
new types of problems that we 
haven't yet. 

3385
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,100
Learned to predict all that may 
provide answers to Humanity's 

3386
03:00:08,100 --> 03:00:10,900
biggest problems. 
Many of the same problems that 

3387
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:13,400
Robert and his colleague's face 
during the Manhattan Project 

3388
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:16,100
still face scientists. 
Today, who are developing 

3389
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:19,500
genetic engineering artificial 
intelligence and other 

3390
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:22,700
game-changing Technologies. 
How do you continue potentially 

3391
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:25,100
useful research while being 
aware of its risks? 

3392
03:00:25,100 --> 03:00:28,600
How can one uphold scientific 
objectivity while admitting 

3393
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:31,600
moral obligations? 
How do you explain complicated 

3394
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:34,800
technical matters to the public 
and political leaders who have 

3395
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:37,800
to decide how these Technologies
should be developed and governed

3396
03:00:37,800 --> 03:00:40,600
Roberts example, implies that 
all though, there are no easy 

3397
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:43,700
answers to these questions. 
Anyone who chooses to work at 

3398
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:45,900
the boundaries of human 
knowledge cannot avoid them 

3399
03:00:45,900 --> 03:00:49,100
conducting scientific. 
Search in a vacuum apart from 

3400
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:52,400
social and political influences 
is not a morally neutral. 

3401
03:00:52,400 --> 03:00:55,800
Endeavor it occurs in human 
communities is supported by 

3402
03:00:55,800 --> 03:00:58,800
human institutions. 
And generates knowledge that can

3403
03:00:58,800 --> 03:01:01,300
be applied to both positive and 
negative human goals. 

3404
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:05,400
The young man who gathered rocks
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 

3405
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:08,900
up to realize that Curiosity no 
matter how pure its original 

3406
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:11,000
motivation, always leads to 
power. 

3407
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:14,400
And that power always raises 
issues of responsibility. 

3408
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:16,900
Perhaps the most distinctive 
feature of the Contemporary 

3409
03:01:16,900 --> 03:01:19,700
scientific Endeavor. 
Is this shift from naive or to 

3410
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:22,800
moral complexity. 
But Roberts life also shows 

3411
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:26,000
that, despite circumstances that
could be used as an excuse for 

3412
03:01:26,000 --> 03:01:29,500
pessimism or hopelessness. 
It is possible to preserve human

3413
03:01:29,500 --> 03:01:31,800
decency and intellectual 
Integrity. 

3414
03:01:31,800 --> 03:01:35,700
He never lost faith in the value
of seeking the truth, even if 

3415
03:01:35,700 --> 03:01:37,900
doing so resulted in knowledge, 
that was dangerous. 

3416
03:01:37,900 --> 03:01:41,100
Even when his efforts were 
misinterpreted or dismissed by 

3417
03:01:41,100 --> 03:01:44,000
political authorities, he never 
gave up on applying his 

3418
03:01:44,000 --> 03:01:45,600
knowledge to advance human 
welfare. 

3419
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:48,700
According to the Sanskrit, Text 
Robert Hood, read as a Young 

3420
03:01:48,708 --> 03:01:51,900
Man, wisdom is the result of 
realizing how everything is 

3421
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:54,500
interconnected. 
And the obligations that follow 

3422
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:58,100
from that realization, he 
explored those ancient insights 

3423
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:00,900
and applied them to contemporary
scientific knowledge throughout 

3424
03:02:00,900 --> 03:02:04,800
his career in a way. 
Humans who acquire the ability 

3425
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:08,400
to control these connections 
take on responsibilities that go

3426
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:10,100
well beyond their immediate 
goals. 

3427
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:13,000
The universe that physics 
reveals is in fact, 

3428
03:02:13,000 --> 03:02:16,800
interconnected at the most basic
levels, as you fall asleep, you 

3429
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:20,000
may have a dream about a slender
young man, standing on a Mason 

3430
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:22,600
New Mexico. 
Witnessing the first artificial 

3431
03:02:22,600 --> 03:02:25,800
sunrise, over the desert and 
realizing that everything has 

3432
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:29,500
changed forever or years. 
Later, you might dream of that 

3433
03:02:29,500 --> 03:02:32,700
same person strolling through 
Princeton in the evening light. 

3434
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,100
Still thinking about issues of 
responsibility and knowledge 

3435
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:39,500
that have no definitive answers 
but require constant 

3436
03:02:39,500 --> 03:02:42,400
consideration from anyone 
concerned with the future of 

3437
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,600
human civilization even though 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

3438
03:02:45,600 --> 03:02:48,300
more than 50 years ago, the 
issues he brought up are still 

3439
03:02:48,308 --> 03:02:50,600
relevant today. 
Our world is shaped by 

3440
03:02:50,608 --> 03:02:53,400
technological, advancements, and
scientific discoveries. 

3441
03:02:53,400 --> 03:02:56,300
That would have seemed magical 
to earlier Generations. 

3442
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:59,400
The decisions we make about how 
to use these advancements. 

3443
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:02,600
Will determine the kind of world
we leave for future Generations.

3444
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:06,100
The legacy of the boy who 
gathered rocks and went on to 

3445
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:08,600
become the man who helped 
discover the secrets of the atom

3446
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:12,800
is not a list of solutions, but 
rather a dedication to continue 

3447
03:03:12,800 --> 03:03:16,500
to ask the right questions with 
wisdom, bravery and humility. 

3448
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:19,800
Remembering Roberts, example of 
how a thoughtful person can 

3449
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,800
engage with moral complexity 
while maintaining both 

3450
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:26,900
intellectual honesty and hope 
for human wisdom is crucial as 

3451
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:29,400
we grapple with the implications
of artificial intelligence, 

3452
03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:33,300
climate change, genetic 
engineering and other trans 

3453
03:03:33,400 --> 03:03:37,100
Technologies in our own time 
rest easy, knowing that 

3454
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:40,200
somewhere tonight someone is 
sitting at a computer or working

3455
03:03:40,200 --> 03:03:43,600
in a lab pushing the limits of 
human knowledge while grappling 

3456
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:45,800
with issues of accountability 
and Consequence. 

3457
03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:49,900
The cross decades to a 
theoretical physicist who wants 

3458
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:52,800
stood in the New Mexico desert 
and saw the world transformed in

3459
03:03:52,800 --> 03:03:55,500
a burst of artificial light. 
There are still questions. 

3460
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:59,000
Each new generation takes on the
duty of interacting with them in

3461
03:03:59,008 --> 03:04:02,900
a thoughtful and brave manner. 
And the greatest hope for our 

3462
03:04:02,900 --> 03:04:04,500
future. 
As a species may be found in 

3463
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:07,800
that continuous dialogue between
human wisdom and curiosity. 

3464
03:04:15,700 --> 03:04:18,300
Picture yourself standing in a 
field somewhere in northern 

3465
03:04:18,300 --> 03:04:22,000
France around the year 950. 
If you'd been there a century 

3466
03:04:22,000 --> 03:04:25,400
earlier, you'd be shivering in 
your Woolen, cloak watching, 

3467
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:29,500
anxiously as late spring, frosts
threatened, The Barley, you'd 

3468
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:32,800
carefully planted, the growing 
season would have been short and

3469
03:04:32,800 --> 03:04:36,600
unpredictable a constant gamble 
against cold and damp that made 

3470
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:38,800
every Harvest feel like a minor 
miracle. 

3471
03:04:38,800 --> 03:04:43,300
But now something has shifted 
You probably wouldn't notice it 

3472
03:04:43,300 --> 03:04:46,700
in any single year, climate 
doesn't announce itself with 

3473
03:04:46,700 --> 03:04:51,800
Fanfare or send advanced notice.
Instead, you'd gradually realize

3474
03:04:51,800 --> 03:04:55,600
that your grandfather's stories 
about brutal Winters and crops 

3475
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:57,700
don't quite match your own 
experience anymore. 

3476
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:02,100
The frost comes later each 
Autumn, the spring Thor arrives 

3477
03:05:02,100 --> 03:05:05,500
a week or two earlier whose 
precious growing days between 

3478
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:08,800
the last frost, and the first 
one stretched just a bit longer.

3479
03:05:08,800 --> 03:05:13,000
This is how the medieval warm 
period arrived, not with drama, 

3480
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:17,300
but with the Quiet insistence of
warmer, ocean, currents, and 

3481
03:05:17,300 --> 03:05:20,600
shifting atmospheric patterns 
that nobody in medieval, Europe 

3482
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:24,100
could explain or even properly 
measure They had no 

3483
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:27,600
thermometers, no weather 
satellites and no climate 

3484
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:30,400
Scientists Publishing papers 
about Atlantic oscillation 

3485
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:33,700
patterns. 
What they had were fields that 

3486
03:05:33,708 --> 03:05:37,300
suddenly seemed more generous 
Vineyards creeping Northwood 

3487
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:41,400
into territories, where grapes 
had never ripened before and a 

3488
03:05:41,400 --> 03:05:44,100
gradual sense that nature had 
shifted into a more forgiving 

3489
03:05:44,100 --> 03:05:46,500
mood. 
The change began roughly around 

3490
03:05:46,500 --> 03:05:51,400
900 CE and would last until 
about 1300 give or take a few 

3491
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:54,000
decades depending on which part 
of Europe, you call home. 

3492
03:05:54,900 --> 03:05:57,900
scientists now estimate that 
average temperatures during this

3493
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:01,900
period were perhaps one to two 
degrees Celsius warmer than the 

3494
03:06:01,900 --> 03:06:05,800
centuries before and after One 
or two degrees doesn't sound 

3495
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:07,800
like much when you're adjusting 
your thermostat. 

3496
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:12,600
But in agricultural terms, in an
era, when survival depended 

3497
03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:16,000
directly on what you could coax 
from the soil, those degrees 

3498
03:06:16,000 --> 03:06:17,700
might as well. 
Have been a gift from Heaven. 

3499
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:21,600
Imagine the Old Farmers of that 
era, men and women who had spent

3500
03:06:21,600 --> 03:06:24,700
their lives working land, that 
yielded just barely enough to 

3501
03:06:24,700 --> 03:06:27,300
survive. 
They must have noticed the 

3502
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:31,600
patterns Shifting, the wheat, 
grew taller, the oats filled out

3503
03:06:31,600 --> 03:06:35,200
more completely vegetables that 
had always been temperamental 

3504
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,800
suddenly became reliable. 
And most remarkably in regions 

3505
03:06:38,800 --> 03:06:42,200
where farming had always been 
marginal at best communities 

3506
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:45,400
found themselves with actual 
surpluses For the First Time In 

3507
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:48,500
Living memory, the warming 
wasn't uniform, of course, 

3508
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:51,400
northern Europe felt the effects
most strongly. 

3509
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:55,900
Places like England Scandinavia 
and the northern reaches of the 

3510
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:59,000
Holy Roman Empire suddenly found
their climates becoming 

3511
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:02,100
surprisingly hospitable. 
The Norse. 

3512
03:07:02,100 --> 03:07:05,500
Those seafaring people were 
usually associate with cold and 

3513
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:08,800
Ice discovered, they could grow 
barley in Greenland. 

3514
03:07:09,900 --> 03:07:14,300
Think about that for a moment. 
Greenland that massive island of

3515
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:17,500
ice and rock once had Farms 
producing grain. 

3516
03:07:19,100 --> 03:07:22,700
The name, Greenland wasn't just 
Viking marketing for a few 

3517
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:23,900
centuries. 
Part of it. 

3518
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:26,800
Actually were green. 
Meanwhile, the Mediterranean 

3519
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,900
regions experienced their own 
transformations, Tilly and 

3520
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:33,100
Southern France. 
Already had favorable climates 

3521
03:07:33,100 --> 03:07:36,900
but the warmer period brought 
longer growing seasons and more 

3522
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:39,700
predictable weather patterns. 
The olive Groves. 

3523
03:07:39,700 --> 03:07:44,300
Flourished wine production, 
expanded the entire Rhythm Of 

3524
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,900
Agricultural life adjusted to 
this new more generous Tempo. 

3525
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:51,600
But perhaps the most significant
changes occurred in places that 

3526
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:53,600
had previously been on the edge 
of viability. 

3527
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:58,400
Scottish Highlands those Misty 
Mountains were farming? 

3528
03:07:58,400 --> 03:08:00,300
Had always been a hard-scrabble 
affair. 

3529
03:08:00,300 --> 03:08:03,400
Suddenly supported more 
extensive agriculture. 

3530
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:07,700
Villagers appeared in Alpine, 
valleys that had been too cold 

3531
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:11,100
for permanent settlement. 
The tree line crept, higher up, 

3532
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:14,500
Mountain sides, and forests 
reclaimed areas that had been 

3533
03:08:14,500 --> 03:08:17,800
Tundra just Generations. 
Before you have to understand, 

3534
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:21,300
medieval people didn't think of 
whether or something variable 

3535
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,800
and cyclical the way we do, they
believed climate was essentially

3536
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:30,000
fixed part of God's unchanging 
creation. when whether varied 

3537
03:08:30,000 --> 03:08:34,600
they attributed it to Divine 
will or moral cause his Harsh. 

3538
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:36,000
Winter. 
Meant God was angry. 

3539
03:08:36,000 --> 03:08:38,900
A good harvest meant. 
Their prayers had been answered.

3540
03:08:40,000 --> 03:08:42,800
The idea that Global temperature
patterns could shift over 

3541
03:08:42,800 --> 03:08:46,200
centuries without any 
Supernatural cause would have 

3542
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:47,900
been almost incomprehensible to 
them. 

3543
03:08:47,900 --> 03:08:51,300
So when the weather improved 
medieval Europeans didn't see 

3544
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:54,700
climate change. 
They saw a blessing, they 

3545
03:08:54,700 --> 03:08:57,500
interpreted the warmer 
temperatures and better harvests

3546
03:08:57,500 --> 03:09:01,100
as evidence that God was pleased
with Christian civilization. 

3547
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:04,900
This wasn't just wishful 
thinking it was the only 

3548
03:09:04,900 --> 03:09:07,700
framework they had for 
understanding why their world 

3549
03:09:07,700 --> 03:09:11,600
was becoming more abundant. 
Timing of this climatic shift 

3550
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:14,500
coincided with other changes in 
European Society. 

3551
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:19,000
Chaos of the early medieval 
period, those centuries after 

3552
03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:22,200
Rome's fall when various 
kingdoms Rose and fell, when 

3553
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:26,000
Viking raids disrupted, Coastal 
communities, when Central 

3554
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:29,900
Authority was more aspiration 
than reality was gradually. 

3555
03:09:29,900 --> 03:09:33,500
Giving way to more stable 
political structures, The 

3556
03:09:33,500 --> 03:09:36,900
warming climate didn't cause 
this stabilization, but it 

3557
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:40,200
certainly helped. 
It's much easier to build a 

3558
03:09:40,200 --> 03:09:42,400
civilization when you're not 
constantly worried about 

3559
03:09:42,400 --> 03:09:44,700
starving. 
As you lie there tonight, 

3560
03:09:44,700 --> 03:09:48,000
consider how differently 
medieval people experiences 

3561
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:50,800
compared to us. 
You probably interact with 

3562
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:54,200
whether primarily as an 
inconvenience traffic delays 

3563
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:59,900
canceled plans and wardrobe 
decisions For medieval Europeans

3564
03:09:59,900 --> 03:10:02,900
weather was existential a bad 
growing season. 

3565
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:04,500
Didn't mean buying more 
groceries? 

3566
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:07,100
It meant hunger. 
Possibly starvation. 

3567
03:10:08,100 --> 03:10:10,500
A mild winter didn't mean lower 
heating bills. 

3568
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:15,000
It meant livestock survived. 
Fuelwood lasted longer and 

3569
03:10:15,000 --> 03:10:18,600
people made it through to spring
when temperatures Rose by those 

3570
03:10:18,600 --> 03:10:22,700
one or two degrees when growing 
Seasons extended by a week or 

3571
03:10:22,700 --> 03:10:26,300
two the effects rippled through 
every aspect of life. 

3572
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:30,200
More food, meant better 
nutrition, which meant healthier

3573
03:10:30,200 --> 03:10:34,000
people which meant more workers,
which meant more land, could be 

3574
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:36,800
cultivated, which meant even 
more food. 

3575
03:10:37,800 --> 03:10:41,800
It was a virtuous cycle, the 
kind of positive feedback loop 

3576
03:10:41,800 --> 03:10:45,300
that drives historical change in
ways that are only obvious in 

3577
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:48,200
hindsight. 
Forests of Europe which had been

3578
03:10:48,208 --> 03:10:50,500
slowly recovering since the 
Roman period. 

3579
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:54,600
Now, faced a new pressure, 
Warmer weather meant more people

3580
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:57,000
and more people needed more 
farmland. 

3581
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:01,500
The great medieval deforestation
began in Earnest during this 

3582
03:11:01,500 --> 03:11:05,200
period as community's, cleared 
Woodland to create Fields 

3583
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:09,900
pastures and settlements. 
The Primeval forests that once 

3584
03:11:09,900 --> 03:11:12,100
covered most of Europe, began 
their long retreat. 

3585
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:15,300
Into the pockets of wilderness 
that survived today, settled 

3586
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:18,000
deeper into your blankets now 
and imagine your walking through

3587
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:21,300
a medieval village during 
Harvest Time in the year 1150. 

3588
03:11:22,300 --> 03:11:26,500
The smell of cut grain, fills 
the air that Dusty slightly 

3589
03:11:26,500 --> 03:11:28,900
sweet scent. 
That only comes when wheat or 

3590
03:11:28,900 --> 03:11:32,200
barley is being gathered. 
You hear the rhythmic sound of 

3591
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,900
Sighs through storks. 
The voice of workers calling to 

3592
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:38,800
each other across the fields and
somewhere nearby. 

3593
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:42,000
Someone is singing a work song 
whose Melody has been passed 

3594
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:45,600
down through so many generations
that nobody remembers who first 

3595
03:11:45,600 --> 03:11:49,100
composed it what your witnessing
is an Agricultural Revolution 

3596
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:50,900
that happened without anyone 
planning it. 

3597
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:55,200
Without any government program 
or conscious Innovation, the 

3598
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:58,900
medieval warm period created 
conditions that allowed medieval

3599
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:02,300
Europeans to finally move Beyond
subsistence farming, into 

3600
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:04,500
something that resembled actual 
productivity. 

3601
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:08,600
The key crop in this 
transformation was wheat, Before

3602
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,500
the warming period, much of 
Northern Europe, relied on 

3603
03:12:11,500 --> 03:12:15,500
Hardy, but less nutritious 
grains like rye and oats which 

3604
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:17,700
could survive in poor 
conditions, but didn't provide 

3605
03:12:17,700 --> 03:12:22,600
the same caloric value as wheat.
Wheat is fussier, it needs more 

3606
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:25,200
warmth, better soil, and more 
careful timing. 

3607
03:12:26,000 --> 03:12:29,900
But when conditions are right, 
we yields more food per acre 

3608
03:12:29,900 --> 03:12:33,100
than almost any other grain crop
of available to Medieval Farmers

3609
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:36,000
as temperatures Rose. 
The wheat line moved North 

3610
03:12:36,900 --> 03:12:39,900
fields in England that had grown
Rye for Generations were 

3611
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:43,400
replanted with wheat. 
French Estates that had 

3612
03:12:43,400 --> 03:12:45,700
struggled with Mixed Grain. 
Crops found they could 

3613
03:12:45,700 --> 03:12:49,200
specialize in wheat production. 
The difference was not just 

3614
03:12:49,200 --> 03:12:52,100
agricultural. 
It was nutritional and economic 

3615
03:12:52,100 --> 03:12:56,400
wheat, makes better bread stalls
longer and commands, higher 

3616
03:12:56,400 --> 03:13:00,500
prices of Market communities. 
That successfully, transitioned 

3617
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,300
to wheat, farming found 
themselves with both better 

3618
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:05,600
diets and more valuable crops to
trade. 

3619
03:13:05,600 --> 03:13:09,000
But the real Revolution came 
from the combination of warmer 

3620
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:10,300
weather. 
With several farming 

3621
03:13:10,300 --> 03:13:12,900
innovations, that happened to 
emerge around the same time. 

3622
03:13:13,900 --> 03:13:16,500
The heavy plow which could turn 
the dense soils of Northern 

3623
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:19,200
Europe far better than the 
Lightroom and scratch plows 

3624
03:13:19,200 --> 03:13:21,200
became widespread during this 
period. 

3625
03:13:22,600 --> 03:13:25,800
Three field system of crop 
rotation where you plant one 

3626
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:29,900
filled, with winter, crops one 
with spring crops and let the 

3627
03:13:29,900 --> 03:13:33,100
third life fallow allowed 
Farmers to keep more land 

3628
03:13:33,100 --> 03:13:35,600
productive. 
Each year, these Innovations 

3629
03:13:35,600 --> 03:13:38,800
weren't new inventions during 
the medieval warm period, but 

3630
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:41,400
they became practical and 
widespread because the climate 

3631
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:44,900
Now supported them. 
A heavy plow is only useful if 

3632
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:47,500
your soil is productive enough 
to justify the investment. 

3633
03:13:48,400 --> 03:13:51,800
Three field rotation only makes 
sense if your growing season is 

3634
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:53,500
long enough for both winter and 
spring. 

3635
03:13:53,500 --> 03:13:57,400
Crops to mature reliably The 
warming temperatures, turned 

3636
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:00,000
agricultural Theory into 
practical reality. 

3637
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:03,500
You'd see other changes too. 
Subtle ones that transformed 

3638
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:06,500
daily life in ways that medieval
people probably didn't fully 

3639
03:14:06,500 --> 03:14:09,800
appreciate. 
Kitchen Gardens became more 

3640
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,000
productive, providing 
vegetables, that added variety 

3641
03:14:13,000 --> 03:14:16,400
and nutrition to diets that had 
been monotonously grain-based. 

3642
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:19,700
Fruit trees that had been 
temperamental now produced 

3643
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:24,000
reliable crops herbs for 
medicine and flavoring thrived. 

3644
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:28,300
In the extended growing Seasons 
beekeeping expanded dramatically

3645
03:14:28,300 --> 03:14:31,600
during this period. 
And if you've ever tasted real 

3646
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:36,200
honey, you'll understand why 
this mattered In an era before 

3647
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,900
sugar was available to anyone. 
But the wealthy honey, was the 

3648
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:42,400
only sweetener most people would
ever taste. 

3649
03:14:43,200 --> 03:14:46,600
More temperate, weather meant 
longer flowering Seasons, which 

3650
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:48,300
meant bees could produce more 
honey. 

3651
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:52,100
Monastery is in particular, 
became centers of beekeeping. 

3652
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:55,500
And the demand for beeswax, 
candles ensured that honey 

3653
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:59,800
production was both spiritually 
and economically valuable the 

3654
03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:02,800
warming period also made 
livestock farming more feasible 

3655
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:05,300
in Northern regions. 
Cattle sheep. 

3656
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:08,700
And pigs could be supported in 
larger numbers because winter 

3657
03:15:08,700 --> 03:15:11,800
fodder, lasted longer and 
animals didn't need to burn as 

3658
03:15:11,800 --> 03:15:16,000
many calories just staying warm 
This meant more meat, milk 

3659
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:18,900
cheese and wool. 
All the products that made 

3660
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:21,700
medieval life slightly more 
comfortable and substantially 

3661
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:23,700
more. 
Prosperous Dairy production, 

3662
03:15:23,700 --> 03:15:26,300
particularly benefitted from the
climatic changes. 

3663
03:15:27,200 --> 03:15:29,300
Medieval people didn't drink 
much fresh milk. 

3664
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:33,100
It spoiled too quickly without 
Refrigeration that they were 

3665
03:15:33,100 --> 03:15:37,800
masked as of dairy preservation.
Cheese butter and fermented milk

3666
03:15:37,800 --> 03:15:41,000
products provided crucial 
protein and fat during winter 

3667
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:42,700
months, when fresh food was 
scarce. 

3668
03:15:43,700 --> 03:15:46,400
Better weather meant healthier 
livestock which meant more milk,

3669
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:49,400
which meant communities could 
produce larger stores of 

3670
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:53,100
preserved, dairy products, the 
expansion of sheep farming in 

3671
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:56,100
England during the period laid. 
The groundwork, for the medieval

3672
03:15:56,100 --> 03:16:00,400
wool trade that would eventually
making and wealthy Sheep, are 

3673
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:03,500
remarkably Hardy animals, but 
they do best in moderate 

3674
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,400
climates where they can graze 
year round without exhausting 

3675
03:16:06,400 --> 03:16:10,300
themselves fighting cold. 
The medieval warm period, 

3676
03:16:10,300 --> 03:16:12,700
created ideal conditions for 
large-scale. 

3677
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:15,500
Sheep farming across Northern 
England, Scotland, and the low 

3678
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:17,500
countries. 
If you could have spoken with a 

3679
03:16:17,508 --> 03:16:20,700
medieval farmer about these 
changes and if they had the 

3680
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:24,300
conceptual framework to 
understand your question, they 

3681
03:16:24,300 --> 03:16:26,900
probably wouldn't have described
it as an Agricultural 

3682
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:29,500
Revolution. 
They would have talked about how

3683
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:32,400
their lord had allowed them to 
clear more forest for planting 

3684
03:16:32,400 --> 03:16:36,300
or how their Village had pulled 
resources to buy a better plow, 

3685
03:16:36,300 --> 03:16:39,400
or how the Harvest had been good
for several years running. 

3686
03:16:40,700 --> 03:16:43,900
Systemic nature of the changes 
would have been invisible to 

3687
03:16:43,900 --> 03:16:48,200
them obscured by the daily work 
of survival and the limited 

3688
03:16:48,200 --> 03:16:50,400
scope of their individual 
experience. 

3689
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:54,300
Step back, take the longer view 
that historical distance 

3690
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:56,800
provides. 
And you see something remarkable

3691
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:02,900
European agricultural production
probably increased by 50 to 75% 

3692
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:09,600
between 900 and 91300. 
The same land worked by similar 

3693
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:12,300
methods. 
Suddenly yielded dramatically 

3694
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:14,800
more food. 
Some of this came from 

3695
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:19,600
Innovation, some from expansion 
onto marginal lands but much of 

3696
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:22,600
it came from those one or two 
degrees of warming that made 

3697
03:17:22,600 --> 03:17:25,900
everything just slightly easier.
This abundance created 

3698
03:17:25,900 --> 03:17:28,000
possibilities that hadn't 
existed before. 

3699
03:17:28,900 --> 03:17:31,900
For the first time since the 
Roman Empire significant numbers

3700
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:34,800
of people could be supported 
without directly, working the 

3701
03:17:34,800 --> 03:17:37,300
land. 
You needed Farmers to produce 

3702
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,600
surplus food, but once you had 
that Surplus, you could support 

3703
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:41,500
Crafts. 
People. 

3704
03:17:41,500 --> 03:17:45,400
Merchants Builders Scholars and 
all the other Specialists that 

3705
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:49,100
complex societies require the 
grain mills that dotted every 

3706
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:51,500
medieval stream and River, 
worked over time during this 

3707
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:55,900
period processing, The increased
Harvest and to flower the 

3708
03:17:55,900 --> 03:17:57,800
technology of water Mills was 
ancient. 

3709
03:17:57,800 --> 03:18:02,000
Romans had used them extensively
but the medieval warm period 

3710
03:18:02,000 --> 03:18:05,500
gave medieval Europeans enough. 
Grain to make Mills economically

3711
03:18:05,500 --> 03:18:07,200
viable throughout the 
countryside. 

3712
03:18:07,200 --> 03:18:10,900
The steady slashing grind of 
Mill Wheels became the 

3713
03:18:10,900 --> 03:18:14,800
background music of medieval 
Rural Life, Vineyards, expanded 

3714
03:18:14,800 --> 03:18:17,400
Northwood in one of the periods 
most Visible Changes. 

3715
03:18:18,400 --> 03:18:21,500
Wine production which had 
retreated Southward after the 

3716
03:18:21,500 --> 03:18:24,200
Roman period. 
Now crept back into central 

3717
03:18:24,200 --> 03:18:27,500
France, the Rhineland and even 
Southern England. 

3718
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:31,300
Medieval people discovering they
could grow wine. 

3719
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:34,100
Grapes in Yorkshire, must have 
felt like residents of Alaska 

3720
03:18:34,100 --> 03:18:36,300
suddenly finding they could grow
oranges. 

3721
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:41,000
It was unprecedented remarkable 
and highly profitable. 

3722
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:44,500
The expansion of viticulture 
wasn't just about alcohol. 

3723
03:18:44,500 --> 03:18:48,200
The medieval people, certainly 
appreciated, their wine. 

3724
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:52,000
Vineyards represented long-term 
agricultural investment. 

3725
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:55,600
You don't plant Great Vines if 
you expect the climate to turn 

3726
03:18:55,600 --> 03:18:59,200
harsh in a few years. 
Vines, take time to mature and 

3727
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:03,100
require consistent conditions. 
Fact that communities were 

3728
03:19:03,100 --> 03:19:05,300
willing to invest in Vineyards 
across northern Europe. 

3729
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:09,400
Suggest a wide spread if 
unconscious belief that the good

3730
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:12,600
weather was going to last as you
nestled deeper into your 

3731
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:15,900
comfortable spot, let's visit a 
medieval village at the height 

3732
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:19,500
of the medieval warm period. 
Say, around 1200. 

3733
03:19:20,600 --> 03:19:23,800
This isn't the Grim poverty. 
Stricken settlement that popular

3734
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:27,400
imagination, often conjures. 
This is a village experience in 

3735
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:29,200
something. 
Its residents might not have 

3736
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:31,000
words for, but can certainly 
feel. 

3737
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:34,300
Prosperity. 
The Village sits in a valley 

3738
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:37,400
surrounded by fields that 
stretch farther than they did in

3739
03:19:37,400 --> 03:19:40,600
your grandfather's time. 
The forest has been pushed back 

3740
03:19:40,600 --> 03:19:45,100
by cultivated land divided into 
the long strips of the open 

3741
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:49,500
field system. 
Smoke rises from perhaps 40 cots

3742
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:52,700
twice as many as existed. 
A century ago. 

3743
03:19:53,600 --> 03:19:57,000
The church wants a simple. 
Wooden structure is being 

3744
03:19:57,000 --> 03:20:00,400
rebuilt in stone. 
Project that has consumed The 

3745
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:03,300
Villages Surplus wealth for the 
past decade. 

3746
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:06,700
But will stand as a testament to
their success for centuries to 

3747
03:20:06,700 --> 03:20:08,800
come. 
You notice that people look 

3748
03:20:08,800 --> 03:20:12,200
different than you might expect.
They're not the skeletal 

3749
03:20:12,200 --> 03:20:15,500
malnourished figures of popular 
medieval stereotypes. 

3750
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:19,000
Better nutrition over several 
Generations, has produced a 

3751
03:20:19,000 --> 03:20:22,300
population that's healthier 
taller and more robust. 

3752
03:20:23,500 --> 03:20:25,100
Children play in the village 
common. 

3753
03:20:25,100 --> 03:20:29,000
And there are many of them the 
improved diet as reduced infant 

3754
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:30,700
mortality, and increased 
fertility. 

3755
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:34,600
Population growth during the 
medieval warm period was 

3756
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:38,300
substantial with Europe's 
population, roughly doubling 

3757
03:20:38,300 --> 03:20:42,000
between of 1,000 and 1300 The 
Cottages themselves. 

3758
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:44,600
Show signs of modest, but real 
Improvement. 

3759
03:20:45,500 --> 03:20:48,600
That roofs are better maintained
because there's labor and 

3760
03:20:48,600 --> 03:20:52,600
materials to spare for repairs. 
Some houses have actual chimneys

3761
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:56,200
and of simple, smoke holes, a 
technological advancement. 

3762
03:20:56,200 --> 03:20:59,000
That might seem trivial until 
you've spent a winter in a 

3763
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:03,200
smoke-filled room. 
Windows remain small glass is 

3764
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:07,200
still expensive, but shutters 
are more carefully fitted and 

3765
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:09,500
some households have even 
acquired oil lamps to 

3766
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:13,100
supplement, their Rush lights, 
and Tallow candles inside these 

3767
03:21:13,100 --> 03:21:14,800
homes. 
You'd find possessions that 

3768
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:17,700
suggests a level of comfort 
unknown in earlier, centuries 

3769
03:21:17,700 --> 03:21:22,700
iron pots and pans. 
Wooden plates and bowls, ceramic

3770
03:21:22,700 --> 03:21:27,000
jugs for storing ale or cider. 
And perhaps even a few pewter 

3771
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:30,700
items for special occasions, 
these aren't wealthy people by 

3772
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:34,000
any means, but then no longer 
living at the absolute edge of 

3773
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:37,100
subsistence, they have small 
margins of safety. 

3774
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:41,200
Tiny buffers against disaster 
that make life incrementally. 

3775
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:45,300
More secure, the Village Market 
held, weekly has expanded from a

3776
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,500
simple exchange of local Goods 
to a genuine commercial event 

3777
03:21:49,500 --> 03:21:51,400
Farmers. 
Bring Surplus produce, 

3778
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:56,100
vegetables. 
Eggs cheese, wool and the 

3779
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:57,700
products of their land and 
labor. 

3780
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:01,000
Traveling Merchants offer goods 
from distant, places. 

3781
03:22:01,000 --> 03:22:05,700
Salt from Coastal evaporation 
ponds iron tools from Regional 

3782
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:09,500
forges cloth from Flemish 
Weavers and pottery from 

3783
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:13,800
specialized ceramic workshops. 
The fact that these markets can 

3784
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:17,700
sustain regular trade indicates 
that people have enough Surplus 

3785
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:19,900
to buy things, they don't 
strictly need for survival 

3786
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:23,200
money, circulates more freely 
than it did in earlier 

3787
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:25,500
centuries. 
The feudal economy, hadn't 

3788
03:22:25,500 --> 03:22:29,300
disappeared peasant, still owed 
labor services, to their Lords. 

3789
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:32,600
And agricultural production was 
still organized around manorial 

3790
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:34,900
Estates. 
But increasingly these 

3791
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:36,900
obligations could be paid in 
cash. 

3792
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:40,900
Rather than in kind a peasant 
might pay a fee instead of 

3793
03:22:40,900 --> 03:22:44,600
working three days a week on the
Lord's land creating a primitive

3794
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:47,700
but functional labor market 
where people could sell their 

3795
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:50,700
time for money. 
This monetization of the economy

3796
03:22:50,700 --> 03:22:54,100
might sound dry and Technical 
but it represented a fundamental

3797
03:22:54,100 --> 03:22:57,400
shift in how medieval people 
experience daily life. 

3798
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:02,500
Money creates options with cash.
You could hire someone to repair

3799
03:23:02,500 --> 03:23:06,600
your roof by a piglet to raise 
for winter meet or saved toward 

3800
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:10,300
a dowry for your daughter. 
Without money, you were locked 

3801
03:23:10,300 --> 03:23:13,700
into a barter economy where 
everything you needed had to be 

3802
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:16,900
produced locally or acquired 
through complex, webs of 

3803
03:23:16,908 --> 03:23:19,600
reciprocal. 
Obligation, the Lord's Manor 

3804
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:22,500
visible on its Hill overlooking.
The village has also improved 

3805
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:26,100
The old wooden Palisade has been
replaced with stone walls. 

3806
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:30,300
The Great Hall has been expanded
and rumor says the Lord's wife 

3807
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:33,500
has ordered glass windows for 
the solar the private family 

3808
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:35,500
quarters. 
Where the nobility retreated 

3809
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:37,100
from the public life of the 
hall. 

3810
03:23:37,900 --> 03:23:40,400
These improvements aren't just 
displays of wealth. 

3811
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:43,900
Their Investments made possible 
by increasing agricultural 

3812
03:23:43,900 --> 03:23:47,400
revenues from lands that now 
produce reliable surpluses. 

3813
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:50,600
But perhaps the most significant
change is harder to see 

3814
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:54,100
directly. 
The slow shift in legal status, 

3815
03:23:54,100 --> 03:23:57,100
and social relationships that 
Surplus wealth enables. 

3816
03:23:58,100 --> 03:24:00,900
When everyone is barely 
surviving social structures 

3817
03:24:00,900 --> 03:24:04,100
remain rigid because there's no 
room for negotiation or 

3818
03:24:04,100 --> 03:24:07,000
innovation. 
When there's a surplus Things 

3819
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:10,300
become fluid. 
Some peasants are accumulating 

3820
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:12,700
enough wealth to buy their 
freedom from feudal. 

3821
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:15,900
Obligation others are 
specializing in particular 

3822
03:24:15,900 --> 03:24:18,000
crafts. 
Becoming the villages 

3823
03:24:18,000 --> 03:24:21,900
acknowledged expert in carpentry
or smithing or leatherwork, a 

3824
03:24:21,900 --> 03:24:24,400
few particularly successful 
peasant, families are even 

3825
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:26,800
beginning to differentiate 
themselves from their neighbors,

3826
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:30,900
acquiring more land, better 
tools and the kind of resources 

3827
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:33,100
that Mark, the beginning of 
auroral middle class. 

3828
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:37,500
The son of one such family has 
been sent to the monastery to 

3829
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:41,100
learn reading and writing an 
investment in education. 

3830
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:43,000
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3831
03:24:43,000 --> 03:24:47,600
When every Pair of Hands was 
needed for basic survival, The 

3832
03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:50,900
Village priest often, the only 
literate person in the community

3833
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:55,200
has become more than just a 
Spiritual Authority, he is an 

3834
03:24:55,200 --> 03:24:59,100
administrator, a Record Keeper, 
and sometimes a teacher for 

3835
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:02,000
promising children whose 
families can spare them from 

3836
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:06,000
farm work. the church building 
itself serves multiple 

3837
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:10,000
functions, a place of worship on
Sundays, a meeting hall for 

3838
03:25:10,008 --> 03:25:13,400
Village assemblies, and a secure
storage space for important 

3839
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:17,400
documents and valuable items, 
Market, towns began sprouting 

3840
03:25:17,400 --> 03:25:21,600
across Europe during this period
growing up at Crossroads, River 

3841
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:25,700
Crossing and other strategic 
locations where trade naturally 

3842
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:29,600
concentrated these towns 
occupied a space between the 

3843
03:25:29,600 --> 03:25:32,800
rural Villages and the 
established cities serving as 

3844
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,800
commercial hubs, where local 
agricultural Surplus, could be 

3845
03:25:35,800 --> 03:25:40,300
converted into Goods, services 
and opportunities in these 

3846
03:25:40,300 --> 03:25:43,300
Market towns, you'd find the 
beginnings of specialized 

3847
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:46,300
medieval crafts. 
Blacksmiths who once made 

3848
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:49,600
everything from horseshoes to 
cooking pots now focused on 

3849
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:52,900
specific products. 
Achieving levels of skill and 

3850
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:55,200
efficiency that generalists 
never could. 

3851
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:59,100
Weavers formed gills to control 
quality and training. 

3852
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:03,000
Tanners, despite the noxious 
smell of their work became 

3853
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:05,300
essential suppliers to the 
leather goods trade. 

3854
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:09,200
Baker's ran ovens large enough 
to serve dozens of families 

3855
03:26:09,200 --> 03:26:12,200
operating on scales that made 
economic sense. 

3856
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:15,300
Only when populations were large
and prosperous enough to support

3857
03:26:15,300 --> 03:26:17,500
them. 
The prosperity wasn't evenly. 

3858
03:26:17,500 --> 03:26:22,000
Distributed, of course. life in 
a medieval village, even during 

3859
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,500
the best of times was still life
without modern medicine 

3860
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:30,600
sanitation or personal Liberty, 
as we understand it, People 

3861
03:26:30,600 --> 03:26:33,200
worked long hours at physically 
demanding labor. 

3862
03:26:34,100 --> 03:26:38,100
Disease remained, ever-present 
women died in childbirth with 

3863
03:26:38,100 --> 03:26:41,800
frightening regularity. 
Children grew up expecting to 

3864
03:26:41,800 --> 03:26:45,500
follow their parents occupation 
with little opportunity for 

3865
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:48,800
social Mobility beyond what the 
church might offer to 

3866
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:52,400
particularly bright or devout 
individuals, yet compared to the

3867
03:26:52,400 --> 03:26:55,400
centuries before. 
And after the medieval warm 

3868
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:58,300
period, offered something that 
medieval European had rarely 

3869
03:26:58,300 --> 03:27:01,100
experienced. 
A sense that life was getting 

3870
03:27:01,100 --> 03:27:04,600
better than worse. 
That the Next Generation might 

3871
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:07,300
have it easier than the current 
one and that the world was 

3872
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:11,800
expanding rather than 
Contracting This optimism born 

3873
03:27:11,800 --> 03:27:14,100
of full granaries and healthy 
livestock. 

3874
03:27:14,100 --> 03:27:17,900
Created a psychological climate 
as important as the physical 

3875
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,000
warming that made it possible. 
Let's drift now from The 

3876
03:27:21,000 --> 03:27:24,200
Villages of Continental Europe, 
to something more adventurous 

3877
03:27:24,200 --> 03:27:27,000
though, don't worry. 
We'll keep things suitably 

3878
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:30,500
peaceful and contemplative. 
Picture the coast of Norway 

3879
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:34,000
around the year 1000 where the 
warming climate was creating 

3880
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:35,800
opportunities that would have 
been Unthinkable. 

3881
03:27:35,800 --> 03:27:40,100
Just a century earlier the Norse
the seafaring people we often 

3882
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:43,900
call Viking's had always been 
masterful Sailors but the 

3883
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:46,600
medieval warm period gave them 
something they'd never had 

3884
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:50,100
before ice received for longer 
parts of the year. 

3885
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:53,800
The Arctic Ice that normally 
choked, the northern Atlantic 

3886
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:56,700
retreated, just enough to open 
routes that have been 

3887
03:27:56,700 --> 03:27:59,700
impossible. 
Creating Maritime highways to 

3888
03:27:59,700 --> 03:28:01,900
territories that had been 
Legends or rumors. 

3889
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:06,700
Eric the Reds colonization of 
Greenland around 985 represents.

3890
03:28:06,700 --> 03:28:09,300
One of the most remarkable 
episodes of the medieval warm 

3891
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:11,900
period. 
Greenland, that massive Island 

3892
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:15,100
that's mostly ice. 
Even today, had coastal areas 

3893
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:18,200
that became remarkably habitable
during the warming centuries. 

3894
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:22,100
Eric and his followers family 
seeking New Opportunities. 

3895
03:28:22,100 --> 03:28:27,500
Second Sons with no inheritance 
people fleeing feuds or seeking 

3896
03:28:27,500 --> 03:28:30,600
Fresh Starts. 
Establish settlements that would

3897
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:34,800
endure for nearly 500 years. 
Imagine sailing from Iceland 

3898
03:28:34,800 --> 03:28:36,600
toward Greenland in an open 
boat. 

3899
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:39,400
Your worldly possessions packed 
around you. 

3900
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:43,500
Livestock lowing nervously in 
the hull and children huddled 

3901
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:48,300
against the spray you'd navigate
by sun and stars by the flight 

3902
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,600
patterns of birds and by the 
color and temperature of the 

3903
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:55,200
water. 
After days at Sea, you'd finally

3904
03:28:55,200 --> 03:28:58,200
spot the high mountains of 
Greenland rising from the ocean,

3905
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:02,700
their peaks white with permanent
snow, but their lower slope. 

3906
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,100
Surprisingly green, the north 
greenlanders settled primarily 

3907
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:10,100
on the South-Western Coast where
fueled cut deep into the island 

3908
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,600
and provided shelter from the 
North Atlantic ferocious storms.

3909
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:18,500
They built Turf House's thick 
walled structures of stone and 

3910
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:22,100
sod that could withstand Arctic 
winds while conserving precious 

3911
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:26,300
warmth. these weren't temporary 
camps but permanent homesteads 

3912
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:30,600
complete with barns for 
livestock storage rooms for hay 

3913
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:33,600
and supplies and all the 
infrastructure of agricultural 

3914
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:38,300
settlement and they farmed this 
detail, always surprises people 

3915
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:41,700
who imagine Greenland as an 
eternally Frozen Wasteland. 

3916
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:46,000
During the medieval warm period,
nor settlers grew, barley, for 

3917
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:49,500
bread and beer. 
They raced cattle sheep and 

3918
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:52,600
goats that grazed on 
surprisingly Lush summer 

3919
03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:56,800
pastures, they hunted seals and 
Caribou for meat and Skin's. 

3920
03:29:56,800 --> 03:30:00,400
They cut hay in summer and 
stored it for winter fodder. 

3921
03:30:01,000 --> 03:30:04,600
The even exported walrus Ivory 
and polar bear hides back to 

3922
03:30:04,600 --> 03:30:08,400
Europe luxury goods that 
commanded premium prices in 

3923
03:30:08,400 --> 03:30:12,300
Continental markets life in 
Norse, Greenland was never easy 

3924
03:30:12,300 --> 03:30:15,000
even during the best climate 
conditions. 

3925
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:20,000
Winters remained harsh growing 
Seasons, stayed short and the 

3926
03:30:20,000 --> 03:30:23,000
settlers lived at the absolute 
edge of where medieval 

3927
03:30:23,000 --> 03:30:26,900
agriculture could function. 
But for several centuries, it 

3928
03:30:26,900 --> 03:30:30,500
worked archaeological evidence 
shows that the greenlanders 

3929
03:30:30,500 --> 03:30:32,300
maintain trade contacts with 
Europe. 

3930
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:36,200
Imported timber for 
construction, acquired iron, 

3931
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,800
tools, and weapons and 
participated in the broader 

3932
03:30:39,800 --> 03:30:42,500
medieval economy. 
Despite their extreme isolation 

3933
03:30:42,500 --> 03:30:46,300
from Greenland Norse explorers 
pushed even farther west 

3934
03:30:46,300 --> 03:30:50,500
reaching what they called 
Vineland the northeast coast of 

3935
03:30:50,500 --> 03:30:53,900
North America. 
Leif Erickson's Voyage around 

3936
03:30:53,900 --> 03:30:57,300
the year 1000 brought Europeans 
to the Americas 5 centuries 

3937
03:30:57,300 --> 03:31:00,300
before Columbus though is 
settlement didn't last. 

3938
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:03,900
The temporary camp at. 
Lonzo Meadows in Newfoundland 

3939
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:06,700
stands today as evidence of this
remarkable voyage. 

3940
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:10,500
Proof that medieval Europeans 
briefly touched American soil 

3941
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,900
before retreating back to 
Greenland and Iceland the 

3942
03:31:13,900 --> 03:31:15,700
warming. 
Climate also opened up new 

3943
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:17,700
possibilities in the North 
Atlantic itself. 

3944
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:22,000
Iceland, which had been settled 
by Norse colonists in the 87 

3945
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:25,100
flourished during the medieval 
warm period. 

3946
03:31:26,000 --> 03:31:28,900
The Island's livestock 
population's expanded, its 

3947
03:31:28,900 --> 03:31:32,400
fishing grounds became more 
productive and its position as a

3948
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:35,600
way station between and navy and
Greenland made it to crucial 

3949
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:38,800
Link in northern trade networks.
But the North Atlantic 

3950
03:31:38,800 --> 03:31:42,000
Adventure, wasn't just about 
exploring Westwood into new 

3951
03:31:42,008 --> 03:31:44,800
territories. 
It was also about the quotidian 

3952
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:48,200
reality of living in these 
remote settlements maintaining 

3953
03:31:48,200 --> 03:31:51,400
connections across vast 
stretches of ocean, and building

3954
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,500
communities, and environments 
that tested human resilience in 

3955
03:31:54,500 --> 03:31:58,400
ways that more temperate regions
never did consider the logistics

3956
03:31:58,400 --> 03:32:02,000
of the Greenland colony. 
Almost everything made of wood 

3957
03:32:02,000 --> 03:32:06,100
timber for building and boats 
barrel staves for storage 

3958
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:10,500
firewood, for warmth had to be 
imported from Iceland or Norway.

3959
03:32:11,500 --> 03:32:13,400
Greenland had virtually. 
No trees. 

3960
03:32:13,400 --> 03:32:17,200
So every plank represented a 
successful trading, voyage 

3961
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:21,300
across dangerous Seas. 
Iron was equally precious and 

3962
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:23,100
skilled crafts. 
People who could work. 

3963
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:27,000
Metal were valued community 
members church bells. 

3964
03:32:27,000 --> 03:32:31,000
Glass windows, communion wine 
and countless other items. 

3965
03:32:31,000 --> 03:32:33,700
Required regular trade contact 
with distant Europe. 

3966
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:37,000
The Greenland ignores maintain 
their European identity. 

3967
03:32:37,000 --> 03:32:40,500
Despite their isolation, they 
built churches modeled on 

3968
03:32:40,508 --> 03:32:44,000
Scandinavian Designs. 
Buried their dead in Christian 

3969
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,100
graveyards and maintained 
Bishops who reported to 

3970
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:49,200
ecclesiastical authorities in 
Norway. 

3971
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:52,900
This connection to broader 
Christiana mattered deeply to 

3972
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:54,900
them. 
They didn't want to be forgotten

3973
03:32:54,900 --> 03:32:58,100
Outpost, but recognized members 
of the European civilization. 

3974
03:32:58,100 --> 03:33:02,500
However, remote their location 
the warming period affected 

3975
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:05,000
North activities in more 
traditional water's. 

3976
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:08,300
The waters around the fairer 
Islands, became more productive.

3977
03:33:08,300 --> 03:33:11,800
Norwegian fishermen could 
Venture father North along the 

3978
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:16,200
coast accessing Cod grounds that
had been too dangerous or ice 

3979
03:33:16,200 --> 03:33:19,900
Bound in early centuries. 
Trade routes across the Baltic 

3980
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:23,500
expanded as ice free periods, 
length and connecting. 

3981
03:33:23,500 --> 03:33:26,600
Scandinavia with the emerging 
cities of Northern Germany, and 

3982
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:29,400
Poland in a delightfully mundane
way. 

3983
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:32,700
The medieval warm period made 
sea travel, less immediately 

3984
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:36,400
terrifying. 
Medieval ships were remarkably 

3985
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:40,700
seaworthy the Norse Nar. 
The primary cargo vessel of the 

3986
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:44,000
North Atlantic could survive 
conditions that would sink more 

3987
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:46,900
modern ships but they were also 
open to the elements 

3988
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,400
uncomfortable and dangerous in 
ways that modern Travelers can 

3989
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:53,700
barely imagine Warmer, Waters 
meant marginally, less 

3990
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,500
hypothermia. 
Risk for Sailors who inevitably 

3991
03:33:56,500 --> 03:34:01,300
got soaked by spray. 
Longer ice-free Seasons meant 

3992
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:06,000
extended trading Windows, 
reduced storm, frequency a 

3993
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:09,200
debated effect of the warming. 
But suggested by some climate 

3994
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:13,300
reconstructions meant fewer 
shipwrecks and lost Cruise. 

3995
03:34:13,300 --> 03:34:16,600
The climatic optimism that 
allowed the Norse to attempt to 

3996
03:34:16,600 --> 03:34:19,900
Greenland colonization. 
Also influenced exploration 

3997
03:34:19,900 --> 03:34:22,800
closer to home. 
The development of permanent 

3998
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:26,200
fishing stations in Iceland, the
expansion of seal hunting 

3999
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:30,300
operations and the growth of 
Arctic trade in Furs and walrus 

4000
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:33,500
Ivory all reflected confidence 
that the favorable conditions 

4001
03:34:33,500 --> 03:34:35,900
would continue. 
Let's turn now from The 

4002
03:34:35,900 --> 03:34:39,300
Adventures of seafaring North to
something equally ambitious but 

4003
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:43,000
more stationary extraordinary 
cathedral building, boom that 

4004
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:45,700
swept across Europe during the 
medieval warm period. 

4005
03:34:46,500 --> 03:34:48,700
Get comfortable. 
We're going to spend time 

4006
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,900
thinking about Stone faith and 
what it means. 

4007
03:34:51,900 --> 03:34:56,000
When a society has enough 
Surplus wealth to invest in 

4008
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:58,600
structures, that take 
generations to complete around 

4009
03:34:58,600 --> 03:35:01,600
the year. 1000, something 
remarkable began happening 

4010
03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:04,600
across Europe. 
Communities that had been making

4011
03:35:04,600 --> 03:35:07,100
do with modest. 
Wooden churches decided to 

4012
03:35:07,100 --> 03:35:10,800
rebuild in stone. 
But they didn't just replace one

4013
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:12,900
building with another of similar
size. 

4014
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:17,700
They built upward and outward, 
creating structures of 

4015
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,100
unprecedented height and 
ambition. 

4016
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,400
The Romanesque and then Gothic 
Cathedrals that Rose during the 

4017
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:27,800
medieval warm period, 
represented engineering 

4018
03:35:27,800 --> 03:35:30,100
achievements. 
That rivaled anything, since the

4019
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:33,900
Roman Empire the Cathedral at 
Santiago de Compostela in Spain,

4020
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:37,600
began in 1075. 
Canterbury cathedral in England 

4021
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:42,300
rebuilt. 
After a fire in 1174, Cathedral 

4022
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:46,200
in France with its magnificent. 
Stained glass was largely 

4023
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:49,300
constructed between 1194 and 12 
and 20. 

4024
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:55,800
Notre Dame de Paris started in 
1163 Cologne, Cathedral begun in

4025
03:35:55,808 --> 03:35:59,800
1248. 
These buildings and hundreds 

4026
03:35:59,800 --> 03:36:03,400
like them represented, not just 
religious further but economic 

4027
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:06,500
capacity. 
You don't build Cathedrals when 

4028
03:36:06,500 --> 03:36:10,000
you're worried about starving. 
Imagine the construction site of

4029
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:14,700
a major Gothic cathedral in say 
1200, The scaffolding Rises 

4030
03:36:14,700 --> 03:36:18,400
impossibly High wooden 
structures that Sway alarmingly 

4031
03:36:18,400 --> 03:36:21,800
in the wind, but somehow support
teams of Masons working at 

4032
03:36:21,800 --> 03:36:24,900
Heights, that would make modern 
safety inspectors faint. 

4033
03:36:25,700 --> 03:36:29,200
Stonecutters shaped blocks with 
hammer and chisel producing 

4034
03:36:29,200 --> 03:36:31,500
edges. 
So precise that mortar becomes 

4035
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:35,000
almost unnecessary. 
Carpenters, construct the 

4036
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:38,100
complex wooden centering that 
will support Stone arches and 

4037
03:36:38,100 --> 03:36:42,200
the mortar sets. 
Glass makers crafted windows 

4038
03:36:42,200 --> 03:36:45,500
that transform sunlight into 
divine revelation, the 

4039
03:36:45,500 --> 03:36:47,800
organization required. 
For these projects was 

4040
03:36:47,800 --> 03:36:51,800
staggering quarries, had to be 
opened or expanded to provide 

4041
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:55,100
suitable Stone. 
Transportation networks were 

4042
03:36:55,100 --> 03:36:57,900
needed to move, massive blocks 
from Quarry to construction 

4043
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:00,800
site, sometimes across dozens of
miles. 

4044
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:05,600
Skilled Craftsmen Mason's 
Carpenters, Glaziers metal 

4045
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:09,700
workers had to be recruited 
Howes and paid. 

4046
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:12,300
Raw materials from across 
Europe. 

4047
03:37:12,300 --> 03:37:16,200
Had to be acquired LED for 
roofing, iron for 

4048
03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:20,400
reinforcements, gold Leifer, 
decoration and precious pigments

4049
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:23,100
for painting. 
All of this required Surplus 

4050
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:24,900
wealth. 
On a scale that hadn't existed 

4051
03:37:24,900 --> 03:37:26,700
in Europe since the Roman 
period. 

4052
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:30,700
The agricultural abundance made 
possible by the medieval warm 

4053
03:37:30,700 --> 03:37:33,500
period. 
Created the economic conditions 

4054
03:37:33,500 --> 03:37:37,100
for Cathedral construction but 
the decision to actually build 

4055
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:39,200
these massive structures 
reflected, something else. 

4056
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:43,200
Confidence in the future. 
Think about what it means to 

4057
03:37:43,200 --> 03:37:45,900
start a building project that, 
you know, won't be finished in 

4058
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,000
your lifetime. 
When a community broke ground on

4059
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:52,100
a cathedral, they understood 
that their grandchildren might 

4060
03:37:52,100 --> 03:37:55,800
see it completed or their great 
grandchildren, or possibly 

4061
03:37:55,800 --> 03:37:58,400
never. 
They were investing resources. 

4062
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:01,700
That could have been spent on 
immediate needs better housing 

4063
03:38:01,700 --> 03:38:06,100
or food stronger defense is in 
favor of a permanent Monument 

4064
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:08,000
that would serve Generations, 
not yet. 

4065
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:12,000
Born, this long-term thinking 
was itself a luxury made 

4066
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:16,300
possible by climatic stability? 
When harvests are unreliable and

4067
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:19,700
survival uncertain, you focus on
a media needs. 

4068
03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:23,800
When conditions are favorable 
and predictable, you can afford 

4069
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:26,700
to think in terms of centuries 
rather than Seasons. 

4070
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:30,100
The gothic architectural 
Revolution that occurred during 

4071
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:33,800
this period pointed arches, 
flying, buttresses ribbed 

4072
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:36,900
vaults, and all the technical 
innovations that allowed 

4073
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,900
buildings to soar higher and 
admit more light Wasn't just 

4074
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,400
artistic development. 
These Innovations solved, 

4075
03:38:44,400 --> 03:38:47,700
practical problems of building 
tall stone structures, that 

4076
03:38:47,700 --> 03:38:49,500
didn't collapse under their own 
weight. 

4077
03:38:50,400 --> 03:38:52,500
Medieval Masons were 
rediscovering. 

4078
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:55,600
Structural engineering 
principles, that Romans had 

4079
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:58,800
known, and that had been largely
forgotten during the early 

4080
03:38:58,800 --> 03:39:02,100
medieval period, but if you 
asked a medieval Master Mason, 

4081
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:04,200
why his Cathedral needed to be 
so tall. 

4082
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:06,600
He wouldn't talk about 
engineering principles. 

4083
03:39:06,600 --> 03:39:10,500
He'd talk about reaching toward 
Heaven about creating a physical

4084
03:39:10,500 --> 03:39:14,000
manifestation of divine glory 
and about light streaming 

4085
03:39:14,000 --> 03:39:17,100
through stained glass, as a 
metaphor, for divine grace, in 

4086
03:39:17,100 --> 03:39:20,800
Illuminating, the human soul. 
The gothic cathedral was 

4087
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:23,000
theology rendered in stone and 
glass. 

4088
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,700
Three-dimensional argument about
the nature of God, and 

4089
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:30,200
Humanity's relationship to the 
Divine, the stained glass 

4090
03:39:30,200 --> 03:39:32,900
windows deserve their own moment
of contemplation. 

4091
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:38,200
Imagine standing inside shark 
Cathedral as often known Sun 

4092
03:39:38,200 --> 03:39:41,800
streams through the famous blue 
Windows transforming ordinary 

4093
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:44,700
daylight into something. 
That seems to come from another 

4094
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:47,800
world. 
Medieval people believe these 

4095
03:39:47,800 --> 03:39:49,900
windows served an educational 
purpose. 

4096
03:39:49,900 --> 03:39:54,000
They told biblical stories to an
illiterate population, but they 

4097
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:58,200
also created an atmosphere that 
felt genuinely Transcendent the 

4098
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:01,000
craftsmanship involved in 
medieval stained glass was 

4099
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:03,700
remarkable. 
Classmate has had to produce 

4100
03:40:03,700 --> 03:40:07,200
colored glass by adding metallic
oxides during the glass blowing 

4101
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:09,900
process. 
Each window required, thousands 

4102
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,700
of individual pieces, cut to 
precise shapes and fitted into 

4103
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:16,300
lead. 
Kane's then assembled in to 

4104
03:40:16,300 --> 03:40:20,700
enormous compositions, depicting
everything, from Bible stories 

4105
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:25,600
to Saints, lives to the trades 
and professions of the town, the

4106
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:28,800
major Rose Windows. 
Those enormous circular windows 

4107
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:31,900
at the ends of transepts, 
contained enough, individual 

4108
03:40:31,900 --> 03:40:35,500
glass pieces that cataloging 
them all could take weeks, the 

4109
03:40:35,500 --> 03:40:38,900
social organization of Cathedral
construction, created its own 

4110
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:42,200
culture Master, Builders the 
medieval equivalent of 

4111
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:46,000
Architects, move from Project to
project bringing teams of 

4112
03:40:46,000 --> 03:40:49,900
skilled Masons with them. 
These Master Builders often sign

4113
03:40:49,900 --> 03:40:53,100
their work surviving Cathedral 
designs show. 

4114
03:40:53,100 --> 03:40:55,600
Remarkably detailed 
architectural drawings. 

4115
03:40:55,600 --> 03:40:59,000
That demonstrates sophisticated 
understanding of geometry. 

4116
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:02,100
And structural mechanics, the 
workshops attached to Major 

4117
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:05,100
Cathedrals became centers of 
craft training, where skills 

4118
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:06,800
were passed from Master to 
Apprentice. 

4119
03:41:07,900 --> 03:41:11,000
A young man hoping to become a 
stone Mason might spend Years, 

4120
03:41:11,000 --> 03:41:14,800
Learning the trade, starting 
with simple tasks like mixing 

4121
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:18,400
mortar and gradually advancing 
to more complex work. 

4122
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,100
The lodge the workshop, building
attached to the construction 

4123
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:27,300
site developed its own culture 
customs and even primitive Union

4124
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:31,200
like organizations. 
Cathedral construction created 

4125
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:34,300
demand for specialized trades 
beyond the core building crafts.

4126
03:41:35,300 --> 03:41:38,300
Sculptors decorated for SARS 
with Biblical scenes and 

4127
03:41:38,300 --> 03:41:42,300
grotesque figures painters 
created an enormous frescoes on 

4128
03:41:42,300 --> 03:41:46,300
interior walls, metal workers 
produced decorative iron work 

4129
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:50,700
for doors and windows wood. 
Cars, crafted choirs, rude 

4130
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:54,300
screens and elaborate 
altarpieces each Cathedral 

4131
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,500
became a focus point, for every 
artistic trade in medieval 

4132
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:01,200
Europe, the economic impact of a
major Cathedral project on its 

4133
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:02,900
surrounding region was 
substantial. 

4134
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:07,700
Construction might employ 100 of
workers directly while secondary

4135
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:11,500
effects, feeding workers, 
housing them providing 

4136
03:42:11,500 --> 03:42:14,200
materials, supported hundreds 
more. 

4137
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:18,000
Towns with major Cathedral 
projects, effectively had a 

4138
03:42:18,008 --> 03:42:21,100
permanent job's program that 
could last for Generations, 

4139
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:24,700
providing employment and 
circulating money through the 

4140
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:27,300
local economy. 
Monasteries and Abbeys went 

4141
03:42:27,300 --> 03:42:30,700
through similar building booms. 
During this period, the sister 

4142
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,900
National order, founded in 1098 
established, hundreds of apis 

4143
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,500
across Europe during the 12th 
and 13th, centuries. 

4144
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:40,900
These monasteries were just 
religious centers, but 

4145
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:44,500
agricultural, innovators, who 
applied systematic, thinking to 

4146
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,900
farming, livestock, breeding, 
and Land Management. 

4147
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:51,600
Cistercian Abbey's often sat in 
remote. 

4148
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:54,800
Valleys where the monks had 
cleared forest and drained 

4149
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:57,700
Wetlands. 
Creating productive, Farmland, 

4150
03:42:57,700 --> 03:43:00,700
through organized, labor, and 
Engineering, the architectural 

4151
03:43:00,700 --> 03:43:04,800
style developed by the 
cistercians austere, elegant, 

4152
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:09,000
emphasizing proportion, and 
light, rather than decoration, 

4153
03:43:09,000 --> 03:43:12,200
created some of the period's. 
Most beautiful buildings, 

4154
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:17,300
fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, 
Fontaine, Appian, France, and 

4155
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,500
probably Abbey in Spain. 
These structures combined 

4156
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:23,900
spiritual Purpose, with 
practical design in ways that 

4157
03:43:23,900 --> 03:43:27,200
still impressed visitors today 
as you drift towards sleep, 

4158
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:31,000
consider the ambition, it took 
to build the structures medieval

4159
03:43:31,000 --> 03:43:34,800
people lacked, power tools, 
steel reinforcement, modern 

4160
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:40,100
cranes or computer aided design.
What they had was time, skill 

4161
03:43:40,100 --> 03:43:44,600
faith and the economic surplus 
created by a climate that had 

4162
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:48,100
decided for a few centuries to 
be unusually Cooperative. 

4163
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:51,400
Let's spend some time. 
Now in the medieval Countryside,

4164
03:43:51,400 --> 03:43:55,000
during what we might call, its 
golden age, those decades, in 

4165
03:43:55,000 --> 03:43:57,800
the middle of the medieval warm 
period when the benefits were 

4166
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:01,500
clearest and the eventual 
ending, still felt impossibly 

4167
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:04,400
distant. 
Find that perfect spot in your 

4168
03:44:04,408 --> 03:44:07,500
blankets and imagine your 
experiencing a full year. 

4169
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:11,100
In rural, Medieval Europe, 
watching the seasons. 

4170
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:14,400
Turn in a world where nature 
seemed more generous than usual,

4171
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,900
spring arrives in early March 
earlier than your grandparents 

4172
03:44:17,900 --> 03:44:20,700
remembered. 
The last snow melts quickly, 

4173
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:23,300
leaving Fields muddy but ready 
for plowing. 

4174
03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:26,900
You'd see teams of oxen or 
horses, pulling plows, through 

4175
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:30,200
heavy, soil opening, furrows, 
that will receive this year's 

4176
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:33,500
crop. 
Plow team is the most valuable 

4177
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:37,800
asset of Village owns a talks 
and working together Guided by 

4178
03:44:37,800 --> 03:44:41,100
an experienced Plowman who can 
keep his furrows straight by 

4179
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:44,800
eyeballing, landmarks in the 
distance, the plowing takes 

4180
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:47,700
weeks and everyone has opinions 
about how it's going. 

4181
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:51,900
Some fields are being opened for
the first time former Forest, 

4182
03:44:51,900 --> 03:44:54,800
that was cleared during the 
winter and now needs to be 

4183
03:44:54,808 --> 03:44:58,300
brought into cultivation. 
Other fields are returning to 

4184
03:44:58,300 --> 03:45:01,500
service after. 
A yearling fallow, you can see 

4185
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:05,000
how the soil is recovered. thick
with earthworms and 

4186
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:09,800
surprisingly, prior despite its 
clay content, once plowing 

4187
03:45:09,800 --> 03:45:14,300
finishes planting begins, bring 
wheat or barley goes into the 

4188
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,000
ground. 
Each seed pressed into the soil 

4189
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:21,500
by hand or broad cast of the 
field in that ancient motion 

4190
03:45:21,500 --> 03:45:23,700
that farmers of use since 
agriculture was invented. 

4191
03:45:25,100 --> 03:45:29,000
Children follow the sewers using
sticks to cover seeds with soil,

4192
03:45:29,000 --> 03:45:32,100
simultaneously. 
Protecting them from birds and 

4193
03:45:32,100 --> 03:45:33,700
giving them better contact with 
the Earth. 

4194
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:37,400
It's tedious work and your back 
would ache from the constant 

4195
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:41,000
bending but their satisfaction 
in seeing the neat rows, taking 

4196
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:44,300
shape across the field between 
planting and harvest. 

4197
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:48,600
There's constant work. 
Weeding monitoring for pests 

4198
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:51,400
repairing fences to keep 
livestock from trampling. 

4199
03:45:51,400 --> 03:45:54,400
The crops and maintaining 
drainage ditches to prevent 

4200
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:56,900
water. 
Logging medieval farming was 

4201
03:45:56,900 --> 03:45:59,800
labor intensive in ways that 
modern agriculture hasn't been 

4202
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:03,400
for centuries, but there are 
also moments of relative Leisure

4203
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:06,600
times when the crops simply 
needs to grow and there's 

4204
03:46:06,600 --> 03:46:10,300
nothing to do but wait and hope 
some are brings the hay Harvest 

4205
03:46:10,300 --> 03:46:12,400
one of the years. 
Crucial tasks. 

4206
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:16,100
Hey provides winter, fodder for 
livestock and the amount you can

4207
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:18,500
store determines. 
How many animals will survive 

4208
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,800
until spring? 
You'd see entire villages in The

4209
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:25,300
Meadows, cutting grass, with 
scythes and synchronized Rose, 

4210
03:46:25,300 --> 03:46:29,700
turning, the cut hated dry, then
Gathering it into Haystacks that

4211
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:33,500
Tower over the workers like 
rustic monuments to agricultural

4212
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:35,700
effort. 
The rhythm of sighing is almost 

4213
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:39,600
hypnotic the long sweep of the 
blade through grass, the step 

4214
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:43,600
forward, the next Suite 
experience, mowers can work for 

4215
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:46,200
hours with barely Applause their
movement. 

4216
03:46:46,200 --> 03:46:50,700
So practice they seem effortless
Behind them, come the women and 

4217
03:46:50,700 --> 03:46:54,800
children raking the cut grass 
into windrows, then turning it 

4218
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:57,600
regularly. 
So all sides dry evenly. 

4219
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,600
If rain threatens before, the 
hay is completely dry. 

4220
03:47:01,600 --> 03:47:05,700
There's a frantic scramble to 
get it undercover because wet, 

4221
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:08,800
hay can mold or even 
spontaneously combust in the 

4222
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,900
stack, the extended growing 
seasons of the medieval. 

4223
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:14,600
Warm period meant hey, Harvest 
were more abundant than in 

4224
03:47:14,600 --> 03:47:18,100
previous centuries. 
Meadows, that once yielded one 

4225
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:21,500
cutting per summer. 
Now produced two, sometimes even

4226
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:26,000
a third late season Harvest. 
this plus hey meant Villages 

4227
03:47:26,000 --> 03:47:29,100
could support larger herds, 
which meant more milk, more 

4228
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:33,100
meat, and more rocks and for 
plowing it was another of those 

4229
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,700
virtuous Cycles where better 
conditions created opportunities

4230
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:40,000
that reinforced the benefits 
High summer, settles over the 

4231
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:44,200
countryside, like a warm blanket
The grain crops are growing tall

4232
03:47:44,200 --> 03:47:47,700
now transforming Fields into 
Seas of green that Ripple in the

4233
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:50,000
breeze. 
Barley and Oates head out. 

4234
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:53,900
First, their bearded tops 
catching the sunlight, wheat 

4235
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:56,500
follows. 
Later, it seed, heads heavy with

4236
03:47:56,500 --> 03:48:00,400
developing grain walking past 
these fields you'd hear the 

4237
03:48:00,408 --> 03:48:04,900
constant Whisper Of Wind Through
stalks punctuated by Birdsong 

4238
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:06,700
and the distant sound of village
life. 

4239
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:10,800
This is the season of relative 
Plenty when gardeners are 

4240
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:13,300
producing vegetables and 
everyone's diet improves. 

4241
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:16,200
Fresh peas and beans appear on 
tables. 

4242
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:18,500
Onions and garlic are pulled as 
needed. 

4243
03:48:18,500 --> 03:48:23,200
Herbs grow thick in every doyard
garden, sage and Thyme and 

4244
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:26,400
rosemary, used for both cooking 
and basic medicine. 

4245
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:29,700
The Village might have a few 
beehives humming with activity 

4246
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:32,200
as bees work, the wildflowers in
The Meadows. 

4247
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:36,000
Livestock are out on pasture 
supervised by Shepherds or cow 

4248
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:38,600
herds who spent a long days in 
the fields with their charges. 

4249
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,300
Its lonely work but not 
unpleasant during good weather. 

4250
03:48:43,100 --> 03:48:45,900
You might see a young Shepherd 
sitting on a hillside with his 

4251
03:48:45,900 --> 03:48:47,700
sheep. 
Scattered across the slope. 

4252
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:51,500
Practicing his carving on a 
piece of wood or simply watching

4253
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:54,200
clouds drift across, remarkably 
blue skies. 

4254
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:57,500
August brings the grain harvest,
the years defining event. 

4255
03:48:57,500 --> 03:49:00,600
This is when everything comes 
down to whether in timing 

4256
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:04,400
Harvest two early in the grain 
hasn't fully ripened Harvest, 

4257
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,700
too late and a storm might 
flatten the crop or rain might 

4258
03:49:07,700 --> 03:49:11,600
ruin it in the field. 
Medieval Farmers had to judge 

4259
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:16,000
the perfect moment by experience
and Instinct reading signs in 

4260
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:19,300
the wheat heads and watching the
sky with the intensity of 

4261
03:49:19,308 --> 03:49:22,600
meteorologists who knew their 
lives depended on getting the 

4262
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:24,800
Four cast, right when the 
Harvest begins. 

4263
03:49:24,800 --> 03:49:28,400
It consumes the entire 
Community, everyone who can 

4264
03:49:28,400 --> 03:49:33,200
work, does men cutting the grain
with sickles or sighs women 

4265
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:37,000
binding, the cuts in to sheaves 
and children Gathering the 

4266
03:49:37,000 --> 03:49:42,100
sheaves in to shocks to dry. the
work continues from dawn to dusk

4267
03:49:42,100 --> 03:49:46,100
and sometimes Beyond when 
Moonlight allows There's a 

4268
03:49:46,100 --> 03:49:49,400
desperate urgency to get the 
crops safely gathered before 

4269
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:53,600
weather or accident can destroy 
months of agricultural labor. 

4270
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:56,000
The sound of harvest is 
distinctive. 

4271
03:49:56,000 --> 03:50:00,500
The swish of blades through 
stalks the rustle of grain being

4272
03:50:00,500 --> 03:50:02,800
bound. 
And the rhythmic thump as 

4273
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:04,900
sheaves are set up right into 
shocks. 

4274
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:08,800
People call to each other across
the field coordinating, work 

4275
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:12,400
warning about obstacles and 
maintaining the social cohesion 

4276
03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:16,200
that makes group labor possible.
Songz help Pace, the work and 

4277
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,800
someone usually knows dozens of 
verses about harvesting some 

4278
03:50:19,800 --> 03:50:22,000
ancient and some improvised for 
the occasion. 

4279
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:25,200
Once the grain is cut and 
shocked, it needs to be 

4280
03:50:25,200 --> 03:50:28,700
transported to the village and 
stored in Barnes until threshing

4281
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:31,100
can begin. 
This is where you'd see the 

4282
03:50:31,100 --> 03:50:35,600
Harvest carts, sturdy, wooden 
Vehicles, pulled by oxen loaded,

4283
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:38,500
so heavily with sheaves that 
they seem impossible to move. 

4284
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:42,200
Trip from field to Barn is slow 
and careful. 

4285
03:50:42,200 --> 03:50:45,500
Because losing a cartload of 
grain to an overturned wagon. 

4286
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:49,000
Would be a minor disaster 
threshing begins after harvest 

4287
03:50:49,000 --> 03:50:51,900
finishes and it continues 
through all Autumn and into 

4288
03:50:51,900 --> 03:50:55,600
winter whenever weather permits.
Sheaves are spread on a 

4289
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:58,700
prepared, threshing floor, 
usually just beaten Earth in a 

4290
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:02,000
barn or Courtyard and beaten 
with flails to separate grain 

4291
03:51:02,000 --> 03:51:05,500
from chaff. 
It's exhausting repetitive work 

4292
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:09,100
that produces clouds of dust and
leaves everyone coughing. 

4293
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:12,900
The rhythmic sound of flail 
striking grain provides the 

4294
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:15,600
soundtrack for autumn in every 
medieval village. 

4295
03:51:15,600 --> 03:51:19,900
After threshing comes winnowing 
where workers toss the threshed 

4296
03:51:19,900 --> 03:51:21,700
grain into the air, so wind can 
carry away. 

4297
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:25,300
The lighter chaff while heavier 
grain kernels fall back down. 

4298
03:51:26,100 --> 03:51:28,800
It requires a certain act to get
the tossing motion, right? 

4299
03:51:28,800 --> 03:51:32,000
And it only works when there's 
enough Breeze, but not so much 

4300
03:51:32,000 --> 03:51:35,300
that you lose grain. 
What watching skilled Winner's 

4301
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:39,000
at work, has its own aesthetic. 
The graceful Arc of grain 

4302
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:43,200
through the air, the shower of 
chaff drifting downwind and the 

4303
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:47,600
steady accumulation of clean 
grain in baskets, Autumn is also

4304
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:52,600
time for the pig, slaughter, one
of the year's major events Pigs,

4305
03:51:52,600 --> 03:51:55,300
which have spent the summer 
growing fat on food, scraps, and

4306
03:51:55,308 --> 03:51:58,000
forests mastered. 
A killed and butchered in a 

4307
03:51:58,008 --> 03:51:59,900
process. 
That transforms them into the 

4308
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:02,900
preserved meat that will sustain
families through winter. 

4309
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:07,900
Everything from a pig is used. 
The meat is salted or smoked, 

4310
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:12,300
the fat is rendered into lard. 
The blood is made into sausages,

4311
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:16,300
the intestines become sausage 
casing and even the head is 

4312
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:19,600
boiled for Brawn, the work of 
butchering and preserving is 

4313
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:21,900
skilled and communal. 
Families. 

4314
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:24,500
Help each other knowing their 
turn will come and they'll 

4315
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:27,500
receive the same assistance. 
The smell of smoking. 

4316
03:52:27,500 --> 03:52:30,600
Meat, hangs over villages in, 
Autumn a scent, that means 

4317
03:52:30,608 --> 03:52:33,300
security. 
You have food stored for the 

4318
03:52:33,300 --> 03:52:36,700
lean months ahead, late Autumn 
brings different tasks. 

4319
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:40,100
Root vegetables are harvested 
and stored in cool Cellars 

4320
03:52:40,100 --> 03:52:44,000
apples are picked and pressed 
for cider or stored in straw 

4321
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:47,000
lined boxes where they might 
last until spring. 

4322
03:52:48,200 --> 03:52:52,100
The last grazing is finished and
livestock are brought into barns

4323
03:52:52,100 --> 03:52:55,600
or closer pastures where they 
can be monitored during winter. 

4324
03:52:56,700 --> 03:52:59,600
Firewood cut during the summer. 
Needs to be split and stacked 

4325
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:04,500
close to houses where it will. 
Stay relatively dry winter in 

4326
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:07,700
the medieval warm period, was 
milder than in centuries before 

4327
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:09,800
or after, but it was still 
winter. 

4328
03:53:10,700 --> 03:53:14,800
You'd see less outdoor work and 
more indoor tasks, weaving tool,

4329
03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:17,700
maintenance food, preparation 
and craft work. 

4330
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:22,200
This is when the social life of 
villages turned inward when 

4331
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:25,100
people gathered in the relative,
warmth of halls or large house 

4332
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:28,800
houses and when storytelling and
music passed the dark, evenings 

4333
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:31,600
the Christmas season, brought 
its own Traditions. 

4334
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,200
The Yule Log carefully selected,
and brought to the half with 

4335
03:53:35,200 --> 03:53:38,100
ceremony. 
Special Foods were saved for the

4336
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:41,800
celebration, perhaps a goose or 
even beef if the Harvest had 

4337
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:44,700
been good. 
Evergreen decorations to remind 

4338
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:47,800
people, that life persists, even
in the darkest season. 

4339
03:53:48,600 --> 03:53:52,000
Mystery plays performed by 
Village amateurs retelling 

4340
03:53:52,000 --> 03:53:56,200
biblical stories with enthusiasm
that compensated for any lack of

4341
03:53:56,200 --> 03:53:59,100
professional polish. 
Throughout all these Seasons, 

4342
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:02,200
you'd notice the background 
presence of the church marking 

4343
03:54:02,200 --> 03:54:04,800
sacred time alongside 
agricultural time. 

4344
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:09,300
Saints days, provided regular 
interruptions to work, creating 

4345
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:12,600
a rhythm of feast and fasting 
that structured the year 

4346
03:54:12,600 --> 03:54:16,400
religiously and socially. 
The liturgical calendar told 

4347
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:19,900
medieval people where they stood
and salvation history, even as 

4348
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:22,700
the agricultural calendar, told 
them where they stood in the 

4349
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:26,200
annual cycle of planting and 
harvest, the medieval warm 

4350
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:28,900
period, didn't eliminate the 
hardships of Rural Life. 

4351
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:33,500
People still worked incredibly 
hard still face dangers from 

4352
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:37,100
disease and accident and still 
lived within narrow, social and 

4353
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:40,700
economic constraints. but it 
softened, some of the harshness,

4354
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:45,300
Harvest more reliable. 
Winter's were less brutal, and 

4355
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:48,800
the margin between sufficiently 
and starvation wide and just 

4356
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:52,300
enough to make life feel less 
desperate in the evening's. 

4357
03:54:52,300 --> 03:54:55,700
When work finally finished, you 
might see people sitting outside

4358
03:54:55,700 --> 03:54:58,000
their Cottages during the long 
summer Twilights. 

4359
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:01,300
Simply enjoying the warmth of 
the relative prosperity. 

4360
03:55:02,500 --> 03:55:04,900
Children play games that have 
been passed down through 

4361
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:08,600
generations. 
Adults repair, tools or spin 

4362
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:10,600
thread. 
The kind of light work that can 

4363
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:13,800
be done while socializing 
Someone might have a simple 

4364
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:17,900
instrument, a pipe or a small 
drum and provide music for 

4365
03:55:17,900 --> 03:55:21,100
impromptu dancing. 
These moments of leisure these 

4366
03:55:21,100 --> 03:55:24,900
spaces where life was about more
than mere survival with a real 

4367
03:55:24,908 --> 03:55:26,800
gift of the medieval warm 
period. 

4368
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:29,500
The climate didn't just provide 
food. 

4369
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:34,600
It provided time, energy, and 
psychological space for medieval

4370
03:55:34,600 --> 03:55:37,400
Europeans to build something 
Beyond subsistence. 

4371
03:55:38,300 --> 03:55:41,600
The cathedrals and Market towns 
and manuscripts, all flowed from

4372
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:45,300
the fundamental surplus of 
resources and confidence as you 

4373
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:47,000
settle. 
Even deeper into Comfort. 

4374
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:49,200
Preparing for the final stage of
sleep. 

4375
03:55:49,200 --> 03:55:52,400
Let's contemplate. 
Something more melancholic. 

4376
03:55:53,300 --> 03:55:57,400
How the medieval warm period 
ended, and what its fading can 

4377
03:55:57,400 --> 03:56:00,500
teach us about climate, 
resilience and the fragility of 

4378
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:03,900
even seemingly stable 
conditions, the end of the 

4379
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:06,100
medieval. 
Warm period wasn't dramatic, or 

4380
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:08,700
sudden there was no catastrophic
event. 

4381
03:56:08,700 --> 03:56:12,200
No, volcanic eruption or meteor 
impact that clearly marked 

4382
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:17,100
transition. 
Instead around 1300 temperatures

4383
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:21,600
began to gradually decline. 
Growing Seasons shortened year 

4384
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:24,600
by year so incrementally that no
single year. 

4385
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:27,000
Felt definitively different from
the one before. 

4386
03:56:27,008 --> 03:56:31,800
Imagine being a farmer in the 
year 1310 noticing that the last

4387
03:56:31,800 --> 03:56:35,100
frost came a bit earlier this 
Autumn than usual, then the next

4388
03:56:35,100 --> 03:56:36,900
year spring seemed to arrive 
late. 

4389
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:39,500
Then a summer, that was 
unusually. 

4390
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:42,000
Cool. 
And wet with rain at Harvest 

4391
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:43,600
Time that ruined part of the 
crop. 

4392
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:46,400
Individually. 
These were just weather 

4393
03:56:46,400 --> 03:56:49,300
variations of the sort that 
every Agricultural Society 

4394
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:53,400
experience is. but they were 
accumulating into a pattern that

4395
03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:56,500
would eventually be recognized 
as the onset of what historians 

4396
03:56:56,500 --> 03:57:00,400
called the little Ice Age, the 
Norse colonies in Greenland, the

4397
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:04,300
changes most acutely, those 
settlements that had Thrive for 

4398
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:06,800
three centuries, found their 
growing Seasons, becoming 

4399
03:57:06,800 --> 03:57:10,600
shorter, their pastures less 
productive and their hunting 

4400
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:14,600
territory shrinking as ice 
returned The last definite 

4401
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:17,100
record of the Greenland 
settlements dates to the early 

4402
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:21,800
1400s after which the simply 
vanished from history, whether 

4403
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:25,300
the inhabitants died were 
evacuated or a simulated with 

4404
03:57:25,300 --> 03:57:28,000
the Inuit people who had moved 
into the territory. 

4405
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:31,800
Remains uncertain, the fate of 
these Greenland is offers a 

4406
03:57:31,808 --> 03:57:34,500
sobering lesson about the 
relationship between climate and

4407
03:57:34,500 --> 03:57:37,500
settlement. 
The North greenlanders had built

4408
03:57:37,500 --> 03:57:40,800
an entire Society based on 
conditions that turned out to be

4409
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:44,600
temporary, their Farms, their 
churches, and their way of life,

4410
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:47,900
all depended on a climatic 
window that gradually closed. 

4411
03:57:48,700 --> 03:57:52,300
When conditions changed, they 
lack the flexibility to adapt. 

4412
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:55,900
They couldn't transform their 
agricultural settlements into 

4413
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:59,200
hunting societies, like the 
Inuit couldn't abandon their 

4414
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:02,400
livestock based economy and 
couldn't or wouldn't change the 

4415
03:58:02,400 --> 03:58:04,800
fundamental patterns. 
That had worked for Generations 

4416
03:58:04,800 --> 03:58:07,600
archaeological evidence from the
abandoned. 

4417
03:58:07,600 --> 03:58:10,600
Greenland settlements is 
haunting the last inhabitants 

4418
03:58:10,600 --> 03:58:13,400
are eaten their dogs and cattle 
suggesting desperate hunger. 

4419
03:58:14,300 --> 03:58:17,500
But they hadn't adopted Inuit 
hunting techniques or Diet. 

4420
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:21,100
Even as those indigenous people 
thrived in the same environment 

4421
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:25,200
cultural identity, it seems can 
be both a source of resilience 

4422
03:58:25,200 --> 03:58:28,900
and a fatal limitation back in 
Europe, the cooling climate 

4423
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:31,000
created. 
Stresses that contributed to 

4424
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,700
what historian sometimes called,
the crisis of the late Middle 

4425
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:39,700
Ages, The Great Famine of 1315, 
struck a population that had 

4426
03:58:39,700 --> 03:58:42,800
grown to level sustainable only 
during optimal climate 

4427
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:46,300
conditions. 
Three years of cold wet weather,

4428
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:50,200
ruined Harvest across, northern 
Europe, and millions died of 

4429
03:58:50,200 --> 03:58:54,200
starvation or diseases, that 
thrive when populations are 

4430
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:57,700
weakened by malnutrition the 
Black Death arriving. 

4431
03:58:57,700 --> 03:59:01,900
In 1347 found a European 
population already stressed by 

4432
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,800
Decades of deteriorating climate
and periodic food, shortages, 

4433
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:09,500
Where the climate change 
directly contributed to the 

4434
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:13,200
plague spread remains debated. 
But there's no question that the

4435
03:59:13,200 --> 03:59:16,500
warming periods end had weakened
medieval Europe's resilience to 

4436
03:59:16,500 --> 03:59:19,400
catastrophe yet. 
The story isn't simply one of 

4437
03:59:19,400 --> 03:59:21,700
decline. 
Medieval Europeans proved 

4438
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:23,600
remarkably adaptive in many 
ways. 

4439
03:59:23,600 --> 03:59:27,700
Agricultural, practices of old 
to suit shorter growing Seasons 

4440
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:31,300
communities. 
Diversify their crops relying 

4441
03:59:31,300 --> 03:59:35,700
Less on wheat and more on. 
Hardier grains fishing became 

4442
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:38,700
more important to coastal 
regions where farming became 

4443
03:59:38,700 --> 03:59:41,800
marginal. 
Trade networks, adjusted to new 

4444
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:45,900
realities the cathedral building
boom slowed, but didn't entirely

4445
03:59:45,900 --> 03:59:48,900
stopped some projects. 
Were completed even as 

4446
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:50,500
conditions. 
Deteriorated. 

4447
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:55,800
Institutional momentum and the 
importance people placed on 

4448
03:59:55,800 --> 03:59:59,200
these structures. 
Other Cathedrals remained 

4449
03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:02,200
unfinished for centuries. 
They are in complete Towers 

4450
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:04,900
standing as monuments to 
interrupted ambition. 

4451
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:08,300
The end of the medieval, warm 
period reminds us that climate 

4452
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:11,900
isn't a static backdrop to human
history, but an active force. 

4453
04:00:11,900 --> 04:00:16,200
That shapes what's possible and 
what's difficult Those one or 

4454
04:00:16,200 --> 04:00:18,800
two degrees of warming that 
characterized the medieval warm 

4455
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:22,300
period had allowed European 
civilization to expand and 

4456
04:00:22,300 --> 04:00:24,800
flourish. 
The return to cooler 

4457
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:28,000
temperatures, constrain the 
expansion and forced adaptation,

4458
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,600
modern climate science, gives us
tools that medieval people 

4459
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:33,900
lacked. 
We can measure temperature 

4460
04:00:33,900 --> 04:00:38,000
changes, precisely model, 
climate systems and predict 

4461
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:40,000
future Trends with reasonable 
accuracy. 

4462
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,700
We know that the medieval warm 
period was primarily a regional 

4463
04:00:44,700 --> 04:00:47,000
phenomenon. 
It affected Europe in the North 

4464
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:50,200
Atlantic strongly, but other 
parts of the world experience, 

4465
04:00:50,200 --> 04:00:53,300
different patterns. 
We understand that it was driven

4466
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:58,300
by natural variations in solar 
output and ocean circulation not

4467
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,400
by any human activity. 
But we also know that our 

4468
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:05,100
current warming is different 
fast faster, more Global and 

4469
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,600
driven by human greenhouse gas 
emissions rather than natural 

4470
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,700
cycles. 
The medieval warm period offers 

4471
04:01:11,700 --> 04:01:15,500
both hope and warning hope 
because it shows that societies 

4472
04:01:15,500 --> 04:01:18,700
can Thrive during warming 
periods and adapt to climate 

4473
04:01:18,700 --> 04:01:22,400
changes and warning because it 
demonstrates the populations and

4474
04:01:22,400 --> 04:01:25,600
economies built for one climate 
regime can face serious. 

4475
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:28,600
Disruption. 
When conditions shift the 

4476
04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:31,600
medieval experience suggests 
that climate change creates 

4477
04:01:31,600 --> 04:01:34,700
winners and losers and that the 
impacts are never evenly 

4478
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:38,300
distributed. 
The Norse benefited enormously 

4479
04:01:38,300 --> 04:01:40,500
from warming. 
That open the North Atlantic 

4480
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:43,500
while other regions experience 
different effects. 

4481
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:47,500
When cooling returned those same
nor settlements that had 

4482
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:50,000
flourished during warm 
centuries, were among the first 

4483
04:01:50,000 --> 04:01:53,600
casualties perhaps, the deepest 
lesson is about the human 

4484
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:56,800
tendency to assume that current 
conditions will persist 

4485
04:01:56,800 --> 04:02:00,700
indefinitely. 
Medieval Europeans who planted 

4486
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:04,100
Vineyards in England or 
established farms and Greenland 

4487
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,200
weren't being naive. 
They were responding rationally 

4488
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:09,500
to conditions that had persisted
for Generations. 

4489
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:14,400
That those Generations were 
blinking climatic terms a 

4490
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,400
temporary window that felt 
permanent only because human 

4491
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,800
life span so brief. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

4492
04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:24,300
consider how the medieval warm 
period changed everything for 

4493
04:02:24,300 --> 04:02:27,800
medieval Europeans without them 
fully understanding what was 

4494
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:30,600
happening? 
The experience, the benefits. 

4495
04:02:30,600 --> 04:02:33,800
Better harvests. 
Expanding populations. 

4496
04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:37,600
Ambitious building projects 
without knowing they were living

4497
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:41,100
through a climatic anomaly. 
They built their world around 

4498
04:02:41,100 --> 04:02:45,300
conditions that seemed normal 
but were actually unusual the 

4499
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:49,100
Cathedral at Tron time. 
In Norway begun in 1070 still 

4500
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:51,900
stands today. 
Nearly a thousand years later. 

4501
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,400
the north settlement at Beretta 
lead in Greenland, founded 

4502
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:06,100
around 9, 8 5, both were 
products of the same optimistic 

4503
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,200
era, both built by people who 
believed they were creating 

4504
04:03:09,200 --> 04:03:13,000
permanent institutions. 
One survived climate change. 

4505
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:16,500
The other didn't these outcomes 
weren't inevitable? 

4506
04:03:16,500 --> 04:03:19,600
They resulted from countless, 
individual choices, 

4507
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:23,600
institutional structures, 
geographical advantages and 

4508
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:27,400
sheer luck. 
The medieval warm period didn't 

4509
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:30,800
determine medieval history, but 
it shaped the space within which

4510
04:03:30,800 --> 04:03:34,400
that history unfolded, creating 
opportunities, and imposing, 

4511
04:03:34,400 --> 04:03:37,400
constraints, that influenced 
everything from agriculture to 

4512
04:03:37,400 --> 04:03:41,700
architecture to exploration 
asleep, draws closer, and you're

4513
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:44,000
breathing settles in to its 
nocturnal rhythm. 

4514
04:03:44,700 --> 04:03:48,500
Let's take one last, quiet 
moment to reflect on what those 

4515
04:03:48,500 --> 04:03:51,900
warm centuries mean. 
For us, viewing them from the 

4516
04:03:51,900 --> 04:03:56,200
comfortable distance of 700 
years, the medieval warm period 

4517
04:03:56,200 --> 04:03:59,300
stands as a reminder, that 
earth's climate is never truly 

4518
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:03,000
stable that the normal 
conditions we experienced are 

4519
04:04:03,000 --> 04:04:06,200
actually temporary States within
longer patterns of variation 

4520
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:10,800
Medieval Europeans couldn't have
known this, they lacked the 

4521
04:04:10,800 --> 04:04:14,100
scientific tools and historical 
perspective to see their time in

4522
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:16,800
context. 
We have no such excuse. 

4523
04:04:16,800 --> 04:04:20,200
We can look back across 
centuries and see how profoundly

4524
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:22,800
climate shapes human 
possibilities, though? 

4525
04:04:22,800 --> 04:04:24,900
Those medieval farmers who 
brought new land under 

4526
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,800
cultivation, the Norse Sailors 
who colonize Greenland, and the 

4527
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:31,300
Master Builders who designed 
soaring Cathedrals. 

4528
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:34,600
They were all responding to 
Opportunities created by 

4529
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:37,200
climatic conditions. 
They didn't understand and 

4530
04:04:37,200 --> 04:04:41,400
didn't predict their successes 
and failures offer a strange 

4531
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:44,400
kind of comfort. 
Humans have always lived with 

4532
04:04:44,400 --> 04:04:48,100
climate uncertainty and have 
always built civilizations on 

4533
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:50,600
foundations that turned out to 
be more temporary than they 

4534
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:53,000
imagined. 
The Surplus wealth that made 

4535
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:54,900
medieval Cathedral culture 
possible. 

4536
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:59,200
Came ultimately from soil and 
son from the interaction of 

4537
04:04:59,200 --> 04:05:02,200
human labor, with environmental 
conditions that happen to be 

4538
04:05:02,200 --> 04:05:04,900
favorable. 
When we admire a Gothic 

4539
04:05:04,900 --> 04:05:08,900
Cathedral today, we're looking 
at Frozen climate data evidence 

4540
04:05:08,900 --> 04:05:12,200
of what humans can achieve when 
Nature provides an extra margin 

4541
04:05:12,200 --> 04:05:15,100
of resources and time. 
But we're also looking at 

4542
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:19,500
ambition, creativity and the 
human desire to create something

4543
04:05:19,500 --> 04:05:21,500
that transcends the immediate 
moment. 

4544
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:25,600
The medieval Builders knew their
Cathedrals would Outlast them, 

4545
04:05:25,600 --> 04:05:29,300
and they were right. 
Charter and Canterbury and 

4546
04:05:29,300 --> 04:05:31,900
cologne. 
Still stand, still, Inspire and 

4547
04:05:31,900 --> 04:05:34,700
still serve purposes. 
Their creators would recognize 

4548
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:38,900
climate made these structures 
possible but human vision and 

4549
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,000
effort made the real, The 
Village prosperity of the 

4550
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:45,800
medieval warm period modest by 
our standards, but real by 

4551
04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:49,600
theirs shows how relatively 
small environmental changes can 

4552
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:54,000
Cascade through Society an extra
week of growing season. 

4553
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:57,600
Meant more food, which meant 
healthier children, which meant 

4554
04:05:57,600 --> 04:06:01,000
more workers, which meant new 
land, could be cleared, which 

4555
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:04,500
created opportunities for 
specialization, which enabled 

4556
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:09,100
Market towns, which facilitated 
trade, which distributed wealth 

4557
04:06:09,100 --> 04:06:13,700
more widely, small cores is 
large effects and when 

4558
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:18,100
conditions deteriorated the 
process reversed, shorter 

4559
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,100
growing Seasons, meant smaller 
harvests, which meant less 

4560
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:24,900
Surplus, which meant reduced 
trade, which meant economic 

4561
04:06:24,900 --> 04:06:29,000
contraction, which meant social 
stress, The medieval warm 

4562
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:32,900
periods and didn't destroy 
European civilization, but it 

4563
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:35,700
certainly tested. 
It exposing vulnerabilities that

4564
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:39,800
have been masked by favorable 
conditions tonight as you sleep 

4565
04:06:39,800 --> 04:06:42,600
in a climate controlled room 
your comfort maintained by 

4566
04:06:42,600 --> 04:06:44,600
Technologies. 
Medieval people couldn't have 

4567
04:06:44,600 --> 04:06:48,200
imagined the story of the 
medieval warm period offers 

4568
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:51,000
perspective. 
We have capabilities, they 

4569
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:55,100
lacked, we can predict whether 
control indoor, climate 

4570
04:06:55,100 --> 04:06:59,600
transport food globally, and 
adapt to environmental changes 

4571
04:06:59,600 --> 04:07:01,500
with the resources, they never 
possessed. 

4572
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:04,700
But we also face challenges at 
Scales. 

4573
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:08,000
They never encountered with 
climate changing faster than 

4574
04:07:08,000 --> 04:07:11,600
natural systems. 
Can adapt affecting populations 

4575
04:07:11,600 --> 04:07:14,200
far larger than Medieval Europe 
ever supported. 

4576
04:07:14,200 --> 04:07:17,600
The optimism of the cathedral 
Builders believing. 

4577
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:20,200
They were creating permanent 
monuments for a stable future 

4578
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:23,100
echoes in our own assumptions 
about tomorrow. 

4579
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:28,100
We build cities on coastlines 
and in deserts plan for futures 

4580
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,700
that assume conditions won't 
change dramatically and invest 

4581
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:34,200
in infrastructure. 
Designed for climate patterns 

4582
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:37,800
that may already be shifting. 
Perhaps medieval experience 

4583
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:41,900
offers a gentle warning assume 
less permanence build more 

4584
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,600
flexibility and remember that 
favorable conditions don't last 

4585
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:48,600
forever, but there's also 
inspiration in those medieval 

4586
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:52,700
centuries, humans adapted, 
survived and occasionally 

4587
04:07:52,700 --> 04:07:55,600
thrived through climate changes.
They couldn't measure or predict

4588
04:07:56,400 --> 04:08:00,300
We have better tools but face, 
larger challenges and evil. 

4589
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:03,200
Europeans worked within their 
constraints and created 

4590
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:05,700
remarkable things we can do the 
same. 

4591
04:08:05,700 --> 04:08:08,600
Hopefully, with more foresight 
about the foundations were 

4592
04:08:08,600 --> 04:08:12,300
building upon fields that 
medieval Farmers cleared during 

4593
04:08:12,300 --> 04:08:14,900
the medieval warm period still 
feed us today. 

4594
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:19,600
The churches they built still 
shelter congregation's Market 

4595
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:21,500
towns. 
They established still service 

4596
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:23,100
centers of Commerce and 
community. 

4597
04:08:24,400 --> 04:08:27,500
What they created during those 
warm centuries, outlasted the 

4598
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:30,900
climate that made creation 
easier, proving that human 

4599
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:35,600
achievements carefully designed 
and solid can endure through 

4600
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:38,600
changing conditions as you drift
into sleep. 

4601
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:42,100
Let the story of the medieval 
warm period, settle into your 

4602
04:08:42,108 --> 04:08:45,300
thoughts, like snow accumulating
slowly on a winter field. 

4603
04:08:45,300 --> 04:08:50,500
Quiet gentle covering everything
with a layer of perspective. 

4604
04:08:51,700 --> 04:08:54,500
Those medieval farmers and 
sailors and Builders were people

4605
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:58,200
like you. 
Cool ambitious trying to make 

4606
04:08:58,200 --> 04:09:01,400
the best of conditions. 
They inherited hoping to leave 

4607
04:09:01,400 --> 04:09:04,800
something valuable for those who
came after they succeeded more 

4608
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:08,300
than they probably imagined. 
Seventh centuries later, we 

4609
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:12,300
still study their lives, admire 
their achievements and learn 

4610
04:09:12,300 --> 04:09:16,000
from their adaptations, and 
their failures, the climate that

4611
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:20,800
their world has changed changed 
again and is changing still. 

4612
04:09:21,700 --> 04:09:24,700
But the essential human story of
working with what nature 

4613
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:28,600
provides adapting, when 
conditions shift and building 

4614
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:32,300
toward future as we hope for, 
but can't guarantee continues 

4615
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:35,500
sleep. 
Now, warm and comfortable and 

4616
04:09:35,500 --> 04:09:38,600
perhaps dream of those medieval 
Summers when growing Seasons 

4617
04:09:38,600 --> 04:09:41,500
stretched. 
Just a bit longer when harvests 

4618
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:45,200
filled Barnes to overflowing. 
And when communities looked at 

4619
04:09:45,200 --> 04:09:48,000
empty, hillside's and saw 
opportunities rather than 

4620
04:09:48,000 --> 04:09:52,200
challenges, Dream of Cathedral 
Builders measuring Stone by hand

4621
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:55,500
and I creating structures that 
would Outlast, not just their 

4622
04:09:55,500 --> 04:09:58,700
own lives, but the climate that 
made their work possible. 

4623
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:02,400
The medieval warm period ended 
but its lessons remain. 

4624
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:05,300
Climate shapes history without 
determining it. 

4625
04:10:06,100 --> 04:10:09,700
Humans adapt, build, create and 
endure. 

4626
04:10:09,700 --> 04:10:13,300
Through changing conditions, the
margins between success and 

4627
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:16,600
failure can be measured in 
degrees of temperature and weeks

4628
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,200
of growing season. 
And what we build during 

4629
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:22,700
favourable times must be solid 
enough to survive when condition

4630
04:10:22,700 --> 04:10:26,900
shift because shift, they always
do tomorrow, you'll wake your 

4631
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:29,400
own climate, your own 
challenges, and your own 

4632
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:33,000
opportunities. 
The medieval warm period is gone

4633
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:37,400
but its story connects you to an
unbroken chain of humans, who 

4634
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:41,000
have always lived with climate 
uncertainty, always built 

4635
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:45,100
despite it and always hope that 
what they created would endure 

4636
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:47,700
and sometimes wonderfully it 
does. 

4637
04:10:54,400 --> 04:10:57,800
Imagine a Sea of Grass that goes
on forever Beyond every Horizon,

4638
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:01,500
you can think of. 
This is the Eurasian steppe a 

4639
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:04,400
huge area of Rolling grasslands.
That makes the American Great 

4640
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:06,100
Plains. 
Look like a lawn in a suburb 

4641
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:09,600
here where the ground curves 
away into nothingness and the 

4642
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,300
sky seems close enough to touch 
lived, people who would 

4643
04:11:12,300 --> 04:11:13,800
eventually change the whole 
world. 

4644
04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:17,000
But when they woke up each 
morning to milk their horses, 

4645
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:18,900
they had no idea what they were 
doing. 

4646
04:11:18,900 --> 04:11:21,800
You wouldn't call the Mongol 
steppes Prime real estate. 

4647
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,200
There are no fertile river. 
Valleys like the Nile in Egypt. 

4648
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:28,100
No, protective mountain ranges, 
like the Alps in Switzerland, 

4649
04:11:28,100 --> 04:11:30,600
and no Forest like those that 
covered Europe. 

4650
04:11:30,600 --> 04:11:33,400
In the Middle Ages. 
Instead, you had grass that 

4651
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:36,100
never ended and changed color 
with the seasons, like a living 

4652
04:11:36,100 --> 04:11:38,300
carpet. 
In the spring, it would turn 

4653
04:11:38,300 --> 04:11:42,100
green so bright that it hurt 
your eyes in the Summer, Waves 

4654
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:45,600
of golden grain rippled in the 
wind all the time in the fall it

4655
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:48,400
turned copper and bronze and in 
the winter snow and ice covered 

4656
04:11:48,400 --> 04:11:51,300
it, which could kill a traveler 
who wasn't ready in a few hours.

4657
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,400
But if you knew how to read this
landscape, if you knew its 

4658
04:11:55,400 --> 04:11:58,700
rhythms and respected, its harsh
Beauty, the steps could give you

4659
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:02,500
things that farming communities 
might never understand the grass

4660
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:04,300
fed. 
A lot of cows sheep goats and 

4661
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:07,200
horses people got everything 
they needed from these animals 

4662
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:11,500
milk for drinking and making 
cheese meat for protein, hides, 

4663
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:14,700
for clothes and shelter, and 
wool for warmth on those cold 

4664
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:16,600
winter nights, when the 
temperature could drop. 

4665
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:20,000
So low, that your breath froze 
before it left your mouth, the 

4666
04:12:20,000 --> 04:12:22,300
people who lived in this 
difficult landscape were Nomads,

4667
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:25,600
but that word doesn't do justice
to how advanced their way of 

4668
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:29,300
life was in the most homeless 
people who are wandering around.

4669
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:32,400
Think of them as highly 
specialized mobile communities, 

4670
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:35,200
that had mastered, the art of 
living in harmony with their 

4671
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:37,500
surroundings. 
They didn't just wander around 

4672
04:12:37,500 --> 04:12:39,800
the steps. 
They followed old migration 

4673
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:41,500
routes that had been improved 
over time. 

4674
04:12:41,500 --> 04:12:45,100
They moved their herds to new 
pastures with the same care that

4675
04:12:45,100 --> 04:12:47,900
farmers do. 
When they rotate their crops, a 

4676
04:12:47,900 --> 04:12:50,500
typical Mongol family owned, may
be 100 different kinds of 

4677
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,900
animals and taking care of This 
mobile wealth required skills 

4678
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:55,400
that would impress a modern 
Rancher. 

4679
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:58,400
You needed to know which grasses
were best for different animals 

4680
04:12:58,400 --> 04:13:01,600
at different times of the year. 
How to find water in a place 

4681
04:13:01,608 --> 04:13:04,300
where Rivers were hard to find 
how to guess what? 

4682
04:13:04,300 --> 04:13:07,100
The weather would be like, and 
how to protect your herds from 

4683
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:10,800
both people, who wanted to steal
them and wolves that followed 

4684
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,100
the migrations, like Shadows the
girl, which is what people 

4685
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:16,900
today, call a yurt, was the best
building for this way of life. 

4686
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:20,100
Think about a house that could 
be put together or taken apart 

4687
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:23,900
in less than an hour moved by a 
few camels and keep a family of 

4688
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:26,800
six warm and dry in both the 
heat of Summer and the cold of 

4689
04:13:26,800 --> 04:13:29,000
Winter. 
The jail was like a small house 

4690
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:32,100
that could be moved around. 
It was about the same way as a 

4691
04:13:32,100 --> 04:13:34,900
small car and could stand up to 
wins that would Flack and most 

4692
04:13:34,900 --> 04:13:37,400
modern tents. 
The inside of a jeer was set up 

4693
04:13:37,400 --> 04:13:39,800
like a well-designed yacht with 
everything in. 

4694
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:43,700
Its right place, the fire pit 
which provided heat light and a 

4695
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:45,500
place to cook meals was in the 
center. 

4696
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:48,900
When you walked in men's things 
were on the left and women's 

4697
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:52,700
things were on the right this 
Arrangement showed how each Had 

4698
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:55,300
its own important, but different
role in the Maddox Society. 

4699
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:58,500
The back of the G which was 
directly across from the door, 

4700
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:02,000
was the place of honor where 
important guests sat and Family 

4701
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:04,900
Treasures were shown off but 
maybe the most interesting thing

4702
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:07,500
about life on the steps was how 
it changed, the people who lived

4703
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:09,500
there. 
Imagine growing up in a world 

4704
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,000
where your backyard was 
literally endless where you 

4705
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:14,600
learned to ride before. 
You could walk well and where 

4706
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:17,200
you had to be able to read 
weather patterns and clouds and 

4707
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:20,600
find your way across grasslands 
with no tracks using only the 

4708
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:22,200
stars and your knowledge of the 
land. 

4709
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:25,600
Subtle Contours Mongol kids 
learned skills, that would seem 

4710
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:28,800
like superpowers to people who 
live in the suburbs today they 

4711
04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:32,000
could ride horses bareback at 
full speed and shoot Arrows with

4712
04:14:32,000 --> 04:14:34,900
deadly accuracy. 
They could live for days on just

4713
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:38,400
mayor's milk and dried meat. 
They could find water in places,

4714
04:14:38,400 --> 04:14:41,400
where others only saw grass that
went on forever and they could 

4715
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:43,200
travel hundreds of miles of 
land. 

4716
04:14:43,200 --> 04:14:45,000
That look the same without 
getting lost. 

4717
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:47,300
This wasn't just a way to get in
shape. 

4718
04:14:47,300 --> 04:14:51,200
It was also a way to get your 
mind in shape living on the 

4719
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:54,200
steps taught you that Of the 
world was big that there were 

4720
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:57,200
always new places to go and that
you had to be able to change 

4721
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:00,000
quickly to stay alive. 
It taught you to be independent,

4722
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:03,600
but it also taught you to Value 
the strong ties of family and 

4723
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:04,900
tribe. 
That could mean the difference 

4724
04:15:04,900 --> 04:15:08,000
between life and death. 
When winter storms, hit or 

4725
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:11,300
enemy, Raiders came the steps 
also taught you something else, 

4726
04:15:11,300 --> 04:15:14,800
the borders were made up that 
the grass didn't care about the 

4727
04:15:14,800 --> 04:15:17,700
claims of sedentary people and 
that being able to move around 

4728
04:15:17,700 --> 04:15:21,100
was more important than any 
fixed fortification when the 

4729
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:23,500
tribes of the steps. 
Finally found a leader who could

4730
04:15:23,500 --> 04:15:26,400
bring them all together into one
terrifyingly, powerful Army, 

4731
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:30,200
these lessons would be very 
important but that's not the end

4732
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:33,500
of our story for now, picture 
those thousands of nomadic 

4733
04:15:33,500 --> 04:15:36,500
families living on the vast. 
Grasslands each following their 

4734
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:39,200
own Old Paths each. 
Keeping their own relationships 

4735
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:41,400
with neighboring, tribes, and 
each. 

4736
04:15:41,400 --> 04:15:44,500
Living a life that was both 
free, and limited harsh and 

4737
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:48,500
beautiful, and simple and very 
complex, the steps will like a 

4738
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:50,100
huge school. 
Where students learned, how to 

4739
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:53,600
survive ride horses. 
Predict the weather Care for 

4740
04:15:53,608 --> 04:15:57,200
Animals and fight everyone who 
grew up there, learned skills, 

4741
04:15:57,200 --> 04:16:00,200
that would have taken, European 
Knights years to learn if they 

4742
04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:02,900
could learn them at all and 
every now and then one of the 

4743
04:16:02,900 --> 04:16:05,500
scattered graduates would come 
along, who could see, past the 

4744
04:16:05,500 --> 04:16:08,300
normal tribal boundaries. 
This person could picture 

4745
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:10,700
bringing all the people of the 
grass, sea together into 

4746
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,700
something bigger and stronger 
than any Kingdom that stayed in 

4747
04:16:13,700 --> 04:16:15,700
one place. 
Someone like that was about to 

4748
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:18,800
be born, but anyone watching 
would not have thought it was a 

4749
04:16:18,800 --> 04:16:21,200
good thing. 
He would be born into a harsh 

4750
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:23,800
world that had already shaped 
many generations of nomadic 

4751
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,800
children, but the skills and 
points of view that landscape 

4752
04:16:26,800 --> 04:16:29,200
taught him would help him build 
the biggest empire in history, 

4753
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:31,800
that was all connected. 
The steps were ready. 

4754
04:16:31,800 --> 04:16:36,300
They just didn't know it yet in 
1162 on what was probably a 

4755
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:37,900
normal spring morning in the 
heart of Mongolia. 

4756
04:16:38,800 --> 04:16:42,200
Child was born, who would grow 
up to scare half the world and 

4757
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:45,800
bring the other half together? 
His birth name was Tim Ogen, 

4758
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:47,700
which means ironworker in 
English. 

4759
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:51,400
This was a practical name for a 
practical people, but it didn't 

4760
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:54,000
suggest that this baby would 
grow up to make anything more 

4761
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:56,100
important than horseshoes or 
Arrow points. 

4762
04:16:56,100 --> 04:16:59,500
The chapter headings in temujin 
early, life story are very harsh

4763
04:16:59,500 --> 04:17:01,900
like those in a medieval 
Survival Guide. 

4764
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:05,800
Yes, again, his father was a 
minor tribal leader, you could 

4765
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:08,400
think of him as the head of a 
small family business, in an 

4766
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:10,400
industry where most business 
problems were solved with 

4767
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:12,600
arrows. 
When temperature was about nine 

4768
04:17:12,600 --> 04:17:16,600
years old rivals, poisoned his 
father leaving the family in a 

4769
04:17:16,600 --> 04:17:19,100
dangerous situation, like sheep 
without a Shepherd in a land 

4770
04:17:19,108 --> 04:17:20,800
full of wolves. 
What happened? 

4771
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:23,300
Next was the kind of childhood 
that could either completely 

4772
04:17:23,300 --> 04:17:26,500
break someone or make them 
incredibly strong temons. 

4773
04:17:26,500 --> 04:17:29,800
Family was basically kicked out 
by their former allies and left 

4774
04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:32,800
to fend for themselves in a 
society where being alone, often

4775
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:35,300
meant death. 
Imagine a family that suddenly 

4776
04:17:35,300 --> 04:17:37,800
has no home or friends in a 
world, where your neighbor's 

4777
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:40,400
might think you are more useful 
as a slave than as an equal. 

4778
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:43,800
During these tough years young 
to learned lessons that would 

4779
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:45,800
change. 
The way he led and built his 

4780
04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:49,100
Empire for the rest of his life.
He learned that loyalty based on

4781
04:17:49,108 --> 04:17:51,100
blood or tradition could go 
away. 

4782
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:54,300
As soon as things changed, he 
learned that being able to make 

4783
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:56,400
new friends with people who may 
have been enemies. 

4784
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:58,900
Yesterday was often the key to 
Staying Alive. 

4785
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,100
Most importantly, he learned 
that the traditional tribal 

4786
04:18:02,100 --> 04:18:06,000
system was deeply flawed because
it had endless fights strict 

4787
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:09,600
hierarchies and couldn't unite 
against common threats during 

4788
04:18:09,600 --> 04:18:11,400
these years in the wilderness to
mujin. 

4789
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:14,300
Also learned something else. 
He had a special ability to get 

4790
04:18:14,300 --> 04:18:17,000
people to follow him even when 
they didn't have a good reason 

4791
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:19,300
to do. 
So even when his family had to 

4792
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:22,500
eat roots and catch fish with 
their hands, he still managed to

4793
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,300
get people to follow him, who 
thought he was worth betting, 

4794
04:18:25,300 --> 04:18:27,700
their Futures on. 
It was the kind of charm that 

4795
04:18:27,700 --> 04:18:29,100
you couldn't learn or passed 
down. 

4796
04:18:29,100 --> 04:18:32,800
You either had it or you didn't,
TAMU Jin had a lot of it. 

4797
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:35,200
It was like watching someone 
climb a mountain. 

4798
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:37,600
While everyone else was still 
arguing about which way to go. 

4799
04:18:37,608 --> 04:18:41,500
He went from being an outcast to
being the leader of his tribe to

4800
04:18:41,500 --> 04:18:43,300
mujin built. 
A coalition of followers through

4801
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:45,600
alliances victories and shared 
goals. 

4802
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:48,700
These followers were not tied 
together by traditional tribal 

4803
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:52,400
loyalties, but by something new 
shared ambition and mutual 

4804
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:55,100
benefit temujin. 
Knew something that most leaders

4805
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:58,100
on the step, didn't the old way 
of fighting all the time between

4806
04:18:58,100 --> 04:19:01,600
tribes wasn't just wasteful. 
It was also harmful to the 

4807
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:04,400
tribes themselves. 
The sedentary kingdoms around 

4808
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,900
the steps were getting stronger 
and more united while the Mongol

4809
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:10,800
tribes 40 each other over old 
grudges and grazing rights. 

4810
04:19:10,800 --> 04:19:14,800
The jinny ruled Northern China, 
the Western ghir ruled the Silk 

4811
04:19:14,800 --> 04:19:17,800
Road, corridors and different 
Central Asian Powers were 

4812
04:19:17,800 --> 04:19:20,500
spreading their power into areas
where Nomads used to live 

4813
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:22,600
television. 
Thought the answer was to do 

4814
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:24,300
something that had never been 
done before. 

4815
04:19:24,300 --> 04:19:27,100
Bring all the tribes together, 
under one leader who could 

4816
04:19:27,100 --> 04:19:30,400
direct their combined military 
power outward instead of inward.

4817
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:33,800
It was like Suggesting that 
every small family business in a

4818
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:36,300
troubled in Industry, come 
together to form one well-run 

4819
04:19:36,300 --> 04:19:38,900
Corporation. 
But the negotiations were done 

4820
04:19:38,908 --> 04:19:41,800
with swords and the final 
agreements were made with blood.

4821
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:44,900
Oaths, it took Decades of 
political maneuvering that would

4822
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,200
have impressed Machiavelli to 
bring the two sides together. 

4823
04:19:47,200 --> 04:19:50,300
Temujin formed alliances with 
former enemies. 

4824
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,900
Broke promises, when he needed 
to took useful ideas from 

4825
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:57,000
tribes, he had defeated and 
slowly built a military and 

4826
04:19:57,000 --> 04:19:59,000
political system. 
That went beyond the usual step 

4827
04:19:59,000 --> 04:20:02,400
groups, the decimal system of 
organizing, the military was one

4828
04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:06,000
of his most important, new ideas
temujin, didn't organize his 

4829
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:09,100
troops along traditional tribal 
lines which would have kept old 

4830
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:11,500
loyalties and feuds alive 
instead. 

4831
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:17,000
He broke his army up into groups
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000 

4832
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:19,700
Warriors from different tribes 
who sworn new, Oaths of loyalty 

4833
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:22,800
to him personally it was like 
getting rid of all the old high 

4834
04:20:22,800 --> 04:20:25,600
school cliques and making new 
ones based on common goals and 

4835
04:20:25,600 --> 04:20:28,800
of past friendships. 
There were many great things 

4836
04:20:28,800 --> 04:20:31,500
about this system. 
It kept anyone tribe from 

4837
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:34,500
getting too strong in the larger
group, it made Warriors from 

4838
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,800
different tribes work together 
which slowly broke down old 

4839
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:40,600
tribal prejudices. 
It was most important because it

4840
04:20:40,600 --> 04:20:44,000
made a new identity Mongol that 
went beyond the old tribal 

4841
04:20:44,000 --> 04:20:46,400
divisions and made. 
Everyone feel like they were 

4842
04:20:46,400 --> 04:20:49,500
part of the bigger project 
timijan had done, something that

4843
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:51,700
had never been done. 
Before in the recorded history 

4844
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:55,700
of the steps by 1206, he had 
brought almost all of the Mongol

4845
04:20:55,700 --> 04:20:58,500
tribes together, under his own 
leadership at a big meeting 

4846
04:20:58,500 --> 04:21:02,000
called a coral tie, the tribal 
leaders formally recognized him 

4847
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,500
as their supreme leader and gave
him a new name. 

4848
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:06,700
That reflected his unprecedented
achievement. 

4849
04:21:07,400 --> 04:21:11,300
Genghis Khan which means 
Universal ruler or ruler of all.

4850
04:21:11,300 --> 04:21:14,600
It was like watching a small 
town business owner, become the 

4851
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:17,200
CEO of a multinational 
corporation. 

4852
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:20,200
Except this corporation's 
business model was to conquer 

4853
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:24,000
new markets and grow into every 
available Market the tribes. 

4854
04:21:24,000 --> 04:21:26,400
That lived on the steps had come
together to form a single 

4855
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:29,100
military force that could 
project power over long 

4856
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:32,100
distances with a speed and 
efficiency that would change the

4857
04:21:32,100 --> 04:21:34,900
way wars were fought. 
But Genghis, Khan didn't just 

4858
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:36,100
bring the Mongol tribes 
together. 

4859
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:39,900
After he fixed the problem of 
division within the group, he 

4860
04:21:39,900 --> 04:21:42,700
quickly turned his attention to 
threats and chances from outside

4861
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:45,600
the same strategic thinking that
had helped him. 

4862
04:21:45,600 --> 04:21:48,200
Bring the steps together, was 
now focused on the said entry 

4863
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:50,000
kingdoms, that were next to his 
new Empire. 

4864
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:53,300
If the Mongols were stronger, 
when they were United, when they

4865
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:55,500
were split up, then they would 
be even stronger. 

4866
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:58,000
When they conquered their 
neighbors, the change was 

4867
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:01,700
complete, the boy who had once 
caught fish with his bare hands 

4868
04:22:01,700 --> 04:22:04,000
and lived on the streets of 
become the leader of the most 

4869
04:22:04,000 --> 04:22:07,400
powerful army in the world. 
Settled people at long seen the 

4870
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:10,800
steps as a place where in 
Barbarian raids happened, Soon. 

4871
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:13,700
They would be the starting point
for a series of Conquest that 

4872
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:15,600
would change the political map 
of Eurasia. 

4873
04:22:15,600 --> 04:22:19,100
The grass he had found its 
Captain and the winds were good 

4874
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:22,500
for a long trip. 
Imagine the first time Genghis 

4875
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:25,700
Khan looked past the steps at 
the settled kingdoms that had 

4876
04:22:25,700 --> 04:22:28,200
always seemed so far away and 
safe behind their walls. 

4877
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:31,400
It must have felt like a small 
business owner who was doing 

4878
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:34,300
well, suddenly realizing that 
their local market was just the 

4879
04:22:34,300 --> 04:22:37,300
beginning, and that there were 
huge untapped opportunities 

4880
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:39,300
waiting, just beyond their 
current Horizons. 

4881
04:22:39,300 --> 04:22:42,000
In this case, though, the 
business would grow through, 

4882
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:43,900
Cavalry Charges and Siege 
engines. 

4883
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:47,400
The Mongols first, big Target 
was the Western Ghia Kingdom 

4884
04:22:47,400 --> 04:22:49,800
which ruled over the Silk Road 
trade routes. 

4885
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:51,900
That went through what is now 
Northwestern China. 

4886
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:56,300
This decision showed how smart 
Genghis Khan was instead of 

4887
04:22:56,300 --> 04:22:58,100
attacking the strongest 
neighbor's right away. 

4888
04:22:58,100 --> 04:23:01,300
He started with a kingdom that 
was rich enough to be worth, 

4889
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,300
conquering but not strong enough
to threaten his Empire's 

4890
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:07,600
existence for an army that had 
mostly used mobile tactics 

4891
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:09,800
before. 
The Western Seattle campaign was

4892
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:12,100
like a graduate level course in 
Siege Warfare. 

4893
04:23:12,100 --> 04:23:15,300
The Mongols learned that they 
usual hit-and-run tactics. 

4894
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:19,000
Which worked well against other 
nomadic foes didn't work as well

4895
04:23:19,000 --> 04:23:21,900
against cities with high walls 
and supplies for long sieges. 

4896
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:25,100
So like all successful 
businesses do, when they face 

4897
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:28,800
new problems, they changed 
learned and came up with new 

4898
04:23:28,800 --> 04:23:31,400
ideas. 
The Mongol Army change from 

4899
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:34,000
being a nomadic Force to 
something more like a modern 

4900
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:37,400
combined arms military in just a
few years, they hired Engineers 

4901
04:23:37,400 --> 04:23:39,800
from lands. 
They taken over learned how to 

4902
04:23:39,808 --> 04:23:43,000
use Chinese Siege methods, and 
learned how to use catapults, 

4903
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:45,400
battering, rams, and other 
Specialized tools. 

4904
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:48,500
It was like seeing a motorcycle 
gang suddenly gained the 

4905
04:23:48,508 --> 04:23:51,600
logistical skills of a 
professional Army while still 

4906
04:23:51,600 --> 04:23:53,000
being able to move and be 
aggressive. 

4907
04:23:53,900 --> 04:23:56,400
The Mongols didn't just use the 
same military tactics as 

4908
04:23:56,400 --> 04:23:58,200
everyone else, they made them 
better. 

4909
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:01,400
Their Siege operations became 
famous for how quickly and 

4910
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:04,100
effectively they worked. 
European armies might take 

4911
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:07,300
months to break down a single 
Fortress, but Mongol forces 

4912
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:09,800
could sometimes take whole 
cities in just a few days. 

4913
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:13,300
By using both traditional Siege 
tactics and new engineering and 

4914
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:16,700
psychological warfare methods. 
The Mongol armies full range of 

4915
04:24:16,708 --> 04:24:19,200
skills was shown when they took 
over the gender Dynasty. 

4916
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:22,400
In northern China, this wasn't a
small border Kingdom like 

4917
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:24,900
Western Sia. 
It was one of the most advanced 

4918
04:24:24,900 --> 04:24:28,400
civilizations in the world with 
the Great Wall protecting it and

4919
04:24:28,400 --> 04:24:31,400
armies that had been perfecting 
their skills for 100s of years. 

4920
04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:35,100
The Gin Dynasty ruled over land 
that was home to millions of 

4921
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:39,000
people protected by hundreds of 
fortified cities and backed by 

4922
04:24:39,008 --> 04:24:41,700
economic resources that were 
much bigger than anything. 

4923
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:45,400
The steps could produce but the 
Mongols methodically toward down

4924
04:24:45,400 --> 04:24:47,400
this Old Kingdom just like 
mechanics. 

4925
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:49,100
Take apart a complicated 
machine. 

4926
04:24:49,100 --> 04:24:52,100
They know how to fix. 
They attacked from directions 

4927
04:24:52,100 --> 04:24:55,200
that the Chinese didn't expect, 
which let them get around the 

4928
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:57,800
Great Wall. 
They also use captured gin 

4929
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:00,800
Engineers to improve their own 
Siege techniques and a mix of 

4930
04:25:00,808 --> 04:25:04,000
military pressure and diplomatic
maneuvering to slowly cut off 

4931
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:05,500
gin Defenders from their 
possible. 

4932
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:08,500
Allies people living at the 
time, couldn't believe how 

4933
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:11,800
quickly these conquests happened
within a few years of the 

4934
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:15,400
Mongols arrival kingdoms that 
had been around for years would 

4935
04:25:15,400 --> 04:25:17,200
be gone. 
It was like watching someone 

4936
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:19,100
play a video game at a faster 
speed. 

4937
04:25:19,100 --> 04:25:21,500
But the results were real and 
would last forever. 

4938
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,300
The Mongol War Machine had done,
something that military 

4939
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:27,700
theorists would spend hundreds 
of years trying to figure out it

4940
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:31,900
had the perfect mix of speed 
Firepower, organization and 

4941
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:34,800
flexibility at the same time on 
the Western Front. 

4942
04:25:34,800 --> 04:25:37,300
Mongol troops were moving into 
Central Asia, in the same 

4943
04:25:37,300 --> 04:25:40,000
methodical way. 
The Mongols conquest of the 

4944
04:25:40,000 --> 04:25:42,400
quarries meet Empire. 
Which ruled over a lot of what 

4945
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:44,400
is now? 
Iran Afghanistan and Central 

4946
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:48,600
Asia showed another side of this
strategic thinking They could 

4947
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,100
run multiple campaigns. 
At the same time over long 

4948
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:55,200
distances, while keeping widely 
separated forces in sink a 

4949
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:57,300
diplomatic incident that turned 
into a full blown. 

4950
04:25:57,300 --> 04:26:00,000
War started this Western 
campaign almost by accident. 

4951
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,000
The cars made sure made a big 
mistake when he killed Mongol 

4952
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:06,700
trade envoys. 
This was like, declaring war on 

4953
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:08,800
what was already the most 
dangerous military group in the 

4954
04:26:08,808 --> 04:26:11,000
world. 
Genghis, Khan's answer was 

4955
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:15,200
quick, clear and completely 
devastating in just three years.

4956
04:26:15,200 --> 04:26:18,400
The choirs made Empire was 
completely destroyed. 

4957
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:22,300
It cities were in Ruins and its 
people were either spread out or

4958
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:24,100
taken in by the growing Mongol 
system. 

4959
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:27,700
What was so impressive about 
these conquests was how the 

4960
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:30,200
Mongols were able to keep 
control of such large areas 

4961
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,700
while still expanding most 
empires in history have hit 

4962
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:36,700
natural limits, where the costs 
of expansion were higher than 

4963
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,400
the benefits. 
However, the Mongols seemed to 

4964
04:26:39,408 --> 04:26:42,300
have sold this basic Problem by 
combining flexible 

4965
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:45,000
Administration with effective 
military action. 

4966
04:26:45,000 --> 04:26:48,200
The Mongols usually used in 
changed local government 

4967
04:26:48,200 --> 04:26:50,300
systems. 
In stead of trying to force a 

4968
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:52,600
single system of government. 
On all of their lands. 

4969
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:55,900
Chinese territories were still 
run by modified version of 

4970
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:59,600
traditional Chinese bureaucracy 
and Central Asian regions, kept 

4971
04:26:59,600 --> 04:27:03,000
their own cultural and religious
practices under Mongol rule it 

4972
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:05,900
was like running a multinational
company where each regional 

4973
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:07,800
office could keep its own 
corporate culture. 

4974
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:10,900
While making sure that all of 
the company strategies work 

4975
04:27:10,900 --> 04:27:13,000
together. 
This flexible Administration 

4976
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:15,900
went along with a communication 
system that was very new for its

4977
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:18,400
time. 
The yam was the Mongol Postal 

4978
04:27:18,400 --> 04:27:20,600
System. 
It built a network of relay 

4979
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:23,300
stations that could send 
messages across the Empire fast 

4980
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,600
faster than any other. 
Them of communication, it used 

4981
04:27:26,608 --> 04:27:29,400
to take months for a message to 
get from Mongolia to Eastern 

4982
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:33,500
Europe, but now it only takes 
weeks, this made it easier for 

4983
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:36,400
the central government to keep 
control over areas that were 

4984
04:27:36,400 --> 04:27:39,600
thousands of miles apart. 
The psychological consequences 

4985
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:42,600
of these conquests were possibly
more significant than their 

4986
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:45,500
military implications. 
The Mongols showed that distance

4987
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:48,200
was no protection against a 
well-organized and motivated 

4988
04:27:48,200 --> 04:27:51,000
force that new tactics could 
break through traditional 

4989
04:27:51,000 --> 04:27:53,800
fortifications. 
And that people who said entry 

4990
04:27:53,800 --> 04:27:56,100
societies, had thought were 
primitive barbarians could 

4991
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,900
conquer entire civilizations. 
The Mongol Empire was bigger 

4992
04:27:59,900 --> 04:28:02,800
than the continental United 
States, and growing quickly by 

4993
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,300
the time. 
Genghis, Khan died in 1227. 

4994
04:28:05,300 --> 04:28:08,200
Itched from Korea to the Caspian
Sea. 

4995
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:12,100
But this was only the start 
Genghis, Khan's successes would 

4996
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:15,400
continue to grow the system. 
He had built eventually creating

4997
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,000
an Empire that stretched from 
Eastern Europe to the Pacific 

4998
04:28:18,000 --> 04:28:20,700
Ocean and changed. 
The course of human history. 

4999
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,900
The great expansion changed, not
only the political map of 

5000
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:27,500
Eurasia, but also what people 
thought and Empire could be the 

5001
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:30,100
Mongols show that nomadic 
Society could not only compete 

5002
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:33,100
with settled civilizations but 
they could also be better at 

5003
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:35,300
military. 
Effectiveness administrative 

5004
04:28:35,300 --> 04:28:37,500
efficiency and controlling 
territory. 

5005
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:39,800
Grass, seed had turned into an 
ocean. 

5006
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:42,700
And its waves were crashing 
against Shores that had never 

5007
04:28:42,700 --> 04:28:45,500
felt their power before. 
Imagine, waking up one morning 

5008
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:48,400
to find out that your city, your
region, or even, your whole 

5009
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:51,600
country had been taken over by 
the biggest empire in history, 

5010
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:55,000
almost overnight during the 13th
and 14th centuries. 

5011
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,700
Millions of people in Eurasia 
lived like this, The prizing for

5012
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,000
many of them it wasn't as bad as
you might think had its peak. 

5013
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:05,000
The Mongol Empire was less like 
a typical Conquest State and 

5014
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:08,000
more like an ancient version of 
a multinational corporation with

5015
04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:11,000
very good management. 
The Mongols figured out how to 

5016
04:29:11,008 --> 04:29:13,700
keep Central Authority. 
While allowing local flexibility

5017
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,100
how to bring together different 
cultures without losing. 

5018
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:20,200
What made them valuable and how 
to make systems that were both 

5019
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:23,000
efficient and adaptable. 
These are things that many 

5020
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:26,500
modern organizations still have 
trouble with most people's daily

5021
04:29:26,500 --> 04:29:29,100
lives in, the Empire went on as 
they had before the conquest. 

5022
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:32,000
But there were some big changes 
that anyone who was paying 

5023
04:29:32,000 --> 04:29:33,600
attention, would have noticed 
right away. 

5024
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:36,800
Trade was safer and more 
profitable than it had been in 

5025
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:41,600
of years with the Mongol Postal 
System news ideas, and new 

5026
04:29:41,600 --> 04:29:44,900
things could travel across huge 
distances at speeds never seen 

5027
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:47,000
before. 
Instead of relying on the 

5028
04:29:47,000 --> 04:29:50,200
arbitrary decisions of local 
rulers legal disputes could be 

5029
04:29:50,200 --> 04:29:53,300
settled through standardized 
procedures, the famous Silk 

5030
04:29:53,300 --> 04:29:56,500
Road, which had connected 
Eastern West for centuries, but 

5031
04:29:56,500 --> 04:29:59,700
it often been interrupted by 
Warfare and banditry became 

5032
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:02,100
under Mongol protection. 
What we might think of, as the 

5033
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:04,600
world's first truly 
International highway system, 

5034
04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:08,000
Merchants could travel from 
Venice to Beijing, more safely 

5035
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:10,900
than a medieval, European could 
travel from one city to another 

5036
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:14,400
in their own kingdom. 
This commercial security had a 

5037
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:16,800
big impact on how people lived 
every day in the Empire. 

5038
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:20,200
Chinese silk became available in
Europe at prices, that the new 

5039
04:30:20,200 --> 04:30:23,700
middle class could afford 
Islamic astronomical tools made 

5040
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:26,600
their way to Mongol courts where
they changed the way people 

5041
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:28,400
navigated and kept track of 
time. 

5042
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:31,400
The first information revolution
happened when European 

5043
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:34,400
metalworking techniques moved 
East and Asian printing 

5044
04:30:34,400 --> 04:30:37,600
technology moved West. 
But the Mongol Empires attitude 

5045
04:30:37,600 --> 04:30:41,000
toward religious and cultural 
diversity was probably the most 

5046
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:44,100
interesting thing about life 
under their rule medieval 

5047
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:46,300
governments often required 
people to follow the same 

5048
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:50,100
religion, in order to be loyal 
to the government, the Mongols, 

5049
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:53,200
on the other hand Practice, What
We Now call multi-culturalism 

5050
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:57,200
long before the idea was even 
thought of nestorian, Christians

5051
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,900
Muslims, Buddhists confucians 
towers and adherence of 

5052
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:04,300
traditional Mongol, Shamanism 
all occupied positions within 

5053
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:07,800
the Imperial framework, This 
tolerance wasn't just a nice 

5054
04:31:07,808 --> 04:31:12,000
idea, it was a practical need. 
The Mongol Empire was so big and

5055
04:31:12,000 --> 04:31:15,000
so different that it would have 
taken resources that even the 

5056
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:17,600
Mongols didn't have to try to 
make everyone follow the same 

5057
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:21,000
religion or culture. 
Instead they made systems that 

5058
04:31:21,000 --> 04:31:23,900
let different groups keep their 
own Traditions while also taking

5059
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:25,600
part in the larger Imperial 
project. 

5060
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:29,300
It created a kind of 
Cosmopolitan culture that didn't

5061
04:31:29,300 --> 04:31:32,500
come back until the modern era 
Persian poets could work with 

5062
04:31:32,500 --> 04:31:35,000
Chinese Engineers Islamic 
scholars. 

5063
04:31:35,000 --> 04:31:37,900
Could argue philosophy with 
Buddhist monks and European 

5064
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:41,200
Merchants could learn advanced 
math from Arab mathematicians. 

5065
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:43,800
In Mongol cities, it was like 
living in an old-fashioned 

5066
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:46,900
version of an International 
University town, but the campus 

5067
04:31:46,900 --> 04:31:50,600
was half the world. 
Architecture during Mongol rule 

5068
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:53,900
exemplified this cultural 
amalgamation buildings mixed 

5069
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:56,700
parts from different styles to 
make completely new Styles. 

5070
04:31:56,700 --> 04:31:59,000
Islamic archers could support 
Chinese. 

5071
04:31:59,000 --> 04:32:02,800
Roofs Persian tile work. 
Could decorate them and European

5072
04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:05,400
silver could pay for them. 
These were just random 

5073
04:32:05,400 --> 04:32:07,300
combinations. 
They were carefully. 

5074
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:10,100
Thought out integration that 
showed how different style of 

5075
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:12,600
art could work together to make 
each other better in stead of 

5076
04:32:12,600 --> 04:32:15,100
worse. 
The Mongols also changed, the 

5077
04:32:15,100 --> 04:32:18,600
way people ate, the traditional 
nomadic of meat and dairy was 

5078
04:32:18,600 --> 04:32:21,200
improved by adding foods and 
cooking methods from all over 

5079
04:32:21,200 --> 04:32:24,600
the Empire, Mongol kitchens 
started using Chinese spices, 

5080
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:28,800
personal fruits, European grains
and cooking methods that have 

5081
04:32:28,808 --> 04:32:30,900
been used in isolation for 
years. 

5082
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,400
But now mixed together to make 
completely new ways of cooking. 

5083
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:36,600
The Assassin was the Mongol 
legal system. 

5084
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:40,600
It was a complete and flexible 
way to get Justice, the Mongols 

5085
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:43,300
usually didn't force a single 
legal code on all of their 

5086
04:32:43,300 --> 04:32:45,700
territories. 
In Stead, they let local legal 

5087
04:32:45,700 --> 04:32:48,200
Traditions continued while 
setting up general rules. 

5088
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:50,500
That made sure important things 
stay the same. 

5089
04:32:50,508 --> 04:32:53,200
It was like having a 
constitution that protected 

5090
04:32:53,200 --> 04:32:56,300
basic rights while letting 
states keep their own rules and 

5091
04:32:56,300 --> 04:32:59,600
traditions compared to most 
other civilizations at the time,

5092
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:02,800
women had a relatively High 
status in Mongol Society. 

5093
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:07,000
Mongol women could own land 
trade and even sometimes make 

5094
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:10,099
political decisions when the 
Empire took over areas where 

5095
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,700
women had fewer rights Mongol 
influence often led to slow 

5096
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:17,200
improvements in their legal and 
social status, the Mongols 

5097
04:33:17,200 --> 04:33:19,300
supported education and 
scholarship because they knew 

5098
04:33:19,300 --> 04:33:21,900
that running such a large empire
required Advanced knowledge 

5099
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,500
systems they built libraries 
helped people translate between 

5100
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:28,900
languages and paid for scholarly
exchanges that sped up the 

5101
04:33:28,908 --> 04:33:31,700
spread of knowledge across 
cultural lines Arabic 

5102
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:35,700
translation of Chinese medical 
texts, Persian translation of 

5103
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:39,200
Islamic mathematical treaties 
and European astronomical 

5104
04:33:39,200 --> 04:33:41,599
observations added to Asian Star
Charts. 

5105
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:45,500
This cross-cultural exchange was
shown in the art of the Mongol. 

5106
04:33:45,500 --> 04:33:48,700
Period painter started using 
techniques and subjects from 

5107
04:33:48,700 --> 04:33:50,800
different Traditions making 
works. 

5108
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:53,300
That would have been impossible 
without the mixing of cultures 

5109
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:56,599
that the Empire made possible. 
Musicians, tried out, different 

5110
04:33:56,599 --> 04:33:59,599
instruments and scales from all 
over the world, creating new 

5111
04:33:59,599 --> 04:34:02,099
ways to express themselves that 
were based on many different 

5112
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:05,500
musical styles historians. 
Now, agree that the Mongol 

5113
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:08,200
Empire set the stage for the 
first truly global economy. 

5114
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:10,700
This is perhaps the most 
important thing. 

5115
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:14,400
It did ideas products and new 
ways of doing things could 

5116
04:34:14,400 --> 04:34:18,099
travel farther than ever before 
this economic integration meant 

5117
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:20,300
that things happening in one 
part of the Empire could have 

5118
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,700
affected right away in places, 
thousands of miles away. 

5119
04:34:24,599 --> 04:34:26,500
This was the first time this 
kind of economic 

5120
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:29,099
interconnectedness happened for 
the average person. 

5121
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:32,099
Living under Mongol rule, these 
changes may not have been 

5122
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:33,900
immediately apparent in their 
daily lives. 

5123
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:36,599
But their cumulative impact was 
transformative. 

5124
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:39,400
You are more likely to find 
foreign Goods in your local 

5125
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:42,700
market here. 
News from far away, places meet 

5126
04:34:42,700 --> 04:34:45,200
people from different cultures 
and get ideas. 

5127
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:47,300
And new things that had come 
from far away. 

5128
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:50,300
The Mongol empire built 
something that had never been 

5129
04:34:50,300 --> 04:34:53,400
done before in human history. 
Civilization. 

5130
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:56,700
That was truly Cosmopolitan, 
connecting cultures that had 

5131
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:58,700
been cut off from each other for
a long time. 

5132
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:02,400
It was an early version of 
globalization run by people who 

5133
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:05,400
had always thought that the 
whole world was just grass sky 

5134
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:07,400
and the occasional tribe next 
door. 

5135
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:10,400
The Mongols learned to think 
about big areas and long 

5136
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:13,500
distances in the steps. 
Now they had used that point of 

5137
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,400
view to build a political and 
economic system that made the 

5138
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:20,500
world smaller and more connected
than it had ever been before the

5139
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:22,300
signs of trouble. 
In the Mongol, Empire started 

5140
04:35:22,300 --> 04:35:25,700
out small, like clouds slowly 
covering up a perfect spring 

5141
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:28,400
day. 
But they grew into a storm 

5142
04:35:28,400 --> 04:35:30,500
system that changed the weather 
patterns for Good. 

5143
04:35:30,500 --> 04:35:33,900
By the end of the 13th century, 
the Empire that had seemed 

5144
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:36,700
unbreakable strong under 
Genghis, Khan, and his immediate

5145
04:35:36,700 --> 04:35:39,800
successors, was starting to show
signs of stress that would 

5146
04:35:39,800 --> 04:35:42,599
eventually cause it to break 
apart like ice on a river that 

5147
04:35:42,599 --> 04:35:45,000
was warming up. 
The first problem was one that 

5148
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:47,300
every successful family business
has to deal with. 

5149
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:50,599
What happens when people who 
weren't involved in making the 

5150
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:53,599
vision have to carry it out, 
Genghis Khan's, grandsons and 

5151
04:35:53,599 --> 04:35:55,300
great-grandsons received an 
Empire. 

5152
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:58,599
But they also had the impossible
job of keeping Unity across 

5153
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:00,800
lands. 
So large that it took months for

5154
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:02,300
messages to get from one end to 
the other. 

5155
04:36:02,300 --> 04:36:05,200
It was like trying to run a 
modern business with medieval 

5156
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:08,000
communication tools, but each 
part of the business, had its 

5157
04:36:08,000 --> 04:36:10,700
own Army and its own ideas about
how to move forward. 

5158
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:13,599
Strategically the Empire 
structure which had been 

5159
04:36:13,608 --> 04:36:16,700
brilliantly adapted to Rapid 
growth turned out to be less 

5160
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:20,099
useful for long-term management.
The Mongol system worked great 

5161
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,200
when they were new lands to 
conquer a new resources to share

5162
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:25,599
among the different branches of 
the Imperial family. 

5163
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:29,200
But when expansion slowed down 
partly, because they had run out

5164
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:32,500
of neighbors, who were easy to 
conquer, the Empire started to 

5165
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:35,800
have the same kind of internal 
competition that it used to have

5166
04:36:35,800 --> 04:36:38,500
the against enemies. 
Imagine a family that got rich 

5167
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:40,900
by always expanding their 
business into new markets. 

5168
04:36:40,900 --> 04:36:45,000
Then all of a sudden they found 
themselves in a situation where 

5169
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:48,400
they had taken over all the 
markets, the energy that Once 

5170
04:36:48,400 --> 04:36:49,599
gone into growing, the family 
business. 

5171
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:53,000
Now turned Inward and different 
family members started fighting 

5172
04:36:53,000 --> 04:36:55,300
over, who would control the 
resources that were already 

5173
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:57,400
there. 
The Mongol Empire was basically 

5174
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:00,500
going through the biggest family
business fight in history, but 

5175
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:02,800
the family members were in 
charge of land, the size of 

5176
04:37:02,808 --> 04:37:05,599
modern countries and had 
professional armies to back up 

5177
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:08,300
their arguments. 
As the empire, grew fights over 

5178
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:10,599
who would take over became more 
bitter and complicated. 

5179
04:37:10,599 --> 04:37:13,700
Genghis, Khan was able to get 
people to do what he wanted 

5180
04:37:13,700 --> 04:37:15,700
because of his strong 
personality and Military 

5181
04:37:15,700 --> 04:37:17,800
success. 
But his descendants had to 

5182
04:37:17,808 --> 04:37:20,500
compete for loyalty among 
subordinates who had their own 

5183
04:37:20,500 --> 04:37:22,700
Regional interests, and cultural
identities. 

5184
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:25,500
It was like seeing the corporate
culture that a charismatic 

5185
04:37:25,500 --> 04:37:28,900
founder had worked hard to build
slowly fall apart as different 

5186
04:37:28,900 --> 04:37:32,000
regional managers started to 
follow their own goals, as the 

5187
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:36,000
Mongol military campaigns became
less effective, the famous Unity

5188
04:37:36,000 --> 04:37:38,400
that had made them. 
So effective began to break down

5189
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:40,700
into a patchwork of competing 
interests. 

5190
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:44,599
The Yuan dynasty in China, the 
ilani in Persia the golden horde

5191
04:37:44,599 --> 04:37:47,900
in Eastern Europe and the 
chagatai kanae in Central Asia. 

5192
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,099
All said they were under the 
great Khan's rule in Mongolia, 

5193
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:54,500
but in reality, they acted more 
and more like independent 

5194
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,599
Powers, with their own foreign 
policies, and Military goals. 

5195
04:37:57,599 --> 04:38:00,700
Sociologists Now, call the 
process that made this political

5196
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:03,300
fragmentation worse, cultural 
accommodation. 

5197
04:38:03,300 --> 04:38:06,700
This means that the Mongol 
rulers slowly adopted the 

5198
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:10,000
customs and views of the people.
They ruled the Mongol khans in 

5199
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:12,400
China, started to think and act 
like Chinese Emperors. 

5200
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:15,599
The ones in Persia started to 
act like Persian Court members 

5201
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:18,700
and the ones in Russia started 
to run their countries in ways 

5202
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:21,099
that were similar to how things 
were done in their own 

5203
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:23,300
countries. 
It was a natural change that 

5204
04:38:23,300 --> 04:38:26,400
made them better rulers of their
own areas, but it also made them

5205
04:38:26,400 --> 04:38:29,599
less Mongol and less dedicated 
to keeping the empire together. 

5206
04:38:30,599 --> 04:38:33,099
Changing religions was a big 
part of this cultural. 

5207
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:36,300
Change some Mongol rulers, 
followed the main religions in 

5208
04:38:36,300 --> 04:38:40,099
their areas such as Buddhism. 
In some places, Islam, in others

5209
04:38:40,099 --> 04:38:41,900
and Christianity, and still 
others. 

5210
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:45,500
At first, the empires religious 
diversity was one of its 

5211
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,200
strengths. 
However, as different branches 

5212
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:50,800
of the Imperial family developed
different, religious beliefs, 

5213
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:54,300
and cultural identities, it 
became a source of division. 

5214
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,700
The Empire's economy was also 
starting to show signs of 

5215
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:00,200
stress. 
The Mongol system relied heavily

5216
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:03,700
on tribute from conquered lands 
and money made from trade over 

5217
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:07,400
long distance is But as 
political Unity broke down 

5218
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:10,700
trade, routes became less safe, 
and collecting tribute became 

5219
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:13,400
harder and more expensive, local
officials. 

5220
04:39:13,400 --> 04:39:16,400
Whether they were Mongols or 
locals started, keeping more of 

5221
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:18,000
the money, they collected for 
themselves. 

5222
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:21,200
Instead of sending it to the 
central treasury changes in 

5223
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:24,300
technology in the military. 
Also hurt the Mongols advantages

5224
04:39:24,300 --> 04:39:27,200
people who lived near the 
Mongols and their subjects. 

5225
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:30,500
Slowly started to use the new 
ideas in Siege Warfare and 

5226
04:39:30,500 --> 04:39:32,700
military organization that had 
made. 

5227
04:39:32,700 --> 04:39:36,500
The Mongols unbeatable in the 
13th century gunpowder weapons. 

5228
04:39:36,500 --> 04:39:38,000
Which had first give him 
Mongols. 

5229
04:39:38,000 --> 04:39:41,400
A big Edge became more common 
and advanced the military 

5230
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:44,200
strategies that were once only 
known to the Mongols became 

5231
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:47,300
known to everyone making the 
playing field more even between 

5232
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,800
nomadic and sedentary forces, 
the Mongols began to feel the 

5233
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,900
effects of Empire building on 
their population which was 

5234
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:55,400
perhaps the most important 
thing. 

5235
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,800
When Genghis Khan started his 
conquests, the original Mongol 

5236
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:03,000
population was probably no more 
than a million people even with 

5237
04:40:03,000 --> 04:40:06,400
the help of Allied tribes and 
hired helpers ethnic Mongols 

5238
04:40:06,400 --> 04:40:08,300
were still a small group in 
their own Empire. 

5239
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:13,100
As time went on into marriage 
and cultural assimilation, made 

5240
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:16,200
it harder and harder to define 
or keep a Mongol identity 

5241
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:19,100
climate change. 
Also contributed to the Empire's

5242
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:22,000
slow decline, but its effects 
were small and took a long time 

5243
04:40:22,008 --> 04:40:25,400
to show the medieval warm 
period, which had made it easier

5244
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:28,400
for steppe Nomads to live during
the Empire's growth phase was 

5245
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:31,000
ending and the weather was 
getting cooler and more. 

5246
04:40:31,000 --> 04:40:34,200
Unpredictable, these changes 
made it harder for Nomads to 

5247
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:37,100
live their traditional way of 
life and the grasslands that 

5248
04:40:37,108 --> 04:40:40,000
used to support large Mongol 
populations in their herds 

5249
04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:43,900
became less able to support them
natural, disasters and disease 

5250
04:40:43,900 --> 04:40:46,000
outbreaks but even more strain 
on the Empire's. 

5251
04:40:46,000 --> 04:40:49,300
Administrative systems, the 
black death, which killed 

5252
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:51,500
millions of people. 
In Eurasia in the 14th century 

5253
04:40:51,500 --> 04:40:54,800
hit Mongol lands a specially 
hard because the trade routes 

5254
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:58,000
that had made the Empire Rich. 
Also helped spread the disease, 

5255
04:40:58,000 --> 04:41:01,000
the plague outbreaks. 
That killed so many people in 

5256
04:41:01,000 --> 04:41:04,400
the Empire, made it harder to 
keep political Unity at a time 

5257
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:05,700
when it was getting harder to 
do. 

5258
04:41:05,700 --> 04:41:09,900
So by the early 14th century, 
the Mongol Empire which had It's

5259
04:41:09,900 --> 04:41:13,400
been a single entity had split 
into four separate can Arts. 

5260
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:16,100
These Canadians, still had 
diplomatic relations with each 

5261
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:18,900
other but they didn't work 
together on military or economic

5262
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:21,500
issues anymore. 
It was like seeing a successful 

5263
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:24,800
multinational company slowly, 
break up into separate Regional 

5264
04:41:24,800 --> 04:41:28,300
companies that had the same 
corporate history, but different

5265
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:32,100
business plans and Market goals,
the change didn't have to be bad

5266
04:41:32,100 --> 04:41:34,500
for the people who lived in 
areas that used to be Mongol 

5267
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:38,500
many areas continue to do well 
under their new Mongol descended

5268
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:41,300
ruling classes. 
The Empire's cultural exchanges 

5269
04:41:41,300 --> 04:41:44,400
and technological advances 
continue to shape growth across 

5270
04:41:44,400 --> 04:41:47,700
Eurasia, but the political Unity
that had made the empires most 

5271
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,000
amazing accomplishments 
possible, safe, long-distance 

5272
04:41:51,000 --> 04:41:54,900
trade, the quick spread of new 
ideas and an unprecedented 

5273
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,800
mixing of cultures was slowly 
fading away like salt in water. 

5274
04:41:58,800 --> 04:42:01,900
The steps which used to be the 
starting point for World 

5275
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:05,400
Conquest was slowly returning to
their traditional role as the 

5276
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:08,800
home of nomadic tribes. 
The big test of building a 

5277
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:12,000
nomadic Empire Is coming to an 
end but its effects would last 

5278
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:14,800
for hundreds of years. 
It wasn't like watching a 

5279
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:17,200
building fall down. 
When the Mongol Empire fell 

5280
04:42:17,200 --> 04:42:19,400
apart. 
It was more like watching a huge

5281
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:21,800
river system slowly. 
Change course, with some 

5282
04:42:21,800 --> 04:42:24,300
channels drying up and others. 
Cutting New Paths through 

5283
04:42:24,308 --> 04:42:27,600
different types of land by the 
14th century, the political 

5284
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:30,600
Unity that had once stretched 
from Korea to Hungary was 

5285
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:33,200
breaking up into smaller easier 
to manage Parts. 

5286
04:42:33,200 --> 04:42:36,500
Each part was changing to fit 
the needs and opportunities of 

5287
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:38,400
the area, which would have been 
Unthinkable. 

5288
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:41,600
During the Empire's, 
expansionist phase, the Iranian 

5289
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:44,200
dynasty, in China, had problems 
that showed how Mongol rule 

5290
04:42:44,200 --> 04:42:46,200
didn't work in societies that 
were settled. 

5291
04:42:46,200 --> 04:42:49,300
The Mongol Khan had inherited 
the world's most advanced 

5292
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:52,400
bureaucratic system that they 
were still different from the 

5293
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:54,600
Chinese people. 
They ruled in terms of culture 

5294
04:42:54,600 --> 04:42:57,300
and ethnicity. 
It was like being the CEO of a 

5295
04:42:57,308 --> 04:42:59,700
company, whose culture, you 
respected, but never fully 

5296
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:02,100
understood. 
And you were in charge of people

5297
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:04,400
who knew much more about how the
business worked. 

5298
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:07,200
The new did the when rulers 
tried a lot of different things 

5299
04:43:07,200 --> 04:43:08,900
to stay in power and do their 
jobs. 

5300
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:13,200
Well, Some people like Kublai 
Khan Embrace Chinese culture, so

5301
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:16,300
much that they became Chinese 
Emperors with Mongol ancestry. 

5302
04:43:16,300 --> 04:43:19,600
Some people tried to keep Mongol
traditions and identity while 

5303
04:43:19,600 --> 04:43:23,200
using Chinese ways of running 
things, others, try to rule by 

5304
04:43:23,200 --> 04:43:25,700
keeping Mongolian, Chinese 
elements separate, but still 

5305
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:28,300
connected to each other. 
None of these methods worked 

5306
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:31,300
perfectly in the long run. 
The Mongol rulers looked less 

5307
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,300
and less like real, heirs to 
Genghis Khan's Legacy as they 

5308
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,700
got used to Chinese culture and 
more they insisted on keeping 

5309
04:43:37,700 --> 04:43:39,700
Mongol culture separate the 
more. 

5310
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:42,900
They pushed away the Chinese 
people whose help was needed for

5311
04:43:42,900 --> 04:43:46,700
good governance. it was a 
classic problem of Imperial rule

5312
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:50,500
that didn't have a perfect 
answer in 1368, the Ming Dynasty

5313
04:43:50,500 --> 04:43:53,500
overthrew, the Yuan Dynasty, 
which ended Mongol political 

5314
04:43:53,500 --> 04:43:57,000
control over China, However, 
Mongol influence on Chinese 

5315
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,200
culture and institutions did not
end. 

5316
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:02,400
The Mongol period brought about 
changes in Chinese military 

5317
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:06,100
organization, administrative 
practices, and even building 

5318
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:07,600
styles that are still seen 
today. 

5319
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:11,700
The new Ming rulers were against
Mongols but they quietly used 

5320
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,400
many of the same government 
methods that had worked well for

5321
04:44:14,400 --> 04:44:16,800
the UN in the western parts of 
the old Empire. 

5322
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:19,200
On the other hand, different 
patterns of Decline and 

5323
04:44:19,200 --> 04:44:22,600
adaptation were happening. 
The ilkan art in Persia fell 

5324
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,800
apart in the 1330s. 
Breaking up into many smaller 

5325
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:29,100
kingdoms and city-states, but 
Persian culture, which had been 

5326
04:44:29,100 --> 04:44:32,300
greatly shaped by Mongol ways of
running things and tastes in art

5327
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:34,900
kept growing in ways. 
That showed this mix of 

5328
04:44:34,900 --> 04:44:38,400
cultures, the Mongol period left
a lasting mark on Persian, 

5329
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:42,100
miniature painting architecture 
and literature the golden horde 

5330
04:44:42,100 --> 04:44:44,200
which ruled over a lot of 
Eastern Europe and Russia, 

5331
04:44:44,200 --> 04:44:46,900
lasted longer than some other 
parts of the Empire. 

5332
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:50,400
This was partly because its 
lands were better suited to a 

5333
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:53,400
traditional nomadic lifestyle 
and partly because it didn't 

5334
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:54,900
have to deal with as much 
pressure to. 

5335
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:58,300
A simulate culturally, but even 
the golden hordes slowly change 

5336
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:01,800
from its original Mongol 
identity, it became more turkic 

5337
04:45:01,800 --> 04:45:04,600
in language and Islamic in 
religion, but it kept some of 

5338
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:06,700
its traditional nomadic 
political systems. 

5339
04:45:06,700 --> 04:45:10,100
The fate of Mongolia itself may 
have been the most powerful 

5340
04:45:10,100 --> 04:45:11,700
symbol of how the Empire 
changed. 

5341
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:15,400
The country that started the 
biggest Conquest in history 

5342
04:45:15,400 --> 04:45:19,000
slowly, went back to its old 
ways of organizing tribes and 

5343
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:22,200
moving around with the seasons. 
The big cities that had been 

5344
04:45:22,208 --> 04:45:25,300
built to run the Empire, like 
karakorum the capital and others

5345
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,600
were either abandoned or turned 
into small trading posts. 

5346
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:31,600
The administrative system that 
used to coordinate activities, 

5347
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:34,900
across half the world was cut 
back to only managing the 

5348
04:45:34,900 --> 04:45:38,300
Affairs of small nomadic groups.
But calling this process 

5349
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:41,300
declined might be misleading 
because it makes it sound like 

5350
04:45:41,300 --> 04:45:43,700
something valuable was lost in. 
A lot of ways. 

5351
04:45:43,700 --> 04:45:46,800
What was happening was more like
a Natural Evolution, where the 

5352
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:50,500
Empire's best ideas were kept 
and changed and it's less useful

5353
04:45:50,500 --> 04:45:52,100
parts. 
Were allowed to fade away on 

5354
04:45:52,100 --> 04:45:53,600
their own. 
For a long time. 

5355
04:45:53,600 --> 04:45:56,600
After the Mongol Empire fell 
apart its Postal System, 

5356
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:59,500
continued to have an effect on 
communication networks across 

5357
04:45:59,500 --> 04:46:03,000
Eurasia, the decimal military 
structure that Genghis, Khan had

5358
04:46:03,000 --> 04:46:05,900
established became the norm for 
armies across China and Europe. 

5359
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:09,500
the legal principles found in 
the Yasser still had an effect 

5360
04:46:09,500 --> 04:46:12,900
on the law, in many of the 
states that came after it, trade

5361
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:15,800
networks and cultural exchanges 
that thrived under Mongol 

5362
04:46:15,800 --> 04:46:19,000
protection created patterns, 
that lasted long into the modern

5363
04:46:19,000 --> 04:46:22,600
era the time when the Mongols 
ruled Russia, which later 

5364
04:46:22,600 --> 04:46:26,200
Russian historians called the 
Mongol yoke, Actually helped 

5365
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:28,700
Russian power grow and become 
more centralized. 

5366
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:32,400
When Russia started its own 
Imperial expansion, the Russian 

5367
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:35,300
princes who acted as middlemen 
between the golden horde and the

5368
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:38,600
local people learned a lot about
how to run a government fight 

5369
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,900
Wars and make deals the 
strategies and organizational 

5370
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:43,900
methods. 
That Ivan the Terrible used to 

5371
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:46,600
take over Mongol successor 
states in the 16th century. 

5372
04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:48,700
The first used by the Mongols 
themselves. 

5373
04:46:48,700 --> 04:46:51,400
It was like watching a 
successful business model 

5374
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:53,300
slowly. 
Spread through an industry. 

5375
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,300
The company that came up with 
the new ideas might be bought 

5376
04:46:56,300 --> 04:47:00,000
out or replaced by competitors. 
But the ideas themselves would 

5377
04:47:00,000 --> 04:47:02,600
still have an effect on how the 
whole industry worked. 

5378
04:47:02,600 --> 04:47:05,700
The Mongol Empires political 
system was too ambitious to last

5379
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:08,800
forever but its changes to 
government the military and the 

5380
04:47:08,800 --> 04:47:12,200
economy became permanent parts 
of Eurasian civilization. 

5381
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:15,700
The Empire changed a lot because
of disease, but not always in 

5382
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,700
the way you might think the 
black death, which killed about 

5383
04:47:18,700 --> 04:47:21,500
one third of the people, in many
parts of Eurasia in the 14th 

5384
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:25,000
century, messed up, the usual 
social and economic ties in the 

5385
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:26,400
areas. 
That used to be part of the 

5386
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,600
Mongol Empire, but it also made 
it possible for people to move 

5387
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:32,900
up in society and for 
institutions to change in ways 

5388
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:34,200
that might not have been 
possible. 

5389
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:37,400
If things had been more stable, 
the plague years caused a 

5390
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:40,600
demographic disaster, in many 
areas, which led to a lack of 

5391
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:42,600
workers. 
This gave the workers who 

5392
04:47:42,600 --> 04:47:46,200
survived more power to negotiate
and move up in society old 

5393
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:50,000
hierarchies became less rigid, 
New Economic ties, formed and 

5394
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:51,600
political systems changed to 
fit. 

5395
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,200
The new situation, the 
combination of Mongol 

5396
04:47:54,200 --> 04:47:57,000
Innovations and changes brought 
on by the plague permanently 

5397
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:00,500
changed the rigid social systems
that have been common in many 

5398
04:48:00,500 --> 04:48:03,000
societies. 
Before the Mongols, the Mongol 

5399
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:04,700
Empires affects on the 
environmental. 

5400
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:07,600
So had long-lasting effects that
went well beyond its political 

5401
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,000
life. 
The Mongol Empire's growth 

5402
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:13,400
brought about big changes and 
trade routes land, use patterns 

5403
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:17,200
and population movements these 
changes had long-lasting effects

5404
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:19,800
on the environment. 
Some areas that lost a lot of 

5405
04:48:19,800 --> 04:48:22,100
people during the conquest 
period, stayed sparsely 

5406
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:26,200
populated for many years, which 
let forests grow back and animal

5407
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:29,000
populations recover in ways that
affected later patterns of 

5408
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:32,000
settlement and development. 
Most importantly, the Mongol 

5409
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:34,600
period set up ways for people to
talk to each other over long 

5410
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:37,200
distances and share their 
cultures that are still 

5411
04:48:37,208 --> 04:48:39,900
important in world history. 
Today, the notion that 

5412
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:42,800
Innovations Artistic Styles, 
religious Concepts and 

5413
04:48:42,808 --> 04:48:45,900
Commercial practices, could 
disseminate swiftly over 

5414
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:49,000
extensive distances. 
An idea that was groundbreaking 

5415
04:48:49,000 --> 04:48:53,500
in the 13th century volt into a 
fundamental principle of global 

5416
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:55,900
functioning the Mongol empire 
built. 

5417
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:59,500
What was basically the first 
Global Information Network, Even

5418
04:48:59,500 --> 04:49:03,100
though the Empire itself fell 
apart the networks, it had set 

5419
04:49:03,100 --> 04:49:06,100
up kept moving ideas. 
New things across cultural Lines

5420
04:49:06,100 --> 04:49:09,300
by the 15th century, the 
different successor states to 

5421
04:49:09,300 --> 04:49:11,800
the Mongol empire were following
their own Paths of development 

5422
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:15,400
that were influenced by their 
Mongol roots and the conditions 

5423
04:49:15,400 --> 04:49:18,200
in their own areas. 
The timurid empire in Central 

5424
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:21,300
Asia mixed Mongol military 
customs with Persian cultural 

5425
04:49:21,300 --> 04:49:24,200
sophistication and Islamic 
religious devotion. 

5426
04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:27,800
The Crimean Karnataka kept its 
nomadic political structures 

5427
04:49:27,800 --> 04:49:31,000
while adjusting to the changing 
political landscape of Eastern 

5428
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:33,300
Europe. 
The northern un stayed in charge

5429
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:36,300
of Mongolia, keeping the 
traditional culture of the steps

5430
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:38,500
while adapting to having less 
land to control. 

5431
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:41,700
These successor states were just
weak copies of the original 

5432
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,100
Empire. 
They were successful changes to 

5433
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:47,300
the way things were, each had 
figured out how to keep the most

5434
04:49:47,300 --> 04:49:50,300
important parts of the Mongol 
culture while also learning new 

5435
04:49:50,300 --> 04:49:52,900
skills, that help them do well 
in their own environments. 

5436
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:56,000
It was like seeing a big company
successfully break up into 

5437
04:49:56,000 --> 04:49:59,000
smaller parts, that then became 
successful businesses on. 

5438
04:49:59,200 --> 04:50:01,900
Their own. 
The slow change in Mongol 

5439
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:04,800
identity, mirrored, these larger
trends of adaptation and growth 

5440
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:08,300
by the 15th century. 
The term Mongol had evolved into

5441
04:50:08,300 --> 04:50:09,700
a cultural and political 
Concept. 

5442
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:13,500
In addition to its ethnic 
connotation individuals, lacking

5443
04:50:13,500 --> 04:50:16,300
direct biological ties to the 
original Mongol tribes. 

5444
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:19,500
Could assert a Mongol identity. 
If they embraced Mongol, 

5445
04:50:19,500 --> 04:50:23,400
political Customs military 
practices or cultural values. 

5446
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:26,300
On the other hand, people of 
Mongol descent who had fully 

5447
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:29,600
integrated into Chinese Persian,
or other cultural systems. 

5448
04:50:29,600 --> 04:50:32,600
May no longer identify as Mongol
in any significant way. 

5449
04:50:32,600 --> 04:50:36,000
One of the original Empires best
features was its ability to 

5450
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:39,700
change identity categories. 
This flexibility still helps 

5451
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,900
Mongol success of state's it 
helped them get talented and 

5452
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:44,300
loyal people from different 
groups. 

5453
04:50:44,300 --> 04:50:47,000
While still staying connected to
the famous Mongol Legacy. 

5454
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:50,400
It was a kind of cultural 
branding that lasted a long time

5455
04:50:50,400 --> 04:50:53,400
and could change with the time. 
The long end of the Mongol 

5456
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:56,700
Empire wasn't a tragedy. 
It was a natural change from one

5457
04:50:56,700 --> 04:50:59,800
type of organization to another 
that was better suited to new 

5458
04:50:59,800 --> 04:51:02,000
condition. 
Was the Empire had done what it 

5459
04:51:02,008 --> 04:51:04,900
needed to do. 
It had linked areas that had 

5460
04:51:04,900 --> 04:51:08,200
been cut off from each other set
up new ways for people to trade 

5461
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,400
and share culture and shown that
nomadic societies. 

5462
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:14,100
Could build and run complex 
governments across a whole 

5463
04:51:14,100 --> 04:51:16,700
continent. 
As you snuggle deeper into your 

5464
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:20,200
blanket and think about how your
own Cozy home is an example of 

5465
04:51:20,200 --> 04:51:22,900
hundreds of years of 
improvements in building Heating

5466
04:51:22,900 --> 04:51:25,500
and Furnishing that came from 
many different cultures. 

5467
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:29,300
You might think about how the 
Mongol Empire's greatest 

5468
04:51:29,300 --> 04:51:31,900
achievement was not Conquering 
the world, but bringing it 

5469
04:51:31,900 --> 04:51:35,100
together. 700 years ago, the 
Mongols built trade 

5470
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:37,800
communication and cultural 
exchange networks across 

5471
04:51:37,800 --> 04:51:40,300
Eurasia. 
These networks laid the 

5472
04:51:40,300 --> 04:51:42,500
groundwork for the global 
interconnectedness. 

5473
04:51:42,500 --> 04:51:45,900
We take for granted today, as 
you get ready for bed in a world

5474
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:47,900
where you can order things from 
halfway around the world. 

5475
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:50,900
With a few clicks, talk to 
people on different continents, 

5476
04:51:50,900 --> 04:51:54,000
right away and learn about 
thousands of different cultures.

5477
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:57,500
You are living with the 
consequences of choices made by 

5478
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:00,700
nomadic herders on the Asian. 
Steppes seventh century ago, the

5479
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,800
Mongol Empires impact on Modern 
Life is so deeply ingrained in 

5480
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:06,800
our world today that we hardly 
ever, think about it, like 

5481
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:09,500
background music that sets, the 
mood of a room without drawing 

5482
04:52:09,500 --> 04:52:12,500
attention to itself. 
The most obvious Legacy is the 

5483
04:52:12,500 --> 04:52:15,100
political borders and ethnic 
groups of today's country's. 

5484
04:52:15,100 --> 04:52:18,700
The vastness of Russia's land 
shows patterns of growth that 

5485
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:21,600
started during the Mongol 
period, the borders of China. 

5486
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:24,100
Today, include areas that were 
brought together into a single 

5487
04:52:24,100 --> 04:52:27,500
state during the United States. 
The different cultures in 

5488
04:52:27,500 --> 04:52:29,100
Central. 
Asian countries, are a result of

5489
04:52:29,100 --> 04:52:31,100
people moving around and 
settling there. 

5490
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,500
During the Mongol conquests, the
Mongol, Empire's Legacy shaped, 

5491
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:36,900
even the United States, which 
didn't exist at the time. 

5492
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:40,300
For example, the horses that 
change planes, Indian culture 

5493
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:43,400
were descendants of animals that
nomadic people had bred and 

5494
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:46,400
improved and the 
Transcontinental trade networks 

5495
04:52:46,400 --> 04:52:49,600
that European explorers. 
Found in the Americas were based

5496
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:52,600
on patterns that were first 
established along the Silk Road,

5497
04:52:52,600 --> 04:52:57,300
the genetic Legacy is just as 
strong Modern DNA studies show 

5498
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:00,500
that about one in every 200 men 
alive today, has genetic 

5499
04:53:00,500 --> 04:53:02,600
markers. 
That can be traced back to the 

5500
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:05,100
Mongol Empire. 
The highest concentration of 

5501
04:53:05,100 --> 04:53:07,600
these markers are in areas that 
were once part of the Empire, 

5502
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,800
this isn't just interesting from
a historical point of view. 

5503
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:14,300
It's proof of cultural 
integration on a scale that 

5504
04:53:14,300 --> 04:53:17,400
hadn't been seen before and 
wouldn't be seen, again until 

5505
04:53:17,400 --> 04:53:20,300
the modern era, the Mongol 
Empire mixed people from 

5506
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:22,500
different parts of the world who
had been living apart for 

5507
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:26,100
thousands of years. 
This made the first truly Global

5508
04:53:26,100 --> 04:53:29,400
gene pool, but the genetic 
mixing was only one part of a 

5509
04:53:29,400 --> 04:53:31,900
larger cultural blending that 
still affects everything from 

5510
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:35,000
food to buildings. 
Mongol cities were the first 

5511
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,300
places where Chinese Persian 
Central Asian and European 

5512
04:53:38,300 --> 04:53:40,300
cooking Styles met on a large 
scale. 

5513
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,700
This is where Fusion cooking, 
which mixes ingredients and 

5514
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:45,300
techniques from different, 
cultures began. 

5515
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:48,600
The architectural styles of 
many, Asian cities, still show 

5516
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:51,100
design ideas that were developed
during the Mongol period. 

5517
04:53:51,100 --> 04:53:54,000
When Builders had to make 
buildings that could meet a wide

5518
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:57,300
range of cultural needs and 
tastes, the Mongol influence can

5519
04:53:57,300 --> 04:54:00,800
be seen in the language itself. 
Hundreds of words in dozens of 

5520
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:03,800
languages, can be traced back to
the Mongols or to the cultural 

5521
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:05,900
mixing that happened. 
While the empire was around. 

5522
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,200
The Mongols came up with new 
ideas and institutions that are 

5523
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:11,900
still used in military 
administrative and trade-related

5524
04:54:11,900 --> 04:54:14,700
language across Eurasia 
languages that were never 

5525
04:54:14,700 --> 04:54:17,700
directly under Mongol rule was 
still affected by the increased 

5526
04:54:17,700 --> 04:54:21,200
trade and cultural exchange that
came with it, the Mongols way of

5527
04:54:21,200 --> 04:54:23,700
being tolerant of other 
religions set examples, that 

5528
04:54:23,700 --> 04:54:26,900
still affect how we think about 
religious freedom and cultural 

5529
04:54:26,900 --> 04:54:29,300
diversity today, in the 13th 
century. 

5530
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,300
The idea that political loyalty 
and religious belief could be 

5531
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:36,600
separated was re It is still 
controversial in some parts of 

5532
04:54:36,600 --> 04:54:39,300
the world today. 
The Mongol example showed that 

5533
04:54:39,308 --> 04:54:42,200
having different religions in a 
big political group can be a 

5534
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,700
strength instead of a weakness, 
Mongol influences can also be 

5535
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:47,900
seen in educational and 
intellectual Traditions. 

5536
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:49,900
The focus on practical 
knowledge. 

5537
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:53,200
The blending of different 
scholarly traditions, and the 

5538
04:54:53,200 --> 04:54:55,800
translation movements that 
thrived with Mongol support 

5539
04:54:55,800 --> 04:54:59,200
created ways for Scholars to 
share ideas, that shape the 

5540
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,500
growth of universities 
libraries, and scholarly 

5541
04:55:02,500 --> 04:55:05,500
networks across Eurasia, the 
Renaissance in Europe. 

5542
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:08,600
The last flowering of the 
Islamic golden age, and the 

5543
04:55:08,600 --> 04:55:12,300
technological advances of Ming 
China, all built on ideas that 

5544
04:55:12,300 --> 04:55:15,100
were made Stronger by cultural 
exchanges between the Mongols 

5545
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:18,100
and other cultures the way 
modern military's are organized,

5546
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:21,100
still shows the effects of new 
ideas that the Mongol Army came 

5547
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:24,300
up with the decimal system of 
military units, the use of 

5548
04:55:24,308 --> 04:55:27,400
different weapon systems and 
tactics, the focus on 

5549
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:31,000
communication and mobility and 
the use of psychological warfare

5550
04:55:31,000 --> 04:55:33,600
techniques. 
All became standard military 

5551
04:55:33,600 --> 04:55:37,400
practices that Still affect how 
modern arm is organized and 

5552
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:39,900
deployed the way. 
NATO organizes its military 

5553
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:42,200
forces is based on the same 
ideas that help. 

5554
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:45,300
The Mongol Empire turn Warriors 
from many different cultures 

5555
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:48,500
into effective fighting units. 
The trade networks, that the 

5556
04:55:48,500 --> 04:55:51,600
Mongols protected and grew are 
where the idea of a global 

5557
04:55:51,600 --> 04:55:55,300
economy that connects all modern
Nations comes from during the 

5558
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:58,100
Mongol period, it was shown on a
continental scale that Goods 

5559
04:55:58,100 --> 04:56:01,600
services and information should 
be able to move freely across 

5560
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:04,900
political borders, that economic
relationships, could cross 

5561
04:56:04,900 --> 04:56:08,700
cultural and religious lines, 
and that Prosperity depended on 

5562
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:10,500
keeping peaceful trading 
relationships. 

5563
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:13,400
The principles that were first 
used in the Mongol Commercial 

5564
04:56:13,400 --> 04:56:16,500
Code, are still used in modern 
international trade law, which 

5565
04:56:16,500 --> 04:56:19,500
focuses on standardizing 
procedures and ways to settle 

5566
04:56:19,500 --> 04:56:22,400
disputes. 
Mongol inovations even changed 

5567
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:24,200
how we think about geography, 
and maps. 

5568
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:27,700
The maps that helped Europeans, 
explore the Americas used 

5569
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:30,600
geographical information that 
Mongol leaders had collected and

5570
04:56:30,600 --> 04:56:33,200
kept safe. 
The Age of Exploration was made 

5571
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:36,300
possible by advances in 
astronomy navigation and 

5572
04:56:36,300 --> 04:56:39,000
surveying that were built on 
intellectual foundations that 

5573
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:41,100
were strengthened by scholarly 
exchanges. 

5574
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:43,700
During the Mongol era, the 
Mongol Empire showed that 

5575
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:46,800
cultural diversity and political
Unity could work together in 

5576
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:49,400
stead of against each other, 
which is perhaps the most 

5577
04:56:49,400 --> 04:56:51,900
important thing. 
This lesson is especially 

5578
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:54,000
important for today's 
multinational States and 

5579
04:56:54,000 --> 04:56:56,700
international groups that need 
to find a balance between local 

5580
04:56:56,700 --> 04:57:00,000
freedom and central control the 
European Union, the United 

5581
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:02,700
Nations and other modern 
organizations face the same 

5582
04:57:02,700 --> 04:57:06,100
basic problem, that the Mongols 
did how to keep good government 

5583
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:09,200
in places where people speak 
different languages, followed 

5584
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:12,000
different religions and have 
different cultural Traditions. 

5585
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:16,100
The Mongol solution, keeping 
central control, over important 

5586
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:18,600
tasks while letting local 
groups, have some freedom in 

5587
04:57:18,600 --> 04:57:21,900
cultural and religious matters. 
Still affects how modern 

5588
04:57:21,900 --> 04:57:23,700
organizations deal with this 
problem. 

5589
04:57:23,700 --> 04:57:27,300
Mongol administrators were the 
first to use these ideas on a 

5590
04:57:27,300 --> 04:57:30,900
large scale in federal systems 
of government international law 

5591
04:57:30,900 --> 04:57:33,000
and Multinational corporate 
structures. 

5592
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:35,800
The Empire's methods for 
Innovation and Technology 

5593
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:38,900
transfer set trends that still 
affect how new ideas spread 

5594
04:57:38,900 --> 04:57:41,200
around the world. 
The Mongols were the first to 

5595
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:44,500
systematically transfer 
technology by actively looking 

5596
04:57:44,500 --> 04:57:47,800
for useful new ideas. 
Adapting them to fit their needs

5597
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,000
and spreading them across their 
lands. 

5598
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:53,100
The Mongol period was the first 
time that people came up with 

5599
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:55,900
ideas, for research and 
development, International 

5600
04:57:55,900 --> 04:57:58,800
scientific collaboration. 
And the quick spread of new 

5601
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,300
technologies around the world as
you drift off to sleep, you 

5602
04:58:02,300 --> 04:58:05,000
might think about how the pillow
under your head is probably made

5603
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:06,900
of materials from many different
countries. 

5604
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,900
How the building around you is 
built using methods that were 

5605
04:58:09,900 --> 04:58:13,400
developed in many different 
cultures and how the electronic 

5606
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:16,500
devices nearby can connect you 
to people and information from 

5607
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,200
all over the world. 
All of these modern convenience 

5608
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:21,700
is a on the same. 
That led to the Mongols 

5609
04:58:21,700 --> 04:58:24,300
expansion. 
The societies are stronger and 

5610
04:58:24,300 --> 04:58:26,300
more successful when they are 
connected to each other. 

5611
04:58:26,300 --> 04:58:29,800
Instead, of being cut off from 
each other, the Mongol Empire 

5612
04:58:29,800 --> 04:58:33,000
didn't last as a government, but
its idea of a world where 

5613
04:58:33,000 --> 04:58:35,500
everything is connected. 
Did we all live in the world? 

5614
04:58:35,500 --> 04:58:39,100
The Mongols dreamed of a world 
where distance doesn't stop 

5615
04:58:39,100 --> 04:58:40,300
people from talking to each 
other. 

5616
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:44,100
When new ideas spread quickly 
across cultures, where people 

5617
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:46,600
from different backgrounds, can 
work together to reach common 

5618
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:49,500
goals and where the resources 
and knowledge of different 

5619
04:58:49,500 --> 04:58:52,300
societies can be combined to 
make something better than the 

5620
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:55,000
sum of its parts. 
Before you fall asleep think 

5621
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:57,500
back to those wide open 
grasslands where our story 

5622
04:58:57,500 --> 04:59:00,700
began, not the Mongolia of 
tourist attractions and modern 

5623
04:59:00,700 --> 04:59:04,200
cities that The endless steppe 
were a few nomadic families used

5624
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:07,000
to live in harmony with rhythms 
that are older than history. 

5625
04:59:07,000 --> 04:59:10,800
Think about how the endless 
grass Moved In Waves under huge 

5626
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:13,900
sky and how that landscape 
changed the people who would 

5627
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,400
later change half the world is 
very calming to end this story 

5628
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:20,400
where it began with the wind 
blowing through the grass and 

5629
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:23,600
The feeling of endless space 
stretching Beyond every Horizon.

5630
04:59:23,600 --> 04:59:27,900
The Mongol Empire came and went 
conquered and fell apart, but 

5631
04:59:27,900 --> 04:59:30,600
the steps are still very much 
like they were when TAMU gin 

5632
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:34,300
first learned to ride the grass,
still grows the season, still 

5633
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:37,200
change from the harsh cold of 
winter to the short warmth of 

5634
04:59:37,208 --> 04:59:40,700
Summer and somewhere in that 
vastness heard us still lead 

5635
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:43,500
their animals along paths that 
have been used for thousands of 

5636
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:45,400
years. 
But now, you know, that this 

5637
04:59:45,400 --> 04:59:48,200
seemingly empty landscape was 
actually the beginning of one of

5638
04:59:48,208 --> 04:59:50,700
history's. 
Most interesting experiments in 

5639
04:59:50,700 --> 04:59:54,100
how people can work together. 
Those scattered tribes living in

5640
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:57,700
felt tents and following their 
herds across vast grasslands 

5641
04:59:57,700 --> 04:59:59,500
were able to create something 
new. 

5642
05:00:00,300 --> 05:00:02,500
The government that could bring 
together people from different 

5643
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:05,500
backgrounds. 
Over long distances, an economic

5644
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:08,200
system that linked markets that 
have been cut off from each 

5645
05:00:08,200 --> 05:00:10,500
other. 
And a cultural framework that 

5646
05:00:10,500 --> 05:00:13,300
let different civilizations 
learn from each other while 

5647
05:00:13,300 --> 05:00:15,000
still keeping their own 
identities. 

5648
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:18,400
The story of the Mongol Empire 
is really about how people can 

5649
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:20,900
connect with each other, when 
there are no more barriers 

5650
05:00:20,900 --> 05:00:24,300
between them and instead, there 
are networks of exchange and 

5651
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:27,400
cooperation, it's about the 
power of being able to move 

5652
05:00:27,400 --> 05:00:29,800
around in a world that often 
thinks stability is more 

5653
05:00:29,800 --> 05:00:32,400
important. 
The benefits of being able to 

5654
05:00:32,400 --> 05:00:36,000
change in societies that often 
value tradition over new ideas 

5655
05:00:36,000 --> 05:00:40,000
and the idea that people from 
outside may have answers to 

5656
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:42,500
problems that people from within
have been able to solve 

5657
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:46,000
historians today, sometimes 
argue about, whether the Mongol 

5658
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,100
conquests were one of the 
greatest things that people have

5659
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:51,000
ever done or one of the worst 
things that people have ever 

5660
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:53,500
done. 
The answer is probably both like

5661
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:56,600
with most hard historical 
questions cities were destroyed 

5662
05:00:56,600 --> 05:00:59,600
and people had to move but new 
cities were built a new chances 

5663
05:00:59,600 --> 05:01:03,100
were made Old ways of life were 
changed but new ways of 

5664
05:01:03,108 --> 05:01:06,300
expressing culture came from the
mixing of traditions that were 

5665
05:01:06,300 --> 05:01:09,600
once separate. 
Political systems fell apart but

5666
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,800
new institutions that were more 
open and useful often took their

5667
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:15,100
place. 
It seems clear that the Mongol 

5668
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:18,100
period sped up human progress in
ways that still affect our world

5669
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:22,300
today, the cultural exchanges, 
technological advancements and 

5670
05:01:22,300 --> 05:01:25,200
institutional experiments that 
transpired during the Empire's 

5671
05:01:25,200 --> 05:01:28,200
duration established paradigms 
that influence. 

5672
05:01:28,200 --> 05:01:31,800
The Renaissance, the Scientific 
Revolution and the Contemporary 

5673
05:01:31,800 --> 05:01:35,500
global economy. 700 years later,
we are still dealing with the 

5674
05:01:35,500 --> 05:01:38,000
effects of decisions, made in 
Mongol councils. 

5675
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:42,000
The Mongol story teaches us that
human societies can change and 

5676
05:01:42,000 --> 05:01:45,700
adapt more than we think. 
They can the same species that 

5677
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:48,300
had spent thousands of years. 
Building isolated agricultural 

5678
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:51,800
societies was able to build and 
run a continental Empire that 

5679
05:01:51,800 --> 05:01:55,700
worked well over long distances 
and across cultures the same 

5680
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:58,500
groups that had been fighting 
and competing for what seemed 

5681
05:01:58,500 --> 05:02:01,100
like forever found that they 
could work together to reach 

5682
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,600
bigger goals. 
This ability to change gives us 

5683
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:06,400
hope for the problems. 
We face around the world. 

5684
05:02:06,400 --> 05:02:09,600
If no magic heard us, could 
figure out how to govern areas 

5685
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:12,300
from Korea to Hungary, while 
respecting, the cultural 

5686
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,100
autonomy of hundreds of 
different groups. 

5687
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:17,600
Maybe modern societies can find 
ways to deal with climate 

5688
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:21,100
change, economic inequality, and
political fragmentation. 

5689
05:02:21,100 --> 05:02:24,500
That seemed just as hard to deal
with from where we are now, the 

5690
05:02:24,500 --> 05:02:27,400
Mongol Empire also shows us that
some of the most important, new 

5691
05:02:27,400 --> 05:02:30,000
ideas in history of come from 
places, we didn't expect. 

5692
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:33,400
It wasn't the urban Elites of 
established civilization who 

5693
05:02:33,400 --> 05:02:36,100
changed Warfare Administration, 
and international relations. 

5694
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:39,800
It was no medic Outsiders, who 
looked at the same problems from

5695
05:02:39,800 --> 05:02:42,500
a whole new angle. 
This means that experts, today 

5696
05:02:42,500 --> 05:02:45,500
might not be taking seriously 
the ideas and communities that 

5697
05:02:45,500 --> 05:02:47,100
could help solve today's 
problems. 

5698
05:02:47,800 --> 05:02:49,800
You might find comfort in the 
thought of that. 

5699
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:51,500
Endless Blue Sky. 
Over the steps. 

5700
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,400
As you fall asleep, it's the 
same sky that watched over. 

5701
05:02:54,408 --> 05:02:57,700
Mongol heard as 800 years ago 
and the same sky, that covers 

5702
05:02:57,700 --> 05:03:00,700
your own home tonight. 
That sky has seen the rise and 

5703
05:03:00,700 --> 05:03:02,700
fall of Empires, the movement of
people. 

5704
05:03:02,700 --> 05:03:06,300
The growth of technologies that 
have changed human life and the 

5705
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:08,200
slow growth of the connected 
world. 

5706
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:12,300
We live in now, but it is also 
seen quieter times like families

5707
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:15,700
gathering around cooking fires, 
kids learning to ride horses. 

5708
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:19,000
Elders telling stories that 
passed down, cultural Knowledge 

5709
05:03:19,000 --> 05:03:22,000
from one generation to the next 
and regular people. 

5710
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:25,500
Making the small choices that 
when added to gather changed the

5711
05:03:25,500 --> 05:03:28,500
course of human history, the 
grand sweep of Empires and 

5712
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:31,600
conquests is important. 
But so are the small acts of 

5713
05:03:31,608 --> 05:03:35,300
Bravery creativity and kindness 
that make big changes in history

5714
05:03:35,300 --> 05:03:37,600
possible. 
The Mongol Empire is no longer 

5715
05:03:37,600 --> 05:03:40,500
around but it's ideas about what
people can do, are still around.

5716
05:03:40,500 --> 05:03:44,600
The Mongol period was when these
ideas first took shape, the 

5717
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:46,800
different cultures can enrich 
each other in stead of 

5718
05:03:46,808 --> 05:03:49,700
threatening each other. 
The geographical barriers don't 

5719
05:03:49,700 --> 05:03:52,900
have to become social barriers. 
That Innovation can come from 

5720
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:57,100
both isolation and synthesis and
that societies can be organized 

5721
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:58,700
in ways that benefit all their 
members. 

5722
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:02,200
Instead of just their Elites, 
these ideas continue to inspire 

5723
05:04:02,200 --> 05:04:05,600
efforts to make the world more 
fair and connected tonight, as 

5724
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:08,300
you fall asleep in a world where
Mongolian traditional music 

5725
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:11,300
might be playing through your 
speakers Kashmir from Central 

5726
05:04:11,300 --> 05:04:14,600
Asian goats might be warming, 
your shoulders and the spices in

5727
05:04:14,600 --> 05:04:17,000
your evening team might have 
come from trade routes. 

5728
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,400
First used by Mongol Merchants, 
your experiencing, the everyday 

5729
05:04:20,400 --> 05:04:23,700
Legacy of that, amazing 
experiment in how to organize 

5730
05:04:23,700 --> 05:04:26,400
people that started on the steps
over 800 years ago. 

5731
05:04:26,400 --> 05:04:30,900
Sweet dreams of wide, open 
spaces and endless Horizons of 

5732
05:04:30,900 --> 05:04:32,600
people. 
Realizing they have more in 

5733
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,400
common than they thought and of 
how humans can always change 

5734
05:04:35,400 --> 05:04:37,600
create and connect with each 
other. 

5735
05:04:37,600 --> 05:04:40,000
No matter what barriers seem to 
be in the way. 

5736
05:04:40,000 --> 05:04:43,300
The story of the Mongol Empire 
is really our story. 

5737
05:04:43,300 --> 05:04:46,600
It's the story of how people 
learn to get along on a planet 

5738
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:48,800
that belongs to all of us. 
Sleep. 

5739
05:04:48,800 --> 05:04:50,600
Well, under the sky that never 
ends. 

5740
05:04:56,700 --> 05:04:59,800
The first voice came not with 
thunderous Clarity, but as a 

5741
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:03,700
whisper easily mistaken for Wind
Through the garden, I was 13 

5742
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:07,100
Gathering herbs behind my 
father, Jacques house in Don, 

5743
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,500
Remy. 
Most people remember me? 

5744
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,200
Describing the voice as 
appearing with blinding light at

5745
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:16,500
noon but the truth differs it 
was actually dusk the hour when 

5746
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:17,900
Shadows transformed into 
something else. 

5747
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:20,100
Entirely. 
Jahan. 

5748
05:05:20,700 --> 05:05:24,200
It said my name in the old 
tongue it was familiar. 

5749
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:28,000
Not commanding or frightening 
like someone who had known me 

5750
05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:30,200
before. 
I knew myself, I dropped my 

5751
05:05:30,200 --> 05:05:32,400
basket herb scattering across 
soil. 

5752
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:36,100
Still warm from the day's son. 
no one had prepared me for this 

5753
05:05:36,100 --> 05:05:39,800
moment, even though our priest, 
father of a Franti frequently 

5754
05:05:39,800 --> 05:05:43,800
spoke about Saints and visions, 
People imagine I was overcome 

5755
05:05:43,800 --> 05:05:47,100
with religious Ecstasy, but my 
initial reaction was irritation.

5756
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:49,200
I had chores to finish before 
dark. 

5757
05:05:49,200 --> 05:05:52,500
And mother would scold me for 
dallying only, when the voice 

5758
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:54,400
came again. 
Three days later while I tended 

5759
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:55,700
our sheep, did I begin to 
understand. 

5760
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:58,600
It was Michael, the Archangel 
though he did not announce 

5761
05:05:58,600 --> 05:06:01,700
himself, grandly he simply began
speaking as if he were 

5762
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:03,900
continuing a long-established 
conversation. 

5763
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:08,400
Our village existed in Perpetual
anxiety, the English and 

5764
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:11,100
burgundians raided regularly 
forcing us to flee with our 

5765
05:06:11,100 --> 05:06:13,800
livestock to the nearby 
fortified island of Volare. 

5766
05:06:14,700 --> 05:06:17,000
My father served as a village 
official Dean. 

5767
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:19,500
They called him and I watched 
how the weight of protecting 

5768
05:06:19,500 --> 05:06:22,800
others bet his shoulders, when 
he returned from bearing, 

5769
05:06:22,800 --> 05:06:27,300
neighbors killed in raids. 
He'd sit silently by our half. 

5770
05:06:28,800 --> 05:06:32,900
Staring at nothing. 
This was the inheritance of 

5771
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:36,000
every child in Lorraine. 
The knowledge that safety was 

5772
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,000
temporary violence. 
Inevitable. 

5773
05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:42,400
The voices Catherine and 
Margaret joined, Michael. 

5774
05:06:42,400 --> 05:06:45,600
Eventually did not immediately 
speak of saving France. 

5775
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:49,900
They spoke of me how I must 
remain pure, how I must listen 

5776
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:52,400
carefully. 
People think I was a simple 

5777
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,000
girl, but Simplicity was 
impossible in our older region 

5778
05:06:56,000 --> 05:06:59,600
where language loyalty and 
custom blurred. 

5779
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:02,200
We spoke a dialect that was 
neither purely French. 

5780
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:05,900
Nor German we pledged allegiance
to Lords whose names changed 

5781
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,000
with the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

5782
05:07:09,000 --> 05:07:11,700
They told me once though I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

5783
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:14,600
and had never seen nobility safe
for occasional passing nights. 

5784
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:19,200
How I inquired, my ignorance 
weighing heavily on my mind, you

5785
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:22,600
will know was all they answered.
Mother taught me to sow and 

5786
05:07:22,600 --> 05:07:24,700
spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

5787
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:26,800
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

5788
05:07:27,700 --> 05:07:30,900
Father, taught me to manage our 
few acres and to recognize when 

5789
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:34,900
rain threatened the hay Harvest.
These mundane lessons proved as 

5790
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:36,800
crucial as anything the voices 
imparted. 

5791
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:41,500
I hit the voices from everyone, 
especially my dear friend of 

5792
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:43,300
yet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

5793
05:07:43,308 --> 05:07:46,400
church altars together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

5794
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:50,200
waited in the Moose River during
Summer's heat, normalcy became 

5795
05:07:50,200 --> 05:07:53,200
my disguise when my mother, 
spoke of arranging a marriage 

5796
05:07:53,208 --> 05:07:56,700
with the son of a nearby farmer,
I neither greed, nor objected 

5797
05:07:56,700 --> 05:07:59,800
though, the voice is had already
commanded my virginity be 

5798
05:07:59,800 --> 05:08:03,900
preserved I simply continue 
spinning wool, kneading bread 

5799
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:07,300
and appearing unchanged while 
something profound transformed. 

5800
05:08:07,300 --> 05:08:11,500
Within me the summer items, 16 
English forces pushed deeper 

5801
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:14,200
into our region. 
I watched refugees stream 

5802
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:16,700
through. 
Domini women carrying whatever 

5803
05:08:16,700 --> 05:08:19,800
possessions they could save men 
with haunted eyes and children 

5804
05:08:19,800 --> 05:08:23,100
to exhausted to cry. 
They brought stories of villages

5805
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:27,300
burned of harvest destroyed and 
of casual cruelties in by 

5806
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,000
mercenary soldiers, who fought 
for coin rather than calls. 

5807
05:08:30,900 --> 05:08:33,300
One night while our family 
sheltered in the church during a

5808
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:35,600
raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

5809
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,100
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

5810
05:08:39,100 --> 05:08:42,700
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

5811
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:44,800
resolve that matched the voices 
growing urgency. 

5812
05:08:45,900 --> 05:08:48,000
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

5813
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:51,100
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

5814
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:54,400
kingdom crumbles. 
I am a girl who cannot read. 

5815
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:56,700
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

5816
05:08:57,400 --> 05:08:59,800
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

5817
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:03,700
I laughed aloud at this 
absurdity earning a questioning 

5818
05:09:03,700 --> 05:09:06,100
look from my brother Pierre as 
we gathered kindling in the 

5819
05:09:06,108 --> 05:09:10,300
forest. you were chosen before 
birth Margaret, added not for 

5820
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:14,300
your knowledge, but for your 
heart, Has winter approached 

5821
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,900
burgundy and soldiers burned 
part of our village. 

5822
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:20,200
I helped neighbor's Salvage what
remained of their homes by 

5823
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:23,000
digging through Ash for cooking 
pots and for anything usable. 

5824
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:26,500
The voice is grew more. 
Insistent speaking, not just in 

5825
05:09:26,500 --> 05:09:30,200
Quiet Moments, but during daily 
tasks during mass and during 

5826
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:34,300
rare moments of Village 
celebration, Go to vacuums, they

5827
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:38,700
commanded speak to Robert de 
Boudreaux the name the Garrison 

5828
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:42,000
Commander, a Gruff Soldier loyal
to the uncrowned fair. 

5829
05:09:42,000 --> 05:09:44,100
What? 
I didn't know was how a peasant 

5830
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:46,900
girl might gain his audience, 
how I might convince him of the 

5831
05:09:46,900 --> 05:09:49,500
Divine messages. 
Only, I could hear, but the 

5832
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:51,000
voice is left, no room for 
doubt. 

5833
05:09:51,000 --> 05:09:54,600
I would go, I would speak. 
I would begin this impossible 

5834
05:09:54,600 --> 05:09:57,400
Journey. 
So, I planted my hair one. 

5835
05:09:57,400 --> 05:09:58,700
Final time before. 
Cutting it away. 

5836
05:09:58,700 --> 05:10:01,600
Trading A daughter's life for 
something without precedent. 

5837
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:04,400
My cousin Johan. 
Laswa thought I was insane, when

5838
05:10:04,408 --> 05:10:07,700
I asked him to escort me to 
vocular, a practical, man with 

5839
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:10,700
calloused hands and a Perpetual 
Furrow between his brows and 

5840
05:10:10,700 --> 05:10:13,800
nonetheless agreed perhaps out 
of curiosity about what a 

5841
05:10:13,800 --> 05:10:16,700
transformed his once quiet, 
cousin into someone who spoke 

5842
05:10:16,700 --> 05:10:19,700
with unnerving certainty. 
Three times. 

5843
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:21,200
You will knock on the captain's 
door. 

5844
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:25,300
Katherine told me twice. 
He will refuse you the third 

5845
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:29,100
time, he will listen. 
During the January journey to 

5846
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:32,900
vaakula my feet became numb from
wearing worn, leather shoes, 

5847
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:37,200
Frost glazed the bare trees, 
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 

5848
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:39,600
bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

5849
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,800
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage. 

5850
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:46,100
Jerome filled silence is with 
nervous chatter about his 

5851
05:10:46,100 --> 05:10:48,300
Vineyard and about Village 
gossip carefully. 

5852
05:10:48,300 --> 05:10:51,000
Avoiding question about my 
purpose until we crested the 

5853
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:54,100
final Hill. 
What exactly would you say to 

5854
05:10:54,100 --> 05:10:56,300
him? 
He finally asked as vocalists 

5855
05:10:56,300 --> 05:10:59,700
stonewall's, came into view. 
The truth seemed both too simple

5856
05:10:59,700 --> 05:11:03,300
and too extraordinary Voices. 
From Heaven commanded me to seek

5857
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:05,900
an audience with the Garrison 
Commander so that I could 

5858
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:08,600
eventually lead the dofan to his
coronation at Ryan's. 

5859
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,600
Instead I said only what God 
wishes me to say. 

5860
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,800
Boudreaux cause guards snickered
at the sight of me a peasant, 

5861
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:18,800
girl, in a home. 
Spun dress requesting an 

5862
05:11:18,800 --> 05:11:21,700
audience with their Commander, 
but something in my demeanor 

5863
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:23,600
made them hesitate to Simply 
turn me away. 

5864
05:11:24,500 --> 05:11:27,500
Perhaps it was the way I stood 
as if inhabited by something 

5865
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:30,300
larger than myself. 
They brought recorder to the 

5866
05:11:30,308 --> 05:11:33,800
Courtyard rather than admitting 
me to his quarters, a public 

5867
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,800
humiliation intended to 
discourage further persistence. 

5868
05:11:37,600 --> 05:11:40,300
The Heavenly Lord has a messages
concerning the welfare of 

5869
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:43,000
France. 
I announced boring formality. 

5870
05:11:43,000 --> 05:11:47,100
I'd never needed indomie. 
Boudreaux bearded broad 

5871
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:51,000
shouldered perpetually armored 
even in peace time laughed, not 

5872
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:53,300
cruelty. 
But with the weariness of a man 

5873
05:11:53,300 --> 05:11:56,200
besieged by people claiming 
special knowledge in Desperate 

5874
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:58,900
Times. 
Return to your father child. 

5875
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:02,200
He said, learn to improve your 
thread, spinning skills and of 

5876
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,700
telling stories. 
I did not argue. 

5877
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:07,200
The voice is had prepared me for
rejection. 

5878
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:11,000
Your own looked as we left 
believe in the matter concluded,

5879
05:12:11,000 --> 05:12:14,200
but I remained in vocalo, 
staying with distant relatives, 

5880
05:12:14,200 --> 05:12:18,000
the kindly wheelwright Honore 
and his wife, Catherine larae, 

5881
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:20,900
who took me in despite their 
confusion about my purpose. 

5882
05:12:21,900 --> 05:12:23,900
Daily. 
I attended mass at the chapel of

5883
05:12:23,900 --> 05:12:26,300
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 
floors. 

5884
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:29,600
That bruised, my knees. 
Townspeople began noticing. 

5885
05:12:29,600 --> 05:12:32,200
The strange girl, who prayed 
with unusual intensity. 

5886
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:35,800
Some mocked me others. 
Sensing something Beyond 

5887
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:39,200
ordinary Faith, began asking for
blessings, for prayers, specific

5888
05:12:39,200 --> 05:12:42,400
to their troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

5889
05:12:42,400 --> 05:12:44,700
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

5890
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:49,400
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

5891
05:12:49,400 --> 05:12:52,700
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through Papyrus skin 

5892
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:55,900
and prayed. 
Anyway, when the fever broke 

5893
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:59,400
three days later, whispers about
me changed tenor, I was back at 

5894
05:12:59,400 --> 05:13:02,900
beards door six days. 
After my initial rejection this 

5895
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,900
time, he received me properly in
his Chambers, curious about 

5896
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:07,600
rumors circulating through his 
town. 

5897
05:13:08,800 --> 05:13:11,800
Stood before his massive Oak 
death, my shadow small against 

5898
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:15,000
the stone wall behind me. 
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 

5899
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:18,500
He said not bothering with a 
greeting, not claims truth. 

5900
05:13:19,700 --> 05:13:24,000
Steadiness in my voice. 
Surprised even me. today, nearly

5901
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:28,300
all our forces of suffered 
defeat, Skirmish near a place 

5902
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:30,600
called rovere The Ambush 
targeted. 

5903
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:33,500
Men carrying Lenten fish and 
Provisions for the besieged. 

5904
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:36,800
You will receive confirmation of
the situation in days. 

5905
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:39,500
I had not known. 
These words would come from my 

5906
05:13:39,500 --> 05:13:41,800
mouth until they emerged the 
voices. 

5907
05:13:41,800 --> 05:13:44,500
Had whispered to the moments 
before I understood and his 

5908
05:13:44,500 --> 05:13:48,000
chamber, Boudreaux's expression 
changed from skepticism to 

5909
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:52,200
guarded caution. 
If the story proves true, he 

5910
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:54,900
began. 
When it proves true, I corrected

5911
05:13:54,900 --> 05:13:56,900
you will provide me an escort 
to. 

5912
05:13:56,900 --> 05:14:00,700
She know he dismissed me without
commitment Messengers, 

5913
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:03,900
confirmed, the battle of the 
herrings four days later while 

5914
05:14:03,900 --> 05:14:06,200
my prediction was not 
particularly detailed its 

5915
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,000
verification startled, Boudreaux
into taking me. 

5916
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:13,400
Seriously, on my third visit, he
listened fully I must dress as a

5917
05:14:13,400 --> 05:14:17,000
man, I explained the journey is 
dangerous and I have been 

5918
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:20,300
promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, what I 

5919
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:22,700
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

5920
05:14:22,700 --> 05:14:26,600
glimpses of what awaited road 
crawling with burgundy, patrols 

5921
05:14:26,600 --> 05:14:29,800
English archers and Forest 
clearings and rivers swollen 

5922
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:33,100
with winter melt A woman 
traveling would face dangers, 

5923
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,700
Beyond enemy soldiers. 
The voice is promise safety, but

5924
05:14:36,700 --> 05:14:39,300
required Prudence Boudreaux 
commission. 

5925
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:43,200
Male clothing for me, a dark, 
Woolen tunic leggings and a boot

5926
05:14:43,200 --> 05:14:44,800
that needed stuffing at the 
toes. 

5927
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:47,400
Border. 
Cut my hair even shorter 

5928
05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:50,700
cropping it close to my scalp 
when I dressed in these garments

5929
05:14:50,700 --> 05:14:52,900
for the first time. 
The La Jolla watched with 

5930
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:56,200
troubled Fascination Henry 
crossed himself, Catherine, 

5931
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:59,400
white tears. 
You look honestly, started 

5932
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:01,500
unable to find appropriate 
words. 

5933
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:05,300
Like God's instrument. 
I finished for him, though. 

5934
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:09,600
I felt only like myself, simply 
clad differently, Jeanette, and 

5935
05:15:09,600 --> 05:15:12,300
bertrande pulan G. 
Two of bots recourse men 

5936
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:14,700
volunteered to accompany me to 
Chino. 

5937
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:17,900
Both later claimed divine 
inspiration, moved them to offer

5938
05:15:17,900 --> 05:15:19,700
an escort. 
But I saw more Earthly 

5939
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:22,600
calculation in their eyes 
curiosity about whether the 

5940
05:15:22,600 --> 05:15:25,500
strange girl might truly have 
Heavenly favor whether their 

5941
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:27,300
fortunes might Rise by 
proximity. 

5942
05:15:28,400 --> 05:15:31,700
The night before, departure Bode
recourse summoned, me once more,

5943
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:35,300
the chambers single candle cast,
dramatic Shadows across his 

5944
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:37,400
face. 
Deepening already severe 

5945
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,300
features. 
If you are deceiving us, if you 

5946
05:15:40,308 --> 05:15:44,200
lead my men into danger, through
false prophecy, he let the 

5947
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:47,600
threat, hang on finish. 
I move only as directed I 

5948
05:15:47,600 --> 05:15:50,300
answered your men. 
Safety is precious to heaven. 

5949
05:15:51,100 --> 05:15:54,200
He handed me a sword, then not 
ceremoniously, but with a 

5950
05:15:54,200 --> 05:15:56,600
practicality that acknowledged 
the dangers ahead. 

5951
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,600
Can you use this? 
I had never held a sword before.

5952
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:02,500
It's wait. 
Surprise me. 

5953
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:06,700
The cool against my palm. 
I will not need to I said, 

5954
05:16:06,700 --> 05:16:10,000
others will fight. 
I carry the standard. 

5955
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:15,100
This answer so specific yet, so 
odd seemed to finally convinced 

5956
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,900
him, he nodded once, reclaim the
sword and uttered words that 

5957
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:22,100
would become famous, despite 
their lack of theatrical Flair 

5958
05:16:22,100 --> 05:16:26,200
in their actual delivery. 
Go then and let come what comes?

5959
05:16:27,000 --> 05:16:31,200
The following morning, February 
23rd, I departed vocular, with 

5960
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:34,800
my small escort, townspeople 
gathered to watch some, touching

5961
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:38,700
my garments as if I were already
a saint a woman pressed a rosary

5962
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:41,200
into my hand. 
A blacksmith crossed himself. 

5963
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,800
As I passed, I did not look back
at the town's gate, even though 

5964
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:48,900
homesickness was already pulling
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for

5965
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:51,400
a Simplicity that I had now 
irrevocably lost. 

5966
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,600
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 
travel through enemy territory 

5967
05:16:55,600 --> 05:16:59,400
and beyond that challenges. 
I could scarcely imagine but 

5968
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:02,400
Michael's voice accompanied me 
Steady as my heartbeat. 

5969
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:05,900
France is Liberation begins with
each step. 

5970
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:09,300
You take the journey to Shin on 
tested faith, more than physical

5971
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:11,800
endurance. 
We traveled mainly at night 

5972
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,700
avoiding main roads, where 
English and Beyond Patrol 

5973
05:17:14,700 --> 05:17:18,000
sought, travelers to Robble, 
Ransom during daylight hours, we

5974
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:20,300
hid in abandoned Shepherd's, 
Huts, or dense Woodland. 

5975
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:24,700
Genre Mets and pulan G. 
Initially insisted, I sleep 

5976
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:28,400
separate from them to protect my
virtue but practicality soon, 

5977
05:17:28,400 --> 05:17:31,700
dissolved such Curtis's. 
We huddled together for warmth. 

5978
05:17:31,700 --> 05:17:35,300
In February's biting cold, my 
male attire and their honor 

5979
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:39,100
providing sufficient barriers. 
My companions attitudes toward 

5980
05:17:39,100 --> 05:17:42,800
me, evolved during our journey 
initial skepticism transformed 

5981
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:44,800
into cautious. 
Reverence after we narrowly 

5982
05:17:44,800 --> 05:17:47,800
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that
should have intercepted us. 

5983
05:17:48,500 --> 05:17:51,800
The wind shifted pooling 
remarked not connecting the 

5984
05:17:51,800 --> 05:17:54,400
sudden, weather change to my 
silent prayer moments before 

5985
05:17:55,700 --> 05:17:58,600
Later when we reached a swollen 
river, that Maps showed, no 

5986
05:17:58,600 --> 05:18:01,400
Crossing for Miles. 
A local boy appeared as if 

5987
05:18:01,400 --> 05:18:03,800
conjured guiding us to a hidden 
Ford. 

5988
05:18:04,700 --> 05:18:08,100
My escorts exchanged meaningful 
glances, but I knew these were 

5989
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,100
not Miracles, merely the 
everyday, working of divine 

5990
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:14,000
guidance. 
Will you truly recognize the 

5991
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:16,600
dofan asked one evening as we 
warmed. 

5992
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:20,000
Our hands over a small 
carefully, shielded fire They 

5993
05:18:20,000 --> 05:18:22,700
say, he often hides among his 
courtiers to test visitors. 

5994
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:27,100
God will identify his anointed. 
I answered though, privately, I 

5995
05:18:27,100 --> 05:18:29,000
wondered how this recognition 
would manifest. 

5996
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:31,600
The voice is remained 
frustratingly. 

5997
05:18:31,600 --> 05:18:35,800
Vague on practical details. 
We reached Shin on March 6th, 

5998
05:18:35,800 --> 05:18:38,900
but two more days passed before 
gaining entrance to the castle. 

5999
05:18:38,900 --> 05:18:42,300
We launched in the town below 
where I endured the first of 

6000
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:45,200
many examinations by Church 
officials balls and sent to 

6001
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:48,500
determine whether my claims were
divine inspiration, demonic 

6002
05:18:48,500 --> 05:18:52,500
influence, or simple Madness. 
How can we know God speaks 

6003
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:53,900
through. 
You demanded. 

6004
05:18:53,900 --> 05:18:56,900
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 

6005
05:18:56,900 --> 05:19:00,300
sour from fasting. 
By the signs that follow. 

6006
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:02,500
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's 

6007
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:04,900
coaching. 
God does not ask for Blind 

6008
05:19:04,900 --> 05:19:07,800
Faith, but provides confirmation
for those who truly seek. 

6009
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:09,900
What? 
Signs have you performed? 

6010
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:12,000
None. 
Yet signs. 

6011
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:13,800
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

6012
05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:15,900
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

6013
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:20,000
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

6014
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:22,600
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

6015
05:19:22,600 --> 05:19:26,000
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about faith 

6016
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:29,200
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

6017
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:32,200
constructions, that might 
suggest educated heretical 

6018
05:19:32,200 --> 05:19:36,500
influences when I eventually 
gained entry to the castle I 

6019
05:19:36,500 --> 05:19:40,500
face to plan challenge. 
Charles not yet crowned, an 

6020
05:19:40,500 --> 05:19:42,100
increasingly doubtful of his 
legitimacy. 

6021
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:45,700
Had a range for another man to 
sit on the throne while he stood

6022
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:47,800
among dozens of richly dressed 
courtiers. 

6023
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:51,100
The Great Hall. 
Blazed, with hundreds of 

6024
05:19:51,100 --> 05:19:54,500
candles, they're like reflecting
off jeweled fingers and Golden 

6025
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:56,300
Threads woven through Noble 
garments. 

6026
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,500
The assembled Court, watched 
expectantly many smirking at the

6027
05:20:00,508 --> 05:20:02,300
prospect of a peasant girls 
confusion. 

6028
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:06,600
I had never seen such finery 
such concentrated wealth. 

6029
05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:10,700
For a moment, my confidence 
wavered, these were people whose

6030
05:20:10,700 --> 05:20:13,200
everyday garments cost more than
my family earned in years. 

6031
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:18,000
What arrogance brought me here. 
Then Margaret whispered not in 

6032
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:19,600
my ear but directly within my 
mind. 

6033
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:23,700
Remember your purpose, you are 
not sent to be dazzled by 

6034
05:20:23,700 --> 05:20:27,300
Earthly riches. 
Without hesitation, I walked 

6035
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:29,800
directly through the crowd 
toward a plainly Dressed Man 

6036
05:20:29,800 --> 05:20:32,400
Standing among the courtiers 
kneeling before him. 

6037
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:34,400
I said what the voice is 
prompted. 

6038
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:38,000
God gives you life and Glory, 
gentle dofa. 

6039
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:42,600
Charles's face registered shock 
quickly, controlled I am not the

6040
05:20:42,600 --> 05:20:43,800
king. 
He protested. 

6041
05:20:43,800 --> 05:20:47,300
Maintaining the charade. 
I did not call you King. 

6042
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:51,500
I answered, you are the dofa but
you will be king when properly 

6043
05:20:51,500 --> 05:20:53,600
consecrated at Raya as his God's
will. 

6044
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:58,100
The court mermaid, Charles 
gestured for seclusion guide. 

6045
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:01,700
Me to a window ledge where we 
could Converse discreetly if you

6046
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:05,400
truly come from God, he said, 
quietly tell me something, only 

6047
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:09,300
Divine knowledge could reveal A 
repeated words, Michael had give

6048
05:21:09,300 --> 05:21:12,500
me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

6049
05:21:12,500 --> 05:21:14,600
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

6050
05:21:14,600 --> 05:21:17,400
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning, whether 

6051
05:21:17,400 --> 05:21:20,500
your mother's reputation, spoke 
truth, about your birth, God 

6052
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:23,000
answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

6053
05:21:23,000 --> 05:21:26,900
to France, your suffering is 
seen your doubts are understood,

6054
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,900
but you must claim what heaven 
has preserved for you. 

6055
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:34,900
Charles paled visibly he later 
confirmed that he had prayed 

6056
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:38,000
this prayer in solitude. 
That I knew its contents 

6057
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:39,700
convinced him when nothing else 
might have. 

6058
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:43,700
Yet, despite this private 
conviction, Charles remained 

6059
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,600
publicly cautious. 
I was subjected to further 

6060
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:49,500
examinations including three 
weeks of questioning by 

6061
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:52,700
theologians at poitiers who 
probed for heretical beliefs or 

6062
05:21:52,700 --> 05:21:56,300
signs of demonic influence. 
They examined, my body, for 

6063
05:21:56,300 --> 05:22:00,000
which is marks, questioned, by 
insistence, on male attire and 

6064
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:02,700
tested, my knowledge of 
Christian doctrine, what history

6065
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:04,800
really records, is the 
humiliation of these 

6066
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,100
examinations and the indignity 
of learned men debating, whether

6067
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:11,800
my virginity indicated Divine 
protection, or simply lack of 

6068
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:14,300
opportunity. 
As well as whether my voice is 

6069
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:18,300
were Angels or clever demons, 
One elderly, Theologian 

6070
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:20,000
suggested. 
I might simply suffer from 

6071
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:22,400
female hysteria due to my 
unmarried state. 

6072
05:22:23,200 --> 05:22:27,100
Perhaps a replied evenly. 
The does hysteria tiplee predict

6073
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,000
military outcomes or recognized 
King's? 

6074
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:33,100
During these weeks of 
examination, I grew increasingly

6075
05:22:33,100 --> 05:22:37,500
frustrated by delays, all Leon 
remained under seeds situation. 

6076
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:40,200
Deteriorating, the voices became
more urgent. 

6077
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,700
Sometimes waking me from sleep 
with commands to move quickly. 

6078
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:48,100
Time, Slips Away, Michael 
warned, France's heart weakens 

6079
05:22:48,100 --> 05:22:49,500
with each passengers passing 
day. 

6080
05:22:49,500 --> 05:22:53,400
I petition Charles repeatedly 
for Action, facing resistance 

6081
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,400
from his advisor. 
Jorge de La Creme who viewed me 

6082
05:22:56,400 --> 05:23:00,000
as a threat to his influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

6083
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:03,300
He told Charles within my 
hearing yet, prophecies are 

6084
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:05,900
cheap while soldiers lives a 
dire prophecies. 

6085
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:09,100
May be cheap, I counter it. 
But the price of ignorance is 

6086
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,200
the fall of your kingdom. 
Charles wavered between 

6087
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:14,900
believing my Divine mandate and 
fearing the consequences of 

6088
05:23:14,900 --> 05:23:18,700
following an unproven visionary.
What finally convinced him was 

6089
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:22,500
pragmatism all conventional 
military strategies had failed. 

6090
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:25,800
His treasury emptied while 
English territory in France 

6091
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:28,300
expanded. 
What harm could come from, 

6092
05:23:28,300 --> 05:23:30,400
allowing me to attempt, lifting 
The Siege at all. 

6093
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:32,800
Should I fail? 
My losses would be minimal 

6094
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:34,300
compared to the Daily losses 
already. 

6095
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:39,700
Incurred. if I succeeded, the 
reward was in calculable in 

6096
05:23:39,700 --> 05:23:42,600
late, April after nearly seven 
weeks of delay in examination. 

6097
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:44,700
Charles, finally granted me my 
mission. 

6098
05:23:44,700 --> 05:23:48,500
I was provided armor made to my 
measurements, lightweight 

6099
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:50,400
plates. 
That nonetheless felt foreign 

6100
05:23:50,400 --> 05:23:53,000
against my body. 
The sword given to me, was 

6101
05:23:53,000 --> 05:23:55,800
servable, but ordinary not the 
special blade. 

6102
05:23:55,800 --> 05:23:59,600
I described seeing in my vision.
There is a sword Meant For Me, 

6103
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:03,900
Explain to Charles buried behind
the altar at Saint Catherine de 

6104
05:24:03,900 --> 05:24:06,100
fierbois. 
It Bears five crosses on its 

6105
05:24:06,100 --> 05:24:08,600
blade and has Lain there since 
Charles martel's time. 

6106
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:11,600
Charles still testing the limits
of My Strange. 

6107
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:13,700
Knowledge. 
Sent men to investigate this 

6108
05:24:13,700 --> 05:24:16,600
oddly specific claim. 
They indeed found an ancient 

6109
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:20,500
sword buried exactly where 
described its existence unknown 

6110
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:23,800
to the local priests, this sword
became my physical token of 

6111
05:24:23,800 --> 05:24:26,800
divine sanction. 
However, I primarily carried a 

6112
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:28,400
standard in stead of wielding 
weapons. 

6113
05:24:28,400 --> 05:24:32,900
The standard was my design, a 
White Field adorned with flooded

6114
05:24:32,900 --> 05:24:37,300
Lee bearing, the name's Jesus 
Maria and depicting God, holding

6115
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:39,100
the world with angels at his 
side. 

6116
05:24:39,900 --> 05:24:42,700
This banana would proceed me 
into battle of visible. 

6117
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:45,100
Reminder that are caused 
Heavenly blessing. 

6118
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:49,200
Before departing on. 
I dictated a letter to the 

6119
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:52,400
English commanders surrounding 
or our warning them to depart 

6120
05:24:52,400 --> 05:24:55,300
from France or face. 
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 

6121
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:57,800
Who recorded my words kept 
glancing up in disbelief as 

6122
05:24:57,800 --> 05:25:00,800
increasingly forceful language 
flowed from The Peasant, girl 

6123
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:03,700
before him. 
Surrender to the maid sent by 

6124
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:06,500
God, the king of Heaven, you 
will not hold the kingdom of 

6125
05:25:06,500 --> 05:25:09,700
France from God, the king of 
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,

6126
05:25:09,700 --> 05:25:13,500
Charles the true heir. 
Will hold it for God wills it. 

6127
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:17,700
When read aloud afterward, the 
word sounded strange to my ears,

6128
05:25:17,700 --> 05:25:20,900
both mine and not mine carrying 
an authority. 

6129
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:22,700
I'd never possessed in dorm 
Remy. 

6130
05:25:22,700 --> 05:25:26,300
The courtiers exchanged troubled
glances uncertain, whether they 

6131
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:28,700
witnessed inspired prophecy or 
dangerous delusion. 

6132
05:25:29,800 --> 05:25:33,300
However, Charles had chosen to 
support my journey, Charles had 

6133
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:34,900
gathered equipment and assembled
troops. 

6134
05:25:34,900 --> 05:25:37,100
The Impossible campaign was 
about to begin. 

6135
05:25:38,300 --> 05:25:41,400
On the evening before our 
departure for all, I stood alone

6136
05:25:41,400 --> 05:25:44,300
on the castle. 
Ramparts watching spring Stars 

6137
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:48,700
emerge. homesickness washed over
me unexpectedly, not for my 

6138
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,100
Village specifically, but for 
anonymity for the piece of 

6139
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:56,400
tending sheep on quiet Hillside 
Having doubts, Catherine asked 

6140
05:25:56,400 --> 05:26:00,200
her voice gentle within my mind.
No doubts I answered silently. 

6141
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:03,900
Simply a conscious understanding
of what you can't take back. 

6142
05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:08,600
The path Narrows before you. 
Shingled remember, why you were 

6143
05:26:08,600 --> 05:26:12,600
chosen not for skill with sword 
or strategy, but for perfect 

6144
05:26:12,600 --> 05:26:15,800
faith in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

6145
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:17,900
No human eyes witnessed this 
private exchange. 

6146
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:22,200
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to danger 

6147
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:26,100
or an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

6148
05:26:26,100 --> 05:26:29,700
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

6149
05:26:29,700 --> 05:26:32,600
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

6150
05:26:32,600 --> 05:26:36,000
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

6151
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:39,000
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

6152
05:26:39,000 --> 05:26:41,000
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

6153
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:42,800
between military commanders and 
me. 

6154
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:45,300
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

6155
05:26:46,100 --> 05:26:50,500
The Army's veteran captains 
genre and Etienne de Vil. 

6156
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:52,600
Regarded me with open 
skepticism. 

6157
05:26:52,600 --> 05:26:55,600
They had weathered years of 
defeats and developed cautious. 

6158
05:26:55,600 --> 05:27:00,200
Strategies avoid confrontation 
preserve remaining forces and 

6159
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:02,400
accept that all Leon would 
eventually fall like other 

6160
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:06,200
strongholds before it God did 
not send me to follow cautious 

6161
05:27:06,200 --> 05:27:07,500
men. 
I informed them. 

6162
05:27:07,500 --> 05:27:10,500
During our first Council on will
not fall. 

6163
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:12,700
We will not merely deliver 
supplies. 

6164
05:27:12,700 --> 05:27:14,600
We will break The Siege 
entirely. 

6165
05:27:15,600 --> 05:27:19,100
La here. 
A notorious Soldier known for 

6166
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:22,100
Creative profanity. 
Stared at me in disbelief. 

6167
05:27:22,900 --> 05:27:25,500
With what divine wind to blow 
the English away. 

6168
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,900
They outnumber us, they have 
secured their positions. 

6169
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,200
They outnumbered David against 
Goliath. 

6170
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,400
I replied numbers mean nothing 
against God's will. 

6171
05:27:35,900 --> 05:27:39,500
These exchanges established our 
working relationship, they plan 

6172
05:27:39,500 --> 05:27:42,300
to according to military 
experience and I insisted on 

6173
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:45,100
more aggressive action than 
conventional wisdom suggested 

6174
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:47,600
was prudent. 
The compromised that emerged 

6175
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:50,400
involved approaching all Leo 
from an unexpected Direction, 

6176
05:27:50,400 --> 05:27:53,600
crossing the Loire, rather than 
confronting the stronger English

6177
05:27:53,600 --> 05:27:57,200
positions directly. 
This decision portrayed in 

6178
05:27:57,200 --> 05:28:00,100
Chronicles as my strategic 
Brilliance actually resulted 

6179
05:28:00,100 --> 05:28:03,000
from practical necessity 
combined with fortunate timing. 

6180
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:06,900
Spring rains had made the river 
higher than usual, limiting 

6181
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:09,600
Crossing points, but also 
focusing English defensive 

6182
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:13,100
positions. 
My inspiration to approach from 

6183
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:15,100
the East, simply utilized 
terrain. 

6184
05:28:15,100 --> 05:28:18,900
The English had deemed too 
difficult to defend heavily We 

6185
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:21,400
reached the Louis. 
Southern Bank on April 29th, 

6186
05:28:21,400 --> 05:28:24,300
where I dictated another letter 
to the English commanders. 

6187
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:27,400
This one delivered by Harold 
directly to their lines. 

6188
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:30,800
You men of England who have no 
right in this Kingdom of France,

6189
05:28:30,800 --> 05:28:33,400
go away into your country, in 
God's name. 

6190
05:28:34,200 --> 05:28:37,600
And if you do not do this await 
Tiding from the maid who will 

6191
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,200
come to see you shortly to your 
very great injury. 

6192
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:43,000
The English soldiers who heard 
this message? 

6193
05:28:43,000 --> 05:28:46,700
Reportedly laughed asking if the
French had grown so desperate, 

6194
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:49,200
they now sent girls to fight 
their battles. 

6195
05:28:49,200 --> 05:28:52,900
William, Glasgow their Commander
sent back a message, threatening

6196
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:55,200
to burn me as a witch, and hang 
those who followed me as 

6197
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:57,600
Heretics. 
If captured fear clenched, my 

6198
05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:01,100
stomach upon hearing this not of
burning specifically, but a 

6199
05:29:01,100 --> 05:29:03,900
failure of leading others to 
death, through misplaced 

6200
05:29:03,900 --> 05:29:08,200
confidence. that night, I prayed
longer than usual seeking 

6201
05:29:08,200 --> 05:29:11,700
reassurance from my voices, who 
had grown somewhat quietus since

6202
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,900
my departure from sheol, The 
English threatened fire. 

6203
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:17,000
I whispered to the darkness of 
my tent. 

6204
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:21,100
All human flesh. 
Fears Flames Margaret answered 

6205
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:24,400
compassionately. 
But remember, the true fire is 

6206
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:27,900
God's purpose burning through. 
You it consumes doubt and 

6207
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:32,000
illuminates the path. 
On April 30th, we successfully 

6208
05:29:32,000 --> 05:29:35,400
transported supplies into all 
Leon via river, barges bringing 

6209
05:29:35,400 --> 05:29:38,000
desperately needed Provisions to
the cities Defenders. 

6210
05:29:38,700 --> 05:29:42,100
I entered that evening during a 
rainstorm soaked and physically 

6211
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:46,100
exhausted, but filled with 
strange exhilaration citizens 

6212
05:29:46,100 --> 05:29:49,000
line, the narrow streets, 
despite the weather, reaching to

6213
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:52,500
touch my armor or standard as if
I carried a tangible blessing. 

6214
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:56,900
Jack Bouchee, the city treasurer
offered his home for my lodging.

6215
05:29:56,900 --> 05:30:00,500
His daughter, Charlotte closest 
to my age among the household 

6216
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,200
helped remove my armor that the 
first evening. 

6217
05:30:03,200 --> 05:30:07,000
She gasped, sing bruises, 
already forming Where Metal and 

6218
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:08,900
pressed against my skin during 
the long ride. 

6219
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,100
Does it hurt terribly? 
She asked applying herbal Salve 

6220
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:16,400
to the worst marks. 
Less than fear hurts this city. 

6221
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:19,700
I answered the truth was. 
I barely noticed physical 

6222
05:30:19,700 --> 05:30:22,200
discomfort. 
My focus had narrowed to a 

6223
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:24,100
single purpose. 
Fulfilling. 

6224
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:27,500
What the voice is promised. 
Following day is brought 

6225
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:31,100
increasing frustration. 
Military commanders insisted on 

6226
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:35,000
gradual approaches small gains 
and careful conservation of 

6227
05:30:35,000 --> 05:30:38,000
resources. 
I demanded immediate decisive 

6228
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,900
action against key, English 
fortifications. 

6229
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:44,600
Each wall Council became a 
battle itself, me against 

6230
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:49,600
experienced soldiers, who saw my
urgency as naivete on May 4th 

6231
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:51,300
while commanders deliberated 
yet. 

6232
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:55,400
Another cautious plan, I napped 
briefly in the chamber within 

6233
05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:58,400
dreamlike moments, Michael 
appeared with unusual clarity. 

6234
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:02,800
They attack the Eastern Gate. 
He stated without Preamble now. 

6235
05:31:04,300 --> 05:31:07,000
I woke incidentally calling from
my Squire to help with our 

6236
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:09,200
armor. 
Charlotte who had been mending 

6237
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:12,300
nearby looked startled. 
At my sudden urgency what 

6238
05:31:12,300 --> 05:31:15,100
happens. 
She asked Eastern Gate. 

6239
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:18,100
Was all, I managed while 
struggling through my padded 

6240
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:21,900
undergarment fighting has begun.
Indeed, while commanders planned

6241
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,600
English forces, had launched a 
surprise assault against South 

6242
05:31:24,600 --> 05:31:28,900
Loop, one of the Cities Eastern 
fortifications, By the time I 

6243
05:31:28,908 --> 05:31:31,100
reached the area French 
Defenders were already 

6244
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:34,200
retreating in disarray. 
Without waiting for formal 

6245
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:37,200
orders, I wrote directly toward 
the conflict with the standard 

6246
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:39,000
race High. 
Soldiers. 

6247
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:41,900
Later described the events. 
As miraculous noting, how 

6248
05:31:41,900 --> 05:31:45,300
retreating men turned back upon 
the seeing me, and how their 

6249
05:31:45,300 --> 05:31:47,800
broken courage transformed into 
a determined Advance. 

6250
05:31:47,800 --> 05:31:51,200
The reality was less mystical, 
but no, less effective. 

6251
05:31:52,300 --> 05:31:55,200
In the confusion of battle, a 
symbolic focal point. 

6252
05:31:56,200 --> 05:31:59,200
Distinctive figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakable Banner, 

6253
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,100
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

6254
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:05,500
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

6255
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:08,100
I called my voice carrying 
surprisingly. 

6256
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:12,000
Well, across the den of combat 
forward, God has delivered them 

6257
05:32:12,000 --> 05:32:16,700
into our hands. 
The battle turned by evening. 

6258
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:20,500
Saint Luke had fallen to our 
forces this Victory while modest

6259
05:32:20,500 --> 05:32:23,300
and strategic terms. 
Transformed perceptions 

6260
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:27,000
soldiers, who had doubted began 
viewing me with superstitious or

6261
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:30,200
commanders who had dismissed my 
Council became more willing to 

6262
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,300
listen yet challenges to 
Authority continued. 

6263
05:32:34,000 --> 05:32:37,900
On May the 5th June attempted to
exclude me from council's, 

6264
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:39,400
planning operations, without my 
knowledge. 

6265
05:32:39,400 --> 05:32:42,300
Upon discovering this, I 
confronted him directly. 

6266
05:32:43,100 --> 05:32:46,000
Do you believe you can conceal 
God's battle from his messenger?

6267
05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:48,500
I demanded interrupting their 
closed meeting. 

6268
05:32:49,200 --> 05:32:51,200
Why do you plot in Shadows When 
Heaven watches? 

6269
05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:55,700
Regardless Juno intelligent 
politically astute recognize the

6270
05:32:55,700 --> 05:32:59,100
changing mood among troops? 
We sought only to spare you the 

6271
05:32:59,100 --> 05:33:02,400
technical details. 
He offered diplomatically spare 

6272
05:33:02,400 --> 05:33:05,100
me, nothing. 
I counted, I was not sent to be 

6273
05:33:05,108 --> 05:33:09,200
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

6274
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:11,700
on Saint, John LeBlanc and the 
Augustana Fortress took place. 

6275
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:15,000
This incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

6276
05:33:15,000 --> 05:33:16,700
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

6277
05:33:16,700 --> 05:33:19,900
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

6278
05:33:19,900 --> 05:33:22,700
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

6279
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:26,300
the deadly reign of arrows. 
I rode forward alone standard 

6280
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:29,100
Held High. 
And arrow struck her armor 

6281
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:32,800
Witnesses later, reported, yet 
she continued as if untouched. 

6282
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:36,000
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate. 

6283
05:33:36,000 --> 05:33:39,300
Bruising but not penetrating 
more significant than this 

6284
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:42,500
minor. 
Miracle was Psychological effect

6285
05:33:42,500 --> 05:33:45,600
of my advanced. 
Soldiers, Shame by a girl's 

6286
05:33:45,600 --> 05:33:49,000
courage, surged forward, the 
fortification fell by evening 

6287
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:52,900
May 7th brought a decisive 
assault against lateral, the 

6288
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:55,200
main Fortress controlling 
alleles River Crossing. 

6289
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,900
Here, my Legend and reality most
dramatically intercept 

6290
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:02,100
historical accounts described 
me, taking an arrow to the 

6291
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:04,400
shoulder. 
Having predicted this injury the

6292
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:08,000
previous day, the wound was real
and English Longbow Arrow. 

6293
05:34:08,000 --> 05:34:11,300
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

6294
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:15,300
had been more General Blood will
be drawn tomorrow but not all of

6295
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:15,800
it. 
French. 

6296
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:18,600
The pain nearly caused 
unconsciousness. 

6297
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:22,200
I was pulled from Battle briefly
while the arrow was removed, not

6298
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:25,500
ceremoniously as depicted in 
romantic paintings but with 

6299
05:34:25,508 --> 05:34:29,300
brutal efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

6300
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:32,800
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded He poured 

6301
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:35,200
boiling oil into the wound to 
cauterize, the bleeding pain, 

6302
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:36,900
that exceeded the original 
injury. 

6303
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:39,400
Wine. 
I gasped afterward. 

6304
05:34:39,400 --> 05:34:46,800
Just a little in the consecrated
bread communion without formal 

6305
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:51,400
ceremony Battlefield, sacrament.
The pain receded enough that I 

6306
05:34:51,408 --> 05:34:54,000
could stand again though using 
my right arm remained 

6307
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:56,200
impossible. 
Military commanders. 

6308
05:34:56,200 --> 05:34:58,400
Seeing my condition, ordered a 
retreat for the day. 

6309
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:00,300
The assault would resume 
tomorrow. 

6310
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:02,300
They decided without consulting 
me. 

6311
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:05,500
I heard this decision while 
having my wound bandaged. 

6312
05:35:06,400 --> 05:35:10,100
Know I can't demanded struggling
back into partial armor despite 

6313
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:13,200
Charlotte's protests. 
We finished today English 

6314
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:16,400
resolved dwindles with each 
passing our returning to battle 

6315
05:35:16,400 --> 05:35:18,300
with the wound. 
Still fresh became the defining 

6316
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:21,300
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 
the injured made refusing 

6317
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:23,800
Retreat standard transfer to my 
left hand. 

6318
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:27,100
While my right arm useless 
rallying troops for the final 

6319
05:35:27,100 --> 05:35:30,700
push as daylight began fading 
What's rarely recorded is how 

6320
05:35:30,700 --> 05:35:33,900
fever already began clouding. 
My thoughts, how each movement 

6321
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:36,900
sent waves of nausea through me 
and how the voices seemed to 

6322
05:35:36,908 --> 05:35:40,400
speak from an increasingly 
enormous distance yet? 

6323
05:35:40,400 --> 05:35:43,500
Purpose carried me forward, when
physical strength should have 

6324
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:46,300
failed. 
The English Commander glass who 

6325
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:49,600
had promised to burn me as a 
witch died during this final 

6326
05:35:49,600 --> 05:35:52,900
assault, when a makeshift Bridge
collapsed beneath him, he 

6327
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:56,300
drowned in the Loire way down by
the very armored meant to 

6328
05:35:56,300 --> 05:35:59,200
protect him soldiers, on both 
sides viewed, his death as 

6329
05:35:59,200 --> 05:36:01,900
Divine judgment, superstitious 
fear spreading through 

6330
05:36:01,900 --> 05:36:06,300
remaining, English forces by 
Nightfall, lateral had fallen, 

6331
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:09,400
The Siege that had strangled, 
all the offer seven months 

6332
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:11,600
broken, just four days of 
concerted action. 

6333
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:15,500
Following morning, May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

6334
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:17,900
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

6335
05:36:17,900 --> 05:36:20,800
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

6336
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,700
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells. 

6337
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:28,200
Rang continuously citizens who 
had expected either starvation 

6338
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:31,500
or mastercorp instead found 
themselves liberated, they 

6339
05:36:31,500 --> 05:36:34,400
credited the maid The Peasant 
girl from Dahmer, who had 

6340
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:36,600
promised to deliverance and 
against all rational, 

6341
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:41,000
expectation delivered it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

6342
05:36:41,000 --> 05:36:44,000
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

6343
05:36:44,000 --> 05:36:46,500
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

6344
05:36:46,500 --> 05:36:50,000
through me had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

6345
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:53,200
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

6346
05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:57,200
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

6347
05:36:57,208 --> 05:36:59,100
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

6348
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:03,600
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

6349
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:07,200
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling the lepus

6350
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:09,900
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

6351
05:37:09,900 --> 05:37:11,200
that would follow me through 
history. 

6352
05:37:11,200 --> 05:37:16,400
Yet alone in prayer that night, 
I remained simply Jean aching. 

6353
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:20,200
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

6354
05:37:20,200 --> 05:37:22,400
commands might require by 
Nightfall. 

6355
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:27,100
Lateral had fallen The Siege 
that had strangled all the offer

6356
05:37:27,100 --> 05:37:29,600
seven months broke in just four 
days of concerted action. 

6357
05:37:30,600 --> 05:37:33,500
The following morning May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

6358
05:37:33,500 --> 05:37:35,900
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

6359
05:37:35,900 --> 05:37:38,700
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

6360
05:37:39,600 --> 05:37:43,600
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

6361
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,900
citizens who had expected either
the starvation or Mastercard, 

6362
05:37:46,900 --> 05:37:50,000
instead found themselves 
liberated, they credited the 

6363
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:52,700
maid The Peasant girl from 
Dahmer me who had promised 

6364
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,700
deliverance and against all 
rational expectation delivered 

6365
05:37:55,700 --> 05:37:58,900
it. 
That night fevered and weak from

6366
05:37:58,900 --> 05:38:02,000
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

6367
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:04,500
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

6368
05:38:04,500 --> 05:38:07,600
through me, Well, I had my 
presence, simply catalyzed human

6369
05:38:07,600 --> 05:38:10,800
courage that already existed 
waiting only for symbol and 

6370
05:38:10,800 --> 05:38:15,200
purpose to crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

6371
05:38:15,200 --> 05:38:17,100
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

6372
05:38:17,900 --> 05:38:21,500
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

6373
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:25,100
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling the lepus

6374
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:27,800
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

6375
05:38:27,800 --> 05:38:29,100
that would follow me through 
history. 

6376
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:34,300
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching. 

6377
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:37,900
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

6378
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:40,500
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

6379
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:44,200
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

6380
05:38:44,200 --> 05:38:47,800
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

6381
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:49,800
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

6382
05:38:49,800 --> 05:38:54,000
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices commands traveling 

6383
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,100
with thousands of soldiers. 
While I identify female invited 

6384
05:38:57,100 --> 05:39:00,100
dangers, obvious to any woman 
Divine protection, not 

6385
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:03,900
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

6386
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:06,600
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

6387
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:08,900
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

6388
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:13,400
We reached ways on July 16th. 
The city, welcome Charles 

6389
05:39:13,400 --> 05:39:17,100
without resistance its citizens,
lining streets to witness, what 

6390
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:18,900
many had thought impossible 
months early. 

6391
05:39:19,700 --> 05:39:22,500
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 
that same day urging 

6392
05:39:22,500 --> 05:39:25,600
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

6393
05:39:25,600 --> 05:39:27,700
piece, that will last with the 
rightful King. 

6394
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:30,500
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

6395
05:39:30,500 --> 05:39:33,800
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

6396
05:39:33,800 --> 05:39:36,500
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July,

6397
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:38,600
the 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

6398
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:42,600
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

6399
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:44,700
King. 
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.

6400
05:39:45,800 --> 05:39:49,300
Reality contained more nuanced. 
I indeed stood near the older 

6401
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:51,900
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

6402
05:39:51,900 --> 05:39:55,100
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

6403
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:58,100
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary mission of the 

6404
05:39:58,108 --> 05:40:01,000
voices in me. 
Charles knelt before the 

6405
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:04,000
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

6406
05:40:04,000 --> 05:40:06,800
and Rose as King. 
Charles the seventh, his 

6407
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:08,600
legitimacy, no longer 
questionable. 

6408
05:40:09,300 --> 05:40:11,900
As the Archbishop placed the 
crown on his head, I 

6409
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:16,200
spontaneously broken to tears. 
Now God's work is accomplished. 

6410
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,400
I told him afterward during the 
celebration Feast where I was 

6411
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:22,400
granted a position of Honor. 
You are the true king of France 

6412
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:24,500
by holy coronation as well as by
birth. 

6413
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:28,300
Charles emotionally moved. 
Despite his typically, reserved 

6414
05:40:28,300 --> 05:40:31,100
nature asked, what reward I 
desired for my service, 

6415
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:35,300
courtiers leaned forward and 
anticipating requests for titles

6416
05:40:35,300 --> 05:40:38,500
lands and wealth, the normal 
currency of Royal gratitude. 

6417
05:40:39,300 --> 05:40:43,300
Grant tax exemption to domini. 
I requested instead my people 

6418
05:40:43,300 --> 05:40:45,700
are poor and of suffered much 
from the war's Passage. 

6419
05:40:46,900 --> 05:40:50,100
This modest request enhanced my 
reputation for saintly 

6420
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:53,000
disinterest, in worldly gain as 
it costs the crown, almost 

6421
05:40:53,000 --> 05:40:54,900
nothing and showed my lack of 
personal ambition. 

6422
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:58,900
The voice is never promised a 
personal reward for completing 

6423
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:01,900
Heaven's tasks. 
My future remained conspicuously

6424
05:41:01,900 --> 05:41:05,300
absent from their pronouncements
that evening alone in Chambers 

6425
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:08,000
provided within the archbishop's
palace experience. 

6426
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:11,900
Something unprecedented Silence 
from the voices that had guided 

6427
05:41:11,900 --> 05:41:16,300
me since age 13 I prayed for 
hours, seeking their familiar 

6428
05:41:16,300 --> 05:41:18,800
presence but encountered only 
ordinary Stillness. 

6429
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:23,300
Have I failed in some manner. 
I finally asked aloud desperate 

6430
05:41:23,300 --> 05:41:26,800
for a response Catherine's voice
when it finally came sounded 

6431
05:41:26,800 --> 05:41:29,200
distant. 
As if speaking across enormous 

6432
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:33,500
Separation, The Path divides. 
Before You One Direction, leads 

6433
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:36,200
to Earthly Glory. 
But spiritual Peril, the other 

6434
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:38,500
is bodily suffering, but 
Heavenly Triumph. 

6435
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:42,200
Which should I choose I begged 
but received no answer. 

6436
05:41:42,200 --> 05:41:44,500
The voice is diminishing 
Clarity. 

6437
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:48,100
Troubled, me deeply as we 
departed Rams on July 20th. 

6438
05:41:48,700 --> 05:41:51,300
For years, they had provided 
unmistakable Direction. 

6439
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:55,700
Now at the moment of greatest 
public Acclaim their guide and 

6440
05:41:55,700 --> 05:41:59,500
screw ambiguous precisely when 
political complexity demanded, 

6441
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:03,200
the clearest understanding 
Charles and his advisors favored

6442
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:06,900
consolidating recent gains 
negotiating with burgundy and 

6443
05:42:06,900 --> 05:42:09,700
avoiding confrontation with 
primary English forces. 

6444
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:13,700
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

6445
05:42:13,708 --> 05:42:15,600
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

6446
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:17,600
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

6447
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:21,300
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

6448
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:24,700
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking in political 

6449
05:42:24,700 --> 05:42:26,800
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

6450
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:30,400
And me still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

6451
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:33,500
forces from France. 
Entirely God did not deliver 

6452
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,300
victory at all Leon so you could
stop halfway to complete 

6453
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,200
Liberation. 
I argued during counsel's Paris 

6454
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:41,500
is the Kingdom's heart to 
reclaim it and the English 

6455
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:44,900
position collapses. what I 
couldn't share was my growing 

6456
05:42:44,900 --> 05:42:47,900
fear that time was running out, 
and that the fading of the 

6457
05:42:47,908 --> 05:42:51,800
voices signaled, an impending 
end to Divine favor, This 

6458
05:42:51,800 --> 05:42:54,400
created urgency, I couldn't 
fully explain to military 

6459
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:56,000
commanders. 
A custom to deliberate 

6460
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:58,600
campaigns. 
As we travel through recently, 

6461
05:42:58,600 --> 05:43:01,300
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

6462
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:04,600
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

6463
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:06,400
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

6464
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,700
Women wept openly seeing in me 
something that transcended 

6465
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:14,400
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

6466
05:43:14,400 --> 05:43:16,500
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

6467
05:43:16,500 --> 05:43:20,500
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

6468
05:43:20,500 --> 05:43:23,800
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte Dale breh a 

6469
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:26,100
noblewoman who had joined our 
traveling court and attempted to

6470
05:43:26,100 --> 05:43:28,100
collect my discarded. 
Garments, as relics. 

6471
05:43:28,100 --> 05:43:30,900
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in myself. 

6472
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:32,800
Yet. 
God chose you. 

6473
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:36,400
She counted that distinction 
itself, makes you extraordinary.

6474
05:43:37,600 --> 05:43:40,500
this growing Cult of Personality
served immediate political 

6475
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:44,300
purposes, rallying support, for 
Charles, demonstrating Divine 

6476
05:43:44,300 --> 05:43:47,800
favor for his rule, but created 
complications, I was ill 

6477
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,700
equipped to navigate Each 
miraculous attribution each 

6478
05:43:51,700 --> 05:43:55,100
story embellished in retelling 
placed me further from the 

6479
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,600
simple girl who had left on Remy
leaving Heaven's instructions 

6480
05:43:58,600 --> 05:44:01,900
were straightforward. 
By Late July Charles had begun 

6481
05:44:01,900 --> 05:44:04,700
secret negotiations with 
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 

6482
05:44:04,700 --> 05:44:07,600
resolution, while publicly 
maintaining military pressure. 

6483
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:10,200
This strategy made political 
sense. 

6484
05:44:10,200 --> 05:44:12,700
But contradicted, the voices 
increasingly sporadic. 

6485
05:44:12,700 --> 05:44:15,500
Instructions for complete 
Liberation through direct 

6486
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:18,700
action. 
The resulting tension manifested

6487
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:21,900
and Council debates where my 
previously, decisive guide, and 

6488
05:44:21,900 --> 05:44:25,500
now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

6489
05:44:25,500 --> 05:44:29,300
conventional alternatives. you 
are not sent to negotiate 

6490
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:32,900
half-measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

6491
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:37,000
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presence yet when I 

6492
05:44:37,008 --> 05:44:40,100
repeated such sentiments to 
Charles and his counselors, they

6493
05:44:40,100 --> 05:44:42,800
increasingly regarded them as 
militarily unrealistic and 

6494
05:44:42,800 --> 05:44:45,400
politically naive. 
The maid had served her purpose 

6495
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:48,700
in delivering coronation now 
practical, governance required, 

6496
05:44:48,700 --> 05:44:51,900
comprises Heaven seemed 
unwilling to acknowledge this 

6497
05:44:51,900 --> 05:44:55,300
Divergence would soon lead to 
Paris and decisions that would 

6498
05:44:55,300 --> 05:44:59,600
alter my path irrevocably August
found using incrementally toward

6499
05:44:59,600 --> 05:45:01,500
Paris while Charles 
simultaneously. 

6500
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:03,400
Pursued, negotiations with 
burgundy. 

6501
05:45:03,400 --> 05:45:06,900
This contradictory approach 
military pressure paired up with

6502
05:45:06,908 --> 05:45:10,900
diplomatic Outreach, created, 
strategic confusion, Well, we 

6503
05:45:10,908 --> 05:45:14,200
truly attempting to recapture 
Paris or merely demonstrating 

6504
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:17,000
military capability to 
strengthen Charles's negotiating

6505
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,900
position. 
The Duke of Bedford English 

6506
05:45:19,900 --> 05:45:23,200
region for their child, King 
Henry, the sick recognized our 

6507
05:45:23,200 --> 05:45:27,500
momentum and retreated from 
direct confrontation reinforcing

6508
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:29,000
Paris. 
While yielding smaller 

6509
05:45:29,000 --> 05:45:32,100
surrounding territories. 
On August 14th. 

6510
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:35,900
Charles signed a 15-day truce 
with burgundy, supposedly, 

6511
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:39,000
creating space for peace 
negotiations, while actually 

6512
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:41,500
providing English forces. 
Critical time to strengthen 

6513
05:45:41,500 --> 05:45:45,200
paris's defenses. 
I oppose this true veering 

6514
05:45:45,200 --> 05:45:48,900
opportunities slipping away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

6515
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,800
messages or enemies, rebuild 
walls and restore courage. 

6516
05:45:51,800 --> 05:45:55,700
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

6517
05:45:55,700 --> 05:46:00,800
day of delay, The voices though.
Less frequent reinforced. 

6518
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:04,200
This urgency. 
Paris must not remain in enemy 

6519
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:06,500
hands, Margaret insisted during 
prayer. 

6520
05:46:06,500 --> 05:46:09,600
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

6521
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,900
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

6522
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:16,800
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

6523
05:46:16,800 --> 05:46:19,500
reality. 
The compromise that emerged 

6524
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:22,300
satisfied. 
No one our forces would advance 

6525
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:24,700
to paris's outskirts but avoid 
full of salt. 

6526
05:46:24,700 --> 05:46:27,800
While the negotiations. 
Continued by late August, we 

6527
05:46:27,800 --> 05:46:31,500
established positions at Sandy 
within sight of paris's Northern

6528
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:34,400
walls. 
The city's proximity affected 

6529
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:36,200
me. 
Strangely after months of 

6530
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:39,400
campaigning focused on the 
subjective actually seeing its 

6531
05:46:39,400 --> 05:46:42,500
towers and spires created an 
almost physical yearning to 

6532
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:44,000
complete what the voices had 
promised. 

6533
05:46:45,100 --> 05:46:48,200
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 
along positions facing the city 

6534
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:51,700
studying defenses planing 
approaches and praying for Clear

6535
05:46:51,700 --> 05:46:54,000
instruction that came with 
decreasing reliability. 

6536
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:58,500
The truce with burgundy expired 
without meaningful agreement on 

6537
05:46:58,500 --> 05:47:00,700
September 8th. 
I convinced our commanders to 

6538
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:03,400
attempt an assault against 
paris's defenses near the sound 

6539
05:47:03,400 --> 05:47:06,400
honorary gate despite Charles 
with holding full support for 

6540
05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:09,500
the operation. 
This partial commitment meant 

6541
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:11,700
attacking with insufficient 
forces against prepared 

6542
05:47:11,700 --> 05:47:15,000
positions, a military mistake 
Justified only by my 

6543
05:47:15,000 --> 05:47:17,400
increasingly desperate 
insistence that heaven would 

6544
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:21,300
provide necessary advantage. 
God will blind their Gunners. 

6545
05:47:21,300 --> 05:47:23,600
I promised troops assembled for 
the assault. 

6546
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:27,000
Divine protection, covers us as 
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 

6547
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:31,400
The attack commenced at noon 
initial progress. 

6548
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,700
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 
We reached the outer moat with 

6549
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:37,500
minimal casualties and 
established positions within 

6550
05:47:37,500 --> 05:47:38,500
bow. 
Range of the walls. 

6551
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:41,800
I lead a contingent testing 
depth that the inner moat 

6552
05:47:41,800 --> 05:47:44,900
seeking Crossing points, while 
carrying my standard forward as 

6553
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:48,300
visible inspiration. 
Then reality asserted itself. 

6554
05:47:48,300 --> 05:47:51,900
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 
prepared thoroughly during the 

6555
05:47:51,900 --> 05:47:55,600
negotiation delays. 
Canon and crossbow fire rain 

6556
05:47:55,600 --> 05:47:59,300
down upon exposed positions the 
moat proved deeper than expected

6557
05:47:59,300 --> 05:48:01,800
is bottom studded with sharp and
Stakes. 

6558
05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:05,300
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 
men died, attempting Crossing 

6559
05:48:05,300 --> 05:48:07,300
that proved impossible without 
proper equipment. 

6560
05:48:07,300 --> 05:48:10,500
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 
bolt. 

6561
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:14,600
Struck my thigh penetrating 
deeply unlike the Orleans 

6562
05:48:14,600 --> 05:48:16,000
injury. 
This wound immediately 

6563
05:48:16,000 --> 05:48:19,300
incapacitated me. 
I continued shouting and 

6564
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:22,600
encouragement from where I fell.
Insisting the attack continued 

6565
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:25,900
despite my condition but 
commanders ordered Retreat upon 

6566
05:48:25,900 --> 05:48:29,200
seeing the standard Bearer down.
Soldiers carried me from the 

6567
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:32,400
battlefield as Darkness fell our
forces withdrawing. 

6568
05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:35,800
And frustration, rather than 
defeat we had never established 

6569
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:37,500
positions from which Victory was
possible. 

6570
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:40,900
The wound itself, while painful 
would heal cleanly. 

6571
05:48:41,600 --> 05:48:45,300
The spiritual injury proved more
significant for the first time I

6572
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:50,100
had promised divine intervention
that fail to materialize. why I 

6573
05:48:50,100 --> 05:48:52,700
whispered that night, while 
surgeons extracted the bolt 

6574
05:48:52,700 --> 05:48:55,400
using methodical cruelty 
necessary to prevent festering, 

6575
05:48:56,300 --> 05:48:58,800
Why was Paris denied to us when 
all Leon was granted? 

6576
05:48:59,800 --> 05:49:02,200
The voice is remained. 
Silent through hours of pain. 

6577
05:49:02,200 --> 05:49:07,100
Their absence felt more painful 
than physical harm had their due

6578
05:49:07,100 --> 05:49:09,300
to some failure. 
Had I misunderstood Heaven's 

6579
05:49:09,300 --> 05:49:13,600
intent all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

6580
05:49:13,600 --> 05:49:16,300
failed, assault ordered 
immediate withdrawal from 

6581
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:19,400
paris's facility. 
In my view, this sensible 

6582
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:21,800
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal. 

6583
05:49:21,800 --> 05:49:24,900
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 
in favor of political 

6584
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:28,700
convenience, when I was finally 
permitted an audience, three 

6585
05:49:28,700 --> 05:49:32,100
days later, I found that he was 
already re-framing recent events

6586
05:49:32,100 --> 05:49:35,200
for the courtiers. 
The maid accomplished what God 

6587
05:49:35,200 --> 05:49:37,100
sent her to do, he explained 
smoothly? 

6588
05:49:37,800 --> 05:49:40,400
Allie on liberated coronation 
achieved. 

6589
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:43,600
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 
paris's immediate recovery. 

6590
05:49:44,800 --> 05:49:47,200
You speak for heaven. 
Now a challenge to him 

6591
05:49:47,200 --> 05:49:49,800
struggling to stand straight. 
Despite the pain. 

6592
05:49:49,800 --> 05:49:52,600
In my bandaged leg, the mission 
remains incomplete while 

6593
05:49:52,600 --> 05:49:56,100
Englishman occupy, French soil. 
Charles regarded me with the 

6594
05:49:56,100 --> 05:50:00,100
complex emotion, gratitude for 
past service tempered by growing

6595
05:50:00,100 --> 05:50:02,500
political inconvenience of my 
unyielding position. 

6596
05:50:03,600 --> 05:50:06,700
France's restoration will 
require years, not months. 

6597
05:50:06,700 --> 05:50:10,000
He said, gently Even Heaven, 
Must recognize Earthly 

6598
05:50:10,000 --> 05:50:12,100
limitations this exchange 
marked. 

6599
05:50:12,100 --> 05:50:15,200
A fundamental shift in our 
relationship where Charles had 

6600
05:50:15,200 --> 05:50:18,700
once needed my perceived Divine 
sanction to legitimize his rule 

6601
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:22,200
successful coronation, now 
provided independent Authority. 

6602
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,300
The maid remained useful 
symbolically, but increasingly 

6603
05:50:25,300 --> 05:50:28,600
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

6604
05:50:28,600 --> 05:50:31,800
toward diplomatic Solutions, 
requiring compromise and voices 

6605
05:50:31,800 --> 05:50:35,000
prohibited. 
Through Autumn accompanied the 

6606
05:50:35,000 --> 05:50:37,600
Royal Court as it with Drew to 
safer territories along the 

6607
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:40,200
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually while 

6608
05:50:40,200 --> 05:50:41,600
my position to diminished 
subtly. 

6609
05:50:42,400 --> 05:50:45,200
Still honored ceremonially but 
increasingly excluded from 

6610
05:50:45,200 --> 05:50:48,300
meaningful councils. 
Charles granted me Noble. 

6611
05:50:48,300 --> 05:50:51,100
Status in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

6612
05:50:51,100 --> 05:50:53,000
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the flood. 

6613
05:50:53,000 --> 05:50:57,100
Elise recognition that pacified 
my supporters while effectively 

6614
05:50:57,100 --> 05:50:59,300
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

6615
05:51:00,300 --> 05:51:03,000
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

6616
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:05,400
the voices returned 
intermittently. 

6617
05:51:05,400 --> 05:51:09,400
But spoke with disturbing and 
consistency, Michael demanded. 

6618
05:51:09,400 --> 05:51:12,600
Continued, aggressive action, 
while Catherine, counseled 

6619
05:51:12,600 --> 05:51:15,700
patience Margaret. 
Sometimes suggested accepting, a

6620
05:51:15,708 --> 05:51:19,300
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

6621
05:51:19,300 --> 05:51:20,900
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

6622
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:23,800
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

6623
05:51:23,800 --> 05:51:26,800
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of earlier missions.

6624
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:29,800
Had some of the voices. 
I heard been false all along 

6625
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:32,000
was. 
I now miss hearing Divine 

6626
05:51:32,000 --> 05:51:34,400
instruction, or was Heaven 
itself. 

6627
05:51:34,400 --> 05:51:36,600
Divided on France's proper path 
forward. 

6628
05:51:37,400 --> 05:51:41,200
Christmas 1429 found me in 
ceremonial attendance at court 

6629
05:51:41,200 --> 05:51:44,500
celebrations, outwardly honored,
but inwardly conflicted. 

6630
05:51:44,500 --> 05:51:48,100
I watched elaborate pageantry, 
commemorating Charles's 

6631
05:51:48,100 --> 05:51:50,700
coronation performance. 
Is that all ready? 

6632
05:51:50,700 --> 05:51:53,300
Incorporated stylized to pick 
pictures of the maid as a 

6633
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:55,900
semi-mythical figure. 
Guiding France's research and 

6634
05:51:56,800 --> 05:52:01,500
the actual jahani still banded, 
increasingly isolated observed, 

6635
05:52:01,500 --> 05:52:05,300
her transformation into a symbol
with growing discomfort, That 

6636
05:52:05,300 --> 05:52:08,300
Knight kneeling alone in the 
castle Chapel long after formal 

6637
05:52:08,300 --> 05:52:12,000
Services concluded, experience 
the voices with unusual Clarity 

6638
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:15,500
after months of ambiguity. 
Your time grows short. 

6639
05:52:15,500 --> 05:52:19,000
Michael stated without Preamble,
you must continue the fight, 

6640
05:52:19,000 --> 05:52:22,600
while Freedom remains yours. 
The king no longer heeds, my 

6641
05:52:22,600 --> 05:52:24,800
counsel. 
I protested commanders, follow 

6642
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:28,300
his Direction, not mine. 
Then you must act independently.

6643
05:52:28,300 --> 05:52:31,700
Zero came the reply better 
capture by enemies than 

6644
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:33,500
surrender to comfortable 
irrelevance. 

6645
05:52:33,500 --> 05:52:36,400
Although troubling this 
guidance, offered direction that

6646
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:40,800
I had been lacking for months. 
As 1429 ended a resolved to 

6647
05:52:40,808 --> 05:52:43,700
escape the increasingly gilded 
constraints of Court life and 

6648
05:52:43,700 --> 05:52:46,800
returned to direct action. 
Even without Royal sanction, 

6649
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:50,300
this decision tactically 
questionable politically naive 

6650
05:52:50,300 --> 05:52:53,500
were determine my fate in ways 
that voice is never clearly 

6651
05:52:53,500 --> 05:52:56,800
revealed the New Year began with
me effectively Sidelines at 

6652
05:52:56,800 --> 05:52:59,200
court, while Charles pursued 
diplomatic arrangements with 

6653
05:52:59,200 --> 05:53:02,400
burgundy. 
I chafed at inactivity since 

6654
05:53:02,400 --> 05:53:05,700
Precious time wasting, while the
voice is growing, increasingly 

6655
05:53:05,700 --> 05:53:10,500
urgent about continuing France's
liberation By March 1430. 

6656
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:14,900
I could best ceremonial 
confinement, no longer Without 

6657
05:53:14,900 --> 05:53:17,800
Royal permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

6658
05:53:17,800 --> 05:53:21,100
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

6659
05:53:21,100 --> 05:53:24,400
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for comprehension 

6660
05:53:24,400 --> 05:53:27,300
strategically, vital Town, 
threatened by The Burgundian 

6661
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:30,600
forces north of Paris. 
This decision reflected both 

6662
05:53:30,600 --> 05:53:34,000
military logic and the voices 
insistence that action could not

6663
05:53:34,000 --> 05:53:37,500
await Royal convenience. 
My departure created political 

6664
05:53:37,500 --> 05:53:41,100
complications for Charles who 
neither officially condemned nor

6665
05:53:41,100 --> 05:53:42,700
endorsed my independent 
operation. 

6666
05:53:42,700 --> 05:53:46,100
This ambiguity, proved 
ultimately fatal had I remained 

6667
05:53:46,100 --> 05:53:49,400
clearly under Royal protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

6668
05:53:49,400 --> 05:53:54,200
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean, April, where

6669
05:53:54,200 --> 05:53:57,400
the town's Governor, Gillam de 
flea, welcome to reinforcement, 

6670
05:53:57,400 --> 05:54:01,600
despite its unofficial nature 
Burgundian forces under, John 

6671
05:54:01,600 --> 05:54:03,600
Deluxe had been methodically 
isolating. 

6672
05:54:03,600 --> 05:54:08,100
The town capturing surrounding 
positions Our arrival boosted 

6673
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:11,200
Defender, morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

6674
05:54:11,200 --> 05:54:14,800
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd. 

6675
05:54:14,800 --> 05:54:18,800
I led a sortie against positions
at Margie initially achieving 

6676
05:54:18,800 --> 05:54:21,700
surprise. 
However, enemy reinforcements 

6677
05:54:21,700 --> 05:54:23,800
arrived quickly. 
Forcing retirement toward the 

6678
05:54:23,800 --> 05:54:27,300
town as our forces retreated 
across the single Bridge, into 

6679
05:54:27,300 --> 05:54:30,400
compliance disaster. 
Struck the drawbridge raised. 

6680
05:54:30,400 --> 05:54:34,000
Prematurely stranding. 
Rear guard Defenders, including 

6681
05:54:34,000 --> 05:54:38,600
my sea of outside the walls. 
Accounts of this moment, very 

6682
05:54:38,600 --> 05:54:42,200
dramatically some claimed 
deliberate betrayal by flavy who

6683
05:54:42,200 --> 05:54:45,000
supposedly ordered early closure
knowing I would be captured 

6684
05:54:45,000 --> 05:54:48,700
others suggested simple 
miscommunication during confused

6685
05:54:48,700 --> 05:54:50,900
withdrawal. 
The voices had warned of 

6686
05:54:50,900 --> 05:54:54,000
betrayal for months. 
Trust Only Heaven not 

6687
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:58,000
changeable, men like a caution 
repeatedly, but provided no 

6688
05:54:58,000 --> 05:54:59,800
specific protection against this
development. 

6689
05:55:00,900 --> 05:55:02,700
Burgundian soldiers, surrounded 
me. 

6690
05:55:02,700 --> 05:55:05,800
And after a brief battle, they 
pulled me from my horse. 

6691
05:55:06,700 --> 05:55:10,700
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 
Donny claimed, my surrender. 

6692
05:55:10,700 --> 05:55:13,400
Technically, capturing Me by 
laying hand on my leg. 

6693
05:55:13,400 --> 05:55:15,200
According to contemporary 
accounts. 

6694
05:55:15,200 --> 05:55:18,600
My sword raised to continuous 
resistance lowered, upon 

6695
05:55:18,608 --> 05:55:20,800
recognition. 
That futile struggle would only 

6696
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:23,900
result in unnecessary deaths 
among my few remaining 

6697
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:27,200
companions. 
I am worth more alive for ransom

6698
05:55:27,200 --> 05:55:29,400
than dead. 
I told one Dawn in a practical 

6699
05:55:29,400 --> 05:55:32,200
manner, even though I knew that 
the ransom would likely never 

6700
05:55:32,200 --> 05:55:35,700
materialized, the voices had 
never specifically predicted 

6701
05:55:35,700 --> 05:55:39,300
capture, but had indicated great
suffering, lay ahead as part of 

6702
05:55:39,308 --> 05:55:42,800
Heaven's plan, Initially 
captivity seemed relatively 

6703
05:55:42,800 --> 05:55:46,600
benign, Luxembourg treated me as
a valuable prisoner rather than 

6704
05:55:46,600 --> 05:55:49,500
a criminal housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

6705
05:55:49,500 --> 05:55:51,800
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

6706
05:55:51,800 --> 05:55:55,100
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

6707
05:55:55,100 --> 05:55:57,700
recaptured and transferred. 
To more secure confinement at 

6708
05:55:57,700 --> 05:56:01,200
borova Castle. 
There luxembourg's aren't Jan 

6709
05:56:01,200 --> 05:56:04,400
and wife Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

6710
05:56:04,400 --> 05:56:07,200
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentling 

6711
05:56:07,200 --> 05:56:10,300
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

6712
05:56:11,500 --> 05:56:15,000
The Compassion the first 
feminine companionship I'd 

6713
05:56:15,000 --> 05:56:17,700
experienced since leaving. 
Dom Remi tempted me toward 

6714
05:56:17,700 --> 05:56:19,800
compromise. 
I knew the voices would forbid. 

6715
05:56:20,700 --> 05:56:23,400
Why must I maintain a male 
appearance now that fighting has

6716
05:56:23,400 --> 05:56:26,200
ended? 
I asked during prayer, receiving

6717
05:56:26,200 --> 05:56:29,700
Catherine's uncompromising 
response, your mission hasn't 

6718
05:56:29,700 --> 05:56:33,300
changed, with capture male 
attire remains both practical 

6719
05:56:33,300 --> 05:56:36,800
protection and a visible sign of
a Divine exception to worldly 

6720
05:56:36,800 --> 05:56:40,300
constraints. 
News reached me at borova the 

6721
05:56:40,308 --> 05:56:42,600
comprehensive situation, worse 
and daily. 

6722
05:56:43,300 --> 05:56:45,600
In desperation. 
I attempted a second Escape in 

6723
05:56:45,600 --> 05:56:49,100
October this time jumping from 
the tower window, approximately 

6724
05:56:49,100 --> 05:56:52,700
70 ft above ground. 
The fall should have proof fatal

6725
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:55,300
that I survived with only 
bruising and temporary. 

6726
05:56:55,300 --> 05:56:58,900
Unconsciousness was later 
presented as either a miracle or

6727
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:02,600
evidence of demonic protection. 
Depending on The Interpreter. 

6728
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:06,100
By November political 
machination surrounding my 

6729
05:57:06,100 --> 05:57:09,700
captivity clarified horribly. 
The English recognizing my 

6730
05:57:09,700 --> 05:57:13,100
symbolic value arranged a 
purchase from Luxembourg for 

6731
05:57:13,108 --> 05:57:17,200
10,000 Libras a substantial. 
Sum indicating my importance to 

6732
05:57:17,200 --> 05:57:19,900
their strategy. 
Charles made no counter offer. 

6733
05:57:19,900 --> 05:57:22,400
Effectively abandoning me to the
enemies judgment. 

6734
05:57:23,400 --> 05:57:25,800
The English faced a dilemma 
regarding my disposition. 

6735
05:57:26,500 --> 05:57:29,100
Simple, execution of a captured 
enemy combatant would risk, 

6736
05:57:29,100 --> 05:57:31,500
martyrdom potentially, 
strengthening French Resistance,

6737
05:57:31,500 --> 05:57:35,400
rather than weakening it. 
A more complex strategy emerged,

6738
05:57:35,400 --> 05:57:38,500
systematic, destruction of my 
Divine claims through 

6739
05:57:38,500 --> 05:57:41,000
ecclesiastical condemnation for 
heresy. 

6740
05:57:41,000 --> 05:57:44,600
This approach would not only 
eliminate me physically but more

6741
05:57:44,600 --> 05:57:48,900
importantly, delegitimize. 
Everything I represented, Divine

6742
05:57:48,900 --> 05:57:52,100
sanction for Charles's Rule and 
Heaven, support for French 

6743
05:57:52,100 --> 05:57:56,000
Resurgence against English 
occupational, in December 1430. 

6744
05:57:56,000 --> 05:57:58,400
They transferred me to rule of 
firmly within English, 

6745
05:57:58,400 --> 05:58:01,800
controlled territory conditions,
deteriorated immediately. 

6746
05:58:01,800 --> 05:58:05,100
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

6747
05:58:05,100 --> 05:58:08,300
custody normally accorded. 
Those facing religious charges 

6748
05:58:08,300 --> 05:58:12,500
confined in Iron shackles and 
guarded continuously by Common 

6749
05:58:12,500 --> 05:58:16,000
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

6750
05:58:16,000 --> 05:58:18,400
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

6751
05:58:18,400 --> 05:58:20,500
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

6752
05:58:20,500 --> 05:58:23,200
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

6753
05:58:23,200 --> 05:58:26,400
serve? 
remember Christ before Pilate 

6754
05:58:26,400 --> 05:58:31,800
Margaret answered truth remains 
truth, even when power condemns 

6755
05:58:31,800 --> 05:58:37,700
it, The trial officially began. 
February 21st 1431, and a bishop

6756
05:58:37,708 --> 05:58:40,300
Pierre. 
Who's a point revealed? 

6757
05:58:40,300 --> 05:58:42,400
The proceedings predetermined 
nature. 

6758
05:58:42,400 --> 05:58:45,800
He was a known English 
sympathizer with personal 

6759
05:58:45,800 --> 05:58:49,100
animosity toward me. 
Assessors and judges were 

6760
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:51,300
carefully selected to ensure the
desired outcome. 

6761
05:58:51,300 --> 05:58:54,200
Although it was technically an 
ecclesiastical Court. 

6762
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:56,600
The proceedings were entirely 
controlled by English 

6763
05:58:56,600 --> 05:58:59,900
authorities. 
Looking Back Now across times 

6764
05:58:59,900 --> 05:59:02,700
distance, I see legal 
complexities, I couldn't 

6765
05:59:02,700 --> 05:59:06,300
recognize then my request for 
balanced representation from 

6766
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:09,800
both English, and French. 
Clerics was denied my appeal to 

6767
05:59:09,808 --> 05:59:11,900
the pope. 
Technically my right, under 

6768
05:59:11,900 --> 05:59:15,100
Church law was ignored most 
Crawley, Highly Educated 

6769
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:18,900
theologians denied me, counsel 
twisting, simple, statements 

6770
05:59:18,900 --> 05:59:22,900
into heretical formulation. 
Do you believe yourself to be in

6771
05:59:22,900 --> 05:59:25,400
God's Grace Court on asked early
in the proceedings? 

6772
05:59:25,400 --> 05:59:29,100
A theological trap answering? 
Yes, would imply a presumption 

6773
05:59:29,100 --> 05:59:32,500
that is condemned by church 
doctrine while answering? 

6774
05:59:32,500 --> 05:59:34,400
No, would indicate an admission 
of guilt. 

6775
05:59:35,700 --> 05:59:38,000
If I am not. 
May God put me there. 

6776
05:59:38,000 --> 05:59:40,100
I replied after a moment's 
thought. 

6777
05:59:40,100 --> 05:59:45,600
If I am may God keep me there. 
This answer frustrated the 

6778
05:59:45,600 --> 05:59:48,300
interrogators, but I simply 
expressed my actual 

6779
05:59:48,300 --> 05:59:50,700
understanding, showing, 
unexpected, theological 

6780
05:59:50,700 --> 05:59:54,600
sophistication, Grace remained, 
God's Province, not mind. 

6781
05:59:54,600 --> 05:59:58,500
Absolutely. 
For five months interrogation, 

6782
05:59:58,500 --> 06:00:02,300
continued, sometimes publicly 
before a full tribunal sometimes

6783
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:05,600
in private prison questioning, 
my male attire became the 

6784
06:00:05,600 --> 06:00:08,900
central Focus providing tangible
evidence of defiance against 

6785
06:00:08,900 --> 06:00:12,200
Natural order. 
Voices were dissected endlessly,

6786
06:00:12,200 --> 06:00:16,000
where they Angels or demons. 
Why did they speak to an 

6787
06:00:16,000 --> 06:00:19,000
uneducated girl rather than 
through the established church 

6788
06:00:19,000 --> 06:00:22,100
hierarchy? 
I recorded an examined each of 

6789
06:00:22,108 --> 06:00:25,300
my answers for inconsistencies 
and potential heresies. 

6790
06:00:25,300 --> 06:00:29,400
What records don't capture the 
physical deterioration during 

6791
06:00:29,400 --> 06:00:31,500
this period. 
Prison conditions. 

6792
06:00:31,500 --> 06:00:35,500
Continuous shackling, poor 
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 

6793
06:00:35,500 --> 06:00:38,400
God's harassment, gradually 
weakened a body already 

6794
06:00:38,400 --> 06:00:40,500
compromised by previous wounds 
and hardship. 

6795
06:00:41,200 --> 06:00:44,200
By may I suffered recurring 
fevers dramatic weight loss and 

6796
06:00:44,200 --> 06:00:47,700
periods of confusion during 
longer integration the voices, 

6797
06:00:47,700 --> 06:00:51,100
remained present but changed 
character less commanding, more 

6798
06:00:51,100 --> 06:00:55,300
comforting, a spoken in Heavenly
reward rather than Earthly 

6799
06:00:55,300 --> 06:00:58,400
Victory preparing me for an 
outcome that seemed increasingly

6800
06:00:58,400 --> 06:01:00,700
inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

6801
06:01:00,700 --> 06:01:02,700
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

6802
06:01:03,500 --> 06:01:05,300
The body is temporary, Catherine
answered. 

6803
06:01:05,300 --> 06:01:08,000
Gently. 
What matters is truth maintained

6804
06:01:08,000 --> 06:01:11,800
until the end. 
On May the 24th I was taken to 

6805
06:01:11,800 --> 06:01:15,100
the rule on Cemetery where 
scaffolded been erected one 

6806
06:01:15,100 --> 06:01:17,800
holding officials who would 
witness my anticipated 

6807
06:01:17,800 --> 06:01:20,200
recantation. 
Another displaying instruments 

6808
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:24,400
of execution should I refuse? 
Exhausted physically and 

6809
06:01:24,400 --> 06:01:27,600
isolated completely. 
I briefly wavered when presented

6810
06:01:27,600 --> 06:01:30,300
with a document, I was told 
contained a simple app, duration

6811
06:01:30,300 --> 06:01:33,100
of male clothing and independent
interpretation of voices. 

6812
06:01:34,000 --> 06:01:36,900
What I was unaware of was that 
the actual document contained, a

6813
06:01:36,900 --> 06:01:40,800
comprehensive admission of fraud
demonic influence and heretical 

6814
06:01:40,800 --> 06:01:42,900
intent. 
Completely repudiating. 

6815
06:01:42,900 --> 06:01:47,200
Everything I had experienced and
represented Unable to read, I 

6816
06:01:47,200 --> 06:01:50,200
trusted partial translations 
provided by clerics, whose 

6817
06:01:50,200 --> 06:01:52,500
deception served their 
predetermined purpose. 

6818
06:01:52,500 --> 06:01:56,100
I signed with a simple Crossmark
unaware that I was giving my 

6819
06:01:56,100 --> 06:01:57,600
enemies exactly what they 
needed. 

6820
06:01:57,600 --> 06:02:01,300
And apparent admission that 
everything I had about Divine 

6821
06:02:01,300 --> 06:02:05,300
guidance was false this 
temporary weakness, a product of

6822
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:08,800
extreme duress rather than a 
genuine change of heart provided

6823
06:02:08,800 --> 06:02:12,500
legal justification For What 
followed Return to prison rather

6824
06:02:12,500 --> 06:02:14,900
than transferred to a 
ecclesiastical custody as 

6825
06:02:14,900 --> 06:02:17,100
promised. 
I found myself still surrounded 

6826
06:02:17,100 --> 06:02:19,500
by hostile guards. 
Still denied female 

6827
06:02:19,500 --> 06:02:21,300
companionship. 
That would have made feminine 

6828
06:02:21,300 --> 06:02:22,800
clothing, practically 
sustainable. 

6829
06:02:24,000 --> 06:02:26,800
When my clothes were taken while
I stepped and only male attire 

6830
06:02:26,800 --> 06:02:29,400
was left available. 
I faced an impossible Choice 

6831
06:02:29,400 --> 06:02:33,500
remain naked among male guards 
or Don forbidden garments. 

6832
06:02:33,500 --> 06:02:36,500
The voice is spoke with unusual 
Clarity that morning. 

6833
06:02:37,200 --> 06:02:40,400
Better modest impropriety than 
in modest vulnerability. 

6834
06:02:41,400 --> 06:02:44,400
I dressed in Male clothing. 
Knowing this relapse provided 

6835
06:02:44,400 --> 06:02:46,400
the final justification enemy 
sought. 

6836
06:02:47,100 --> 06:02:50,300
When judges returned to document
this transgression, I formally 

6837
06:02:50,300 --> 06:02:52,100
recounted my previous app 
duration. 

6838
06:02:52,900 --> 06:02:56,300
Stating clearly, that voices 
were indeed Divine, that the 

6839
06:02:56,300 --> 06:02:59,300
mission had been Heaven Sent and
that temporary weakness had 

6840
06:02:59,300 --> 06:03:02,500
betrayed truth. 
I would rather do Penance once 

6841
06:03:02,500 --> 06:03:07,000
with death and bear imprisonment
suffering continuously. 

6842
06:03:07,000 --> 06:03:10,500
I told them with renewed Clarity
despite knowing the consequence 

6843
06:03:11,500 --> 06:03:15,100
On May the 30th 1431. 
The final sentence was announced

6844
06:03:15,100 --> 06:03:19,500
declared a relapsed heretic. 
I would face public execution, 

6845
06:03:19,500 --> 06:03:22,300
by burning the most painful 
death authorities could legally.

6846
06:03:22,300 --> 06:03:26,200
Impose, deliberately chosen to 
create maximum suffering, they 

6847
06:03:26,200 --> 06:03:30,000
hoped would produce a final 
public confession that morning, 

6848
06:03:30,000 --> 06:03:32,900
I made a final confession to a 
sympathetic priest and received 

6849
06:03:32,900 --> 06:03:36,300
communion, despite being 
formally excommunicated, a small

6850
06:03:36,300 --> 06:03:39,400
Act of compassionate Defiance by
a cleric who recognized in 

6851
06:03:39,400 --> 06:03:43,100
Justice unfolding Wearing the 
traditional long white garment, 

6852
06:03:43,100 --> 06:03:46,800
for heresy execution. 
A cart transported me through on

6853
06:03:46,800 --> 06:03:49,500
streets toward the old 
marketplace, where executional 

6854
06:03:49,500 --> 06:03:52,300
weighted The crowds mood 
surprised me. 

6855
06:03:52,300 --> 06:03:56,400
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. 

6856
06:03:57,100 --> 06:04:00,200
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

6857
06:04:00,200 --> 06:04:03,000
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

6858
06:04:03,000 --> 06:04:06,900
transcended, political loyalty. 
Later accounts would claim 

6859
06:04:06,900 --> 06:04:09,500
English authorities, grew 
concerned that sympathy might 

6860
06:04:09,500 --> 06:04:12,600
transform into riots and that 
martyrdom was being created. 

6861
06:04:12,600 --> 06:04:16,300
Despite their carefully, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

6862
06:04:16,300 --> 06:04:19,400
Ground officials had me a final 
opportunity to recount before 

6863
06:04:19,400 --> 06:04:22,200
tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

6864
06:04:22,200 --> 06:04:26,000
pyre, the method was deliberate 
slow death by Suffocation and 

6865
06:04:26,000 --> 06:04:28,400
burning rather than quicker 
execution methods available. 

6866
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:31,900
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

6867
06:04:31,900 --> 06:04:35,200
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

6868
06:04:35,200 --> 06:04:37,600
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

6869
06:04:37,600 --> 06:04:39,700
name that had guided my journey 
from its beginning. 

6870
06:04:40,800 --> 06:04:43,900
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

6871
06:04:44,600 --> 06:04:48,000
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

6872
06:04:49,700 --> 06:04:52,700
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

6873
06:04:52,700 --> 06:04:56,100
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

6874
06:04:56,100 --> 06:04:58,500
ashes. 
Afterward a symbolic detail, 

6875
06:04:58,500 --> 06:05:01,300
probably invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

6876
06:05:01,300 --> 06:05:05,200
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

6877
06:05:05,200 --> 06:05:08,300
wasn't physical preservation, 
but the truth maintained until 

6878
06:05:08,300 --> 06:05:12,200
the end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

6879
06:05:12,200 --> 06:05:15,400
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, worked through unlikely

6880
06:05:15,400 --> 06:05:19,700
instruments. 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

6881
06:05:19,700 --> 06:05:23,100
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

6882
06:05:23,100 --> 06:05:25,400
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

6883
06:05:25,400 --> 06:05:30,800
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

6884
06:05:30,800 --> 06:05:33,400
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

6885
06:05:33,400 --> 06:05:36,400
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited, nearly five. 

6886
06:05:36,400 --> 06:05:39,400
Centuries until May the 16th 
1920. 

6887
06:05:39,400 --> 06:05:42,800
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

6888
06:05:42,800 --> 06:05:45,300
recognition that voices, 
condemned, his demonic had 

6889
06:05:45,300 --> 06:05:49,300
indeed, been Divine history. 
Remembers outcomes early on 

6890
06:05:49,300 --> 06:05:51,900
relieved. 
Charles, crowned France. 

6891
06:05:51,900 --> 06:05:55,000
Eventually liberated from the 
English occupation, these 

6892
06:05:55,000 --> 06:05:58,600
visible victories obscure, the 
internal Journey that began with

6893
06:05:58,600 --> 06:06:01,800
a garden whisper, an ended in 
Marketplace, Flames. 

6894
06:06:01,800 --> 06:06:05,000
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

6895
06:06:05,000 --> 06:06:08,700
Glory, they offered only purpose
Direction and the chance to 

6896
06:06:08,700 --> 06:06:11,200
serve as an instrument for 
something larger than myself. 

6897
06:06:12,000 --> 06:06:14,700
They called me made of all Leon 
dubbed me a miracle. 

6898
06:06:14,700 --> 06:06:18,100
Worker labeled me a witch and a 
heretic and eventually 

6899
06:06:18,100 --> 06:06:21,400
recognized me as a saint. 
Yet, through all the 

6900
06:06:21,400 --> 06:06:25,400
Transformations, I remained 
Johannes from Dominique. simple 

6901
06:06:25,400 --> 06:06:28,800
girl, who aren't answered when 
voices called, who held a truth 

6902
06:06:28,800 --> 06:06:32,800
heard within more firmly than to
comfort offered without Perhaps 

6903
06:06:32,800 --> 06:06:35,600
that represents the most 
enduring Legacy that 

6904
06:06:35,600 --> 06:06:39,300
extraordinary purpose, May 
inhabit ordinary lives that 

6905
06:06:39,300 --> 06:06:42,600
Divine participation in human 
history, rarely follows expected

6906
06:06:42,600 --> 06:06:44,700
channels. 
But instead Works through 

6907
06:06:44,700 --> 06:06:48,400
unlikely vessels willing to say 
simply here, am I send me?