How John Harrison’s Marine Chronometer Changed the History of Navigation Forever | Boring History

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Hey, friends. 
Tonight, we're going on a 

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journey about one of Humanity's 
most elegant solutions to a 

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seemingly impossible problem. 
This is the story of a 

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carpenter's son, who changed the
world with nothing but patience 

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precision and an almost 
superhuman dedication to making 

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things tick. 
So, as we ease in take a moment 

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to like the video, and let me 
know where you're tuning in 

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from, and what time it is for 
you. 

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Now, let's discover how John 
Harrison taught the world to 

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tell time at sea. 
To yourself on a wooden ship in 

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the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
in the year, 1700. 

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The water looks like a wrinkled 
blue bed sheet with no edges. 

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It goes on forever. 
The sails made of canvas above 

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you snap and Billow in the wind 
making sounds like thunder in 

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the distance. 
You can hear the word creaking 

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all the time below deck. 
Ship's wooden bones, Bend and 

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groan as the wave's lift and 
dropped the ship in. 

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A never-ending Rhythm. 
That makes your stomach feel 

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bad. 
Now, here's the scary part. 

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You have no idea where you are. 
You have a pretty good idea of 

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how far north or south you've 
gone. 

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That's not too hard. 
A Sextant can tell you the angle

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of the Sun at noon, when it is 
at its highest point in the sky.

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To find your latitude compare 
that angle to tables in a book 

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and do some math. 
That would make your high school

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geometry, teacher proud The 
hundreds of years Sailors have 

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been doing this and it worked 
great. 

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But what about Eastern West 
that's when things got hard 

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scary and very hard to 
understand to find out how far 

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east or west you've traveled 
your longitude you need to know 

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what time it is back home. 
This may seem easy but it's 

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actually very hard. 
You can figure out that you're 

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about 60 degrees west of London,
if you know that it's noon where

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you are now and that it's four 
in the afternoon back in London.

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15 degrees of longitude is equal
to one hour of time, difference 

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is really beautiful math. 
The kind that makes you feel 

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smart, just thinking about it. 
Problem is that clocks from the 

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1700s were Moody and worked 
great in your living room but as

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soon as you put them on a ship, 
they became useless. 

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Lumps of metal and gears the 
metal parts of the device 

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expanded and contracted when the
temperature changed the moisture

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in the air caused their delicate
parts to rust. 

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The constant rocking motion 
messed up their pendulums, which

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were the weights that kept time 
steady. 

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And what about Salt Air? 
Salt Air was like, poisoned a 

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machine's. 
It ate away at brass and steel 

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like the ocean wave that slowly 
wear down a cliff. 

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Sailors in the Age of 
Exploration were basically 

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driving across a flat desert 
with? 

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No GPS. 
Compass or map. 

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They had to guess where they 
were by looking at the sun and 

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making educated guesses, and as 
you might expect this caused 

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disasters, that would haunt 
Maritime history. 

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Ships would sail confidently 
toward what they thought was a 

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safe harbor, only to find 
themselves grinding onto rocks. 

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That shouldn't have been there 
for another 100 miles. 

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Whole fleets would miss their 
destinations by hundreds of 

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miles and sailors would run out 
of food and water, as they 

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desperately searched, the 
Horizon for land, that was 

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actually far behind them. 
The ocean was hiding things. 

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Those things were dangerous. 
On a foggy October night in 

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1707, a British naval fleet led 
by Admiral. 

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Sir, cloudsley shovel was 
sailing home from Gibraltar. 

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This was the worst Maritime 
disaster of the time. 

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The Admirals Navigators told 
him. 

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They were safely to the west of 
the dangerous. 

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Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 
which are near the South Western

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tip of England. 
They were wrong 

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catastrophically. 
It was wrong in the past. 

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Four ships, hit the rocks that 
night and went down in a matter 

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of hours. 
Their screams were lost in the 

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fog and wind as almost 2000 men.
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 

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Waters, Admiral shovell was one 
of them. 

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He made it to shore alive but a 
local woman killed him because 

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she wanted his emerald ring. 
It was the kind of tragedy that 

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shows you how cruel it can be 
when people make mistakes and 

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nature Acts. 
Britain was shocked the country 

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that was building an empire that
stretched around the world 

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couldn't even safely get its own
ships home. 

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It was like being a great race 
car driver who couldn't always 

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Park in their own garage. 
The embarrassment was only worse

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than the rising death toll in 
the money lost. 

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When Merchant ships disappeared 
into the oceans, vast anonymity,

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there had to be a change. 
The question was what? 

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And who would be smart enough to
figure out problem that had 

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stumped the smartest people of 
the time? 

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In the village of foul, be in 
Yorkshire, England. 

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A boy named John Harrison grew 
up in a world where the Sun 

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moved across the sky, and the 
seasons changed. 

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John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

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things that other kids didn't 
like, how Shadows moved across 

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the floor, how bird seemed to 
know exactly when Dawn would 

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break and the exact rhythm of 
his own heartbeat. 

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His dad was a carpenter, which 
meant he was a Craftsman, an 

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artist and a problem solver all 
at the same time. 

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When people needed a door that 
fit just right a table, that 

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wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 
could hold up a roof for 100 

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years. 
They came to you carpentry, 

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required an eye for detail, and 
a feel for how materials worked.

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Young John, learned the skills 
quickly like a sponge soaking up

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water but what really interested
John was something that most 

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Carpenters didn't think about 
very much time. 

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He would watch his dad work and 
pay attention to how long each 

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job took how the quality of the 
word affected, how fast it could

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be cut and how his dad's 
experience helped him. 

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Guess how long a project would 
take with amazing accuracy? 

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John was thinking about 
measurement, precision and the 

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Unseen rhythms that controlled 
everything around him while 

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other boys, his age were playing
games or doing things that made 

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their parents sigh heavily. 
When John was about seven years 

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old, he got smallpox a disease 
that killed millions of people 

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and left those who survived with
scars for life. 

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John lived, but the sickness 
kept him in bed for weeks 

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someone gave him a watch while 
he was recovering and it changed

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his life. 
You might think that a watch is 

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a boring gift for a sick. 
Kid, there were no flashing 

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lights moving Parts, you could 
see or bells and whistles that 

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watch though was a window into a
world of precision for John 

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Harrison. 
He would put it to his ear and 

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listen to the steady Tick, Tock 
of brass and steel like a 

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heartbeat. 
He would watch the hands move 

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slowly around the dial turning 
seconds into minutes minutes 

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into hours and hours into days. 
He took it apart which is the 

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most amazing thing. 
Imagine being seven years old 

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sick, with a disease. 
That is killing people all 

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around you and deciding that. 
The most interesting thing you 

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could do is take apart, a 
complicated machine to see how 

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it works. 
John took out each tiny screw 

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gear and piece of metal with 
great care and put them on his 

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bedside table. 
Then with a level of focus, that

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seems almost impossible for a 
child, he put it all back 

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together and it still worked. 
This wasn't just mechanical 

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skill. 
It was a kind of Genius that 

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shows itself early and loudly 
John Harris, what he wanted to 

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do before most kids could spell 
their own names. 

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John's interesting clocks didn't
fade. 

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As he got older, he didn't make 
it less deep. 

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He made it deeper, he started 
making clocks. 

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Not as a business at first, but 
as a hobby that took up all of 

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his free time, he worked in his 
father's, carpentry, shop and 

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tried out different materials 
designs and ways to fix the 

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basic problems that made clocks 
inaccurate. 

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Wood was the first thing he 
chose that changed. 

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Everything. 
Other clockmakers used Metal 

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Gears, that changed shape with 
temperature changes. 

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John on the other hand, found 
that certain types of wood like 

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Oak and boxwood had amazing 
qualities. 

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If you cut them the right way 
and put them together the right 

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way, they would naturally adjust
to changes in temperature when 

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one part got bigger, the other 
part got smaller which kept the 

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clocks accuracy stable. 
It was the kind of insight that 

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seems clear in retrospect but 
takes from Real Genius to find 

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John was learning about physics 
and Engineering on his own. 

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Even though these ideas wouldn't
be written down for decades. 

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He did this while working in a 
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 

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candlelight, by the time he was 
in his 20s, John had made 

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clocks. 
That was so accurate that they 

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only lost about one second a 
month. 

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This was an amazing feat for the
time. 

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People would travel for miles to
see his clocks, which were local

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wanders, but John wasn't happy. 
He could tell that there was 

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something bigger than his 
skills, could do some bigger 

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problem that only his unique 
genius could solve. 

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He didn't know yet. 
That the problem was waiting for

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him in the form of a 
parliamentary prize, a maritime 

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crisis, and the task of making a
clock, that could keep perfect 

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time, while being tossed around 
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 

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John Harrison was only 21 and 
still making wooden clocks in 

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Yorkshire. 
The British Parliament did 

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something strange. 
They asked for help. 

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The longitude act said that 
anyone who could figure out the 

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longitude problem would get a 
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is

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about the same as several 
million pounds today. 20,000 

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pounds. 
Take a moment to think about 

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that. 
Parliament was offering enough 

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money to buy a smallest state 
live, comfortably for life and 

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still have enough left over to 
pay for your grandchildren's 

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education. 
At the time, a skilled 

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Craftsman, could only make 50 
pounds a year. 

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People quit their jobs and spent
their lives trying to solve 

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problems. 
That seemed impossible because 

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of the prize. 
But there were some rules for 

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the prize, Your solution had to 
be able to figure out the 

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longitude within half a degree 
after a ship had sailed to the 

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West Indies and back, which 
could take months. 

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That might not sound very exact 
until you remember. 

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That half a degree of longitude,
at the equator is about 34 

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miles. 
Your method had to tell ship's 

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Captain where he was to within 
the distance of personal could 

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walk in a day off, after months,
at Sea, through storms and calm,

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heat and cold. 
Parliament set up the board of 

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longitude to look at the 
proposed Solutions, this group 

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of scientists naval officers and
government officials were decide

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who should get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

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Britain were on this board. 
Including astronomers who liked 

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the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

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distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

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Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

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measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

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stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

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It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

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least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

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Astronomers were happy with the 
solution but Sailors who were 

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practical wanted to throw their 
sex. 

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So overboard a lot of the board 
members specially the 

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astronomers thought that the 
answer to the longitude problem 

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had to come from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

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been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

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best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

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problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

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clock. 
John Harris would have to deal 

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with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

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yet. 
John made a choice in 1728 when 

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he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. he would go to

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London, show the board of 
longitude his ideas for a sea 

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clock and when the prize that no
one else had been able to get In

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the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

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Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

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that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

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Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

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occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

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that John didn't really have to 
spare. 

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But he went on the trip bringing
with him drawings and 

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descriptions of a clock that no 
one had ever seen before. 

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John went to London to find 
Edmond Halley the same Halle who

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has a comet named after him. 
Halle was the astronomer Royal, 

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and a member of the board of 
longitude. 

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This meant that he could either 
help or hurt. 

229
00:11:38,500 --> 00:11:41,700
John's goals, John was lucky 
that Hallie was the kind of 

230
00:11:41,700 --> 00:11:44,100
scientist, who valued, smart 
answers, no matter where they 

231
00:11:44,100 --> 00:11:47,400
came from. 
Haley looked at John's planes 

232
00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,100
and saw that they were truly 
unique. 

233
00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:53,000
This wasn't a crazy person with 
vague ideas and crazy claims. 

234
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:56,000
This was a Craftsman who had 
spent a lot of time thinking 

235
00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:59,000
about how hard it was to keep 
track of time at Sea and come up

236
00:11:59,008 --> 00:12:03,300
with specific useful Solutions. 
Halle introduced John to George 

237
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:05,500
Graham London's, best 
clockmaker. 

238
00:12:05,500 --> 00:12:09,200
Graham was also smart enough to 
know when genius came to his 

239
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,500
shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

240
00:12:11,500 --> 00:12:14,600
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

241
00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:17,800
slowly, realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

242
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:19,800
London's best instrument makers 
had missed. 

243
00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:23,000
Graham did something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

244
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,000
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

245
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,500
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

246
00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:31,200
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

247
00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,300
everything. 
John went back to Yorkshire with

248
00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:37,000
enough money to start building a
clock, that could work at Sea. 

249
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,800
He was about to enter a part of 
his life that would last for 

250
00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:42,000
decades. 
Drive him insane and change the 

251
00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:44,900
world. 
But first, he had to make the 

252
00:12:44,900 --> 00:12:46,800
thing. 
Think about how long it would 

253
00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,400
take to make just one clock, not
as a hobby or a side project. 

254
00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,000
But as your main focus for five 
years of calculating adjusting 

255
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,600
testing and improving. 
That's what John Harrison did 

256
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:01,600
from 1730 to 1735. 
He made his first Marine time 

257
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:03,800
keeper which would later be 
called H1. 

258
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:06,800
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 
Watch. 

259
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:10,300
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

260
00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:13,300
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

261
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:15,700
it in a museum today would 
probably be that. 

262
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:18,300
It looks like a steampunk 
sculpture with all the brass 

263
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:22,900
gears and strange moving Parts. 
But every part of H1 design, had

264
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:26,400
a specific purpose in the fight 
against the forces that had 

265
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:28,100
stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

266
00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:30,300
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

267
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:33,200
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

268
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:37,300
it is moved. 
Shaken, heated, cooled and hit 

269
00:13:37,300 --> 00:13:40,500
by salty are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

270
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:42,700
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

271
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,200
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

272
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,200
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

273
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,000
John's ideas were brilliant 
because he had spent years 

274
00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,000
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are under stress.

275
00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:57,000
John used to balance mechanism 
with two weighted bars connected

276
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,800
by Springs and stead of a 
pendulum Pendulum needs gravity 

277
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:03,300
to work all the time, but it 
didn't work on a ship. 

278
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:06,700
That was tilting. 
One bar would swing one way and 

279
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:09,200
the other would swing the other 
way, when the ship rolled which 

280
00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:12,200
stopped the ship from moving, it
was a mechanical genius that was

281
00:14:12,208 --> 00:14:15,700
turned into brass and steel. 
The two balances were like 

282
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:18,800
dancers moving in perfect 
opposition, their movement. 

283
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,500
So perfectly timed, that the 
ship's rocking didn't matter the

284
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,500
ship pitched and rolled through 
the waves, but inside H1s 

285
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,000
mechanism, time moved forward 
with calm precision. 

286
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,800
The temperature was another 
problem when you heat metal it 

287
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:36,300
expands and when you cool it, it
shrinks, you may have noticed 

288
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:39,200
this when you run hot water over
a jar lid to make it easier to 

289
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:41,900
open. 
Its tiny changes in size can 

290
00:14:41,900 --> 00:14:44,800
mess up the timing of a clock. 
So much that stops working. 

291
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,700
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

292
00:14:47,700 --> 00:14:51,600
The strips were made of brass 
and steel and reacted to changes

293
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:55,300
in temperature and opposite ways
making up for each other, then 

294
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:59,200
there was friction, which is bad
for all moving Parts, friction 

295
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:01,800
was trying to slow things down 
and make them less accurate 

296
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:05,400
every time gear teeth mashed 
together or a bearing turned in 

297
00:15:05,408 --> 00:15:08,100
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

298
00:15:08,100 --> 00:15:11,800
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold thin 

299
00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,900
in the Heat and eventually 
turned into sticky residue that 

300
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:18,100
gummed up the works. 
John's answer was to use lignum.

301
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:21,700
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 
that has its own natural oils. 

302
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:25,200
His bearings were made from this
wood that doesn't need oil so he

303
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,100
didn't need any at all. 
John knew a lot about how 

304
00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:31,300
materials acted when they were 
under stress and every problem 

305
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:35,300
had a solution H1 was more than 
just a clock. 

306
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:38,500
It was a dissertation in 
mechanical engineering that a 

307
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:40,500
man who had never gone to 
college wrote in brass and 

308
00:15:40,508 --> 00:15:43,300
steel. 
Each one was ready for its trial

309
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:48,200
in 1735, the board of longitude 
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 

310
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,700
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 
This trip would test whether 

311
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:54,600
this complicated machine could 
really do what John said, it 

312
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,700
could. 
Think about how John felt as he 

313
00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,600
watched his five years of work. 
Being carefully, loaded onto a 

314
00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,700
royal Navy warship. 
The open ocean was about to 

315
00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:06,200
judge everything. 
He had given up every hour. 

316
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:09,200
He had spent in his workshop and
every calculation and adjustment

317
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,700
he had made. 
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 

318
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,400
doesn't care about your precise 
tools or the work you've done 

319
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,900
for the rest of your life. 
The centurion's deck was covered

320
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:22,300
in waves and the ship rolled at 
angles that made even 

321
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:24,400
experienced Sailors. 
Hold onto the railings. 

322
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:30,000
Below in the captain's cabin, H1
sat quietly ticking away, 

323
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:32,800
seemingly unaffected by the 
chaos around it. 

324
00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:35,900
The ship's Navigators thought 
they were getting closer to 

325
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:37,900
England from a certain place on 
the way back. 

326
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,600
John's clock said they were 
really about 90 miles east of 

327
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,200
Where The Navigators thought 
they were. 

328
00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:46,300
John told the captain that they 
were getting close to England 

329
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:47,800
near The Dangerous Waters 
around. 

330
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:50,900
Start point, he did this with 
the confidence of someone who 

331
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:53,400
trusted his own work more than 
what most people thought. 

332
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:57,500
Roger Wills the captain believed
what John said enough to change 

333
00:16:57,500 --> 00:17:01,000
course and when the fog cleared 
start point was right, where 

334
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:04,400
John's clock said, it would be. 
The Navigators had made a 

335
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,800
mistake that could have easily 
sunk the ship by almost 100 

336
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:08,700
miles. 
Each one was correct. 

337
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,900
You might think that this 
successful trial would have won 

338
00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:13,500
John the longitude prize right 
away. 

339
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:17,000
His clock had just showed that 
it could do exactly what 

340
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,400
Parliament had promised to pay 
20,000 pounds to do. 

341
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:23,900
But you would be underestimated,
how hard it is to convince 

342
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:26,599
experts who are dealt for that. 
Someone has solved a problem. 

343
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:28,200
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

344
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:33,100
The board of longitude said that
H1 had potential which in 

345
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,700
bureaucratic language means, 
this is interesting, but we're 

346
00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:38,300
not ready to give you all that 
money yet. 

347
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,200
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

348
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,800
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

349
00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:47,300
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

350
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:49,500
John might have been feeling 
down. 

351
00:17:49,500 --> 00:17:52,400
You went back to his shop and 
started making plans for each 

352
00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,800
two. 
Instead, you might think the H2 

353
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:56,900
would take less time. 
Now that John, you how to do it,

354
00:17:56,900 --> 00:17:59,100
because it took him five years 
to build 81. 

355
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,800
He would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

356
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,200
finish H2, but not because he 
worked slowly. 

357
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,100
He kept coming up with better 
ideas. 

358
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,000
This is the time in John 
Harrison's, life that will test 

359
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:11,700
your patience just to hear about
it. 

360
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,600
Imagine spending your whole 
adult life trying to solve one 

361
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:19,300
problem getting close and then 
realizing you could do better 

362
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:25,400
and starting over over and over 
for 40 years, H2, which was 

363
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:30,500
finished in 1741 was heavier 
than H1 about 86 pounds. 

364
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:33,200
But it had changes that made it 
more accurate. 

365
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:36,400
In theory, John had fine-tuned 
his temperature compensation 

366
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:39,508
system improved his balance 
mechanism and made a lot of 

367
00:18:39,516 --> 00:18:42,800
small changes that when added 
together made a difference, it 

368
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,800
was like, seeing a perfectionist
change a document changing the 

369
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,600
words and punctuation. 
Until each sentence was as clear

370
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:53,300
as glass But before H2 could be 
tested at Sea, John realized 

371
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:56,300
something that worries him he 
had already come up with ways to

372
00:18:56,300 --> 00:18:59,700
make it better. 
The world of ships was also 

373
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,100
changing the board of longitude 
had paid for the creation of a 

374
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,400
new way to measure the distance 
to the Moon and astronomers were

375
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,300
publishing tables that made 
navigating by the Stars easier. 

376
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,700
John's chance to prove his 
mechanical solution was running 

377
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:16,100
out. 
John started working on H3 and 

378
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,700
1749. 
It would take him 17 years to 

379
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:23,400
finish this version during that 
time he hardly left his 

380
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,900
Workshop, rarely saw friends and
focused so hard that his friends

381
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,100
and family were worried William 
his son who had grown up 

382
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:34,500
watching his father's Obsession 
became his assistant and later 

383
00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:36,900
his Advocate when he had to deal
with the board of longitude. 

384
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:41,400
H3 was smaller than the ones 
that came before it, but it was 

385
00:19:41,408 --> 00:19:44,700
much more complicated. 
John added new features like a 

386
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:48,500
bimetallic strip to adjust for 
temperature and a caged roller 

387
00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,900
bearing mechanism. 
This design was so ahead of its 

388
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:54,800
time that it wasn't rediscovered
and widely used until the 

389
00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:57,500
Industrial Revolution, more than
100 years later. 

390
00:19:58,500 --> 00:20:01,800
You benefit from something. 
John Harrison came up with while

391
00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,300
trying to solve the longitude 
problem, every time you ride in 

392
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:08,200
a car or use a machine with 
roller bearings, But there was a

393
00:20:08,208 --> 00:20:11,100
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fits. 

394
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:14,200
There was more sense of to the 
ship's movement than his other 

395
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,800
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

396
00:20:16,808 --> 00:20:18,700
areas, had made other areas 
weaker. 

397
00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:21,300
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

398
00:20:21,300 --> 00:20:24,600
perfectionists up at night and 
John was definitely a 

399
00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:27,100
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

400
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:30,500
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on C clocks 

401
00:20:30,500 --> 00:20:33,600
for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

402
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:36,300
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win. 

403
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:39,800
The longitude prize, his later 
attempts had been better in some

404
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,600
ways, but he still hadn't 
reached the level of perfection.

405
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,200
He wanted a lot of people would 
have given up the right thing to

406
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:47,700
do. 
Would have been to admit that he

407
00:20:47,700 --> 00:20:50,100
had made important 
contributions, take whatever 

408
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:51,600
money. 
The board of longitude was 

409
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,200
willing to give him and then 
retire knowing that he had 

410
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:57,500
helped people learn more John 
Harrison was not like most 

411
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,300
people and he was not being 
reasonable about this problem. 

412
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:03,600
John made a choice in his 
Workshop that must have seemed a

413
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,100
little crazy even to him who 
would stop working on H3 and 

414
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:09,300
start over from scratch with a 
very different method. 

415
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,600
His new clock would be nothing 
like the big complicated 

416
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:14,400
machine. 
He had spent years building, 

417
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:18,300
there would be small elegant and
based on ideas, he had learned 

418
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:21,800
while working on the other ones,
but had never fully used He 

419
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:25,100
would make H4 which would be a 
watch think of a pocket watch 

420
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,800
from the 1700s. 
Like the kind you might see in a

421
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:30,800
period drama as hanging from a 
gold chain on a gentleman's 

422
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,700
waistcoat fantasy, classy and 
small enough to fit in your hand

423
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,400
A picture this watch being so 
accurate and well made that it 

424
00:21:38,408 --> 00:21:41,200
will lose less than a minute. 
After months at Sea, through 

425
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:47,000
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
That was H4. 

426
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,000
John Harrison started working on
H4 in 1755. 

427
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,600
And by 1759, he had made 
something that looks simple but 

428
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,200
wasn't It was about 5 inches 
across, which is big for a 

429
00:21:58,208 --> 00:21:59,700
pocket, watch by today's 
standards. 

430
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:04,200
But small compared to H1 H2 or 
H3, it was only three pounds 

431
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:06,400
heavy. 
You could easily hold it in both

432
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:10,100
hands and admire its clean white
face, elegant Roman numerals. 

433
00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:13,300
And the way its hands moved 
smoothly to Mark second and 

434
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:17,800
minutes with perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

435
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:19,700
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

436
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:22,600
exactness. 
John had put together everything

437
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:24,900
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

438
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,600
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

439
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:30,300
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

440
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:33,600
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

441
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:37,400
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

442
00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:39,300
would average out instead of 
getting worse. 

443
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:42,600
It was the application of 
statistical smoothie to 

444
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:44,600
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

445
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,700
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

446
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,500
The escapement mechanism which 
turns the Springs energy into. 

447
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,800
The regular tiktok motion was a 
work of art in terms of 

448
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,800
mineralization and accuracy. 
John had made sure that every 

449
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,000
tooth on every gear fit together
perfectly, which cut down on 

450
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,100
friction to almost nothing while
still keeping the right ratios 

451
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:07,700
for keeping time. 
The craftsmanship was so good. 

452
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:11,400
That when you look at H4 under a
magnifying glass, you can see 

453
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:13,900
details that shouldn't have been
possible with tools from the 

454
00:23:13,900 --> 00:23:16,400
18th century. 
The temperature compensation 

455
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,400
system used a bimetallic balance
that grew and shrank in just the

456
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:23,800
right amounts to keep the watch 
accurate in both, arctic cold 

457
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:28,100
and tropical heat, The jeweled 
bearings which were tiny Ruby 

458
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:30,400
bearings that John used at 
important friction points. 

459
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:34,100
Kept the machine from wearing 
down and kept it accurate for a 

460
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:36,800
long time. 
Every part of H4 was the most 

461
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:38,800
advanced thing that could be 
done with machines. 

462
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:44,400
At the time H4 was ready for its
trial in 1761 when John was 68 

463
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,600
years old, The board of 
longitude sent the watch on a 

464
00:23:47,608 --> 00:23:51,700
trip to Jamaica to test it. 
The trip would take months and 

465
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,000
put the watch through all kinds 
of weather and conditions that 

466
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:58,100
could happen in the Atlantic. 
William John's son offered to go

467
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:00,900
with H4 on the trip. 
This was partly because his 

468
00:24:00,900 --> 00:24:04,100
father was too old for such a 
long and hard journey and partly

469
00:24:04,100 --> 00:24:06,800
because someone needed to wind 
the watch every day and keep an 

470
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:09,900
eye on how it was working. 
Can you picture how William felt

471
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:12,800
as HMS Deptford? 
Got ready to leave, he had his 

472
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,700
father's whole life's work. 
In a silver case, that was small

473
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:19,800
enough to fit in his pocket. 
If H4 didn't work, all the work,

474
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:22,500
the Harrison family had done for
decades would have been for 

475
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:24,800
nothing. 
If they were successful, they 

476
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:28,400
would gain Fame wealth and the 
satisfaction of solving. 

477
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:30,600
One of the biggest scientific 
problems of the time. 

478
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,500
The trip to Jamaica took 81 
days. 

479
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:37,300
And during that time, William 
wound, H4 every day and kept 

480
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:38,800
careful records of how it 
worked. 

481
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:42,400
The watch kept ticking through 
the heat of the Caribbean and 

482
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,500
the storms of the Atlantic, as 
well as the calm times when the 

483
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,700
ship barely moved the gaels, 
when it experienced Sailors 

484
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:52,500
prayed for deliverance. 
William compared h4s. 

485
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:54,600
Time to local astronomical 
observations. 

486
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:58,300
When the Deptford finally got to
Jamaica H4, had lost five 

487
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,400
seconds. 
Five seconds, the watch was off 

488
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:05,200
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 
Sea during which it traveled, 

489
00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:07,200
thousands of miles in all kinds 
of weather. 

490
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:10,900
That mistake meant that the 
longitude calculation was off by

491
00:25:10,908 --> 00:25:14,000
just over one nautical mile 
which is a lot better than the 

492
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,000
34 miles. 
The longitude prize needed the 

493
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:20,400
trip back was just as amazing. 
The Deptford came back to 

494
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:24,100
England after 161 days at Sea 
and h4s. 

495
00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:26,900
Total error was one minute and 
54.5 seconds. 

496
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,400
There should have been no doubt 
that John Harrison had sold the 

497
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:33,400
longitude problem because it had
gone so far beyond what was 

498
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,100
needed to win. 
The highest level of the 

499
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:38,800
longitude prize, At this point, 
you might think that the board 

500
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,600
of longitude would have given 
John the full 20,000 pounds 

501
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,900
prize, right away, ordered 
several copies of H4 and 

502
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,700
celebrated British creativity. 
That is not what happened. 

503
00:25:48,700 --> 00:25:51,700
Not even close. 
If you've ever had to deal with 

504
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:54,600
red tape, you know how annoying 
it is, when rules change, goals,

505
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:57,300
change and committee's ask from 
more proof before they make a 

506
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:00,100
decision. 
Now, multiply that frustration 

507
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:02,800
by a few decades and had the 
bitter disappointment of seeing 

508
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,100
lesser Solutions, get support, 
while your own work is met with 

509
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,000
endless Stout. 
John Harrison had that 

510
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,200
experience after h4s, successful
trial. 

511
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:14,500
The board of longitude said that
H4 had done very well. 

512
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:17,200
But instead of giving them the 
prize they asked for another 

513
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:19,200
trial. 
He said that the first trip 

514
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,300
might have been a fluke. 
We had to test the watch again 

515
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:23,600
to make sure it worked the same 
way. 

516
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,900
Every time. 
John who is now 70 years old had

517
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:29,900
to agree. 
The second trial happened in 

518
00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:33,900
1764 on a trip to Barbados the 
board of longitudes sent 

519
00:26:33,908 --> 00:26:35,900
Neville. 
Masculine this time, he was an 

520
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:38,500
astronomer who was very 
interested in the lunar distance

521
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,800
method of finding longitude 
masculine was smart and 

522
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:44,600
dedicated. 
But unfortunately for John, he 

523
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,200
was completely sure that 
astronomical methods were better

524
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,800
than mechanical ones. 
H4 worked perfectly during the 

525
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,900
trip but mass killings report 
focused on small problems and 

526
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,400
theoretical issues instead of 
the watches overall accuracy. 

527
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,100
It was like complaining that the
cup holder is an inch too small.

528
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:04,000
When you review a car that gets 
100 miles per gallon. 

529
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:07,600
When they got back to England, 
the board decided that even 

530
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,800
though H4 had done a great job, 
they couldn't give him the full 

531
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,300
prize until John showed 
everyone, how he built things, 

532
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:15,200
and let other watchmakers copy 
his work. 

533
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:17,900
This request, put John in a bad 
spot. 

534
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:21,000
He didn't want to share his 
Secrets because other makers 

535
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:23,600
could copy his design and he 
would lose his Edge in the 

536
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:25,800
market. 
He would not get the prize, he'd

537
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,000
worked his whole adult life for 
if he said no. 

538
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:31,100
It was a bureaucratic catch 
2022. 

539
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,400
That looked like it was meant to
keep him from getting the credit

540
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:37,600
he deserved. the board finally 
gave John half of the prize 

541
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,500
money 10,000 pounds, but only if
he explained how he did it and 

542
00:27:41,500 --> 00:27:44,700
made sure that the duplicate 
watches were built It was like 

543
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,200
winning an Olympic gold medal 
and being told, you could only 

544
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,500
have it if you taught everyone 
else how to do it first. 

545
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,700
If they were happy with how you 
taught them, you might get the 

546
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:54,600
rest of your prize later, 
Neville. 

547
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,400
Masculine had become the 
astronomer Royal in a senior 

548
00:27:57,400 --> 00:27:58,600
member of the board of 
longitude. 

549
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,900
By this point, he kept pushing 
for the lunar distance method by

550
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:04,500
publishing tables and 
instructions that made 

551
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:07,400
navigating the Stars easier, it 
was good work. 

552
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:10,000
That helped a lot of sailors, 
but it also meant that the 

553
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:13,700
person judging John's mechanical
method had spent years working 

554
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:17,900
on a competing solution The 
scientific Community had a 

555
00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:20,000
strong bias against Mechanical 
Solutions. 

556
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:22,900
A lot of astronomers thought 
that navigation was an 

557
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:26,000
astronomical problem at its core
and should be sold with 

558
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,000
astronomical tools. 
They were offended that a 

559
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:32,400
Craftsman who was an even a real
scientist or mathematician could

560
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:36,300
use gears and Springs to figure 
out longitude, For years, John 

561
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:38,900
built duplicate watches under 
the boards watchful eye. 

562
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:42,200
He showed other watchmakers how 
to do it and gave them more and 

563
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:44,000
more details explanations of his
work. 

564
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,900
William his son, became his 
lawyer, publicist and moral 

565
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,000
support all at once. 
He argued John's case before the

566
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:53,700
board wrote pamphlets. 
Explaining how unfair their 

567
00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:55,600
treatment was and did all of 
these things? 

568
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:01,500
John was in his late 70s by the 
early 1770s and he still hadn't 

569
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:02,900
won the full. 
Longitude prize. 

570
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:06,700
It had turned into a bit of a 
public Scandal, this man had 

571
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,600
clearly solved the problem that 
Parliament had asked him to, but

572
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:11,900
he couldn't get the promised 
reward because of technical 

573
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:15,600
issues, bureaucratic delays, and
what seemed to be professional 

574
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:20,400
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772 John was 

575
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:22,300
desperate. 
Knew he didn't have much time 

576
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:25,400
left because he was getting 
older, he did something strange.

577
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,500
He wrote to King George. 
The third directly, it was a 

578
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:30,800
brave. 
Move to go straight to the Royal

579
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:33,500
Authority and of going through 
the board of longitude. 

580
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:38,000
King George, the third liked 
science, and was a interested in

581
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,400
tools that were very accurate. 
The King was said to be very 

582
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,600
angry when he found out about 
John's situation, A man had 

583
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:47,400
spent 50 years working on an 
important problem and still 

584
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:48,900
hadn't gotten the promised 
reward. 

585
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:52,400
He added four brought to his 
private Observatory or he 

586
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,500
watched it work for weeks. 
The King was sure that John had 

587
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:59,200
been treated unfairly George the
third used his power to make 

588
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,300
Parliament, to give John 
Harrison the rest of the prize 

589
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,400
money. 
John finally got the full 20,000

590
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:06,200
pounds. 
He had been promised almost 60 

591
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:10,300
years earlier in 1773 when he 
was 80 years old, it was a win. 

592
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:13,400
But it was a sad one. 
John 1 knot because the 

593
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,700
scientific Community recognized 
his work, but because the royal 

594
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:19,500
family had stepped in and 
stopped them from objecting any 

595
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:21,700
longer. 
The board of longitude never 

596
00:30:21,700 --> 00:30:23,200
officially said that John had 
won. 

597
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,300
The longitude prize instead. 
They made the payment as a 

598
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,600
special Grant from Parliament, 
which was worded in such a way, 

599
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:33,000
as to avoid suggesting that the 
board had made a mistake, three 

600
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:37,600
years later and 1776, John 
Harrison died at the age of 83, 

601
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:41,500
he had lived long enough to see 
his work at praised to know that

602
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:45,000
his sea clocks worked and could 
save lives and to see the start 

603
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,700
of a revolution in how ship's 
navigated that would last for 

604
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:51,700
the next 200 years. 
He died without ever getting a 

605
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:54,100
formal letter from the board of 
longitude saying that he had 

606
00:30:54,108 --> 00:30:57,100
sold the problem. 
They had asked him to solve, you

607
00:30:57,100 --> 00:30:59,500
might not feel like you've won 
even when you do win. 

608
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,000
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets and the stress of 

609
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:06,000
the day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

610
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,500
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

611
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,000
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

612
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:16,500
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

613
00:31:16,500 --> 00:31:20,000
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

614
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,500
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

615
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,500
the ship made in a year. 
But, for long trips, they 

616
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:30,100
quickly became very useful. 
Ship owners learned that the 

617
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:33,100
price of a chronometer was 
nothing compared to the value of

618
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:35,000
the cargo they could lose if 
they got lost. 

619
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:38,600
The standard equipment, the 
British Navy started, giving 

620
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:42,200
Shipps Marine chronometers 
Captain James Cook took a 

621
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:45,200
chronometer made by Larkin. 
Kendall on his famous Pacific 

622
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:50,100
voyages in the 1770s, it was 
basically a copy of H4 Cook 

623
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:53,000
wrote with great, enthusiasm 
about how accurate and 

624
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:55,200
dependable the chronometer was 
calling it. 

625
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,100
His trusty friend and never 
failing guide. 

626
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:01,600
People pay attention when the 
man who met more of the Pacific 

627
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:03,300
Ocean than anyone else before 
him. 

628
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:07,600
Praises your navigation tool. 
By the beginning of the 1800s 

629
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:09,800
Marine, chronometers were the 
most common way to find 

630
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,800
longitude at sea. 
The board of longitudes. 

631
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:15,300
Preferred astronomical, methods 
were still used as a backup. 

632
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:19,100
Good Navigators, used every tool
they could find but John 

633
00:32:19,100 --> 00:32:22,200
Harrison's mechanical solution 
became the main way to navigate 

634
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:26,500
for the next 100 years. 
The effect on trade by sea was 

635
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:28,700
huge. 
Now, ships could plan their 

636
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:31,700
routes with confidence knowing 
that they could always find out 

637
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:34,900
where they were on the trip. 
Marine chronometers, that came 

638
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:37,400
from John Harrison's. 
Designs were used by clipper 

639
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:41,400
ships that raced tea from China 
to England, Merchant ships, that

640
00:32:41,400 --> 00:32:43,000
connected Europe with the 
Americas. 

641
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:45,900
And Naval Expeditions that 
mapped the world's remaining 

642
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:49,300
coastline Changes to safety were
just as big. 

643
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:52,100
There were a lot fewer 
shipwrecks caused by navigation,

644
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:54,900
mistakes. 
Now captains could safely get 

645
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,500
close to dangerous coastlines at
night or in fog knowing where 

646
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,600
they were the ocean was still 
dangerous because storms 

647
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:05,300
icebergs, broken equipment and 
human mistakes still sank ships.

648
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,300
However, one major cause of 
Maritime disasters, had mostly 

649
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:12,100
been removed. 
More subtly being able to keep 

650
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:15,100
track of time accurately at Sea 
led to the creation of accurate 

651
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:19,300
charts and maps. 
Now every Harbor entrance every 

652
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:22,400
dangerous Shoal and every 
Coastline could be found with 

653
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:24,400
precision and saved for Future 
Sailors. 

654
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,800
The oceans of the world was 
slowly but surely changing from 

655
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:31,100
vast unknown areas. 
A positions were unclear to 

656
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:32,900
mapped areas where locations 
were known. 

657
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:37,000
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

658
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,200
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

659
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,900
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, for friction 

660
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:45,800
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

661
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:47,600
standard parts of high-quality 
watches. 

662
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,000
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

663
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,900
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

664
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:58,600
how to use basic ideas with 
genius level skill. 

665
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:02,100
Lieutenant Commander Rupert, 
goold said that restoring the 

666
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:05,400
original Harrison sea clocks, 
which had fallen into disrepair 

667
00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:07,600
was one of the best things that 
ever happened to him. 

668
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:11,400
When I opened H1 and saw. 
John's, wooden gears and 

669
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,800
carefully planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

670
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,600
Craftsman from years ago. 
The clocks were more than just 

671
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:21,100
old things. 
They were also working examples 

672
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:24,800
of ideas that were still useful.
The Harrison sea clocks made it 

673
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:28,100
through World War Two in London.
They were kept safe in a volt 

674
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:30,800
during the blitz, when German 
bombs fell on the city every 

675
00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:34,400
night, they were cleaned 
restored and then put on display

676
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:36,900
at the Royal Observatory. 
In Greenwich where they still 

677
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:40,100
are today, you can see them 
ticking away, just like they did

678
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:43,500
hundreds of years ago, if you 
have a go to London, H1 through 

679
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:47,000
H5, and a few of John's, other 
clocks are there, but the Marine

680
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:49,600
chronometer was not the best 
navigation tool for all time. 

681
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:54,100
By the end of the 20th century 
GPS systems, that use satellite 

682
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:56,600
started to take the place of 
mechanical navigation tools. 

683
00:34:57,400 --> 00:34:59,800
Ships could now tell where they 
were within feet instead of 

684
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:02,800
miles and they could do it all 
the time instead of having to do

685
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,900
it once a day. 
Change happens slowly. 

686
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:09,500
But by the early 2000s Marine 
chronometers were no longer the 

687
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,800
main tools for navigation, they 
were used as backups and safety 

688
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,400
devices. 
Even this technological 

689
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,800
advancement doesn't take away 
from what Harrison did GPS 

690
00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:20,800
satellites need very accurate 
clocks. 

691
00:35:20,800 --> 00:35:23,700
Like atomic clocks that make 
John's chronometers look rough 

692
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:27,600
by comparison. 
But the basic idea is still the 

693
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:30,800
same to navigate correctly, you 
need to keep track of time 

694
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,800
correctly. 
John Harrison knew this truth so

695
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,300
well that he spent his whole 
life trying to make it better 

696
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,400
and every navigation system 
since then has been built on 

697
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,700
that Story of Harrison also 
changed, how we think about 

698
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,300
scientific recognition and the 
link between practical skills 

699
00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:50,000
and theoretical science. 
John was not a mathematician 

700
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,800
with a degree from a university 
or a natural philosopher from 

701
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,600
the upper class. 
He was a working class craftsmen

702
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,600
who solved a problem by trying 
different things over and over 

703
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:03,600
using his mechanical intuition 
and being very stubborn. 

704
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,500
Success called into question. 
The idea that only traditional 

705
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:09,900
academic sources can lead to 
important scientific 

706
00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:13,100
breakthroughs historians have 
been both embarrassed and 

707
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:14,700
fascinated. 
By the way, the board of 

708
00:36:14,700 --> 00:36:17,600
longitude treated Harrison in 
the last few decades. 

709
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:21,500
How could smart well-meaning? 
People not see that the answer 

710
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:23,800
to the problem. 
They had defined was so clear. 

711
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:27,900
The answer has to do with class 
bias jealousy among 

712
00:36:27,900 --> 00:36:30,500
professionals institutional, 
inertia. 

713
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,700
And the fact that people tend to
prefer solutions that come from 

714
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:36,300
people who are like them instead
of people who are not. 

715
00:36:36,308 --> 00:36:40,600
Today, several museums have 
working copies of Harrisons 

716
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,500
chronometers that were made by 
skilled craftsmen, who followed 

717
00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:47,000
his original plans, these 
replicas still work as well as 

718
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:49,900
they did, in the 1700s losing 
only a few seconds. 

719
00:36:49,900 --> 00:36:52,300
A month, even though they were 
made with tools and methods from

720
00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:56,100
that time, it shows how well 
John's designed worked and how 

721
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:57,900
well he understood the 
underlying ideas. 

722
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:02,300
The story of Harrison has 
inspired books movies and even a

723
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:05,600
best-selling novel by David, 
Sobel called longitude, which 

724
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:08,200
told millions of people about 
John's fight and Victory. 

725
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,900
Students learn about him as a 
role model for hard work in new 

726
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:13,400
ideas. 
Engineers. 

727
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,000
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

728
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,400
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

729
00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:20,900
like an expert, didn't believe 
in them. 

730
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,900
Can find something inspiring in 
his refusal to give up. 

731
00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,700
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

732
00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:30,600
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

733
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,100
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

734
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:35,900
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

735
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,900
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe time 

736
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:42,100
was mostly a local thing for 
most of human history. 

737
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,800
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

738
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:49,600
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

739
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:53,600
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

740
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,200
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

741
00:37:57,100 --> 00:38:00,100
But as societies grew and 
communication got better, this 

742
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:03,300
way of keeping time caused 
problems, what time does the 

743
00:38:03,308 --> 00:38:05,700
morning coach leave. 
When should we get together? 

744
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:08,700
The absence of a standardized 
time became progressively, 

745
00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:11,400
problematic, when organizing 
activities, requiring 

746
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:15,100
coordination across distant 
locations, the longitude problem

747
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:17,300
made people rethink how they 
thought about time. 

748
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:21,100
To use Harrison's chronometers 
to find your way, you needed to 

749
00:38:21,100 --> 00:38:23,800
know the time in both your area 
and at a reference point, 

750
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:28,100
Granite England became that 
reference point and this is how 

751
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:31,500
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 
All of a sudden time wasn't just

752
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:33,300
something that people in one 
place, could see. 

753
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:36,800
It was a global standard that 
linked far away places on Earth.

754
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,700
This change in how people 
thought about time eventually 

755
00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:42,700
led to the time zones were used 
now. 

756
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,400
In the 19th century. 
When railroad started linking 

757
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,300
far off cities, it became 
impossible to keep track of 

758
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,600
local times. 
It was a nightmare to 

759
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,100
coordinated train schedule. 
That used doesn't have different

760
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:56,600
local times. 
The answer was to break the 

761
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,900
world up into time Zone's, Each 
of which was set to a standard 

762
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,400
time. 
Greenwich was the main Meridian,

763
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:04,800
which is the point from which 
all other longitudes are 

764
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:06,700
measured. 
When you look at your watch to 

765
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:09,700
see if you're late for a meeting
or to help a friend on the other

766
00:39:09,700 --> 00:39:11,700
side of the world, figure out 
what time it is. 

767
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,500
Using a way of thinking that 
came from John Harrison's work 

768
00:39:15,500 --> 00:39:19,000
on the longitude problem. 
Standardization of time was 

769
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,400
necessary for navigation, which 
is why it became the same all 

770
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:24,400
over the world. 
Harrison's. 

771
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,700
Chronometers were also an 
important step in the history of

772
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:29,100
human precision. 
Before the Industrial 

773
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:31,700
Revolution, most things were 
made by hand. 

774
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:35,300
It fit the frame of the door. 
The wheel was rounded enough. 

775
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:38,300
People used their eyes and 
experience to make measurements 

776
00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:42,200
instead of exact tools, the work
of John Harrison required and 

777
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:45,100
showed a level of accuracy that 
was not needed before. 

778
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:48,800
And was almost impossible to 
imagine, it was necessary to 

779
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,800
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 
within a few millimeters. 

780
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,600
Every Spring had to have the 
right amount of tension. 

781
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,200
Each bearing needed to be the 
right size. 

782
00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:59,300
This wasn't rough crossed and 
ship. 

783
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:02,300
It was Precision Engineering 
before, that word, even existed 

784
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:05,600
John had to come up with new 
ways and tools to get the 

785
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:09,600
accuracy his designs needed. 
This focus on accuracy spread 

786
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,700
from clock-making to other 
areas, the Industrial Revolution

787
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,300
was based on machines that got 
better and better at making 

788
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:17,200
parts that fit together better 
and better. 

789
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:20,800
Tolerance standards that modern 
manufacturing takes for granted 

790
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:25,400
Parts machine to thousandths of 
an inch components designed to 

791
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:29,200
fit together with minimal gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

792
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,100
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

793
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:36,000
started, Harrison's life also 
shows how strong people can be, 

794
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:39,900
which is very moving. 
He started making C locks when 

795
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:43,300
he was in his thirties, but it 
wasn't until he was 80 that he 

796
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:47,300
got full credit for them. 
That's a lot of work on one 

797
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:51,700
problem over 50 years 50 years 
of math changes let downs and 

798
00:40:51,708 --> 00:40:55,400
little wins believing that what 
he was doing mattered for 50 

799
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:57,600
years even when powerful people 
told him. 

800
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,000
It didn't. 
Think about how much you want to

801
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:03,300
achieve that goal, most of us 
have trouble staying focused on 

802
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,500
a project for a few months when 
results don't come quickly. 

803
00:41:06,500 --> 00:41:09,800
When others don't immediately, 
notice our hard work, or when 

804
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:12,000
the way forward seems unclear, 
we get discouraged. 

805
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,000
John Harris and had to deal with
all of these problems for 

806
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:18,500
decades but he never gave up. 
There were a lot of things that 

807
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:22,000
made him keep going. 
There was Pride for sure the 

808
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,800
pride of the Craftsmen in making
something that works perfectly. 

809
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,500
There was ambition. 
The chance to win the longitude 

810
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:31,400
prize and get recognition for 
it, but there was all. 

811
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:34,800
So something deeper a belief 
that the problem could be fixed,

812
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,800
that it was possible to keep 
time accurately at Sea and that 

813
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:42,200
he was the one who could do it. 
It's not common to find someone 

814
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,400
who has this mix of technical 
skill stubbornness and 

815
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,900
unshakable self-confidence. 
A lot of people have one or two 

816
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:51,800
of these traits, but having all 
three for a long time, creates 

817
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:54,300
the kind of focused intensity 
that can solve problems, that 

818
00:41:54,300 --> 00:41:57,700
others think are impossible as 
you're breathing, slows and your

819
00:41:57,700 --> 00:41:59,500
mind starts to Drift Off to 
Sleep. 

820
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:03,000
Let's think about what we can 
learn from John Harrison's story

821
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,400
today in a world that seems very
different from 18th century 

822
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,400
England, but still has many of 
the same basic problems. 

823
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:12,300
The first lesson is about being 
an expert and having 

824
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:14,800
credibility. 
There were a lot of smart people

825
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,300
on the board of longitude like 
Royal astronomers mathematicians

826
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:21,000
and naval officers. 
They really thought they knew 

827
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,700
the best way to solve the 
longitude problem, they were not

828
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:27,000
mean or dumb. 
But they were so sure that 

829
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,300
astronomy had to be the answer 
that they couldn't fully see the

830
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:34,100
value of mechanical answer. 
Specially one suggested by 

831
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:35,500
someone who wasn't in their 
field. 

832
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,300
We see this happen. 
A lot in history, experts in a 

833
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:42,300
field become so attached to 
certain methods that they 

834
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:43,900
refused to consider other 
options. 

835
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:47,600
Especially those suggested, by 
people who aren't experts. 

836
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,400
This is a reminder that having 
credentials and an education 

837
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:53,000
doesn't mean you're open to new 
ideas. 

838
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:56,400
Sometimes the person who makes 
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 

839
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:58,000
that what they're trying to do 
is impossible. 

840
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:01,400
Second, there's the lesson about
how to be perfect and keep 

841
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,700
going. 
John Harrison could have stopped

842
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,300
after H1 showed that the basic 
idea worked. 

843
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:09,900
He could have taken his partial 
payment and fame and lived 

844
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:13,200
comfortably in his later years. 
Instead, he kept asking for 

845
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:16,100
better more polished and more 
perfect answers. 

846
00:43:17,300 --> 00:43:20,700
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 
fixing a problem, that his first

847
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:23,700
try had mostly fixed. 
It's good that you're trying to 

848
00:43:23,700 --> 00:43:26,000
be perfect, but it's also a 
little worrying. 

849
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:28,100
When does the search for 
improvement? 

850
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:30,400
Make it hard to put a good 
enough solution into action, 

851
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:34,300
Harrison worked on his designs 
for decades, but Sailors, kept 

852
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:36,900
dying because of navigation, 
mistakes that H1 could have 

853
00:43:36,900 --> 00:43:39,500
fixed people who work on hard 
problems. 

854
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:42,700
Have to deal with the tension 
between wanting everything to be

855
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:45,600
perfect and being practical. 
Third. 

856
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:49,400
There's the lesson about getting
credit and being recognized John

857
00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:52,400
Harrison needed outside proof 
that he had sold the problem. 

858
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,500
Like the longitude Prize or 
official recognition from the 

859
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:57,900
board. 
He got most of what he wanted 

860
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:00,400
but not always in the way he 
wanted the board. 

861
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:03,500
Never said, he was the winner, 
in an official way instead of 

862
00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:05,300
being recognized by the 
institution. 

863
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:07,400
The prize money came from the 
Royal Family. 

864
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:10,800
His Vindication was both 
complete and incomplete. 

865
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:14,200
Many of us, spend our lives 
looking for recognition for our 

866
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:17,600
work, whether it's getting a 
promotion getting good reviews. 

867
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:20,400
Making a lot of money will just 
getting praise from people. 

868
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:24,300
We look up to Harrison's Story 
shows that validation can come 

869
00:44:24,308 --> 00:44:27,700
in surprising ways, and may not 
be as satisfying as we thought 

870
00:44:27,700 --> 00:44:30,800
it would be. 
The work itself, the joy of 

871
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:32,800
solving the problem and making 
something that works. 

872
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,000
Well might have to be the reward
forth. 

873
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:38,400
There's the lesson about how 
things get better. 

874
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:42,300
There wasn't one brilliant idea 
or lucky find that solved the 

875
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:45,300
longitude problem it was fixed 
over the course of Decades of 

876
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:47,800
small changes. 
Each one building on the last 

877
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:50,200
Harrison's. 
First clock taught him things 

878
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,200
that he used to make his second 
clock, which taught him things 

879
00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:54,800
that he used to make his third 
clock. 

880
00:44:55,700 --> 00:44:58,100
Progress was made up of a lot of
small steps forward. 

881
00:44:58,100 --> 00:45:02,000
Not one big jump, this pattern 
holds true for most major 

882
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:04,100
accomplishments. 
We like to think that 

883
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:07,300
breakthroughs happen in dramatic
Eureka moments but real 

884
00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:09,200
progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

885
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:11,400
Harrison's. 
Workshop years of careful 

886
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:14,500
testing countless small changes 
and slowly building up knowledge

887
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:16,200
and skill. 
Fifth. 

888
00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:18,600
There's the lesson about picking
your problems. 

889
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:22,000
John Harrison could have made a 
good living as a clockmaker by 

890
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:23,900
making regular clocks, for 
regular people. 

891
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:28,000
Instead he decided to take on 
one of the hardest, technical 

892
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,400
problems of his time. this 
decision shaped his whole life, 

893
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:34,600
leading him to Victory but also 
to years of anger and 

894
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:39,000
disappointment We all pick 
problems to work on even if we 

895
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:42,700
don't mean to some people, pick 
problems that are both solvable 

896
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:45,400
and rewarding. 
Some people choose problems that

897
00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:49,600
are hard but important Some 
people like Harrison pick 

898
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:52,300
problems that seem almost 
impossible but a very important.

899
00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:55,400
There isn't one right? 
Answer for what kind of problem 

900
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,200
to solve, but the choice, you 
make will affect the way you 

901
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:00,800
live. 
Last but not least, there's the 

902
00:46:00,800 --> 00:46:04,800
lesson about time, John Harrison
devoted his life to accurately 

903
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:07,900
measuring time recording, its 
Passage through Springs, and 

904
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:10,500
gears and making its flow 
visible and measurable. 

905
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:14,200
But his own sense of time was 
shaped by Decades of hard work, 

906
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,700
the slower accumulation of skill
and knowledge, and a level of 

907
00:46:17,708 --> 00:46:19,800
patience that most of us can't 
even begin to. 

908
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:23,400
Imagine in this age of instant 
communication and quick change, 

909
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:26,500
it's hard to believe that 
Harrison would spend 50 years. 

910
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:30,000
On one problem, we used to 
getting quick results, quick 

911
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,000
feedback, and instant 
satisfaction. 

912
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:36,000
Harrison story reminds us that 
some goals, take a different 

913
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:39,100
kind of time. 
Instead of days or months, they 

914
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:41,000
take decades and progresses 
slow. 

915
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:44,000
Recognition may not come until 
the end if at all. 

916
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:47,900
As you start to fall asleep, 
picture yourself visiting John 

917
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:49,900
Harrison's Workshop in the 
1750s. 

918
00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:54,500
The room would smell like metal 
filings and oil would shavings 

919
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:56,800
and the smell of a place where 
people work hard. 

920
00:46:57,600 --> 00:46:59,900
Candles and the little bit of 
sunlight that came through the 

921
00:46:59,900 --> 00:47:02,900
small Windows would give off 
light, it was so dim that it 

922
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:04,900
barely lit up the incredibly 
fine work. 

923
00:47:04,900 --> 00:47:07,500
John did. 
Squinting at tiny gears and 

924
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:10,100
Springs. 
You would hear the ticking of 

925
00:47:10,108 --> 00:47:13,700
many clocks, not just one each 
clock marked time in a slightly 

926
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,900
different way, as John tested 
changed and improved his 

927
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:20,600
designs, The Sounds would mix 
and get in each other's way, 

928
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:23,600
making complicated rhythms, that
never quite fit together. 

929
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,600
Tock tick tock a dozen different
voices are measuring the same 

930
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:30,700
invisible river that flows by 
all the time and there would be 

931
00:47:30,708 --> 00:47:33,100
John himself, probably in his 
60s or 70s. 

932
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,600
By the time before was being 
built his eyesight, wasn't what 

933
00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:39,000
it used to be but his hands were
still steady. 

934
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:42,100
His mind was still sharp and his
determination was still strong. 

935
00:47:42,100 --> 00:47:44,400
He would have tools he made 
himself a job. 

936
00:47:44,408 --> 00:47:46,000
That no one else had ever done 
before. 

937
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:50,200
Like specialized files custom 
made measuring tools Jigs, and 

938
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:52,600
fixtures to hold small parts 
while he worked on them. 

939
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:56,000
If you asked him, why he kept 
going after 30 or 40 years 

940
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:58,800
without full recognition, he 
probably wouldn't have a 

941
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:01,100
dramatic answer. 
He might just say that. 

942
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,700
The problem could be fixed that 
he knew how to fix it and that 

943
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:07,700
the world needed The Fixx, it 
might have been that easy for 

944
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:10,000
John Harrison. 
His story is ultimately about 

945
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:13,600
what people can do, what can 
happen when intelligent skill 

946
00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:16,400
and determination come together 
and stay together for a 

947
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:18,400
lifetime. 
It's about believing in your own

948
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:20,700
work. 
Even when others don't. about 

949
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:24,100
trying to be perfect and not for
the sake of being perfect but 

950
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,500
because lives depend on getting 
it right, and about being happy 

951
00:48:27,500 --> 00:48:30,900
with the work itself, even when 
you don't get recognition right 

952
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:35,100
away, The Marine chronometer 
changed navigation, which 

953
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:38,900
changed exploration, which 
changed trade, which changed how

954
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:42,300
people in different parts of the
world interacted and connected 

955
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:45,200
with each other? 
These changes sent waves through

956
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:48,500
time that change many lives in 
ways that can never be fully 

957
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:51,300
traced. 
John Harrison's Legacy lives on 

958
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:53,200
in every ship. 
That arrived safely at its 

959
00:48:53,208 --> 00:48:57,600
destination because its Captain 
knew where he was every person 

960
00:48:57,600 --> 00:49:00,100
who crossed oceans with 
confidence instead of fear. 

961
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:03,200
And every map that was drawn 
correctly because positions 

962
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:07,700
could be determined exactly. 
The Harrison sea clocks are 

963
00:49:07,708 --> 00:49:09,200
still ticking with the same 
accuracy. 

964
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,900
They did hundreds of years ago. 
They are now in glass cases at 

965
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:16,700
Greenwich, people stand and 
watch the hands move counting 

966
00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:19,400
seconds that turn into minutes 
that turn into hours. 

967
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:22,600
The clocks have been around for 
hundreds of years longer than 

968
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,200
their maker and they will 
probably outlive everyone who 

969
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,200
sees them today. 
It's deep that a device made by 

970
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:31,500
human hands can keep measuring 
time long after those hands of 

971
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:35,900
stopped working. maybe the only 
real kind of immortality is to 

972
00:49:35,900 --> 00:49:38,700
make something so well that it 
keeps working serving its 

973
00:49:38,700 --> 00:49:41,500
purpose and showing off its 
creators skill and vision long 

974
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:45,100
after the Creator as passed 
away, Let that thought drift 

975
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:48,500
with you into dreams as you 
finally give in to sleep, that 

976
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,000
John Harrison's clocks are still
ticking somewhere in London 

977
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,100
right now. 
Keeping time with accuracy that 

978
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:56,900
seemed impossible when he first 
started working on them. 

979
00:49:57,700 --> 00:50:00,100
The problems. 
He fixed are still fixed the 

980
00:50:00,100 --> 00:50:01,900
rules. 
He found still hold true. 

981
00:50:01,900 --> 00:50:03,900
His dedication is still 
inspiring. 

982
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:07,100
And maybe the most comforting 
thing of all is that his story 

983
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:11,000
shows us that patience hard work
and skill can help us solve even

984
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:14,600
the hardest problems that it is 
possible to make progress that 

985
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:16,700
with enough time and effort, 
people can measure the 

986
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:19,900
unmeasurable find their way 
through the unfindable and do 

987
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:21,500
the impossible. 
Sleep. 

988
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,700
Well, knowing that while you 
sleep, countless descendants of 

989
00:50:24,708 --> 00:50:26,600
Harrisons. 
Clocks are measuring time all 

990
00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:29,600
over the world. 
Each tiktok is a small echo of 

991
00:50:29,608 --> 00:50:30,900
your Yorkshire. 
Carpenter's son. 

992
00:50:30,908 --> 00:50:33,400
Who refused to believe that 
anything was truly impossible 

993
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:36,800
and proofed himself right 
through 50 years of hard work in

994
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,800
a small Workshop solving, a 
problem that had stumped 

995
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:43,500
everyone else John Harris made 
the world easier to understand, 

996
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:46,300
he didn't give up which made the
ocean safer. 

997
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:50,100
One man thought with complete 
certainty, that gears and 

998
00:50:50,108 --> 00:50:53,300
springs could measure time so 
accurately that they could guide

999
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:57,800
ships across tracklist, sees 
tick tock, tick tock, the 

1000
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:01,200
measurement goes on, as it has 
400 of years and will 400s more.

1001
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:05,100
It is a legacy of accuracy left 
behind by a man who knew that 

1002
00:51:05,100 --> 00:51:08,400
solving impossible problems is 
mostly a matter of patient skill

1003
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:10,000
and not believing in the 
impossible. 

1004
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:13,100
Have good dreams. 
May your own problems, seem 

1005
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:15,900
easier to solve in the morning 
and may you find a little of 

1006
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:19,100
John Harrison's, quiet, 
stubborn, determination to see 

1007
00:51:19,108 --> 00:51:20,800
things through to the end when 
you need it. 

1008
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:28,400
Imagine spending the night in 
that ideal position where your 

1009
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,800
mattress has adapted to your 
unique shape over the years, 

1010
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:34,600
pulling your covers up to your 
chin, you sigh with satisfaction

1011
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:38,200
after stretching out and 
possibly wriggling a little, to 

1012
00:51:38,200 --> 00:51:42,000
find a cool spot on your pillow.
Isn't this nightly routine as 

1013
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:44,800
instinctive as breathing? 
Here's something that might 

1014
00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:48,300
literally make you sit up in bed
for the majority of human 

1015
00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:50,300
history. 
People would have assumed you 

1016
00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:53,100
were either dead or insane based
on your horizontal sleeping 

1017
00:51:53,100 --> 00:51:57,700
position you heard correctly. 
The centuries are ancestors. 

1018
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:01,800
Slept upright leaning against 
headboards, walls or specialty 

1019
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,200
made sleep chairs, that 
resembled medieval torture 

1020
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:07,500
devices, more than Furniture. 
Imagine attempting to explain 

1021
00:52:07,500 --> 00:52:10,500
your memory foam, pillow and 
California, King mattress, to a 

1022
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,500
person from the 1600s. 
They would most likely start 

1023
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:15,900
organizing your funeral by 
calling the local physician. 

1024
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:19,200
Now before you start to feel 
proud of your contemporary 

1025
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,200
sleeping Arrangements, keep in 
mind that these were not 

1026
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,600
primitive people who had not yet
mastered, the art of flying down

1027
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:27,400
the issues. 
They were facing. 

1028
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,000
Would make your worst Monday 
morning seemed like a day at the

1029
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:32,700
spa. 
When you realize what they had 

1030
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:35,800
to contend with, you may come to
Value their resourcefulness, 

1031
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:38,700
they had good reasons for 
staying up all night. 

1032
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:42,400
It wasn't an overnight change 
from sitting to lying down. 

1033
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,500
Superstitions medical theories 
that would make a fortune 

1034
00:52:46,500 --> 00:52:48,900
teller, blush and social 
Customs. 

1035
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:52,600
So deeply embedded that shifting
sleep, positions was practically

1036
00:52:52,600 --> 00:52:55,900
revolutionary, rural part of the
slow, centuries long shift, 

1037
00:52:56,700 --> 00:52:59,700
Consider it the slowest. 
Rebellion in history, waged 1 

1038
00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:03,600
pillow at a time you see back 
then sleep was more than just 

1039
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:05,700
rest. 
It was linked to beliefs about 

1040
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:09,400
health religion, social 
standing, and even survival. 

1041
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:13,400
Depending on where you slept, 
you might be viewed as well or 

1042
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:17,600
impoverished healthy or ill or 
virtuous or sinful. 

1043
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:21,800
It was similar to social media, 
except that instead of sharing 

1044
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:25,800
photos of your breakfast people 
were making snap judgments about

1045
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:27,300
how you spent your unconscious 
hours. 

1046
00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:31,400
The rules that governed the 
Medieval World were entirely 

1047
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:33,000
different from those that govern
us today. 

1048
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:38,100
Play plague infection starvation
or even, just your neighbor's 

1049
00:53:38,100 --> 00:53:40,900
goat running loose and trampling
on your garden, were all 

1050
00:53:40,900 --> 00:53:45,100
potential causes of death. 
Every choice including how you 

1051
00:53:45,100 --> 00:53:47,700
positioned your body for those 
valuable few hours of rest, 

1052
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:50,500
carried weight in such a 
precarious world. 

1053
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:54,000
They were being realistic in 
ways we can hardly fathom now, 

1054
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:57,000
not being dramatic. 
The interesting part is that 

1055
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,800
sleeping upright, wasn't a 
peculiarity of Europeans, 

1056
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:02,700
similar Customs were 
independently developed by 

1057
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:04,900
cultures in Asia Africa and the 
Americas. 

1058
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:08,000
This implies that the 
difficulties are ancestors 

1059
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,000
encountered were Universal, 
which is why setting up at night

1060
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:15,300
seemed like the sensible option.
It was adaptation to conditions 

1061
00:54:15,300 --> 00:54:18,200
that we are grateful to have 
left behind not ignorance. 

1062
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:21,500
You're taking part in a 
relatively new human experiment,

1063
00:54:21,500 --> 00:54:24,500
as you lie there tonight, 
horizontal and comfortable. 

1064
00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:28,500
As a result of centuries of 
incremental, change, medical 

1065
00:54:28,500 --> 00:54:32,300
progress, and social Evolution, 
your sleeping habits are truly 

1066
00:54:32,300 --> 00:54:35,200
revolutionary. 
Your living, the kind of luxury 

1067
00:54:35,200 --> 00:54:37,600
that ancient kings. 
And queens could only imagine 

1068
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:41,500
every time you turn your pillow 
to the cool side or change your 

1069
00:54:41,508 --> 00:54:44,500
blanket, indeed. 
Sweet dreams. 

1070
00:54:45,500 --> 00:54:47,900
Let's take a moment to explore 
the medieval mind. 

1071
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:51,000
Suppose you lived in a world 
where the only thing you knew 

1072
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:53,300
about medicine was how to 
balance your humors. 

1073
00:54:53,300 --> 00:54:55,400
Not the kind that make you 
laugh. 

1074
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:59,000
But the enigmatic bodily fluids 
that were supposed to regulate 

1075
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:02,200
your health. 
The Four Horsemen of medieval 

1076
00:55:02,200 --> 00:55:07,200
medicine blood Flair, yellow, 
bile and black bile, were more 

1077
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:09,800
different to balance than 
putting together Ikea furniture 

1078
00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:12,800
without the manual. 
The Learned Physicians of the 

1079
00:55:12,800 --> 00:55:15,500
day, believe that lying flat 
dangerously Disturbed. 

1080
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,700
These humors, they held that 
horizontal stretching cause 

1081
00:55:18,700 --> 00:55:21,800
blood to pool in the wrong 
places, causing imbalances that 

1082
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:23,300
could cause disease or even 
death. 

1083
00:55:24,100 --> 00:55:27,200
It was similar to the medieval 
game of operation except that 

1084
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:29,600
you might actually die in place 
of a buzzer going off. 

1085
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:34,100
According to the doctors sitting
upright, maintain the delicate 

1086
00:55:34,100 --> 00:55:36,900
balance required for Life, by 
allowing your humans to flow 

1087
00:55:36,900 --> 00:55:39,700
correctly. 
However, the medical issues 

1088
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:43,300
extended beyond the enigmatic 
fluid management, medical 

1089
00:55:43,300 --> 00:55:46,200
professionals actually thought 
that lying flat exposed one to 

1090
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:49,200
night Vapors, which were 
poisonous gases that were said 

1091
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:51,900
to rise from the earth and enter
houses through floor cracks. 

1092
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:55,500
Since these Vapors were believed
to be heavy than, are they 

1093
00:55:55,500 --> 00:55:58,900
gathered close to the ground? 
Like a human Periscope of 

1094
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:02,400
avoiding toxic clouds, sleeping 
upright, literally lifted. 

1095
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:05,100
You above the dangers Zone. 
Not that this was all 

1096
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:08,100
Superstition Holmes from the 
Middle Ages, were not exactly 

1097
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:11,000
ventilation Marvels. 
Imagine sharing your living 

1098
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:13,700
space with animals for warmth in
a building. 

1099
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:16,600
That is a combination of a house
and a barn. 

1100
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:20,800
With fumes from animal feces 
smoke from poorly, ventilated 

1101
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,200
fires and the general mustiness 
of damp stone walls. 

1102
00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:27,800
The air quality was likely 
suspect Even though the 

1103
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:31,500
justification for sitting up was
wildly incorrect, it's possible 

1104
00:56:31,500 --> 00:56:33,600
that it improved breathing and 
air circulation. 

1105
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:36,600
The implications for religion 
were just as strong. 

1106
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:40,300
According to Medieval 
Christianity, the dead lay flat 

1107
00:56:40,300 --> 00:56:43,200
and imitating death. 
While you slept was a sign of 

1108
00:56:43,208 --> 00:56:46,600
tempting Fate by implying that 
you were prepared for Eternal 

1109
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:49,000
rest. 
You are effectively inviting the

1110
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,000
Grim Reaper. 
According to church doctrine, 

1111
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:55,300
the righteous should always be 
on guard even when they are 

1112
00:56:55,308 --> 00:56:59,600
sleeping prepared to pray or run
at any time lying down was 

1113
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:02,600
regarded as spiritually 
hazardous because it suggested a

1114
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:04,200
state of vulnerability and 
relaxation. 

1115
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:08,000
Additionally, think about the 
practicality or lack thereof of 

1116
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:11,400
medieval bedrooms. 
Unlike you most people did not 

1117
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:15,100
have private sleeping quarters 
guests, servants and families, 

1118
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:18,300
shared a room and frequently 
Abed only the very well. 

1119
00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:21,300
He could afford privacy even 
then it was a luxury. 

1120
00:57:22,100 --> 00:57:25,000
Sitting up in such crowded. 
Conditions was a matter of space

1121
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:27,200
management, not merely health or
religion. 

1122
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:31,000
If everyone, slept upright 
leaned against walls or shared 

1123
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:33,500
big chairs made for several 
people, you could fit more 

1124
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:36,200
people in a room. 
Additionally, the fear of 

1125
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:38,800
Unexpected death while. 
Sleeping was incredibly useful, 

1126
00:57:38,800 --> 00:57:42,600
people died suddenly and often 
in a time before modern medicine

1127
00:57:42,600 --> 00:57:46,300
the sick and dieing. 
Those two weak to sit up with 

1128
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:49,400
thought to lie down. 
By sleeping, upright, healthy 

1129
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:51,700
individuals show that they were 
still strong enough to keep 

1130
00:57:51,700 --> 00:57:54,800
their posture while they were 
unconscious demonstrating their 

1131
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,500
vitality. 
It served as a nightly 

1132
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:00,700
affirmation that. 
I'm still here, still fighting 

1133
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:04,600
still ready for whatever Dawn 
might bring as you unconsciously

1134
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:06,600
sink into your horizontal 
position tonight. 

1135
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:10,000
Keep in mind that you are doing 
something that your forefathers 

1136
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:12,900
would have regarded as either 
courageous or foolish or 

1137
00:58:12,900 --> 00:58:16,500
perhaps, both your Readiness to 
lie down demonstrates how much 

1138
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:19,600
we've learned about safety 
health, and the basic art of 

1139
00:58:19,608 --> 00:58:23,400
getting a decent night's sleep. 
You may be asking yourself what 

1140
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:25,800
exactly were they sitting on? 
If everyone was sleeping 

1141
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:29,000
upright, Depending on your 
stance on Comfort versus 

1142
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:32,300
functionality, the medieval 
Furniture industry had to get 

1143
00:58:32,300 --> 00:58:34,700
inventive in ways that would 
make contemporary ergonomic 

1144
00:58:34,700 --> 00:58:37,400
designers cry with Envy or 
horror. 

1145
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:40,600
The Sleep chair is the 
equivalent of a recliner in 

1146
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:43,400
medieval Europe. 
But it lacks the cup holders, 

1147
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:45,600
the reclining feature, and 
pretty much. 

1148
00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:47,800
Every other feature, that makes 
modern furniture. 

1149
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,200
Bearable, these devices have the
appearance of someone marketing 

1150
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,500
them as bedroom furniture after 
crossing a church pew with a 

1151
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:58,500
torture device. 
A high straight back armrests at

1152
00:58:58,500 --> 00:59:00,800
precisely uncomfortable, angles 
and occasionally. 

1153
00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:03,400
A tiny ledge or platform to 
place your feet on Rural 

1154
00:59:03,400 --> 00:59:06,400
features of the basic design. 
Obviously Comfort was not the 

1155
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:09,400
main issue, of course, fancier, 
versions were owned by the 

1156
00:59:09,408 --> 00:59:11,900
wealthy. 
In addition to being upholstered

1157
00:59:11,900 --> 00:59:14,300
with Fabrics that cost more than
the average person's yearly 

1158
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:18,200
income, their sleep chairs were 
carved from pricey woods and 

1159
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:20,800
occasionally had tiny storage 
spaces for personal belongings. 

1160
00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:24,600
Consider them the luxury 
vehicles of the world of sitting

1161
00:59:24,600 --> 00:59:26,100
sleep. 
They are still essentially 

1162
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:29,900
uncomfortable, but they do. 
So in a stylish way in a time 

1163
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:32,800
when one size fits all was the 
norm, some added adjustable 

1164
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:35,700
backs that could tilt slightly 
providing what amounted to 

1165
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:39,400
customization. 
The interesting part though is 

1166
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,100
that these chairs served to 
status symbols in addition to 

1167
00:59:42,100 --> 00:59:43,500
being useful pieces of 
furniture. 

1168
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:47,700
Your sleep, chairs design and 
quality made your social 

1169
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:50,200
standing as obvious as driving a
Ferrari today. 

1170
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:53,800
Nobility displayed or Nate 
pieces that looked more like 

1171
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:57,200
throws than sleeping Furniture. 
While wealthy, merchants might 

1172
00:59:57,200 --> 00:59:59,900
have chairs with modest carving 
and comfortable padding. 

1173
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:04,000
The impoverished on the other 
hand used crude wooden stools or

1174
01:00:04,008 --> 01:00:07,400
simply leaned against walls 
transforming any level surface 

1175
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:10,900
into a makeshift bed. 
The extremely wealthy slept in 

1176
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:12,600
rooms made a specially for 
standing. 

1177
01:00:13,300 --> 01:00:17,200
Imagine, hallways, with built-in
benches, walls with tapestries, 

1178
01:00:17,200 --> 01:00:20,900
and cushions for leaning against
and unique, alcoves carved into 

1179
01:00:20,900 --> 01:00:22,600
the stone. 
That would allow several people 

1180
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:26,400
to sit and sleep comfortably. 
They resembled human parking 

1181
01:00:26,400 --> 01:00:29,700
garages made to hold bodies in 
their vertical resting position 

1182
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:31,900
rather than bedrooms as we know 
them. 

1183
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:35,600
Some clever furniture makers. 
Made communal sleep benches 

1184
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:39,200
which are long church pew style 
seats that can hold whole 

1185
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:42,900
families or groups of tourists. 
Picture yourself arriving at a 

1186
01:00:42,900 --> 01:00:44,700
medieval in finding yourself 
Seated. 

1187
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:47,900
On a bench beside total 
strangers and spending the night

1188
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:51,900
together like birds on a Wire. 
It was obvious that personal 

1189
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:55,900
space was an unimagined luxury. 
In fact, these pieces were 

1190
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:59,600
incredibly well-crafted in the 
absence of power tools or 

1191
01:00:59,600 --> 01:01:03,000
contemporary methods, medieval 
Woodworkers produced elaborate 

1192
01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:06,500
supports precisely measured 
angles and joints that could 

1193
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:08,800
sustain human bodies for decades
at a time. 

1194
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:12,900
They had a deeper understanding 
of structural Integrity, balance

1195
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,700
and weight distribution in some 
contemporary furniture. 

1196
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,900
Even though they slept on pieces
made to last for centuries, your

1197
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:22,700
ancestors may have slept 
upright. it's interesting to 

1198
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:25,000
note that some sleep chairs had 
clever features that 

1199
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:28,800
contemporary furniture designers
might find appealing Detachable,

1200
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:31,100
cushions allowed for seasonal 
Comfort adjustments. 

1201
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:34,000
Adjustable footrests. 
Accommodated, varying leg 

1202
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:37,200
lengths and hidden compartments,
protected valuables while you 

1203
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,300
slept. some even had little 
tables attached so that you 

1204
01:01:40,300 --> 01:01:43,700
could easily access prayer, 
books, candles or water at 

1205
01:01:43,700 --> 01:01:47,500
night, The wealthy could afford 
to try out new Sleeping 

1206
01:01:47,500 --> 01:01:50,400
arrangements with the first to 
gradually, move away from sleep 

1207
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:52,800
chairs. 
Sleep chairs, did not vanish 

1208
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:56,500
overnight as line down, beds 
gained popularity, some 

1209
01:01:56,500 --> 01:01:58,000
families. 
Kept them as emergencies 

1210
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:01,500
furniture for visitors or in 
case of illness and many were 

1211
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:04,900
repurposed as every day. 
Seating, Relic of an alien 

1212
01:02:04,900 --> 01:02:07,300
civilization, that somehow 
managed to sleep while 

1213
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:10,900
simultaneously defying comfort, 
and gravity can be found in 

1214
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:14,000
museums today. 
You may be horrified to learn 

1215
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:15,600
that for the majority of human 
history. 

1216
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:19,700
Proved see while sleeping was 
practically unheard of your 

1217
01:02:19,700 --> 01:02:22,700
ancestors lived in a world where
sleeping was a social activity 

1218
01:02:22,700 --> 01:02:25,700
similar to eating dinner or 
going to church except that 

1219
01:02:25,700 --> 01:02:28,500
everyone was unconscious. 
This contrasts with your own 

1220
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:31,800
luxury of having your own room 
bed and space to sprawl. 

1221
01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:35,000
However you like Imagine a 
normal medieval home. 

1222
01:02:35,700 --> 01:02:38,900
In addition to sharing houses 
families also shared, sleeping 

1223
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,700
quarters with apprentices 
servants, extended family, and 

1224
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:45,300
frequently, overnight Travelers 
every evening. 

1225
01:02:45,300 --> 01:02:48,300
The Great Hall of a manor house 
would be transformed into a 

1226
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:50,500
human dormitory. 
With people lining up along 

1227
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:53,200
benches and walls in a manner 
reminiscent of medieval airport,

1228
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:57,100
seating during flight delays, 
However, the delay persisted 

1229
01:02:57,100 --> 01:02:59,800
each and every night. 
Sitting upright was not only 

1230
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:02,400
morally or medically right in 
these crowded sleeping 

1231
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:04,900
Arrangements, but it was also 
practically required. 

1232
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,600
You'll see why lying down. 
Wasn't an option. 

1233
01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:11,500
If you try to picture cramming 
15 people into an area meant for

1234
01:03:11,500 --> 01:03:13,700
8. 
Everyone had to make the most of

1235
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:16,800
their vertical space which made 
Sleeping a human geometry 

1236
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:19,600
exercise. 
Like knowing how to fix clothes 

1237
01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:23,400
or preserve meat the ability to 
sleep while seated evolved into 

1238
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:26,500
a survival skill. 
The social dynamics of sharing a

1239
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:29,600
bed were intriguing and 
intricate Unwritten rules 

1240
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,800
dictated who was allowed to lean
against which walls who was 

1241
01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:36,100
given priority near the fire and
who was forced to make do with 

1242
01:03:36,100 --> 01:03:39,800
the drafty spots by windows. 
Nightly seating arrangements, 

1243
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,000
were influenced by physical 
condition, age, and social 

1244
01:03:43,000 --> 01:03:45,800
standing. 
It was similar to musical chairs

1245
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:49,300
in the Middle Ages except that 
no one won and everyone had to 

1246
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:52,400
sleep where they ended up. 
Taverns and Inns elevated 

1247
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:54,300
communal sleeping to a whole new
level. 

1248
01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:58,200
People from various towns, 
social classes and backgrounds 

1249
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:01,600
would spend the night next to 
each other sharing body heat and

1250
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:04,000
likely more germs than anyone 
would want to consider. 

1251
01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:07,300
It was simply good business to 
pack as many upright sleepers as

1252
01:04:07,300 --> 01:04:10,700
possible into each room because 
in Keepers charged by the space 

1253
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:14,000
rather than the person. 
You didn't pay for privacy or 

1254
01:04:14,008 --> 01:04:17,100
comfort, you paid for a place on
a bench or against a wall. 

1255
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:20,900
In fact, this system produced 
its own social mores and manners

1256
01:04:20,900 --> 01:04:23,600
rules about snoring changing 
positions. 

1257
01:04:23,600 --> 01:04:26,500
And what to do, if your sleeping
neighbor began talking in their 

1258
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:30,200
sleep, or having nightmares were
developed, Protocols for sharing

1259
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:34,000
blankets, keeping modest in 
close quarters and handling, the

1260
01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:37,600
inevitable personality conflicts
that occur when strangers are 

1261
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,100
compelled to spend night. 
After night in close quarters 

1262
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:43,500
were all in place, even though 
they're sleeping Arrangements, 

1263
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:46,300
were far more comfortable. 
The wealthy were not completely 

1264
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:49,300
immune to communal. 
Sleeping either, for convenience

1265
01:04:49,300 --> 01:04:52,100
and security reasons. 
Noble households continue to 

1266
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:54,400
have servant sleep in the same 
rooms as their masters. 

1267
01:04:54,400 --> 01:04:57,300
Even a fluent families 
frequently, shared sleeping 

1268
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:01,000
quarters with parents kids, and 
occasionally grandparents. 

1269
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:03,400
Each finding a place in the 
family sleeping chamber. 

1270
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:06,700
These Arrangements were made 
even more complex by seasonal. 

1271
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:10,200
Variations people naturally 
huddled closer together in the 

1272
01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:13,200
winter to stay warm. 
But in the summer, they position

1273
01:05:13,200 --> 01:05:16,100
themselves strategically close 
to Windows and Doors to take 

1274
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,600
advantage of any breezes. 
Most people had to make due with

1275
01:05:19,600 --> 01:05:22,300
the same space year round 
changing their positions and 

1276
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:23,800
Arrangements. 
According to weather and 

1277
01:05:23,800 --> 01:05:26,000
temperature. 
While the wealthy might have had

1278
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,200
the luxury of seasonal sleeping 
Chambers different rooms for 

1279
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:32,200
different times of the year. 
Although German theory was not 

1280
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:33,500
yet. 
Sufficiently understood for 

1281
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:36,700
people to be concerned about it 
disease transmissions in these 

1282
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:38,600
setting's must have been 
spectacular. 

1283
01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:42,400
Everyone in the sleeping chamber
was likely to get a cold after 

1284
01:05:42,400 --> 01:05:45,800
someone else did, although 
people blamed illness on bad air

1285
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:47,900
or Divine punishment. 
Rather than the obvious problem 

1286
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:51,200
of dozens of people breathing, 
on each other, all night, plague

1287
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:53,600
outbreaks, most likely spread 
through communal, sleeping 

1288
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:57,000
Arrangements, like wildfire. 
The wealthy were the first to 

1289
01:05:57,000 --> 01:06:00,500
gradually transition to private 
sleeping family, started to 

1290
01:06:00,500 --> 01:06:04,100
divide sleeping Arrangements by 
generation, then by gender, and 

1291
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:07,200
finally, by personal preference 
as wealth and homes grew. 

1292
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:11,400
The fact that you can sleep by 
yourself in your own room and in

1293
01:06:11,400 --> 01:06:14,700
your own bed is a testament to 
centuries of economic and social

1294
01:06:14,700 --> 01:06:17,000
advancement. 
That your forefathers could 

1295
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:20,400
hardly have dreamed of How then 
did people go from sleeping 

1296
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,200
upright, for centuries to the 
horizontal free for all you see 

1297
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,100
today. 
Everyone deciding to roll over 

1298
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:29,100
and try lying down. 
At the same time wasn't a sudden

1299
01:06:29,100 --> 01:06:32,200
Revelation the gradual change 
from a communal survival 

1300
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:35,100
strategy to the private 
comfortable experience. 

1301
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,300
You know today was fueled by 
advancements in architecture 

1302
01:06:38,300 --> 01:06:42,000
medicine and social attitudes 
like most revolutions. 

1303
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:45,300
This one started with the rich, 
some Aristocrats and Rich, 

1304
01:06:45,300 --> 01:06:47,700
Merchants had started 
experimenting with flying down 

1305
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:51,600
sleep by the late Medieval Era. 
But first, it was considered a 

1306
01:06:51,600 --> 01:06:55,000
luxury rather than a common 
practice these early adopters 

1307
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:58,000
who were prepared to forgo, the 
purported, spiritual and medical

1308
01:06:58,000 --> 01:07:01,300
risks in favor of comfort and 
Novelty were essentially the 

1309
01:07:01,300 --> 01:07:03,300
beta testers of horizontal 
sleeping. 

1310
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:06,900
Think of them like the original 
smartphone buyers, who are 

1311
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:09,500
initially viewed as crazy until 
everyone wanted one. 

1312
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:12,800
The ancient theories of humors 
and night Vapors were gradually 

1313
01:07:12,800 --> 01:07:16,200
disproved by New Concepts about 
medicine and the human body that

1314
01:07:16,200 --> 01:07:19,600
emerged during the Renaissance. 
When doctors noticed that 

1315
01:07:19,600 --> 01:07:22,500
wealthy people who slept on 
their backs weren't dying and 

1316
01:07:22,500 --> 01:07:24,600
frightening numbers. 
They started to wonder if 

1317
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:27,100
sitting up straight was really 
necessary for good health. 

1318
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:30,300
Medical texts began to imply 
that lying. 

1319
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:33,400
Flat might be helpful for some 
ailments especially for those 

1320
01:07:33,400 --> 01:07:35,100
with back pain or respiratory 
issues. 

1321
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:38,900
It took decades for the radical 
idea to become widely accepted. 

1322
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:42,100
This transition was made 
possible in large part by 

1323
01:07:42,100 --> 01:07:44,800
architecture. 
Families, could now afford to 

1324
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:48,400
use entire rooms for sleeping as
Holmes, grew, bigger, and more 

1325
01:07:48,400 --> 01:07:51,900
upscale People no longer had to 
share, sleeping quarters with 

1326
01:07:51,900 --> 01:07:54,600
strangers, servants and extended
family. 

1327
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:56,800
Thanks to the invention of 
separate bed, Chambers 

1328
01:07:56,800 --> 01:07:59,900
experimenting with various 
sleeping positions without 

1329
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:03,100
social scrutiny or space, 
constraints was made possible by

1330
01:08:03,100 --> 01:08:06,300
privacy at last. 
You were able to extend your 

1331
01:08:06,300 --> 01:08:08,300
body without pushing your 
neighbor in the ribs. 

1332
01:08:08,300 --> 01:08:11,800
Equally significant was the 
development and enhancement of 

1333
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:14,500
appropriate beds. 
When they were beds in the 

1334
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:17,000
Middle Ages, they were 
frequently just mattresses with 

1335
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,100
straw on wooden frames. 
The fact that these were not 

1336
01:08:20,108 --> 01:08:22,800
very comfortable for lying down,
like the contributed to the 

1337
01:08:22,800 --> 01:08:26,899
preference for sleeping upright.
However, lying down became more 

1338
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:29,300
and more desirable as mattress 
technology developed. 

1339
01:08:29,300 --> 01:08:32,600
Yes, there was such a thing as 
mattress technology and the 

1340
01:08:32,608 --> 01:08:36,000
pre-industrial world. 
Horizontal sleeping became not 

1341
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:37,899
only feasible but also 
enjoyable. 

1342
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:41,700
Thanks to featherbeds better 
textiles and enhanced frame 

1343
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:44,800
Construction. 
During this time, religious 

1344
01:08:44,800 --> 01:08:49,000
views also changed many medieval
Catholic teachings, including 

1345
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:51,399
some of the superstitions 
surrounding sleeping positions 

1346
01:08:51,399 --> 01:08:53,800
were contested by the Protestant
Reformation. 

1347
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:57,600
Protestant theologians were more
interested in the pragmatic 

1348
01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:00,500
issues of rest and health than 
they were in the symbolic, 

1349
01:09:00,500 --> 01:09:04,100
meaning of lying flat. 
This change in religion allowed 

1350
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,300
people to try different sleeping
positions without worrying about

1351
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,899
endangering their Eternal Souls.
These changes were hastened by 

1352
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:13,899
the printing press, which 
disseminated novel Concepts 

1353
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:16,500
regarding health and sleep, more
rapidly than in the past. 

1354
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:20,700
Advice, regarding appropriate, 
sleep positioning started to 

1355
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:24,300
appear in medical texts, home 
management manuals and even 

1356
01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:27,300
popular literature. 
For the first time in history, 

1357
01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:30,700
written information about 
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene, 

1358
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,800
and the advantages of various 
sleeping positions was available

1359
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:36,800
to the general public 
information, that had previously

1360
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:39,700
only been accessible to 
academics and doctors became 

1361
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:42,800
widely accessible. 
During this time, social 

1362
01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:44,600
perceptions of rest and 
vulnerability. 

1363
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:48,500
Also changed New Perspectives on
the significance of adequate 

1364
01:09:48,500 --> 01:09:51,399
sleep for well-being and 
productivity started to replace 

1365
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:55,400
the medieval emphasis on ongoing
alertness and preparedness over 

1366
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,800
time, lying down once 
interpreted as a sign of 

1367
01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:02,500
spiritual, laxity or weakness 
became linked to wisdom and 

1368
01:10:02,500 --> 01:10:06,200
self-care. people started to 
realize that getting enough 

1369
01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:10,200
sleep was not a luxury or an 
Indulgence, but rather necessary

1370
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,700
for both physical and mental 
well-being, not every social 

1371
01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:16,700
class or geographical area 
experience, the shift in the 

1372
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:20,000
same way compared to rural 
Farmers or the urban poor 

1373
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:23,400
wealthy Urban population's 
adopted horizontal sleeping much

1374
01:10:23,400 --> 01:10:25,300
earlier. 
Because they lacked the 

1375
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:27,100
resources to alter their 
sleeping habits. 

1376
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:30,300
Some remote communities can 
continue to practice upright, 

1377
01:10:30,300 --> 01:10:33,500
sleeping well into the modern 
era, not because they liked it. 

1378
01:10:34,300 --> 01:10:37,600
Sleeping positions have changed 
over time reflecting larger 

1379
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:40,500
Trends and social and economic 
development that still influence

1380
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:44,500
our way of life today. 
Horizontal sleeping had become 

1381
01:10:44,500 --> 01:10:47,200
so commonplace by the time. 
Your grandparents were born that

1382
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:50,000
most people had forgotten, it 
had ever been a topic of debate.

1383
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:54,000
the medieval worlds, communal 
sleeping arrangements and sleep 

1384
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,200
chairs appeared as Antiquated as
any other historical Oddity 

1385
01:10:57,200 --> 01:11:01,400
fascinating but unrelated to 
contemporary living Given that 

1386
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:04,400
for the majority of History 
owning, a bed was equivalent to 

1387
01:11:04,400 --> 01:11:07,600
owning a luxury car. 
Something that unmistakably 

1388
01:11:07,600 --> 01:11:10,800
indicated that you are not 
struggling to survive, the 

1389
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:13,500
evolution of beds from basic 
sleeping platforms into the 

1390
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:16,400
ornate kingdoms of comfort. 
You know, today is a tale worth 

1391
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:20,200
telling The development of bed 
technology, reflects the larger 

1392
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:24,200
changes in privacy comfort and 
our evolving relationship with 

1393
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:26,500
sleep in general. 
When there were early beds at 

1394
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:29,500
all, they were basically raised 
platforms made to keep people 

1395
01:11:29,500 --> 01:11:33,200
off of damp cold floors and away
from different animals that like

1396
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:36,300
to live on the ground. 
These were useful answers to 

1397
01:11:36,300 --> 01:11:39,200
environmental problems. 
Not the comfortable Havens, you 

1398
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:42,900
hide away to every night. 
A wooden frame, any available 

1399
01:11:42,900 --> 01:11:45,300
stuffing material straw 
feathers. 

1400
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:48,800
If you were lucky or just extra 
blankets, folded for padding and

1401
01:11:48,800 --> 01:11:50,500
some rope or leather strapping 
for support. 

1402
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:53,100
Comfort wasn't a design 
objective. 

1403
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:56,400
It was a happy accidentally long
before. 

1404
01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:59,000
Beds were comfortable. 
The wealthy used them as status 

1405
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:02,800
symbols. 
Intricately carved posts pricey 

1406
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:05,700
fabrics and curtains that could 
outstrip the cost of most 

1407
01:12:05,700 --> 01:12:08,600
people's homes. 
Medieval Noble beds were symbols

1408
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,800
of craftsmanship and wealth. 
These beds were Furniture pieces

1409
01:12:11,800 --> 01:12:13,900
intended to both rest and 
impress guests. 

1410
01:12:14,800 --> 01:12:17,000
A curtains also known as bed 
hangings. 

1411
01:12:17,000 --> 01:12:19,900
Had several uses. 
They kept body heat during 

1412
01:12:19,900 --> 01:12:22,800
Chilli, evenings offered 
seclusion in shared sleeping 

1413
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:25,400
quarters and showcased. 
The owners wealth through their 

1414
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,100
design and quality. 
The interesting thing is that 

1415
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,100
even these ornate beds were made
with lying down in mind. 

1416
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:34,800
Assuming that people would sleep
sitting up or at least somewhat 

1417
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,800
upright supported by pillows and
bolsters, many medieval beds 

1418
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:41,300
were built. 
Compared to more recent models, 

1419
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,600
the mattresses were frequently 
fairly firm and the pillows were

1420
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:47,900
smaller and less flexible. 
Although technically feasible 

1421
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,500
lying flat on these early beds, 
would have been uninviting akin 

1422
01:12:51,500 --> 01:12:53,600
to camping on a wooden platform 
with little padding. 

1423
01:12:54,500 --> 01:12:57,200
A key factor in the line down 
Revolution was the advancement 

1424
01:12:57,200 --> 01:13:00,800
of mattress technology. 
From Basics, sacks, filled with 

1425
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,200
straw medieval mattresses 
developed into increasingly 

1426
01:13:04,200 --> 01:13:08,400
complex structures made of 
feathers down and even early 

1427
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:11,700
spring systems. 
A single bed in a wealthy home. 

1428
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:13,500
May have several layers of 
mattresses on it. 

1429
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:16,900
Providing a sleeping surface 
that is sufficiently soft to 

1430
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:21,000
allow for truly comfortable, 
horizontal rest, In reality, the

1431
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:24,100
term sleep tight refers to the 
practice of tightening the ropes

1432
01:13:24,100 --> 01:13:26,800
supports beneath mattresses in 
order to maintain the right 

1433
01:13:26,800 --> 01:13:30,300
firmness, imagine having to tune
your bed like a guitar every 

1434
01:13:30,300 --> 01:13:33,900
night before bed. 
The first private sleeping areas

1435
01:13:33,900 --> 01:13:36,600
in history were made possible by
privacy curtains surrounding 

1436
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:39,700
Beds, which served as more than 
just decorative accents. 

1437
01:13:40,300 --> 01:13:42,800
Couples and families. 
Could finally enjoy the luxury 

1438
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:46,200
of sleeping in privacy inside 
these curtained beds, free from 

1439
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:49,600
the prying eyes of guests 
servants and extended family. 

1440
01:13:50,900 --> 01:13:53,700
Because of this privacy people 
could try out variously sleeping

1441
01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:57,400
positions, including the radical
idea of lying down without 

1442
01:13:57,400 --> 01:14:00,800
worrying about being judged by 
others beds, turned into private

1443
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:03,400
Realms where people could 
disregard the Norms of social 

1444
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,200
conduct. 
The Renaissance introduced fresh

1445
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:09,300
concepts for Designing bedrooms 
that prioritize, privacy and 

1446
01:14:09,300 --> 01:14:11,900
comfort. 
Instead of serving several 

1447
01:14:11,900 --> 01:14:15,900
purposes bedroom started to be 
designed with sleep in mine and 

1448
01:14:15,900 --> 01:14:17,900
beds took center stage in these 
spaces. 

1449
01:14:18,700 --> 01:14:21,900
With better proportions in 
enhanced support systems and 

1450
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:24,200
accessories made of special for 
horizontal sleep. 

1451
01:14:24,200 --> 01:14:28,300
Furniture manufacturers created 
specialty bed designs that were 

1452
01:14:28,308 --> 01:14:31,700
optimized for flying down. 
The entire sleeping environment 

1453
01:14:31,700 --> 01:14:35,300
was redesigned around the idea 
of cozy, private, rest and 

1454
01:14:35,300 --> 01:14:38,900
pillows, got bigger and softer 
blankets, also got more elegant,

1455
01:14:38,900 --> 01:14:41,900
the art of making beds was 
turned into a mass production 

1456
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:43,800
industry during the Industrial 
Revolution. 

1457
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:47,500
For the first time in history, 
middle class, families could 

1458
01:14:47,500 --> 01:14:50,500
afford comfortable beds. 
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 

1459
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:53,100
and standardized sizes, the 
modern bedroom. 

1460
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:55,900
As you know, it started to take 
shape as what had been luxury 

1461
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:58,100
items turned into Necessities 
for the home. 

1462
01:14:58,100 --> 01:15:01,800
For the first time people could 
afford beds made a special for 

1463
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:04,900
sleeping on their backs, 
complete with cozy surfaces and 

1464
01:15:04,900 --> 01:15:07,600
appropriate support systems to 
your ancestors. 

1465
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:10,600
Modern mattress technology would
have seemed like magic. 

1466
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:13,600
Beds are now, highly engineered 
Comfort devices. 

1467
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:16,800
Thanks to Memory Foam, 
temperature control, adjustable 

1468
01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:19,200
firmness, and specialized 
support systems. 

1469
01:15:19,200 --> 01:15:22,800
It's likely that your mattress 
has more technology than whole 

1470
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:25,800
medieval home's. 
Medieval King's could never have

1471
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:28,300
dreamed of the degree of 
personal luxury that comes with 

1472
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,000
being able to alter the 
temperature and firmness of your

1473
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:34,400
sleeping surface. 
To suit your own taste your 

1474
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:37,400
savoring, the result of 
centuries of human Ingenuity in 

1475
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:39,600
the Quest, for better sleep. 
When you get into your bed 

1476
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:43,600
tonight with its precisely 
calibrated firmness, climate 

1477
01:15:43,600 --> 01:15:46,500
controlled comfort and private 
Sanctuary atmosphere. 

1478
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:49,500
Your bedroom is more than just a
place to sleep. 

1479
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:53,500
It's a private Haven furnished 
with extravagances that no king 

1480
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:56,300
or queen has had access to for 
the majority of human history. 

1481
01:15:57,300 --> 01:16:00,700
And now at the conclusion of our
exploration of the strange 

1482
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:03,800
history of human sleeping 
positions, you are lying, 

1483
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:06,700
comfortably horizontal and 
learning about ancestors. 

1484
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:09,000
Who would have viewed, your 
current position as either 

1485
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,000
morally dubious or medically 
dangerous? 

1486
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:15,400
Isn't that quite a change? 
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 

1487
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:18,300
Across a king size mattress 
without giving a thought to 

1488
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:22,300
humors night, Vapors, or 
spiritual vulnerability as 

1489
01:16:22,300 --> 01:16:24,100
replace centuries of sleeping 
upright. 

1490
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:27,400
When you consider the irony of 
our currently sleeping 

1491
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:30,900
conditions, it's delicious. 
The majority of the issues that 

1492
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:33,300
necessitated upright sleeping 
has been resolved. 

1493
01:16:33,300 --> 01:16:36,700
We have comfortable mattresses, 
clean are private bedrooms, and 

1494
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:38,800
medical knowledge. 
That would have amazed medieval 

1495
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:42,500
doctors but we have also created
completely new sleep problems 

1496
01:16:42,500 --> 01:16:45,300
while your ancestors were 
concerned about spiritual 

1497
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:48,100
threats and night Vapors. 
Your concerned about screen 

1498
01:16:48,100 --> 01:16:51,300
time, caffeine consumption, the 
ideal temperature of your room 

1499
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:54,300
and whether the final episode of
your favorite show will keep you

1500
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:57,300
up with plot twists. 
Additionally, we've developed 

1501
01:16:57,300 --> 01:16:59,900
sleep issues, that would have 
completely perplexed, medieval 

1502
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:02,000
people. 
Millions of people who have 

1503
01:17:02,000 --> 01:17:04,600
access to the most comfortable 
sleeping conditions in history 

1504
01:17:04,600 --> 01:17:08,600
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 
like sleep apnea restless legs 

1505
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:12,600
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 
The hardware issues of sleep 

1506
01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:16,300
such as Furniture, privacy, and 
safety seem to have been 

1507
01:17:16,300 --> 01:17:19,400
resolved, but new software 
issues relating to stress 

1508
01:17:19,400 --> 01:17:22,500
lifestyle, and the fast-paced 
nature of contemporary life have

1509
01:17:22,500 --> 01:17:24,500
been introduced, you might be 
lying. 

1510
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,300
Awake wondering, whether you 
remember to set your alarm or 

1511
01:17:27,300 --> 01:17:29,700
whether that work email was 
important enough to reply to 

1512
01:17:29,700 --> 01:17:32,800
right away, just as your 
ancestors fell asleep from 

1513
01:17:32,800 --> 01:17:36,000
physical exhaustion. 
The economic power of the Sleep 

1514
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:38,400
industry today would have 
astounded medieval furniture 

1515
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:40,900
makers. 
We've transformed rest into a 

1516
01:17:40,900 --> 01:17:44,800
consumer category with countless
sub-categories, including memory

1517
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:49,200
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 
tracking devices customized 

1518
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:50,800
pillows for all possible. 
Needs. 

1519
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:55,000
White Noise, machines blackout 
curtains, and even apps that 

1520
01:17:55,000 --> 01:17:58,800
optimize your sleep cycles. 
While medieval people only had 

1521
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:02,100
one sleep chair, you now have 
hundreds of mattress options to 

1522
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:04,800
choose from all of which 
promised to transform your 

1523
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,400
sleeping experience. 
Some medieval practices have 

1524
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:11,500
been validated by modern sleep 
science While others have been 

1525
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:13,600
refuted. 
It turns out that some 

1526
01:18:13,600 --> 01:18:17,300
conditions, specially acid 
reflux, and sleep, apnea can 

1527
01:18:17,300 --> 01:18:21,400
benefit from sleeping, a little 
higher Some people sleeping in, 

1528
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,000
adjustable beds, or recliners 
released, back pain, or 

1529
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,900
breathing issues. 
Your ancestors were not wholly. 

1530
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:29,200
Incorrect about the advantages 
of sleeping upright. 

1531
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:32,000
They simply lacked the medical 
knowledge to comprehend. 

1532
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:35,000
Why it occasionally worked all 
the Alternatives that would have

1533
01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:36,800
made lying down, more secure and
comfortable. 

1534
01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:39,700
Intriguingly the social 
dimensions of sleep. 

1535
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:43,400
Also resurfaced, even though we 
now have privacy and separate 

1536
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:47,000
sleeping areas loneliness, and 
isolation related to sleep are 

1537
01:18:47,000 --> 01:18:49,700
still problems for many people, 
medieval communal, sleeping 

1538
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:52,700
Arrangements, automatically met 
the human need for comfort and 

1539
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,700
connection during sleep, which 
is reflected in costly sleeping 

1540
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:58,500
with Partners pets or even 
weighted blankets. 

1541
01:18:59,500 --> 01:19:02,200
Although we now have more 
control over where we sleep, we 

1542
01:19:02,200 --> 01:19:04,800
occasionally miss the social 
aspects of sharing a bed. 

1543
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:08,100
A sleeping habits are still 
being altered by technology, and

1544
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:11,700
ways that medieval observers 
would find Enchanted a level of 

1545
01:19:11,700 --> 01:19:13,100
individualized sleep 
optimization. 

1546
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:17,000
Never before seen in human 
history is represented by smart 

1547
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:20,400
mattresses, that automatically 
change their firmness, sleep 

1548
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:22,800
tracking devices that keep an 
eye on everything from heart 

1549
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:25,500
rate to room temperature and 
apps that wake you up during the

1550
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:29,200
best times to sleep. 
You are interacting with an 

1551
01:19:29,200 --> 01:19:31,500
advanced technological 
ecosystem, that is intended to 

1552
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:34,700
improve your quality of sleep, 
not just lying down to sleep. 

1553
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:38,600
Think about the amazing journey 
that led Humanity from, upright 

1554
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:43,000
communal sleeping to your own 
private, horizontal luxury, as 

1555
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:46,800
you get ready for bed tonight, 
your private bedroom, your cozy 

1556
01:19:46,800 --> 01:19:49,800
mattress and your freedom will 
lie down, without worrying about

1557
01:19:49,800 --> 01:19:53,500
dying or receiving a punishment 
from God, or all symbols of 

1558
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:58,000
centuries of human development, 
invention and shifting societal 

1559
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:01,000
perceptions of leisure privacy 
and comfort. 

1560
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:04,400
In fact, one of the most 
revolutionary human behaviors of

1561
01:20:04,408 --> 01:20:07,800
the last Millennium is the 
simple Act of falling asleep. 

1562
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:11,500
Something you do without 
thinking Your horizontal 

1563
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:15,300
positions, symbolizes freedom 
from social restraints, freedom 

1564
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,600
from medieval anxiety is an 
access to Comforts that have 

1565
01:20:18,608 --> 01:20:20,900
been Out Of Reach for the 
wealthiest people for the 

1566
01:20:20,908 --> 01:20:25,700
majority of human history 
dreams, sweet dreams, sleeper of

1567
01:20:25,700 --> 01:20:28,700
revolution. 
Your ancestors would undoubtedly

1568
01:20:28,700 --> 01:20:32,200
be impressed by your mattress 
jealous and perhaps a little 

1569
01:20:32,208 --> 01:20:41,600
concerned about your soul. 
Now, shut your eyes and 

1570
01:20:41,600 --> 01:20:44,400
visualize yourself floating 
slowly through centuries of 

1571
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,500
History until you gently land 
in, what is now Iraq. 

1572
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:53,400
Circa, 2100 BCE, the smell is 
what hits you first, not the 

1573
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:58,300
site, baking bread river water. 
And yes, a lot of livestock. 

1574
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:01,700
Welcome to the first real 
neighborhood in Civilization 

1575
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:04,600
where people made the decision 
to settle down and stop 

1576
01:21:04,600 --> 01:21:07,000
aimlessly wandering around like 
lost tourists. 

1577
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,800
Tigris and Euphrates are two 
rivers that would make any real 

1578
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:14,600
estate agent with delight. 
These rivers are not just any 

1579
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:16,800
rivers. 
They are the ancient world's 

1580
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:19,200
version of having fresh 
groceries, delivered to your 

1581
01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:22,700
door and Amazon delivery. 
This area was known to the 

1582
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:26,200
Mesquite in the land between 
Rivers, which sounds far more 

1583
01:21:26,200 --> 01:21:27,900
poetic in their language than it
does. 

1584
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:30,900
When you're trying to explain it
to a dinner party guests, he may

1585
01:21:30,908 --> 01:21:33,400
be asking yourself. 
Why anyone would decide to live 

1586
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:34,700
in? 
What is effectively a massive 

1587
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:37,600
flood plain? 
Imagine having soil, that is so 

1588
01:21:37,608 --> 01:21:39,700
dark and Rich that with a little
encouragement. 

1589
01:21:39,700 --> 01:21:43,700
You could probably grow tomatoes
every year when these Rivers 

1590
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:47,000
flood, they leave behind a thick
layer of the most Fertile Mud on

1591
01:21:47,000 --> 01:21:49,400
the planet. 
It took the rest of us, 

1592
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:51,600
Millennia, to realize what the 
locals are discovered. 

1593
01:21:51,600 --> 01:21:55,200
Sometimes the greatest things in
life, have a small mess 

1594
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:57,700
associated with them. 
You wouldn't recognize the 

1595
01:21:57,700 --> 01:22:00,200
cities that arising all around 
you from contemporary urban 

1596
01:22:00,200 --> 01:22:03,000
planning. 
This place lacks tidy Suburban 

1597
01:22:03,000 --> 01:22:07,400
grids and straight lines, rather
visualize organic growth. 

1598
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:12,300
Akin to a coral reef composed of
human ambition and mud bricks. 

1599
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:15,900
Arrow Streets, wind between 
houses like old hiking trails 

1600
01:22:15,900 --> 01:22:18,800
and houses clustered together as
if they are having a 

1601
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:21,500
never-ending neighborhood. 
Conversation, another thing that

1602
01:22:21,500 --> 01:22:23,800
strikes you as being very 
Antiquated, is the lack of 

1603
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:27,500
electrical hums, the quiet of 
engines and the absence of any 

1604
01:22:27,500 --> 01:22:29,000
traffic that resembles Rush 
Hour. 

1605
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:33,100
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

1606
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:36,600
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

1607
01:22:36,600 --> 01:22:38,400
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

1608
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:41,400
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

1609
01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:44,000
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

1610
01:22:44,000 --> 01:22:47,700
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

1611
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,600
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

1612
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:54,700
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

1613
01:22:54,700 --> 01:22:57,300
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

1614
01:22:57,300 --> 01:23:00,500
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

1615
01:23:00,500 --> 01:23:03,700
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

1616
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:07,100
eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

1617
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:08,700
How do you keep things from 
going? 

1618
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:12,100
Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

1619
01:23:12,100 --> 01:23:15,400
combines are remarkable amount 
of Ingenuity practicality and 

1620
01:23:15,400 --> 01:23:18,200
what can only be called the 
first bureaucracy in history? 

1621
01:23:18,200 --> 01:23:22,400
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

1622
01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:23,800
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

1623
01:23:23,800 --> 01:23:26,700
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

1624
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:29,400
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

1625
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:32,300
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

1626
01:23:33,100 --> 01:23:35,700
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

1627
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:39,200
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

1628
01:23:39,200 --> 01:23:42,100
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

1629
01:23:42,100 --> 01:23:45,300
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

1630
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:48,300
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

1631
01:23:48,300 --> 01:23:52,200
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

1632
01:23:52,200 --> 01:23:56,100
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

1633
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:58,800
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

1634
01:23:59,500 --> 01:24:02,200
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

1635
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:04,800
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

1636
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:07,300
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

1637
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:10,100
at the Russian Rivers. 
The end effect is a network of 

1638
01:24:10,100 --> 01:24:12,700
watery highways that would make 
the roads of ancient Rome 

1639
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:16,100
appear, straight forward. 
Individual fields are directly 

1640
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:19,600
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers in primary 

1641
01:24:19,600 --> 01:24:22,700
canals, secondary channels and 
smaller ditches. 

1642
01:24:22,700 --> 01:24:25,800
It's similar to having running 
water, but it goes to your 

1643
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:27,800
barley patch rather than your 
kitchen sink. 

1644
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:31,400
In addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing, if this 

1645
01:24:31,400 --> 01:24:34,800
system fails, the city as a 
whole loses lunch, in addition 

1646
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:37,500
to water pressure, massive 
collaboration is needed to 

1647
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:40,800
manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which has never been done before

1648
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:43,900
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

1649
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:47,000
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbors crops are 

1650
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:48,900
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

1651
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:51,600
Upstream to construct a dam 
without taking Downstream 

1652
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:54,500
residents into account. 
People must look beyond their 

1653
01:24:54,500 --> 01:24:57,100
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

1654
01:24:57,100 --> 01:24:58,600
For the first time in human 
history. 

1655
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:00,900
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

1656
01:25:00,900 --> 01:25:04,400
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

1657
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:08,100
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B 

1658
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:11,300
insists, his irrigation ditch 
was their first and farmer. 

1659
01:25:11,300 --> 01:25:13,400
A accuses farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

1660
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:16,300
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

1661
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:19,600
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

1662
01:25:19,600 --> 01:25:22,000
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

1663
01:25:22,000 --> 01:25:25,000
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

1664
01:25:25,000 --> 01:25:27,500
clipboards they combined 
elements of weather, 

1665
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:31,100
forecasting, engineering, 
diplomacy and refereeing they 

1666
01:25:31,100 --> 01:25:33,300
must comprehend. 
Not only the flow of water, but 

1667
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:37,000
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

1668
01:25:37,000 --> 01:25:40,700
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

1669
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:43,800
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully, 

1670
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:46,500
arranging their daily, shared 
rules around common resources. 

1671
01:25:46,500 --> 01:25:50,900
Every year, the Harvest arrives,
the fields, turn green at the 

1672
01:25:50,900 --> 01:25:53,700
appropriate time and the 
irrigation ditches run. 

1673
01:25:53,700 --> 01:25:56,400
According to plan. 
When the irrigation schedule 

1674
01:25:56,400 --> 01:26:00,500
becomes complicated, everyone is
contributing labor water rights 

1675
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:02,900
and a willingness to not 
strangle their neighbors. 

1676
01:26:02,900 --> 01:26:06,300
It's like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

1677
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:08,000
neighborhood potluck. 
Except instead of bringing 

1678
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,700
casseroles, this system's 
success has a significant impact

1679
01:26:11,700 --> 01:26:14,700
on human society. 
Some people are able to quit 

1680
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:17,200
farming when they can 
consistently produce more food 

1681
01:26:17,200 --> 01:26:20,700
than they require for survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

1682
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:22,800
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

1683
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,800
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

1684
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:29,400
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

1685
01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:32,800
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

1686
01:26:32,800 --> 01:26:36,600
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

1687
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:38,600
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

1688
01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:41,500
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

1689
01:26:41,500 --> 01:26:44,700
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

1690
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:47,300
You'll seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

1691
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:51,000
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

1692
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:52,800
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

1693
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:55,900
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

1694
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,900
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

1695
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:01,300
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you can 

1696
01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:03,500
continue your leisurely 
exploration of this ancient 

1697
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:05,600
world. 
They have established. 

1698
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,700
What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

1699
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:12,400
with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

1700
01:27:12,400 --> 01:27:15,200
failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

1701
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:19,000
metalworking you see people who 
have discovered that they can 

1702
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:22,700
create bronze more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

1703
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,300
they have ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

1704
01:27:26,300 --> 01:27:29,000
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

1705
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:32,800
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

1706
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:35,700
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

1707
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:38,200
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

1708
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:41,600
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

1709
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:44,400
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

1710
01:27:44,400 --> 01:27:47,400
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

1711
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:51,100
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

1712
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:54,200
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

1713
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:57,500
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

1714
01:27:57,500 --> 01:28:00,500
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

1715
01:28:00,500 --> 01:28:04,000
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

1716
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:05,800
best metal. 
Workers build reputation. 

1717
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:08,800
And people begin to request 
tools, made by particular 

1718
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:11,000
artists. 
So, you have brand recognition, 

1719
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:15,500
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp reviews except instead of 

1720
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:17,700
posting them online. 
People tell their neighbors, 

1721
01:28:17,700 --> 01:28:19,900
which blacksmith produces 
harvest season tools. 

1722
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:22,700
That don't break. 
However, the true Innovation 

1723
01:28:22,700 --> 01:28:25,600
taking place here is economic 
rather than technological. 

1724
01:28:26,600 --> 01:28:29,200
The modern concept of Commerce 
is being created by these 

1725
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:31,600
individuals. 
They are determining how to 

1726
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:34,400
fairly trade goods and services 
between people who have 

1727
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:37,200
different needs. 
How to plan for future needs 

1728
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:39,900
while managing current 
resources, and how to assign 

1729
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:43,200
value to goods and services. 
Think about the difficulties, 

1730
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:45,700
you need a new plow because you 
grow barley. 

1731
01:28:45,700 --> 01:28:48,300
The toolmaker needs copper for 
his next project. 

1732
01:28:48,300 --> 01:28:50,200
Not barley, but he wants 
payment. 

1733
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:54,400
In order to trade up north, the 
copper Trader needs wool, not 

1734
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:57,000
barley. 
The shepherd needs Bali, but he 

1735
01:28:57,000 --> 01:28:58,800
has wool. 
How can this be made to work? 

1736
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:01,100
Their solution is sophisticated 
in. 

1737
01:29:01,100 --> 01:29:04,100
Its intricacy, like water 
through their irrigation 

1738
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:06,200
channels. 
They establish a system of 

1739
01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:08,800
credit and debt that enables 
value to move throughout the 

1740
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:11,900
community. 
An exchange for your promise, to

1741
01:29:11,900 --> 01:29:14,400
pay him with barley after the 
Harvest, which he can, then 

1742
01:29:14,400 --> 01:29:17,000
exchange for supplies for his 
next project with the copper 

1743
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:19,600
Trader. 
Toolmaker agrees to make your 

1744
01:29:19,600 --> 01:29:22,700
plow right away. 
It's credit without credit cards

1745
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:25,700
and banking without banks. 
And it all depends on reputation

1746
01:29:25,700 --> 01:29:29,200
and Trust writing is a seemingly
straightforward, but 

1747
01:29:29,200 --> 01:29:32,400
revolutionary requirement for 
this system, not just any 

1748
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:34,900
writing. 
But every day, useful, writing 

1749
01:29:34,900 --> 01:29:37,700
that can document who is 
responsible for what when 

1750
01:29:37,700 --> 01:29:41,000
payment is due and what happens 
when someone fails to fulfill 

1751
01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:44,000
their end of the agreement, your
witnessing the creation of 

1752
01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:47,500
business records receipts and 
contracts in addition to being 

1753
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:50,600
works of ancient literature. 
The cuneiform tablets found 

1754
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:53,300
throughout the cities of the 
earliest business documents ever

1755
01:29:53,300 --> 01:29:57,700
created, purchase orders. 
Tax records, loan agreements, 

1756
01:29:57,700 --> 01:30:00,400
employment contracts, and 
inventory lists. 

1757
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:04,200
All of it is here compressed 
into clay with marks in the 

1758
01:30:04,208 --> 01:30:06,900
shape of wedges that symbolize 
the beginning of bureaucracy, 

1759
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:09,200
indeed. 
You're also witnessing the 

1760
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:12,100
development of accounting. 
All of these promises 

1761
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:15,000
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

1762
01:30:15,000 --> 01:30:17,400
community must be monitored by 
someone. 

1763
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:21,600
Even though the early accountant
worked by Lamplight with clay, 

1764
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:25,300
tablets and Reed styluses rather
than in contemporary offices 

1765
01:30:25,300 --> 01:30:28,200
with computers, they were 
addressing the same issues that 

1766
01:30:28,200 --> 01:30:30,900
accountants do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

1767
01:30:30,900 --> 01:30:35,100
Solutions is astounding Creating
economic systems from the ground

1768
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:37,200
up and learning by trial and 
error. 

1769
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:40,800
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

1770
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:43,600
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

1771
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:46,000
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

1772
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:47,900
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

1773
01:30:47,900 --> 01:30:51,400
exploration of this ancient 
world, These Mesopotamians 

1774
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:54,100
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

1775
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:56,900
issues like trade and 
irrigation, they're aiming for 

1776
01:30:56,908 --> 01:31:00,300
something greater something that
appeals to the basic human need 

1777
01:31:00,300 --> 01:31:03,700
to build monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

1778
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:07,100
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

1779
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:10,600
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

1780
01:31:10,600 --> 01:31:13,700
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

1781
01:31:13,700 --> 01:31:16,800
buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertion 

1782
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:20,100
proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

1783
01:31:20,100 --> 01:31:23,100
potential. 
People say, we can move 

1784
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,100
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

1785
01:31:26,108 --> 01:31:29,600
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

1786
01:31:29,600 --> 01:31:32,100
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

1787
01:31:32,100 --> 01:31:34,700
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

1788
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:37,400
site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

1789
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,100
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

1790
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:43,600
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

1791
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:47,200
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

1792
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:51,800
willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

1793
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:54,800
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

1794
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:56,900
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

1795
01:31:56,900 --> 01:32:00,300
bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

1796
01:32:00,308 --> 01:32:04,000
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

1797
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:07,500
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

1798
01:32:07,500 --> 01:32:09,200
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

1799
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:12,200
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

1800
01:32:12,200 --> 01:32:16,000
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

1801
01:32:16,000 --> 01:32:20,000
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

1802
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:22,600
effectively managing the Biggest
construction company in the 

1803
01:32:22,608 --> 01:32:25,700
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

1804
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:27,800
the workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

1805
01:32:27,800 --> 01:32:31,400
Considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

1806
01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:34,200
world, they are citizens 
carrying out, their civic 

1807
01:32:34,200 --> 01:32:37,400
duties, seasonal workers and 
skilled artists. 

1808
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:41,000
People donate their time to 
building projects that benefit 

1809
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:44,200
everyone during the agricultural
offseason when the fields, don't

1810
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:46,700
need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

1811
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:50,000
greater than anyone person could
on their own, has a very human 

1812
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:52,900
quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

1813
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:56,200
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

1814
01:32:56,200 --> 01:33:00,100
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats are also symbolic Look

1815
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:01,600
what we can do when we work 
together. 

1816
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:05,500
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

1817
01:33:05,500 --> 01:33:08,200
engineering is needed. 
The builders must comprehend. 

1818
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:11,800
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

1819
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,400
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

1820
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:19,000
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

1821
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:21,100
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

1822
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,100
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

1823
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:26,900
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

1824
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:30,500
Extraordinary engineuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

1825
01:33:30,500 --> 01:33:32,700
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

1826
01:33:32,700 --> 01:33:34,700
producing millions of identical 
bricks. 

1827
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:38,000
To guarantee uniformity 
throughout large production runs

1828
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:41,900
they create standardized molds, 
quality assurance, protocols, 

1829
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:45,500
and drying methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

1830
01:33:45,500 --> 01:33:47,100
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

1831
01:33:47,100 --> 01:33:49,100
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

1832
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:52,000
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

1833
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:54,400
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

1834
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:57,700
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

1835
01:33:57,700 --> 01:34:00,600
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

1836
01:34:00,600 --> 01:34:02,400
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

1837
01:34:02,400 --> 01:34:04,300
Others are moving them and 
still. 

1838
01:34:04,300 --> 01:34:06,100
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

1839
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:09,400
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

1840
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:13,400
to be motivated, supervised and 
in sync, it's similar to 

1841
01:34:13,408 --> 01:34:16,400
conducting an orchestra except 
that hundreds of construction 

1842
01:34:16,400 --> 01:34:19,700
workers are used in place of 
musicians and architecture that 

1843
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,000
will allow last Empires is used 
in place of music. 

1844
01:34:22,000 --> 01:34:25,200
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

1845
01:34:25,200 --> 01:34:28,100
enormous construction projects, 
but is actually far more 

1846
01:34:28,100 --> 01:34:30,900
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

1847
01:34:30,900 --> 01:34:32,800
through this amazing 
civilization. 

1848
01:34:32,800 --> 01:34:37,300
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

1849
01:34:37,300 --> 01:34:40,800
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

1850
01:34:40,800 --> 01:34:42,600
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

1851
01:34:42,600 --> 01:34:46,000
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings 

1852
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:49,300
dotted across the city's young 
adults and children are 

1853
01:34:49,300 --> 01:34:51,100
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

1854
01:34:51,100 --> 01:34:53,600
and workshops or Fields the 
lessons. 

1855
01:34:53,600 --> 01:34:55,800
They are learning at the first 
schools in history will have a 

1856
01:34:55,808 --> 01:34:57,800
lasting impact on human 
civilization. 

1857
01:34:57,800 --> 01:35:00,700
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

1858
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:03,100
children. 
This is formal educational, 

1859
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:05,900
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

1860
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:07,500
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

1861
01:35:08,400 --> 01:35:10,700
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

1862
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:13,900
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

1863
01:35:13,900 --> 01:35:15,900
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

1864
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:19,000
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

1865
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,100
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

1866
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:24,300
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

1867
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:25,800
mathematics being developed 
here. 

1868
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:29,000
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

1869
01:35:29,000 --> 01:35:32,800
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

1870
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:35,800
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

1871
01:35:35,808 --> 01:35:39,000
utilized by architects today, 
their finding abstract 

1872
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:41,800
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

1873
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:44,200
applications, not just counting 
things. 

1874
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:47,800
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

1875
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:52,500
based on 60 rather than 10 
They're thinking in basic 60 

1876
01:35:52,500 --> 01:35:54,800
while you're counting on your 
fingers and working with powers 

1877
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:57,300
of 10. 
This sounds really strange. 

1878
01:35:57,300 --> 01:36:00,800
And you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 

1879
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:03,200
years for many mathematical 
operations. 

1880
01:36:03,200 --> 01:36:05,000
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

1881
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,000
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created. 

1882
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:11,300
But thousands of years later 
were still using the subpar one.

1883
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:14,300
There is more to this, 
mathematical sophistication than

1884
01:36:14,300 --> 01:36:17,000
meets the eye. 
The same individuals who divided

1885
01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:21,000
circles into 360 Degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

1886
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:24,700
originates are also conducting 
astronomical observations which 

1887
01:36:24,700 --> 01:36:26,700
called for exact measurement and
documentation. 

1888
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:30,400
Making calendars that line 
agricultural activities with 

1889
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:33,900
astronomical events, tracking 
the Motions of planets and 

1890
01:36:33,900 --> 01:36:36,700
forecasting. 
Eclipses, it is truly astounding

1891
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:39,300
how much astronomical knowledge 
is being amassed here. 

1892
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:42,300
These observers have discovered 
that there are recurring 

1893
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:45,700
patterns in the movements of the
planets, they can predict, when 

1894
01:36:45,700 --> 01:36:47,700
Venus will show up as An Evening
Star. 

1895
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:50,800
As a pose to a Morning Star, 
they have developed mathematical

1896
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:54,700
models to forecast, astronomical
events, and identified, as a 

1897
01:36:54,700 --> 01:36:57,800
diet called constellations. 
Most impressive though is the 

1898
01:36:57,800 --> 01:37:01,200
way their tackling these issues,
they're searching for underlying

1899
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:04,800
patterns, formulating hypotheses
and testing predictions in 

1900
01:37:04,800 --> 01:37:06,700
addition to merely Gathering 
observations. 

1901
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,300
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

1902
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:13,400
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

1903
01:37:13,400 --> 01:37:15,900
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

1904
01:37:15,900 --> 01:37:19,200
Mathematics students are 
learning how to evaluate court, 

1905
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:22,400
case cases write poetry in 
accordance with formal guide, 

1906
01:37:22,400 --> 01:37:25,300
lines and comprehend, his 
historical precedence in the 

1907
01:37:25,300 --> 01:37:27,300
classroom. 
They are discovering that 

1908
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,200
knowledge itself can be 
methodically arranged classified

1909
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:32,500
and passed down from one 
generation to the next. 

1910
01:37:32,500 --> 01:37:36,100
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

1911
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,600
today. 
For the first time in history, 

1912
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,900
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

1913
01:37:41,908 --> 01:37:45,300
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

1914
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:47,700
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

1915
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,600
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

1916
01:37:51,600 --> 01:37:54,000
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

1917
01:37:54,000 --> 01:37:56,800
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

1918
01:37:56,800 --> 01:37:59,600
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding. 

1919
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:03,300
People whose job it is to think 
about abstract problems, begin 

1920
01:38:03,300 --> 01:38:05,800
to draw connections between 
various fields of knowledge. 

1921
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:09,400
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

1922
01:38:09,408 --> 01:38:12,900
geometric principles, the 
astronomer learns that natural 

1923
01:38:12,900 --> 01:38:15,300
events can be predicted by 
mathematical models. 

1924
01:38:15,300 --> 01:38:18,400
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

1925
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:20,900
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

1926
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:24,400
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

1927
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:27,400
travels and become a custom to 
the mild routine of this amazing

1928
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:29,800
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

1929
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:31,800
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

1930
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:34,900
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

1931
01:38:34,900 --> 01:38:38,700
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

1932
01:38:38,700 --> 01:38:41,700
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

1933
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:44,400
Windows of the house let in the 
first race of the day. 

1934
01:38:45,300 --> 01:38:48,000
First thing that strikes you is 
how different their everyday 

1935
01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:50,400
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly. 

1936
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:54,300
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

1937
01:38:54,300 --> 01:38:56,600
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the households grain 

1938
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:59,000
supplies. 
The father is going over his 

1939
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:01,800
to-do, list in his head 
concluding, which irrigation 

1940
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:05,500
channels require upkeep, which 
tools require repair and which 

1941
01:39:05,500 --> 01:39:08,200
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

1942
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:11,600
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

1943
01:39:11,600 --> 01:39:13,300
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

1944
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:15,900
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

1945
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:18,700
mathematics to assist with the 
family business and little 

1946
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:21,900
shamat refuses to practice her 
knee form writing exercises. 

1947
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:25,800
It appears that certain aspects 
of human nature never go out of 

1948
01:39:25,808 --> 01:39:28,000
style. 
However, these everyday 

1949
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:31,200
occurrences contain innovations 
that continue to shape Our Lives

1950
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:33,900
to this day. 
In order to trade, fairly with 

1951
01:39:33,900 --> 01:39:36,700
her neighbors, the mother uses 
standardized weights and 

1952
01:39:36,708 --> 01:39:38,700
measures when she measures out 
grain for breakfast. 

1953
01:39:39,800 --> 01:39:43,000
The father uses a filing system 
that arranges data in ways that 

1954
01:39:43,000 --> 01:39:45,600
any contemporary office worker 
would recognize when he looks 

1955
01:39:45,600 --> 01:39:47,600
through his business. 
Records, from the previous day, 

1956
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:50,600
the breakfast itself 
demonstrates, the sophistication

1957
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:54,800
of Technology, yeast cultures a 
biological technology, that 

1958
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:57,600
turns simple grain into 
sustenance that can support 

1959
01:39:57,600 --> 01:40:00,000
complex. 
Societies have been preserved 

1960
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:02,600
and passed down through the 
generations to make the bread 

1961
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:05,000
the beer. 
Yes they have beer for 

1962
01:40:05,008 --> 01:40:07,500
breakfast, which makes sense, 
given the dubious quality of 

1963
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:10,500
ancient Water Supplies. 
Represents fermentation 

1964
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:13,400
processes that call for exact 
timing and temperature control 

1965
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:15,300
your watching. 
The infrastructure of 

1966
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:19,300
civilization in action as Family
go about their morning routines.

1967
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:22,800
Thousands of people are served 
by the distribution system, that

1968
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:24,600
provides them with the water 
they use. 

1969
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:27,700
Sewage disposal stops disease 
outbreaks. 

1970
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:30,300
That would otherwise render big 
cities, uninhabitable 

1971
01:40:30,300 --> 01:40:34,400
agricultural systems that can 
sustain populations much larger 

1972
01:40:34,400 --> 01:40:37,300
than the actual workers in the 
fields are the source of the 

1973
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:39,400
food. 
Your witnessing the beginning of

1974
01:40:39,400 --> 01:40:42,100
expert craftsmanship, when the 
father leaves for his Workshop, 

1975
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:45,800
he's not just producing. 
He's also upholding standards 

1976
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:49,300
creating methods and 
establishing a reputation for 

1977
01:40:49,300 --> 01:40:51,200
excellence. 
That goes well beyond his local 

1978
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,900
area, his Goods will be traded 
over great distances, spreading 

1979
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:56,600
the fame of his City to 
locations. 

1980
01:40:56,600 --> 01:40:59,700
He will never be able to visit 
Mother's Day is equally 

1981
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:01,900
noteworthy. 
She is in charge of a household 

1982
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:04,400
that serves as both the place of
residence and a business. 

1983
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:09,100
She's handling family, finances,
preserving social ties that are 

1984
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:12,000
the foundation of community, 
life and processing food for 

1985
01:41:12,000 --> 01:41:14,500
preservation. 
She's teaching kids, not only 

1986
01:41:14,500 --> 01:41:18,100
useful skills, but also social 
norms cultural values and the 

1987
01:41:18,108 --> 01:41:20,800
information, they will need to 
navigate a complex society as 

1988
01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:22,800
adults. 
You're seeing something that 

1989
01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:25,800
will be entirely familiar to any
Modern Family, when the evening 

1990
01:41:25,800 --> 01:41:29,500
rolls around and they all sit 
down to their main meal, But 

1991
01:41:29,500 --> 01:41:31,700
it's also utterly revolutionary 
for its time. 

1992
01:41:31,700 --> 01:41:35,800
They are sharing food that has 
been prepared preserved and 

1993
01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:39,400
processed in ways that enable 
them to eat healthily even in 

1994
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:40,700
the absence of fresh 
ingredients. 

1995
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:44,400
They are talking about the day's
activities in a way that helps 

1996
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,200
kids comprehend, how they fit 
into the larger Community. 

1997
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:50,400
Most astonishingly, though 
they're at ease, they are not 

1998
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:53,400
fighting for basic survival even
though they live in what we 

1999
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:55,100
might consider primitive 
conditions. 

2000
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:59,600
People can now enjoy their lives
plan for the future and pursue 

2001
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:01,100
interests beyond their immediate
needs. 

2002
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:03,700
Thanks to advancements in 
agriculture, Commerce, and 

2003
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:08,200
social organization, there may 
be games storytelling or music 

2004
01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:11,200
after supper. 
Another revolutionary idea is 

2005
01:42:11,200 --> 01:42:14,700
that people have Leisure Time. 
Human culture can thrive in 

2006
01:42:14,700 --> 01:42:17,700
previously, Unthinkable ways. 
When survival is safe enough for

2007
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,000
people to devote their time to 
Pursuits that have no immediate 

2008
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:23,700
practical value. 
In addition, to sleeping off the

2009
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:26,100
days labor, the family is 
refueling for tomorrow's 

2010
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:29,400
involvement, in Humanity's first
complex Urban living experiment.

2011
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:33,300
They will awaken to Morrow and 
wants more play a part in 

2012
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:36,400
preserving the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

2013
01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:39,400
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity. 

2014
01:42:39,400 --> 01:42:42,700
One of the most remarkable 
accomplishments of Mesopotamian 

2015
01:42:42,700 --> 01:42:46,300
civilization is revealed, as you
delve deeper into this ancient 

2016
01:42:46,300 --> 01:42:50,100
world, they managed to manage 
sizeable diverse populations 

2017
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:52,300
without everything. 
Collapsing, in Anarchy and 

2018
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:54,900
conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

2019
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:58,200
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

2020
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:00,800
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

2021
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:02,800
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

2022
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:06,200
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

2023
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,200
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts, with 

2024
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,300
their neighbors, you have 
competing religious Traditions, 

2025
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:16,700
diverse ethnic groups, economic 
classes and the inherent human 

2026
01:43:16,700 --> 01:43:19,200
propensity for short-sightedness
and selfishness. 

2027
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:22,900
How do you design a system that 
accomplishes goals while 

2028
01:43:22,900 --> 01:43:24,800
maintaining a reasonable level 
of satisfaction? 

2029
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:28,000
For all the complexity of the 
Mesopotamian solution, is 

2030
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,800
elegant at the top is a king who
represents both religion and 

2031
01:43:31,800 --> 01:43:34,400
politics. 
His authority has a weight that 

2032
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:38,200
purely political power could not
match because he is not only 

2033
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:41,700
making executive decisions, but 
is also channeling, the will of 

2034
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:44,300
the Gods. 
The king is expressing Divine 

2035
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:46,800
will when he issues a law, not 
just his own preferences. 

2036
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,900
However, this is not a tyrants 
capricious rule. 

2037
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:54,200
The king's Authority is limited 
by custom religious law and the 

2038
01:43:54,208 --> 01:43:56,800
pragmatic requirement to retain 
the backing of the different 

2039
01:43:56,800 --> 01:44:01,500
factions that sustained Society.
Priests Merchants Artisans and 

2040
01:44:01,500 --> 01:44:04,800
farmers, who, truly govern the 
society, we find a way to 

2041
01:44:04,800 --> 01:44:08,200
replace a king who continuously 
makes poor choices, so he won't 

2042
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:10,500
hold the position for long. 
You have an advanced 

2043
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:13,500
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

2044
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:17,000
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

2045
01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:21,500
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

2046
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:23,400
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

2047
01:44:24,200 --> 01:44:26,700
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

2048
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:29,200
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

2049
01:44:29,200 --> 01:44:32,700
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

2050
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,400
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

2051
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:38,500
draft their own legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

2052
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:42,500
conflict or offense. 
Nearly 300 laws Ranger from 

2053
01:44:42,500 --> 01:44:46,000
business disputes to marriage 
contracts to property rights are

2054
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:48,400
included in the publicly visible
Code of Hammurabi. 

2055
01:44:48,400 --> 01:44:51,700
However, the sophistication of 
these laws is even more 

2056
01:44:51,700 --> 01:44:53,600
impressive than their 
comprehensive nurse. 

2057
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:56,800
They distinguish between various
property types and social 

2058
01:44:56,800 --> 01:44:59,200
classes. 
They make a distinction between 

2059
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:02,900
acts and deliberate crimes. 
Instead of just exacting 

2060
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,700
retribution, they offer 
proportionate penalties meant to

2061
01:45:05,708 --> 01:45:07,200
bring the world back into 
balance. 

2062
01:45:08,100 --> 01:45:10,600
To a degree that would be 
Progressive in many societies. 

2063
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:13,500
Thousands of years later, they 
defend the rights of women 

2064
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:17,800
children and even slaves. 
Unprecedentedly a professional 

2065
01:45:17,800 --> 01:45:21,200
judicial system is needed to 
enforce these laws records. 

2066
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:24,100
That keep track of court rulings
judges who are knowledgeable 

2067
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:27,100
about the law and corporate 
procedures that guarantee Fair 

2068
01:45:27,100 --> 01:45:29,600
hearing. 
Your witnessing, the emergence 

2069
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:32,900
of jurisprudence the belief that
disagreements can be settled by 

2070
01:45:32,900 --> 01:45:36,400
Logic and facts rather than 
solely by the person with the 

2071
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:38,600
most military might or political
clout. 

2072
01:45:38,600 --> 01:45:41,400
Most significantly, though, this
legal system is open to the 

2073
01:45:41,400 --> 01:45:44,200
public, the laws are visible to 
everyone because they are 

2074
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:47,100
engraved in stone. 
This indicates that people are 

2075
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:50,000
aware of their rights 
expectations, and the 

2076
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:53,100
repercussions of different 
behaviors law, ceases to be 

2077
01:45:53,108 --> 01:45:54,700
arbitrary and becomes 
predictable. 

2078
01:45:54,700 --> 01:45:57,500
For the first time in human 
history, this government is 

2079
01:45:57,500 --> 01:45:59,600
backed by an equally Advanced 
Tax system. 

2080
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:03,700
There are sect rates collection 
processes and even Provisions 

2081
01:46:03,700 --> 01:46:07,100
for tax relief during hard times
as a pose to just taking 

2082
01:46:07,100 --> 01:46:09,800
whatever the king wants. 
People are aware of their 

2083
01:46:09,800 --> 01:46:12,600
obligations when they are due 
and what they get in return 

2084
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:15,800
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

2085
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:18,600
infrastructure, upkeep and 
judicial Services. 

2086
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:21,800
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

2087
01:46:21,800 --> 01:46:24,000
law. 
A system that treats people 

2088
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:27,000
fairly in accordance with 
established standards offers 

2089
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:30,600
procedures for settling 
conflicts amicably and fosters 

2090
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:34,000
incentives for collaboration, 
rather than conflict is probably

2091
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:37,100
more desirable than perfect 
Justice, which is probably 

2092
01:46:37,100 --> 01:46:40,800
unachievable stability, is the 
outcome due to their reasonable 

2093
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:43,600
confidence in the stability of 
the legal and social framework. 

2094
01:46:43,600 --> 01:46:45,900
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

2095
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,300
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

2096
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:52,400
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

2097
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:54,500
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

2098
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:58,500
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

2099
01:46:58,500 --> 01:47:02,200
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects, that 

2100
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:05,400
take generations to complete are
all made possible by this 

2101
01:47:05,400 --> 01:47:08,600
stability, which in turn, lays, 
the groundwork for everything 

2102
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:11,300
else. 
We've been investigating without

2103
01:47:11,300 --> 01:47:14,900
governmental structures that can
uphold continuity and Order over

2104
01:47:14,900 --> 01:47:18,100
decades or even centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

2105
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:20,500
As you continue. 
Your exploration of ancient 

2106
01:47:20,500 --> 01:47:22,900
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

2107
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:25,900
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

2108
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:30,000
profoundly spiritual, but not in
a way that separates the sacred 

2109
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:32,200
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

2110
01:47:32,200 --> 01:47:34,800
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

2111
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:38,600
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

2112
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,000
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

2113
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,500
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

2114
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:49,300
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

2115
01:47:49,300 --> 01:47:51,900
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

2116
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:56,100
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

2117
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:59,400
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

2118
01:47:59,400 --> 01:48:02,800
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

2119
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:05,700
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

2120
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:09,600
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

2121
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:11,200
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

2122
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:15,300
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

2123
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:18,900
irrigation enki's, rule over 
fresh water, and wisdom makes 

2124
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:21,900
perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

2125
01:48:21,900 --> 01:48:25,000
essential components of The 
Human Experience, enormous 

2126
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:28,300
stands for both Love and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

2127
01:48:28,300 --> 01:48:31,300
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

2128
01:48:31,300 --> 01:48:33,900
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

2129
01:48:34,800 --> 01:48:37,800
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

2130
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:41,500
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

2131
01:48:41,500 --> 01:48:45,000
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

2132
01:48:45,000 --> 01:48:47,900
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping, they're all so 

2133
01:48:47,900 --> 01:48:50,900
honing, the social skills 
necessary to maintain the smooth

2134
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:52,400
operation of their own 
communities. 

2135
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:55,800
Each city is dominated by 
temples that are much more than 

2136
01:48:55,800 --> 01:48:58,800
just places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

2137
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:03,000
service agencies, educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

2138
01:49:03,000 --> 01:49:06,800
In addition, to carrying out 
rituals the priest who work in 

2139
01:49:06,800 --> 01:49:09,200
these temples also oversee 
agricultural. 

2140
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:13,100
Estates on educational 
institutions, careful libraries 

2141
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:16,200
and offer welfare assistance to 
members of the community who are

2142
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:19,600
struggling a society where 
religious life supports rather 

2143
01:49:19,600 --> 01:49:22,200
than contradicts the values 
required for successful. 

2144
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:25,300
Urban living is the result of 
this remarkable Fusion of 

2145
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:26,900
spiritual and practical 
functions. 

2146
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:30,500
A good worshiper. 
Possesses the same qualities as 

2147
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:33,400
a good neighbor. 
Such as honesty, dependability 

2148
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:36,200
and a willingness to help out 
with Community projects. 

2149
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:39,600
There is no conflict between 
serving the community, and the 

2150
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:43,500
gods between being Pious and 
succeeding in business, the 

2151
01:49:43,500 --> 01:49:46,500
religious calendar, organizes 
daily life in ways that promote 

2152
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:49,500
economic activity, rather than 
interfere with it. 

2153
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:52,700
Religious celebrations, take 
place during agricultural 

2154
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:55,400
Seasons, offering opportunities 
for communal. 

2155
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:58,500
Gatherings and people have the 
means and Leisure to take part 

2156
01:49:59,300 --> 01:50:01,900
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

2157
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:03,800
The religious mandate to 
support. 

2158
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:06,700
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

2159
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:09,900
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

2160
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,000
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

2161
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:16,200
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

2162
01:50:17,200 --> 01:50:20,100
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

2163
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:21,700
taking part in a building 
project. 

2164
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:25,000
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

2165
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:28,100
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

2166
01:50:28,100 --> 01:50:31,200
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

2167
01:50:31,200 --> 01:50:33,300
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

2168
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:37,000
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

2169
01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:40,100
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

2170
01:50:40,108 --> 01:50:43,000
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

2171
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:46,200
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

2172
01:50:46,200 --> 01:50:49,400
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

2173
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:52,400
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

2174
01:50:52,408 --> 01:50:56,000
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

2175
01:50:56,000 --> 01:50:59,900
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

2176
01:51:00,800 --> 01:51:03,800
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

2177
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:06,900
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

2178
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:09,700
water require careful 
observation and logical 

2179
01:51:09,700 --> 01:51:12,200
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

2180
01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:15,000
everything from military 
campaigns to business Endeavors 

2181
01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:19,000
to marriage to practical 
intelligence and religious 

2182
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:21,400
wisdom complement rather than 
contradict one. 

2183
01:51:21,400 --> 01:51:24,400
Another, the end result is 
society in which individuals 

2184
01:51:24,400 --> 01:51:27,300
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

2185
01:51:27,308 --> 01:51:30,600
welfare of the community, while 
feeling supported by forces, 

2186
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:34,300
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

2187
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:36,000
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

2188
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:38,500
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

2189
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:41,900
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

2190
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:45,700
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

2191
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:49,100
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

2192
01:51:49,100 --> 01:51:50,900
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

2193
01:51:50,900 --> 01:51:53,600
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

2194
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:56,600
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

2195
01:51:56,608 --> 01:52:00,300
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

2196
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:03,200
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

2197
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:06,500
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

2198
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:09,100
Society Has Changed by writing 
in every other way. 

2199
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,700
Because Engineers can document 
effective techniques and learn 

2200
01:52:12,700 --> 01:52:15,700
from past mistakes. 
The irrigation system becomes 

2201
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:18,700
much more sophisticated, once 
information can be permanently 

2202
01:52:18,700 --> 01:52:22,400
recorded because precedence can 
be documented and consulted 

2203
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:26,400
legal systems become more 
Equitable and consistent because

2204
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:29,200
contracts can specify precise 
terms and conditions. 

2205
01:52:29,200 --> 01:52:32,400
Trade becomes more. 
Complicated because knowledge 

2206
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:34,900
can be systematically 
transmitted and preserved. 

2207
01:52:34,900 --> 01:52:39,500
Education becomes more effective
however writing all so opens up 

2208
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:41,700
new possibilities that no one 
had foreseen. 

2209
01:52:41,700 --> 01:52:45,000
You can learn mathematics. 
Once you can record numbers, 

2210
01:52:45,000 --> 01:52:48,400
astronomical science can be 
produced when observations can 

2211
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:51,400
be preserved, chemistry and 
medicine can be developed. 

2212
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:55,100
Once experiments are documented,
every advancement, creates 

2213
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:57,900
opportunities for even more 
advancements in unpredictable 

2214
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:00,400
ways. 
In the realm of Economics, the 

2215
01:53:00,400 --> 01:53:04,100
networking effect is the same. 
Once food production is stable, 

2216
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:07,700
some people can focus on crafts,
you can create better tools and 

2217
01:53:07,700 --> 01:53:09,400
methods. 
Once you have talented artists, 

2218
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:12,900
With improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

2219
01:53:12,908 --> 01:53:16,200
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

2220
01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:19,900
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

2221
01:53:19,900 --> 01:53:22,800
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

2222
01:53:22,800 --> 01:53:26,000
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

2223
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:27,700
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

2224
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,300
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, People gain 

2225
01:53:31,300 --> 01:53:34,800
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

2226
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:37,700
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in even 

2227
01:53:37,700 --> 01:53:40,500
more ambitious projects, once 
they have faith in group efforts

2228
01:53:40,500 --> 01:53:43,500
in ways that exponentially speed
up. 

2229
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:47,200
Progress success, breeds success
the mess. 

2230
01:53:47,200 --> 01:53:50,100
Pertains are experiencing the 
fascinating discovery that human

2231
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:53,000
communities can generate value 
that far, surpasses, what 

2232
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:54,800
individuals could produce 
working alone. 

2233
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:58,000
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

2234
01:53:58,000 --> 01:53:59,800
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

2235
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,000
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

2236
01:54:03,000 --> 01:54:06,000
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

2237
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:09,100
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

2238
01:54:09,100 --> 01:54:11,700
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

2239
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:14,100
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

2240
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:17,500
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

2241
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:20,200
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

2242
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:23,100
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

2243
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:25,300
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

2244
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:28,500
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

2245
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:31,600
quality inputs, as made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

2246
01:54:31,600 --> 01:54:35,100
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

2247
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:38,700
significant People start to have
bigger dreams after realizing 

2248
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:41,900
that prosperity and security can
be achieved through human 

2249
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:44,300
effort. 
They are more inclined to trust 

2250
01:54:44,300 --> 01:54:46,900
strangers and engage in larger 
communities. 

2251
01:54:46,900 --> 01:54:48,900
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

2252
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:51,800
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone.

2253
01:54:52,600 --> 01:54:54,900
They are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

2254
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:57,300
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

2255
01:54:57,300 --> 01:54:59,500
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization, 

2256
01:54:59,500 --> 01:55:02,500
this is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

2257
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:05,800
People are choosing to become 
interdependent instead of 

2258
01:55:05,808 --> 01:55:09,400
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history, they're 

2259
01:55:09,400 --> 01:55:11,600
coming to the conclusion that 
working together is more 

2260
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:14,800
advantageous than relying on 
other people, their ringing. 

2261
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:17,500
Everything that humans societies
can be more than short-term 

2262
01:55:17,500 --> 01:55:20,700
convenience alliances. 
You're seeing networking effects

2263
01:55:20,700 --> 01:55:23,100
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

2264
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:25,900
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamia. 

2265
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:29,200
Innovations in Florence events 
throughout the ancient world by 

2266
01:55:29,200 --> 01:55:33,000
way of trade routes, diplomatic 
contacts, migration patterns. 

2267
01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:36,800
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

2268
01:55:36,800 --> 01:55:39,600
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

2269
01:55:39,600 --> 01:55:43,500
legal precepts developed in her.
From Egypt to India, population 

2270
01:55:43,500 --> 01:55:46,300
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian agricultural, 

2271
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:49,200
Innovations, your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

2272
01:55:49,200 --> 01:55:53,100
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

2273
01:55:53,100 --> 01:55:54,900
influence and interaction that 
link. 

2274
01:55:54,900 --> 01:55:59,000
Far-flung Society is and enable 
Innovations to proliferate well 

2275
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:03,700
beyond their original locations.
For the first time, human 

2276
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:06,000
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

2277
01:56:06,000 --> 01:56:10,100
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

2278
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:13,200
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

2279
01:56:13,208 --> 01:56:16,300
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

2280
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:18,000
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

2281
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:21,500
Comes to an end, you return to 
the Comforts of the present with

2282
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:24,900
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

2283
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:28,200
past, the Golden Age of 
witnessed was golden, not 

2284
01:56:28,200 --> 01:56:30,800
because it was flawless. 
But because it was the first 

2285
01:56:30,800 --> 01:56:33,500
time that Humanity had 
successfully attempted to build 

2286
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:37,400
sophisticated societies that 
boosted rather than depleted 

2287
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:41,200
human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

2288
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:43,100
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

2289
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:45,600
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

2290
01:56:45,600 --> 01:56:49,100
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions were 

2291
01:56:49,100 --> 01:56:51,000
coincidental or short-term 
fixes. 

2292
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:54,500
Thousands of years later, we are
still using modified versions of

2293
01:56:54,508 --> 01:56:57,700
the institutions systems and 
ways of thinking, they 

2294
01:56:57,700 --> 01:56:59,100
established because they were so
successful. 

2295
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:02,300
You are building on the 
foundations established by these

2296
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:06,300
ancient Pioneers each time you 
use mathematics, read a written 

2297
01:57:06,308 --> 01:57:10,100
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

2298
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:13,200
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

2299
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:16,000
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

2300
01:57:16,000 --> 01:57:19,600
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

2301
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:22,100
look beyond their immediate 
survival and they have 

2302
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:24,500
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

2303
01:57:24,508 --> 01:57:27,200
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

2304
01:57:27,200 --> 01:57:29,700
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

2305
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:33,400
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

2306
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:36,500
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

2307
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:39,200
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

2308
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:42,500
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

2309
01:57:42,500 --> 01:57:45,700
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

2310
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:49,100
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

2311
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,400
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

2312
01:57:52,400 --> 01:57:56,300
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

2313
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:59,400
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

2314
01:57:59,400 --> 01:58:03,100
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

2315
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:06,900
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

2316
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:09,900
writing. 
Spirit of ancient Mesopotamia 

2317
01:58:09,900 --> 01:58:13,400
endures every time individuals 
decide to work together, rather 

2318
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,700
than fight every time someone 
lends their expertise to 

2319
01:58:16,700 --> 01:58:20,000
projects bigger than themselves.
And every time communities make 

2320
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:22,700
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

2321
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:25,800
Generations, even though the 
cities are now covered in desert

2322
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:29,200
sand and the irrigation channels
are dry, the human ability to 

2323
01:58:29,208 --> 01:58:32,800
bring order out of chaos, 
abundance out of scarcity and 

2324
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:35,600
meaning out of life's. 
Basic materials, still flows 

2325
01:58:35,600 --> 01:58:37,800
like those ancient Rivers 
between the Tigris and 

2326
01:58:37,800 --> 01:58:40,900
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 
that you're a part of a story 

2327
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,000
that started with the first 
cities and goes on with every 

2328
01:58:44,000 --> 01:58:48,200
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

2329
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:51,100
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

2330
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:54,200
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

2331
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:56,500
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

2332
01:58:57,300 --> 01:58:58,900
Rather. 
They are always just getting 

2333
01:58:58,900 --> 01:59:02,300
started and awaiting to be 
shaped by the next generation of

2334
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:05,300
people who prepared to cooperate
in order to achieve common 

2335
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:08,400
goals, the same mathematical 
patterns that the ancient 

2336
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:11,300
astronomers found still govern 
the way the Stars wheel 

2337
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:14,000
overhead. 
The human urge to create 

2338
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:17,700
collaborate and strive for 
something bigger than personal 

2339
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:21,400
survival is still a strong as 
the fires in those old bronze 

2340
01:59:21,400 --> 01:59:24,300
workshops and tomorrow we carry 
on the work. 

2341
01:59:24,300 --> 01:59:27,000
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

2342
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:29,900
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

2343
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:32,700
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

2344
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:36,000
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

2345
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:38,700
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

2346
01:59:38,700 --> 01:59:42,400
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

2347
01:59:42,408 --> 01:59:45,900
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

2348
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:49,200
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit about 

2349
01:59:49,200 --> 01:59:52,200
their own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carry 

2350
01:59:52,200 --> 01:59:55,500
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

2351
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:57,500
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

2352
01:59:57,500 --> 02:00:00,400
discovered that a floodplain 
could become a paradise if they 

2353
02:00:00,408 --> 02:00:03,200
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

2354
02:00:03,208 --> 02:00:06,400
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

2355
02:00:06,400 --> 02:00:09,100
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

2356
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:12,800
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

2357
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:16,300
interests of the community even 
though their ziggurat as Fallen 

2358
02:00:16,300 --> 02:00:17,900
apart. 
Their wisdom can still be heard 

2359
02:00:17,900 --> 02:00:21,200
in every Public Library, 
contemporary hospital and 

2360
02:00:21,200 --> 02:00:24,100
infrastructure project that 
enhances the lives of people. 

2361
02:00:24,100 --> 02:00:28,200
The builders have never met. 
Even though their cuneiform 

2362
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,700
tablets are now Museum artifacts
their belief that knowledge 

2363
02:00:31,700 --> 02:00:35,200
should be shared and preserved 
in jurors in every book website 

2364
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:37,100
and classroom. 
Where new information is 

2365
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:39,000
learned. 
There are understanding that 

2366
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:41,100
abundance comes from 
cooperation, rather than 

2367
02:00:41,100 --> 02:00:45,000
competition is evident in every 
successful Business, Partnership

2368
02:00:45,000 --> 02:00:49,200
community garden and instant 
when neighbors choose to support

2369
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:54,000
one another rather than compete.
The irrigation channels they dug

2370
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,400
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

2371
02:00:57,408 --> 02:01:00,200
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

2372
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:02,000
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

2373
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:05,800
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

2374
02:01:05,800 --> 02:01:09,500
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

2375
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:14,000
enough food and enough, security
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

2376
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:17,700
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

2377
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:20,700
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

2378
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:23,300
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

2379
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:28,200
people, but the quiet assurance,
Same inventive collaborative 

2380
02:01:28,200 --> 02:01:31,500
spirit, that created the first 
cities is still creating a 

2381
02:01:31,508 --> 02:01:35,400
better world today, every tiny 
deed of compassion, every 

2382
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,500
instance of putting empathy 
ahead of judgment and every 

2383
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:41,300
contribution to a cause greater 
than yourself keeps the good 

2384
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:44,200
work going. 
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 

2385
02:01:44,200 --> 02:01:45,400
beginning rather than a 
destination. 

2386
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,800
The story's most lovely aspect 
is that it isn't yet over it, 

2387
02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:52,600
persists, in every heart, that 
selects cooperation over 

2388
02:01:52,600 --> 02:01:57,100
rivalry, hope over fear and 
building over destruction, rest 

2389
02:01:57,100 --> 02:01:58,500
easy. 
Knowing that you are both the 

2390
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:01,400
inheritor of their wisdom and a 
part of its continuous 

2391
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:04,100
development. 
Maybe you will hear the soft 

2392
02:02:04,100 --> 02:02:06,900
splatter of old irrigation 
channels in your dreams, 

2393
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:09,900
delivering vital water to 
Garden, that will reopen 

2394
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:11,900
tomorrow. 
Good night, civilisation 

2395
02:02:11,900 --> 02:02:15,500
Builder, good night. 
Ancient dream are Good night 

2396
02:02:15,500 --> 02:02:18,200
participant in the world's 
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 

2397
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:21,900
The patient optimistic Endeavor 
to build a world that lives up 

2398
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:24,900
to our highest hopes as a 
reminder, that some things 

2399
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:29,600
beauty truth and the human 
capacity for Wonder really are a

2400
02:02:29,600 --> 02:02:31,800
Eternal. 
The stars that led those early 

2401
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:35,600
astronomers continue to shine 
down on you in the same Timeless

2402
02:02:35,600 --> 02:02:37,500
patterns. 
They found get enough. 

2403
02:02:37,500 --> 02:02:41,700
Sleep have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

2404
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:44,600
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

2405
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:48,100
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

2406
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:59,800
long ago. 
Picture yourself waking up in a 

2407
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:01,800
narrow bed. 
That's barely wider than a 

2408
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:04,200
coffin, but somehow more 
comfortable than anything. 

2409
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:05,900
You'd known before coming to 
Ashworth. 

2410
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:08,000
Manor. 
The room, you share with two 

2411
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:11,400
other housemates is tucked under
the eaves where the ceiling 

2412
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:13,200
slopes down. 
So dramatically that you've 

2413
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:16,600
learned to duck instinctively 
when getting dressed The walls 

2414
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:18,500
are thin enough that you can 
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 

2415
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:21,700
The head cook already clattering
about in the kitchen three 

2416
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:23,600
floors below her. 
Wooden Spoons. 

2417
02:03:23,600 --> 02:03:25,600
Conducting an orchestra of 
copper pots. 

2418
02:03:25,600 --> 02:03:29,100
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

2419
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:31,800
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

2420
02:03:31,800 --> 02:03:35,100
You no longer need the Bell. 
That Martha the senior House 

2421
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:39,000
made ring to wake everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

2422
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:42,600
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

2423
02:03:42,600 --> 02:03:44,800
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

2424
02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:47,300
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

2425
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,300
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

2426
02:03:50,300 --> 02:03:53,700
where you need the most 
Floorboards Creak they're 

2427
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:55,500
familiar, greeting. 
As you tiptoe around your 

2428
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:58,600
sleeping, roommates. 
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 

2429
02:03:58,600 --> 02:04:00,600
in her sleep about her 
sweetheart back in the village 

2430
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:03,600
while Emma, who works in the 
laundry, snores with the 

2431
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:06,500
dedication of someone who has 
earned every moment of rest. 

2432
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:10,000
The servants staircase serves as
your primary route, to all 

2433
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,300
important places, it's narrow 
and steep designed by 

2434
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:15,400
architects. 
Who clearly never had to carry a

2435
02:04:15,400 --> 02:04:18,500
coal scuttle up for flights 
while balancing a chamber pot 

2436
02:04:18,500 --> 02:04:21,000
and trying not to wake the 
entire household. 

2437
02:04:22,200 --> 02:04:24,000
You've developed a peculiar 
Grace. 

2438
02:04:24,000 --> 02:04:27,900
Now, navigating these stairs 
Park Mountain Goat, part ballet,

2439
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:31,300
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backwards into 

2440
02:04:31,300 --> 02:04:33,900
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

2441
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,000
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

2442
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:39,100
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

2443
02:04:39,100 --> 02:04:41,400
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

2444
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,100
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 
It requires the kind of athletic

2445
02:04:44,100 --> 02:04:47,100
ability that would impress, 
circus performers, you've 

2446
02:04:47,100 --> 02:04:50,000
learned to approach it like a 
puzzle first, the smaller 

2447
02:04:50,000 --> 02:04:53,500
pieces, then the great itself 
always mindful that coal dust 

2448
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:55,800
has a magical ability to appear 
on surfaces. 

2449
02:04:55,800 --> 02:04:59,200
You haven't even touched yet the
manner wakes up around you in 

2450
02:04:59,200 --> 02:05:01,200
layers. 
First come the other servants 

2451
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:04,200
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

2452
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:06,900
Precision of dancers who 
rehearse the same performance 

2453
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:10,900
for years then come the dogs 
Lord ashworths hunting hounds 

2454
02:05:10,900 --> 02:05:14,900
who seem to insist on serving 
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 

2455
02:05:14,900 --> 02:05:18,600
of human convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

2456
02:05:18,600 --> 02:05:22,300
to stir floorboards settling 
pipes, gurgling their morning 

2457
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:24,400
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

2458
02:05:24,400 --> 02:05:27,500
The grandfather clock in, the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

2459
02:05:27,500 --> 02:05:30,100
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

2460
02:05:30,100 --> 02:05:33,400
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments, when the 

2461
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:35,400
man of belongs entirely to its 
servants. 

2462
02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:38,200
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms that will 

2463
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:41,200
later Buzz with the complicated.
social Machinery of the upper 

2464
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:44,600
classes but for now exists in a 
state of suspended animation, 

2465
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:48,300
the drawing room with its silk 
wallpaper and furniture that 

2466
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:51,200
cost more than most people earn 
in a decade feels almost 

2467
02:05:51,200 --> 02:05:54,500
friendly in the pre-dawn 
darkness, you dust the Mohegan, 

2468
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:57,100
he tables and straighten the 
cushions on chairs that probably

2469
02:05:57,100 --> 02:06:00,100
have their own names and 
pedigrees the Morning, Light 

2470
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:02,700
filtering through the tool 
Windows reveals dust mode 

2471
02:06:02,700 --> 02:06:06,100
dancing in the air like tiny 
rebellious, spirits, You've 

2472
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:08,200
developed a personal 
relationship with dust. 

2473
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:12,100
It's your constant companion, 
your Eternal opponent and 

2474
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:14,200
occasionally, when the light 
hits it just right. 

2475
02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:17,300
Your unwitting collaborator in 
creating something almost 

2476
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:20,300
beautiful. 
Dust, you've learned has 

2477
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:23,100
personality. 
The dust in the library is 

2478
02:06:23,100 --> 02:06:26,800
scholarly and dignified settling
politely on leather bound books.

2479
02:06:27,400 --> 02:06:29,800
The dust in the children's 
playroom, is chaotic and 

2480
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:32,800
adventurous hiding in corners 
and emerging at the most 

2481
02:06:32,800 --> 02:06:36,600
inconvenient moments. 
By 6:00 you've already 

2482
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:38,400
accomplished. 
What most people would consider 

2483
02:06:38,400 --> 02:06:41,800
a full day's work. 
The fires lit, the main rooms 

2484
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,800
are clean and you've managed to 
avoid waking, anyone, who might 

2485
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:47,200
dock your wages for disturbing 
their beauty sleep. 

2486
02:06:47,900 --> 02:06:50,100
Your back aches, in that 
particular way that comes from 

2487
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:52,200
bending over greats and reaching
under furniture. 

2488
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:55,900
But there's also a satisfaction 
in seeing the manor slowly come 

2489
02:06:55,900 --> 02:06:58,400
to life around your efforts. 
The kitchen. 

2490
02:06:58,400 --> 02:07:01,900
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast, is a warm 

2491
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:05,400
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

2492
02:07:05,400 --> 02:07:07,200
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

2493
02:07:07,200 --> 02:07:10,400
She ruled her realm with the 
authority of a general and the 

2494
02:07:10,400 --> 02:07:13,300
warmth of a favorite aunt 
dispensing, both orders and 

2495
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:16,300
wisdom in equal measure the 
pecking order in a Victorian 

2496
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:19,300
Mansion is more complex than the
family tree of European royalty 

2497
02:07:19,300 --> 02:07:23,200
and twice as confusing for 
newcomers, you've learned to 

2498
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:26,000
navigate this social Labyrinth 
with the skill of a diplomat, 

2499
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:29,900
always mindful of who out-ranks 
who and exactly how much 

2500
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:34,100
courtesy each position demands. 
At the top of the servants 

2501
02:07:34,100 --> 02:07:36,700
hierarchy. 
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 

2502
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:39,700
who carries himself with the 
Dignity of a man who has never 

2503
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:43,300
doubted his place in the world. 
Mr. Whitmore the butler, 

2504
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:44,900
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

2505
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:48,800
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

2506
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:52,400
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

2507
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:54,300
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

2508
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:57,900
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

2509
02:07:57,900 --> 02:08:00,400
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

2510
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:03,900
Who manages the female star with
the organizational skills of a 

2511
02:08:03,908 --> 02:08:06,800
military commander and the 
intuition of someone whose 

2512
02:08:06,800 --> 02:08:10,400
raised 12 children Carries a 
massive ring of keys that 

2513
02:08:10,400 --> 02:08:13,500
Jangles with every step 
announcing her presence. 

2514
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:17,100
Like a one woman Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

2515
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:19,100
from the linen closets to The 
Wine Cellar. 

2516
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:22,300
And the sound of them has become
the soundtrack of authority in 

2517
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:25,100
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

2518
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,300
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 
and a harp that softer than her 

2519
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:31,200
Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

2520
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,600
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

2521
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:37,700
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

2522
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:41,900
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher key as 

2523
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:45,000
she reports directly to Mrs, 
Hartwell however within her 

2524
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:48,200
kitchen her Authority is 
unquestioned you found your 

2525
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:50,600
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social Machinery. 

2526
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:54,000
As a housemaid, you're above the
scholarly made and the kitchen 

2527
02:08:54,000 --> 02:08:56,000
help. 
But below the ladies made to the

2528
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:58,600
governments. 
Position that requires a 

2529
02:08:58,600 --> 02:09:00,300
peculiar kind of social 
awareness. 

2530
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:04,300
You need to be respectful to 
those of you kind to those below

2531
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:07,600
you and cautious around those at
your level because horizontal 

2532
02:09:07,600 --> 02:09:10,000
politics among servants. 
Can be more treacherous than 

2533
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:13,400
anything happening up stairs. 
The footmen occupy their own 

2534
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:17,100
strange category in this higher 
Archie, they're technically your

2535
02:09:17,100 --> 02:09:20,100
equals but they seem to believe 
their fancy uniforms and 

2536
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:22,800
proximity to the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

2537
02:09:22,800 --> 02:09:26,000
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

2538
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:29,400
mastered the skill of sneering 
at people while simultaneously, 

2539
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:33,600
serving them soup, his permitted
hair and pristine white gloves, 

2540
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:36,500
make him look like he's 
constantly ready for a formal 

2541
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:39,600
portrait even when he's just 
carrying cold, scuttles. 

2542
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,200
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100 small ways. 

2543
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:47,800
Who enters the servants Hall? 
First for meals, who gets the 

2544
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:51,100
best seat near the fire, whose 
allowed to voice opinions about 

2545
02:09:51,100 --> 02:09:54,600
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

2546
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:58,100
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

2547
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:01,700
studying ancient texts because 
misunderstanding your place can 

2548
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:04,600
result in anything from cold 
shoulders to actual dismissal. 

2549
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:08,000
The Strangers part of this 
higher Arc is how it mirrors the

2550
02:10:08,008 --> 02:10:10,800
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

2551
02:10:11,900 --> 02:10:14,900
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

2552
02:10:14,900 --> 02:10:17,600
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

2553
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:20,700
conducting a subtle campaign of 
psychological warfare against 

2554
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:23,900
Thomas the holy over. 
Whose responsibility. 

2555
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:25,700
It is to polish the brass door 
knobs. 

2556
02:10:26,400 --> 02:10:29,500
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

2557
02:10:29,500 --> 02:10:33,300
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

2558
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:37,000
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

2559
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:40,700
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

2560
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:43,300
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

2561
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:46,300
tensions rise. 
Key is understanding that 

2562
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:48,600
everyone from the lowliest. 
Scullery maid to the most 

2563
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:51,600
exalted ladies. 
Maid is desperately trying to 

2564
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:54,200
maintain their dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

2565
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:55,700
little of it. 
People in service. 

2566
02:10:56,600 --> 02:11:00,500
The laundry Maids exist in their
own steamy Universe emerging 

2567
02:11:00,500 --> 02:11:02,600
from the basement washhouse. 
Looking like, they've been 

2568
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:05,900
wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

2569
02:11:05,900 --> 02:11:08,600
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

2570
02:11:08,600 --> 02:11:10,600
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

2571
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:14,700
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

2572
02:11:14,700 --> 02:11:16,900
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

2573
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:19,300
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

2574
02:11:19,308 --> 02:11:22,300
lullaby. 
Truly, fascinating members of 

2575
02:11:22,300 --> 02:11:24,300
this servant. 
Ecosystem are the Specialists. 

2576
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:28,400
The lamp trimmer A treats each 
fixture like a delicate patient,

2577
02:11:28,400 --> 02:11:31,600
requiring surgery. 
The boot boy, who knows the 

2578
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:35,100
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

2579
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:38,400
under Butler his being groomed 
from Mr. Whitmore's position and

2580
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:41,000
carries the weight of that 
future responsibility like a 

2581
02:11:41,000 --> 02:11:44,000
crown that still being fitted. 
Living in a Victorian. 

2582
02:11:44,000 --> 02:11:47,500
Mansion means existing in Two 
Worlds simultaneously like being

2583
02:11:47,500 --> 02:11:50,200
an actor in a play where half 
the cast doesn't know the other 

2584
02:11:50,200 --> 02:11:52,900
half exists. 
You've mastered the art of 

2585
02:11:52,900 --> 02:11:55,500
becoming functionally invisible 
when family members are present.

2586
02:11:56,400 --> 02:11:58,800
Skill, that requires more 
athleticism than most people 

2587
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:02,500
realize, the back staircase is 
your lifeline to invisibility, 

2588
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:06,200
it's a narrow winding passage 
that connects every floor of the

2589
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,900
house designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

2590
02:12:09,900 --> 02:12:12,900
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

2591
02:12:12,900 --> 02:12:15,500
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

2592
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:19,500
stairs and complete darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

2593
02:12:19,500 --> 02:12:22,600
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles this, like, 

2594
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:25,500
having a secret passage, to 
everywhere that matters except 

2595
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:28,100
the secret is that you're not 
supposed to exist while using 

2596
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:30,000
it. 
The family's daily routine 

2597
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:32,900
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

2598
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:35,400
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

2599
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:37,500
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

2600
02:12:37,500 --> 02:12:39,700
means you need to have her 
sitting room in maculate by 

2601
02:12:39,700 --> 02:12:42,400
7:30. 
She has a particular way of 

2602
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:44,800
saying when things aren't 
arranged to her satisfaction, 

2603
02:12:44,800 --> 02:12:48,700
not quite disapproval, but, 
definitely disappointment that 

2604
02:12:48,700 --> 02:12:51,000
can ruin your entire morning. 
If you're not prepared for it. 

2605
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:55,200
The children present their own 
unique challenge is Master 

2606
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:57,900
fredric 8 years old and 
convinced of his military 

2607
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:01,000
greatness has transformed the 
third floor in to his personal 

2608
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:04,000
Battlefield, you've learned to 
clean around elaborate 

2609
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:06,900
Arrangements of toy soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

2610
02:13:06,900 --> 02:13:09,200
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

2611
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,000
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

2612
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,400
corrupting young. 
Mine's The sister Miss Carolyn 

2613
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:18,300
is 12 and has recently 
discovered, the power of 

2614
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:21,300
treating servants, like her 
personal confidence, which is 

2615
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:24,200
flattering Until you realize 
she's practicing her future role

2616
02:13:24,200 --> 02:13:27,100
as Mistress of her household. 
The guests are where things get 

2617
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:29,100
intriguing. 
Every visitor brings their 

2618
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,100
expectations, their servants, 
and their own way of treating 

2619
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:34,800
the household staff. 
You've learned to read people 

2620
02:13:34,800 --> 02:13:38,200
quickly, some guests, treat you 
like Furniture, others like 

2621
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:41,800
family pets, and a precious few,
like actual human beings. 

2622
02:13:42,600 --> 02:13:45,500
Those who attempt to appear 
friendly yet, make it evident 

2623
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:48,300
that they view you as a 
completely different species of 

2624
02:13:48,300 --> 02:13:52,200
the worst. 
Mrs, Fitzpatrick, lady Ashworth,

2625
02:13:52,200 --> 02:13:55,300
sister visits monthly and treats
the servants Hall like her 

2626
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:59,700
personal entertainment venue. 
sheeps through asking intrusive 

2627
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:02,300
questions about your personal 
life, while simultaneously 

2628
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:04,600
rearranging everything, 
according to her own 

2629
02:14:04,600 --> 02:14:09,100
preferences, Her lady's maid. 
Miss Prentice apologizes 

2630
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:12,400
constantly for her mistress as 
Behavior while somehow making it

2631
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:13,800
clear that she considers 
herself. 

2632
02:14:13,800 --> 02:14:17,700
Superior to the permanent staff,
the dinner parties away your 

2633
02:14:17,700 --> 02:14:20,000
invisibility skills. 
Get their greatest work out. 

2634
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:23,200
You've learned to move through 
the dining room, like a ghost. 

2635
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:26,800
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses while eight to 

2636
02:14:26,800 --> 02:14:28,300
12. 
People conduct conversations 

2637
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:30,600
that range from fascinating to 
horrifying. 

2638
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:34,400
Within the same sentence. 
The trick is to listen with 

2639
02:14:34,400 --> 02:14:37,600
without appearing to listen to 
anticipate needs without seeming

2640
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:39,600
to pay attention. 
And to remember everything 

2641
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:41,900
while, pretending to forget it, 
all the moment, you leave the 

2642
02:14:41,900 --> 02:14:44,400
room. 
Overhearing conversations about 

2643
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:47,900
politics and social scandals. 
That would make excellent 

2644
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:49,800
gossip. 
If you could share them, you've 

2645
02:14:49,800 --> 02:14:52,700
gained valuable insights, the 
family, discusses their 

2646
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:55,300
neighbor's Affairs, their 
business dealings, and their 

2647
02:14:55,300 --> 02:14:58,900
opinions about everything from 
the weather to the Empire all 

2648
02:14:58,900 --> 02:15:00,200
while servants. 
Move around them like 

2649
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:03,700
well-trained Spirits, it has 
provided you with an education 

2650
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:07,100
in human nature that no school 
could match the most challenging

2651
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:08,700
aspect of this Upstairs 
Downstairs. 

2652
02:15:08,700 --> 02:15:11,800
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

2653
02:15:11,800 --> 02:15:15,400
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

2654
02:15:15,400 --> 02:15:18,600
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

2655
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:21,600
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth 

2656
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:24,700
when you arranged her flowers 
particularly well or not of 

2657
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:27,400
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

2658
02:15:27,400 --> 02:15:32,000
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, Self

2659
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:33,800
becomes a character in this 
daily drama. 

2660
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:36,600
Different rooms have different 
personalities. 

2661
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:39,000
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

2662
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:40,700
For how you're supposed to 
behave in them. 

2663
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:44,200
The library demands quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

2664
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:47,400
requires, careful, attention to 
every surface and the nurse 

2665
02:15:47,400 --> 02:15:49,200
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

2666
02:15:49,200 --> 02:15:50,400
from. 
Knowing that children can 

2667
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:53,500
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

2668
02:15:53,500 --> 02:15:56,000
cleaning of Victorian. 
Mansion is like being a 

2669
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:57,900
detective, a chemist and an 
athlete. 

2670
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:01,300
All rolled into one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

2671
02:16:01,300 --> 02:16:05,800
every stain tells a story, every
surface has its personality and 

2672
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:08,400
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the 

2673
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:12,100
day, or create a disaster that 
follows you for months, the 

2674
02:16:12,100 --> 02:16:14,300
cleaning supplies in Mrs, 
hartwell's locked, cupboard, 

2675
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:16,900
looked like ingredients for 
either medicine or Mayhem, 

2676
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:18,900
depending on your level of 
expertise. 

2677
02:16:19,900 --> 02:16:22,200
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard contains a variety of 

2678
02:16:22,200 --> 02:16:25,400
cleaning supplies, including 
carbolic acid for the floors, 

2679
02:16:25,400 --> 02:16:28,600
vinegar for the windows. 
And a product known as monkey 

2680
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:32,200
brand soap, which while 
purportedly effective on 

2681
02:16:32,200 --> 02:16:35,299
everything from brass to boots. 
Often leaves your hands feeling 

2682
02:16:35,299 --> 02:16:37,000
as if you've been handling 
sandpaper. 

2683
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:39,900
You've developed a personal 
relationship with different 

2684
02:16:39,900 --> 02:16:42,400
types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

2685
02:16:42,400 --> 02:16:46,900
comes from daily living dust mud
occasional spilled tea, which 

2686
02:16:46,900 --> 02:16:49,299
responds to straightforward 
cleaning methods and doesn't 

2687
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,500
hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

2688
02:16:52,500 --> 02:16:55,900
that hides in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

2689
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:58,100
you. 
When important guests, visit the

2690
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,000
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

2691
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:02,900
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

2692
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:05,799
before which your convinced is 
either Supernatural or the 

2693
02:17:05,808 --> 02:17:08,299
result of some servant 
conspiracy you have not figured 

2694
02:17:08,299 --> 02:17:10,799
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

2695
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:13,600
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage usually reserved

2696
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:16,700
for mountain climbing, you've 
mastered the art of dismantling.

2697
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:19,700
These Crystal monsters 
meticulously cleaning each 

2698
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:22,600
individual Crystal with a 
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 

2699
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:26,000
fervently Advocates, but 
withholds the recipe, The 

2700
02:17:26,000 --> 02:17:29,100
crystals have to be dried with 
specific cloths polished with 

2701
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:32,400
particular movements and 
reassembled in exactly the right

2702
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:34,500
order or they'll catch the Light
wrong. 

2703
02:17:34,500 --> 02:17:38,000
And everyone will notice Carpet 
cleaning is where you've truly 

2704
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:39,900
earned your stripes as a 
domestic Warrior. 

2705
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:43,799
The dining room carpet which 
depicts some sort of hunting 

2706
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:46,799
scene with more dire than you'd 
see in an actual Forest requires

2707
02:17:46,799 --> 02:17:50,100
weekly attention with a carpet 
beater, that's heavier than most

2708
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:52,299
people's luggage. 
You've learned to read the 

2709
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:54,700
carpets mood. 
Some weeks, it gives up its 

2710
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:57,900
dirty easily other weeks. 
It clings to every spec like 

2711
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:01,200
it's fighting for its life. 
The Silver Service is your 

2712
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:03,000
Nemesis and your pride 
simultaneously. 

2713
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:06,200
There are pieces in the butler's
Pantry that have been in the 

2714
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:08,900
family for Generations, each 
with its own cleaning 

2715
02:18:08,900 --> 02:18:11,900
requirements, and its own way of
making you look incompetent. 

2716
02:18:13,100 --> 02:18:14,400
He service from Lourdes 
ashworth's. 

2717
02:18:14,400 --> 02:18:17,600
Grandmother requires a special 
polish that has to be applied in

2718
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:21,200
circular motions. 
Never straight lines and buffed 

2719
02:18:21,200 --> 02:18:24,200
to a shine that can blind 
unsuspecting footland. 

2720
02:18:25,000 --> 02:18:27,500
You've discovered that cleaning 
is really about understanding 

2721
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:31,600
chemistry, even if nobody calls 
it that Different materials 

2722
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:34,600
required, different approaches, 
different solutions, and 

2723
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:37,500
different techniques. 
The marble in the entrance hall 

2724
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:39,100
needs. 
Gentle treatment with specific 

2725
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:41,400
soaps. 
While the wood paneling in the 

2726
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:43,500
study requires oils that have 
been mixed. 

2727
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:46,600
According to recipes, that are 
closely guarded family secrets, 

2728
02:18:46,600 --> 02:18:49,600
the laundry presents, its own 
scientific challenges. 

2729
02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:53,700
You've learned to identify 
stains by sight smell and 

2730
02:18:53,700 --> 02:18:55,299
sometimes by the story behind 
them. 

2731
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:57,799
Blood requires cold water and 
salt. 

2732
02:18:57,799 --> 02:19:00,700
Wine needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine. 

2733
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:03,400
If you can get it, a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

2734
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:06,299
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and what 

2735
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:09,100
ever misses Pemberton recommends
from her asked of kitchen 

2736
02:19:09,100 --> 02:19:11,799
remedies, Your skills truly 
test. 

2737
02:19:11,799 --> 02:19:14,799
During the seasonal cleaning 
rituals spring cleaning means 

2738
02:19:14,799 --> 02:19:17,700
taking apart every room. 
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 

2739
02:19:17,700 --> 02:19:20,500
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

2740
02:19:20,500 --> 02:19:22,299
problems that have been hiding 
or winter. 

2741
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:25,299
You've learned to approach these
marathon's like a military 

2742
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:29,700
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management and 

2743
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:31,500
the kind of determination that 
comes from. 

2744
02:19:31,500 --> 02:19:33,700
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

2745
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:36,900
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

2746
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,000
become extensions of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

2747
02:19:40,000 --> 02:19:43,400
pressure each brush can handle, 
which cloths work best on which 

2748
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:46,400
surfaces and how to make a 
feather duster perform like a 

2749
02:19:46,407 --> 02:19:49,100
Precision instrument, your hands
have developed. 

2750
02:19:49,100 --> 02:19:52,700
Calluses in places that tell the
story of your daily routine and 

2751
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:55,200
your back has learned to bend 
and twist in ways that would 

2752
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:58,200
impress contortionists, the 
kitchen is the heart of the 

2753
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:00,700
manner but it's a heart that 
beats with the rhythm of 

2754
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:04,000
organized, chaos, military, 
precision, and the occasional 

2755
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:07,200
minor explosion when someone 
forgets that the temperamental 

2756
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:10,900
stove has a mind of its own, 
You've learned to navigate this 

2757
02:20:10,900 --> 02:20:13,900
coloring, Battlefield with the 
skill of a diplomat and the 

2758
02:20:13,900 --> 02:20:17,900
reflexes of someone who's been 
hit by flying pastry once to 

2759
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:20,600
offer. 
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 

2760
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:23,500
Her domain with a wooden spoon 
that has endured more use than 

2761
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,900
most evil weapons. 
Mrs. Pemberton as a cook who 

2762
02:20:26,900 --> 02:20:30,600
adeptly prepares a seven-course 
dinner for 12 guests managers. 

2763
02:20:30,600 --> 02:20:34,800
The daily meals for 23 servants,
monitors, dietary restrictions 

2764
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:37,500
that fluctuate with the weather 
and maintains a constant 

2765
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:40,000
commentary on the moral failing 
of anyone who has ever 

2766
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,100
questioned her gravy. 
A kitchen follows a schedule 

2767
02:20:43,100 --> 02:20:45,200
that would leave Railway 
conductors feeling envious 

2768
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:48,500
breakfast. 
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 

2769
02:20:48,500 --> 02:20:51,200
the great stove, being poked to 
life, like a temperamental 

2770
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:55,000
dragon that requires specific 
rituals to avoid breathing fire 

2771
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:58,500
in the wrong direction. 
The bread has to rise at 

2772
02:20:58,500 --> 02:21:01,500
precisely the right temperature,
the porridge must be stirred in 

2773
02:21:01,508 --> 02:21:04,700
a particular pattern to avoid 
lumps and the bacon requires the

2774
02:21:04,700 --> 02:21:06,900
kind of attention. 
Usually reserved for diplomatic 

2775
02:21:06,900 --> 02:21:10,700
negotiations, you've learned to 
read the kitchen's, moods like a

2776
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:14,100
weather forecaster When Mrs, 
Pemberton starts humming while 

2777
02:21:14,100 --> 02:21:17,300
she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

2778
02:21:18,200 --> 02:21:20,800
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

2779
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:23,100
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

2780
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:25,500
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

2781
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:30,400
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight when she 

2782
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:32,800
starts banging pots louder than 
necessary. 

2783
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:36,200
Everyone knows to work faster 
and Speak less. 

2784
02:21:37,600 --> 02:21:41,200
The scholarly made poor Sarah 
lives in a world of endless 

2785
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:45,200
dishes where every meal creates 
a mountain of plates glasses and

2786
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:48,200
serving pieces that need to be 
washed, dried and put away 

2787
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:50,300
before the next meal Begins the 
cycle again. 

2788
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,800
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

2789
02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:57,100
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater, that was 

2790
02:21:57,100 --> 02:22:00,200
on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

2791
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:04,400
a porcelain monster that could 
probably the small horse and she

2792
02:22:04,408 --> 02:22:07,100
approaches each load of dishes, 
like a general, planing a 

2793
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:09,500
campaign. 
Preparation of meals for 

2794
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:13,000
upstairs, is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

2795
02:22:13,000 --> 02:22:15,500
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

2796
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:17,400
watchmakers. 
Every plate. 

2797
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:20,300
Must be warmed to the exact 
temperature, every garnish 

2798
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:23,900
placed with artistic precision. 
And every course, time to arrive

2799
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:26,500
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

2800
02:22:27,300 --> 02:22:29,700
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

2801
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:32,300
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

2802
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,800
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

2803
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:38,500
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

2804
02:22:38,508 --> 02:22:43,200
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

2805
02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:46,800
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

2806
02:22:46,800 --> 02:22:50,100
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

2807
02:22:50,100 --> 02:22:53,600
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered the 

2808
02:22:53,600 --> 02:22:57,300
skill of maximizing, the use of 
ingredients resulting in meals, 

2809
02:22:57,300 --> 02:23:00,400
that not only economical, but 
also delicious, despite her 

2810
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:02,300
reluctant to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

2811
02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:06,600
The weekly delivery of supplies,
turns the kitchen into a small 

2812
02:23:06,600 --> 02:23:09,400
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesman arrived with 

2813
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:11,400
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 
Goods. 

2814
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:14,800
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects, 
everything with the critical eye

2815
02:23:14,800 --> 02:23:17,100
of someone who has been fooled 
by wilted lettuce. 

2816
02:23:17,100 --> 02:23:21,200
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

2817
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:25,000
Huggles over prices rejects 
inferior products and somehow, 

2818
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:27,300
manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

2819
02:23:27,300 --> 02:23:30,100
that ensure the Mana gets the 
best of everything while staying

2820
02:23:30,100 --> 02:23:32,900
within budget. 
The kitchen gossip network is 

2821
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:36,500
more efficient than the Postal 
Service information travels from

2822
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:38,400
the tradesman's entrance to the 
servants Hall. 

2823
02:23:38,400 --> 02:23:42,000
Faster than Steam from a kettle 
and Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows

2824
02:23:42,000 --> 02:23:43,800
about neighborhood scandals 
before they happen. 

2825
02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:47,700
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

2826
02:23:47,700 --> 02:23:50,900
butchers to unsuitable 
marriages, all while stirring 

2827
02:23:50,900 --> 02:23:53,600
sources and timing roasts with 
the Precision of a master 

2828
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,500
conductor. 
The kitchen reveals its true 

2829
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:58,100
character during the evening, 
clean up. 

2830
02:23:58,100 --> 02:24:02,000
After a day of constant 
activity, the great room needs 

2831
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,700
to be restored to perfect order 
for the next day's battles. 

2832
02:24:04,700 --> 02:24:08,600
Every surface must be scrubbed 
every pot cleaned and put away. 

2833
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:11,800
And the stove, banked for the 
night like a faithful pet being 

2834
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:15,400
tucked into bed. 
During These Quiet Moments that 

2835
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:18,400
you appreciate the kitchen's 
warmth, both literal and 

2836
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:22,000
metaphorical and understand why 
it's considered the heart of the

2837
02:24:22,008 --> 02:24:25,600
entire household living in a 
Victorian Mansion also makes you

2838
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:29,000
an unwilling keeper of family 
secrets neighborhood, gossip and

2839
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:31,900
blackmail material, which you 
would never do, because that 

2840
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:33,800
would be wrong, and you need 
this job. 

2841
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:37,700
The servants Hall after dinner 
is where information flows like 

2842
02:24:37,700 --> 02:24:40,000
tea from a pot. 
Sometimes bitter. 

2843
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:42,000
Sometimes. 
Sweet always hot. 

2844
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:45,100
You've learned to listen 
carefully and speak cautiously 

2845
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:48,900
because gossip is currency in 
the servant world and spending 

2846
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:50,800
it. 
Unwisely can leave you socially 

2847
02:24:50,800 --> 02:24:53,000
bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

2848
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,500
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

2849
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:59,600
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

2850
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:02,800
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha. 

2851
02:25:02,800 --> 02:25:06,000
The senior housemaid has been 
with the family for 15 years and

2852
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:09,600
knows everything about everyone.
Who possesses an extensive 

2853
02:25:09,600 --> 02:25:12,600
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

2854
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,200
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 

2855
02:25:16,200 --> 02:25:18,000
sister's exclusion from 
Christmas dinner. 

2856
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:21,200
Martha dispenses this 
information like a careful. 

2857
02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:24,700
Farmer's assist, giving you just
enough to set his curiosity 

2858
02:25:24,700 --> 02:25:27,400
without providing enough to get 
you into trouble. 

2859
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:31,000
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

2860
02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:33,700
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

2861
02:25:33,708 --> 02:25:36,400
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

2862
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:39,100
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

2863
02:25:39,100 --> 02:25:40,900
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

2864
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:43,700
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

2865
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:46,700
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

2866
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,100
expected to comprehend. 
The art is in appearing 

2867
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:53,300
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

2868
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:55,600
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it. 

2869
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:58,500
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

2870
02:25:58,500 --> 02:26:01,700
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

2871
02:26:01,700 --> 02:26:04,500
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

2872
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:07,300
correspondence and their 
requests for specific services. 

2873
02:26:08,200 --> 02:26:10,900
Colonel Weatherby. 
Who visits quarterly always 

2874
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:14,100
brings his soap and request 
extra towels which suggests 

2875
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:17,100
either fastidious hygiene or 
something more interesting that 

2876
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:18,400
you're not supposed to think 
about? 

2877
02:26:19,600 --> 02:26:22,400
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 
with her sheets and insists on 

2878
02:26:22,408 --> 02:26:23,800
having her tea prepared with 
water. 

2879
02:26:23,800 --> 02:26:25,600
That's been boiled, exactly 
twice. 

2880
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:28,800
Which tells you something about 
either her standards or her 

2881
02:26:28,800 --> 02:26:32,200
superstitions the most dangerous
secrets are the ones that 

2882
02:26:32,200 --> 02:26:35,200
involve the family's finances, 
you've overheard enough 

2883
02:26:35,200 --> 02:26:37,800
conversations to understand that
the man is magnificent 

2884
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,300
appearance. 
Might not reflect the actual 

2885
02:26:40,300 --> 02:26:43,600
state of the family's resources.
There are whispered discussion 

2886
02:26:43,600 --> 02:26:46,800
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

2887
02:26:46,800 --> 02:26:50,100
economies that must never be 
apparent to visitors this 

2888
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:53,700
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

2889
02:26:53,700 --> 02:26:57,200
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

2890
02:26:57,208 --> 02:26:59,900
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servant 

2891
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:02,900
Hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

2892
02:27:02,900 --> 02:27:05,800
the moment when Miss Caroline's 
parents will notice her obvious 

2893
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:09,300
infatuation with the young cure,
it was visiting to discuss her 

2894
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,500
charitable work. 
Master Frederick's, current 

2895
02:27:12,500 --> 02:27:15,600
obsession with military history,
seems to be connected to his 

2896
02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:18,900
desire to impress. 
Miss Julia, the daughter of a 

2897
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:21,900
visiting general, which is 
adorable, Until you realize that

2898
02:27:21,900 --> 02:27:24,700
8 year old romantic strategies 
involving increasingly, 

2899
02:27:24,700 --> 02:27:28,700
elaborate displays of toy 
soldier expertise, observing the

2900
02:27:28,700 --> 02:27:31,500
relationship between Lord and 
Lady Ashworth from the unique 

2901
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,000
perspective of someone who 
maintains their private spaces 

2902
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,000
as a fascinating study in 
Victoria and marriage, they 

2903
02:27:37,000 --> 02:27:39,800
maintain the perfect facade of 
domestic Harmony and public. 

2904
02:27:39,800 --> 02:27:43,600
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

2905
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:46,800
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

2906
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:49,200
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

2907
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:51,900
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

2908
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:55,400
other The most unexpected 
secrets are the ones that reveal

2909
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:58,300
the family's Humanity. 
You've discovered that Lord 

2910
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,700
ashworth's poetry which he hides
in his desk drawer like its 

2911
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:05,400
evidence of criminal activity. 
lady ashwath, discreetly 

2912
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,400
transfers funds to her former 
governors who was struggling 

2913
02:28:08,400 --> 02:28:11,900
financially, Master Fredericks 
sleeps with a stuffed elephant. 

2914
02:28:11,900 --> 02:28:15,500
He's had since infancy. 
A miscarry keeps a diary locked 

2915
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:18,200
in a box, you would never dream 
of opening, even though, you 

2916
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:21,100
know, exactly where she hides 
the key, the neighborhood 

2917
02:28:21,100 --> 02:28:23,500
scandals that filter through the
servants Network are like 

2918
02:28:23,508 --> 02:28:25,100
chapter in a novel That Never 
Ends. 

2919
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:28,600
Is the ongoing mystery of why 
the Pemberton family down the 

2920
02:28:28,608 --> 02:28:31,100
road, suddenly dismissed their 
entire staff last month. 

2921
02:28:31,100 --> 02:28:34,300
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

2922
02:28:34,300 --> 02:28:37,100
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

2923
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:39,900
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter. 

2924
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,000
Who has been seen walking on 
chaperone with a young man who 

2925
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:44,700
is definitely not from a 
suitable family. 

2926
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:47,900
After 18 months in service, 
you've learned that life in a 

2927
02:28:47,900 --> 02:28:49,400
Victorian Mansion is built on 
Rhythm. 

2928
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:52,700
The daily beet of routine that 
keeps everything functioning 

2929
02:28:52,700 --> 02:28:56,200
punctuated by moments of 
unexpected magic that make all 

2930
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:59,600
the hard work worth while your 
days of developed, a musical 

2931
02:28:59,600 --> 02:29:03,000
quality each task flowing into 
the next with the kind of 

2932
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:06,100
precision that comes from 
repetition and the knowledge 

2933
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,600
that 22 other people depend on, 
you doing your part perfectly. 

2934
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:13,500
Changing seasons, bring 
different rhythms to the manor. 

2935
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:16,700
Spring means opening Windows 
that have been sealed against 

2936
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,000
Winter's. 
Cold beating rugs, that have 

2937
02:29:19,000 --> 02:29:21,900
collected months of fireplace 
smoke and the general 

2938
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:24,000
resurrection of a house that's 
been hibernating. 

2939
02:29:25,000 --> 02:29:28,200
Summer brings Garden parties 
house guests and the challenge 

2940
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:31,900
of keeping cool in rooms that 
face the afternoon sun Autumn 

2941
02:29:31,900 --> 02:29:35,400
means preparing for winter Siege
preserving food and The 

2942
02:29:35,400 --> 02:29:38,700
Melancholy beauty of watching 
The Grounds transformed into a 

2943
02:29:38,700 --> 02:29:42,200
landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

2944
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:46,600
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

2945
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,100
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

2946
02:29:49,100 --> 02:29:52,300
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze, everything solid. 

2947
02:29:52,300 --> 02:29:55,600
You've learned to find beauty in
the most mundane tasks. 

2948
02:29:56,300 --> 02:29:58,900
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

2949
02:29:58,900 --> 02:30:02,100
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

2950
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:04,300
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

2951
02:30:04,300 --> 02:30:06,200
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

2952
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:08,500
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

2953
02:30:08,500 --> 02:30:11,500
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

2954
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,500
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

2955
02:30:14,500 --> 02:30:18,900
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

2956
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:22,400
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

2957
02:30:22,400 --> 02:30:25,200
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

2958
02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:28,600
appreciate Lord ashworths. 
Absent-minded Professor 

2959
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:30,900
tendency? 
You never move anything on his 

2960
02:30:30,900 --> 02:30:34,100
desk even when it's been sitting
in the same spot for months. 

2961
02:30:35,100 --> 02:30:37,400
Lady Ashworth. 
Perfectionist streak has taught 

2962
02:30:37,400 --> 02:30:40,000
you to anticipate problems 
before they occur. 

2963
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:44,300
And to take pride in exceeding 
expectations, the children have 

2964
02:30:44,300 --> 02:30:46,900
shown you that growing up in 
privilege, doesn't necessarily 

2965
02:30:46,900 --> 02:30:48,400
mean growing up without 
challenges. 

2966
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:51,400
And that being wealthy doesn't 
protect you from the universal 

2967
02:30:51,400 --> 02:30:54,100
experience of childhood 
confusion and the need for 

2968
02:30:54,108 --> 02:30:57,100
kindness, your fellow servants, 
have become the family. 

2969
02:30:57,100 --> 02:31:00,700
You never expected to find. 
Martha's tough exterior, 

2970
02:31:00,700 --> 02:31:03,800
conceals a heart Shattered by 
numerous disappointments yet. 

2971
02:31:03,800 --> 02:31:06,400
She's the first to extend 
assistance, when you're in need 

2972
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:09,800
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 
complaints about ungrateful. 

2973
02:31:09,800 --> 02:31:13,600
People conceal a profound joy 
and providing nutritious food 

2974
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:16,700
and maintaining their health, 
even Mr. Whitmore with his 

2975
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:20,500
intimidating, dignity has shown 
moments of unexpected humor, and

2976
02:31:20,500 --> 02:31:23,700
surprise, in kindness. 
The skills you've developed in 

2977
02:31:23,700 --> 02:31:27,500
service of changed you in ways, 
you didn't anticipate, your 

2978
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:29,500
hands have become capable of 
delicate work. 

2979
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:32,200
That would have been impossible,
18 months ago. 

2980
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:35,600
Your back has grown stronger 
from all the bending and lifting

2981
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:39,800
your mind has become more 
organized, more efficient and 

2982
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:41,500
better at solving problems 
quickly. 

2983
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:46,300
You've learned to read people's 
moods to anticipate needs and to

2984
02:31:46,308 --> 02:31:48,100
provide Comfort without being 
asked. 

2985
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:51,500
The most surprising discovery is
how much you've learned about 

2986
02:31:51,500 --> 02:31:55,300
yourself living in service has 
taught you resilience patience 

2987
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:56,900
and the value of work. 
Well, done. 

2988
02:31:56,900 --> 02:32:00,800
You've learned that you can 
adapt unexpected situations that

2989
02:32:00,800 --> 02:32:03,900
you can do more than you thought
and that dignity isn't based on 

2990
02:32:03,908 --> 02:32:07,800
social status. 
Future stretches ahead with 

2991
02:32:07,800 --> 02:32:09,500
possibilities. 
You're still learning to 

2992
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,100
imagine. 
Some servants spend their entire

2993
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:15,500
careers in service Rising 
through the ranks to positions 

2994
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:19,100
of respect and responsibility. 
Others say, their wages and 

2995
02:32:19,100 --> 02:32:20,900
eventually establish their 
households. 

2996
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:24,500
A few Marion leave service 
altogether, carrying their 

2997
02:32:24,500 --> 02:32:27,800
skills into different lives. 
You haven't decided which path 

2998
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,200
you'll take, but you've learned 
that having choices is a luxury,

2999
02:32:31,200 --> 02:32:35,700
your grateful for As you settle 
into your narrow bed, at the end

3000
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:38,800
of another long day. 
Listening to Sarah murmur about 

3001
02:32:38,800 --> 02:32:42,500
her sweet heart and as reliable 
snores, you realize that this 

3002
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,200
life you've built and service is
more than just a job. 

3003
02:32:46,100 --> 02:32:49,700
The community and education and 
a foundation for whatever comes 

3004
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:52,100
next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

3005
02:32:52,100 --> 02:32:55,700
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

3006
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:58,500
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

3007
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:01,300
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

3008
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:03,900
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

3009
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,800
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

3010
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:09,900
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

3011
02:33:10,600 --> 02:33:14,200
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

3012
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:16,900
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

3013
02:33:16,900 --> 02:33:18,600
matters more than you might 
have. 

3014
02:33:18,608 --> 02:33:21,500
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servant stairs with 

3015
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:24,800
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

3016
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:29,000
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

3017
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:30,500
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

3018
02:33:30,500 --> 02:33:31,900
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

3019
02:33:32,800 --> 02:33:36,300
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and family

3020
02:33:36,300 --> 02:33:39,700
is the people who know exactly 
how you like your tea and never 

3021
02:33:39,700 --> 02:33:41,800
forget to save you. 
The last slice of Mrs. 

3022
02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:54,000
Pemberton's apple tart. 
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 

3023
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:57,200
the unmetal province of owari. 
Admit a period in Japan. 

3024
02:33:57,200 --> 02:34:00,100
Now remembered for Endless 
conflicts and rapidly shifting 

3025
02:34:00,100 --> 02:34:03,900
feudal. 
Allegiances his father herida 

3026
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:07,300
was a minor warlord grappling 
with clan in fighting local 

3027
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:09,900
skirmishes and the Perpetual 
risk of larger. 

3028
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:11,500
Armies from neighboring 
province's. 

3029
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:14,800
There was no guarantee that the 
infant Nobunaga would transform,

3030
02:34:14,800 --> 02:34:18,200
the realm families fought 
Alliance is crumbled. 

3031
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:22,900
A new leaders emerged overnight.
Yet from the Vantage of time, 

3032
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:26,900
it's clear he planted seeds, 
that would remake Japan, early 

3033
02:34:26,900 --> 02:34:29,800
records, describe a young 
Nobunaga as unruly. 

3034
02:34:29,800 --> 02:34:34,100
He spurned formalities wearing. 
Outlandish clothes, arriving 

3035
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:37,600
late to Solemn ceremonies and 
generally annoying Clan Elders. 

3036
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:40,600
They labeled him full Hardy, or 
even an embarrassment to the 

3037
02:34:40,608 --> 02:34:43,700
odor name. 
But behind that facade of 

3038
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:46,600
flamboyance looked to creative 
mind hungry for novelty. 

3039
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:50,200
He tinkered with foreign 
trinkets asked probing questions

3040
02:34:50,200 --> 02:34:53,600
about strategy and displayed a 
knack for analyzing rival 

3041
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:58,100
movements teachers who tried to 
tame him, rarely succeeded yet, 

3042
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:00,900
they noticed flashes of 
Brilliance like the time. 

3043
02:35:00,900 --> 02:35:03,800
He walked the perimeter of his 
father's Castle pointing out 

3044
02:35:03,800 --> 02:35:07,800
weaknesses in Gate design the 
groans samurai overlooked, his 

3045
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:11,600
father's death in 1551 thrust, 
this untested youth into 

3046
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:14,600
Southern prominence. 
Incidentally the older Clan 

3047
02:35:14,608 --> 02:35:18,200
fractured uncle's, half-brothers
and distant cousins jostled for 

3048
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:20,900
the top seat. 
Conventional wisdom suggested 

3049
02:35:20,900 --> 02:35:23,600
that the audacious fool of owari
had little chance. 

3050
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:28,900
But in the swirl of that crisis,
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he

3051
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:32,300
broke up HUD short-term packed 
with key retainers promised, the

3052
02:35:32,308 --> 02:35:35,700
new lands and swiftly dismantled
the claims of its older 

3053
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:37,300
relatives who underestimated 
him. 

3054
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:41,600
Some, he exiled and some, he 
subdued militarily, within two 

3055
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:43,900
years. 
He asserted control over most of

3056
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:47,100
the wari, observers realized he 
was no clown. 

3057
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:50,600
Simply despise the old 
ceremonial style and did things 

3058
02:35:50,600 --> 02:35:53,300
his own way. 
Rumor has it that around this 

3059
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,600
time, a traveling Merchant 
introduced him to our Cube's. 

3060
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:00,600
Matchlock guns from the West. 
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 

3061
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:03,700
as crude and unworthy 
overshadowed by the Elegance of 

3062
02:36:03,700 --> 02:36:08,100
swords and Spears Nobunaga 
though, recognized their 

3063
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:10,800
potential. 
He quietly stockpiled them 

3064
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:13,500
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 
or adapt them. 

3065
02:36:14,200 --> 02:36:16,900
He tested them in private 
drills, training foot soldiers 

3066
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,500
to Fire and disciplined volleys.
The practice was a departure 

3067
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:24,000
from the sengoku norm which 
romanticized heroic duels. 

3068
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,700
Aimed to harness the Synergy of 
the ranks prioritizing 

3069
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:29,500
technology over individual 
Bravada. 

3070
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:32,200
Such an ocean didn't spread 
widely yet. 

3071
02:36:33,000 --> 02:36:35,500
But the seeds were planted for a
new kind of warfare. 

3072
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,200
The first major test of his 
cunning came in 1560. 

3073
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:42,800
When in Regala yoshimoto, one of
the era's, most formidable 

3074
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:46,500
Warlords, led a giant army 
through a warri in route to the 

3075
02:36:46,500 --> 02:36:49,000
Capitol. 
The conventional approach would 

3076
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,800
have been for smaller clowns to 
hide in fortified castles or 

3077
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:56,600
attempt half-hearted skirmishes.
But Nobunaga went bold, famously

3078
02:36:56,600 --> 02:37:00,300
prayed at a local, Shrine, 
offered sake to his men and then

3079
02:37:00,300 --> 02:37:02,500
launched a surprise attack at 
IKEA hazama. 

3080
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:08,400
The result was astonishing 
yoshimoto, vast Force lulled 

3081
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:11,400
into overconfidence collapsed 
under nobunaga's. 

3082
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:14,900
Ambush yoshimoto himself was 
killed in the confusion, this 

3083
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:18,700
Victory stunned, the Japanese 
archipelago a lesser Clan from 

3084
02:37:18,700 --> 02:37:22,400
owari under a Brash, young Lord,
and toppled one of the biggest 

3085
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:27,000
threats in a single day. 
After okehazama smaller, local 

3086
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:28,700
Warlords. 
Rushed to align with the odor 

3087
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:31,300
Clan or at least sign neutrality
packs. 

3088
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:35,200
Nobunaga's Prestige sword. 
Yet he did not rest. 

3089
02:37:35,200 --> 02:37:38,400
He began forging deeper 
connections with merchants in 

3090
02:37:38,400 --> 02:37:41,700
nearby free cities, establishing
an economic backbone. 

3091
02:37:41,700 --> 02:37:45,400
He sought a lion's with key 
figures in minor and Omi, 

3092
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:48,800
province's, using marriages and 
mutual defense packs. 

3093
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:51,800
At the same time. 
He displayed unpredictability 

3094
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:56,300
punishing uncooperative, Lords 
harshly, sacking their castles, 

3095
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:59,500
and installing loyal. 
Retainer families in the void. 

3096
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:04,200
These expansions he showed an 
unusual attitude towards status 

3097
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:07,300
traditional samurai lineage 
mattered less to him than 

3098
02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:09,900
competence. 
If a farmer's son displayed 

3099
02:38:09,900 --> 02:38:14,300
skill nobin might Elevate him to
command squads or handle taxes, 

3100
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:17,400
the situation unsettled old 
Aristocrats who viewed 

3101
02:38:17,400 --> 02:38:20,900
inheritance as the Bedrock of 
power Nobunaga cared little for 

3102
02:38:20,900 --> 02:38:24,100
their complaints arguing that 
Victory and stability were more 

3103
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:25,900
important than outmoded 
hierarchies. 

3104
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:29,100
This approach gained him Fierce 
loyalty from those who 

3105
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:30,800
recognized that Talent was 
rewarded. 

3106
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:35,100
But it also sowed resentment 
among the Old Guard who saw him 

3107
02:38:35,100 --> 02:38:40,800
as an iconoclast. by the late 
1560s Odeon had outgrown the 

3108
02:38:40,800 --> 02:38:44,700
label full He was forging a 
reputation as a radical risk 

3109
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:47,500
taker. 
Combining intimidation strategic

3110
02:38:47,500 --> 02:38:51,300
alliances and unconventional 
warfare in Council. 

3111
02:38:51,300 --> 02:38:54,800
He might appeared dressed simply
focusing on substance and stead 

3112
02:38:54,800 --> 02:38:58,300
of Pompeii. 
Observers were called that in 

3113
02:38:58,300 --> 02:39:02,400
private, he studied Maps 
meticulously pondering, how to 

3114
02:39:02,408 --> 02:39:06,100
break the web of petty Wars that
capture Pam, fractured, no one 

3115
02:39:06,100 --> 02:39:09,200
yet, imagined the scale of his 
ambition that he'd attempt to 

3116
02:39:09,208 --> 02:39:13,300
unify the entire land. 
Signs were there in every bold 

3117
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:17,500
decision, every new alliance and
every shattered old tradition, 

3118
02:39:17,500 --> 02:39:20,300
he was on the brink of a far 
more sweeping campaign. 

3119
02:39:21,100 --> 02:39:25,000
As his influence grew in owari, 
Oda Nobunaga, distracted, his 

3120
02:39:25,000 --> 02:39:26,800
attention, towards the 
neighboring Mino. 

3121
02:39:27,500 --> 02:39:30,800
This domain was under the Saito 
Clan known for cunning 

3122
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:33,700
leadership, and strong hostile 
defenses, especially the 

3123
02:39:33,708 --> 02:39:37,300
imposing in Obby armor Castle 
perched, on a steep hill, local,

3124
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:40,000
Warlords, murmured. 
That Mino was a fortress Laden 

3125
02:39:40,000 --> 02:39:43,900
region, not easily subjugated, 
but Nobunaga believed that. 

3126
02:39:43,908 --> 02:39:47,200
If he could seize Mino, he would
secure a critical foothold on 

3127
02:39:47,200 --> 02:39:49,200
the route to Kyoto 
diplomatically. 

3128
02:39:49,200 --> 02:39:53,200
He first tried forging a 
connection he arranged for his 

3129
02:39:53,208 --> 02:39:56,500
foster daughter to marry. 
The Sato are the Hope was to pay

3130
02:39:56,500 --> 02:39:58,300
for smooth the path. 
Yet. 

3131
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:02,500
The Sato patriarch Sato dosan 
died in a familial conflict 

3132
02:40:02,500 --> 02:40:04,800
leaving the clan leadership in 
flux. 

3133
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:07,200
The new site. 
Oh head refused to yield 

3134
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:11,500
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from Nino 

3135
02:40:11,500 --> 02:40:13,300
who hated the new site only 
leadership. 

3136
02:40:13,300 --> 02:40:16,700
He cleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

3137
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:19,600
supply routes. 
He also hammered away at saito's

3138
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:22,300
border fortification with 
Relentless minor assaults. 

3139
02:40:22,300 --> 02:40:24,500
Wearing them down around this 
period. 

3140
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:28,300
Toyotomi hideyoshi and 
unassuming Foot soldier with a 

3141
02:40:28,300 --> 02:40:30,900
knack for persuasion captured, 
nobunaga's attention. 

3142
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:34,600
Hideyoshi brokered, local 
alliances and bribed Saito 

3143
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:38,400
underlings to sabotage defenses 
from within the infiltration was

3144
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:42,800
so effective that by 1567 
saito's lines crumbled under a 

3145
02:40:42,800 --> 02:40:47,100
well-coordinated strike in Obby,
Arma Castle fell and Nobunaga 

3146
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:49,200
promptly. 
Renamed the Fortress gifu 

3147
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:52,400
symbolizing, a fresh chapter. 
Gifu Castle. 

3148
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:55,600
Thus, became his new base 
overshadowing, a worries, older 

3149
02:40:55,600 --> 02:40:59,200
seat, local Legend says he 
pinned a banner reading Tinker, 

3150
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:02,700
FUBU roughly, meaning all the 
realm under one sword, and 

3151
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:05,900
audacious motto that showcased 
his aspiration to unified Japan,

3152
02:41:05,900 --> 02:41:09,600
having secured Mino, he cast his
Gaze on Kyoto. 

3153
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:13,500
The imperial capital had lost 
much of its luster battered by 

3154
02:41:13,500 --> 02:41:17,900
Decades of feuding Warlords. 
The Ashoka shogunate nominally 

3155
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:20,900
ruling Japan was overshadowed by
local powers. 

3156
02:41:21,700 --> 02:41:25,500
Figure named ashikaga yoshiaki 
approached Nobunaga pleading for

3157
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:30,000
rescue from rival Warlords. 
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 

3158
02:41:30,000 --> 02:41:34,900
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 
city's confusion allowed him to 

3159
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:38,300
install yoshiaki as Shogun. 
Though it was an arrangement 

3160
02:41:38,300 --> 02:41:42,200
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 
Nobunaga intended to influence 

3161
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:45,800
National politics. 
Covertly utilizing yoshiaki, as 

3162
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:49,000
a symbolic leader. 
Kyoto's populace, reacted, with 

3163
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:51,800
mixed emotions. 
Some welcomed an end to chaos 

3164
02:41:51,800 --> 02:41:53,500
others. 
Feared, a new Tyrant. 

3165
02:41:53,500 --> 02:41:57,500
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 
by rebuilding toads and temples 

3166
02:41:57,500 --> 02:42:00,400
wrecked by earlier. 
Conflicts, he minted coinage, 

3167
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:04,600
financed local markets and even 
politely introduced fresh laws 

3168
02:42:04,600 --> 02:42:07,300
to curb violence in the capitals
districts. 

3169
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:10,500
Yet, these gestures of 
benevolence coexisted with his 

3170
02:42:10,500 --> 02:42:14,700
iron fisted approach to dissent,
for instance, lingering warlord 

3171
02:42:14,700 --> 02:42:18,000
forces, who refused to submit 
found themselves crushed among 

3172
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:21,400
them, was the rebellious miyoshi
Clan the city subdued, its 

3173
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:23,100
rebellious Corners over a matter
of months? 

3174
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:28,200
Nevertheless friction arose with
the Shogun Chicago, who bristled

3175
02:42:28,200 --> 02:42:31,100
at being overshadowed Yoshi 
quietly. 

3176
02:42:31,100 --> 02:42:33,500
Tried building alliances among 
traditional clams. 

3177
02:42:33,500 --> 02:42:37,300
Fueling an anti-odor Coalition 
that included powerful Barons 

3178
02:42:37,300 --> 02:42:40,600
like a Sakura and his eye. 
The standoff that followed 

3179
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:43,100
tested nobunaga's skill at multi
front campaigns. 

3180
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:47,200
Ironically his brother in law as
I nagamasa husband to Nobunaga 

3181
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:51,600
sister oichi led the others 
iCloud The personal heartbreak 

3182
02:42:51,600 --> 02:42:53,600
of Waging War against his kin 
weighed heavily. 

3183
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:57,500
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 
He arranged for alliances with 

3184
02:42:57,500 --> 02:43:02,100
Tokugawa ayesu who secured the 
East, allowing the odor main 

3185
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:06,500
Force to handle the azai asakura
threat, the battles near Anna. 

3186
02:43:06,500 --> 02:43:10,300
Garo in 1570, proved intense 
with OTA and Tokugawa, armies. 

3187
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:12,100
Eventually prevailing after 
vicious. 

3188
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:15,400
Hand-to-hand fighting this 
Victory though, overshadowed in 

3189
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:18,600
popular, lore by larger events 
signaled that Family Ties would 

3190
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:22,500
not turn abuna from his great 
omission Around this juncture, 

3191
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:25,600
Nobunaga displayed his approach 
to religious factions, more 

3192
02:43:25,600 --> 02:43:30,200
starkly the warrior monks of 
Mount hea near Kyoto allied with

3193
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:33,700
the azai asakura Coalition. 
Nobunaga demanded this 

3194
02:43:33,700 --> 02:43:36,700
submission, they refused in 
1571. 

3195
02:43:36,700 --> 02:43:40,800
He Unleashed a brutal assault. 
The entire complex at henrique G

3196
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:42,900
was put to Flame and thousands 
of monks. 

3197
02:43:42,900 --> 02:43:46,300
Novices and civilians perished, 
it was an act. 

3198
02:43:46,308 --> 02:43:49,300
So Grim at even shocked, some of
no Bernard's staunch allies. 

3199
02:43:50,200 --> 02:43:53,300
But he justified it claiming 
that the militant monks had 

3200
02:43:53,300 --> 02:43:56,100
threatened, the capitals order 
for two long for him. 

3201
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:59,600
No sacred label, could Shield an
armed group from the Unstoppable

3202
02:43:59,600 --> 02:44:03,000
cause of unification. 
If an institution medaled 

3203
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:05,500
military, it had to be crushed 
no matter. 

3204
02:44:05,508 --> 02:44:08,100
Its spiritual veneer. 
Though these actions 

3205
02:44:08,100 --> 02:44:11,000
Consolidated his grip, they 
fueled a reputation for 

3206
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:14,300
ruthlessness people whispered 
that he had become a Demon Lord.

3207
02:44:15,100 --> 02:44:17,500
Yet. 
Ironically, he also cultivated 

3208
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:20,900
appreciation for the Arts. 
He introduced modern styles of 

3209
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:24,100
Castle architecture, invited 
Portuguese, Artisans to 

3210
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:27,000
demonstrate new building 
techniques and toyed with the 

3211
02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:30,900
newly introduced trend of tea 
ceremony, This contradictory mix

3212
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,000
extreme brutality on the 
battlefield paired with the 

3213
02:44:34,008 --> 02:44:38,000
refined cultural Pursuits, 
confused many, but it formed the

3214
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:41,800
heart of brunei's method forging
in New Japan by blending modern 

3215
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:47,600
Innovation with unstoppable 
Force by 1573 the puppet show 

3216
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:51,200
gun yoshiaki. 
Now at odds with Nobunaga was 

3217
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:55,700
exiled, the Ashoka sugarcane 
officially collapsed From that 

3218
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:57,900
point forward. 
The question wasn't, whether the

3219
02:44:57,900 --> 02:45:00,600
old order was gone? 
It was whether no Bernardo could

3220
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:02,700
fill the vacuum before other 
Warlords struck. 

3221
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:06,500
The next move he made would 
Define the entire future of the 

3222
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:09,900
archipelago. 
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 

3223
02:45:09,900 --> 02:45:13,500
dynamic in central, Japan. 
The centuries old actually cargo

3224
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:16,500
shogunate, stood dissolved 
leaving a power vacuum that 

3225
02:45:16,508 --> 02:45:20,200
odinaka sought to fill. 
Well he did not assume the 

3226
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:23,100
Shogun title. 
Some suspect he viewed it as two

3227
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:26,200
entangled with archaic baggage. 
He effectively governed from 

3228
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:31,000
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 
Nobunaga's subordinates, notably

3229
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:34,100
hashiba hideyoshi later 
toyotomi, hideyoshi and 

3230
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:38,500
Tokugawa, yesu took on crucial 
roles, in expanding the odor 

3231
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:42,500
domain and stabilizing conquered
territories, nonetheless pockets

3232
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:45,500
of fierce resistance remained 
including the, might of the 

3233
02:45:45,500 --> 02:45:49,000
Takeda clan in eastern. 
Provinces one would not expect 

3234
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:52,600
that a man ascending, so rapidly
would find time for culture yet 

3235
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:55,800
nobunaga's, passion for 
spectacle, grew reports, 

3236
02:45:55,800 --> 02:45:58,300
mentioned Grand. 
Banquets in Kyoto with exotic 

3237
02:45:58,300 --> 02:46:01,700
dishes, Portuguese, wine and 
comedic theater performed at 

3238
02:46:01,700 --> 02:46:05,400
Night by Torchlight. 
He sponsored the no drama though

3239
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:09,000
in a personal style that adapted
scripts to Lord new Heroes. 

3240
02:46:09,800 --> 02:46:13,700
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 
know they believed was the 

3241
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:17,600
Hallmark of an older refined 
tradition. but to Noble, 

3242
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,100
Tradition was a tool, not a 
chain. 

3243
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:25,100
He saw an artistic displays an 
opportunity to unify the 

3244
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:28,200
fractious Elites by enticing 
them with entertainment and 

3245
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:30,500
proving that his rule 
overshadowed, any prior 

3246
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:34,000
pageantry. 
Still wore overshadowed these 

3247
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,600
amusements. 
The formidable Takeda shingen 

3248
02:46:36,600 --> 02:46:40,000
died. 
In 1573 leaving Takeda katsuyori

3249
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:43,100
in charge, though, less 
accomplished than his father. 

3250
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:46,900
Katsurei was no pushover in 
1575. 

3251
02:46:46,900 --> 02:46:50,700
He led a formidable, Cavalry 
Force into mikawa clashing with 

3252
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:54,500
nobunaga's, Allied armies, the 
event, set the stage for the 

3253
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:58,500
pivotal battle of nagashino. 
Typically a Cavalry swarm 

3254
02:46:58,500 --> 02:47:01,800
overcame infantry but nobunaga's
novel approach extensive 

3255
02:47:01,800 --> 02:47:05,500
Palisades rotating lines of Aqua
bus years shattered, the myth of

3256
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:09,400
Unstoppable, horse charges the 
musket, volleys, decimated the 

3257
02:47:09,400 --> 02:47:13,000
ranks eyewitnesses described how
for the first time. 

3258
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:16,800
Mast Firearms, overcame famous, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain.

3259
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:21,000
This watershed moment reaffirmed
his reputation as a modernizing 

3260
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:25,100
general who embraced Firearms, 
wholeheartedly following 

3261
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:29,200
nagashino the takada Clan's 
Prestige, plummeted enabling 

3262
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:33,300
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 
Eastern domains Meanwhile in the

3263
02:47:33,300 --> 02:47:35,300
capital, he grew more direct and
quelling. 

3264
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:37,900
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or
religious sects. 

3265
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:40,900
He was rumored to have 
humiliated, certain courtiers, 

3266
02:47:40,900 --> 02:47:44,800
who showed insufficient 
obedience. indeed, a swirl of 

3267
02:47:44,800 --> 02:47:47,300
new rumors, painted him as 
borderline sacrilegious, 

3268
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:51,400
Ignoring the established and 
Kami worship enshrines or 

3269
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:55,000
publicly mocking, certain Shrine
rituals as superstitious this 

3270
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:58,400
spurred, the rumor of him being 
the demon warlord culminating. 

3271
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:01,900
In some devout Warriors, forming
tiny conspiracies to rid the 

3272
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:05,300
land of this Empire's figure. 
One, overlooked Dimension was 

3273
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:08,600
his approach to Commerce. 
Beyond the free markets in 

3274
02:48:08,600 --> 02:48:11,900
Castle towns, Nobunaga 
established weigh stations. 

3275
02:48:11,900 --> 02:48:15,100
And lodging posts along, major 
highways he suppressed local 

3276
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:16,800
toll collectors. 
Who bled Travelers? 

3277
02:48:16,800 --> 02:48:20,900
This policy triggered an 
economic upswing, Caravans from 

3278
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:24,400
the sea to Inland. 
Sea carried, salt, textiles and 

3279
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:26,500
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 
to pay. 

3280
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:30,400
The odor domain. 
The stable fiscal backbone, 

3281
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:34,100
fueling further expansions, and 
enabling him to Grant rewards to

3282
02:48:34,100 --> 02:48:36,400
Loyal vassals without 
bankrupting the treasury. 

3283
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:39,800
Such a commercial Savvy. 
Warlord was a novelty and 

3284
02:48:39,808 --> 02:48:42,600
appeared when Marshall Glory 
overshadowed The Humble of 

3285
02:48:42,608 --> 02:48:47,000
business of economic mix 
Nobunaga also interacted with a 

3286
02:48:47,000 --> 02:48:49,000
figure rarely acknowledged in 
mainstream accounts. 

3287
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:54,400
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai A tall man

3288
02:48:54,400 --> 02:48:58,200
from Portuguese or Italian 
missions yasuke arrived in Japan

3289
02:48:58,200 --> 02:49:02,000
under uncertain circumstances 
impressed by his physique and 

3290
02:49:02,008 --> 02:49:04,800
exotic. 
Background Nobunaga took an 

3291
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:08,700
interest, eventually welcoming 
him into service letters from 

3292
02:49:08,700 --> 02:49:11,800
Jesuit sources hint that 
Nobunaga found Jacquees presence

3293
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:14,500
refreshing. 
A symbol of how broad the world 

3294
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:17,500
truly was summer camps. 
Mentioned that yesterday was 

3295
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:21,000
entrusted with certain guard 
duties while the authenticity of

3296
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:22,400
that Arrangement has faced 
debate. 

3297
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:26,000
It underscores how nobunaga's 
curiosity extended, even to 

3298
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:30,200
foreigners of unusual origin. 
Bridging cultural gaps at a time

3299
02:49:30,208 --> 02:49:33,800
when xenophobia was rampant by 
the end of the 1570s 

3300
02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:36,400
Unstoppable. 
Momentum seemed to Define 

3301
02:49:36,400 --> 02:49:39,800
obnoxious progress. 
The Hallmark Fortress of auchi 

3302
02:49:39,800 --> 02:49:43,300
built near Lake Beaver 
exemplified his vision part 

3303
02:49:43,300 --> 02:49:45,900
strong. 
Hold particular residents with 

3304
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:48,600
decorative murals and advanced 
architectural engineering. 

3305
02:49:49,400 --> 02:49:52,000
Visitors wrote that climbing, 
each floor of revealed new 

3306
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:54,200
painted Illusions and hidden 
defensive features. 

3307
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:58,900
An embodiment of both aesthetic 
Flair and martial cunning, he 

3308
02:49:58,900 --> 02:50:01,800
invited traveling missionaries, 
Artisans, and even some rival 

3309
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,300
Lords to see as Majesty 
proclaiming that his building 

3310
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:09,100
was the model of the future. 
In truth, the structure was also

3311
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:11,800
a statement. 
Odor rules soared above the old,

3312
02:50:11,800 --> 02:50:14,700
Petty, provincialism. 
A new day, demanded, new 

3313
02:50:14,700 --> 02:50:18,100
monuments. 
Yet ambition, stirs resentments.

3314
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:23,100
Many older Clans forced into 
submission, quietly sought a 

3315
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:26,500
chance to break free. 
The extent of nobunaga's reforms

3316
02:50:26,500 --> 02:50:29,600
threatened, the old feudal 
compacts even within his 

3317
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:31,900
retinue. 
Some felt overshadowed by 

3318
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:39,100
hideyoshi ascendancy or 
frustrated by nobunari signaled.

3319
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:41,200
Openly bubbled beneath the 
surface. 

3320
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:44,800
The old adage that a fortress 
can withstand for an assault but

3321
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,000
not always internal treachery 
would soon prove hauntingly act 

3322
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:52,100
though the warlord pressed 
onward planning fresh campaigns 

3323
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,900
events at the cusp of the 1580s.
Would reveal the Fatal cost of 

3324
02:50:55,900 --> 02:51:04,600
ignoring that silent discontent 
in Spring. 1580 strongholds were

3325
02:51:04,608 --> 02:51:08,300
mostly crushed. 
The Klan was in shambles and the

3326
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:10,700
capital recognized him, as the 
de facto power. 

3327
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:14,200
Yet a cluster of uneasy 
alliances still dotted the map 

3328
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,100
including some Warlords, who 
pretended loyalty while 

3329
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:19,900
resenting odor. 
Dominance Noble Naga, though, 

3330
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:23,100
rarely timid seemed almost 
relaxed that year, hosting 

3331
02:51:23,100 --> 02:51:27,100
lavish celebrations at Azuchi 
and paying only miles heed to 

3332
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:29,000
rumors of minor revolts and 
distant. 

3333
02:51:29,000 --> 02:51:32,700
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 
of Conquest had lulled into 

3334
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:35,300
believing only a formidable 
outside, foe could challenge 

3335
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:38,300
him. 
Among his retainers are catchy 

3336
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:42,100
mitsuhide quietly navigated. 
The New Order mitsuhide had 

3337
02:51:42,100 --> 02:51:45,000
served Nobunaga loyally yet 
their relationship was never 

3338
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:47,500
warm. 
Nobunaga's leadership style 

3339
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:50,300
often involved public dressing 
Downs of subordinates who fail 

3340
02:51:50,300 --> 02:51:53,400
or displeased him. 
Some claimed mitsu hired who 

3341
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:56,700
endured multiple humiliations. 
Once when an odor supply, line 

3342
02:51:56,700 --> 02:51:59,000
Fiasco cost. 
Mitza Hyde's, mother her life at

3343
02:51:59,000 --> 02:52:02,300
the hands of brighams Nobunaga 
supposedly dismissed at 

3344
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,300
callously. 
Another time a minor mishap had 

3345
02:52:05,300 --> 02:52:09,300
a feast LED Nobunaga to fling a 
teacup in Anger, scolding a 

3346
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:12,800
mitsuhide whether these spats 
fested into hatred remains 

3347
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:16,800
uncertain but it's clear 
mitsuhide over shadowed in the 

3348
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:18,900
swirl of odors triumphant 
expansion's. 

3349
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:22,300
Many believed mitsuhiro was too 
measured or timid to lash out 

3350
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:25,700
they were mistaken. 
Parallel to these tensions, 

3351
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:29,500
Nobunaga decided to press 
further west sending hideyoshi 

3352
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:32,600
to seduce the Maori Clan. 
That campaign demanded 

3353
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:36,400
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 
to dispatch extra troops. 

3354
02:52:36,400 --> 02:52:39,700
He halted in Kyoto at honor ji 
Temple intending. 

3355
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:42,100
A brief rest on route to greet, 
hideyoshi forces. 

3356
02:52:43,000 --> 02:52:46,000
The temple though, not heavily 
fortified was considered safe 

3357
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:47,600
enough. 
Given the capitals Carm. 

3358
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:50,900
No Binaca was traveling lightly 
with only a small guard. 

3359
02:52:50,900 --> 02:52:54,000
Most of his main Army had been 
deployed to support different 

3360
02:52:54,000 --> 02:52:56,800
operations, some close advisers 
questioned. 

3361
02:52:56,800 --> 02:53:00,000
This vulnerability, but Nobunaga
brushed aside their concerns 

3362
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:03,900
certain no serious threat, 
lurked then came that fateful 

3363
02:53:03,900 --> 02:53:08,500
dawn of June 21st 1582 a catchy 
mitsu hired. 

3364
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:11,600
Commanding, a Detachment under 
the pretext of reinforcing, 

3365
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:15,200
hideyoshi turned his Force, 
abruptly, toward honor G, 

3366
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:18,000
Storming in. 
They caught the odegaards 

3367
02:53:18,000 --> 02:53:20,400
unawares. 
The temples interior lit with 

3368
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:22,100
flames. 
As mitsu highs men. 

3369
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:25,800
Torched wooden Halls, Nobunaga 
fought back with sword in hand. 

3370
02:53:25,800 --> 02:53:28,800
But the odds were overwhelming 
realizing a skate was 

3371
02:53:28,800 --> 02:53:31,400
impossible. 
He retreated deeper into the 

3372
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:35,300
complex sources differ on the 
details but they Converge on the

3373
02:53:35,300 --> 02:53:39,200
notion that he took his life 
either by separou or ensuring no

3374
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:42,000
capture rather than fallen into 
high taunts. 

3375
02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:46,200
The Blazing Temple sealed. 
The scene forging an indelible 

3376
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:48,900
final image. 
Japan's mightiest unifier 

3377
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:52,700
consumed by betrayal and fire 
undone not by an external rival,

3378
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:56,200
but by a subordinate, he 
underestimated, mitsuhide 

3379
02:53:56,200 --> 02:54:00,700
reclaiming, the realm is ours, 
tried to consolidate But public 

3380
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:04,200
shock overshadowed any 
acceptance of his coup, hedaya 

3381
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:06,900
Yoshi, on hearing the news. 
Swiftly made peace with the 

3382
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:09,900
Maury to rush back in a short 
campaign culminating in the 

3383
02:54:09,908 --> 02:54:13,200
Battle of yamazaki. 
Hiroshi Avenged, Nobunaga 

3384
02:54:13,200 --> 02:54:16,400
defeating mitsu Hyde, less than 
two weeks after homogene, 

3385
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:20,700
mitsuhide attempting to flee was
slain by Bandits or vengeful 

3386
02:54:20,700 --> 02:54:22,700
peasants. 
And ironic end that left. 

3387
02:54:22,700 --> 02:54:26,300
No stable regime in his wake. 
The Echoes of that betrayal 

3388
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:30,900
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide
days treachery became a byword 

3389
02:54:30,900 --> 02:54:33,100
for disloyalty and sudden 
reversal of Fortune. 

3390
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:37,600
Nobunaga's demise fractured, the
odor Clan, but the impetus for 

3391
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:41,400
unification, persisted hideyoshi
emerged, as the next major 

3392
02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:44,900
figure, the eventually 
subjugating, much of Japan and 

3393
02:54:44,900 --> 02:54:50,000
styling himself, as the unifier 
Tokugawa more patient, would 

3394
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:52,500
Outlast them all and set up the 
took of a shogunate. 

3395
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:56,400
In each subsequent stage, the 
ghost of nobunaga's ambition, 

3396
02:54:56,400 --> 02:54:58,600
hovered. 
Hideyoshi and yay. 

3397
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:01,200
So both ignored that their 
expansions leaned on the 

3398
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:04,800
foundational aide, the 
harnessing of firearms, the 

3399
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:08,300
impetus for centralized domain 
and the notion that old feudal 

3400
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:10,400
autonomy should yield to a 
singular Authority. 

3401
02:55:11,400 --> 02:55:14,600
In many ways. 
The abrupt end at honor G shapes

3402
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:17,900
nobunaga's Legacy as a fiery 
Comet unpredictable 

3403
02:55:17,900 --> 02:55:22,700
transformative. 
But short-lived A what might 

3404
02:55:22,700 --> 02:55:25,800
have been had he survived. 
Would he have forged a stable 

3405
02:55:25,800 --> 02:55:28,700
monarchy or introduced a new 
bureaucratic structure? 

3406
02:55:28,700 --> 02:55:32,400
Might as tolerance of foreign 
presence have expanded, Japan's 

3407
02:55:32,400 --> 02:55:35,200
Global Connections earlier? 
Or could he have become a 

3408
02:55:35,200 --> 02:55:38,800
dreaded author to crack stifling
dissent so thoroughly as to 

3409
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:42,400
hamper future evolution. 
The abruptness of his death 

3410
02:55:42,400 --> 02:55:44,600
leaves. 
A swirl of speculation, the 

3411
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:48,900
sight of Honor GI itself stands 
in Kyoto who much rebuilt after 

3412
02:55:48,900 --> 02:55:52,300
the conflagration. tourists 
passed by a modest Memorial 

3413
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:57,100
Often overshadowed, by more 
famous temples yet, for students

3414
02:55:57,100 --> 02:56:00,900
of Japan sengoku era that place 
resonates as a symbolic 

3415
02:56:00,900 --> 02:56:04,400
Crossroads, the Unstoppable 
warlord ended by his retainer 

3416
02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:07,100
Pivoting. 
The entire Arc of national 

3417
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:10,200
unification. 
The charge remains from that day

3418
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:14,300
along gone but glimpses 
remaining curated relics Diaries

3419
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:17,400
and a handful of Swords believed
to have belonged to nobunaga's 

3420
02:56:17,400 --> 02:56:20,400
retinue. 
Each artifact, underscores the 

3421
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:25,000
transients of power one moment, 
a near omnipotent, figure 

3422
02:56:25,000 --> 02:56:29,300
rewriting the lands of Destiny. 
The next of victim of fate and 

3423
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,700
betrayal. 
Thus the final chapter of 

3424
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:35,600
nobunaga's life. 
Stands not as a diminishment but

3425
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:39,700
as a crescendo in Falling, 
hemant the impetus that others 

3426
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:43,200
carried forth. 
Hideyoshi yesu. 

3427
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,000
And the entire notion of an 
eventually unified Japan under a

3428
02:56:47,000 --> 02:56:49,600
single rule. 
Trace back to nobunaga's, 

3429
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:53,000
Unstoppable wave. 
He forced the country to see the

3430
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:57,200
old code, where our KX chivalry 
overshadowed modernization was 

3431
02:56:57,200 --> 02:57:01,200
no longer viable in that sense, 
though, he vanished in Flames 

3432
02:57:01,200 --> 02:57:04,100
the brand of Revolution. 
He championed burned, onward, 

3433
02:57:04,100 --> 02:57:07,000
fueling the next. 
Generation's quest to reorder 

3434
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:08,600
the Nation Under a single 
banner. 

3435
02:57:09,400 --> 02:57:13,300
Post honor G the manner in which
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 

3436
02:57:13,300 --> 02:57:16,500
offers a profound insight into 
how Japan processes. 

3437
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:20,200
His historical figures. 
In the immediate aftermath many 

3438
02:57:20,200 --> 02:57:22,800
Warlords excised him from 
official Genie allergies. 

3439
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:26,800
He had after all the dismantled 
textures of tradition, however, 

3440
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:30,100
within a decade references, 
re-emerged describing him as the

3441
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,300
initial impetus that any 
Warlords seeking unification 

3442
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,300
must emulate. 
Some local chroniclers wrote 

3443
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:39,900
tributes praising the Demon's 
Clarity a phrase that captured 

3444
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:43,000
the Paradox demon and cruelty 
Clarity in vision. 

3445
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:47,600
Tokugawa, EA yasu, after 
establishing the Tokugawa, 

3446
02:57:47,600 --> 02:57:52,000
shogunate in 1603, quietly 
ensured That official, records 

3447
02:57:52,000 --> 02:57:54,600
didn't overshadow. 
The tokara sentient narrative 

3448
02:57:54,600 --> 02:58:00,000
with too much odor, idolization,
Yet IAS who personally revered 

3449
02:58:00,000 --> 02:58:03,500
nobunaga's decisive approach. 
Private Diaries mentioned how 

3450
02:58:03,500 --> 02:58:06,900
the new Shogun studied old 
Battlefield notes from okehazama

3451
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:10,400
and nagashino gleaning insights 
for the potential crises. 

3452
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:13,800
Ironically the official 
narrative downplayed odors 

3453
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:18,000
significant to bolster Tokugawa 
legitimacy but in private, the 

3454
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:20,800
recollection of odors daring 
strategies continued to provide 

3455
02:58:20,800 --> 02:58:24,100
valuable insights Meanwhile, 
rural Legends. 

3456
02:58:24,100 --> 02:58:28,300
Cropped up casting these 
Restless spirit Farmers told 

3457
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:31,200
Tales of hearing Phantom 
hoofbeats on the storming nights

3458
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:34,900
said to be his ghost re-enacting
nights and some folk song 

3459
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:39,100
Nobody's Thunder, refer to 
unexpected storms damaging, 

3460
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:42,300
unharvested Fields. 
Nominus sign of Unstoppable, 

3461
02:58:42,300 --> 02:58:45,900
Force such Tales embedded him in
the realm of folk Superstition 

3462
02:58:45,908 --> 02:58:49,500
people across province's in 
regions. 

3463
02:58:49,500 --> 02:58:53,100
Once scorched, by his campaigns,
found Echoes of both or and 

3464
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:55,800
Dread in the stories by the Edo 
period. 

3465
02:58:55,800 --> 02:59:00,100
Woodblock prints portrayed him 
with stylized armor scowling or 

3466
02:59:00,100 --> 02:59:04,100
triumphant in mid-battle. 
A few dramatizations and Kabuki 

3467
02:59:04,100 --> 02:59:06,700
theater. 
The focusing on hideyoshi 

3468
02:59:06,700 --> 02:59:11,000
occasionally, included Cameo 
references to Nobunaga as an 

3469
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:13,700
unyielding presence, 
overshadowing, the stage, the 

3470
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,700
sensors of the tughra regime. 
Usually avoided depicting him, 

3471
02:59:16,708 --> 02:59:20,300
two favorably fear of stirring, 
rebellious sentiments that might

3472
02:59:20,300 --> 02:59:22,800
Champion a Nobunaga style 
revolt. 

3473
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:26,700
Despite these constraints 
underground manuscripts 

3474
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:28,500
circulated. 
That teased out, his modern 

3475
02:59:28,500 --> 02:59:31,800
aspects, like his willingness to
incorporate foreigners or push 

3476
02:59:31,800 --> 02:59:34,800
Advanced weapons. 
Samurai, who read them in 

3477
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:37,900
private might feel emboldened by
the notion of discarding stale 

3478
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:42,100
tradition, in favor of 
pragmatic, modernity, The major 

3479
02:59:42,100 --> 02:59:45,900
Restoration in the late, 19th 
century revived interest as 

3480
02:59:45,900 --> 02:59:48,800
Japan opened to the world. 
Some intellectuals lauded 

3481
02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:51,400
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 
on trade and Technology. 

3482
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,100
Claiming he was the first modern
Japanese. 

3483
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:58,100
Western Scholars who visited 
found in Nobunaga figure 

3484
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:00,100
reminiscent of Europe's, 
absolute monarchs. 

3485
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:02,900
A man who overcame medieval 
fragmentation. 

3486
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:07,000
They wrote comparative essays 
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 

3487
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:11,600
or Napoleon in Samurai Forum. 
Although these analogies were 

3488
03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:14,300
simplistic, they further 
cemented his Global mistake, 

3489
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:18,400
Museum started collecting items 
rumored to be from his domain 

3490
03:00:18,400 --> 03:00:23,000
archibus and partial suits of 
lacquered armor, each artifact. 

3491
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:25,800
Conveyed, a fragment of his 
endeavours to propel Japan 

3492
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:29,700
forward centuries in a single 
generation in the 20th century 

3493
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:33,300
as War raged globally. 
Some Japanese, militarists 

3494
03:00:33,300 --> 03:00:35,500
admired nobunaga's Unstoppable 
aggression. 

3495
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,700
They saw him as a model for 
unyielding expansion. 

3496
03:00:38,700 --> 03:00:43,300
Post-war that sentiment cooled 
replaced by a more nuanced 

3497
03:00:43,300 --> 03:00:46,500
academic approach. 
The emphasis shifted toward 

3498
03:00:46,500 --> 03:00:50,100
analyzing his socio-economic 
policies, like standardizing 

3499
03:00:50,100 --> 03:00:53,700
measure systems or encouraging 
open trade in Castle towns. 

3500
03:00:54,600 --> 03:00:57,100
Contemporary historians 
highlight how those policies 

3501
03:00:57,100 --> 03:01:01,000
laid seeds from eventual stable 
economy under the Tucker gawa. 

3502
03:01:01,000 --> 03:01:04,100
Even if that regime ironically 
closed off certain foreign 

3503
03:01:04,100 --> 03:01:07,600
influences, another way of 
scholarship focuses on the 

3504
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:11,100
cultural interplay, the Synergy 
of Christian missionaries in the

3505
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:14,100
partial acceptance of their 
ideas that might have blossomed 

3506
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:18,600
further had opener endured In 
popular culture of the late 20th

3507
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:19,900
and early 21st. 
Centuries. 

3508
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,500
A deluge of creative retellings.
Re-imagined him. 

3509
03:01:24,300 --> 03:01:28,200
Video games, featuring sengoku 
battles depict him as a fearsome

3510
03:01:28,200 --> 03:01:31,300
Overlord, with unstoppable 
power-ups, and specialized gun, 

3511
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:35,000
squads Manga and Anime often 
play with the Demon King label, 

3512
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:38,600
recasting him in Time, Slips 
scenarios or comedic subplots. 

3513
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:42,200
Dramas vary from an honorable 
anti-hero forging. 

3514
03:01:42,200 --> 03:01:46,300
Unity to a borderline sadistic 
tyrant. this breadth of 

3515
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:50,200
interpretations, testifies to 
his complexity, even in a 

3516
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:54,400
comedic Cameo, the essence of 
Unstoppable, change remains He's

3517
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:57,200
recognized as the impetus behind
Japan's, transition from 

3518
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:01,300
fractious, medieval to the cusp 
of early modern hence the modern

3519
03:02:01,300 --> 03:02:04,300
lens sifts through centuries of 
contradiction. 

3520
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:08,400
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 
heroic in forging? 

3521
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:11,700
A stable path? 
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out

3522
03:02:11,700 --> 03:02:14,000
of genuine openness or purely 
for Advantage? 

3523
03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:17,400
Did he Harbours future blueprint
for a stable monarchy? 

3524
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:19,800
Or was he improvising day by 
day? 

3525
03:02:19,800 --> 03:02:22,100
Exploiting each short-term 
opportunity. 

3526
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:24,800
The record suggests. 
All these angles might hold 

3527
03:02:24,800 --> 03:02:27,700
truth. 
He was multifaceted a man on 

3528
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:30,700
Shackled by traditional ready to
harness any advantage, 

3529
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:33,100
Unstoppable until undone by 
betrayal. 

3530
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:37,100
In that sense. 
Odor nobunaga's name remains a 

3531
03:02:37,100 --> 03:02:38,500
prism. 
Turn it one way. 

3532
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:40,400
You see? 
A progressive champion of 

3533
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,700
modernization tilted? 
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 

3534
03:02:43,700 --> 03:02:46,600
old shrines and foes Japan's 
memory. 

3535
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:49,400
And the world's Fascination 
revolve around these shifting 

3536
03:02:49,400 --> 03:02:52,000
lights. 
Among lesser known facets of 

3537
03:02:52,008 --> 03:02:54,500
nobunaga's. 
Story is his personal retinue of

3538
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:57,200
varied, advisors, some from 
backgrounds, not typically 

3539
03:02:57,200 --> 03:03:00,800
admitted to Samurai Council. 
He believed that rank was earned

3540
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:04,700
by Merit an unusual stance. 
For the time, for instance, we 

3541
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:07,100
want to pointed a skilled 
blacksmith, to direct certain 

3542
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:10,300
Siege engine Creations, that was
heresy, in the eyes of 

3543
03:03:10,300 --> 03:03:13,100
traditional samurai, a 
blacksmith leading Warriors. 

3544
03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:17,600
Nobunaga brushed off the critics
pointing to results the 

3545
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,000
blacksmith's. 
Technical cunning helped Forge, 

3546
03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:22,600
Innovative catapults that 
battered a walled Fortress into 

3547
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,300
submission. 
This anecdote though, 

3548
03:03:25,300 --> 03:03:28,600
overshadowed in mainstream 
accounts, exemplifies his break 

3549
03:03:28,600 --> 03:03:32,500
from hierarchical Norms another,
overlooked detail lies in the 

3550
03:03:32,508 --> 03:03:35,100
realm of intelligence gathering.
Nobunaga. 

3551
03:03:35,100 --> 03:03:38,300
The according to scattered 
Diaries established, a nascent 

3552
03:03:38,300 --> 03:03:40,700
Espionage networking, Kyoto, and
Merchants towns. 

3553
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:43,100
He recognized that raw might 
alone. 

3554
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:46,100
Wouldn't keep him ahead, through
discreet, Watchers, some 

3555
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:47,600
disguised as traveling 
entertainers. 

3556
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:51,800
Somers pilgrims cleaned updates 
on Rivals, alliances or 

3557
03:03:51,800 --> 03:03:53,900
fractures Buddhist sects 
plotting, and Secret. 

3558
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,300
This network of information 
helped prevent revolts and 

3559
03:03:57,308 --> 03:04:01,100
enabled him to intercept Clan 
collusion Well, Espionage 

3560
03:04:01,100 --> 03:04:05,000
existed in Prior eras, Nobunaga 
systematized, it more thoroughly

3561
03:04:05,008 --> 03:04:08,100
reflecting, a willingness to 
adopt, whatever, gave him an 

3562
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:10,700
edge. 
One, puzzling Dimension was his 

3563
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:14,200
attitude to the Imperial Court. 
Typically Warlords are the 

3564
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:16,900
revered, the Emperor as a 
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 

3565
03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:20,100
Nobunaga courted. 
The Court's favor in a measured 

3566
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,300
way, offering them economic 
assistance with furbishing 

3567
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:26,400
certain neglected Palace halls 
and ensuring the emperor's 

3568
03:04:26,400 --> 03:04:28,700
dignity. 
This was not out of pure 

3569
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:30,900
devotion. 
It was a strategic move by 

3570
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:33,700
championing, the emperor's 
Prestige, he legitimized his 

3571
03:04:33,700 --> 03:04:38,300
expansion at some ceremonies he 
arrived in flamboyant attire. 

3572
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:42,500
Overshadowing lesser Lords, then
humbly bowed before the emperor 

3573
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,600
an odd mixture of vanity in a 
basement that left Watchers 

3574
03:04:45,600 --> 03:04:49,800
uncertain, how to interpret him.
The emperor, the powerless in 

3575
03:04:49,800 --> 03:04:53,800
Marshall terms, recognized that 
nobody's guardianship provided a

3576
03:04:53,800 --> 03:04:58,500
stable environment for the 
courts of the polite if uneasy 

3577
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:03,100
Synergy arose. 
Nobunaga's personal life, beyond

3578
03:05:03,100 --> 03:05:05,500
the political realm remains 
partially veiled. 

3579
03:05:06,200 --> 03:05:08,700
He married multiple times 
forging alliances with 

3580
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:12,300
significant families. 
Notably littlest said about deep

3581
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,400
personal attachments, some 
historians wonder if he 

3582
03:05:15,408 --> 03:05:18,800
maintained an emotional remove 
seeing marriage as a strategic 

3583
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:21,500
game. 
Personal Diary, snippet, 

3584
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:24,700
suggests a fleeting mention of a
beloved consort but her name 

3585
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:28,600
remains uncertain lost in burned
records or overshadowed by 

3586
03:05:28,600 --> 03:05:31,700
former marriages. 
The Narrative is incomplete 

3587
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:35,300
overshadowed, by Warfare logs 
and alliances it. 

3588
03:05:35,300 --> 03:05:38,100
Underscores how the official 
story seldom captures, intimate 

3589
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:40,700
sentiments? 
Especially for a man, so public 

3590
03:05:40,700 --> 03:05:44,000
in ambition. 
One rumored anecdote from Castle

3591
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:47,800
staff claims that Nobunaga had a
private reading habit, poetry, 

3592
03:05:47,800 --> 03:05:50,500
anthologies, from the hay M, 
period and Chinese military 

3593
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:52,700
treaters. 
He found parallels between 

3594
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:56,000
ancient poems praising ephemeral
blossoms and the transients of 

3595
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:59,600
alliance's He told a close 
retainer that the ephemeral 

3596
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:01,200
nature of cherry blossoms 
matched. 

3597
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:04,200
The ephemeral nature of men's 
loyalty some guests, this 

3598
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:06,900
reflection spurred him to adopt 
Savage efficiency in the 

3599
03:06:06,908 --> 03:06:10,400
stamping out, potential threats,
believing that if a blossom 

3600
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:12,900
would fall, anyway, best it do 
so on his terms. 

3601
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:15,700
Whether or not that anecdote is 
fully accurate. 

3602
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:19,900
Captures the sense that a 
philosophical thread ran under 

3603
03:06:19,900 --> 03:06:23,300
his pragmatic exterior. 
As for the everyday peasant or 

3604
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:26,200
merchants in his expanding 
territory, the experience was 

3605
03:06:26,200 --> 03:06:28,300
double-edged. 
They might face forced 

3606
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,700
relocations or heavy Corvette 
labor to build new 

3607
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:34,100
fortifications, but once 
integrated, they also benefited 

3608
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:36,800
from relative Security in New 
Roads that spurred Commerce. 

3609
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:39,300
Contemporary letters from 
Village. 

3610
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:42,300
Headmen describe a mix of relief
at decreased local Warfare. 

3611
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:45,300
And disquiet about the 
unwavering demands of the odor 

3612
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:47,900
Administration. 
Taxes might be consistent. 

3613
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:51,500
But if the local official was 
incompetent, they feared 

3614
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:55,200
nobunaga's retribution. 
Entire hamlets might be sacked 

3615
03:06:55,200 --> 03:06:56,400
if accused of harbouring, 
rebels. 

3616
03:06:56,400 --> 03:07:00,900
So, daily life was balanced 
between a Karma environment and 

3617
03:07:00,900 --> 03:07:03,600
the dread that a single misstep.
Could provoke a brutal. 

3618
03:07:03,600 --> 03:07:08,500
Crackdown As he neared the Final
Chapter, some retelling, he grew

3619
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,400
more flamboyant. 
He staged Banquets with Kabuki 

3620
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,100
or comedic plays wearing a 
labyrinth kimonos. 

3621
03:07:14,800 --> 03:07:18,300
Others emphasize and increasing 
paranoia pushing him to punish 

3622
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:21,700
even mine or a fronts possibly 
both narrow who was contain 

3623
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:24,000
truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

3624
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:27,100
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch yet. 

3625
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:30,700
The Press of Potential betrayals
from every corner could produce 

3626
03:07:30,700 --> 03:07:33,300
a contradictory starts lavish 
celebration. 

3627
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:37,600
One day Savage clamped down the 
next ultimately that tension 

3628
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,900
stopped at homogene leaving him 
consumed by betrayal. 

3629
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:44,800
In the end, he's lesser known 
details, his Espionage. 

3630
03:07:44,800 --> 03:07:48,700
Unorthodox appointments subtle 
alliances with the Imperial 

3631
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:52,900
Court and personal reading 
habits, magnify how complex odor

3632
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:56,400
Nobunaga was not purely, The 
Demon King not purely, the 

3633
03:07:56,400 --> 03:07:59,700
modernizing champion, he 
Traverse spaces Beyond 

3634
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,700
simplistic labels, his story 
though, overshadowed by dramatic

3635
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,000
battles resonates in the subtle 
underpinnings of how he managed 

3636
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:09,500
Realms resources and 
relationships. 

3637
03:08:10,700 --> 03:08:13,900
It hints that while overshadowed
by an era of swirling conflict. 

3638
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:17,600
His efforts carved out A New 
Path from medieval fragmentation

3639
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:21,400
to emergent Central Authority, 
Paving the way for hideo Yoshi 

3640
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:23,900
yay. 
So and the eventual dawn of a 

3641
03:08:23,908 --> 03:08:28,600
stable will be at closed Japan 
under the takagawa standing at 

3642
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:33,100
the Confluence of myth and fact 
Oda Nobunaga remains a singular 

3643
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,000
figure in Japan's, historical 
consciousness. 

3644
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:40,200
Centers of paths since that 
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 

3645
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:44,600
shadow of Honor gingers 
observers even in modern times 

3646
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:48,600
see him attention between 
brutality in lightning tradition

3647
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:52,400
and radical Innovation. 
His presence Looms in Talk of 

3648
03:08:52,408 --> 03:08:55,100
the sengoku era. 
Overshadowing many of his 

3649
03:08:55,108 --> 03:08:58,300
contemporaries because he alone 
dared to step outside the old 

3650
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:01,100
rules, so dramatically One 
wonders. 

3651
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:03,600
How? 
If not for mitsu, Japan's path. 

3652
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:05,700
Might differ. 
Maybe Nobunaga would have 

3653
03:09:05,708 --> 03:09:09,600
extended even friendly a ties 
with the West fostering deeper 

3654
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:12,500
trade or adopting new Sciences. 
Some speculate. 

3655
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:14,800
He might have orchestrated a 
national bureaucracy. 

3656
03:09:14,800 --> 03:09:16,800
Well before Tokugawa, 
consolidation. 

3657
03:09:17,400 --> 03:09:21,100
Speeding modernization by 
centuries. others argue, the 

3658
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:24,100
pace of Western contact was 
still too slow and that his 

3659
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:27,400
stance on Christianity was too 
ambiguous to create a real 

3660
03:09:27,408 --> 03:09:30,700
opening or perhaps his severity 
would have ignited, a larger 

3661
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:35,100
civil Revolt, cutting his story 
short anyway, such conjectures 

3662
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:39,500
swirl Because the actual drama 
ended abruptly leaving a vacuum 

3663
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:44,900
for hidden Yoshi and the aasu to
fill Modern Japan historians 

3664
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:48,600
group, him among the three great
unifiers will be at the earliest

3665
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:51,200
and the most audacious hideyoshi
refined. 

3666
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:55,300
Yay, asui and Trent but Nobunaga
was the Unstoppable. 

3667
03:09:55,300 --> 03:10:00,100
Spark various local festivals in
gifu or Nagoya, celebrate him as

3668
03:10:00,100 --> 03:10:01,300
an iconic. 
Local Hero. 

3669
03:10:01,300 --> 03:10:05,500
Perhaps ignoring the cruelty 
that the walls of temples The 

3670
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:09,400
Duality remains parades 
costumed, and flamboyant odor 

3671
03:10:09,400 --> 03:10:13,600
regalia hosting cheerful crowds 
ironically commemorating a man 

3672
03:10:13,608 --> 03:10:17,100
who showed little Mercy to foes,
yet, that contradiction is not 

3673
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:20,000
lost on participants. 
Who acknowledge that forging a 

3674
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:21,300
new orders. 
Sell them occurs gently. 

3675
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:24,000
Schools in Japan. 
Mentioned him in textbooks. 

3676
03:10:24,000 --> 03:10:28,100
Albeit briefly formidable Lord. 
Who championed guns overcame, 

3677
03:10:28,100 --> 03:10:31,800
the emago, subdued the Takeda 
and died at honor G. 

3678
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,400
This truncated version rarely 
delves into his approach to 

3679
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:37,400
governance or the 
transformations in Commerce. 

3680
03:10:37,400 --> 03:10:40,500
He championed meanwhile academic
circles delve deeper 

3681
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:44,000
re-evaluating newly found 
Diaries or cross-referencing 

3682
03:10:44,000 --> 03:10:47,200
Portuguese Mission letters each 
reexamination can shift. 

3683
03:10:47,200 --> 03:10:50,900
The Nuance was he truly a patron
of broad-minded exchange or just

3684
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:54,000
pragmatic about receiving 
Advanced Weaponry did his free 

3685
03:10:54,000 --> 03:10:57,900
market instincts come from moral
convictions or from a desire to 

3686
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:01,700
centralized under his control 
The records are incomplete. 

3687
03:11:01,700 --> 03:11:03,800
Ensuring debates. 
Continue. 

3688
03:11:04,700 --> 03:11:07,800
Outside Japan, popular culture 
globalized his name. 

3689
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:11,200
Strategy games depict him as a 
charismatic conqueror with 

3690
03:11:11,200 --> 03:11:14,900
Cutting Edge, muskets anime 
series swirl him into fantasy 

3691
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:16,600
battles. 
Occasionally. 

3692
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:18,300
They highlight the Heartbreak of
betrayal. 

3693
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:22,800
Other times, the Unstoppable 
conquests In global narratives 

3694
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:27,500
about heroic entire stands, 
comfortably, among Genghis, Khan

3695
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:31,200
Napoleon and other icons of 
Unstoppable expansion. 

3696
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:35,700
The Mythic Dimension grows with 
each retelling overshadowing 

3697
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:38,500
smaller truths, like how he 
dealt daily with Petty Clan 

3698
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:40,600
disputes or Municipal tax 
controverses? 

3699
03:11:40,600 --> 03:11:43,700
Yet, those small truths made the
difference in his success. 

3700
03:11:44,600 --> 03:11:48,000
Teeter handle detail from 
forging muskets to forging packs

3701
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:49,400
with blacksmiths and foreign 
Traders. 

3702
03:11:50,300 --> 03:11:52,908
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is
that leadership in a time of 

3703
03:11:52,916 --> 03:11:56,400
flux is rarely pure. 
Nobunaga's story, underscores 

3704
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:59,600
how seizing the moment demands 
leaps of imagination, a 

3705
03:11:59,600 --> 03:12:02,200
willingness, to adopt, 
unfamiliar tools and Readiness, 

3706
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:05,400
for pushback from entrenched 
interests, but such leaps. 

3707
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:07,800
Can also breed enemies from 
unexpected places. 

3708
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:12,400
He overcame vast hurdles only to
be undone by the retainer whose 

3709
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:15,500
loyalty he took for granted. 
The caution is timeless. 

3710
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:19,300
And stoppable impetus might 
yield breathtaking Victory is 

3711
03:12:19,300 --> 03:12:23,500
but ignoring the intricacies of 
trust, can prove fatal for all 

3712
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:26,200
the rancor. 
The story of Oda Nobunaga is 

3713
03:12:26,200 --> 03:12:29,500
also one of bridging a medieval 
fractiousness to a future marked

3714
03:12:29,500 --> 03:12:32,500
by Central governments, the 
Unstoppable impetus. 

3715
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:35,900
He began was not fully realized 
in his life time but the impetus

3716
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:39,200
did not die at honor G. 
continued through his 

3717
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:42,800
successors, Cole, culminating in
a unified though, autocratic 

3718
03:12:42,800 --> 03:12:47,800
Tokugawa regime, So in a sense 
he was the father of modern 

3719
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:51,200
Japan in everything but his 
official name that's the irony 

3720
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:53,200
the one who set the stage for 
stability. 

3721
03:12:53,200 --> 03:12:56,000
Never personally enjoyed it. 
His life ended in a 

3722
03:12:56,008 --> 03:12:59,600
conflagration leaving fans of 
heroic epics to mourn that the 

3723
03:12:59,608 --> 03:13:02,400
Unstoppable path ended. 
Just short of the final Victory.

3724
03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:06,000
Perhaps that ending 
paradoxically amplifies, his 

3725
03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:09,500
Legend in a land that often 
underscores the ephemeral beauty

3726
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:11,700
of cherry blossoms. 
Fleeting in their Prime 

3727
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:15,500
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 
Apex of his might resonates as 

3728
03:13:15,500 --> 03:13:18,900
an epic. 
Tragic, flourish, Even as a new 

3729
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:21,000
Japan, eventually dawned under 
different hands. 

3730
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:24,600
The memory of the one who dared 
to break every mold to score on 

3731
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:27,000
our kick codes. 
And to forcefully, shape, the 

3732
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:30,900
realm remains an endless source 
of contemplation debate and 

3733
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:35,000
creative inspiration. 
Odor a name that centuries later

3734
03:13:35,000 --> 03:13:38,700
remains intertwined with the 
Unstoppable drive to unify Our 

3735
03:13:38,700 --> 03:13:42,400
Land once splintered by War 
overshadowed, only by the final 

3736
03:13:42,400 --> 03:13:46,000
violent, twist of fate, that 
gave rise to a legend beyond the

3737
03:13:46,000 --> 03:13:54,800
measures of success or failure. 
George Washington's, formative 

3738
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:57,900
years, unfolded Against The 
Rustic backdrop of mid, 18th 

3739
03:13:57,900 --> 03:14:00,300
century Virginia. 
While popular culture, might 

3740
03:14:00,300 --> 03:14:04,500
depict him as an almost Mythic 
hero from the start, he was in 

3741
03:14:04,500 --> 03:14:08,300
reality shape by the day-to-day 
concerns of a frontier society 

3742
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:10,800
and a family struggling for 
greater prosperity. 

3743
03:14:11,700 --> 03:14:17,100
Born on February 22nd, 1732 in 
Westmoreland County, he was part

3744
03:14:17,100 --> 03:14:21,200
of a sprawling, network of 
half-siblings uncle's, aunts and

3745
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:23,500
cousins, who formed a 
complicated social web in the 

3746
03:14:23,508 --> 03:14:27,000
colony. 
His father Augustine sought to 

3747
03:14:27,000 --> 03:14:29,900
expand the family's Holdings 
through tobacco farming, land 

3748
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:33,100
speculation and the occasional 
foray into iron mining. 

3749
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:36,200
These early Pursuits carved out 
the environment where young 

3750
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,700
George would learn about risk, 
reward and the challenges of 

3751
03:14:39,700 --> 03:14:41,500
shaping one's Destiny in a new 
world. 

3752
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,100
Contrary to apocryphal stories 
Washington's. 

3753
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,100
Childhood was not defined by 
topping cherry trees or sporting

3754
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,400
wooden teeth. 
It was however marked by loss 

3755
03:14:51,400 --> 03:14:54,500
his father died. 
When George was only 11 throwing

3756
03:14:54,500 --> 03:14:57,500
the family's finances into 
uncertainty, his half-brother 

3757
03:14:57,500 --> 03:15:01,200
Lawrence considerably older 
stepped in as a paternal figure.

3758
03:15:02,100 --> 03:15:04,900
It was Lauren who introduced 
George to polite Society in 

3759
03:15:04,900 --> 03:15:08,000
Virginia and instilled in him 
and admiration for military 

3760
03:15:08,000 --> 03:15:10,500
achievement. 
Lawrence had served under the 

3761
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:14,000
British flag in the Caribbean a 
detail that quietly stoked 

3762
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:16,200
George's aspirations towards 
soldiering. 

3763
03:15:17,000 --> 03:15:19,300
Through Lawrence. 
He was exposed to the idea that 

3764
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:22,900
honor discipline and loyalty 
could earn a young man respect 

3765
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,000
in the British colonies. 
Despite these influences and 

3766
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:28,300
necessity often. 
Guided Washington's, early path,

3767
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:32,200
formal schooling was piecemeal 
at best tutors came and went 

3768
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:34,900
young George's. 
Mother, Mary Ball Washington, 

3769
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:38,500
strove to keep the family 
afloat, but educational 

3770
03:15:38,500 --> 03:15:42,500
opportunities remained sporadic.
This patchy instruction did not 

3771
03:15:42,500 --> 03:15:46,700
deter him, it forced him to 
become largely self-taught and 

3772
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:48,300
approach. 
That would define his later 

3773
03:15:48,300 --> 03:15:51,100
life. 
He was from his teenage years 

3774
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:55,500
onward, a veracious note taker 
and letter writer constantly 

3775
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:57,400
refining. 
His penmanship grammar and 

3776
03:15:57,400 --> 03:16:01,200
mathematical skills, writing 
itself became a window into the 

3777
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:03,700
adult world. 
He hoped to master one of his 

3778
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:06,700
initial breakthroughs came in 
the realm of surveying. 

3779
03:16:07,500 --> 03:16:09,700
Skill both profitable and 
adventurous and colonial 

3780
03:16:09,700 --> 03:16:12,500
Virginia. 
Land in those days was currently

3781
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:15,600
an individuals who could map 
Uncharted territories were in 

3782
03:16:15,608 --> 03:16:18,000
high demand. 
Washing Washington's early. 

3783
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:20,400
Forays into the wild Frontiers 
often. 

3784
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:23,400
In the company of rugged 
backwoodsman introduced to the 

3785
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:25,800
complexities of dealing with 
Native, American tribes, 

3786
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:30,000
unscrupulous land, speculators 
and the raw challenges of 

3787
03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:33,000
nature. 
These Expeditions were no mere 

3788
03:16:33,000 --> 03:16:36,800
camping trips nights. 
Spent in crude shelters rainy 

3789
03:16:36,800 --> 03:16:39,000
days, measuring difficult, 
terrain and the ever-present 

3790
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:42,500
threat of disease, built up his 
resilience By the time, he 

3791
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:46,200
turned 17, he had already 
secured appointments to survey, 

3792
03:16:46,200 --> 03:16:49,000
large tracts of land. 
In the Shenandoah Valley, a 

3793
03:16:49,000 --> 03:16:51,300
testament to his growing 
reputation for diligence. 

3794
03:16:52,300 --> 03:16:55,300
During this phase Washington 
also observed firsthand the 

3795
03:16:55,300 --> 03:16:59,300
tensions Brewing between French 
British and Native interests. 

3796
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,800
The Ohio Valley to the West Was 
a patchwork of claims and 

3797
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:06,900
counterclaims with British 
colonists, French Trappers and 

3798
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:09,100
Indigenous peoples. 
All jostling for control. 

3799
03:17:10,200 --> 03:17:13,500
The Washington was only a 
teenager he's experienced is 

3800
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,000
litter spark. 
If he could prove himself an 

3801
03:17:16,000 --> 03:17:18,800
effective leader. 
Specially in regions where 

3802
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:22,100
boundaries were contested, he 
might Ascend socially and 

3803
03:17:22,100 --> 03:17:24,900
financially. 
Colonial Virginia had its share 

3804
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,200
of privileged families but 
upward Mobility was possible for

3805
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:31,300
those who possessed skill can 
connect connections and an 

3806
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:35,400
unrelenting work ethic. 
Beyond surveying Washington's 

3807
03:17:35,400 --> 03:17:38,300
adolescent years were all of 
subtle, social schooling. 

3808
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:40,900
He learned the art of 
conversation and manners. 

3809
03:17:40,900 --> 03:17:43,800
So important in a near a 
government, by strict code of 

3810
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,500
Honor by memorizing, The Rules 
of Civility and Decent Behavior.

3811
03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:50,900
This pamphlet copied diligently 
in his youthful. 

3812
03:17:50,900 --> 03:17:54,700
Handwriting offered guidelines 
for everything from posture and 

3813
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:58,100
polite company to showing 
respect for superiors though, it

3814
03:17:58,100 --> 03:18:00,900
might seem quaint. 
Now these rules exemplified the 

3815
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:04,500
polished veneer that colonial 
society, demanded of any young 

3816
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:07,400
man, aiming to rise and ranked 
by the time, Washington 

3817
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:09,700
approached. 
Adulthood he was neither a 

3818
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:11,800
wide-eyed Farm Boy, nor a 
Pampered Aristocrat. 

3819
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:15,500
He was a tall physically strong 
young man comfortable on 

3820
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:19,200
Horseback capable with a musket 
Adept at mathematics. 

3821
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:23,200
And cognizant of how crucial 
Alliance is, could be He held 

3822
03:18:23,200 --> 03:18:26,500
quiet Ambitions, that revolved 
around land, local military 

3823
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:28,900
distinction and acceptance among
the elite. 

3824
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:32,900
But events on the horizon 
Imperial rivalries that would 

3825
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:36,600
ignite the frontier would soon 
catapult him onto a larger stage

3826
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:40,300
that transitional zone between 
surveying in the wilderness and 

3827
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:42,400
attending gentle dances along 
the Potomac. 

3828
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:46,200
George Washington was preparing 
without fully knowing it for 

3829
03:18:46,200 --> 03:18:49,000
trials that would define his 
future and reshape a continents 

3830
03:18:49,000 --> 03:18:52,100
destiny. 
Washington's transformation from

3831
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:56,200
a surveyor to a soldier was not 
the result of random events or a

3832
03:18:56,200 --> 03:19:00,300
meticulously planned strategy. 
It was insisted triggered by the

3833
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:04,200
turbulent geopolitics of the 
mid-18th century at the time, 

3834
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:07,300
the British and French Empires 
vied for dominance over North 

3835
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:10,900
America's lucrative territories.
The frontier regions of the Ohio

3836
03:19:10,900 --> 03:19:15,100
Valley thick with forests and 
fur-bearing Wildlife became a 

3837
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:18,500
Flashpoint for competing claims 
indigenous, Nations far, from 

3838
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:22,100
passive, onlookers, leverage, 
these rivalries and pursuit of 

3839
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:24,900
their interests. 
Forging and breaking alliances 

3840
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:29,800
as circumstances demanded. 
In 1753, Virginia's left, tenant

3841
03:19:29,800 --> 03:19:33,000
Governor, Robert Dinwiddie 
sought, someone Intrepid and 

3842
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:35,200
resourceful to deliver a warning
to French forces. 

3843
03:19:35,200 --> 03:19:38,200
Building forts near the forks of
the Ohio, the young, George 

3844
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:40,700
Washington, then just 21 
volunteers. 

3845
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,500
This Mission would catapult him 
into International Intrigue and 

3846
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:46,300
for which he had limited formal 
training. 

3847
03:19:47,000 --> 03:19:50,100
Undertired, he set off with a 
small party in wintry 

3848
03:19:50,100 --> 03:19:53,200
conditions, navigating 
difficult, terrain and uncertain

3849
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:55,700
receptions. 
He reached the French Outpost 

3850
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,000
and handed over dinwiddie's 
demand, that they abandoned 

3851
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:01,000
their incursion. 
The French officers responded 

3852
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,800
politely but refused to budge. 
Washington's return Journey was 

3853
03:20:04,800 --> 03:20:07,800
harrowing, he nearly drowned 
Crossing an icy River. 

3854
03:20:07,800 --> 03:20:11,400
Only surviving by grabbing onto 
a piece of Driftwood and Hauling

3855
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:14,800
himself onto a small island, yet
that near fatal ordeal did 

3856
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:18,500
little to shake his resolve Upon
returning to Williamsburg, he 

3857
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:21,500
penned a report detailing his 
observations, the account 

3858
03:20:21,500 --> 03:20:25,500
published and widely distributed
burnished Washington's name. 

3859
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:28,900
His straightforward prose 
describing the hazards of the 

3860
03:20:28,900 --> 03:20:32,500
journey and the French refusal 
to retreat resonated with 

3861
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:35,700
colonists hungry for news and 
British officials eager for 

3862
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,900
evidence of French Defiance 
Washington emerged from 

3863
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:42,800
anonymity suddenly recognized as
a figure capable of undertaking 

3864
03:20:42,800 --> 03:20:45,900
difficult assignments. 
At the Empire's margins, not 

3865
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,300
long afterward, Dinwiddie 
promoted him and dispatched him.

3866
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,000
Back to the frontier. 
With a modest Force to secure 

3867
03:20:52,000 --> 03:20:56,700
strategic points in 1754, 
tension's erupted into outright 

3868
03:20:56,700 --> 03:21:00,400
Conflict at cite washing. 
Hastily fortified and named Fort

3869
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:02,800
Necessity. 
An attack by French and 

3870
03:21:02,800 --> 03:21:04,600
Indigenous allies forced him to 
surrender. 

3871
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,500
Under humiliating conditions he 
engagement. 

3872
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:11,600
While a setback military taught 
Washington sobering lessons 

3873
03:21:11,600 --> 03:21:16,200
about leadership discipline and 
the unpredictability of War The 

3874
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:18,700
British press Twisted, the 
episode in contradictory ways, 

3875
03:21:18,700 --> 03:21:21,900
some painted him as a Plucky, 
Colonial undone by minimal 

3876
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:24,300
support, others. 
As a foolhardy officer, 

3877
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:26,700
stumbling into a larger conflict
amid. 

3878
03:21:26,700 --> 03:21:30,100
This swirl of opinions, 
Washington's, internal drive to 

3879
03:21:30,100 --> 03:21:32,600
prove himself only intensified 
soon. 

3880
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:35,800
The conflict, expanded into what
Europeans would call, the Seven 

3881
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:38,400
Years War, and Americans were 
dubbed, the French, and Indian 

3882
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:40,900
War. 
Washington served as provincial 

3883
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:43,900
officer and a general Edward 
Braddock a British commander 

3884
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:46,800
charged with seizing French. 
Forts French troops in their 

3885
03:21:46,800 --> 03:21:49,600
indigenous allies ambushed 
British forces during the 

3886
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:53,100
disastrous Braddock Expedition 
near the Monongahela River in 

3887
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:55,700
1755. 
Decimated them. 

3888
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:58,800
In the chaos wash Washington, 
distinguished himself by 

3889
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:01,600
rallying survivors and 
organizing a fighting withdrawal

3890
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:03,700
though. 
He was beset by illness and 

3891
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:05,700
almost had multiple horses shot 
from under him. 

3892
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:08,600
He emerged from the Carnage with
a reputation for courage Under 

3893
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,200
Fire. 
Yet for all his Valor 

3894
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:14,200
Washington, grew frustrated with
British arrogance toward 

3895
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:17,600
Colonial officers he witnessed 
British regulars, disregarding 

3896
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:20,300
local intelligence and ignoring,
suggestions from men, like 

3897
03:22:20,308 --> 03:22:24,400
himself, who knew the frontier 
this snobbery combined with 

3898
03:22:24,400 --> 03:22:28,700
logistical incompetence fuel 
deep, resentments, he realized 

3899
03:22:28,700 --> 03:22:31,400
that Colonial troops often 
received second-class treatment,

3900
03:22:31,400 --> 03:22:35,700
lesser pay and fewer Provisions.
This personal exposure to 

3901
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:38,100
British condescension would 
later shape his willingness to 

3902
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:40,400
challenge Imperial Authority, 
though. 

3903
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:44,600
That moment, Lee years ahead by 
the wars end Washington had 

3904
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:47,100
resigned his commission and 
returned to Mount Vernon. 

3905
03:22:47,100 --> 03:22:49,700
The estate, he inherited 
following Lawrence's death. 

3906
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:54,000
The war had left him with real 
Combat experience and the seeds 

3907
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:57,100
of an emerging identity. 
Part loyal, British subject, 

3908
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,400
heart Colonial leader, 
increasingly skeptical of 

3909
03:23:00,400 --> 03:23:04,400
Imperial attitudes over the 
ensuing decade, or he would 

3910
03:23:04,408 --> 03:23:08,600
focus on his plantations dabble 
in local politics and Mary 

3911
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:11,100
Martha. 
Dandridge custis aali Widow, 

3912
03:23:11,100 --> 03:23:14,300
whose Fortune helped Shore up. 
His finance's washingtom. 

3913
03:23:14,300 --> 03:23:16,900
Transformed Mount Vernon into a 
profitable Enterprise. 

3914
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:21,100
Experimenting with new crops 
analyzing agricultural 

3915
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:24,300
techniques and exerting 
influence in Virginia's, House 

3916
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:27,200
of Burgesses, yet, the memory of
the frontier battles, never 

3917
03:23:27,200 --> 03:23:30,300
fully dimmed. 
He had seen how tenuous British 

3918
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:34,200
Authority could be on American 
soil, how alliances shifted and 

3919
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:37,000
how local knowledge often out 
stripped distant orders. 

3920
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:40,200
He also observe the subtle 
changes stirring among 

3921
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:44,700
colonists, growing populations 
expanding Commerce and A sense 

3922
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:47,200
of collective identity. 
Not solely, anchored to Britain.

3923
03:23:48,100 --> 03:23:50,600
While Washington did not yet 
foresee a complete break with 

3924
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:52,600
the crown. 
The stage was quite quietly, 

3925
03:23:52,600 --> 03:23:54,800
being set for a more profound 
Clash. 

3926
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:58,700
Looking back his French and 
Indian War experience was 

3927
03:23:58,700 --> 03:24:02,000
something of a dress rehearsal 
granting him the on-the-ground 

3928
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:04,400
insights that would prove 
indispensable in the larger 

3929
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:07,900
crisis, looming on the horizon, 
following the French and Indian 

3930
03:24:07,900 --> 03:24:10,300
War. 
Washington, spent the 1760s and 

3931
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:14,000
early 1770s deeply immersed, in 
The rhythms of Plantation life 

3932
03:24:14,000 --> 03:24:17,800
at Mount Vernon managing labor, 
maintaining his reputation as a 

3933
03:24:17,800 --> 03:24:20,900
local Squire and serving 
intermittently in the Virginia 

3934
03:24:20,900 --> 03:24:23,700
House of Burgesses occupied much
of his time. 

3935
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:27,800
He meticulously oversaw the 
cultivation of crops initially, 

3936
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:31,100
tobacco later diversifying into 
wheat and other Staples, 

3937
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:35,000
adapting to market trends and 
soil conditions, but Economic 

3938
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:37,700
Security. 
Remained tenuous British trade 

3939
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:41,100
regulations, shiping monopolies 
and Mercantile, restrictions 

3940
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:44,400
often pinched, Colonial 
Planters, Washington found 

3941
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:48,100
himself confronting deaths 
currently shortages and a 

3942
03:24:48,100 --> 03:24:50,500
constraining imperial 
bureaucracy that dictated how 

3943
03:24:50,500 --> 03:24:54,400
Goods could be exported or 
imported Amid these challenges 

3944
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:57,100
Washington's perspective on 
British Authority, gradually 

3945
03:24:57,100 --> 03:25:00,100
evolved early on, he had 
desired, nothing more than to 

3946
03:25:00,100 --> 03:25:02,600
climb in status within the 
British Imperial framework. 

3947
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:06,100
He'd admired British military 
traditions and social Customs, 

3948
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:09,200
but he began to see the 
Practical constraints that came 

3949
03:25:09,200 --> 03:25:11,200
with living under a distant 
Parliament. 

3950
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:14,100
That issued edicts without 
consulting Colonial, assemblies.

3951
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:19,000
The Stamp Act of 1765, imposing 
taxes on printed materials 

3952
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:21,700
galvanized discontent among 
colonists. 

3953
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:25,400
Washington who used legal 
documents frequently for land 

3954
03:25:25,400 --> 03:25:28,300
transactions. 
Saw the actors a direct to front

3955
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:32,200
to local autonomy. while not the
most fiery rhetoric in Virginia 

3956
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:35,600
figures like Patrick Henry 
captured that honor Washington, 

3957
03:25:35,600 --> 03:25:39,600
expressed, measured indignation,
he argued that taxation without 

3958
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:43,100
representation violated the 
rights of Englishmen A stance 

3959
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:46,700
that resonated among fellow 
Planters, merchants and small 

3960
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:50,800
farmers alike. 
And 1769, the Virginia House of 

3961
03:25:50,800 --> 03:25:53,800
Burgesses, responded, to new 
British taxes, on glass paper, 

3962
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:56,800
paint and tea by passing 
resolves, condemning these 

3963
03:25:56,808 --> 03:25:59,100
impositions. 
When the Royal Governor 

3964
03:25:59,100 --> 03:26:02,700
dissolved, the assembly, the 
delegates washing included met 

3965
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:05,700
informally at the rally. 
Tavern in Williamsburg, drafting

3966
03:26:05,700 --> 03:26:08,800
non-importation agreements. 
These packs found not to 

3967
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,100
purchase British goods until 
colonial grievances were 

3968
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:14,400
addressed Though not as 
flamboyant as protests in 

3969
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,500
Boston, he's Virginian measures 
underscored How Deeply 

3970
03:26:17,500 --> 03:26:20,500
resentment of taking root among 
even, the more conservative land

3971
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,000
holding class. 
Wash Washington's letters from 

3972
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:25,600
this period, reveal a measured, 
but firm tone. 

3973
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:29,100
He spoke of the encroachments of
Parliament and the need for 

3974
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,200
Unity among the colonies. 
Not one to relish public 

3975
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:34,000
speaking. 
He employed his reputation as a 

3976
03:26:34,008 --> 03:26:37,500
balanced pragmatic figure. 
People listened when Washington 

3977
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:40,500
spoke because they trusted his 
sense of responsibility and 

3978
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:42,400
fairness. 
Privately he worried about 

3979
03:26:42,408 --> 03:26:45,400
violence escalating yet. 
He also felt that the colonies 

3980
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,400
should not yield to intimidation
this blend of caution and 

3981
03:26:48,408 --> 03:26:50,100
resolve was a Hallmark of his 
character. 

3982
03:26:50,100 --> 03:26:53,800
Tensions, escalated to a 
critical level, by 1774. 

3983
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:57,000
The Boston Tea Party and 
subsequent punitive British 

3984
03:26:57,000 --> 03:26:59,700
measures prompted the formation 
of the First Continental 

3985
03:26:59,700 --> 03:27:02,500
Congress. 
Washington was chosen as one of 

3986
03:27:02,508 --> 03:27:05,200
Virginia's, delegates 
solidifying, his role as a 

3987
03:27:05,200 --> 03:27:07,300
national figure rather than just
a regional voice. 

3988
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:10,400
He traveled to Philadelphia 
where representatives from a 

3989
03:27:10,408 --> 03:27:12,900
cross, the colonies, debated, 
how far to push back against 

3990
03:27:12,900 --> 03:27:16,000
British? 
While radicals like Samuel 

3991
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,300
Adams, advocated more Extreme 
Measures other sort of 

3992
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:21,600
compromise or hope. 
For a restoration of harmonious,

3993
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:24,000
relations washing to present 
signaled. 

3994
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:27,400
That Virginia, the largest and 
most populous colony was 

3995
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:30,500
prepared to stand alongside New 
England, in protesting Imperial 

3996
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:33,400
overreach. 
Washington's military background

3997
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,500
was not overlooked during those 
Congress sessions, he was one of

3998
03:27:36,500 --> 03:27:38,600
the few delegates with 
first-hand experience in 

3999
03:27:38,600 --> 03:27:40,800
large-scale combat operations, 
though. 

4000
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:44,000
Over shadowed by the fiery, 
oratory of John Adams or Patrick

4001
03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:47,500
Henry, he projected a quiet 
confidence that could unify 

4002
03:27:47,500 --> 03:27:50,400
disparate factions. 
He sold them took the floor for 

4003
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:52,700
dramatic speeches. 
But in committee meeting 

4004
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:56,600
delegates, consulted him about 
potential military scenarios of 

4005
03:27:56,600 --> 03:27:58,200
the standoff with Britain, 
escalated. 

4006
03:27:58,200 --> 03:28:01,400
How might a rack tag Colonial 
militia confront the most 

4007
03:28:01,408 --> 03:28:05,100
formidable army in the world, 
Event soon compelled, everyone 

4008
03:28:05,100 --> 03:28:09,700
to take action in April 1775, 
the battles at Lexington and 

4009
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:13,300
Concord Unleashed. 
Open conflict, British soldiers 

4010
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:16,300
and Colonial, militiamen had 
exchanged shots and the war was 

4011
03:28:16,308 --> 03:28:19,800
effectively underway by the time
the second continental congress.

4012
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:22,600
Convened, the question was no 
longer whether to resist 

4013
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:27,200
military but how John Adams 
recognizing this. 

4014
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:29,000
Need to draw the southern 
colonies. 

4015
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:32,300
More tightly into the cause 
nominated Washington, to lead 

4016
03:28:32,300 --> 03:28:33,800
the newly formed. 
Continental Army. 

4017
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:37,900
With a reluctance Washington, 
accepted declaring, he would 

4018
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:41,300
serve without pay. he stressed 
that he was neither the most 

4019
03:28:41,300 --> 03:28:44,900
qualified nor seeking personal 
Glory, yet he would do his duty 

4020
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:49,000
of called upon in that moment, 
the diligent Virginia planter 

4021
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:52,500
and local politician found 
himself thrust onto a stage with

4022
03:28:52,500 --> 03:28:55,300
no script. 
Leading a revolution against the

4023
03:28:55,300 --> 03:28:59,000
crown seemed or dacious even 
Reckless, but Washington 

4024
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:01,400
believed the colonies had 
reached in a reversible point. 

4025
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:04,300
Saddled his horse and departed 
from Massachusetts. 

4026
03:29:04,300 --> 03:29:08,900
Determined, if unsure about the 
trials, that lay ahead his 

4027
03:29:08,900 --> 03:29:10,600
leadership, would soon be tested
in ways. 

4028
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:14,200
Few could have imagined both by 
the might of British forces and 

4029
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:16,700
by the fractious, nature of a 
fledgling Nation, still 

4030
03:29:16,700 --> 03:29:19,900
discovering its Collective 
identity, Washington's 

4031
03:29:19,900 --> 03:29:21,300
appointment as the 
commander-in-chief of the 

4032
03:29:21,300 --> 03:29:24,100
Continental Army, paved the way 
for a challenging battle against

4033
03:29:24,100 --> 03:29:27,500
the most formidable military 
force of the era arriving in 

4034
03:29:27,500 --> 03:29:31,700
Cambridge. 
Massachusetts in July 1775, he 

4035
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:34,500
took command of a collection of 
militias besieging British held 

4036
03:29:34,500 --> 03:29:37,500
Boston. 
What he found was a disorganized

4037
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:41,600
Force lacking supplies uniforms 
and consistent discipline 

4038
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:44,200
militias from different 
colonies, held different 

4039
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:48,100
loyalties, varied drastically in
training and often viewed each 

4040
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:51,700
other with suspicion. 
Washing realized that to stand 

4041
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:55,600
any chance against the British 
yet, to forge these disparate 

4042
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:57,900
units into a cohesive army with 
a shared purpose. 

4043
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,900
Early on Washington face to 
series of strategic dilemmas, 

4044
03:30:01,900 --> 03:30:05,500
despite the often romanticized 
notion of the Continental Army's

4045
03:30:05,500 --> 03:30:08,200
Underdog Valor. 
The reality was messy. 

4046
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:13,100
Disease, desertions and short 
term investments undercut, the 

4047
03:30:13,100 --> 03:30:14,900
stable Force who desperately 
needed. 

4048
03:30:15,700 --> 03:30:17,800
British troops in. 
Boston were well, supplied by 

4049
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:19,900
sea. 
So direct assault seemed 

4050
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:22,700
suicidal. 
Instead Washington imposed 

4051
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:26,600
discipline, orchestrated Siege 
lines and introduced stricter 

4052
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:30,200
regulations over time. 
He acquired cannon from fought 

4053
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:33,000
to conderoga famously, 
transporting them across 

4054
03:30:33,000 --> 03:30:36,500
difficult winter, terrain, under
Henry Knox, oversight by March 

4055
03:30:36,500 --> 03:30:39,900
76 artillery on Dorchester 
Heights, forced the British to 

4056
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:42,600
evacuate Boston. 
Although it was a bloodless 

4057
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:45,600
victory for the Americans 
Washington, understood that the 

4058
03:30:45,608 --> 03:30:48,800
war had barely begun. 
The British Navy and army could 

4059
03:30:48,800 --> 03:30:50,900
and would strike at more 
critical ports. 

4060
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:56,000
Washing to next trials, unfolded
in New York and anticipating a 

4061
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:58,800
major British offensive. 
He shifted his army to defend 

4062
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:02,600
Manhattan and its surrounding 
the British arrived in force 

4063
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:06,300
under General, William Howe and 
by late summer in 1776, 

4064
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:09,500
Washington's men injured a 
crushing defeat at the Battle of

4065
03:31:09,508 --> 03:31:13,400
Long Island A series of Retreats
followed culminating in the 

4066
03:31:13,408 --> 03:31:16,100
British season. 
New York City, morale plummeted,

4067
03:31:16,100 --> 03:31:19,200
many soldiers deserted others, 
questioned. 

4068
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:23,100
Washington's competence yet in a
bold move washing ordered a 

4069
03:31:23,100 --> 03:31:25,200
stealth evacuation across the 
East River. 

4070
03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:28,400
During the night fairing, 
thousands of troops and avoiding

4071
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:31,800
total annihilation. 
That partial salvation became an

4072
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:35,500
early example of his knack for 
improvisational Retreats a skill

4073
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:37,700
that may lack, the glamour of 
offensive victories. 

4074
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:43,000
It was crucial for the survival 
of the cause In late 1776 with 

4075
03:31:43,000 --> 03:31:44,700
enlistments expiring and 
temperatures. 

4076
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:47,300
Dropping Washington. 
Orchestrated, one of the 

4077
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:50,100
revolutions. 
Most dramatic Strokes crossing 

4078
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:52,700
the icy Delaware River on 
Christmas night to surprise 

4079
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:56,800
Hessian mercenaries at Trenton 
successor Trenton followed by 

4080
03:31:56,800 --> 03:32:00,700
another victory at Prince and 
rejuvenated the Patriot cause 

4081
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:03,800
Washington's leadership style in
these moments combined 

4082
03:32:03,800 --> 03:32:05,900
particular planning with 
personal bravery. 

4083
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:09,800
He rode at the front and 
encouraging his men proving that

4084
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:12,700
cunning and audacity could 
offset numerical or logistical 

4085
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:15,700
disadvantages. 
The morale boost was enormous 

4086
03:32:15,700 --> 03:32:18,900
coaxing recruits to stay in new 
volunteers to join. 

4087
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:22,500
Yet the Continental armies, 
tribulation remained a bundle, 

4088
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:25,600
the British sought to isolate 
New England by seizing. 

4089
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:28,100
The Hudson River Corridor while 
smaller armies. 

4090
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:31,500
Skirmish in the interior, 
Washington clashed repeatedly 

4091
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:33,900
with delegates in the 
Continental Congress Who 

4092
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,500
provided inconsistent funding 
and supplies reflecting the 

4093
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:39,300
fragile, nature of the young 
Confederation. 

4094
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:43,500
He wrote endless letters 
pleading for shoes, blankets and

4095
03:32:43,500 --> 03:32:46,100
rationals. 
Meanwhile British raids and 

4096
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:48,900
Loyalists sympathizers. 
So to confusion behind American 

4097
03:32:48,900 --> 03:32:53,400
Airlines. 
In 1777, Washington lost a key 

4098
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,700
engagement at Brandywine, 
allowing the British to capture 

4099
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:59,500
Philadelphia, the Patriot 
Capital, another setback at 

4100
03:32:59,500 --> 03:33:03,400
Germantown, followed critics and
Congress grew louder questioning

4101
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:06,200
whether a different General 
might fare better yet. 

4102
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:08,400
Washington retained the Loyalty 
of many officers. 

4103
03:33:08,400 --> 03:33:12,000
Forging a sense of unity that 
transcended, local affiliations 

4104
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:16,600
at Valley Forge during the cruel
winter of 1777 to 1778. 

4105
03:33:16,600 --> 03:33:20,500
The Army, endured starvation, 
disease and freezing conditions.

4106
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:24,100
Thanks to the drilling expertise
of Baron von Steuben next. 

4107
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:26,700
Prussian, officer Washington's 
troops emerged. 

4108
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:29,900
More disciplined able to engage 
British regulars, on nearly 

4109
03:33:29,900 --> 03:33:34,000
equal terms at Valley Forge, the
Continental Army underwent, a 

4110
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:36,200
significant transformation 
transitioning. 

4111
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:38,800
From an unruly collection of 
militias to a functional 

4112
03:33:38,800 --> 03:33:42,100
fighting force washing also 
learned the delicate art of 

4113
03:33:42,108 --> 03:33:46,000
balancing alliance's, the French
persuaded by the American 

4114
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:49,600
victory at Saratoga the Horatio 
Gates led the effort not washing

4115
03:33:49,600 --> 03:33:53,600
directly Lee join the conflict, 
providing Naval strength and 

4116
03:33:53,600 --> 03:33:56,300
additional Ground Forces 
coordinating with French 

4117
03:33:56,300 --> 03:33:59,500
officers like the Marquis De 
Lafayette, demanded diplomatic 

4118
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:03,700
finesse Washington adapted, 
forging trust with these foreign

4119
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:07,200
allies even as intercalary 
tensions threatened to fracture 

4120
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:09,400
the American side through it 
all. 

4121
03:34:09,400 --> 03:34:12,300
Washington, displayed, a 
steadiness that became Central 

4122
03:34:12,300 --> 03:34:16,500
to the Army's identity. 
His men might groan about scarce

4123
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:19,600
supplies or rag uniforms, but 
they trusted their General to 

4124
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:23,300
hold them together. 
By the wars midpoint Washington 

4125
03:34:23,300 --> 03:34:25,800
had solidified his role as the 
Lynch pin of American 

4126
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:29,300
resistance, his direct 
Battlefield successes varied. 

4127
03:34:29,300 --> 03:34:32,400
Some were brilliant, others. 
Disappointing, but his 

4128
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:35,600
unshakeable commitment to the 
cause combined with an ability 

4129
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:39,400
to Pivot tax and maintain Unity 
kept the Rebellion alive. 

4130
03:34:40,100 --> 03:34:42,500
Emerging from these years of 
hardship was a sense that 

4131
03:34:42,500 --> 03:34:46,400
whether revered or criticized, 
Washington was indispensable. 

4132
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:50,300
He was no mere figurehead. 
The political apparatus and the 

4133
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:52,700
Army itself needed. 
His Steady Hand at the Helm of 

4134
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:55,400
the Revolution was to stand a 
chance of seeing final Victory 

4135
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:58,800
as the Revolutionary War 
entered, its latest stages, 

4136
03:34:58,800 --> 03:35:02,100
Washington to new set of 
challenges that tested his 

4137
03:35:02,100 --> 03:35:05,600
leadership on multiple fronts. 
The conflict had become more 

4138
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:09,400
sprawling with battles in the 
South intensifying British 

4139
03:35:09,400 --> 03:35:11,400
forces. 
Hoping to exploit loyalists 

4140
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:13,900
sentiment launched campaigns in 
Georgia. 

4141
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:16,900
And the Carolinas. 
Meanwhile the Continental Army 

4142
03:35:16,900 --> 03:35:19,600
in the north still had to guard 
against renewed offensives from 

4143
03:35:19,600 --> 03:35:22,000
New York. 
Washington, found himself, 

4144
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,200
juggling resource allocations 
and strategic oversight across a

4145
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:28,600
vast territory, all with limited
Manpower and mega finances. 

4146
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:31,800
One of his core strengths. 
Lay in understanding that 

4147
03:35:31,800 --> 03:35:34,900
Victory did not necessarily 
require defeating every British 

4148
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:38,400
unit on the battlefield. 
Over years of warfare Washington

4149
03:35:38,400 --> 03:35:41,500
recognized that prolonging the 
conflict, making it too costly 

4150
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:45,700
for Britain to sustain could be 
enough to force negotiations as 

4151
03:35:45,700 --> 03:35:49,000
British public support for the 
war waned and the conflicts the 

4152
03:35:49,000 --> 03:35:53,700
Empire's coffers this strategy 
of endurance gained tracking The

4153
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:56,400
coordinated partisan Warfare in 
the southern state, where 

4154
03:35:56,400 --> 03:35:59,100
generals like Nathanael Greene 
used hidden run tactics and 

4155
03:35:59,100 --> 03:36:01,500
force the British to overextend 
their supply lines. 

4156
03:36:02,200 --> 03:36:05,600
Washing might not have designed 
every maneuver personally but 

4157
03:36:05,600 --> 03:36:08,100
his overarching directive 
emphasized wearing down the 

4158
03:36:08,100 --> 03:36:11,000
opponent while rather than 
seeking a single Grand 

4159
03:36:11,000 --> 03:36:15,800
triumphant at all costs yet. 
Frustration still mounted the 

4160
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:18,900
Continental Congress, 
perennially short, on funds, 

4161
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:21,900
struggled to pay or Supply the 
troops inflation. 

4162
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:24,000
Ran rampant and the paper 
currency. 

4163
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:26,900
They issued known as 
Continentals lost much of its 

4164
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:29,600
value. 
Sometimes entire regiments, 

4165
03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:32,100
threatened Mutiny over unpaid 
wages and lack of food. 

4166
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:36,300
Washington wrote urgent letters 
balancing please and warnings 

4167
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:40,400
desertion could unravel the 
entire Revolution, but the men's

4168
03:36:40,400 --> 03:36:43,900
hardships were genuine He 
balanced his empathy for his 

4169
03:36:43,900 --> 03:36:46,500
soldiers, suffering with the 
need to uphold discipline 

4170
03:36:46,500 --> 03:36:49,800
against this turbulent. 
Backdrop, French assistance, 

4171
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:53,200
played a decisive role. 
Following France's official 

4172
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:55,900
entry into the war. 
Spain and the Dutch Republic 

4173
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:58,200
also offered varying degrees of 
support to America. 

4174
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:01,600
Broadening the conflict into a 
larger Global struggle against 

4175
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,000
Britain. 
Washington worked with French 

4176
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:07,100
Admirals and Generals who like 
Admiral Degrassi and general 

4177
03:37:07,100 --> 03:37:09,800
Rochambeau. 
Brought Naval superiority and 

4178
03:37:09,800 --> 03:37:13,000
well-trained troops. 
Diplomatic Synergy was crucial 

4179
03:37:13,000 --> 03:37:17,000
washing never fluent in French 
relied on interpreters and the 

4180
03:37:17,008 --> 03:37:19,400
Goodwill of allies like 
Lafayette, maintained, strong 

4181
03:37:19,400 --> 03:37:22,800
communication Joint operations, 
required, patience and 

4182
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:25,200
compromise. 
The French navy, sheds and 

4183
03:37:25,200 --> 03:37:27,900
European political priorities, 
often constrained quick action. 

4184
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:31,200
The culmination of these 
alliances and strategies took 

4185
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:34,800
shape and 1781 at Yorktown. 
Virginia British General 

4186
03:37:34,800 --> 03:37:37,800
Cornwallis had entrenched. 
His forces there, hoping for 

4187
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:41,100
resupply, by sea, Washington 
seized the moment. 

4188
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:44,800
He feigned moves toward New York
but then swiftly marched. 

4189
03:37:44,800 --> 03:37:48,400
A major portion of his army, 
South The French Fleet under the

4190
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:51,400
grass blocked, the chest Peak 
preventing a British Naval 

4191
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:56,100
evacuation trapped, and under 
constant bombardment Cornwallis 

4192
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:59,900
surrendered in October. 7081 the
Victory at Yorktown did not 

4193
03:37:59,908 --> 03:38:03,000
instantly end the war but it was
the decisive blow that 

4194
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:06,500
shattered, Britain's willingness
to continue negotiations in 

4195
03:38:06,500 --> 03:38:08,800
Europe soon. 
Began leading to the 70 of May 

4196
03:38:08,800 --> 03:38:12,400
33, Treaty of Paris, recognizing
American independence. 

4197
03:38:13,300 --> 03:38:15,000
Washington's role in the final 
phase. 

4198
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:18,400
Showcased, two defining traits 
of his leadership adaptability 

4199
03:38:18,400 --> 03:38:21,900
and a knack for collaboration. 
He was not a tactical genius in 

4200
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:24,900
the mold of Napoleon, but he 
excelled in forging. 

4201
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:28,100
Unity among diverse groups with 
clashing Egos and conflicting 

4202
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:30,900
interests. 
He also grasped the cycle 

4203
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:34,100
dimension of War Victory. 
Could be achieved as much 

4204
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:36,800
through morale and diplomatic 
pressure as through Battlefield 

4205
03:38:36,800 --> 03:38:39,700
conquests. 
Under his guidance, the 

4206
03:38:39,700 --> 03:38:43,400
Continental Army endured for 
eight grueling years Coleman in 

4207
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:45,700
a capitulation that many had 
deemed impossible. 

4208
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:50,000
When peace was finally secured 
Washington stunned. 

4209
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:52,700
The World by resigning his 
commission and returning to 

4210
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:54,600
private life, rather than 
seasoning power. 

4211
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:57,900
In a time, when Victoria's 
Generals in Europe, often 

4212
03:38:57,900 --> 03:39:00,800
leveraged military success to 
become dictators or monarchs. 

4213
03:39:00,800 --> 03:39:02,800
His gesture was nearly 
unprecedented. 

4214
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:06,800
He sent a farewell address to 
the Army bidding, an emotional 

4215
03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:09,400
goodbye to the officers who had 
become like, family through 

4216
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:13,700
shared hardships. 
Then he returned to Mount Vernon

4217
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,600
longing for quiet days, over 
seeing his estate. 

4218
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:21,200
In the public imagination who 
became the embodiment of Roman 

4219
03:39:21,200 --> 03:39:24,700
Republican virtue. 
Kin to Cincinnati, natus leaving

4220
03:39:24,700 --> 03:39:28,000
his plow to defend the nation 
and then returning to his farm. 

4221
03:39:28,000 --> 03:39:30,500
Yet the young Republic soon, 
discovered that Independence 

4222
03:39:30,500 --> 03:39:34,000
would not solve every problem 
War debts disputes, among the 

4223
03:39:34,000 --> 03:39:37,200
states, and a weak central 
government under the Articles of

4224
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:39,700
Confederation threatened, the 
stability of the new nation 

4225
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:42,600
calls for a stronger National 
framework grew louder. 

4226
03:39:42,600 --> 03:39:46,600
And once again, the Gaze of the 
fledgling country turned to 

4227
03:39:46,608 --> 03:39:49,500
Washington, would he remain a 
private citizen? 

4228
03:39:49,500 --> 03:39:52,100
Or would he use his stature to 
help shape? 

4229
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:55,300
The governance of the country? 
He had been so instrumental in 

4230
03:39:55,300 --> 03:39:59,100
forging, The next chapter of his
life and In Deed of the nation's

4231
03:39:59,100 --> 03:40:03,100
would hinge on how he answered 
that question after returning to

4232
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:07,200
Mount Vernon and 1783 Washington
tried to refocus on his 

4233
03:40:07,200 --> 03:40:11,500
Plantation, hoping for a respite
from public affairs yet, the 

4234
03:40:11,500 --> 03:40:14,500
fragile state of the post-war 
union soon, pulled him back into

4235
03:40:14,500 --> 03:40:16,900
the spotlight. 
Under the article's affair 

4236
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:20,500
Confederation, the federal 
government lacked authority to 

4237
03:40:20,500 --> 03:40:24,300
tax regulate commerce. 
Affectively settled disputes 

4238
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:28,000
among states. 
Economic turmoil loomed, large 

4239
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:32,200
debts from the wall weighed on 
every state and the absence of a

4240
03:40:32,200 --> 03:40:36,300
cohesive National policy bred 
friction insurrections such as 

4241
03:40:36,300 --> 03:40:37,700
Shays Rebellion in 
Massachusetts. 

4242
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:40,200
Highlighted how easily? 
Unrest might spiral. 

4243
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:43,700
If the central government could 
not act decisively leaders, 

4244
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:47,000
across the state's recognize, 
the dire need for reforms and 

4245
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,100
Washington was a natural figure 
to help spearhead them though. 

4246
03:40:50,100 --> 03:40:51,900
Initially. 
Hesitant he feared Public 

4247
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:53,600
Service. 
Would once again, swallow his 

4248
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,600
private life, he came around to 
the idea that a stronger. 

4249
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:58,800
Government framework was 
essential to preserve the Union.

4250
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:03,000
In 1787, he agreed to preside 
over the Constitutional 

4251
03:41:03,000 --> 03:41:06,900
Convention in Philadelphia this 
Gathering intended, first to 

4252
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:09,600
revise the Articles soon, 
morphed into a wholesale 

4253
03:41:09,600 --> 03:41:13,300
creation of a new constitution, 
Washington did not speak off and

4254
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:15,900
during the debate. 
But his mere presence lent, 

4255
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,400
gravity to the preceding 
delicate, disagreed vigorously, 

4256
03:41:19,400 --> 03:41:22,600
over representation slavery and 
executive power. 

4257
03:41:22,600 --> 03:41:25,900
Yet most recognized that 
Washington's approval would be 

4258
03:41:25,900 --> 03:41:28,900
critical for winning public 
acceptance of any proposed 

4259
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:31,600
constitutional. 
His role was largely that of 

4260
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:35,600
mediator and symbol of unity, he
allowed men like James Madison, 

4261
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:39,800
Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin
Franklin to articulate competing

4262
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:42,600
ideas. 
But whenever debate grew 

4263
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:45,800
contentious, the image of 
Washington seated at the front 

4264
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:49,300
reminded them that the 
revolutions integrity and the 

4265
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:51,700
future of Republican governance 
were at stake. 

4266
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:57,200
By September 1787, the delegates
crafted a new Constitution that 

4267
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:00,300
incorporated a more robust 
federal government, tempered by 

4268
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:03,100
system of checks and balances 
although not perfect. 

4269
03:42:03,100 --> 03:42:05,600
It was a revolutionary 
experiment in structured 

4270
03:42:05,600 --> 03:42:07,800
Liberty. 
Washington's endorsement 

4271
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:09,500
carried. 
Enormous weight during the 

4272
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:13,200
ratification process, especially
in the Virginia, reluctant 

4273
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:16,000
Anti-Federalists. 
Founded difficult to argue that 

4274
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:18,900
the Constitution must tyranny, 
when Washington vouched for it. 

4275
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:23,400
Once the Constitution became law
calls for Washington to serve as

4276
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:26,000
the first president for 
unanimous in their intensity. 

4277
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:29,300
He was the linchpin who could 
lend immediately legitimacy to 

4278
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:32,300
the new system despite personals
reservations. 

4279
03:42:32,300 --> 03:42:36,000
He was aging and the toll of 
public life was no small burden.

4280
03:42:36,000 --> 03:42:39,400
He reluctantly accepted the 
role, the Electoral College 

4281
03:42:39,400 --> 03:42:41,900
elected him, unanimously in 
1789. 

4282
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,900
In April, of that year, he 
journeyed to New York City. 

4283
03:42:44,900 --> 03:42:47,000
The temporary capital to take 
the oath of office. 

4284
03:42:47,000 --> 03:42:50,800
His inauguration was a subdued 
ceremony reflecting a new 

4285
03:42:50,808 --> 03:42:53,000
nation's blend of optimism and 
anxiety. 

4286
03:42:53,000 --> 03:42:54,900
He stood on a balcony. 
Overlooking. 

4287
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:58,200
Throngs of cheering Citizen's. 
Placing in his hand, on a Bible 

4288
03:42:58,200 --> 03:43:01,600
and swearing to preserve protect
and defend the constitution. 

4289
03:43:01,600 --> 03:43:06,800
In shaping, the executive branch
washing to face a blank slate 

4290
03:43:07,800 --> 03:43:10,900
There was no blueprint for how a
president should behave you 

4291
03:43:10,900 --> 03:43:13,200
believed in setting, careful 
precedence, that would guide 

4292
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:16,400
successes and this cautious 
approach colored his every 

4293
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:19,200
decision. 
He formed a cabinet of advisors,

4294
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:23,700
including Thomas Jefferson as 
Secretary of State and Alexander

4295
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:27,300
Hamilton a Secretary of the 
Treasury, the ideological 

4296
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,800
clashes between Jefferson who 
championed agrarian democracy 

4297
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:34,500
and Hamilton, who pushed for a 
robust, federal government, and 

4298
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:37,400
Industrial growth forced 
Washington to navigate to 

4299
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:41,000
delicate balance balancing. 
These factions, he aimed to 

4300
03:43:41,000 --> 03:43:43,600
prevent the country from 
splitting into partisan camps 

4301
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:48,400
Still, the seeds of political 
rivalry were planted eventually,

4302
03:43:48,400 --> 03:43:51,000
sprouting into the Federalists 
and Democratic Republican 

4303
03:43:51,000 --> 03:43:53,900
parties. 
Washington's presence in 

4304
03:43:53,900 --> 03:43:57,700
navigated foreign policy. 
Dilemmas young United States was

4305
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:01,600
military, weak, financially, 
indebted and overshadowed by 

4306
03:44:01,600 --> 03:44:04,800
European powers. 
When the French Revolution 

4307
03:44:04,800 --> 03:44:07,700
erupted many Americans felt they
owed France. 

4308
03:44:07,700 --> 03:44:10,000
A debt of gratitude for its 
wartime support. 

4309
03:44:10,800 --> 03:44:13,900
Yet Washington believed 
neutrality was crucial in 

4310
03:44:13,900 --> 03:44:17,000
tangling, the fragile Republic. 
In Europe's Wars, could spell 

4311
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:19,500
disaster. 
His proclamation of neutrality 

4312
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:22,900
and 1793 Drew fire from those 
who wanted to Aid France. 

4313
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:26,400
But it shielded the new nation 
from a catastrophic conflict. 

4314
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:30,200
It was ill-prepared to handle. 
Domestic issues also tested, the

4315
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:33,800
new Administration, Hamilton's 
financial plan, which included, 

4316
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:35,500
Federal Assumption of State 
debts. 

4317
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:38,600
And the creation of a National 
Bank sparked, Fierce debates, 

4318
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:42,000
Washington, backed Hamilton, 
believing that fiscal stability,

4319
03:44:42,000 --> 03:44:43,900
was essential for national 
respectability. 

4320
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:48,100
But Jefferson's faction decried.
These measures as threats to 

4321
03:44:48,100 --> 03:44:51,500
states rights. 
Then in 1794, the Whiskey 

4322
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:53,300
Rebellion flared in Western 
Pennsylvania. 

4323
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:57,500
Where Farmers violently opposed 
to federal tax on distilled 

4324
03:44:57,500 --> 03:45:01,100
spirits Washington alarmed by 
the prospect of an armed 

4325
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,200
Insurrection, personally, LED 
troops to quell, the rebellion 

4326
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,000
and act that showcases, his 
Federal Authority, but also 

4327
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:10,800
raise fears about military's 
responses to dissent throughout 

4328
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:14,100
these trials, washing labor to 
maintain Austria, above parties 

4329
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:16,800
and squabbles, though that 
position grew increasingly 

4330
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,600
difficult, newspapers reflecting
the rise of party driven 

4331
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,900
journalism attacked or Praise 
Him depending on their tutorial.

4332
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,800
Leanings criticisms. 
Stung the once revered hero but 

4333
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:30,600
he remained steadfast convinced 
that the survival of 

4334
03:45:30,608 --> 03:45:33,000
constitutional governance 
required robust debate. 

4335
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,000
Even if it's sometimes, 
descended into vitriol. 

4336
03:45:36,900 --> 03:45:39,600
By the end of his second term, 
he yearned for retirement more 

4337
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:42,300
earnestly than ever. 
The question was whether the 

4338
03:45:42,300 --> 03:45:45,300
country could sustain itself 
without him or if his moral 

4339
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:47,200
Authority and balanced 
leadership remained 

4340
03:45:47,200 --> 03:45:51,700
indispensable By 1796 Washington
had served two terms as 

4341
03:45:51,700 --> 03:45:54,300
president and felt strongly. 
That rotating leadership was 

4342
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:57,400
essential to the Republic's 
Health unanimously, re-elected 

4343
03:45:57,400 --> 03:46:01,000
in 1792, he could likely have 
secured a third term, but he 

4344
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:03,800
declined. 
In doing so, he established a 

4345
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:06,300
precedent of voluntary 
executive, turnover later, 

4346
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:10,000
codified by the 22nd amendment. 
That would profoundly influence 

4347
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,400
American political culture, 
recognizing the young nation's 

4348
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,000
precariousness. 
He offered parting guidance in 

4349
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:20,100
his farewell address Published 
rather than delivered orally, it

4350
03:46:20,100 --> 03:46:23,300
warned against the dangers of 
permanent foreign alliances, and

4351
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:26,900
excessive parties and ship. 
He urged Americans to cherish, 

4352
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,900
Unity keep religion and morality
as public pillars and remain 

4353
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:33,500
where of ideological factions 
that could fracture National 

4354
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,700
cohesion. 
After leaving office, in March 

4355
03:46:36,700 --> 03:46:39,900
1797, Washington returned to 
Mount Vernon. 

4356
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:44,200
Sense of relief washed over him 
tempered by ongoing concerns 

4357
03:46:44,200 --> 03:46:47,200
about the fledgling. 
Nation's trajectory oversaw 

4358
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,800
expanded his estate experimented
with different crop. 

4359
03:46:50,800 --> 03:46:54,400
Rotations dabbled in various 
manufacturing Ventures on site, 

4360
03:46:54,400 --> 03:46:56,800
such as a Grist Mill and a 
Distillery. 

4361
03:46:57,500 --> 03:47:00,500
However, retirement did not 
provide an escape from moral 

4362
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:03,200
dilemmas, Washington's wealth, 
and Plantation. 

4363
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:06,700
Lifestyle had always hinged on 
enslaved labor, while he had 

4364
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:09,500
privately expressed ambivalence 
about slavery, calling it 

4365
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:11,700
repugnant in certain 
correspondences. 

4366
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:13,900
He never publicly championed 
abolition. 

4367
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:17,200
Only in his welded he arranged 
for the emancipation of his 

4368
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:19,000
enslaved. 
People after Martha's death. 

4369
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,400
A move that became one of the 
most significant private 

4370
03:47:22,400 --> 03:47:25,600
emancipation of that era. 
But the structural system of 

4371
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:29,300
slavery continued unabated 
across the South highlighting, 

4372
03:47:29,300 --> 03:47:32,800
the contradictions embedded in 
the new Republic, increasingly 

4373
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:35,400
foreign tension's threatened to 
pull, wash, and back in to 

4374
03:47:35,408 --> 03:47:38,100
public life. 
Relations with revolutionary 

4375
03:47:38,100 --> 03:47:40,500
France. 
Deteriorated under John Adams's,

4376
03:47:40,500 --> 03:47:46,200
presidency, culminating, in the 
Quasi War, at Sea in 1798, Adams

4377
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:48,800
asked, Washington to serve as 
commander of provisional Army, 

4378
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:52,500
should full-scale War break out.
Washington, agreed, though. 

4379
03:47:52,500 --> 03:47:54,100
He delegated most duties to 
Hamilton. 

4380
03:47:54,100 --> 03:47:57,400
He remained on standby, hoping 
conflict could be averted. 

4381
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:03,200
By 1799 immediate threat passed 
and Washington settled again in 

4382
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:06,000
to the routine at Mount Vernon 
that same year. 

4383
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:08,800
On December, the 12th, 
Washington braved, a cold wet 

4384
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:11,300
ride around, his estate, 
checking fence lines and 

4385
03:48:11,300 --> 03:48:15,400
farmland later that evening, he 
developed a sore throat within 

4386
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:18,500
days as conditional worsened 
into what many now believe was 

4387
03:48:18,500 --> 03:48:22,000
acute epic or Titus. 
Medical Treatments of the time 

4388
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:25,600
bleeding, blistering and 
gargling only weakened him 

4389
03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:28,000
further. 
On the night of December 14. 

4390
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:33,000
1799 George Washington, passed 
away, surrounded by close 

4391
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:35,500
friends and family. 
The news sent shockwaves 

4392
03:48:35,500 --> 03:48:38,900
throughout the country bells, 
tolled in distant cities, 

4393
03:48:38,900 --> 03:48:42,900
eulogies poured in from across 
political, divides reflecting, 

4394
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:45,600
the universal respect, Americans
felt for his leadership. 

4395
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:49,300
Even in Europe, figures like 
Napoleon ordered tributes, 

4396
03:48:49,300 --> 03:48:52,000
Washington's death brought a 
collective Reckoning. 

4397
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:54,700
The man who had guided the 
nation through Revolution 

4398
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,400
constitutional formation and 
early governance was gone. 

4399
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:02,500
But his legacy was already 
enshrined over subsequent 

4400
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:06,700
decades and centuries Americans 
would build monuments, mint 

4401
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:09,500
coins and composed Hagia graphic
stories. 

4402
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:13,500
That sometimes obscured the 
complexity of his life myths 

4403
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:18,000
multiplied, the cherry tree led 
by Parsons became a fixture in 

4404
03:49:18,000 --> 03:49:20,300
school primers. 
Overshadowing, the more 

4405
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:22,700
instructive lessons of 
Washington's, real struggles, 

4406
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:26,000
and ethical, dilemmas the wooden
teeth Trope over shadowed, the 

4407
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:29,400
details of his expensive painful
dental operators made from 

4408
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:32,800
various materials, including 
human or animal teeth and Metal.

4409
03:49:33,800 --> 03:49:35,800
Yet Behind The Shining marble 
statues. 

4410
03:49:35,800 --> 03:49:37,500
Stands. 
A more nuanced figure. 

4411
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:41,800
Washington was a man of his 
times shaped by its limitations,

4412
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,100
particularly regarding slavery 
and class structures but also 

4413
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:47,400
capable of transcending narrow 
self-interest. 

4414
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,300
He recognized the fragility of 
the American experiment and 

4415
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:53,200
acted repeatedly to keep it 
intact. 

4416
03:49:53,200 --> 03:49:57,700
Resigning his military 
Commission in 1783 residing over

4417
03:49:57,700 --> 03:50:01,600
the Constitution's, drafting in 
1787 and stepping down as 

4418
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:04,900
president after two terms. 
Each decision sent an 

4419
03:50:04,900 --> 03:50:07,900
unmistakable message that the 
republics longevity depended on 

4420
03:50:07,908 --> 03:50:09,500
checks against personal 
ambition. 

4421
03:50:10,300 --> 03:50:12,400
Washington's examples, stood out
for a nation. 

4422
03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:14,300
Still refining. 
Its Democratic Values. 

4423
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:17,700
He was neither a flamboyant 
speaker or a philosophical 

4424
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:22,600
theories, Thor wrist, but he 
possessed a calm gravitas, that 

4425
03:50:22,600 --> 03:50:26,000
could unify corals from State's.
He understood how to maintain 

4426
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:28,600
moral legitimacy in the eyes of 
both Elite and ordinary 

4427
03:50:28,600 --> 03:50:30,800
citizens. 
And though he was not without 

4428
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:34,400
flaws the ownership of enslaved,
individuals being Chief among 

4429
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:38,100
the Helped lay the groundwork 
for a political system capable 

4430
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:40,300
of evolving Beyond its Founders 
limitations. 

4431
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:44,800
Today more than two centuries, 
after his passing, George 

4432
03:50:44,800 --> 03:50:47,700
Washington remains an essential 
symbol for an America that 

4433
03:50:47,700 --> 03:50:49,900
struggles with its historical 
contradictions. 

4434
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,700
If we look beyond the simplified
school book portrayals, we find 

4435
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:57,100
a person who navigated immense 
pressures with perseverance and 

4436
03:50:57,100 --> 03:51:00,100
humility, whose quiet strength 
and deliberate choice to 

4437
03:51:00,100 --> 03:51:02,300
relinquish power. 
Set a tone for Republican 

4438
03:51:02,300 --> 03:51:04,800
governance. 
The complexity of his legacy, 

4439
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:07,300
invites us to reflect on both 
the grand achievements, and the 

4440
03:51:07,308 --> 03:51:10,300
unresolved tensions that were 
woven into the nation's birth. 

4441
03:51:11,000 --> 03:51:12,900
Poignant reminder that even 
foundational. 

4442
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:14,600
Heroes. 
Stand on shifting terrain, 

4443
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:17,200
forging a path for future 
generations. 

4444
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:27,400
To walk upon picture yourself on
a Hillside and Central Italy 

4445
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:32,100
around 312 BCE watching 
something amazing happen in the 

4446
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:35,900
valley below. 100 of workers are
moving in a way that is similar 

4447
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:39,500
to how ants build something much
bigger than themselves their 

4448
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:41,300
building. 
What will become the Via appear?

4449
03:51:41,300 --> 03:51:44,300
The first big Roman Road and 
they have no idea that they're 

4450
03:51:44,300 --> 03:51:47,200
making a model that will last 
for thousands of years, you can 

4451
03:51:47,200 --> 03:51:50,400
smell the Limestone dust in the 
air along with the sweater of 

4452
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:52,700
workers and the smell of freshly
turned soil. 

4453
03:51:52,700 --> 03:51:57,100
The sound is steady hammers, 
hitting Stone bosses calling out

4454
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,200
measurements and carts creaking 
as they bring materials. 

4455
03:52:00,200 --> 03:52:03,600
It's the sound of civilization 
literally Paving the way for the

4456
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:05,900
future. 
But let's take a step back from 

4457
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:08,300
this building site and think 
about what roads meant to 

4458
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:10,600
ancient empires. 
We usually think of them as 

4459
03:52:10,600 --> 03:52:13,900
basic transportation systems. 
Like the highways you drive onto

4460
03:52:13,900 --> 03:52:17,200
visit family or get to work. 
But old roads were much more 

4461
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:18,900
than that. 
They were the physical 

4462
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:22,500
embodiment of political power, 
economic systems, and cultural 

4463
03:52:22,500 --> 03:52:26,700
identity all at the same time. 
When an empire built a road, it 

4464
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:30,300
was making a big deal out of it.
It was saying we have complete 

4465
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,200
control over this land, so we 
can change it. 

4466
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:35,600
We have the power, the 
resources, and the organization 

4467
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,300
to move mountains, or at least 
make paths through them. 

4468
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:41,500
Every mile of paved Road, was an
investment, not only in getting 

4469
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:45,500
around, but also in the idea of 
Empire itself, think of Roads as

4470
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:49,000
the heart and blood vessels of 
ancient civilizations like your 

4471
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:51,900
body needs blood vessels to get 
oxygen and nutrients to every 

4472
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:55,500
cell Empires needed roads to 
move soldiers, Goods 

4473
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:58,500
information, and ideas, to every
part of their land. 

4474
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,500
You don't really notice your 
circulation when it's working, 

4475
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:03,600
right? 
Everything starts to break down 

4476
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:07,100
when it doesn't work, the Roman 
Empire probably understood this 

4477
03:53:07,100 --> 03:53:09,800
better than any other 
civilization before or since 

4478
03:53:10,600 --> 03:53:15,600
Rome had about 250,000 miles of 
roads at its peak, which is 

4479
03:53:15,600 --> 03:53:17,800
enough to go around the world 
ten times. 

4480
03:53:17,800 --> 03:53:20,800
These weren't just dirt paths 
that people had walked on a lot 

4481
03:53:20,800 --> 03:53:23,200
and worn down. 
They were engineering wonders 

4482
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:26,800
built with such care that some 
are still in use today more than

4483
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:30,000
2,000 years later. 
But Rome wasn't the only Empire 

4484
03:53:30,000 --> 03:53:31,700
that was crazy about building 
roads. 

4485
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:34,700
The Inca Empire in South 
America, built a road Network 

4486
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:38,500
that stretched over 25,000 miles
across, some of the hardest 

4487
03:53:38,500 --> 03:53:40,900
terrain on Earth. 
They built roads through 

4488
03:53:40,900 --> 03:53:44,800
mountains that would make modern
Engineers cry across deserts. 

4489
03:53:44,800 --> 03:53:48,100
Where water was more valuable 
than gold and through jungles 

4490
03:53:48,100 --> 03:53:50,900
that seemed to determined to 
destroy any human construction 

4491
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,800
within weeks. 
The Assyrian Empire built roads 

4492
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:56,600
in Mesopotamia, that connected 
their capitals to the farthest 

4493
03:53:56,600 --> 03:53:59,600
parts of their territory. 
They also build a postal system,

4494
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:02,600
that was so fast that it could 
send messages faster than any 

4495
03:54:02,600 --> 03:54:05,200
other Communications system 
until the telegraph was 

4496
03:54:05,200 --> 03:54:06,900
invented. 
Thousands of years later, 

4497
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:10,600
imagine Royal Messengers riding 
through the night switching. 

4498
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:14,200
Horses at stations exactly one 
day's ride apart and carrying 

4499
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:17,000
sealed clay tablets with news 
that could change the fate of 

4500
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:19,300
cities. 
The Persian Royal Road was over 

4501
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:23,300
1,500 miles long and connected, 
Susa to Sardis. 

4502
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:26,700
It was so well kept that Royal 
carriers could make the trip in 

4503
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:28,900
just seven days. 
While it would take people 

4504
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:31,600
walking 90 days. 
That's about the same as the 

4505
03:54:31,600 --> 03:54:34,200
difference between walking from 
New York to Los Angeles and 

4506
03:54:34,200 --> 03:54:36,700
flying there. 
They did it with only horses. 

4507
03:54:36,700 --> 03:54:38,500
Determination and careful 
planning. 

4508
03:54:39,200 --> 03:54:41,800
These roads weren't just about 
getting their quickly or easily,

4509
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:45,200
they were about having power, an
Empire that could move its 

4510
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:47,300
armies quickly could stop 
threats from turning into 

4511
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:49,900
revolts an Empire. 
That could move Goods quickly 

4512
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:52,000
could make money. 
That could be used to grow even 

4513
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,300
more an Empire that could build 
paved roads to spread its 

4514
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:58,000
language and culture could bring
people together across 

4515
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:01,400
differences, you start to see 
roads in a different way when 

4516
03:55:01,400 --> 03:55:04,200
you think about them. 
This way that Old Stone path you

4517
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:07,400
might see on a hiking Europe 
isn't just old pavement, it's a 

4518
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:10,900
fossil of political power, a 
physical reminder that someone 

4519
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,500
wants had enough power to change
the landscape to suit their 

4520
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:15,700
needs. 
Let's go back to that building 

4521
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:19,500
site in ancient Italy but this 
time let's get closer get down 

4522
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:22,500
on your knees next to one of the
Roman Engineers who they called 

4523
03:55:22,500 --> 03:55:25,400
men's arrays and see how they 
are really building this road. 

4524
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:28,000
The first thing that stands out 
to you is that they aren't 

4525
03:55:28,000 --> 03:55:30,900
starting with the surface. 
They are digging down and making

4526
03:55:30,900 --> 03:55:33,100
a trench that could be three or 
four feet deep. 

4527
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:36,700
This doesn't make sense at first
but once you understand how 

4528
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:39,600
Romans thought about 
engineering, you'll see that The

4529
03:55:39,600 --> 03:55:42,500
road is like an iceberg with 
most of its mass hidden beneath 

4530
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:44,900
the surface. 
You walk on the workers are now 

4531
03:55:44,908 --> 03:55:47,400
putting down the first layer, 
which is made up of big stones 

4532
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:48,600
that are packed, tightly 
together. 

4533
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:52,200
This is the stratum which is the
bottom layer that will hold up 

4534
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:54,400
everything else. 
The Romans are putting these 

4535
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:57,100
stones in place with the same 
care that people used to put 

4536
03:55:57,100 --> 03:55:58,700
together a three-dimensional 
puzzle. 

4537
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:02,500
Making sure that each piece fits
perfectly with the ones next to 

4538
03:56:02,508 --> 03:56:05,600
it to make a stable base. 
You can hear the foreman walking

4539
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:08,500
across the foundation and 
listening for any Hollow sounds.

4540
03:56:08,500 --> 03:56:11,000
That might mean it is weak in 
ancient times. 

4541
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:13,000
Your ears were just as important
as your eyes. 

4542
03:56:13,000 --> 03:56:16,000
When building an experienced 
engineer, could hear structural 

4543
03:56:16,000 --> 03:56:18,900
problems just like a mechanic, 
can hear problems with a cars 

4544
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:22,400
engine on top of the statue in 
their putting down a layer of 

4545
03:56:22,400 --> 03:56:24,100
smaller Stones mixed with 
mortar. 

4546
03:56:24,100 --> 03:56:27,100
This is called the rudus heavy. 
Wooden. 

4547
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:29,600
Mallets are being used to 
compact this layer and the 

4548
03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:31,600
workers are moving in time with 
each other like they are 

4549
03:56:31,608 --> 03:56:34,500
dancing. 
Sound Echoes through the valley,

4550
03:56:34,500 --> 03:56:39,100
thud each blow pushes the 
materials together, making them 

4551
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:42,200
more solid. 
The nucleus is a layer of gravel

4552
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:45,200
and sand that is sometimes mixed
with lime to make a kind of 

4553
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:48,900
ancient concrete oxen pool large
Stone cylinders over this layer 

4554
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:51,200
to smooth it out. 
And the Animals strain against 

4555
03:56:51,200 --> 03:56:53,000
their harnesses. 
While they're handlers, guide 

4556
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:57,200
them with skill, the smell of 
The Oxen, which is earthy musky.

4557
03:56:57,200 --> 03:57:00,800
And clearly animal-like mixes 
with the smell of crushed stone,

4558
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:04,700
which is mineral like last but 
not least, the top layer, the 

4559
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,100
summoned Dawson. 
This means that big flat paving 

4560
03:57:08,100 --> 03:57:10,800
stones that fit perfectly with 
each other are needed for 

4561
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:12,700
important roads, like the Via 
Appia. 

4562
03:57:13,500 --> 03:57:16,400
The Romans are so picky about 
this fit that you couldn't even 

4563
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:18,500
fit a knife blade between most 
of the stones. 

4564
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:21,800
They're making a surface, that 
will shed water last a long 

4565
03:57:21,808 --> 03:57:24,300
time. 
And give both iron shod Hooves 

4566
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:26,400
and sandaled feet a safe place 
to stand. 

4567
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:28,900
But here's the really amazing 
part. 

4568
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:31,700
The Romans are not just making 
the road flat. 

4569
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:35,200
They're making a subtle Crown by
raising the middle of the road a

4570
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,200
little higher than the edges. 
This is only a few inches across

4571
03:57:38,200 --> 03:57:41,800
a width of 15 or 20 feet. 
This small detail means that 

4572
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:44,200
water will run off to the side 
instead of pooling on the 

4573
03:57:44,208 --> 03:57:45,900
surface. 
In the winter. 

4574
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:49,400
The water would freeze expand 
and break the paving Stone's 

4575
03:57:49,400 --> 03:57:51,900
apart there, even more 
impressive because they're 

4576
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:53,700
putting in Drainage Systems next
to the road. 

4577
03:57:54,500 --> 03:57:57,100
There are stone-lined channels 
that run next to the pavement to

4578
03:57:57,100 --> 03:57:58,700
move rainwater away from the 
foundation. 

4579
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,100
Culverts go under the road at 
regular intervals, so the 

4580
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:03,900
streams can cross without 
damaging the road. 

4581
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:07,200
These old Engineers knew more 
about hydrology than most modern

4582
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:09,500
contractors. 
They knew that if you don't give

4583
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:12,600
water a place to go, it will 
destroy any human-made structure

4584
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:15,200
over time. 
The focus on details goes all 

4585
03:58:15,200 --> 03:58:16,500
the way through the building 
process. 

4586
03:58:16,500 --> 03:58:19,800
The Romans are using gromer, 
which are vertical poles with 

4587
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:23,500
horizontal crossbars, that are 
marked at exact right angles to 

4588
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:26,400
look at the route, they can make
roads that go straight from 

4589
03:58:26,400 --> 03:58:29,000
miles with the simple tools and 
the rules of geometry. 

4590
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:32,200
They only make small changes 
when they have to get around 

4591
03:58:32,200 --> 03:58:35,500
obstacles. 
Engineers are very careful when 

4592
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,100
they figure out the slope of the
road when it has to go up hills.

4593
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:41,800
Slope is too steep carts with 
loads, won't be able to make it 

4594
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:43,800
up. 
If it's too gradual, the road 

4595
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:47,100
will take longer than it needs. 
To their goal is grades, that 

4596
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:50,600
don't go above 5% very often 
which is about the same as what 

4597
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:53,800
modern Highway standards safe 
amount and passes, the building 

4598
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:55,500
process gets even more 
complicated. 

4599
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:58,100
When the ground is wet or marshy
work. 

4600
03:58:58,100 --> 03:59:01,000
As a driving wooden piles, deep 
into the soft ground to make 

4601
03:59:01,000 --> 03:59:03,200
fake foundations. 
That can hold up the stone 

4602
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:06,100
layers above in some places. 
They're actually building the 

4603
03:59:06,100 --> 03:59:08,400
road on a raised in Bank of an 
agar. 

4604
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:10,400
That lifts it above the ground 
around it. 

4605
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:13,800
This keeps the surface dry and 
passable, even during spring 

4606
03:59:13,800 --> 03:59:17,500
floods, the Incas who built 
their roads of years later, and 

4607
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:19,900
halfway around the world, had 
even bigger. 

4608
03:59:19,900 --> 03:59:23,100
Engineering problems to deal 
with Inca Engineers carved. 

4609
03:59:23,100 --> 03:59:25,600
Stepped directly into living 
rock on Mountainside. 

4610
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:29,500
So steep that modern hikers need
both hands free to climb. 

4611
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,100
They built suspension, bridges 
out of woven grass, roads to 

4612
03:59:33,100 --> 03:59:35,200
cross. 
Valleys these Bridges swayed. 

4613
03:59:35,200 --> 03:59:37,700
A lot in the wind, but they 
could hold the weight of llama, 

4614
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:39,200
Caravans, and Messengers 
running. 

4615
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:42,500
What all these old Engineers 
knew that modern infrastructure 

4616
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:44,600
planners sometimes? 
Forget, is that roads aren't 

4617
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:47,000
just for the here? 
And now, a road that is built 

4618
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:50,600
well will last for many years, 
or even hundreds of years, the 

4619
03:59:50,600 --> 03:59:53,800
total cost of constant, repairs 
is always higher than the cost 

4620
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:56,500
of building things, right? 
The first time standing on the 

4621
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:59,000
hillside and watching the Via 
Appia takes shaped Stone by 

4622
03:59:59,008 --> 04:00:02,000
Stone is a deep experience. 
Most of the names of these 

4623
04:00:02,000 --> 04:00:04,500
workers have been lost to 
history, but they are building 

4624
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:07,200
infrastructure that will still 
be useful long after their 

4625
04:00:07,200 --> 04:00:08,500
civilization has become a 
legend. 

4626
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:12,300
Some of them may know this, most
likely they just want to finish 

4627
04:00:12,300 --> 04:00:13,500
their shift and go home for 
dinner. 

4628
04:00:13,508 --> 04:00:17,000
Now picture yourself next to a 
big Roman Road at the height of 

4629
04:00:17,000 --> 04:00:20,800
the Empire. 
Let's say around 150 CE when 

4630
04:00:20,800 --> 04:00:23,400
Rome's power stretched from 
Britain to Mesopotamia. 

4631
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:26,400
The first Travelers of the day 
are already on the road as Dawn 

4632
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:28,600
breaks. 
The first sound you hear the 

4633
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:32,300
bells of a merchant Caravan, 
he's a small chime that tied to 

4634
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:34,900
the lead animals so that people 
can hear them coming in the dark

4635
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:37,500
Before Dawn. 
The merchants have been on the 

4636
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,200
road since before Dawn. 
When it was the coolest time of 

4637
04:00:40,208 --> 04:00:43,100
day, you can smell their cargo 
before you see them. 

4638
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,300
It spices from the East and the 
smell is so strong and 

4639
04:00:46,300 --> 04:00:47,700
complicated that it makes your 
nose. 

4640
04:00:47,700 --> 04:00:50,100
Tingle more light, there is the 
more traffic. 

4641
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,600
There is a military Courier 
rides by on Horseback and the 

4642
04:00:53,600 --> 04:00:56,500
sound of his horses hooves 
hitting the stone pavement is 

4643
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:59,500
sharp and staccato fading 
quickly into the distance. 

4644
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:02,500
He has messages sealed with the 
governor's Mark and he will 

4645
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:05,600
switch horses at the next 
mansio, which is a mix of an 

4646
04:01:05,600 --> 04:01:07,900
inner post office and a 
government building. 

4647
04:01:07,900 --> 04:01:11,300
That is exactly one day's travel
away, a group of merchants on 

4648
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:14,200
foot follows him their goods. 
Loaded onto donkeys that walk 

4649
04:01:14,200 --> 04:01:16,200
slowly. 
As if they have done this trip, 

4650
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:19,200
many times before. 
They are talking to each other 

4651
04:01:19,200 --> 04:01:21,300
in a mix of Latin and the local 
dialect. 

4652
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:24,600
They are talking about prices in
the next town and complaining 

4653
04:01:24,600 --> 04:01:27,200
about taxes which is what 
merchants have always done. 

4654
04:01:27,200 --> 04:01:31,400
You see a covered wagon moving 
slowly and the people inside, a 

4655
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:34,200
hidden behind leather curtains, 
this could be a rich family 

4656
04:01:34,200 --> 04:01:37,000
going to their country estate or
a provincial official being 

4657
04:01:37,000 --> 04:01:39,800
moved to a new job. 
The wheels of the wagon are made

4658
04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:41,900
of iron and make a grinding 
rumbling noise. 

4659
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:43,500
As they roll over the stone 
surface. 

4660
04:01:43,500 --> 04:01:47,300
This noise travels far in the 
morning are a tinker, has set up

4661
04:01:47,300 --> 04:01:50,100
a temporary stall, near a 
milestone, which is one of the 

4662
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:53,300
stone markers that Roman's put 
up every thousand Paces to show 

4663
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:56,600
how far they had traveled and 
remind people of which emperor 

4664
04:01:56,600 --> 04:02:00,800
fixed this part of the road. 
He'll fix sandals sharpen knives

4665
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:03,200
or sell food to Travelers who 
forgot to bring enough food with

4666
04:02:03,200 --> 04:02:06,200
them. 
Smell of cooking food like bread

4667
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:08,300
and salted fish makes your 
stomach. 

4668
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:09,800
Remind you that you didn't eat 
breakfast. 

4669
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:12,300
The road is really busy by 
mid-morning. 

4670
04:02:12,300 --> 04:02:16,000
Farmers are bringing their goods
to Market, their carts are full 

4671
04:02:16,008 --> 04:02:18,900
of vegetables, and four of wine 
and sacks of grain. 

4672
04:02:18,900 --> 04:02:22,100
They go slowly and often pull 
over to let faster cars. 

4673
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:25,300
Go by most, Roman roads were 
wide enough for two carts to 

4674
04:02:25,300 --> 04:02:29,700
pass easily about 12 to 15 feet.
He also had shoulders on either 

4675
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:32,600
side where slower traffic could 
yield, you see a group of 

4676
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:35,000
students with their teacher on 
their way to study in a bigger 

4677
04:02:35,008 --> 04:02:37,800
city, some of them are reading 
from Scrolls as they walk. 

4678
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:40,800
While others are arguing about 
philosophical issues with the 

4679
04:02:40,808 --> 04:02:43,100
confidence of young people who 
have just learned about them, 

4680
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:45,800
you can hear them clearly in the
open are talking about what 

4681
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:49,300
virtue is and whether it can be 
taught The afternoon brings 

4682
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:52,000
different people who are 
traveling a religious procession

4683
04:02:52,000 --> 04:02:55,500
goes by with pilgrims on their 
way to attempt or holy site, 

4684
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:58,900
their voices, make Harmony that 
rise and fall with the gentle 

4685
04:02:58,900 --> 04:03:01,700
bumps in the road as they sing 
hymns, that bounce off the stone

4686
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:04,500
pavement. 
Some people bring gifts like 

4687
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:09,000
flowers small statues or jars of
oil that slosh around as they 

4688
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:11,700
walk the road. 
Surface itself has been used for

4689
04:03:11,700 --> 04:03:15,900
years and show signs of wear. 
You can see, grooves warning to 

4690
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:18,600
the stone pavement by countless 
ironed Wheels. 

4691
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,400
Where traffic is heavy, as On 
Hills, where animals are pulling

4692
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:26,100
heavy loads, these ruts, which 
are up to several inches deep, 

4693
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:28,800
actually make it easier for 
wagon drivers to get around 

4694
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:31,300
because their wheels naturally, 
follow the grooves, that are 

4695
04:03:31,300 --> 04:03:34,600
already there along the road, 
you can see small shrines, where

4696
04:03:34,600 --> 04:03:37,200
Travelers have left things like 
coins flowers or bread. 

4697
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:40,900
These marked places where 
someone died in accident, where 

4698
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:44,200
a soldier fell while protecting 
the road from Bandits or just 

4699
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:46,800
where the view is, so beautiful 
that it seems to deserve 

4700
04:03:46,800 --> 04:03:50,400
recognition of the Divine. 
Traffic patterns change again. 

4701
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:53,700
As nightfalls people from the 
area who have been working in 

4702
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:55,700
Far Away, fields are going home 
with their tools over their 

4703
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:58,800
shoulders and looks of 
exhaustion on their faces from 

4704
04:03:58,800 --> 04:04:01,700
working in the sun kids run 
along the side of the road 

4705
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:04,200
playing games where they try, 
not to step on the edge of the 

4706
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:07,700
paving stones or jump from one 
Milestone to the next people who

4707
04:04:07,700 --> 04:04:10,000
are traveling and won't get to 
their destination before 

4708
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:12,100
nightfall start looking for 
places to stay. 

4709
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:15,400
Some people are lucky enough to 
have access to official matches 

4710
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:17,300
but these are only for 
government officials. 

4711
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:20,300
And people who carry the curse 
as publicus, which is the 

4712
04:04:20,300 --> 04:04:23,000
Imperial seal that lets people 
use state funded for 

4713
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:25,100
facilitators. 
Everyone else has to stay in 

4714
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:27,700
private ends. 
These can be anything from nice 

4715
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:31,100
places with hot meals and clean 
beds to places that make modern 

4716
04:04:31,100 --> 04:04:33,000
Budget Motels look like luxury 
hotels. 

4717
04:04:33,000 --> 04:04:36,700
You can tell these ins apart by 
their signs, which are usually 

4718
04:04:36,700 --> 04:04:39,700
pictures painted on wood and 
hung from a poll because many 

4719
04:04:39,700 --> 04:04:42,600
Travelers can't read. 
The bed means there is a place 

4720
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:45,600
to stay a cup. 
Means that wine is for sale. 

4721
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:49,400
A Sheaf of grain means that food
is available some places show. 

4722
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:51,900
All three hoping to show that 
they can meet the needs of every

4723
04:04:51,900 --> 04:04:54,900
Traveler The road doesn't 
completely clear when it gets 

4724
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:57,900
dark, you might see processions 
of people with torches. 

4725
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:00,900
These could be soldiers moving 
at night to avoid the heat of 

4726
04:05:00,908 --> 04:05:04,300
the day or a rich traveler with 
enough slaves, to light his way 

4727
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:07,000
and keep thieves away the 
Torches that flicker make 

4728
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:10,300
dramatic Shadows that dance 
across the stone surface, making

4729
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:12,800
the road that, you know, seem 
strange and a little scary. 

4730
04:05:12,800 --> 04:05:16,300
The daily flow of traffic, the 
mixing of different social 

4731
04:05:16,300 --> 04:05:19,600
classes and jobs and the 
constant movement of goods and 

4732
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:22,600
ideas, will what roads really 
meant to ancient empires. 

4733
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:24,800
They weren't just projects in 
engineering. 

4734
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,100
They were places where all the 
complexities of human life 

4735
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:30,700
happened. 
For example, the Senators 

4736
04:05:30,700 --> 04:05:34,100
daughter, might pass a farmer's 
cart or ideas from far away. 

4737
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:37,400
Province's might travel with 
trade goods, the empires great 

4738
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:39,300
diversity. 
Could be seen in the Stream of 

4739
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:43,100
faces going both ways. 
Let's skip ahead to about 400 

4740
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:47,300
CEO still on that Roman Road. 
But things have changed in ways 

4741
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:50,700
that are both small and big. 
The pavement is still there, 

4742
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:54,700
Roman construction was too good.
Appear in just a few 100 years. 

4743
04:05:54,700 --> 04:05:58,400
But if you look closely, you can
see small signs of neglect. 

4744
04:05:58,400 --> 04:06:01,500
There is a pothole near the edge
of the road where water has 

4745
04:06:01,500 --> 04:06:05,000
gotten under a Paving Stone and 
frozen over many Winters slowly,

4746
04:06:05,000 --> 04:06:09,100
loosening the stone. 
During the Empire's Heyday, a 

4747
04:06:09,100 --> 04:06:10,100
maintenance crew would have 
fixed this. 

4748
04:06:10,100 --> 04:06:12,200
In a matter of weeks, it's been 
there. 

4749
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:15,300
Long enough for grass to grow in
the Gap and carts that go by 

4750
04:06:15,300 --> 04:06:17,200
have won a path around it into 
the shoulder. 

4751
04:06:17,900 --> 04:06:20,200
The Milestone you're near also 
shows its age. 

4752
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:23,800
Someone has chipped away at the 
inscription, this was probably 

4753
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:26,500
done during one of the many 
civil wars in the third century.

4754
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:30,100
When each new emperor wanted to 
erase any evidence that his 

4755
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:33,100
predecessor had been there, 
people still use the stone to 

4756
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:36,100
Mark distance, but no one 
remembers which emperor put it 

4757
04:06:36,100 --> 04:06:38,500
there. 
When the way traffic flows as 

4758
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,900
changed, you don't see as many 
military units or official, 

4759
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,900
couriers the merchant Caravans 
are smaller and have more 

4760
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:47,100
guards. 
This is because the Empire's 

4761
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:50,500
ability to keep its Road safe as
gone down, which is led to more 

4762
04:06:50,500 --> 04:06:53,200
banditry for safety. 
Some Travelers are going in big 

4763
04:06:53,200 --> 04:06:55,800
groups even if they're not all 
going to the same place. 

4764
04:06:55,800 --> 04:06:58,800
What you're seeing is the start 
of a process that will take 

4765
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:01,900
hundreds of years, the slow 
breakdown of the infrastructure 

4766
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:03,400
that kept the Roman empire 
together. 

4767
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:07,200
This fall wasn't sudden or 
dramatic, there wasn't a single 

4768
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:08,800
moment when the road stopped 
working. 

4769
04:07:08,800 --> 04:07:12,000
It was more like watching a 
coastline Arrow Road with each 

4770
04:07:12,000 --> 04:07:14,800
way of taking away a little more
sand until one day, you realize 

4771
04:07:14,800 --> 04:07:16,700
the beach has completely changed
shape. 

4772
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:19,500
Was Empires fall apart. 
So do roads. 

4773
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:22,700
This is because roads need 
something that Empires can't 

4774
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:26,500
give regular organized 
maintenance paid for by stable 

4775
04:07:26,500 --> 04:07:30,400
tax revenues and done by skilled
administrators who expect to 

4776
04:07:30,400 --> 04:07:31,600
still be in their jobs next 
year. 

4777
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:34,900
Consider what it really takes to
keep the roads in good shape 

4778
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:37,300
Engineers. 
Need to check the infrastructure

4779
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:39,400
and find problems before they 
get out of hand. 

4780
04:07:39,400 --> 04:07:42,000
You need quarries to make new 
Stones. 

4781
04:07:42,000 --> 04:07:44,700
You need workers. 
Who know how to build things on 

4782
04:07:44,700 --> 04:07:47,100
a good at it. 
You need animals and carts to 

4783
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:49,200
move things. 
You need money to pay for 

4784
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,400
everything and you need a way to
organize these things over. 

4785
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:55,500
Thousands of miles of land. 
As the Western, Roman Empire 

4786
04:07:55,500 --> 04:07:57,900
started to fall apart in the 
third and fourth centuries. 

4787
04:07:57,900 --> 04:08:01,600
It got harder to meet all of 
these needs as the economy 

4788
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:03,900
slowed down and province is 
broken away. 

4789
04:08:03,900 --> 04:08:07,300
Tax revenue went down the 
current currency lost so much 

4790
04:08:07,300 --> 04:08:09,000
value. 
That skilled workers asked to be

4791
04:08:09,008 --> 04:08:13,600
paid in Goods or food instead of
worthless coins. people try to 

4792
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:16,500
avoid administrative jobs, that 
used to be seen as prestigious 

4793
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:19,400
the Empire needed, the roads 
more than ever as they got 

4794
04:08:19,400 --> 04:08:23,800
worse, which is ironic With more
Barbarian invasions and usurpers

4795
04:08:23,800 --> 04:08:26,800
trying to take over the empire, 
being able to move arm is 

4796
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:29,800
quickly was literally a matter 
of life and death, but the same 

4797
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:31,600
problems that made roads 
necessary. 

4798
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:33,800
Also made it impossible to keep 
them in good shape. 

4799
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:37,900
You can see this in the records 
of archeology Road, repairs 

4800
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:40,700
become less, and less skilled in
layers that date back to the 4th

4801
04:08:40,700 --> 04:08:43,300
and 5th centuries. 
Instead of properly lifting, the

4802
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:46,100
paving stones and rebuilding the
layers of the foundation below 

4803
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:48,400
workers. 
Just dumped gravel into the 

4804
04:08:48,400 --> 04:08:51,800
holes, they didn't replace 
broken stones with perfectly cut

4805
04:08:51,800 --> 04:08:54,400
new ones. 
Instead they filled in the gaps 

4806
04:08:54,400 --> 04:08:57,700
with whatever they could find 
like broken pottery pieces of 

4807
04:08:57,700 --> 04:09:00,800
building Rubble or even just 
dirt that had been compacted. 

4808
04:09:00,800 --> 04:09:04,300
These quick fixes worked for a 
while but didn't last so they 

4809
04:09:04,300 --> 04:09:06,100
had to be done over and over 
again. 

4810
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:08,800
Putting a bandage on a wound 
that really needs. 

4811
04:09:08,800 --> 04:09:11,300
Stitches is like putting a 
bandage on a wound that really 

4812
04:09:11,300 --> 04:09:13,900
needs stitches. 
It might stop the bleeding for a

4813
04:09:13,908 --> 04:09:15,400
while but it won't fix the 
problem. 

4814
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:18,400
People who lived through this 
time must have been deeply 

4815
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:20,500
affected by the cycle. 
Effects of watching 

4816
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:23,600
infrastructure, fall apart. 
Imagine seeing roads that your 

4817
04:09:23,600 --> 04:09:25,900
great grandparents remembered 
being built to last forever, 

4818
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:29,500
slowly fall apart, even though 
everyone is doing their best to 

4819
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:32,200
keep them in, good shape, it 
would feel like the very 

4820
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:35,900
foundations of reality were 
shaking in some areas local 

4821
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:37,700
communities. 
Try to keep the roads in good 

4822
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:39,600
shape when the central 
government couldn't anymore. 

4823
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:43,800
They charged Travelers tolls, 
set up volunteer, work parties 

4824
04:09:43,800 --> 04:09:46,500
or made local, landowners 
responsible, for keeping the 

4825
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:48,300
roads in good shape as a civic 
duty. 

4826
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:52,300
These efforts sometimes worked 
for decades, making islands of 

4827
04:09:52,300 --> 04:09:54,000
working infrastructure and 
Landscape. 

4828
04:09:54,000 --> 04:09:55,600
That was becoming more and more 
broken up. 

4829
04:09:56,600 --> 04:09:59,000
People who are in charge of 
local maintenance have their own

4830
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:01,500
problems. 
The road might be in good shape 

4831
04:10:01,500 --> 04:10:04,700
in one Community, but if the 
next Community couldn't or 

4832
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:08,600
didn't want to do the same, the 
whole Road became unsafe, it's 

4833
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:11,300
like having a chain with some 
strong links and some that are 

4834
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:14,100
rusting through the weakest 
parts of the chain, are what? 

4835
04:10:14,100 --> 04:10:17,400
Keep it from being too strong. 
The end of long-distance trade 

4836
04:10:17,400 --> 04:10:20,200
made roads worse faster in a 
vicious cycle. 

4837
04:10:20,200 --> 04:10:23,400
Merchant stopped traveling long 
distances because the roads 

4838
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:26,400
weren't as reliable. 
This meant less traffic, which 

4839
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:29,000
meant less economic reason to 
keep the roads in good shape 

4840
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,100
which made them worse, which 
made people less likely to 

4841
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:35,100
travel and a few Generations 
roads that used to connect 

4842
04:10:35,100 --> 04:10:37,900
different parts of the Empire 
might only see traffic between 

4843
04:10:37,900 --> 04:10:41,000
nearby Villages. 
A lot of Roman roads were hard 

4844
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:42,500
to tell apart by the sixth 
Century. 

4845
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:46,400
The paving stones could still be
there but they might be buried 

4846
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:48,600
under dirt and plants that have 
grown over time. 

4847
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:51,900
The drainage systems were 
blocked which caused flooding 

4848
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:55,100
that we can, the foundation's 
bridges fell down and worked 

4849
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,900
fixed in places. 
With a lot of trees, the roots 

4850
04:10:57,900 --> 04:11:00,500
of the trees pushed apart, the 
carefully fitted pavement that 

4851
04:11:00,500 --> 04:11:01,800
Roman Engineers had put 
together. 

4852
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:04,400
But the roads never completely 
went away. 

4853
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:08,300
Even after the pavement broke up
the roots themselves, the paths 

4854
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:10,000
they made across the land was 
still useful. 

4855
04:11:10,000 --> 04:11:14,300
They were still known by Traders
armies and people in the area 

4856
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:16,200
who used them to get to nearby 
towns. 

4857
04:11:16,200 --> 04:11:19,800
The physical infrastructure made
deteriorate yet the awareness of

4858
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:21,800
connectivity in jewels and 
cultural memory. 

4859
04:11:23,100 --> 04:11:27,000
Let's go to that same road 
around 800 CE, which historian 

4860
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,200
sometimes called the Dark Ages, 
people who live through them 

4861
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:32,900
would have been confused by that
name, because their days seemed 

4862
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:35,400
bright enough to them. 
The changes amazing. 

4863
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:39,000
There are still some parts of 
the Roman pavement but now it is

4864
04:11:39,008 --> 04:11:41,600
only the middle of a much wider 
less formal path. 

4865
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:45,100
There are tracks worn into the 
ground by people and animals on 

4866
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,700
either side of the Old Stone 
surface, when it's dry, the side

4867
04:11:48,700 --> 04:11:51,100
parts are probably easier to 
walk on than the old Roman 

4868
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,200
Stones, which have become uneven
over the years as the block 

4869
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:56,800
settled or Tilted. 
You see that people have been 

4870
04:11:56,800 --> 04:11:58,500
looking for building materials 
on the road. 

4871
04:11:58,500 --> 04:12:01,400
Someone has taken the paving 
stones that have come loose. 

4872
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:05,100
Probably during the Spring thaw.
When frosted pushed them up and 

4873
04:12:05,100 --> 04:12:08,900
use them to build a barn, line, 
a well, or make a half these 

4874
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:12,800
Stones, which were cut with 
great care by Roman Engineers, a

4875
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:15,300
two valuable to just sit around 
on an old road when they could 

4876
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:17,300
be used to build things that are
useful right away. 

4877
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:20,800
You can see that someone built a
small wooden Church near where a

4878
04:12:20,800 --> 04:12:23,700
roadside Temple used to be. 
They used some stones from the 

4879
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:27,100
old Roman building to do this. 
The Christian cross on top of 

4880
04:12:27,108 --> 04:12:29,200
the church stands were a statue 
of a pagan. 

4881
04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:31,300
God used to be both of these 
things. 

4882
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,100
Made this a special place where 
Travelers would naturally stop 

4883
04:12:34,100 --> 04:12:36,100
and think about something other 
than their Journey. 

4884
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:40,000
The old mansio, which was a 
Roman weigh station, has been 

4885
04:12:40,008 --> 04:12:42,300
turned into a small fortified 
Manor House. 

4886
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:45,800
The original Roman walls are 
still there but wooden buildings

4887
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:48,500
have been added on top of them, 
along with the defensive 

4888
04:12:48,500 --> 04:12:50,900
Palisade that wasn't needed. 
When the empire was at its 

4889
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,500
height, the new Lord of this 
manner says, he has power. 

4890
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,600
Because he controls this part of
the road, this is not in the old

4891
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:58,700
Roman sense of keeping it up for
the public good. 

4892
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,500
But in the more direct medieval 
sense of being able to charge 

4893
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,500
tolls to anyone who passes 
through and people still go 

4894
04:13:04,500 --> 04:13:07,500
through the road, may not look 
like what Roman Engineers would 

4895
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:08,900
have built, but it's still a 
road. 

4896
04:13:08,900 --> 04:13:12,600
You see a merchant with a small 
cart, his goods are covered in 

4897
04:13:12,600 --> 04:13:16,000
oil, leather to keep them dry in
the rain, a group of pilgrims 

4898
04:13:16,000 --> 04:13:18,000
walks by on their way to a 
distant Shrine. 

4899
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:21,200
Their Journey will probably take
weeks longer than it would have 

4900
04:13:21,200 --> 04:13:23,800
in Roman times, but they are 
going to the same place. 

4901
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:27,100
The social contract around the 
road is what makes it different.

4902
04:13:27,100 --> 04:13:30,900
The government and maintain the 
roads in Roman times and anyone 

4903
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:34,300
could use them for free. 
Now, the law is less clear about

4904
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:37,300
roads. 
This local Lord says he is Of 

4905
04:13:37,300 --> 04:13:39,200
this area. 
The next Village might think 

4906
04:13:39,200 --> 04:13:41,700
that the road that goes through 
their land belongs, to everyone 

4907
04:13:41,700 --> 04:13:45,500
a monastery, 20 miles down the 
road might keep their section as

4908
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:49,400
a way to help others hoping for 
prayers and of tolls in return 

4909
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:52,700
because there are so many 
different jurisdictions each 

4910
04:13:52,700 --> 04:13:55,300
with its own rules and 
expectations traveling. 

4911
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:58,700
Any significant distances 
difficult, it's like trying to 

4912
04:13:58,700 --> 04:14:02,000
drive through a modern country 
where each county has its own 

4913
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:05,600
set of traffic laws. 
It's possible but you have to 

4914
04:14:05,600 --> 04:14:08,600
pay attention and change your 
plans all the time in some 

4915
04:14:08,600 --> 04:14:11,500
places, close to cities that 
have kept some Roman 

4916
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:13,900
administrative. 
Practices roads are actually 

4917
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:17,200
being fixed and kept up but not 
in a way that would make a Roman

4918
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:19,900
engineer cry. 
Instead of properly rebuilding, 

4919
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:22,600
the foundation layers workers 
are just filling in the holes 

4920
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:26,000
with whatever they can find. 
The surface is Bumpy and uneven 

4921
04:14:26,000 --> 04:14:29,200
and needs to be taken care of 
all the time, but it keeps the 

4922
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:31,500
worst holes filled and works to 
some extent. 

4923
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:35,000
Some parts of the road have been
changed on purpose to serve new 

4924
04:14:35,000 --> 04:14:38,200
purposes in places where a 
straight Roman Road crosses 

4925
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:39,700
land. 
That is now disputed by two 

4926
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:41,800
Lords. 
Local people have sometimes 

4927
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,400
purposely destroyed parts of the
road to make it hard for troops 

4928
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:47,900
to move around. 
They've dug trenches across the 

4929
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:51,200
road, taking down Bridges or put
up barriers that make it 

4930
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:52,700
impossible to get around 
quickly. 

4931
04:14:53,500 --> 04:14:55,700
On the other hand, some 
communities have made their 

4932
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:57,700
roads better than what the 
Romans required. 

4933
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:01,000
If a villagers economy, depends 
on being able to get to a nearby

4934
04:15:01,000 --> 04:15:03,800
Market, the people who live 
there might have used local 

4935
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:06,900
materials and methods to make 
the road wider had passing 

4936
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,500
places or build new Bridges. 
These improvements don't look 

4937
04:15:10,500 --> 04:15:12,700
Roman. 
They usually made of wood 

4938
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:15,400
instead of stone and a more 
practical than Grande. 

4939
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:18,300
But they often fit better with 
what we need now. 

4940
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:21,400
Bridges are the most interesting
adaptations. 

4941
04:15:21,400 --> 04:15:23,900
Roman Bridges were amazing, 
feats of engineering. 

4942
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:26,800
They were arched structures. 
That could hold a lot of weight 

4943
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:30,400
and span long distances. 
Keeping a stone bridge in good 

4944
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:32,400
shape. 
Takes a lot of money and special

4945
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,800
skills and Roman bridge fell 
down either because it was not 

4946
04:15:35,800 --> 04:15:37,300
taking care of because of 
flooding. 

4947
04:15:37,300 --> 04:15:41,100
Or on purpose, medieval 
communities, offered simpler 

4948
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:43,500
bridges in its place. 
You might see a wooden beam 

4949
04:15:43,500 --> 04:15:46,000
bridge held up by Stone pilings 
that were taken from the 

4950
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:49,400
original Roman building, or a 
Ford where people can just Wade 

4951
04:15:49,400 --> 04:15:52,200
across the stream with the ruins
of the old bridge, just 

4952
04:15:52,200 --> 04:15:54,900
Upstream, a reminder of what 
used to be possible. 

4953
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:59,100
In some cases Enterprise in 
locals run, fairies, and charge 

4954
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:01,600
travelers to cross places where 
they could have walked freely 

4955
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:04,900
across Roman engineering. 
Because the old Drainage Systems

4956
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:07,800
don't work anymore, a lot of 
Roads flood during the rainy 

4957
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:10,700
season people in the area have 
learned which parts to stay away

4958
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,400
from when it rains and made 
seasonal routes that go around 

4959
04:16:13,400 --> 04:16:16,400
trouble spots. 
This local knowledge which has 

4960
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,200
been passed down through the 
years and shared by Travelers is

4961
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:21,400
now just as important as the 
road itself. 

4962
04:16:21,400 --> 04:16:24,400
What's amazing, is that the 
roads are still doing their main

4963
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:26,900
job of connecting places and 
letting people move around. 

4964
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:30,300
Even with all these changes, 
they're not as good at what they

4965
04:16:30,300 --> 04:16:32,900
do, as they used to be, when the
Romans were in charge, and 

4966
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:35,300
travel is definitely slower and 
less reliable. 

4967
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:38,400
But the basic structure, The 
Roots themselves which were 

4968
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:41,400
carved into the land and are 
still in people's minds remains 

4969
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:43,400
this time. 
Period teaches us something 

4970
04:16:43,400 --> 04:16:46,500
important about infrastructure 
without central maintenance. 

4971
04:16:46,500 --> 04:16:49,300
People will find ways to fix 
things based on what they need 

4972
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,900
right now. 
And what they have these fixes 

4973
04:16:51,900 --> 04:16:54,500
may not be pretty or 
long-lasting, but they do keep 

4974
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,100
things working. 
It turns out that human 

4975
04:16:57,100 --> 04:17:00,800
creativity can make up for a lot
but not forever but not without 

4976
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:04,300
cost. 
Let's go ahead to about 1200 CE 

4977
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:07,600
again, you still on that road, 
but the experience is very 

4978
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:10,100
different. 
Now, the original Roman pavement

4979
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,300
is mostly hidden under dirt or 
garlic matter and the fact that 

4980
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:16,600
Landscapes tend to take back 
what people build, might see a 

4981
04:17:16,600 --> 04:17:19,800
paving stones sticking out of 
the ground in some places like a

4982
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,100
tooth. 
That hasn't fully erupted, this 

4983
04:17:22,100 --> 04:17:25,700
is a sign of What Lies Beneath 
It's interesting how the road is

4984
04:17:25,700 --> 04:17:28,300
still changing the landscape, 
even though it's broken. 

4985
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,000
Even though most Travelers, 
don't know why this root stays 

4986
04:17:31,000 --> 04:17:34,100
drier than the land around it or
why some parts are easier to 

4987
04:17:34,100 --> 04:17:36,200
walk. 
On the Roman Engineers built 

4988
04:17:36,200 --> 04:17:38,300
their road base on a slightly 
higher path. 

4989
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:40,000
That is still the best place to 
walk. 

4990
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,400
There are trees along the road 
in some places, but if you look 

4991
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,100
closely, you'll see that they're
not growing in a random way. 

4992
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:50,100
Many people walk along the old 
Roman drainage ditches which 

4993
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:51,900
used to carry water away from 
the road. 

4994
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:55,700
Some of these trees of years old
and they are unintentionally 

4995
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:57,300
marking the limits of Roman 
engineering. 

4996
04:17:57,300 --> 04:18:00,600
Making a visible outline of 
infrastructure that the people 

4997
04:18:00,600 --> 04:18:03,500
who planted the trees. 
Never saw, the Roman Road has 

4998
04:18:03,500 --> 04:18:06,600
become a property line in some 
places farmers in the Middle 

4999
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:09,300
Ages used the old road as a 
natural marker when they split 

5000
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,200
up their land, you might now see
a fence running along the length

5001
04:18:12,200 --> 04:18:15,000
of the road with fields on 
either side that follow patterns

5002
04:18:15,000 --> 04:18:18,600
set by Roman surveyors. 
More than 1,000 years ago, the 

5003
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,600
fence itself might have Roman 
Milestone as fence posts. 

5004
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:25,100
He inscriptions on the stones 
have been worn Smooth by wind 

5005
04:18:25,100 --> 04:18:27,200
and rain. 
These ruins have a lot of 

5006
04:18:27,208 --> 04:18:30,200
meaning that goes beyond their 
use people in the Middle Ages 

5007
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:32,900
saw Roman roads as proof of a 
civilization that could do 

5008
04:18:32,900 --> 04:18:35,700
things that we can't do now, 
they thought of it as a lost 

5009
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,200
golden age when roads ran 
straight and true of whole 

5010
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:41,300
continents, when Empires could 
move armies from Britain to 

5011
04:18:41,300 --> 04:18:44,800
Persia when the world was more 
connected and maybe even easier 

5012
04:18:44,800 --> 04:18:48,300
to understand, you can see this 
Kind of symbolism in medieval 

5013
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,200
art and literature stories about
ancient roads. 

5014
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:54,600
Often show them as ways to find 
Adventure links to a more 

5015
04:18:54,600 --> 04:18:58,200
glorious past or reminders of 
the Imperial power that existed 

5016
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,800
before the current political 
landscape fell apart in romances

5017
04:19:01,800 --> 04:19:04,300
nights, often, go on quests 
along Old Roman roads. 

5018
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:07,200
As if the roads still have some 
magic left over from the 

5019
04:19:07,200 --> 04:19:10,200
civilization that built them, 
churches and monasteries are 

5020
04:19:10,200 --> 04:19:12,600
often built close to Old Roman 
roads on purpose. 

5021
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:16,600
Both for practical reasons, and 
for symbolic Reasons, by 

5022
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:19,500
building near these remnants of 
Roman Glory medieval 

5023
04:19:19,500 --> 04:19:21,800
institutions show that they are 
The Heirs of classical 

5024
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:24,600
civilization. 
This suggests that there is a 

5025
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:27,300
connection between the ancient 
past and the Christian present, 

5026
04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:30,500
the ruins are all so quarries, 
but not just for physical 

5027
04:19:30,500 --> 04:19:32,900
things. 
Engineers from the Middle Ages, 

5028
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:35,400
look at how the Romans built 
roads to learn how to make 

5029
04:19:35,400 --> 04:19:38,600
things that last some of this 
knowledge is being used in new 

5030
04:19:38,600 --> 04:19:41,000
buildings. 
The best medieval roads are 

5031
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:43,800
based on Roman engineering ideas
that have been changed to fit 

5032
04:19:43,800 --> 04:19:45,700
the materials and needs of the 
time. 

5033
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:49,600
But these ruins also have a sad 
quality to them when you stand 

5034
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:52,200
on a crumbling Roman Road and 
look at paving stones that have 

5035
04:19:52,208 --> 04:19:55,300
moved until tilted bridges, that
have turned into Foundation 

5036
04:19:55,300 --> 04:19:59,300
stones and Milestones with 
unreadable inscription, you are 

5037
04:19:59,308 --> 04:20:00,900
facing. 
The fact that human achievement 

5038
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:04,700
is not permanent, the Roman's 
things that would last forever. 

5039
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:07,900
But forever, as longer than even
the best engineering can handle.

5040
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:12,100
This sadness isn't just about 
love it had real world effects 

5041
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:16,200
on society in the Middle Ages, 
if Rome the largest Empire in 

5042
04:20:16,200 --> 04:20:19,000
history with more resources and 
better organization than we have

5043
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:22,200
now couldn't keep it 
infrastructure going forever. 

5044
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:25,900
What hope does smaller poorer 
kingdoms have of building? 

5045
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:29,200
Anything that lasts this 
acknowledgment leads to a new 

5046
04:20:29,208 --> 04:20:32,600
way of building Roman Builders 
built monuments that would last 

5047
04:20:32,600 --> 04:20:35,300
for centuries, thinking that 
they would always be well, 

5048
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:38,400
maintained medieval builders on 
the other hand, often built 

5049
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:40,400
things with the idea that 
maintenance might not be 

5050
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:44,300
possible, they build things that
can gracefully fall apart that 

5051
04:20:44,300 --> 04:20:47,900
only need to last a generation 
or two in hundreds of years and 

5052
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,500
that can be fixed easily with 
local materials and basic 

5053
04:20:50,500 --> 04:20:52,900
skills. 
But strangely, some medieval 

5054
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:55,400
buildings last longer than 
expected because they were built

5055
04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:59,500
with low expectations, a wooden 
bridge that is meant to last 20 

5056
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:02,300
years. 
Might last 50 with little care a

5057
04:21:02,300 --> 04:21:04,600
road made of local Stone. 
Could last for many generations.

5058
04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:08,200
Without the Romans desire to 
build monuments that would last 

5059
04:21:08,200 --> 04:21:10,400
forever. 
Medieval Engineers sometimes 

5060
04:21:10,400 --> 04:21:12,800
built things that worked because
they were humble instead of 

5061
04:21:12,808 --> 04:21:15,300
grand living. 
Among these ruins has a 

5062
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:17,900
psychological effect on people, 
that is hard to fully understand

5063
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,400
from our modern point of view, 
you grow up with proof that the 

5064
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:23,200
people who came before you could
do things. 

5065
04:21:23,200 --> 04:21:25,600
You can't. 
You walk on roads, they built 

5066
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,400
see buildings. 
They built news tools that are 

5067
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:31,500
based on their designs. 
You can also see these wonders 

5068
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:34,200
falling apart, even though 
everyone is trying their best to

5069
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:36,100
keep them in. 
Good shape, this creates a 

5070
04:21:36,100 --> 04:21:39,100
certain way of seeing the world 
one that values keeping 

5071
04:21:39,100 --> 04:21:42,100
Knowledge from the past that 
looks back as much as it looks 

5072
04:21:42,100 --> 04:21:44,200
forward. 
And that compares the present to

5073
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:47,100
a lost golden age. 
It's a way of thinking that is 

5074
04:21:47,100 --> 04:21:50,000
very different from how we think
today, where each generation 

5075
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:53,300
expects to do better than the 
last in 1200 CE. 

5076
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,500
When you stand on this road, 
very few people alive, will 

5077
04:21:56,500 --> 04:21:59,100
remember seeing it when it was 
at its best, as a Roman Road, 

5078
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,100
the smooth, Paving the good 
drainage and the regular 

5079
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:04,900
upkeeper all just stories that 
educated monks and Scholars. 

5080
04:22:04,900 --> 04:22:07,600
Tell each other the road is now 
partly legendary. 

5081
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:11,100
It is a physical object, whose 
true nature is better understood

5082
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:13,200
through tradition than direct 
experience. 

5083
04:22:14,100 --> 04:22:15,400
As we near the end of our 
journey. 

5084
04:22:15,400 --> 04:22:19,700
Let's take one last walk down 
this old road, but this time in 

5085
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:23,100
our own time the experience is 
like looking at a palimpsest 

5086
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:25,500
where different texts have been 
on the same. 

5087
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:29,200
Parchment each one partially 
erases but never completely 

5088
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:31,500
hides. 
What came before the road may 

5089
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:33,900
now be paved with asphalt and 
serve as a rural Highway 

5090
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:35,800
connecting. 
Small towns that were villages 

5091
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:39,100
in Roman times and may not have 
even existed when the road was 

5092
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:42,100
first built. 
But the root hasn't changed much

5093
04:22:42,100 --> 04:22:45,500
modern Engineers looked at the 
land and chose the same path 

5094
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:49,100
that Romans did 2000 years ago 
because the way the land is 

5095
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:52,300
always the same. 
You might find Roman paving 

5096
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,500
stones that farmers of dug up 
over the years and piled along 

5097
04:22:55,500 --> 04:22:57,600
the property line. 
If you pull over and walk into 

5098
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:01,200
the field, next door the stones.
Each cut and fitted with such 

5099
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:03,300
care. 
Now, make a rustic fence for a 

5100
04:23:03,300 --> 04:23:06,000
wall that holds things in place,
kids play on them without 

5101
04:23:06,000 --> 04:23:08,800
realizing that Roman Engineers 
wants measured and placed each 

5102
04:23:08,800 --> 04:23:10,700
stone with the same care that 
people use. 

5103
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:14,400
When building for eternity, You 
might see Roman milestones in 

5104
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:17,100
town as historical. 
Artifacts, their worn-out 

5105
04:23:17,100 --> 04:23:20,200
surfaces are protected by glass 
or built into modern monuments. 

5106
04:23:20,200 --> 04:23:23,400
Archaeologists are now studying 
the inscriptions which used to 

5107
04:23:23,408 --> 04:23:26,700
be clear statements of Imperial 
power to try to piece together 

5108
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:30,500
ancient political histories from
bits of carved Latin some parts 

5109
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:33,100
of Roman roads have been left 
alone on purpose so that they 

5110
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:34,900
can be studied by 
archaeologists. 

5111
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:38,500
You can walk on the original 
pavement, see how it was built 

5112
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:42,000
in cross section displays and 
read signs that explain how the 

5113
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:44,800
engineering works. 
These preserve parts are like 

5114
04:23:44,808 --> 04:23:47,300
outdoor museums that teach 
people about a way of building 

5115
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:50,800
things that is better than ours 
in some ways modern highways. 

5116
04:23:50,800 --> 04:23:54,100
Often Run next to Roman roads 
but they are separated by a few 

5117
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:56,600
hundred yards. 
You can still see the old road 

5118
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,400
from the new one, but they are 
far enough apart that each 

5119
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:02,200
serves its own purpose. 
The Old Road might be used by 

5120
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:04,500
people who live nearby cyclists 
and hikers. 

5121
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:07,600
While the new highway is used by
people who are just passing 

5122
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:10,300
through quickly. 
Both exist to meet different 

5123
04:24:10,300 --> 04:24:12,700
needs and each has reflection of
the way people. 

5124
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:16,600
Connected places in its time, 
the legacy of Roman roads goes 

5125
04:24:16,600 --> 04:24:19,800
beyond, just the physical 
remains when building roads, 

5126
04:24:19,800 --> 04:24:22,400
that will last for decades, 
instead of needing to be rebuilt

5127
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:24,900
every few years. 
Modern, civil engineers. 

5128
04:24:24,900 --> 04:24:27,600
Still use Roman methods. 
Layered construction. 

5129
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:31,800
Good drainage and crowned 
surfaces are all Roman ideas 

5130
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:35,100
that are still used today. 
Roman roads had a big impact on 

5131
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:37,200
the geography of Europe that can
still be seen today. 

5132
04:24:37,200 --> 04:24:40,400
A lot of modern cities are where
they are because they were on 

5133
04:24:40,400 --> 04:24:43,200
Roman roads. 
Roman Engineers often built 

5134
04:24:43,200 --> 04:24:46,100
roads that became political 
boundaries, trade routes, 

5135
04:24:46,100 --> 04:24:48,500
cultural exchanges, and 
migration routes still follow 

5136
04:24:48,500 --> 04:24:51,200
the same paths that were first 
set up, when Rome ruled the 

5137
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:54,700
Mediterranean The way we talk 
about roads is influenced by 

5138
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:59,400
Latin in Latin, Mi comes from 
Mila Passos, which means a 1000 

5139
04:24:59,400 --> 04:25:01,600
Paces. 
The word Street comes from the 

5140
04:25:01,600 --> 04:25:05,200
Latin word via strata which 
means, paved Road, Romans 

5141
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,100
improved and standardized the 
way they built roads, which is 

5142
04:25:08,100 --> 04:25:11,100
how we got the ideas of 
infrastructure maintenance and 

5143
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:14,200
civic duty but maybe the most 
important Legacy is 

5144
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:17,400
psychological not physical. 
Roman roads represented, a 

5145
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:19,000
specific conception of 
civilization. 

5146
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:22,900
The belief that human creativity
can transform the natural world.

5147
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:26,200
That meticulous planning and 
Engineering can address 

5148
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:29,000
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and that the 

5149
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:32,400
integration of diverse 
individuals and locals generate 

5150
04:25:32,400 --> 04:25:35,700
greater value than Solitude. 
This vision is still alive in 

5151
04:25:35,700 --> 04:25:38,700
every modern Highway project, 
every infrastructure project. 

5152
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:42,900
And every effort to link small 
towns to bigger networks, when 

5153
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:45,900
we talk about how much to spend 
on infrastructure, how to keep 

5154
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:48,400
current systems running or 
whether to build new 

5155
04:25:48,400 --> 04:25:51,400
connections, we're dealing with 
the same problems that Romans 

5156
04:25:51,400 --> 04:25:54,300
did 2000 years. 
Ago, the story of why ancient 

5157
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:56,600
roads fell apart teaches us an 
important lesson. 

5158
04:25:56,600 --> 04:26:00,500
Infrastructure needs more than 
just being built, it needs to be

5159
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:03,000
maintained the decline of Roman 
roads. 

5160
04:26:03,000 --> 04:26:04,600
Wasn't mostly due to bad 
engineering. 

5161
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:07,500
Many of those roads were built 
well enough that they still look

5162
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:10,200
like they did back then. 
It was about institutions 

5163
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:13,000
failing, which meant that the 
administrative and economic 

5164
04:26:13,000 --> 04:26:16,100
systems needed to keep complex 
infrastructure running over time

5165
04:26:16,100 --> 04:26:19,200
fell apart. 
Modern societies have to deal 

5166
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:21,900
with the same problems. 
We need to keep spending money 

5167
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:25,000
on repairs and maintenance for 
our roads, Bridges and 

5168
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:28,200
utilities. 
The case starts, when economic 

5169
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:30,300
or political problems take 
resources away from this 

5170
04:26:30,300 --> 04:26:33,100
unglamorous work might not be 
clear right away. 

5171
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:37,200
Infrastructure gets worse over 
time with each small failure. 

5172
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:40,100
Adding to the last one. 
Until one day, you look around 

5173
04:26:40,100 --> 04:26:43,100
and see that systems used to 
trust aren't working anymore. 

5174
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:46,100
The Romans would get what we're 
talking about when we argue 

5175
04:26:46,100 --> 04:26:49,200
about infrastructure, they had 
to deal with the same problems 

5176
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:51,900
of balancing short-term savings 
with long term investments, 

5177
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:55,200
political expediency with 
engineering, assess, tea and 

5178
04:26:55,200 --> 04:26:57,000
local, needs with system wide 
needs. 

5179
04:26:57,000 --> 04:26:59,800
Their roads fell apart, not 
because they didn't know how to 

5180
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:02,000
build them, right. 
But because keeping them up, 

5181
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:04,700
took more resources and 
dedication than their society. 

5182
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:07,700
Could give, let's take a break 
for a moment on a particularly 

5183
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:10,800
beautiful stretch of preserved, 
Roman Road, it might be in the 

5184
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,800
English Countryside where the 
Old Stone from straight across a

5185
04:27:13,800 --> 04:27:16,400
green hillsides, and the 
landscape on either side looks 

5186
04:27:16,400 --> 04:27:18,100
like a painting of pastoral 
happiness. 

5187
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:21,600
The Stone's under your feet are 
still strong after almost 2000 

5188
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:24,000
years. 
Some have faint marks on them 

5189
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:25,800
from ironed wheels that went 
over them. 

5190
04:27:25,800 --> 04:27:28,600
When emperors, Ruled, you might 
have learned their names and 

5191
04:27:28,600 --> 04:27:30,400
school but can't quite remember 
them. 

5192
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:33,800
Other show how the weather has 
changed over many seas and with 

5193
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:36,700
smooth slightly rounded surfaces
from rain wind. 

5194
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:40,600
Millions of footsteps, you can 
see how well these Stones fit 

5195
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,800
together in the low light of the
afternoon, even after hundreds 

5196
04:27:43,800 --> 04:27:46,800
of years of frost heaving root 
growth and Nature's General 

5197
04:27:46,800 --> 04:27:50,200
chaos, trying to take apart 
human buildings, most stones 

5198
04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:53,400
still touch each other with only
a fingers width of space between

5199
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:55,000
them. 
It's the kind of craftsmanship 

5200
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:57,600
that makes you feel bad about 
the Shelf you put up last 

5201
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,900
weekend that wobbles If you 
close your eyes and really 

5202
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:02,600
listen. 
The Sounds around. 

5203
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:05,200
You aren't that different from 
what people traveling, in Rome 

5204
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:07,700
would have heard birds are 
singing in the hedgerows that 

5205
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:10,900
Mark, the edge of the modern 
field wind blowing through the 

5206
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:14,900
grass, the sound of sheep 
bleeding, in the distance, these

5207
04:28:14,900 --> 04:28:17,100
sheep are the descendants of 
flocks that may have walked 

5208
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:20,300
along this road when it was new.
The English Countryside, stays 

5209
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:23,700
the same, even as things change.
But if you look more closely, 

5210
04:28:23,700 --> 04:28:26,300
you'll see that the landscape 
tells a story of its own. 

5211
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:29,900
The road is in a slight dip, but
not because the Romans build it 

5212
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:32,200
that way. 
Instead the land around it has 

5213
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,700
been slowly built up by years of
farming, with each Year's leaves

5214
04:28:35,700 --> 04:28:38,400
and organic matter, adding 
microscopic thickness to the 

5215
04:28:38,400 --> 04:28:40,900
soil. 
The world has risen around the 

5216
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:43,100
road. 
Not the other way around, you 

5217
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:45,900
can see that some of the stones 
have wildflowers growing between

5218
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,900
them, these aren't invasive, 
weeds, that are ruining old 

5219
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:50,800
buildings. 
They're part of a unique 

5220
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:53,400
ecosystem that can only be found
in places like this. 

5221
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:56,300
Some of these plants are very 
rare and only live in the 

5222
04:28:56,300 --> 04:29:00,000
specific conditions that Roman 
engineering made botanists. 

5223
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:02,100
Sometimes look at old Roman 
roads, because they keep 

5224
04:29:02,100 --> 04:29:05,700
ecological conditions that have 
disappeared in other places, a 

5225
04:29:05,700 --> 04:29:08,300
modern hiker walks by on a trail
that includes this part of the 

5226
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,400
Roman Road. 
She is using GPS to find her way

5227
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:13,700
following a route. 
She downloaded to her 

5228
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,100
smartphone, but she's walking on
roads that were built 2000 years

5229
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:19,900
before electricity. 
Mix of old and new isn't 

5230
04:29:19,900 --> 04:29:22,300
jarring. 
It feels natural as if the road 

5231
04:29:22,300 --> 04:29:24,300
has taken in the technology of 
each time period. 

5232
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,300
Without losing its basic 
character, you come across a 

5233
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:29,400
part of the road that 
archaeologists have partially 

5234
04:29:29,400 --> 04:29:32,800
dug up further down the path. 
They've carefully dug out, dirt 

5235
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,600
from one side, showing the cross
section of Roman construction. 

5236
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:37,900
Like a slice through a layer 
cake. 

5237
04:29:37,900 --> 04:29:42,000
You can see each layer the big 
stones that make up the base, 

5238
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:45,700
the mixed gravel and mortar 
above the sand that levels the 

5239
04:29:45,700 --> 04:29:47,700
surface. 
And finally, the paving stones 

5240
04:29:47,700 --> 04:29:51,000
on top there is an interpretive 
sign that tells you what you're 

5241
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:53,600
looking at, but the building 
itself is so clear that it 

5242
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:56,500
doesn't need words. 
This is how to make something 

5243
04:29:56,500 --> 04:29:59,700
that will last, this is how you 
build infrastructure that will 

5244
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:02,100
last for 100s of years. 
And of just decades. 

5245
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:05,400
This is how you show future 
Generations that you had faith 

5246
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:08,000
in the future and did what you 
could to make it happen. 

5247
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:12,400
But this exposed cross-section 
is also very sad, if it feels 

5248
04:30:12,408 --> 04:30:15,700
like seeing the bones of the 
Earth itself, the skeleton that 

5249
04:30:15,700 --> 04:30:19,000
lies under the skin of the land,
it was never met for people to 

5250
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,000
see the road like this, its 
strength was supposed to come 

5251
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:25,300
from everything working together
as one taking up. 

5252
04:30:25,300 --> 04:30:29,100
His internal structure shows us 
how it works, but it also makes 

5253
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:32,300
it less useful turning a useful 
piece Of infrastructure into an 

5254
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:35,200
anatomical specimen. 
You might find things in the 

5255
04:30:35,200 --> 04:30:38,300
nearby museum that were found 
along this road like coins. 

5256
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:42,100
That Travelers dropped pieces of
pottery that used to hold oil or

5257
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,800
wine and a bronze figurine that 
someone lost 2000 years ago and 

5258
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:48,400
never found. 
Each thing is a small tragedy 

5259
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:51,900
and a small connection. 
Someone's loss is our gain and 

5260
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:53,700
we can think about the moment 
that was lost. 

5261
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:57,900
The simplest things are often 
the most moving the toy cart for

5262
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:01,000
a child. 
A hairpin for a woman or a worn 

5263
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,000
sandal sole these common things.
Make the road, feel more like a 

5264
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:06,100
person than military or 
architectural history. 

5265
04:31:06,100 --> 04:31:09,700
Can they remind us that this 
road was used by more than just 

5266
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:12,600
armies and trade goods. 
It was also used by families 

5267
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:16,100
visiting relatives crafts. 
People going to Market children 

5268
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:18,600
seeing the world for the first 
time and old people. 

5269
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:21,400
Making one last trip to places. 
They loved when they were young.

5270
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:24,400
Roman roads were built for 
useful things like moving troops

5271
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:28,200
making trade easier and keeping 
the government in check, but 

5272
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,500
they ended up serving a more 
basic need The need to connect 

5273
04:31:31,500 --> 04:31:34,700
with others to move and to see 
what's over the next Hill. 

5274
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:37,500
And the one after that. 
This is why roads are important 

5275
04:31:37,500 --> 04:31:40,800
for more than just their 
engineering specifications or 

5276
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:44,500
they usefulness to the economy. 
They meet a basic need in. 

5277
04:31:44,500 --> 04:31:48,500
All of us, are constant need to 
be somewhere else and see more 

5278
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,500
than one place can offer, 
archaeologists and geographers. 

5279
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:55,100
Have found something amazing. 
Even when the physical roads 

5280
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:58,600
were gone, the paths they made a
land, often stayed in people's 

5281
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:02,600
minds and practices for hundreds
of years picture, a part of a 

5282
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:05,000
Roman road where all signs of 
construction of disappeared. 

5283
04:32:05,000 --> 04:32:07,600
The stones that were quarried 
for medieval buildings. 

5284
04:32:07,600 --> 04:32:10,600
The foundation layers that were 
spread out by centuries of 

5285
04:32:10,600 --> 04:32:12,600
farming. 
And even the road itself, have 

5286
04:32:12,600 --> 04:32:15,300
all been plowed under and grown 
over there doesn't seem to be 

5287
04:32:15,300 --> 04:32:16,900
anything left at the Casual 
Observer. 

5288
04:32:16,900 --> 04:32:20,400
But if you map out the trade 
routes from the Middle Ages, the

5289
04:32:20,400 --> 04:32:23,000
pars that villagers used to get 
from one settlement to another 

5290
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:25,400
or the property lines that 
farmer set up. 

5291
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,200
You'll often find that they 
follow the same line as the 

5292
04:32:28,200 --> 04:32:30,500
Roman Road, that is no longer 
there. 

5293
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,900
This persistent occurs because 
pathways through the landscape 

5294
04:32:33,900 --> 04:32:37,100
are not random, Roman Engineers,
chose their paths, for good 

5295
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,800
reasons, these were the easiest 
Hills to cross the most direct 

5296
04:32:40,800 --> 04:32:43,700
routes between important points.
The best place is to build 

5297
04:32:43,700 --> 04:32:46,300
bridges over rivers. 
And the best place is to cross. 

5298
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:47,700
Valleys where travel was 
possible. 

5299
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:51,100
When the Roman Road went away, 
people found these same best 

5300
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:53,400
routes on their own. 
They weren't following the road 

5301
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,100
because As they could see it, 
they were retracing it because 

5302
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:58,500
geography still gave them the 
same answers to the same 

5303
04:32:58,500 --> 04:33:01,700
problems even when people have 
built things on the land it 

5304
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:03,900
still remembers. 
This is still true in modern 

5305
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:07,099
Britain where many of today's 
highways follow the same paths 

5306
04:33:07,099 --> 04:33:10,099
as Roman roads, which often 
followed the same paths as 

5307
04:33:10,108 --> 04:33:11,900
Celtic. 
Trackways that came before them 

5308
04:33:11,900 --> 04:33:14,099
the Roman wattling Street runs 
along. 

5309
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:18,099
Most of the A5 highway from 
London to Wales the A1, which is

5310
04:33:18,099 --> 04:33:21,500
the longest numbered road in the
UK follows, a path that has been

5311
04:33:21,508 --> 04:33:24,599
used since prehistoric times, 
and was made official by the 

5312
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:26,800
Romans. 
The modern highway system in 

5313
04:33:26,800 --> 04:33:28,900
France. 
Still uses Roman roads, for both

5314
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:31,700
roots and names. 
French Engineers built their 

5315
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:34,400
modern Road Network in the 18th 
and 19th centuries. 

5316
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:37,500
And when they could, they 
followed Roman roots, they 

5317
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:39,700
thought of themselves as 
restoring old infrastructure 

5318
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:43,099
rather than replacing it. 
The Inca Road system in South 

5319
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:46,500
America is another example of 
something that lasts the Inca 

5320
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,900
empire fell apart in the 16th 
century and their roads fell 

5321
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:53,200
into disrepair. 
However, many modern Peruvian 

5322
04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:57,000
highways, following carrots. 
Modern roads wind along the same

5323
04:33:57,000 --> 04:33:59,700
paths as the ink as carved steps
into Mountainside. 

5324
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:02,300
This is because the geography 
hasn't changed. 

5325
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:05,099
These are still the best ways to
get through some of the most 

5326
04:34:05,099 --> 04:34:08,900
difficult terrain on Earth. 
This persistence teaches us 

5327
04:34:08,900 --> 04:34:11,500
something deep about how 
human-made things and natural 

5328
04:34:11,500 --> 04:34:14,500
landscapes work together, we 
like to think of our roads and 

5329
04:34:14,500 --> 04:34:17,500
buildings as things that get in 
the way of nature, as things 

5330
04:34:17,508 --> 04:34:21,099
that people change the world to 
fit their needs but in reality 

5331
04:34:21,099 --> 04:34:24,400
infrastructure works best when 
it works with the landscape 

5332
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:27,700
instead of against it. 
The roads that last whether in 

5333
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:30,700
the physical world or in the 
minds of people are the ones 

5334
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:33,300
that find the easiest way 
through the land and don't fight

5335
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:35,599
it. 
There is a more profound lesson 

5336
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:37,900
here, regarding the essence of 
civilization itself. 

5337
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,400
We often think of civilizations 
as completely new things that 

5338
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:44,599
come after what came before. 
For example, the Romans took 

5339
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,900
over what was their before? 
Medieval kingdoms took over Rome

5340
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:50,599
and modern Nations took over 
medieval structures. 

5341
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:54,200
But human geography shows that 
things have stayed the same more

5342
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,599
than these political stories. 
Say People keep living in the 

5343
04:34:57,599 --> 04:34:59,400
same places because they have 
good water. 

5344
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:03,200
Good places to defend 
themselves, good soil and easy, 

5345
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:06,099
access to trade routes. 
They keep going the same way 

5346
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:08,700
because the mountains haven't 
moved and the river still flow 

5347
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:12,400
the same way, political systems 
come and go, but the basic link 

5348
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:15,300
between human settlements and 
the landscape changes much more 

5349
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:17,900
slowly. 
This is why archaeologists can 

5350
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:20,800
sometimes guess where they will 
find old roads or settlements 

5351
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:24,400
just by looking at the land and 
geography, there are only a few 

5352
04:35:24,408 --> 04:35:26,599
passes that don't require amount
of nearing gear. 

5353
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:29,400
If you need to cross a mountain 
range, there are only a few 

5354
04:35:29,408 --> 04:35:31,700
places where the banks and 
current make it possible to 

5355
04:35:31,700 --> 04:35:35,500
cross a river, ancient engineers
knew this, and they pick the 

5356
04:35:35,500 --> 04:35:38,000
same place as that modern 
Engineers would pick if they 

5357
04:35:38,000 --> 04:35:41,000
were starting from scratch. 
The fact that Roots stay the 

5358
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:43,700
same over time is another reason
why some City stay important for

5359
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:45,599
thousands of years While others 
fade away. 

5360
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:49,800
Romans located at a key Crossing
on the Tiber River, which 

5361
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:51,800
controls north south travel, 
through Italy. 

5362
04:35:51,800 --> 04:35:54,200
The ancient Latin who first 
settled there. 

5363
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:57,099
The Romans who built their 
empire from it, the Medieval 

5364
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,099
popes, who kept it to the 
political Center and modern 

5365
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:03,099
Italy, which made it their 
Capital all cared about this 

5366
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:06,300
Geographic Advantage. 
The temps Narrows in London, 

5367
04:36:06,300 --> 04:36:09,400
which is why the city is. 
There it is the best place to 

5368
04:36:09,400 --> 04:36:12,200
cross the river. 
Paris grew on an island in the 

5369
04:36:12,200 --> 04:36:13,599
sin. 
That was easy to defend 

5370
04:36:13,599 --> 04:36:16,500
Istanbul, which used to be 
called Byzantium. 

5371
04:36:16,500 --> 04:36:19,400
And then Constantinople, is that
the most important point where 

5372
04:36:19,400 --> 04:36:22,500
Europe and Asia meet, These 
aren't random choices or 

5373
04:36:22,500 --> 04:36:25,700
accidents, their places, where 
the landscape almost requires 

5374
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:29,099
people to live and build the 
story of Roman roads is just one

5375
04:36:29,099 --> 04:36:32,200
part of a much longer Story. 
Once you understand this, those 

5376
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:35,000
roads were just one part of a 
long history of people trying to

5377
04:36:35,008 --> 04:36:38,900
get around quickly connect the 
places we've chosen to live and 

5378
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,099
get around the problems that 
geography puts in our way. 

5379
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:44,300
The Romans did a great job of 
telling this story on a large 

5380
04:36:44,308 --> 04:36:47,200
scale but they were not the 
first or last to work on this 

5381
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,300
old project. 
As we near the end of our trip 

5382
04:36:50,300 --> 04:36:53,300
down these old roads, let's 
think about what we've learned 

5383
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,207
and how it affects us. 
Now, your back in your 

5384
04:36:56,216 --> 04:36:59,400
comfortable spot and your team 
may have cooled down, but 

5385
04:36:59,400 --> 04:37:02,800
hopefully your mind is still 
busy thinking about roads, ruins

5386
04:37:02,800 --> 04:37:04,500
and the long history of human 
effort. 

5387
04:37:04,500 --> 04:37:07,900
The story of Old Road shows us, 
that infrastructure is always 

5388
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:11,000
made up of both people and 
things the stone and mortar are 

5389
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:13,800
important but they only work in 
a network of Institutions 

5390
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:17,900
economic systems and cultural 
practices that give them meaning

5391
04:37:17,900 --> 04:37:20,400
and keep them useful. 
Even the best-built physical 

5392
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:22,700
infrastructure will fail. 
Eventually if the supporting 

5393
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:25,599
structure falls apart, this is 
very important. 

5394
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:28,599
For today's society is 
infrastructure like roads 

5395
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:31,599
Bridges, Water Systems, 
electrical grids and 

5396
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:35,200
Telecommunications networks is 
all around us and we mostly take

5397
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:37,099
it for granted. 
Granted until something goes 

5398
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:39,099
wrong. 
You think that someone is taking

5399
04:37:39,099 --> 04:37:41,099
care of these systems and that 
there are other right 

5400
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:43,400
institutions in place to make 
sure they keep working. 

5401
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:46,599
We also think that future 
Generations will have the same 

5402
04:37:46,599 --> 04:37:48,099
working infrastructure that we 
do. 

5403
04:37:48,099 --> 04:37:51,599
But the Roman experience shows 
that these ideas can be very 

5404
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:54,300
dangerous. 
Infrastructure needs constant 

5405
04:37:54,300 --> 04:37:58,300
care enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment from 

5406
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:02,500
the community Decay starts when 
one of these parts gets weaker 

5407
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,000
at first. 
It happens slowly, but it speeds

5408
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,200
up as small problems turn into 
bigger ones. 

5409
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:12,599
The Romans built roads that 
could last for 2000 years but 

5410
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:14,900
they weren't able to build 
institutions that could keep 

5411
04:38:14,900 --> 04:38:16,400
those roads in good shape 
forever. 

5412
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:19,000
The main problem is that 
physical infrastructure can last

5413
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:22,000
a long time but the social 
infrastructure needed to keep it

5414
04:38:22,000 --> 04:38:24,800
up is weak and depends on 
stable, government enough 

5415
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:26,800
resources and cultural 
continuity. 

5416
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:29,800
It wasn't engineering failure, 
that caused Roman roads to fall 

5417
04:38:29,800 --> 04:38:31,599
apart. 
There was the collapse of the 

5418
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:33,900
government. 
The Empire couldn't keep up with

5419
04:38:33,900 --> 04:38:35,800
the tax money, it needed to pay 
for repairs. 

5420
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:40,200
Administrative systems, stopped,
working making it impossible for

5421
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:42,900
the organization to coordinate 
repairs over large areas. 

5422
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:46,500
When skilled workers died 
without properly training, their

5423
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:48,700
successors they lost technical 
knowledge. 

5424
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:51,800
People's cultural priorities 
change from keeping old 

5425
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:54,900
infrastructure, up to date, to 
just get in through immediate 

5426
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:57,300
crises, all of these things are 
still true today. 

5427
04:38:57,300 --> 04:39:00,200
Countries have a hard time 
paying for infrastructure up, 

5428
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:02,800
keep because it's easier for 
politicians to cut funding for 

5429
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:04,900
repairs. 
That aren't very glamorous than 

5430
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:06,500
for new projects that are very 
visible. 

5431
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:09,200
When people looked down on 
government jobs and said of 

5432
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:11,800
respecting them, the 
government's ability to do its 

5433
04:39:11,800 --> 04:39:14,200
job. 
Suffers, when Society, don't 

5434
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:16,700
value skilled trades. 
They lose technical. 

5435
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:19,700
Know-how cultural attention is 
on short term issues. 

5436
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:23,200
And stead of long-term 
sustainability But the story of 

5437
04:39:23,207 --> 04:39:26,800
old roads also gives us hope 
people kept roads working. 

5438
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:30,099
Even after Empires fell apart 
and formal maintenance stopped, 

5439
04:39:30,099 --> 04:39:33,300
they did this through local 
initiative, creative adaptation 

5440
04:39:33,300 --> 04:39:37,099
and practical improvisation The 
roads may not have been as good 

5441
04:39:37,099 --> 04:39:39,900
as they used to be, but they 
still did their main job of 

5442
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:42,800
connecting people and places. 
This strength shows that 

5443
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:46,400
infrastructure once built adds 
value that lasts, even during 

5444
04:39:46,400 --> 04:39:50,000
tough times, the road matters. 
Even when the pavement breaks up

5445
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:53,200
even when the journey gets 
harder, the connection is still 

5446
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:56,300
important. 
The concept of a road ingrained 

5447
04:39:56,300 --> 04:40:00,000
in landscape and cultural memory
endures Beyond any tangible 

5448
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:02,700
structure. 
This means that infrastructure 

5449
04:40:02,700 --> 04:40:05,900
investment is important for more
than just its immediate use in 

5450
04:40:05,900 --> 04:40:08,900
today's society infrastructure 
that works well creates 

5451
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:11,400
connections that affect 
geography, the economy and 

5452
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:14,800
culture for many years. 
The initial cost may seem high 

5453
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:18,500
but the long-term benefits, some
of which are hard to measure or 

5454
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:20,700
predict make the investment 
worth it. 

5455
04:40:20,700 --> 04:40:23,400
It also says that we should 
build infrastructure with the 

5456
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:27,300
idea of graceful degradation in 
mind, Roman roads worked well, 

5457
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:30,300
when they were well maintained, 
but they also worked partially 

5458
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,400
for hundreds of years. 
After maintenance stopped modern

5459
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:35,400
infrastructure. 
Is often more fragile because it

5460
04:40:35,400 --> 04:40:38,000
is made to work perfectly only 
under certain conditions. 

5461
04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:41,200
If those conditions aren't met 
it can break down completely, 

5462
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:45,000
what would it mean to build 
roads Bridges and utilities that

5463
04:40:45,000 --> 04:40:48,200
could handle less maintenance 
without any problems that could 

5464
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:49,700
keep providing important 
Services? 

5465
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:52,000
Even if money or knowledge 
became hard to find. 

5466
04:40:52,000 --> 04:40:54,600
That could be fixed with 
materials and skills that are 

5467
04:40:54,600 --> 04:40:57,400
available in the area rather 
than needing special ones. 

5468
04:40:57,400 --> 04:40:59,700
These aren't just hypothetical 
questions. 

5469
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:03,100
The real issues for any society 
that wants its infrastructure to

5470
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:06,100
last through short-term 
problems, the story of Roman 

5471
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:07,900
roads. 
Also reminds us to think about 

5472
04:41:07,900 --> 04:41:10,300
infrastructure in both practical
and symbolic ways. 

5473
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:14,400
Roads are a symbol of 
civilization connection and 

5474
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,300
possibility. 
People think their society works

5475
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:19,700
and that the people in charge 
are smart when the roads are 

5476
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:23,100
well kept, It seems like 
Civilization is falling apart 

5477
04:41:23,100 --> 04:41:25,900
when roads get worse. 
This symbolic aspect is 

5478
04:41:25,900 --> 04:41:28,600
important because infrastructure
affects how people see their 

5479
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:30,500
relationships with each other 
and with the government. 

5480
04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:35,000
Good infrastructure is a sign of
good government and social Unity

5481
04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:37,300
infrastructure. 
That doesn't work shows that 

5482
04:41:37,300 --> 04:41:40,000
people aren't competent and 
things are broken up these 

5483
04:41:40,000 --> 04:41:43,600
Perceptions in turn affect how 
much political support there is 

5484
04:41:43,600 --> 04:41:46,800
for the institutions that keep 
infrastructure running which can

5485
04:41:46,800 --> 04:41:50,900
lead to good or bad Cycles. 
Romans understood this symbolic 

5486
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:52,600
part of things on an instinctive
level. 

5487
04:41:52,600 --> 04:41:56,400
They built their roads to be big
and impressive not just to get 

5488
04:41:56,408 --> 04:42:00,000
people where they needed to go. 
Milestones told people which 

5489
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:03,400
emperor had built or fixed each 
part turning roadwork into 

5490
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:06,300
propaganda the Via. 
Appia wasn't just a road that 

5491
04:42:06,308 --> 04:42:07,900
connected Rome to Southern 
Italy. 

5492
04:42:07,900 --> 04:42:10,900
It was also a sign of Roman 
strength and stability. 

5493
04:42:11,700 --> 04:42:15,000
People in modern societies. 
Sometimes forget this lesson and

5494
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:16,600
treat infrastructure as just a 
tool. 

5495
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:19,600
They wonder why people don't 
appreciate the complicated 

5496
04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:21,500
systems that make Modern Life 
possible. 

5497
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,600
But infrastructure is never just
about how it works. 

5498
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:28,700
It's about who you are, your 
pride, and how social values 

5499
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:31,700
show up in the real world as we 
reach the end of our Journey 

5500
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:34,100
Through Time. 
And over ancient stone, think 

5501
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:36,800
about what it means to literally
walk in the footsteps of. 

5502
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:40,000
So many people who came before 
us every Old Road, that is 

5503
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:43,400
still, there has this quality of
deep time this feeling of being 

5504
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:46,500
connected to a huge human story 
that goes far beyond your own 

5505
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:48,800
life. 
When you walk on Roman paving 

5506
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:51,800
stones, your walking where Roman
soldiers marched, where 

5507
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:55,200
Merchants drove their cars were 
Messengers, ran with important 

5508
04:42:55,200 --> 04:42:59,300
news, a family's moved to new 
homes, where pilgrims looked for

5509
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:03,000
God's favor and where Exiles 
left their homes and maybe never

5510
04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:05,400
came back. 
Each of those people was just as

5511
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:09,000
real as you are with hopes and 
fears and small daily problems 

5512
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:11,100
that took up their time just 
like yours do now. 

5513
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:14,700
They were worried about their 
health, their families, their 

5514
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:17,200
money, and whether they had made
the right choice in life. 

5515
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:21,600
The roads saw it all. 
Countless human dramas playing 

5516
04:43:21,600 --> 04:43:25,300
out on its unchanging surface. 
This is why parts of old roads 

5517
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:28,200
that have been preserved. 
Often feel almost sacred, even 

5518
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,000
to people who aren't very 
religious, you're standing in a 

5519
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:34,500
place where the line between the
past and the present is thin and

5520
04:43:34,500 --> 04:43:37,500
you can almost feel the presence
of all the lives that no longer 

5521
04:43:37,500 --> 04:43:39,800
there. 
The stones are proof, that those

5522
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:42,600
people lived that their 
civilization was real. 

5523
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:46,400
And that they did things that 
still matter The ruins of old 

5524
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:48,100
roads. 
Also remind us that things don't

5525
04:43:48,100 --> 04:43:51,300
last forever, which is somehow 
comforting instead of sad. 

5526
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:54,600
Yes, even the strongest Empires 
will fall apart. 

5527
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:56,800
Yes. 
Even the best built 

5528
04:43:56,800 --> 04:43:59,600
infrastructure will eventually 
need more upkeep than anyone can

5529
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:00,900
give. 
Yes. 

5530
04:44:00,900 --> 04:44:03,700
Everything that people do is 
only temporary when compared to 

5531
04:44:03,708 --> 04:44:07,100
geological time scales, but that
doesn't mean that what people do

5532
04:44:07,100 --> 04:44:09,600
doesn't matter. 
The roads were important to the 

5533
04:44:09,600 --> 04:44:12,700
people who built them and the 
people who use them, they had a 

5534
04:44:12,700 --> 04:44:15,400
big impact on the growth of 
civilizations, the success of 

5535
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:18,700
cities, the movement of armies 
and the flow of trade goods, 

5536
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:22,400
their legacy lives on in the 
geography of today in the places

5537
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,800
where cities are in the paths of
Highways and in the shape of the

5538
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:29,100
world, we live in now, the Roman
engineer who carefully placed 

5539
04:44:29,100 --> 04:44:31,900
paving stones on the Via. 
Appia, probably never thought 

5540
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:36,100
that those stones would still be
there 2000 years later, he never

5541
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:37,600
thought that people with 
technology. 

5542
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:40,200
We can't even imagine would 
study and preserve his work. 

5543
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,400
Well that children who were not 
even born yet would someday run 

5544
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:44,900
their hands over the surface. 
He made. 

5545
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:47,700
And here we are and the stones 
are still there. 

5546
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:51,200
This makes me think that we 
should see ourselves as links in

5547
04:44:51,200 --> 04:44:54,300
a long chain. 
The infrastructure we build keep

5548
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:57,200
up or let fall apart will affect
the world that future 

5549
04:44:57,200 --> 04:45:00,000
Generations. 
Get the decisions we make about 

5550
04:45:00,000 --> 04:45:03,300
how to use our resources. 
How to keep things running and 

5551
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:06,200
how to teach the next generation
of Engineers and Crafts People 

5552
04:45:06,200 --> 04:45:08,800
all have effects that lasts long
after. 

5553
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:10,900
We're gone. 
We don't know how the next 

5554
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:12,500
Generations will see our 
decisions. 

5555
04:45:12,500 --> 04:45:15,500
We can't say, for sure, which of
our buildings will still be 

5556
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:18,500
standing in 2000 years, which 
ones will have disappeared 

5557
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:21,300
Without a Trace. 
But we can try to build with the

5558
04:45:21,300 --> 04:45:24,900
same care and ambition, that 
drove the best Roman Engineers 

5559
04:45:24,900 --> 04:45:28,600
making things that will last 
using materials that are better 

5560
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:31,600
than what we need right now. 
And spending money on things 

5561
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:34,300
that will be useful in the 
future, even if it seems like a 

5562
04:45:34,300 --> 04:45:36,200
lot. 
The funny thing is that the 

5563
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:38,800
Romans who are so sure that 
their empire would last forever 

5564
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:42,100
would be shocked to learn that 
their roads lasted longer than 

5565
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:44,800
their civilization? 
They probably would have liked 

5566
04:45:44,800 --> 04:45:47,500
it better if their empire state 
the same and stead of Justice 

5567
04:45:47,500 --> 04:45:50,300
infrastructure. 
But from where we stand, the 

5568
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:52,600
fact that Roman roads are still,
there makes roam. 

5569
04:45:52,700 --> 04:45:56,900
Feel more not less Eternal as 
you finish your warm drink and 

5570
04:45:56,900 --> 04:46:00,200
get ready for bed, think about 
how this story could help you as

5571
04:46:00,200 --> 04:46:03,400
you go about your day. 
When you drive on a highway or 

5572
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,900
walk down a street, think about 
the history that Lies Beneath 

5573
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:09,400
the surface. 
I wonder who walked this path 

5574
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:12,500
before it was paved, what 
natural features made this route

5575
04:46:12,500 --> 04:46:15,300
and what stories could be told 
about all the trips that have 

5576
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:17,900
happened here. 
Think about the people, who keep

5577
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:20,800
our modern infrastructure 
running they do on glamorous 

5578
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,700
work like filling in potholes, 
clearing drains and fixing 

5579
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:26,200
bridges. 
In terms of work they have the 

5580
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:28,900
direct descendants of the Roman 
engineers and maintenance Crews.

5581
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:32,200
They're using better technology 
to solve the same basic problem 

5582
04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:36,300
but it's the same basic problem.
Keeping paths open so that 

5583
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:40,100
people and things can move. 
Don't just see ruins like old 

5584
04:46:40,100 --> 04:46:43,100
Roman roads are empty. 
Modern highways, as failures. 

5585
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:46,800
Also see them as proof that 
people keep trying building and 

5586
04:46:46,800 --> 04:46:49,000
connecting. 
Think of them as proof that 

5587
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:51,600
we're all part of a long story 
that started before we were born

5588
04:46:51,600 --> 04:46:52,900
and will go on after. 
We're gone. 

5589
04:46:52,900 --> 04:46:56,100
The last Light in your room is 
fading and you're probably 

5590
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:58,800
getting sleepy, which is exactly
what should happen. 

5591
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:02,100
When you read a bedtime story, 
you've been with me on trips to 

5592
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:05,800
ancient building site, medieval 
manor houses, busy Imperial, 

5593
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:09,200
highways and overgrown, ruins 
that the forest is slowly taking

5594
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:11,300
back. 
You walked on pavement that 

5595
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:14,600
people have been walking on for 
2000 years and you thought about

5596
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:16,300
what it means that their work is
still there. 

5597
04:47:16,300 --> 04:47:19,300
Even though their civilization 
is gone, you've thought about 

5598
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:23,200
why roads are important how they
are made, how they work and what

5599
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:26,200
happens when the systems that 
keep them up fail, but most 

5600
04:47:26,200 --> 04:47:28,700
importantly, you've tapped into 
something basic about being 

5601
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:31,200
human. 
I'll need to move can connect 

5602
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:33,800
and get past the things that 
keep us from getting to the 

5603
04:47:33,800 --> 04:47:36,400
people and places. 
We want to go roads are one of 

5604
04:47:36,400 --> 04:47:38,100
the most basic technologies that
people. 

5605
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:40,600
Made. 
They make paths permanent and 

5606
04:47:40,600 --> 04:47:43,400
Roots, reliable. 
Because they meet this basic 

5607
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:45,600
need. 
Every culture in history has 

5608
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:48,400
made them in some way. 
The old roads that fell apart 

5609
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,200
when Empires fell, show us that 
being strong isn't enough 

5610
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:55,100
infrastructure, needs constant 
care, enough money, Technical 

5611
04:47:55,100 --> 04:47:58,800
know-how and a commitment to the
community, even the best made 

5612
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:02,800
roads will eventually break down
due to water plants Frost, and 

5613
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:04,700
the slow work of nature to 
reclaim them. 

5614
04:48:05,400 --> 04:48:08,000
But those same old roads. 
Also, show us how to be strong 

5615
04:48:08,000 --> 04:48:09,600
root. 
Stay the same. 

5616
04:48:09,600 --> 04:48:12,800
Even when the pavement goes 
away, local communities, find 

5617
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:15,400
ways to stay connected. 
Even when the central government

5618
04:48:15,400 --> 04:48:19,100
fails and the memory that roads 
used to run straight and true of

5619
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:21,800
whole continents. 
Gives people hope that they can 

5620
04:48:21,800 --> 04:48:24,700
do the same things in the future
as you drift off to sleep. 

5621
04:48:24,700 --> 04:48:27,800
You might dream of old roads 
that run through your dreams 

5622
04:48:27,800 --> 04:48:31,500
like perfectly straight. 
Roman highways Mountain paths 

5623
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:34,700
made by Inca engineers and 
Persian postal routes where 

5624
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:37,100
Messengers ride through the 
night in dreams. 

5625
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:40,100
These roads, might All Connect 
making a network that goes 

5626
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:42,500
through time and space and 
connects the past, with the 

5627
04:48:42,500 --> 04:48:45,400
present Rome with now and what 
has been done with. 

5628
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:48,400
What could be done tomorrow, 
when you get up and start your 

5629
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:52,000
day, you'll be on the road. 
You could be Drive-In walking or

5630
04:48:52,000 --> 04:48:53,700
even just looking out your 
window at the street. 

5631
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:56,700
Those roads are part of the 
same, long story. 

5632
04:48:56,700 --> 04:48:59,600
We've been talking about 
tonight, their modern chapters 

5633
04:48:59,600 --> 04:49:02,700
in a story that started when the
first people decided, that one 

5634
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:05,900
paths could be made better. 
The Roots could be kept up and 

5635
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:07,300
the connection was worth the 
money. 

5636
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:10,900
The old roads have fallen apart 
but new ones have been built 

5637
04:49:10,900 --> 04:49:13,300
some of the roads. 
We used today will last longer 

5638
04:49:13,300 --> 04:49:17,200
than our civilization, just like
Roman roads did, some will be 

5639
04:49:17,200 --> 04:49:20,900
gone in a few decades, their 
materials were used and their 

5640
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:23,300
paths lost. 
We can't tell, which is which 

5641
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:25,900
just like Roman Engineers 
couldn't tell, which of their 

5642
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:29,000
roads, would still be there. 
2000 years later but we can 

5643
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:32,500
build carefully, keep it up. 
And remember that infrastructure

5644
04:49:32,500 --> 04:49:34,400
is always a gift. 
We leave for people will never 

5645
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:38,100
meet It's a gift that future 
Generations May value or take 

5646
04:49:38,100 --> 04:49:40,700
for granted, but it will always 
shape their world. 

5647
04:49:40,700 --> 04:49:44,100
Your part of this long human 
story of roads and ruins 

5648
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:47,700
connection, Decay, building and 
rebuilding sleep. 

5649
04:49:47,700 --> 04:49:50,900
Well, the Journey of Tomorrow is
waiting for you on roads, that 

5650
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:53,700
link your present, all the past 
and Futures that have come 

5651
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:57,500
before and will come off after. 
The road keeps going, even 

5652
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:00,300
though some of the roads are 
falling apart, the journey goes 

5653
04:50:00,300 --> 04:50:02,500
on even when people stopped to 
rest. 

5654
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:04,900
The link between the past and 
the future. 

5655
04:50:04,900 --> 04:50:09,100
Stay strong, though, in stone 
memory and the human desire to 

5656
04:50:09,100 --> 04:50:19,600
see what's over the next Hill. 
The late 17th and early 18th 

5657
04:50:19,600 --> 04:50:22,300
centuries. 
France was a land of contrasts 

5658
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:25,100
by candlelight in a grande 
Shadows Garden. 

5659
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:28,800
A curious, noblewoman listens as
a witty philosopher, describes 

5660
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:30,900
the stars above, he explains 
that. 

5661
04:50:30,900 --> 04:50:34,400
Those stars are Sons, like our 
own each, perhaps circled, by 

5662
04:50:34,408 --> 04:50:37,400
the worlds of their own a 
radical idea in an age, when 

5663
04:50:37,400 --> 04:50:39,400
questioning the heavens could be
dangerous. 

5664
04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:42,900
The scene could be lifted from 
Bernard de fontanel's 

5665
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:47,500
conversations on the plurality 
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 

5666
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:50,200
where a lady and a scientist 
stroll nightly under the sky 

5667
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:52,800
discussing copernicus's son, 
centered universe. 

5668
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:56,000
Fontanel's Charming Pros made 
the latest scientific 

5669
04:50:56,000 --> 04:50:59,500
discoveries accessible to the 
layperson planting seeds of 

5670
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:02,500
curiosity. 
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 

5671
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:06,600
rule, cast, Long Shadows, his 
ideas along with those of fellow

5672
04:51:06,600 --> 04:51:09,400
think of Pierre, Bayle. 
Formed a foundation for what 

5673
04:51:09,400 --> 04:51:12,400
would soon be called The 
Enlightenment at the turn of the

5674
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,300
18th century official. 
France was still firmly 

5675
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:16,800
absolutist and devoutly 
Catholic. 

5676
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:21,000
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had
revoked, the Edict of Nantes and

5677
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:24,200
1685. 
Driving Protestants like Bailey 

5678
04:51:24,200 --> 04:51:27,100
into exile? 
It even as the king insisted on 

5679
04:51:27,100 --> 04:51:31,400
religious unity, dissenting 
ideas quietly took root in his 

5680
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:33,200
Safe. 
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 

5681
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:37,300
skeptical historical and 
critical dictionary 1697 that 

5682
04:51:37,300 --> 04:51:39,500
poked holes in dogma and 
advocated tolerance. 

5683
04:51:40,300 --> 04:51:43,600
These volumes printed in 
Amsterdam and London were 

5684
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:46,000
smuggled over the borders in 
barrels of cloth and hidden 

5685
04:51:46,000 --> 04:51:48,800
compartments. 
Finding eager readers in Paris 

5686
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:53,300
Leon A tradition was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

5687
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:56,600
easily extinguished, Bailey has 
called for a society of 

5688
04:51:56,600 --> 04:51:59,800
pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

5689
04:51:59,800 --> 04:52:03,000
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

5690
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:06,400
but growing circle of French. 
Mine's Quietly. 

5691
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:10,100
The suburb Monopoly of church 
and crown on Truth was being 

5692
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,100
challenged by pamphlets and 
letters passed hand to hand. 

5693
04:52:14,500 --> 04:52:17,900
after Louis, the 14th death in 
1715, the atmosphere in France, 

5694
04:52:17,900 --> 04:52:21,500
relaxed somewhere, what allowing
these early Sparks to flare up 

5695
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:26,600
In Paris, coffee houses, and 
literary clubs with torque one. 

5696
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:29,500
Towering figure of this. 
Early Enlightenment was Baron de

5697
04:52:29,500 --> 04:52:33,200
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

5698
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:38,200
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu, 
published the Persian letters a 

5699
04:52:38,200 --> 04:52:40,500
playful novel of letters. 
In which two fictional Persian, 

5700
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:42,200
Travelers Lampoon French 
Customs. 

5701
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:45,900
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 
Parisian High Society. 

5702
04:52:45,900 --> 04:52:49,200
The pretensions of the king's 
court, the absurdities of the 

5703
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:51,500
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

5704
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:54,100
Gentle ridicule. 
Through these eyes of outside 

5705
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:58,500
readers, were amused and 
intrigued beneath the satire, a 

5706
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:01,200
serious critique of absolutism 
and religious hypocrisy. 

5707
04:53:01,200 --> 04:53:04,700
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

5708
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:08,100
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in amused. 

5709
04:53:08,100 --> 04:53:11,200
Whispers France's own 
institutions were being examined

5710
04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:14,600
as if under a foreign lands and 
many found them wanting 

5711
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:18,600
montesquieu's success in bold 
and others soon. 

5712
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:21,900
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

5713
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:25,300
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

5714
04:53:25,300 --> 04:53:28,300
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

5715
04:53:28,300 --> 04:53:32,300
philosophy was coming in to use.
Not quite the same as 

5716
04:53:32,300 --> 04:53:35,000
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

5717
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,300
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

5718
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,200
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

5719
04:53:42,200 --> 04:53:44,300
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

5720
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:47,500
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

5721
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:50,800
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

5722
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:52,200
circulating in French 
translation. 

5723
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:56,100
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

5724
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:59,800
traveled to England and returned
in 1729 bubbling with enthusiasm

5725
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:03,200
for Newton's physics in the 
English Spirit of free debate. 

5726
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:07,900
He set about spreading both with
his vivacious lover, Emily 

5727
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:19,000
deschatelets. 
The French authorities condemned

5728
04:54:19,000 --> 04:54:21,200
his book and briefly imprisoned.
Its author for it. 

5729
04:54:21,200 --> 04:54:24,900
The ideas could not be unread. 
The taste of intellectual, 

5730
04:54:24,900 --> 04:54:27,100
Freedom abroad. 
Only sharp and French appetites 

5731
04:54:27,100 --> 04:54:30,000
for more thus in the decades 
before the Revolution. 

5732
04:54:30,000 --> 04:54:32,800
The early stirrings of 
Enlightenment thought took hold 

5733
04:54:32,800 --> 04:54:36,300
a handful of bold voices 
fontanelle with his Popular 

5734
04:54:36,300 --> 04:54:40,000
Science Bell with his skeptical 
area Edition, Montesquieu with 

5735
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:43,700
his satire and Voltaire with his
shop Penn prepared, the ground 

5736
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:47,800
Their writing circulated in 
manuscript and in Contraband, 

5737
04:54:47,800 --> 04:54:52,000
print fertilizing Minds from 
Paris to the provinces over 

5738
04:54:52,000 --> 04:54:55,200
supper tables and University, 
Halls, people began asking new 

5739
04:54:55,200 --> 04:54:57,600
questions. 
Could Reason Not tradition 

5740
04:54:57,600 --> 04:55:00,100
guide. 
Human Affairs must religious 

5741
04:55:00,100 --> 04:55:02,900
uniformity Trump individual. 
Conscience could a king's 

5742
04:55:02,900 --> 04:55:05,900
Authority have limits set by 
natural law these questions. 

5743
04:55:05,900 --> 04:55:09,600
So, in the early 1700s would 
Sprout dramatically as the 

5744
04:55:09,600 --> 04:55:13,500
century progressed, For now they
were still whispered but the 

5745
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:17,100
enlightenment in France had 
begun Adorn of new thinking that

5746
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:21,000
promised to chase away medieval 
shadows in the mid-18th century.

5747
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:24,400
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

5748
04:55:24,400 --> 04:55:27,500
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

5749
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:30,300
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was unique 

5750
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:33,500
Institution. 
Part Social Club part 

5751
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,100
intellectual seminar typically 
hosted by a wealthy or 

5752
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,500
aristocratic woman the salon 
near these gatherings brought 

5753
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:44,000
together writers, philosophers, 
artists, and Statesmen under one

5754
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,200
Chandelier on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

5755
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:51,600
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques, Rousseau

5756
04:55:51,600 --> 04:55:54,700
Charlie unveiling, his latest 
essay to a circle of curious 

5757
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:59,000
marquis's, salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet they 

5758
04:55:59,000 --> 04:56:00,900
became engines of public 
discourse. 

5759
04:56:00,900 --> 04:56:05,200
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

5760
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:10,100
atmosphere rare for the time 
time Nobles bourgeoisie and even

5761
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:14,300
an occasional Artisan or foreign
Savant, mingled politely United 

5762
04:56:14,300 --> 04:56:18,600
by a love of wit and ideas. 
Here in lightning thought took 

5763
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:22,100
on a human face as diverse 
guests, debated Arts, science 

5764
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:24,300
and politics late Into the 
Night. 

5765
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:27,900
The women who ran these salons. 
Wielded subtle power in a 

5766
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:31,700
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer take Madame 

5767
04:56:31,700 --> 04:56:35,900
Jehovah, for example. 
Born Mary Theresa Rhodesian by 

5768
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:38,500
the 1740s. 
He had established herself as 

5769
04:56:38,500 --> 04:56:42,100
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, a well-appointed 

5770
04:56:42,100 --> 04:56:43,600
home, on the cruise Sound 
honorary. 

5771
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:47,400
Welcome the leading writers and 
philosophy to dinner Wednesdays.

5772
04:56:47,400 --> 04:56:51,200
Were reserved for artists with 
motherly Charmed from presided 

5773
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:54,700
over the conversation, tactfully
steering away from overly 

5774
04:56:54,700 --> 04:56:56,800
explosive topics. 
So, as to keep the Gathering 

5775
04:56:56,800 --> 04:57:00,500
convivial, Even provided 
financial support to struggling 

5776
04:57:00,500 --> 04:57:03,800
men of letters quietly paying 
debts, or buying paintings from 

5777
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:06,700
her artist guests. 
The respect, she commanded was 

5778
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:10,200
such that even the Crusty 
Voltaire deferred to her. in her

5779
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:13,200
Salon, one had to follow, 
certain rules Witt was 

5780
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:17,300
appreciated, but vulgarity was 
not lively debate was welcome, 

5781
04:57:17,300 --> 04:57:20,900
but shouting and personal 
attacks were frowned upon Under 

5782
04:57:20,900 --> 04:57:25,700
her Guidance, the tone remained,
civil clever and enlightening, a

5783
04:57:25,700 --> 04:57:28,600
model of the refinement of 
manners and speech that salons 

5784
04:57:28,600 --> 04:57:32,200
originally aimed for. 
Other Salinas adopted different 

5785
04:57:32,200 --> 04:57:35,700
styles Madame de due to defend 
and older contemporary of 

5786
04:57:35,708 --> 04:57:38,600
Jeffrey. 
Hosted, Gatherings from 1745 

5787
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:41,700
onward, but famously disdained. 
The more radical philosopher 

5788
04:57:41,700 --> 04:57:46,900
Voltaire who she adored Her 
Salon favored, High Society 

5789
04:57:46,900 --> 04:57:49,300
gossip and classical. 
Letters over bold, new 

5790
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,700
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty Madness 

5791
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:55,300
was Julie lesbian ass ran, a 
more freewheeling sell on. 

5792
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:59,400
In the 1770s, Julie had been 
tutored in the art by Madame de 

5793
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:03,000
farmed until a falling out. 
And with a small stipend from 

5794
04:58:03,000 --> 04:58:05,100
Madame, Jeffrey struck out on 
her own. 

5795
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:08,600
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

5796
04:58:08,600 --> 04:58:11,700
select that Mixed Company. 
Young intellectuals, older 

5797
04:58:11,700 --> 04:58:15,300
Statesman and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

5798
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:17,900
nothing lavish, but the talk 
flowed. 

5799
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:23,200
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean, Francois mamonty marveled 

5800
04:58:23,200 --> 04:58:25,500
at Julia's, ability to inspire 
Frank discussion. 

5801
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:29,600
He described her as an 
astonishing compound of reason 

5802
04:58:29,600 --> 04:58:33,100
and wisdom with the liveliest 
mind and most Ardent soul. 

5803
04:58:34,500 --> 04:58:37,100
Under her edifice philosopher, 
philosophers from diverse 

5804
04:58:37,100 --> 04:58:40,400
generations convened, and 
exchanged ideas, while even the 

5805
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:42,600
poorest Scholars, were welcome 
to express their thoughts. 

5806
04:58:43,500 --> 04:58:47,300
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons once ranked in a 

5807
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:47,900
tire. 
Still mattered. 

5808
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:50,700
The Juliet. 
Proved that intellectual 

5809
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:53,800
passion. 
Could Trump pedigree A typical 

5810
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:58,100
Selene evening might unfold like
this as dusk fell delivery. 

5811
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:01,300
Footman admitted guest to a 
candle lip parlor decorated with

5812
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:03,800
art. 
Gentle music, played in the Next

5813
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:07,500
Room, elegant women in silks, 
and men in embroidered coats 

5814
04:59:07,500 --> 04:59:10,500
form, small clusters, exchanging
news and balls. 

5815
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:15,100
The hostess circulated deathly. 
Introducing a young poet to a 

5816
04:59:15,100 --> 04:59:18,000
renowned scientist or drawing a 
shy scholar into a lively debate

5817
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,400
about the latest play. 
conversation, was the main event

5818
04:59:21,400 --> 04:59:25,600
a Good Salon guests had 
something to bring to this 

5819
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,400
conversation at the very least 
wit and elegant French. 

5820
04:59:29,400 --> 04:59:31,700
A rising dramatist. 
Might recite a scene from his 

5821
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:35,700
new comedy met with Applause and
gentle critique a visiting 

5822
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:38,800
American like Benjamin Franklin,
might Regale the company with 

5823
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:42,400
Tales of scientific experiments 
with lightning, Serious 

5824
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:45,800
discussions could break out the 
merits of voltaire's newest 

5825
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:48,300
tracked or Rousseau's eccentric 
theories on education. 

5826
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:52,500
But if tempers flared or someone
drowned on too long, the hostess

5827
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:55,200
would smoothly change the 
subject or proposed a diversion,

5828
04:59:55,200 --> 04:59:58,700
perhaps a brief chamber, music 
performance or around of cards. 

5829
04:59:59,600 --> 05:00:02,300
The result was a peculiar mix of
ludic and learned. 

5830
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:05,700
By evening, Zen and ideas that 
might have been seditious. 

5831
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,800
In print could be bandied about 
safely in the salon, cushioned 

5832
05:00:08,800 --> 05:00:11,400
by flightless and mutual respect
the salon. 

5833
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,100
Thus served as an incubator for 
Enlightenment ideas. 

5834
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:17,300
It connected thinkers to 
Patron's many. 

5835
05:00:17,300 --> 05:00:20,100
An author found a publisher or a
financier, through Salon 

5836
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:21,800
contacts. 
It allowed women. 

5837
05:00:21,800 --> 05:00:25,100
A rare opportunity to engage in 
intellectual life will be as 

5838
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:28,100
conveners rather than professors
with notable exceptions. 

5839
05:00:28,100 --> 05:00:30,800
Like Emily Duchesne who though 
not to sell on. 

5840
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:34,900
Are proved women could match men
in science. salons also helped 

5841
05:00:34,900 --> 05:00:39,000
Road class barriers if only 
slightly some hostesses Pride 

5842
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:42,700
themselves on Gathering a pope 
Paris of talents regardless of 

5843
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:46,100
noble birth There were limits, 
of course, peasants, and 

5844
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:49,400
laborers, did not stroll into 
these parlors the salons 

5845
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:52,900
primarily catered to the elite 
who were open to new talent and 

5846
05:00:52,900 --> 05:00:54,700
ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

5847
05:00:54,700 --> 05:00:58,000
their lineage. 
In these candlelit rooms, the 

5848
05:00:58,000 --> 05:00:59,600
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

5849
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,600
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

5850
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:07,400
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

5851
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,700
were training grounds for reason
debate. they fostered, what one 

5852
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,200
historian later called the 
Republic of letters, a community

5853
05:01:14,200 --> 05:01:16,700
of Minds that transcended, 
social ranks, and National 

5854
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:20,700
borders, foreigners, like the 
Scottish historian David Hume, 

5855
05:01:20,700 --> 05:01:24,600
or the Italian economist cesare 
beccaria were featured at Paris 

5856
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:28,100
salons when they visited in turn
French philosophers, built, 

5857
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:31,600
networks of correspondence with 
thinkers abroad, The 

5858
05:01:31,600 --> 05:01:35,000
Cosmopolitan chatter in Madame 
jofran sallow had echoes in 

5859
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:39,700
London Geneva or Berlin as ideas
spread by the 1770s and 1780s. 

5860
05:01:39,700 --> 05:01:43,000
Even as economic troubles and 
political conflict loomed in 

5861
05:01:43,000 --> 05:01:45,100
France. 
One could still find On Any 

5862
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:49,600
Given evening a salon in full 
swing a microcosm of an ideal in

5863
05:01:49,600 --> 05:01:52,500
lightning Society where 
conversation flowed freely 

5864
05:01:52,500 --> 05:01:56,100
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

5865
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:58,800
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

5866
05:01:58,800 --> 05:02:02,300
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

5867
05:02:02,300 --> 05:02:05,500
in France was undergoing and 
explosive proliferation and 

5868
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:08,700
bustling Parisian, print shops 
in secret presses hidden in 

5869
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:11,300
attics or a cross. 
The border printers turned out 

5870
05:02:11,308 --> 05:02:16,400
mountains of paper books, 
pamphlets journals broadside an 

5871
05:02:16,400 --> 05:02:19,300
insatiable reading public had 
Arisen hungry, for everything 

5872
05:02:19,300 --> 05:02:22,700
from scandalous, verse to 
Serious treatises on philosophy.

5873
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:26,800
The statistics, tell part of the
story by the 1780s. 

5874
05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:30,900
Literacy had risen markedly 
roughly half of French men and a

5875
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:33,900
quarter of women could read 
almost double the rates from a 

5876
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:36,400
century early. 
More people reading meant more 

5877
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:39,100
demand for reading material, 
where the state or the church 

5878
05:02:39,100 --> 05:02:41,900
try to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

5879
05:02:41,900 --> 05:02:43,500
Publishers found ways to supply 
it. 

5880
05:02:43,500 --> 05:02:47,300
Regardless a veritable 
underground press emerged and 

5881
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,100
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

5882
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:53,600
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller together, they would 

5883
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:57,000
spread enlightenment ideas to 
every corner of France even as 

5884
05:02:57,000 --> 05:02:58,900
authorities scrambled to stem 
the tide. 

5885
05:02:59,700 --> 05:03:02,500
Officially the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship. 

5886
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:06,100
All books were supposed to be 
approved by Royal sensors and 

5887
05:03:06,100 --> 05:03:09,500
carry the sensor's name. 
Hundreds of titles were outright

5888
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:11,900
banned. 
The Catholic Church through the 

5889
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:14,600
sorbonne faculty and the 
infamous index librarian, 

5890
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:17,000
prohibitorum index of prohibited
books. 

5891
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:20,100
Also condemned Works, deemed 
heretical or immoral. 

5892
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:23,700
Punishments for illegal 
printing, could be severe fines 

5893
05:03:23,700 --> 05:03:27,500
imprisonment, even The Gallows 
for repeater fenders but by the 

5894
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:31,100
1770s enforcement was 
increasingly like plugging holes

5895
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:33,500
in a sieve. 
The appetite for new ideas was 

5896
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:36,500
too strong and the profits to be
made from satisfying it to 

5897
05:03:36,500 --> 05:03:39,100
tempting. 
Smugglers, carried, forbidden 

5898
05:03:39,100 --> 05:03:42,600
books into France By The Crate. 
Stashing them in false bottom 

5899
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:45,100
wagons or floating them down 
Rivers at night. 

5900
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:49,400
It was said that in some 
Frontier towns, nearly every 

5901
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:54,300
Customs officer could be bribed.
Meanwhile, within France, pirate

5902
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:57,200
printers secretly duplicated, 
popular Works without 

5903
05:03:57,200 --> 05:03:59,300
permission. 
One way or another. 

5904
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,200
What was officially banned off 
an ended up widely read? 

5905
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:05,900
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

5906
05:04:05,900 --> 05:04:09,200
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

5907
05:04:09,208 --> 05:04:12,700
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

5908
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:16,600
and trades edited by Denny 
diderot, whose Band by King 

5909
05:04:16,600 --> 05:04:18,400
Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

5910
05:04:18,400 --> 05:04:21,300
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities, who found 

5911
05:04:21,300 --> 05:04:24,900
its articles to Empires but 
diderot did not abandon it. 

5912
05:04:24,900 --> 05:04:28,300
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,
not least, the enlightened sense

5913
05:04:28,300 --> 05:04:30,800
of Melcher. 
Dido continued the work in 

5914
05:04:30,800 --> 05:04:34,600
secret finishing 10 more volumes
of Articles and plates under a 

5915
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:38,300
false imprint in Switzerland. 
Officially the encyclopedia was 

5916
05:04:38,300 --> 05:04:41,100
suppressed in reality 
subscribers received the 

5917
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:45,300
remaining volumes clandestinely 
by 1765 as one contemporary 

5918
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:47,100
quit. 
The authorities had winked. 

5919
05:04:47,100 --> 05:04:50,000
At the Enterprise, they 
pretended to shut it down to 

5920
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:52,900
appease the church, but turned a
blind eye to its continued 

5921
05:04:52,900 --> 05:04:55,400
existence because it employed 
hundreds of workers and had 

5922
05:04:55,400 --> 05:05:00,200
powerful supporters. 
This delicate dance tolerated, 

5923
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:03,700
in practice tip of the later. 
Old regimes lacks a ship. 

5924
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:11,300
By 1780 stood complete at 35 
volume's and astonishing Trove 

5925
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:14,300
of Enlightenment knowledge made 
available to the public despite 

5926
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:18,000
all edicts to the contrary, in 
addition to the encyclopedie 

5927
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:22,200
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the
Rhineland produced illicit 

5928
05:05:22,200 --> 05:05:25,400
literature. 
Scholars believe that around 600

5929
05:05:25,400 --> 05:05:28,000
prohibited books, circulated in 
France, before the Revolution. 

5930
05:05:29,000 --> 05:05:31,800
These included philosophical 
books, Scarlett's political 

5931
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:35,500
pamphlets and censored novels. 
According to historian Robert 

5932
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:39,600
Danton several were forbidden 
bestsellers books two filthy or 

5933
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,100
seditious for the sensors. 
But eagerly read by everyone who

5934
05:05:42,100 --> 05:05:46,500
could Russo's Emil on education 
and the social contract were 

5935
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:51,000
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 
volumes spread and made him 

5936
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:53,600
famous. 
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 

5937
05:05:53,600 --> 05:05:56,800
the Royal Family's morals and 
crazy stories about the king's 

5938
05:05:56,800 --> 05:06:00,000
ministers, while other 
underground, bestsellers grub 

5939
05:06:00,000 --> 05:06:03,000
Street, writers, hack authors 
living hand to mouth in Paris 

5940
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:05,700
who wrote Whatever sold 
specialized in LaBelle's 

5941
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:09,000
liberalist pamphlets. 
To get money, such writers, 

5942
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:12,000
might mock the king's mistress, 
one week composing natural 

5943
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,700
rights tracked, the next Inspire
for the police. 

5944
05:06:14,700 --> 05:06:17,500
The next Voltaire and diderot 
mock this literary. 

5945
05:06:17,500 --> 05:06:21,000
Underworld Voltaire called hack 
writers things, ironically 

5946
05:06:21,000 --> 05:06:24,300
radical ideas, sometimes spread 
through these less recognized 

5947
05:06:24,300 --> 05:06:27,700
venues the hackers hungry and 
alienated from the previous 

5948
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:30,600
regime, hated Authority and 
fueled the revolution. 

5949
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:35,300
Print circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

5950
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:38,500
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

5951
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:40,500
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. 

5952
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:45,000
Popular illegal titles have been
republished many times in the 

5953
05:06:45,008 --> 05:06:49,800
70s, the Swiss underground 
publisher, Societe graphic, Dono

5954
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:52,900
Chateau transported, tens of, 
thousands of volumes into France

5955
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:57,400
from voltaire's philosophical 
fables, to prohibited novels, By

5956
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:09,200
1 7 9, 6 2 0. 
History of the two Indies which 

5957
05:07:09,200 --> 05:07:12,500
boldly denounced slavery and 
tyranny was baned by the French 

5958
05:07:12,500 --> 05:07:15,700
government in exiled. 
While the clergy despised him as

5959
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:18,700
one of the most seditious 
writers, which only peeked as 

5960
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:20,700
intrest. 
Spike. 

5961
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:23,100
The Embargo. 
The book was a best-seller and 

5962
05:07:23,100 --> 05:07:26,200
influenced American colonists 
with its human rights advocacy. 

5963
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:28,900
The Paradox of French 
Enlightenment. 

5964
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:31,900
Publishing was that repression 
often increased a Works, Fame 

5965
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:34,800
and audience reading, 
revolution's read outside. 

5966
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,200
The capitol provincial cities 
developed lending, libraries and

5967
05:07:38,200 --> 05:07:41,500
reading societies where members 
pooled funds to buy books and 

5968
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:44,100
newspapers under the watchful of
a suspicious bishop or 

5969
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:47,400
magistrate literature was 
available to many residents and 

5970
05:07:47,400 --> 05:07:51,700
artists by the 1780s. 
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 

5971
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:54,900
Book simplified Enlightenment 
ideals, fairy tales, and 

5972
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,800
practical information. 
Peddlers sold chat books and 

5973
05:07:57,808 --> 05:08:01,600
local marketplaces spreading new
ideas in a Tavern. 

5974
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:05,200
A peasant may hear a hot story 
about the king's mistress or a 

5975
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:06,700
Voltaire joke. 
Of course not. 

5976
05:08:06,700 --> 05:08:10,300
Everyone liked this print Deluge
conservative voices, argued. 

5977
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:13,000
That excessive reading 
especially forbidden materials 

5978
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:16,900
was corrupting Ordinary People 
one booklet at a time. 

5979
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:19,900
Some worried that Authority was 
losing respect, they were 

5980
05:08:19,908 --> 05:08:23,600
partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

5981
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:25,100
affected for French public 
opinion. 

5982
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:28,300
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 
public opinion after 

5983
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:31,800
high-profile scandals or trials 
like the diamond necklace 

5984
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:36,500
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 
Marie Antoinette in lighting and

5985
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:38,400
authors and form an influence 
public opinion. 

5986
05:08:38,400 --> 05:08:41,300
They thought education and 
critical thinking could improve 

5987
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:44,200
Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

5988
05:08:44,200 --> 05:08:48,800
high expectations and simmering.
Discontent a prison, kiosk sold 

5989
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:51,000
a cheap Rousseau leaflet. 
On the eve of the Revolution, 

5990
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:53,600
stating man is Born Free and 
everywhere. 

5991
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:57,700
He is in Chains, the body song, 
mocking the fat Archbishop or a 

5992
05:08:57,700 --> 05:09:00,200
broadsheet, celebrating 
America's successful Uprising 

5993
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:03,700
against its ruler of available 
rights, Liberty and equality 

5994
05:09:03,700 --> 05:09:06,900
formally discussed in salons, 
have permeated common 

5995
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:10,000
consciousness. 
The future was printed on legal 

5996
05:09:10,000 --> 05:09:13,000
and unlawful presses. 
Despite their efforts, the old 

5997
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:15,000
orders Guardians could not 
unprinted. 

5998
05:09:16,100 --> 05:09:18,300
The clatter of the printers type
in the rustle of secretly, 

5999
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:21,900
turned Pages, shook a changing 
France, in a modest Paris 

6000
05:09:21,900 --> 05:09:25,200
apartment in the 1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

6001
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:28,600
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

6002
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:32,800
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

6003
05:09:32,800 --> 05:09:36,900
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

6004
05:09:36,900 --> 05:09:41,600
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

6005
05:09:41,600 --> 05:09:46,800
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Intensely Earnest Ilona who 

6006
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,000
distrust the very Society of 
Voltaire. 

6007
05:09:49,000 --> 05:09:52,500
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

6008
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:55,800
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

6009
05:09:55,800 --> 05:09:58,300
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

6010
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:01,500
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

6011
05:10:01,500 --> 05:10:05,600
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

6012
05:10:05,600 --> 05:10:09,400
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

6013
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:11,200
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

6014
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:14,900
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

6015
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:19,700
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

6016
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,500
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

6017
05:10:22,500 --> 05:10:25,300
civilization. 
May be flawed, but its far 

6018
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:27,100
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

6019
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:31,700
Extols this famous quip that 
Russo's philosophy is A command 

6020
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:35,000
want to become a beast, 
epitomizes the clash between two

6021
05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:38,800
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

6022
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:42,500
and Society were Worlds Apart, 
the enlightenment was not a 

6023
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:45,700
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

6024
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:49,500
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

6025
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:54,200
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 
as legendary Voltaire championed

6026
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:57,800
reason science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

6027
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:01,200
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally advised by 

6028
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:04,300
philosophers, like in himself, 
could gradually improve Society.

6029
05:11:05,200 --> 05:11:08,700
Religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue that needed 

6030
05:11:08,700 --> 05:11:13,100
purging of superstition in 
crushed. 

6031
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:16,700
The infamous thing of fanaticism
he would famously declare of the

6032
05:11:16,708 --> 05:11:20,400
church's abuses. 
Russo by contrast distrusted, 

6033
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:21,900
the potentials of polite 
Society. 

6034
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,200
He thought civilization had 
corrupted man's originally. 

6035
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:27,900
Good nature in works like 
discourse on inequality. 

6036
05:11:27,908 --> 05:11:32,500
He argued that Arts and Sciences
had led not to progress, but to 

6037
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:36,100
vanity and oppression. 
His ideal was a simpler life in 

6038
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:39,000
harmony with nature and a 
political Community Based on 

6039
05:11:39,008 --> 05:11:41,600
genuine. 
Equality and the general will of

6040
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:43,200
the people. 
As he later, outlined in the 

6041
05:11:43,208 --> 05:11:47,000
social contract to Voltaire, the
idea sounded naive at best 

6042
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:50,800
dangerous at worst. 
Their correspondents started 

6043
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:52,700
courteously, but soured over 
time. 

6044
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:58,000
After the devastating Lisbon 
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 

6045
05:11:58,000 --> 05:11:59,500
wrote a poem questioning 
Providence. 

6046
05:11:59,500 --> 05:12:02,500
How could a just God Slaughter 
Innocents? 

6047
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:06,100
Rousseau oddly rebuked Voltaire.
Saying, people should not 

6048
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:09,400
question God's plan and that if 
men didn't live packed in 

6049
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:11,700
cities, the Quake would do less 
harm. 

6050
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,600
Voltaire privately, scoffed that
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 

6051
05:12:15,600 --> 05:12:18,400
backwards. 
One Longs in reading your book 

6052
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:21,700
to walk on all fours. 
He jeered by Russo's critique. 

6053
05:12:22,500 --> 05:12:25,100
Rousseau for his part, grew 
increasingly convinced that 

6054
05:12:25,100 --> 05:12:27,700
Voltaire and his Clique were 
conspiring against him. 

6055
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:31,300
Mocking him behind his back. 
By the 70s. 

6056
05:12:31,300 --> 05:12:34,100
Their relationship had fractured
complete Russo. 

6057
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:36,700
Even refused volta's. 
Offer of Refuge when Rousseau 

6058
05:12:36,700 --> 05:12:39,900
was fleeing arrest, the Voltaire
Rousseau split was not just 

6059
05:12:39,900 --> 05:12:43,100
personalized, a deeper 
Divergence in Enlightenment 

6060
05:12:43,100 --> 05:12:47,600
thought Voltaire stood, for the 
party of Reason progressed 

6061
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:49,500
through enlightened Authority 
and sharp. 

6062
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:53,400
Criticism of traditional Russo 
became the voice of the party of

6063
05:12:53,400 --> 05:12:56,800
feeling valuing, emotional 
authenticity, and the wisdom of 

6064
05:12:56,808 --> 05:12:59,700
the Common Man over the Polished
salon sophisticated to create 

6065
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:02,500
their quarrel highlighted 
contradictions. 

6066
05:13:02,500 --> 05:13:06,000
The enlightenment celebrated 
reason yet Rousseau accused 

6067
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:08,100
reasons Apostles of being cold 
and elitist. 

6068
05:13:08,100 --> 05:13:11,600
It preached a quality, it 
Voltaire privately disdained the

6069
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:14,800
uneducated masses and preferred 
benevolent desks on to 

6070
05:13:14,800 --> 05:13:18,100
democracy. 
In ways, each was prophetic 

6071
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,600
Volta of the liberal secular 
values that would shape modern 

6072
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:24,700
Europe Russo of the Romantic 
Democratic and even 

6073
05:13:24,708 --> 05:13:26,900
revolutionary currents that 
would soon erupt. 

6074
05:13:27,800 --> 05:13:30,400
Its fitting that both men died 
in 1778. 

6075
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:34,500
A decade before the Revolution 
almost as if fate meant to clear

6076
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:36,800
the stage for the drama to come 
Beyond this. 

6077
05:13:36,800 --> 05:13:39,600
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 
was Rife with intellectual 

6078
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:43,200
rivalries and collaborations 
diderot and Dalembert co-editors

6079
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,900
of the encyclopedie had their 
share of squabbles dalomba quit 

6080
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:50,900
the project and frustration in 
1759 leaving Dido to slog 

6081
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:52,800
through the remaining volumes 
largely alone. 

6082
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:56,700
Did hero also fell out bitterly 
with Rousseau who would want to 

6083
05:13:56,700 --> 05:14:00,700
be his close friend? 
Dido and Barren holbach welcomed

6084
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:03,000
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 
the 1740s. 

6085
05:14:03,000 --> 05:14:07,100
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

6086
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:09,900
believe diderot had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

6087
05:14:09,900 --> 05:14:12,200
play. 
Their friendship collapsed 

6088
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:15,000
illustrating, how personal 
slights could fracture even 

6089
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:16,800
those working for the same. 
Broad Kors. 

6090
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:21,400
Meanwhile, Baron holbach, host 
of a famously irreverence of 

6091
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:26,000
atheists published the system of
nature 1770 a book denying, the 

6092
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:30,400
existence of God outright This 
extreme materialism alarmed even

6093
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,000
Voltaire who attacked holbox 
atheism. 

6094
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:36,600
As fanatical in its own way, 
Voltaire believed Society needed

6095
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:39,400
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

6096
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:42,400
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

6097
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:45,600
Hold back and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

6098
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:49,700
voltaire's deers as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

6099
05:14:49,700 --> 05:14:53,100
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

6100
05:14:53,100 --> 05:14:56,000
Phyllis, soffs United against 
the church's tyranny. 

6101
05:14:56,000 --> 05:14:58,400
There were deep fractures about 
religions role. 

6102
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:02,500
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

6103
05:15:02,500 --> 05:15:07,900
political Theory want to use the
spirit of the laws. 1748 argued 

6104
05:15:07,900 --> 05:15:11,600
for a balanced Constitution, 
like Britain's with powers 

6105
05:15:11,600 --> 05:15:16,000
separated among King Parliament,
and quartz a moderate Vision to 

6106
05:15:16,000 --> 05:15:20,400
prevent despotism. 
Russo's social contract 1762 

6107
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:24,900
dismissed montesquieu's model as
two aristocratic instead 

6108
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:28,400
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 
So egalitarian that in theory 

6109
05:15:28,400 --> 05:15:33,000
everyone would obey laws they 
themselves willed Voltaire found

6110
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:35,900
Russo's political ideas as 
impractical as his primitivism. 

6111
05:15:35,900 --> 05:15:40,200
He quit that Russo's ideal 
Republic was a city of ghosts 

6112
05:15:40,200 --> 05:15:44,200
and indeed Rousseau's notion 
that citizens be forced to be 

6113
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:46,300
free. 
If they violate the general will

6114
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:48,800
would trouble critics for his 
potential for tyranny. 

6115
05:15:49,600 --> 05:15:52,000
Yet these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

6116
05:15:52,000 --> 05:15:55,000
rather, they enriched the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

6117
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:58,000
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

6118
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:02,000
draw upon in the salons and in 
print, I have a philosophy might

6119
05:16:02,000 --> 05:16:06,100
Lampoon each other but they also
all contributed to the head to a

6120
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:09,800
broader movement questioning, 
the status quo Occasionally, the

6121
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:13,200
debates, got personal and nasty 
pamphlets full of character, 

6122
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:14,400
assassination. 
Flew about. 

6123
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:18,600
Voltaire was a master of The 
Artful insult, When A pompous 

6124
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:20,400
critic. 
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 

6125
05:16:20,400 --> 05:16:23,500
him Voltaire retaliated by 
portraying death ones as a 

6126
05:16:23,500 --> 05:16:25,300
criminal and a full in a biting 
satire. 

6127
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:29,500
Effectively, destroying the 
man's reputation Rousseau two 

6128
05:16:29,508 --> 05:16:33,500
lashed out in his late years. 
He wrote with ring letters 

6129
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:35,200
accusing former friends of 
treachery. 

6130
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:38,100
Still, these human dramas had 
larger consequences. 

6131
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,400
The sharp exchanges clarified, 
different seasons, and thought 

6132
05:16:41,400 --> 05:16:43,300
what was the best form of 
government. 

6133
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:46,900
The true foundation of morality 
what is the role of religion? 

6134
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:51,100
Through argument the philosophy,
refined their positions by the 

6135
05:16:51,100 --> 05:16:53,400
70s. 
A new generation was emerging 

6136
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:56,400
too figures. 
Like Condor say a mathematician 

6137
05:16:56,400 --> 05:16:59,900
and protege of dalomba admired 
both Voltaire and Rousseau 

6138
05:16:59,900 --> 05:17:02,300
trying to synthesize and 
lightning and ideals with 

6139
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:06,000
practical, reforms, condos with 
advocate for the abolition of 

6140
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:09,200
slavery and women's rights, 
pushing the enlightenment for 

6141
05:17:09,200 --> 05:17:11,600
Gallatin logic further than his 
predecessors dead. 

6142
05:17:12,500 --> 05:17:15,500
Meanwhile the Rifts among the 
older philosophers Prestige 

6143
05:17:15,500 --> 05:17:18,900
splits in the coming Revolution.
Aristocratic liberals vs, 

6144
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:23,600
radical Democrats deists vs 
atheists and pragmatists vs 

6145
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:26,200
idealists. 
The enlightenment was not one 

6146
05:17:26,200 --> 05:17:29,500
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

6147
05:17:29,500 --> 05:17:31,400
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

6148
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:35,100
Their clashes bitter though they
were gave the era much of its 

6149
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:38,200
dynamism. 
Salon gossip about Voltaire 

6150
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:40,400
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual, Europe. 

6151
05:17:40,400 --> 05:17:43,500
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

6152
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:47,800
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

6153
05:17:47,800 --> 05:17:51,300
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

6154
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:54,900
Revolution would enshrine them 
by entering both their ashes in 

6155
05:17:54,900 --> 05:17:58,300
the pantheon in Paris, voltar in
1791. 

6156
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:01,100
Rousseau and 94. 
Symbolically reconciling the 

6157
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:02,600
two, in the Republic of 
posterity. 

6158
05:18:03,800 --> 05:18:07,000
France it turned out would need 
both as razor wit and Russo's 

6159
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:09,700
passionate for Freedom as it 
hurtled toward New Age. 

6160
05:18:09,700 --> 05:18:12,800
The Palace of Versailles caught 
yard was packed on a sunny 

6161
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:16,100
September afternoon and 1783 
with eyes. 

6162
05:18:16,100 --> 05:18:18,800
Fixed on the sky to provincial 
Brothers. 

6163
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,600
The montgolfier brothers were 
ready to attempt the first hot 

6164
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:24,200
air balloon flight by the living
creatures in front of King 

6165
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:26,600
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

6166
05:18:27,900 --> 05:18:30,600
Sheep duck and rooster were 
placed into a wicker basket 

6167
05:18:30,600 --> 05:18:32,700
under a tougher to balloon at 
the sound of a cannon. 

6168
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:35,300
The second cannon fire announced
release. 

6169
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:39,700
As the balloon gracefully 
climbed 600 meters, tens of 

6170
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,900
thousands of people. 
Gasped it carried its Barnyard. 

6171
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:44,800
Aeronauts through the heavens 
for 8 minutes. 

6172
05:18:44,800 --> 05:18:48,700
Royal, biologists quickly, 
examined the animals, which were

6173
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:52,300
alive and eating hay after it 
softly landed, a few kilometers 

6174
05:18:52,300 --> 05:18:56,600
away, the audience, applauded, 
the King was thrilled or be at 

6175
05:18:56,600 --> 05:18:59,000
the inventors. 
Deftly avoided his suggestion to

6176
05:18:59,000 --> 05:19:02,500
use convicted felons as test 
passengers more than Amusement, 

6177
05:19:02,500 --> 05:19:05,600
this balloon flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

6178
05:19:05,608 --> 05:19:10,700
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

6179
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:14,000
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible engineers and 

6180
05:19:14,000 --> 05:19:16,900
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

6181
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:20,500
the French public French 
Enlightenment Science, pervaded,

6182
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:24,400
Daily Life and great politics 
Savant learned men, and a few 

6183
05:19:24,408 --> 05:19:28,400
women who passionately studied, 
nature Rose in the 18th century.

6184
05:19:28,400 --> 05:19:31,900
They studied chemistry anatomy, 
botany astronomy. 

6185
05:19:31,900 --> 05:19:36,100
And electrical importantly, they
sought practical social reforms.

6186
05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:39,400
The former Royal Academy of 
Sciences in Paris was full of 

6187
05:19:39,408 --> 05:19:43,300
experiments and one of waza-air,
a rich prison tax officer who 

6188
05:19:43,300 --> 05:19:47,300
loved chemistry discovered 
Oxygen's role in combustion and 

6189
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:49,400
established the idea of mass 
conservation. 

6190
05:19:50,400 --> 05:19:53,800
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who
illustrated and took notes 

6191
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:57,100
measured gases and metals with 
astonishing Precision in their 

6192
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,600
home laboratory, he proved that 
rusting metal gains weight by 

6193
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:04,800
mixing with Airborne oxygen 
disproving the logistic idea. 

6194
05:20:05,700 --> 05:20:09,500
Such work paved the way for 
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier was a

6195
05:20:09,500 --> 05:20:12,400
systematic empirical, 
Enlightenment of on who felt 

6196
05:20:12,400 --> 05:20:13,900
knowledge should Advance 
Humanity. 

6197
05:20:14,700 --> 05:20:17,600
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

6198
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:20,600
helping the military and 
agricultural research to boost 

6199
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:23,100
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

6200
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,400
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

6201
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:29,700
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo episode, a 

6202
05:20:29,700 --> 05:20:32,900
century earlier, the church was 
cautious, Jesuit instructors, in

6203
05:20:32,900 --> 05:20:36,000
France, adjusted Cartesian and 
Newtonian principles. 

6204
05:20:37,200 --> 05:20:41,600
Still tensions, grew in the 
1770s the continent before, the 

6205
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:44,800
king's naturalist proposed that 
the world may be far older than 

6206
05:20:44,800 --> 05:20:49,200
the Bible, 6,000 years, paris's,
faculty of theology forced him. 

6207
05:20:49,200 --> 05:20:52,200
To include a Pious disclaimer in
his book in Enlightenment 

6208
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:55,400
science favored, natural 
explanation above magical ones, 

6209
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:59,500
contrary to traditional beliefs,
many devout Christians, or 

6210
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:03,300
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine, and public 

6211
05:21:03,300 --> 05:21:07,500
health will wear science and 
belief in sected, most The 

6212
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:10,300
introduction of smallpox 
inoculation a predecessor to 

6213
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:13,500
vaccination was noteworthy, 
Millions, including royalty, 

6214
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:16,100
Bindu, a store, scarred by 
smallpox. 

6215
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:20,700
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

6216
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:25,000
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

6217
05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:28,800
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

6218
05:21:28,800 --> 05:21:32,200
Antoinette supported it Parisian
Millers, produced the poof 

6219
05:21:32,200 --> 05:21:35,800
Elinor, a hairdo with cymbals of
medicine and Victory. 

6220
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:39,900
A serpent entwined Rod arising 
Sun for the king and an olive 

6221
05:21:39,900 --> 05:21:43,400
branch for piece to commemorate,
the Royal inoculation success. 

6222
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,900
Fashion and science were linked.
The poof made inoculation look 

6223
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:51,700
cool and calm public worries. 
After the monarchies high 

6224
05:21:51,700 --> 05:21:55,100
profile sponsorship, what many 
considered a dubious possibly 

6225
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:59,200
impose activity deliberately 
infecting someone gained 

6226
05:21:59,200 --> 05:22:02,200
legitimacy? 
It was the moment when empirical

6227
05:22:02,200 --> 05:22:05,600
knowledge inoculation success in
England and the Ottoman Empire 

6228
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:10,200
Triumph Superstition people's 
veins were filled with their in 

6229
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:13,300
Enlightenment notion of 
Enlightenment science influence 

6230
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:17,100
common devices and advances. 
The elite enjoyed mechanical and

6231
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:21,200
scientific exhibitions salons 
had the electrical machines with

6232
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:24,700
spinning glass globes that 
generated static electricity 

6233
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:29,200
sparking and raising arm hair. 
These machines were novelty, but

6234
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:32,500
important research tools. 
When American scientists, 

6235
05:22:32,500 --> 05:22:35,100
Benjamin Franklin showed 
lightning was electrical by 

6236
05:22:35,100 --> 05:22:38,100
harnessing it with a kite Europe
was enthralled. 

6237
05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:42,500
France, copied the experiment. 
Franklin was a star in Paris as 

6238
05:22:42,500 --> 05:22:45,500
a revolutionary Diplomat in 
scientist, in his lightning rod,

6239
05:22:45,500 --> 05:22:47,800
creation was praised as a reason
defense against nature. 

6240
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:51,700
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

6241
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,900
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

6242
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:57,700
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

6243
05:22:57,700 --> 05:23:00,100
them believe that it was Blast 
from us to meddle with the 

6244
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:03,100
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenged. 

6245
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:05,800
The idea that disaster were 
divine will by treating them as 

6246
05:23:05,808 --> 05:23:08,900
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

6247
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:11,400
the philosophers to probe in 
lightning thinkers. 

6248
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:14,400
Compared doctors discussion 
about the hearts to a state's 

6249
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,400
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

6250
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:20,500
classified, human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

6251
05:23:20,500 --> 05:23:24,300
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

6252
05:23:24,300 --> 05:23:27,600
from anatomical, diagrams to 
winmill, Improvement designs 

6253
05:23:27,600 --> 05:23:30,100
aiming to gather and disseminate
a central knowledge. 

6254
05:23:31,200 --> 05:23:34,300
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

6255
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:37,700
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

6256
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:39,600
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

6257
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:44,300
Did row published on Metallurgy 
music theory and other subjects 

6258
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:47,100
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

6259
05:23:47,100 --> 05:23:49,900
enhance life. 
During the Sarah, the state 

6260
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:52,300
often linked scientific 
development to its goals, 

6261
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:56,200
fostering a culture of 
enlightened absolutism Louis 

6262
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:59,000
XIII and his ministers wanted to
use science to improve 

6263
05:23:59,000 --> 05:24:03,300
armaments, maps and agriculture 
in the 1760s. 

6264
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:07,300
The French government supported 
the enormous Meridian voyages to

6265
05:24:07,300 --> 05:24:10,100
estimate the Earth's form, 
reflecting Enlightenment 

6266
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:14,000
curiosity and State pride. 
The Academy of Sciences 

6267
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:17,200
researched ways to enhance 
navigation, and chronometers, 

6268
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,700
and gave prizes for practical 
answers, nutritionists like 

6269
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:24,100
polmanteer staged meals 
featuring potato dishes to 

6270
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:26,600
convince aristocracy, it could 
prevent starvation. 

6271
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:30,900
To promote potatoes. 
Polmanteer had a field guarded 

6272
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:33,200
by troops, but let peasants 
steal from it at night. 

6273
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:36,400
In urban living, the 
enlightenment provided new 

6274
05:24:36,400 --> 05:24:39,400
convenience's paris's nightly 
Street illumination. 

6275
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:43,300
Improved bringing Enlightenment,
public places like the Jardin 

6276
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:45,700
Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

6277
05:24:45,700 --> 05:24:48,900
Botanical Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

6278
05:24:48,900 --> 05:24:52,000
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

6279
05:24:52,000 --> 05:24:55,500
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

6280
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:58,200
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

6281
05:24:58,200 --> 05:25:02,700
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

6282
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:05,300
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

6283
05:25:05,300 --> 05:25:10,100
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
and clubs men debated, the ideas

6284
05:25:10,100 --> 05:25:13,800
of Newton and Descartes, while 
aristocratic women wore small, 

6285
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:17,100
lightning rods as jewelry. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

6286
05:25:17,100 --> 05:25:20,600
rationally, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

6287
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:23,900
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

6288
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:26,600
rules for philosopher's sought 
social laws. 

6289
05:25:27,300 --> 05:25:29,100
Scientists skill and describing 
the world. 

6290
05:25:29,100 --> 05:25:31,900
Encourage them to question 
whether social structures like 

6291
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:35,800
the monarchy church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

6292
05:25:35,800 --> 05:25:38,500
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

6293
05:25:38,500 --> 05:25:41,800
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

6294
05:25:41,800 --> 05:25:45,500
Some Enlightenment Vons. 
Face persecution and challenges.

6295
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,700
Revolutionaries denounced. 
Love was a for being a tax 

6296
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,300
collector in 1794 despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

6297
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:54,500
advances. 
Despite his scientific 

6298
05:25:54,500 --> 05:25:57,700
credentials lazier face 
execution, when the public 

6299
05:25:57,700 --> 05:26:01,300
turned against experts with 
links to the ancient regime, the

6300
05:26:01,300 --> 05:26:03,000
Republic has no need of 
scientists. 

6301
05:26:03,000 --> 05:26:07,500
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 

6302
05:26:07,500 --> 05:26:10,500
new Administration returned live
was things to his widow with a 

6303
05:26:10,500 --> 05:26:14,500
note to the Widow of love, was a
who was falsely convicted a year

6304
05:26:14,508 --> 05:26:17,400
after his execution 
acknowledging, his innocence and

6305
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:19,900
genius mathematician LaGrange 
mourned. 

6306
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:23,700
It took them only in instant to 
cut off that head and 100 years 

6307
05:26:23,700 --> 05:26:25,700
may not suffice to produce 
another like it. 

6308
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:29,500
The convergence of Enlightenment
science and revolutionary 

6309
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:33,100
politics was fragile. 
Science, permitted Salons State 

6310
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:35,600
policies and Street culture and 
Enlightenment France. 

6311
05:26:35,600 --> 05:26:39,000
It offered control over nature 
and reflected Society. 

6312
05:26:39,000 --> 05:26:42,800
People cooked healed traveled, 
and illuminated their homes 

6313
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:44,900
differently. 
It also influenced their 

6314
05:26:44,900 --> 05:26:47,200
Thinking by encouraging them to 
believe that empirical 

6315
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:50,000
observation and reason could 
explain and improve the natural 

6316
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:52,900
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

6317
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:55,000
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

6318
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:58,800
The montgolfier balloon soaring 
to cheers at Versailles. 

6319
05:26:58,800 --> 05:27:01,600
Showed how knowledge May lift 
Humanity. 

6320
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:06,500
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

6321
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:10,600
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

6322
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:14,100
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

6323
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,500
by Enlightenment Sciences 
confidence, and inquisitive 

6324
05:27:16,500 --> 05:27:19,400
attitude to lose experience to 
horrible scene. 

6325
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:21,600
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fighting against

6326
05:27:21,600 --> 05:27:26,400
Injustice and 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishment sentenced 

6327
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:29,100
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
Calista death, for the murder of

6328
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:31,800
his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

6329
05:27:33,500 --> 05:27:36,500
Callus innocence, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

6330
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:39,500
decided his fate. 
He suffered and maintained his 

6331
05:27:39,500 --> 05:27:42,800
innocence until death. 
Voltaire learned about this 

6332
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:44,100
Injustice. 
It is Fernie house. 

6333
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:47,000
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

6334
05:27:47,700 --> 05:27:50,000
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

6335
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:54,000
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

6336
05:27:54,000 --> 05:27:56,800
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

6337
05:27:57,700 --> 05:28:00,900
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

6338
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:03,400
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

6339
05:28:03,400 --> 05:28:07,500
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

6340
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:09,000
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

6341
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:14,500
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the

6342
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:17,900
king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

6343
05:28:17,900 --> 05:28:21,000
and exonerated. 
Him postly, this victory of 

6344
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:24,400
Reason over bias was afforded by
Europe and the age of Voltaire, 

6345
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:28,000
the kalas Scandal proved that 
the monarchs could be swayed to 

6346
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:30,800
write a wrong and Vance singing 
Enlightenment religious 

6347
05:28:30,800 --> 05:28:34,900
tolerance and religious native 
change voltaire's, a line fam 

6348
05:28:34,900 --> 05:28:37,400
crushed. 
The infamous thing inspired the 

6349
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:41,200
Philosopher's Legacy 
Superstition and Priests misuse 

6350
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:44,200
of authority where his concerns 
not religion itself. 

6351
05:28:45,100 --> 05:28:49,400
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

6352
05:28:49,408 --> 05:28:53,300
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrats of Valley bar for 

6353
05:28:53,300 --> 05:28:56,300
party for not removing his hat 
during a religious procession 

6354
05:28:56,300 --> 05:28:59,400
and defacing a crucifix, the 
authorities. 

6355
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:01,800
Fastened, volta's philosophical 
dictionary. 

6356
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:04,300
To labar's Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

6357
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:06,100
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

6358
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:11,100
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 
execution, wrote harshly about 

6359
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:14,800
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

6360
05:29:14,800 --> 05:29:18,000
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

6361
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:21,700
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

6362
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:25,200
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

6363
05:29:25,200 --> 05:29:29,600
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

6364
05:29:29,600 --> 05:29:32,500
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

6365
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:35,100
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

6366
05:29:36,000 --> 05:29:39,300
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

6367
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:42,100
equilibrium. 
Some went further, Rousseau 

6368
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:47,900
social contract, 1762 opens with
the Bold claim, man is Born Free

6369
05:29:47,900 --> 05:29:51,300
and everywhere. 
He is in Chains attacking Royal 

6370
05:29:51,300 --> 05:29:55,000
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

6371
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:59,300
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

6372
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:01,300
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical. 

6373
05:30:02,200 --> 05:30:05,400
Copies of the band and destroyed
book disseminated its ideas 

6374
05:30:05,400 --> 05:30:08,400
quickly. 
In later works Deidre focused on

6375
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:11,500
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

6376
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:14,900
should rise up. 
Reynolds popular history of the 

6377
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:17,900
two Indies predicts a slave 
Insurrection and the fall of 

6378
05:30:17,908 --> 05:30:22,500
European Authority overseas, 
that conversation exploded, the 

6379
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:25,700
French Crown, spam dud sensors, 
tried to crush it but they 

6380
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:28,500
merely pushed it underground 
where it became more appealing. 

6381
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:32,400
Not all Enlightenment Figures 
were radicals, many favored in 

6382
05:30:32,400 --> 05:30:35,500
light and despotism which held 
at a wise and sensible King 

6383
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:39,200
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

6384
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:41,800
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor, Joseph, the second of 

6385
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:44,900
Austria for religious toleration
of reform. 

6386
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:48,200
Enlightenment, influenced, 
French, ministers and nobility 

6387
05:30:48,200 --> 05:30:50,900
included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

6388
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:53,600
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Makita. 

6389
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:57,100
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

6390
05:30:57,100 --> 05:31:00,800
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

6391
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:06,700
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 Mildred, 

6392
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,900
Louis the 16th prohibited 
torture in interrogations. 

6393
05:31:09,900 --> 05:31:14,000
Inspired by kesari bakeries in 
lightning and essay on crimes 

6394
05:31:14,000 --> 05:31:17,300
and punishments by providing 
Protestants civil rights and 

6395
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:21,100
1787, he advocated immunization 
and religious tolerance. 

6396
05:31:21,100 --> 05:31:24,800
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

6397
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:29,300
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

6398
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:31,700
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

6399
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:35,200
French Catholic Church was a 
keen to Target. 

6400
05:31:36,000 --> 05:31:38,400
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

6401
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:42,100
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly 

6402
05:31:42,100 --> 05:31:45,100
deists or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

6403
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:49,700
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like the kala Scandal to Humble 

6404
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:52,800
the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

6405
05:31:52,800 --> 05:31:55,500
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

6406
05:31:56,300 --> 05:31:59,200
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked, European 

6407
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,100
religious communion like 
comparing Pacific Islander 

6408
05:32:02,100 --> 05:32:03,900
Customs to European religious 
communion. 

6409
05:32:04,700 --> 05:32:07,000
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

6410
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,000
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

6411
05:32:10,000 --> 05:32:12,500
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

6412
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:15,100
Toulouse. 
Experience to horrible scene. 

6413
05:32:15,100 --> 05:32:17,300
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

6414
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:22,000
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment sentenced 

6415
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:24,700
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
Calista death, for the murder of

6416
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,400
his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

6417
05:32:29,100 --> 05:32:32,100
Kalis claimed in essence, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

6418
05:32:32,100 --> 05:32:35,100
decided his fate. 
He suffered and maintained his 

6419
05:32:35,100 --> 05:32:38,300
innocence until death. 
Volta learned about this 

6420
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:41,800
Injustice at his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

6421
05:32:41,800 --> 05:32:44,400
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

6422
05:32:44,400 --> 05:32:47,200
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

6423
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:51,400
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

6424
05:32:51,400 --> 05:32:54,700
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

6425
05:32:54,700 --> 05:32:57,400
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

6426
05:32:57,400 --> 05:33:00,100
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

6427
05:33:00,108 --> 05:33:04,300
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

6428
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:06,800
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

6429
05:33:06,800 --> 05:33:11,400
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the
king's Council in Paris, 

6430
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:15,100
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated him costume. 

6431
05:33:15,100 --> 05:33:19,100
This victory of Reason over bias
was applauded by Europe and the 

6432
05:33:19,108 --> 05:33:21,900
age of Voltaire. 
The Klass Scandal proved that 

6433
05:33:21,900 --> 05:33:25,400
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and Vance, 

6434
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,300
singing Enlightenment religious 
tolerance and legislative change

6435
05:33:28,300 --> 05:33:31,900
voltaire's akaze lane fam, 
crushed, the infamous thing 

6436
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:36,800
inspired the philosophy, 
Superstition and Priests misuse 

6437
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:39,800
of Authority or his concerns not
religion itself. 

6438
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:45,000
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766 saw the 

6439
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:47,200
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat. 

6440
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:51,500
Chevrolet for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

6441
05:33:51,500 --> 05:33:53,700
procession and defacing a 
crucifix. 

6442
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,800
The Authority's fastened 
voltaire's philosophical 

6443
05:33:56,800 --> 05:33:59,900
dictionary to labar's Burning, 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

6444
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:01,700
principles for teenage 
irreverence. 

6445
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:06,700
Voltaire outraged at lebas 
execution, wrote harshly about 

6446
05:34:06,700 --> 05:34:10,400
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

6447
05:34:10,400 --> 05:34:13,600
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

6448
05:34:13,600 --> 05:34:17,300
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

6449
05:34:17,300 --> 05:34:20,800
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

6450
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:25,200
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

6451
05:34:25,200 --> 05:34:28,100
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

6452
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:30,700
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

6453
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:34,900
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

6454
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:37,900
equilibrium. 
Some went further, Russo's 

6455
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:43,500
social contract, 1762 opens with
the Bold claim, man is Born Free

6456
05:34:43,500 --> 05:34:46,900
and everywhere. 
He is in Chains attacking Royal 

6457
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:50,600
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

6458
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:54,800
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

6459
05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:56,800
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical. 

6460
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:00,700
Secret copies of the band and 
destroyed book disseminated its 

6461
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:04,000
ideas quickly. 
In later works Deidre focused on

6462
05:35:04,000 --> 05:35:07,100
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

6463
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:10,500
should rise up reynal and 
diderot popular history of the 

6464
05:35:10,500 --> 05:35:13,500
two Indies predicts a slave 
Insurrection and the fall of 

6465
05:35:13,508 --> 05:35:18,000
European Authority overseas, 
that conversation exploded, the 

6466
05:35:18,000 --> 05:35:20,400
French Crown. 
Spam does sensors tried to crush

6467
05:35:20,400 --> 05:35:23,600
it, but they merely pushed it 
underground where it became more

6468
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:26,000
appealing. 
Not all Enlightenment Figures 

6469
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:29,800
were radicals, many favored in 
light and despotism which held 

6470
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:32,400
at a wise and sensible King 
could reform from Power. 

6471
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,100
Voltaire courted, Frederick the 
great of Prussia and praised 

6472
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:37,900
Emperor. 
Joseph, the second of Austria 

6473
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:40,500
for religious toleration and 
Surf and reform. 

6474
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:44,200
In lightning, influenced French,
ministers and nobility included 

6475
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:48,000
turgut, who tried to deregulate 
grain trade and abolish forced 

6476
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:50,900
labor and the Makita. 
Condor say who promoted 

6477
05:35:50,900 --> 05:35:53,900
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

6478
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:59,300
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

6479
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:03,500
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis, the 16th 

6480
05:36:03,500 --> 05:36:06,600
prohibited torture and 
interrogation inspired by 

6481
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:08,900
kesari. 
Bakeries in lightning, and essay

6482
05:36:08,900 --> 05:36:12,400
on crimes and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

6483
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:16,300
rights and 1787, he advocated 
immunization and religious 

6484
05:36:16,300 --> 05:36:19,100
tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

6485
05:36:19,100 --> 05:36:23,000
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

6486
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,200
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

6487
05:36:26,200 --> 05:36:29,900
opposed privileged reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

6488
05:36:29,900 --> 05:36:32,600
Enlightenment Target. 
The church had long ruled 

6489
05:36:32,600 --> 05:36:35,500
education literature and 
dissenters were immense, great, 

6490
05:36:35,500 --> 05:36:39,700
riches philosopher, mostly 
deists or agnostics, denounce 

6491
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:43,100
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

6492
05:36:43,100 --> 05:36:45,700
like the kala Scandal to Humble 
the church. 

6493
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,400
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

6494
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:52,800
other flaws. 
In cannibals. 

6495
05:36:52,800 --> 05:36:56,700
D'idro subtly mocked European 
religious communion by comparing

6496
05:36:56,700 --> 05:36:59,500
Pacific Islander Customs to 
European religious communion. 

6497
05:37:00,300 --> 05:37:02,700
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

6498
05:37:02,700 --> 05:37:05,600
Depicts priests as deceptive 
characters who use held to 

6499
05:37:05,608 --> 05:37:08,900
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

6500
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:14,300
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal nobleman Marketo died in

6501
05:37:14,300 --> 05:37:17,600
a dismal arrange jail in August 
of 1794. 

6502
05:37:17,600 --> 05:37:20,800
He fled from the extremists 
jacket regime that called him a 

6503
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:24,200
traitor condori, who championed 
human rights slavery. 

6504
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:28,400
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

6505
05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:30,200
was now a victim of the 
Revolution. 

6506
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:34,200
He supported his lifeless body 
was uncovered by guards. 

6507
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,400
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison. 

6508
05:37:37,400 --> 05:37:40,100
He hid when the guillotine 
approached the terrorists. 

6509
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:42,300
Gloom killed one of the 
enlightenment's brightest 

6510
05:37:42,300 --> 05:37:44,900
lights. 
His demise typify, the tragic 

6511
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:46,700
irony. 
That Bethel many in lightning 

6512
05:37:46,700 --> 05:37:48,900
luminaries during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

6513
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:52,600
Their promised progress had 
turned on them as previously 

6514
05:37:52,600 --> 05:37:55,800
mentioned, noisier faced 
execution, despite his claims 

6515
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:59,800
that his scientific efforts 
benefited, the nation, Madam's 

6516
05:37:59,800 --> 05:38:02,700
daughter saw her Salon 
acquaintances scattered some 

6517
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:06,200
executed as Gentile reform 
conversations gave way to mobs 

6518
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:10,700
even after their deaths in 1793 
Voltaire and Rousseau were 

6519
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:13,000
disputed by revolutionaries with
radicals. 

6520
05:38:13,000 --> 05:38:15,500
Favoring Rousseau's 
egalitarianism and moderates 

6521
05:38:15,500 --> 05:38:18,400
voltaire's tolerance, the 
enlightenment inspired the 

6522
05:38:18,408 --> 05:38:22,500
revolution, but the revolution 
tested it The French Revolution,

6523
05:38:22,500 --> 05:38:26,600
both upheld and undermined in 
lightning values on one hand. 

6524
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,900
It formalized, many philosophers
essential ideas based on 

6525
05:38:29,908 --> 05:38:32,300
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 
and Locke. 

6526
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:35,800
The Declaration of the rights of
man and citizens 1789. 

6527
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:40,200
Advocated freedom of speech and 
religion equality before the law

6528
05:38:40,200 --> 05:38:42,300
and the right to resist in 
Justice. 

6529
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:46,200
The philosophers dream of a 
meritocratic society was 

6530
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:50,300
realized on August 1789 when 
feudal privileges and tithes 

6531
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:54,100
were abolished in one night. 
The constitution of 1791 

6532
05:38:54,100 --> 05:38:57,400
established a constitutional 
monarchy with a Montesquieu like

6533
05:38:57,400 --> 05:39:00,400
division of powers. 
The revolution, for filled 

6534
05:39:00,400 --> 05:39:03,200
voltaire's calls for Toleration 
by seizing Church property in 

6535
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:06,700
1790 and awarding full 
citizenship to Protestants and 

6536
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:10,500
Jews and 1791. 
When Louis, the 16th was 

6537
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:14,500
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 
vision of popular sovereignty, 

6538
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:16,800
the people's will above Divine, 
Right? 

6539
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:20,100
Kingship was most clearly 
confirmed however, the 

6540
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:23,500
revolution's violent illiberal 
term, troubled, many The 

6541
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:26,000
enlightenment sought to replace 
tyranny with reasoned 

6542
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:28,800
conversation not crowd or one 
party power. 

6543
05:39:28,800 --> 05:39:32,100
The Committee of Public Safety 
murdered thousands of enemies of

6544
05:39:32,108 --> 05:39:35,700
the Revolution during the reign 
of terror 1793 to 4. 

6545
05:39:35,700 --> 05:39:39,600
A terrible, inversion of 
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 

6546
05:39:39,600 --> 05:39:42,200
way to another Friendzy under 
Robespierre. 

6547
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:44,600
The revolutionaries formed a 
municipal religion of the 

6548
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:48,600
Supreme Being and held deistic 
festivals, a guillotine enforced

6549
05:39:48,600 --> 05:39:50,400
version of Rousseau's civil 
religion. 

6550
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:55,200
People executed under the guise 
of reason for being Aristocrats 

6551
05:39:55,200 --> 05:39:57,000
or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

6552
05:39:57,000 --> 05:39:59,800
Voltaire. 
The terror exposed to an 

6553
05:39:59,800 --> 05:40:03,100
Enlightenment contradiction, the
confidence in a single truth 

6554
05:40:03,100 --> 05:40:05,800
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

6555
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:10,600
Philosophers like to hold back 
and helvetius were as intolerant

6556
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:13,300
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

6557
05:40:13,300 --> 05:40:17,100
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

6558
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:19,500
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

6559
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:24,000
Many Enlightenment, thinkers did
not want democracy Voltaire. 

6560
05:40:24,000 --> 05:40:26,900
Favorite an enlightened Monarch 
over an uninformed mob. 

6561
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:29,600
Some intellectual said, early 
revolutionary assemblies 

6562
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:32,300
disarray showed Voltaire was 
right about the Canela. 

6563
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:37,100
Rappel. 
Before his 1784 death, diedro 

6564
05:40:37,100 --> 05:40:40,700
had become pessimistic. 
Arguing, that despotism might 

6565
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:43,800
only cease when the last Monarch
was strangled with the last 

6566
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:46,900
present, Trails, the Dismal, 
hyperbole the Revolutionary 

6567
05:40:46,900 --> 05:40:50,100
half-jokingly, repeated diderot 
probably wouldn't have 

6568
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:55,100
celebrated the 1793 masculinity 
Philosophers had not solved how 

6569
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:59,000
to justly implement principles, 
this Gap existed, between theory

6570
05:40:59,000 --> 05:41:02,000
and practice. 
In lightning supporters, faced 

6571
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:04,800
social contradictions few 
addressed women's condition 

6572
05:41:04,800 --> 05:41:07,100
directly, although they promised
a quality. 

6573
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:10,800
Though, a proponent of democracy
Rousseau believed, women should 

6574
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:12,700
be educated exclusively to 
please. 

6575
05:41:12,700 --> 05:41:16,700
Men and stay at home country to 
Orlando and Condor say, who 

6576
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:20,200
authored, an essay in 1790 
advocating for women's political

6577
05:41:20,200 --> 05:41:22,800
rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

6578
05:41:22,800 --> 05:41:25,300
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority 

6579
05:41:25,300 --> 05:41:28,400
Guillotine de guzas the 
enlightenment fraternity had 

6580
05:41:28,400 --> 05:41:30,700
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

6581
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:33,300
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

6582
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,300
slavery. 
Some like Dido and condos a 

6583
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:40,700
strongly criticized slavery as 
against natural law. the 1788 

6584
05:41:40,700 --> 05:41:43,400
Society of Friends of the 
blacks, founded by Enlightenment

6585
05:41:43,400 --> 05:41:48,100
influence, men sort of malicious
Others like Voltaire criticize, 

6586
05:41:48,100 --> 05:41:51,200
the slave trade in the abstract 
but made racist statements and 

6587
05:41:51,200 --> 05:41:54,100
invested in colonial 
corporations Enlightenment. 

6588
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:58,000
Universal human nature, battled 
with pseudoscientific racism, 

6589
05:41:58,000 --> 05:42:02,300
ironically a consequence of 
species classification. the 

6590
05:42:02,300 --> 05:42:06,000
revolution of abolished slavery 
in 1794 after a massive slave 

6591
05:42:06,000 --> 05:42:09,900
Insurrection in Sandman Haiti, 
but Napoleon reinstalled it 

6592
05:42:10,600 --> 05:42:13,800
Ideal and reality. 
Differed relationship between 

6593
05:42:13,800 --> 05:42:15,800
intellect and emotion, was 
another tension. 

6594
05:42:16,700 --> 05:42:19,400
Rousseau noted that humans are 
not rational, but the 

6595
05:42:19,400 --> 05:42:22,300
enlightenment praise reason, the
revolution showed that 

6596
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:25,700
passionate in Justice's desire 
for vengeance. 

6597
05:42:25,700 --> 05:42:29,300
Hope for Glory driver events, 
more than academic treatises 

6598
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:33,600
Romanticism, a 19th century. 
Counter-attack accused the 

6599
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:36,600
enlightenment of disregarding 
the heart, tradition and faith, 

6600
05:42:37,300 --> 05:42:40,400
Edmund Burke in England and 
Joseph de Maestro in France, 

6601
05:42:40,400 --> 05:42:44,000
held the Philosopher's unfairly 
responsible for the 

6602
05:42:44,000 --> 05:42:46,400
revolution's, Bloodshed by 
unmooring Society from 

6603
05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:49,600
traditional institutions, They 
said that the enlightenment 

6604
05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:53,100
abstract reasoning had dissolved
Authority and led to chaos and 

6605
05:42:53,100 --> 05:42:57,300
Napoleon's rule. 
While this view is debated by 

6606
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:00,000
the early 1800s, the 
enlightenment was hailed for the

6607
05:43:00,008 --> 05:43:03,100
Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement but also 

6608
05:43:03,100 --> 05:43:06,500
accused of revolution. 
Long-term the French 

6609
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,000
Enlightenment left, a deep and 
mostly good influence. 

6610
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:12,700
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence movements

6611
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:15,500
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

6612
05:43:15,500 --> 05:43:18,500
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

6613
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:23,100
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 

6614
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:26,800
the spread of public education. 
The rise of secular States and 

6615
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:29,600
the reduction of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

6616
05:43:29,608 --> 05:43:33,200
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

6617
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:37,500
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

6618
05:43:37,500 --> 05:43:40,700
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

6619
05:43:41,500 --> 05:43:44,400
Today, we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience for 

6620
05:43:44,400 --> 05:43:47,200
freedom. 
Government site Montesquieu and 

6621
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:50,100
creating checks and balances 
when protesters invoke. 

6622
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:53,500
The will of the people who is 
followed, however, the 

6623
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:55,900
enlightenment left more 
uncertain Legacy. 

6624
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,700
The Scientific Revolution and 
industrial society were fueled 

6625
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:03,100
by reason but romantic and 
later, existentialists 

6626
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:06,300
criticized it for promoting 
technocracy in Solaris, 

6627
05:44:06,300 --> 05:44:09,800
rationality Westerners defended 
imperialism as bringing 

6628
05:44:09,800 --> 05:44:13,200
civilization. 
An attitude oddly at conflict 

6629
05:44:13,200 --> 05:44:16,600
with the enlightenment empathy. 
But for facilitated by its aim 

6630
05:44:16,600 --> 05:44:20,900
in Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

6631
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:24,200
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

6632
05:44:24,200 --> 05:44:27,900
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

6633
05:44:27,900 --> 05:44:30,300
the better. 
Often Napoleon's. 

6634
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:33,500
Collapse in 1815. 
France's monarchy re-established

6635
05:44:33,500 --> 05:44:35,900
Church dominance and 
conservative Tendencies. 

6636
05:44:35,900 --> 05:44:40,200
Intellectual life had changed. 
Thus, the genie could not be put

6637
05:44:40,200 --> 05:44:42,700
back. 
French politics, alternated 

6638
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:46,000
between liberal and conservative
in the Forbidden 19th century 

6639
05:44:46,000 --> 05:44:50,300
but Enlightenment ideas set. 
The standard even conservatives 

6640
05:44:50,300 --> 05:44:53,200
had to justify themselves in 
terms of logical government and 

6641
05:44:53,200 --> 05:44:55,700
National interest, not Divine 
Authority. 

6642
05:44:57,000 --> 05:44:59,900
France will officially divorce 
church and state in 1905, 

6643
05:44:59,900 --> 05:45:03,500
fulfilling the philosophies as 
aim of a secular Republic based 

6644
05:45:03,500 --> 05:45:08,000
on Liberty Fraternity in 
lightning principles. 

6645
05:45:08,000 --> 05:45:10,100
Filtered through revolutionary 
experience. 

6646
05:45:11,000 --> 05:45:14,300
The French Enlightenment did not
finish neatly in 1789. 

6647
05:45:15,300 --> 05:45:18,000
The Revolution was chaotic and 
its aftermath complicated. 

6648
05:45:18,000 --> 05:45:22,300
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 
Enlightenment lessen, the 

6649
05:45:22,300 --> 05:45:25,100
movement always understood that 
human Affairs are imperfect and 

6650
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,200
progressed. 
Exacts did, Rob, observed 

6651
05:45:28,200 --> 05:45:32,300
passions are the only orators 
that always persuade conceding 

6652
05:45:32,300 --> 05:45:34,300
that reason, doesn't control the
world. 

6653
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:38,600
Later in life Voltaire, tempered
his mockery with appeals for 

6654
05:45:38,600 --> 05:45:43,400
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 
even radical Russo caution, that

6655
05:45:43,400 --> 05:45:45,800
abrupt upheaval could lead to 
harsh a despotism. 

6656
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:49,400
Many Enlightenment thinkers 
realized, that Enlightenment 

6657
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:51,000
would be a long-term tense 
project. 

6658
05:45:51,800 --> 05:45:54,400
Thus the enlightenment's 
Twilight transformed, rather 

6659
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:56,600
than ended. 
People called themselves 

6660
05:45:56,600 --> 05:46:01,600
ideologues or intellectuals 
instead of philosoph in the 19th

6661
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:04,500
century, but they inherited the 
enlightenment's realm 

6662
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:08,200
questioning Authority, demanding
reasoned answers, and claiming 

6663
05:46:08,200 --> 05:46:10,400
individual dignity became 
entrenched in western 

6664
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:13,700
civilization. 
When we read volta's, witty 

6665
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:17,200
courageous, writings Rousseau's 
profound challenges, did Rose 

6666
05:46:17,200 --> 05:46:20,800
encyclopedic labors or condor 
sets prescient humanism. 

6667
05:46:20,800 --> 05:46:23,300
We are reminded of the 
enlightenment's, very human 

6668
05:46:23,300 --> 05:46:26,200
story. 
Salon Gathering and clandestine 

6669
05:46:26,200 --> 05:46:30,500
pamphlets, friendships and feuds
and people risking prison for a 

6670
05:46:30,500 --> 05:46:33,300
pamphlet or exile for a 
principal ideas. 

6671
05:46:33,300 --> 05:46:34,900
Could overthrow thrown in that 
age. 

6672
05:46:35,700 --> 05:46:38,500
Its Legacy lives on every time, 
an informed public holds a 

6673
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:41,100
tyrant accountable. 
A youngster is taught science 

6674
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:44,000
with out Superstition. 
Various individuals sit down to 

6675
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:47,100
talk and debate rather than 
fight and we choose light over 

6676
05:46:47,100 --> 05:46:49,500
Darkness. 
The French and lightning was 

6677
05:46:49,500 --> 05:46:51,100
truly, a turning point in human 
history.