The Entire Halloween Timeline How It Was Created And Now Celebrated | Boring History

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,200
Hello. 
My swaggy friends, we finally 

2
00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:03,700
made it to my favorite day of 
the year. 

3
00:00:03,700 --> 00:00:07,500
So why don't we get snuggled up?
And let me tell you a story here

4
00:00:07,500 --> 00:00:10,900
tonight through, time to 
discover how a Celtic Harvest 

5
00:00:10,900 --> 00:00:13,300
Festival. 
Transformed into the holiday. 

6
00:00:13,300 --> 00:00:17,500
We know today, called Halloween,
complete with candy, costumes, 

7
00:00:17,500 --> 00:00:21,500
and carved pumpkins. 
This is a story about how human 

8
00:00:21,500 --> 00:00:25,700
Traditions evolve adapt and 
survive across thousands of 

9
00:00:25,700 --> 00:00:28,200
years. 
And how something, as simple as 

10
00:00:28,200 --> 00:00:30,800
acknowledging, the changing 
seasons became one of the 

11
00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:32,900
world's most beloved 
celebrations. 

12
00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,700
If you're new here joining, the 
community is super quick and 

13
00:00:36,700 --> 00:00:39,100
easy. 
Just tap subscribe and like the 

14
00:00:39,100 --> 00:00:40,800
video. 
And let me know where in the 

15
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:43,700
world, you're watching from and 
what time it is for you. 

16
00:00:43,700 --> 00:00:47,700
Now, find your comfy spot for 
sleeping, and let's begin. 

17
00:00:51,700 --> 00:00:55,100
Picture yourself standing in the
British Isles around 2000 years 

18
00:00:55,100 --> 00:00:58,900
ago in the time before calendars
hung on kitchen walls. 

19
00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:03,200
Before anyone had invented 
weekends You're living in a 

20
00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:06,400
world where the rhythm of your 
entire existence follows the sun

21
00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:10,000
and the seasons where survival 
depends on reading, Nature's 

22
00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:11,900
signals better than you read any
book. 

23
00:01:12,900 --> 00:01:16,500
The Celtic people who inhabited 
these Misty Islands, understood 

24
00:01:16,500 --> 00:01:18,400
something. 
We've largely forgotten in our 

25
00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:22,000
climate-controlled modern lives.
The year, doesn't really begin 

26
00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:25,700
in January. 
For agricultural societies, the 

27
00:01:25,700 --> 00:01:28,400
year begins when everything dies
and goes to sleep. 

28
00:01:29,300 --> 00:01:33,100
The Celtic new year started on 
November 1st, which meant that 

29
00:01:33,100 --> 00:01:37,600
October 31st was New Year's Eve.
But not the kind with champagne 

30
00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:40,200
and party hats. 
They called this transition 

31
00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:44,500
point seiyuu in which simply 
meant Summers end and if that 

32
00:01:44,500 --> 00:01:49,600
sounds Melancholy, well, it was 
supposed to be This was the 

33
00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:52,400
moment when the abundance of 
Summer and Autumn gave way to 

34
00:01:52,400 --> 00:01:55,700
the lean darkness of winter, 
when livestock had to be cold 

35
00:01:55,700 --> 00:01:58,000
because there wasn't enough feed
to sustain them all. 

36
00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:01,100
When you looked at your grain 
stores and did some very serious

37
00:02:01,100 --> 00:02:04,900
math about whether you'd make it
to Spring, Celts believed that 

38
00:02:04,900 --> 00:02:08,000
on this particular night, 
something remarkable happened. 

39
00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:11,800
The boundary between the world 
of the living and the world of 

40
00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,800
the Dead became permeable. 
Like a curtain that had grown 

41
00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:20,700
thin from age and use. 
Not in a scary movie way, but in

42
00:02:20,700 --> 00:02:23,400
a matter of fact, way that made 
perfect sense to people who 

43
00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:25,700
lived so close to death as a 
daily reality. 

44
00:02:26,900 --> 00:02:30,000
Think about it, you've just 
slaughtered animals for winter 

45
00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,800
provisions. 
Fields that were green and 

46
00:02:32,800 --> 00:02:36,800
golden are now brown and barren.
Trees have dropped their leaves 

47
00:02:36,800 --> 00:02:39,500
like their undressing for bed. 
Everything around. 

48
00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:43,100
You is dying or sleeping. 
Of course this would feel like 

49
00:02:43,100 --> 00:02:45,200
the moment when the dead might 
return to visit. 

50
00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:49,400
The whole landscape was 
whispering about mortality, but 

51
00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:53,300
here's what's interesting and 
comforting in its own way, the 

52
00:02:53,300 --> 00:02:56,100
cells didn't see this thinning 
of the veil as purely 

53
00:02:56,100 --> 00:02:59,700
frightening. 
Yes malevolent Spirits might 

54
00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:03,400
slip through but so might your 
beloved grandmother who died 

55
00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:06,100
last winter? 
Well the warrior who fell in 

56
00:03:06,100 --> 00:03:09,600
battle or the child who didn't 
make it past infancy. 

57
00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:14,100
The dead weren't monsters. 
They were your people just 

58
00:03:14,100 --> 00:03:18,300
existing in a different state 
The sound and celebration was 

59
00:03:18,300 --> 00:03:20,100
reflected this complex 
understanding. 

60
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,500
Communities would gather for 
massive bonfires and we're not 

61
00:03:24,508 --> 00:03:27,900
talking about the tame campfires
you might enjoy during a camping

62
00:03:27,900 --> 00:03:31,300
trip. 
These were enormous blazes built

63
00:03:31,300 --> 00:03:35,400
on hilltops visible for Miles. 
Their smoke Rising into the 

64
00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,400
Autumn sky, like, prayers or 
Warnings or both. 

65
00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:43,400
The word bonfire itself. 
May come from bone fire because 

66
00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,700
these fires often consumed, the 
bones of the slaughtered cattle,

67
00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:50,000
sending up smoke. 
That was both practical, waste 

68
00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:51,500
disposal and spiritual 
protection. 

69
00:03:52,700 --> 00:03:56,000
Around these fires, people would
wear costumes, made from animal 

70
00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:58,900
skins and heads. 
They're calling them costumes, 

71
00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:02,500
doesn't quite capture the 
meaning These weren't decorative

72
00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:04,500
outfits meant to look cute or 
scary. 

73
00:04:04,500 --> 00:04:08,700
They were spiritual tools, ways 
of disguising yourself from 

74
00:04:08,700 --> 00:04:11,500
harmful Spirits or perhaps ways 
of honoring. 

75
00:04:11,500 --> 00:04:14,100
The animal whose meat would 
sustain you through winter. 

76
00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:18,300
When you wore the skin of a cow,
you were acknowledging, the 

77
00:04:18,300 --> 00:04:20,600
sacrifice that animal made for 
your survival. 

78
00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:24,400
The Druids, the Celtic priest 
class who were Parts, spiritual 

79
00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:27,700
leader, part philosopher, and 
parts scientists played a 

80
00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:31,000
central role in sowing rituals. 
They would like the community 

81
00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:33,300
bonfires using friction and 
ceremony. 

82
00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:37,400
Then families would carry Flames
from this sacred fire back to 

83
00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,500
their own halves. 
Relighting their Home Fires for 

84
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:43,800
the winter. 
It was a way of connecting every

85
00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:47,700
household to the spiritual heart
of the community of literally 

86
00:04:47,700 --> 00:04:50,300
carrying sacred energy into your
daily life. 

87
00:04:51,300 --> 00:04:54,500
People would leave food outside 
their doors offering for the 

88
00:04:54,500 --> 00:04:57,800
wandering dead. 
Imagine stepping out into the 

89
00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,900
cold October night with a bowl 
of porridge or a piece of bread.

90
00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:04,600
Setting it on your doorstep, 
Under A Sky, Full of Stars, 

91
00:05:04,600 --> 00:05:08,200
acknowledging that thin boundary
between here and elsewhere. 

92
00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:13,400
It wasn't about fear. 
It was about respect about 

93
00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:16,500
maintaining good relationships 
with all the inhabitants of the 

94
00:05:16,500 --> 00:05:22,100
universe seen and unseen. 
The Celts also practiced 

95
00:05:22,100 --> 00:05:25,300
divination during samane. 
Believe in that this liminal 

96
00:05:25,300 --> 00:05:27,400
time made it easier to appear 
into the future. 

97
00:05:27,400 --> 00:05:30,000
Young people. 
Particularly wanted to know 

98
00:05:30,008 --> 00:05:33,100
about love and marriage because 
some things never change across 

99
00:05:33,100 --> 00:05:35,800
millennia. 
They would perform rituals with 

100
00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:39,900
nuts and apples interpreting 
patterns in Smoke and Flame 

101
00:05:39,900 --> 00:05:43,400
looking for signs about who they
might marry or whether they 

102
00:05:43,400 --> 00:05:46,000
would survive the coming winter 
as you lie here. 

103
00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:48,300
Thinking about those ancient 
people gathered around their 

104
00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:52,700
fires, wearing animal skins sing
songs in languages that have 

105
00:05:52,700 --> 00:05:55,500
mostly vanished consider how 
vulnerable. 

106
00:05:55,500 --> 00:05:59,200
They were no grocery stores, no 
central heating. 

107
00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:05,500
No emergencies, just Community 
tradition and hope that the 

108
00:06:05,500 --> 00:06:07,400
preparations they'd made would 
be enough. 

109
00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:12,000
Sewing was their way of marking,
that vulnerability of saying 

110
00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:13,800
collectively. 
Yes. 

111
00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,700
The darkness is coming. 
And yes, we might not all make 

112
00:06:18,700 --> 00:06:21,800
it through, but we're in this 
together and we haven't 

113
00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:25,600
forgotten those who came before 
us The sensory experience of 

114
00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:28,500
sew-in would have been 
overwhelming the smell of 

115
00:06:28,500 --> 00:06:31,800
burning bone and wood sweet and 
accredit. 

116
00:06:31,800 --> 00:06:36,200
Once the feeling of animal fur 
against your skin, still holding

117
00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:39,700
residual warmth, The taste of 
the feast. 

118
00:06:40,800 --> 00:06:43,200
Probably the last time until 
spring, you'd eat. 

119
00:06:43,208 --> 00:06:48,900
So abundantly sound of community
singing voices rising to compete

120
00:06:48,900 --> 00:06:51,400
with the crackle of flames and 
the October wind. 

121
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,600
The sight of fire against 
darkness and all around you 

122
00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,300
familiar faces, made strange and
new by costume and Shadow. 

123
00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:03,300
This was Halloween's, true 
beginning, not a party, not 

124
00:07:03,300 --> 00:07:07,600
entertainment, but a sacred 
acknowledgment of cycles of 

125
00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:12,300
death, and life of community and
memory of the scene world, and 

126
00:07:12,300 --> 00:07:14,600
the Mysteries that lie just 
beyond sight. 

127
00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:17,500
Now let's jump forward in time 
though. 

128
00:07:17,500 --> 00:07:20,200
Not too far. 
Just enough to watch the Roman 

129
00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:24,300
Empire, expand Northwood like a 
slow-moving tide of Roads 

130
00:07:24,300 --> 00:07:27,900
aqueducts and very organized 
military formation. 

131
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:34,700
By 43 CE Roman forces, had 
invaded Britain, bringing with 

132
00:07:34,700 --> 00:07:37,300
them an entirely different 
understanding of the world. 

133
00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,000
The Romans encountered, the 
Celts, and their Autumn 

134
00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,000
Traditions with the kind of 
reaction that conquerors often 

135
00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,400
have, when meeting indigenous 
Customs, a mixture of 

136
00:07:47,408 --> 00:07:51,600
Fascination, discussed and 
strategic thinking about how to 

137
00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:53,600
incorporate these people into 
their empire. 

138
00:07:54,700 --> 00:07:57,400
Rome was remarkably good at 
cultural absorption. 

139
00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:00,000
They'd been doing it for 
centuries across the 

140
00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:03,500
Mediterranean turning diverse 
people's into Romans while 

141
00:08:03,500 --> 00:08:05,800
letting them keep enough of 
their own Traditions to prevent 

142
00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:08,900
constant Rebellion. 
Here's where the story gets, 

143
00:08:08,900 --> 00:08:12,600
interesting, because the Romans 
had their own Autumn festivals 

144
00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:16,000
that coincidentally fell around 
the same time as so. 

145
00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:21,800
In One was for rarely a late 
October Festival commemorating 

146
00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,400
the Dead. 
Another was a celebration 

147
00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:27,600
honoring Pomona, the Roman 
goddess of fruit and trees, 

148
00:08:27,600 --> 00:08:31,800
particularly apples. 
Notice something, Apple's the 

149
00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,100
same fruit that featured 
prominently in Celtic sow in 

150
00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:39,299
divination rituals Sometimes 
cultural overlap isn't about 

151
00:08:39,299 --> 00:08:42,900
conquest or influence is just 
about the fact that humans 

152
00:08:42,900 --> 00:08:46,400
living in similar climates with 
similar agriculture, 10 to 

153
00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:50,600
develop, similar traditions. 
Apple's ripen in Autumn 

154
00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:53,600
everywhere. 
So, autumn festivals in apple 

155
00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:55,900
growing regions. 
Tend to feature apples. 

156
00:08:55,900 --> 00:08:59,200
It's not mystical. 
It's practical. 

157
00:09:00,700 --> 00:09:03,400
But the Roman presence in Celtic
territories, definitely 

158
00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:05,500
influenced how sowing was 
practiced. 

159
00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:10,500
The Romans brought organization 
record-keeping and attendance to

160
00:09:10,500 --> 00:09:11,400
schedule. 
Everything. 

161
00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:15,800
Celtic Festival which probably 
started when someone noticed the

162
00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,500
weather changing and said time 
for sowing became more fixed, 

163
00:09:19,500 --> 00:09:23,000
more predictable and more 
aligned with the Roman Calendar.

164
00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:28,900
The Romans also brought wine 
improved roads heated baths and 

165
00:09:28,900 --> 00:09:31,700
literacy to Britain. 
These things might seem 

166
00:09:31,700 --> 00:09:35,600
unrelated to Halloween history, 
but they mattered Written 

167
00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:39,000
records meant Traditions could 
be documented, which is partly 

168
00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:42,000
why we know anything about 
ancient Celtic practices at all.

169
00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:46,000
Roman writers mentioned them 
usually while being judgmental 

170
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:50,700
about Barbarian customs, More 
importantly the Roman Empire of 

171
00:09:50,700 --> 00:09:54,500
eventually adopted Christianity 
which brings us to perhaps the 

172
00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:57,200
most significant transformation 
in Halloween's history. 

173
00:09:58,700 --> 00:10:02,400
But we're not quite there yet. 
First, you need to understand 

174
00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:06,900
that for about 400 years Celtic 
and Roman Traditions lived side 

175
00:10:06,900 --> 00:10:10,000
by side in Britain, blending and
borrowing from each other. 

176
00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,400
In the organic way that cultures
do when they shared geography, 

177
00:10:14,900 --> 00:10:17,900
Roman soldiers, stationed in 
Britain for years would have 

178
00:10:17,900 --> 00:10:21,900
participated in local festivals 
Celtic Aristocrats who wanted to

179
00:10:21,900 --> 00:10:26,000
advance in Roman society would 
have learned Latin and adopted 

180
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,800
Roman Customs while still 
privately honoring their own 

181
00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:31,300
traditions. 
Into marriage would have 

182
00:10:31,308 --> 00:10:33,900
produced children who are 
ethnically and culturally both, 

183
00:10:33,900 --> 00:10:37,300
who saw no contradiction in 
honoring Roman and Celtic 

184
00:10:37,300 --> 00:10:42,000
deities, or in celebrating both 
Pharrell and saman picture. 

185
00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:45,900
A Romano British household in 
say, 300 CE. 

186
00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:50,200
Father might be a Celtic 
Chieftains grandson who served 

187
00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:51,700
in the. 
Roman auxiliary forces. 

188
00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:55,400
The mother might be the daughter
of a Roman Merchants who settled

189
00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:58,200
in Britain. 
They live in a Roman style Villa

190
00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:02,500
with Celtic decorations. 
They speak Latin in public and a

191
00:11:02,500 --> 00:11:06,100
Celtic language at home. 
And when Autumn comes, they 

192
00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:10,100
prepare for a festival that is 
neither purely sow in or purely 

193
00:11:10,100 --> 00:11:12,400
Roman. 
It's something new something. 

194
00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:16,500
Hybrid, something that belongs 
specifically to their and their 

195
00:11:16,500 --> 00:11:19,900
particular moment in history, 
this is important to understand 

196
00:11:19,900 --> 00:11:22,400
because we often think of 
cultural change as one 

197
00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:25,400
traditional replacing another 
like updating software. 

198
00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:30,100
That's almost never how it works
in real life instead. 

199
00:11:30,100 --> 00:11:34,700
Traditions blend merge and swap 
elements back and forth. 

200
00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:39,000
Until something new emerges that
contains DNA from multiple 

201
00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:42,000
sources. 
Halloween as we know it isn't 

202
00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,900
Celtic or Roman or Christian. 
It's all of them. 

203
00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:46,800
Plus everything else that came 
later. 

204
00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:49,600
The Roman presence. 
Also did something else that 

205
00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:53,400
mattered, it connected Britain 
to a vast Trade Network that 

206
00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:57,700
stretched from Scotland to Egypt
and from Spain to Syria. 

207
00:11:58,700 --> 00:12:02,100
Ideas travelled along those 
Roman roads just to surely as 

208
00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:05,900
merchants and soldiers did. 
A tradition of observed, in one 

209
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,700
Province, might influence 
practices in another. the empire

210
00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:13,500
was like an ancient internet 
slower, but just as effective as

211
00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:18,200
Fred in memes including cultural
and religious ones, When Rome 

212
00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:22,200
fell and we should acknowledge. 
That fell is a simplification of

213
00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:24,400
a complex process that took 
centuries. 

214
00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:28,200
Britain didn't just snap back to
pre-roman Celtic culture. 

215
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:32,500
You can't unring a bell. 
The Romano British people who 

216
00:12:32,500 --> 00:12:36,100
remained had been changed by 
four centuries of Imperial rule.

217
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:39,800
Their Autumn Traditions 
reflected that hybrid identity. 

218
00:12:40,700 --> 00:12:43,500
And then came the Next Great 
Wave of cultural change 

219
00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:47,100
Christianity. 
Which would transform Zoe in 

220
00:12:47,108 --> 00:12:51,100
ways, the Romans never had not 
by conquering it but by trying 

221
00:12:51,100 --> 00:12:53,300
to convert it into something 
else entirely. 

222
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:56,800
Let's talk about what happens 
when an organized religion with 

223
00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,600
a missionary Zeal meets 
stubborn. 

224
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:01,900
Local Traditions that have been 
practiced for longer than anyone

225
00:13:01,900 --> 00:13:05,600
can remember. 
Boiler, the religion, rarely 

226
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:09,200
just erases the traditions. 
In Stead something more 

227
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:14,500
interesting occurs by the 
seventh century CE Christianity 

228
00:13:14,500 --> 00:13:17,100
had spread throughout the former
Roman Empire and Beyond 

229
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,600
Missionaries had reached 
Ireland, Scotland and Wales 

230
00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,500
converting Celtic peoples 
through a combination of genuine

231
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:29,200
spiritual conviction, political 
necessity, and occasionally, 

232
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:34,600
let's be on his Conquest. 
But converting people really 

233
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,000
converting. 
Them means more than just 

234
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:38,500
getting them to show up at 
church. 

235
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:43,300
It means changing their 
understanding of the Sacred, the

236
00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:47,000
relationship with time and 
seasons and their most deeply 

237
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:51,000
held customs. 
The early Christian Church faced

238
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,700
a dilemma. 
They successfully convinced 

239
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:57,700
people that the Christian God 
was Supreme that salvation came 

240
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:00,300
through Christ. 
And that the old gods were at 

241
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:02,500
best irrelevant and at worst 
demonic. 

242
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:05,700
But they couldn't convince 
people to stop marking the 

243
00:14:05,700 --> 00:14:09,300
transition from Autumn to Winter
to stop acknowledging, their 

244
00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:12,600
dead, or to stop gathering 
around fires when the knights 

245
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,200
grew long and cold. 
You can see the problem, these 

246
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,400
Autumn Traditions were woven 
into the fabric of agricultural 

247
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:23,300
life, they marked a central 
transitions, the end of harvest,

248
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:26,700
the beginning of Winter, the 
color of livestock, and the 

249
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,600
lighting of half fires, that 
would burn until spring. 

250
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,000
You couldn't just tell people to
ignore these moments, they were 

251
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,700
too fundamental to survival. 
So the church did something, 

252
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:41,800
brilliant or manipulative, 
depending on your perspective. 

253
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:46,600
They decided to christianize the
existing Traditions rather than 

254
00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,200
their eradicate them. 
It was a strategy. 

255
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,600
They'd use successfully 
elsewhere transforming Pagan 

256
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,600
winter solstice celebrations 
into Christmas and spring 

257
00:14:55,600 --> 00:15:00,100
fertility festools into Easter. 
Now, they would transform sale 

258
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:06,200
in into something Christian. 
In 609 CE Pope Boniface the 

259
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,500
fourth. 
Dedicated, the pantheon in Rome 

260
00:15:08,500 --> 00:15:12,000
to all Christian, Martyrs, 
creating a feast day called all 

261
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:15,500
Martyrs Day. 
Later in the 8th Century. 

262
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:20,100
Pope Gregory the third expanded 
this to honour All Saints, not 

263
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,700
just Martyrs and moved the 
celebration to November 1st. 

264
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:28,200
This wasn't coincidental 
November 1st was so in 

265
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,200
traditional end date, the 
beginning of the Celtic New 

266
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,100
Year. 
The night before November 1st 

267
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:38,000
became known as All Hallows, Eve
hallow, being an Old English 

268
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:41,700
word, meaning Saint or holy 
person, say All Hallows Eve 

269
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:44,000
quickly, a few times and listen 
to how it sounds. 

270
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:50,500
All Hallows Eve, all Halloween. 
There's your word origin 

271
00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:53,800
emerging from the Natural Way 
language of evolves when people 

272
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:55,700
say things quickly over and over
again. 

273
00:15:56,700 --> 00:16:01,600
November 2nd was designated All 
Souls day, specifically for 

274
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:03,200
praying for The Souls of all the
dead. 

275
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,600
Not just the official Saints. 
Look at what the church 

276
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,900
accomplished here. 
They created a three-day period 

277
00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:14,200
October 30th through November 
2nd that officially sunk 

278
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,400
sanctioned remembering and 
honoring the dead just like sour

279
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:21,700
in had The structure was the 
same only, the religious 

280
00:16:21,700 --> 00:16:25,200
framework had changed. 
Medieval Christians, would 

281
00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:28,000
attend, special masses. 
During this period praying for 

282
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,800
The Souls of The Departed. 
They believed that souls in 

283
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:34,700
purgatory that intermediate 
State Between Heaven and Hell 

284
00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:37,400
could be helped towards 
salvation through the prayers of

285
00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,000
the living. 
This wasn't so different from 

286
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:42,600
the Celtic belief that the 
living and dead could interact 

287
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,100
across the veil that the actions
of one realm could affect the 

288
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:50,100
other Practical Traditions 
evolved, but didn't disappear. 

289
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,400
People still lit. 
Bonfires though, now, they were 

290
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,500
blessed by priests and called 
Soul lights rather than 

291
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:58,800
protective fires against evil 
spirits. 

292
00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:02,200
People still wore disguises 
though. 

293
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:04,900
Now, they were said to be hiding
from demons rather than 

294
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,900
confusing malevolent spirits. 
People still left out food 

295
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:11,000
though. 
Now it was for solars. 

296
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,400
Living. 
People usually poor who would go

297
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,099
door to door offering to pray 
for the dead and exchange for 

298
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:19,599
sold cakes. 
Small pastry's marked with 

299
00:17:19,608 --> 00:17:22,599
crosses. 
This practice of soling is 

300
00:17:22,599 --> 00:17:25,700
particularly important because 
it's one direct ancestor of 

301
00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:29,400
modern trick or treating. 
Picture yourself in a medieval 

302
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,700
village on All Hallows. 
Eve your poor though, in 

303
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:36,000
medieval times. 
Most people were And you've 

304
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:38,100
heard that if you go 
door-to-door, singing a 

305
00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:40,400
particular song and offering 
prayers for the households dead.

306
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:43,100
Relatives people will give you 
Soul cakes. 

307
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:47,500
These aren't fancy desserts. 
Their simple spiced cakes, but 

308
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:50,700
their food you don't have to 
provide for yourself, which in a

309
00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:52,800
subsistence economy is no small 
thing. 

310
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,700
So, you go out into the October 
night, perhaps with your 

311
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:59,900
children or other villagers, and
you sing soul, soul a soul cake,

312
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:01,400
please good. 
Misses a soul cake. 

313
00:18:01,408 --> 00:18:04,800
One for Peter, two, for Paul, 
three for him, who made us all 

314
00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:08,500
the householders who want prayer
said for their deceased loved 

315
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:10,100
ones. 
But perhaps, don't trust their 

316
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:13,300
own prayers to be effective 
enough, or who simply believe 

317
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:17,500
that more prayers are better. 
Give you Cake's, ale or money. 

318
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:22,800
You eat, they receive spiritual 
comfort and an economic and 

319
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:25,500
religious transaction, has 
occurred that satisfies, 

320
00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:27,300
everyone. 
The church. 

321
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:30,900
Meanwhile taught that All 
Hallows Eve was a time when evil

322
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:32,700
spirits and demons walked 
abroad. 

323
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:36,500
One last chance for the devil to
cause Mischief before the holy 

324
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:38,900
days of All Saints, and All 
Souls shut him down. 

325
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,600
This belief intensified the 
spooky aspects of the holiday 

326
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:44,900
while giving them a Christian 
interpretation. 

327
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:49,600
Spirits weren't Celtic ancestors
anymore, they were demons and 

328
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,800
Damned Souls threats against 
which you needed Church 

329
00:18:52,800 --> 00:18:56,200
protection. 
Yet, for common people, the 

330
00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,500
distinction between old and new 
beliefs was probably blurrier 

331
00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:02,800
than Church officials. 
Wanted your grandmother who 

332
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:05,200
died? 
Last winter was her spirit 

333
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:09,400
visiting from the Celtic 
Otherworld or was she a soul in 

334
00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:10,800
purgatory hoping for your 
prayers? 

335
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:16,200
Did it really matter? 
The end result was the same, you

336
00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:19,600
acknowledged her presence. 
You honored her memory and you 

337
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,500
left out food or said prayers or
both. 

338
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:28,100
Medieval Halloween, All Hallows 
Eve had become a hybrid 

339
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,000
creature. 
Neither fully Pagan, North fully

340
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:35,500
Christian, but something in 
between It preserved the timing 

341
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:39,400
much of the symbolism and the 
core purpose of sowing, while 

342
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:41,000
draping it all in Christian 
theology. 

343
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,200
Church had successfully 
channeled ancient traditions in 

344
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,000
to forms, they could control, or
at least influence. 

345
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:51,900
This pattern of adaptation and 
survival would continue as 

346
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,300
Halloween crossed Ocean's and 
centuries picking up new 

347
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:59,100
elements, shedding others, but 
always maintaining that core 

348
00:19:59,100 --> 00:20:03,400
connection to Autumn death and 
the thin boundary between our 

349
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,900
world and whatever lies Beyond, 
as we move into the late 

350
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,900
medieval and early modern 
periods, roughly the 1300s 

351
00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:14,700
through the 1700s. 
Halloween's character shifts in 

352
00:20:14,708 --> 00:20:19,200
ways that bring it closer to the
holiday we recognize today, This

353
00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:22,600
is when things start getting 
genuinely spooky though. 

354
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:24,700
Perhaps not for the reasons you 
might expect. 

355
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,800
The late medieval world was to 
put it mildly obsessed with 

356
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:32,200
death. 
And how could it not be? 

357
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,700
The Black Death had killed, 
perhaps a third of Europe's 

358
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:39,800
population in the 1300s. 
Subsequent plague outbreaks, 

359
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,900
occurred regularly. 
Infant mortality was 

360
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:46,500
staggeringly high. 
Most people didn't live past 40.

361
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,000
Death wasn't an abstract 
concept. 

362
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,700
You tried to ignore. 
It was your clothes neighbor, 

363
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:54,200
always ready to move in 
uninvited. 

364
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:58,900
This proximity to mortality 
influenced how people celebrated

365
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,800
All Hallows Eve. 
Church decorations often 

366
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:05,200
featured reminders of deaths 
inevitability. 

367
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:11,300
Skulls skeletons and artistic 
depictions of dance Macabre. 

368
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:14,300
The dance of death showing 
death. 

369
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:18,000
Claiming people from all walks 
of life, these were meant to be 

370
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:20,000
frightening in an entertainment 
sense. 

371
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,200
They were meant to be 
educational, reminding you that 

372
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,000
Earthly status meant. 
Nothing When Death came calling,

373
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,800
but let's talk about something 
that really changed. 

374
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,200
Halloween's, flavor during this 
period, the witch trials, 

375
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:37,600
Starting in the late, 1400s and 
intensifying through the 1600s 

376
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:41,400
Europe, and eventually colonial 
America became gripped by which 

377
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:43,600
panic. 
Tens of thousands of people, 

378
00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:49,000
mostly women were accused of 
Witchcraft and executed often in

379
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,600
horrifically, creative ways. 
The theological reasoning went 

380
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,000
something like this, which is 
had made pacts with the devil. 

381
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:59,800
Giving them Supernatural powers 
in exchange for their souls. 

382
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,600
They could fly on broomsticks to
gather at sabbaths nocturnal 

383
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,900
meetings where they worshiped 
Satan and evil Deeds. 

384
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,600
They could curse. 
Livestock spoil crops cause 

385
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,500
impotence and killed children. 
They were quite literally agents

386
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,300
of Hell, living among Ordinary 
People. 

387
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:21,200
All Hallows Eve already 
associated with Supernatural 

388
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:24,300
activity, became specialty 
linked with witchcraft. 

389
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,800
If evil spirits and demons 
walked abroad, that night, of 

390
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:31,000
course, which is would be most 
active then. 

391
00:22:31,900 --> 00:22:35,400
The holidays, existing 
Traditions, bonfires disguises 

392
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,100
nighttime. 
Gatherings took on Sinister, 

393
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:41,500
connotations in a society 
terrified of demonic activity. 

394
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:46,600
Here's something Darkly ironic, 
many of the people accused of 

395
00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:49,400
Witchcraft were probably just 
practicing folk Traditions. 

396
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,300
That predated Christianity 
including Autumn Customs, 

397
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:57,100
descended from sowen that old 
woman, who knows, Herbal 

398
00:22:57,100 --> 00:23:01,600
Remedies and mutters blessings 
over livestock, which the 

399
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:04,700
Midwife who successfully 
delivers babies using techniques

400
00:23:04,700 --> 00:23:09,400
passed down through generations.
Which the woman who lives alone 

401
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,500
and talks to her cats. 
Definitely a witch. 

402
00:23:13,300 --> 00:23:16,600
The Witch Trials eventually 
ended but they left permanent 

403
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:20,700
marks on Halloween's, imagery. 
Which is became Central figures 

404
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,100
in Halloween iconography, not 
because witches ever actually 

405
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:27,200
existed in the demonic form 
imagined, but because they 

406
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,800
represented fears about female 
power social outside is and the 

407
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,700
supernatural that resonated with
Halloween's themes. 

408
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,000
Meanwhile, in various parts of 
Britain and Ireland. 

409
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:41,400
All Hallows Eve was becoming 
associated with pranks and 

410
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:43,900
Mischief, especially among young
people. 

411
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,600
October 31st became known in 
some places as Mischief Night 

412
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,400
when adolescents would play 
tricks on their neighbor's 

413
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:55,800
opening Windows, moving Gates 
letting livestock loose and 

414
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:57,400
generally causing harmless 
chaos. 

415
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,300
This might seem random but it 
actually fits the holidays, 

416
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:04,600
logic perfectly. 
This was a liminal time. 

417
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:08,800
A moment when normal rules were 
suspended, the boundary between 

418
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,500
living and dead was thin. 
Maybe the boundary between Order

419
00:24:12,500 --> 00:24:16,100
and Chaos was thin too young. 
People who exist in their own, 

420
00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:19,500
liminal State between childhood 
and adulthood naturally 

421
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,300
gravitated toward expressing 
that liminality through 

422
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:25,300
mischief. 
In Scotland and Ireland, 

423
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:28,200
Traditions evolved that were 
directly influenced modern 

424
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:32,100
Halloween. 
Gissing short, for disguising 

425
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:36,100
involved, children dressing in 
costume and going door to door. 

426
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:40,700
But unlike medieval soling, they
were expected to perform for 

427
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:44,100
their treats. 
You might recite a poem, tell a 

428
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:46,100
joke, sing a song or do a little
dance. 

429
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:48,800
Only after entertaining your 
neighbors. 

430
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,200
Would you receive Apple's nuts 
or coins? 

431
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:55,400
This performance aspect is 
important it transformed 

432
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,700
Halloween from a purely 
religious observance into 

433
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:02,600
participatory entertainment. 
The children weren't supplicant 

434
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,400
hoping for charity. 
They were performers, earning 

435
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,800
payment. the householders were 
giving out of religious 

436
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,700
obligation, but as appreciation 
for entertainment, the 

437
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:17,500
transaction had shifted from 
spiritual to social Scottish and

438
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:20,300
Irish Halloween, Traditions also
featured, elaborate divination 

439
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:23,300
games, especially for young 
women trying to learn about 

440
00:25:23,300 --> 00:25:25,900
their future. 
Husbands, You might peel an 

441
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:28,200
apple in one long strip and 
throw the peel over your 

442
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,500
shoulder, whatever letter it 
formed, when it landed would be 

443
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:35,200
your future husband's initial. 
You might look into a mirror at 

444
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:37,900
midnight while eating an apple 
hoping to see your future 

445
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:41,900
spouses face appear behind you. 
You might Place hazelnuts name 

446
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:44,400
for potential suitors in the 
fire and watch which burned 

447
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:48,900
brightest. these games added 
romance and playfulness to a 

448
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:51,800
holiday that sometimes been 
quite dark and fearful, 

449
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:56,900
Halloween was becoming lighter, 
more social, and more fun, a 

450
00:25:56,900 --> 00:25:58,800
transformation that would 
accelerate dramatically. 

451
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:02,400
When these Traditions crossed 
the Atlantic Ocean to America. 

452
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:06,100
But we should pause here to note
what had happened to Halloween 

453
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,600
by the 1700s. 
It had transformed from. 

454
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:13,300
So in sacred acknowledgment of 
death, and seasonal, transition 

455
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:17,300
through Christianity's. 
All Hallows Eve focus on Saints 

456
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:19,600
and souls into something more 
complex. 

457
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:24,000
A holiday that mixed religious, 
observance Supernatural, belief 

458
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:28,600
Community celebration youthful, 
mischief and fortune telling 

459
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:34,000
games it was sacred and secular 
Solomon and playful fearful and 

460
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,200
fun. 
Different regions, celebrated 

461
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,800
differently. 
Some places emphasize the 

462
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:42,500
religious aspects with church 
services and prayers for the 

463
00:26:42,508 --> 00:26:45,500
dead. 
Others emphasize the fun aspects

464
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,000
with parties and games some 
places. 

465
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:51,900
Barely celebrated at all While 
others made it second only to 

466
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:55,900
Christmas in importance. 
This Regional variation matters 

467
00:26:55,900 --> 00:26:59,100
because it means that when 
Halloween came to America, it 

468
00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:01,000
didn't arrive as one unified 
tradition. 

469
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:05,400
But as dozens of different 
variations carried by immigrants

470
00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:08,500
from different parts of Britain 
and Ireland practiced 

471
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:11,000
differently in different 
communities and ready to be 

472
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,500
mixed together into something 
entirely new. 

473
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:17,600
Now, we're going to cross an 
ocean though, you should get 

474
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,300
comfortable because this journey
spans several centuries. 

475
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,800
Halloween didn't arrive in 
America, all at once, like a 

476
00:27:23,808 --> 00:27:27,500
passenger on a single ship. 
It came gradually in pieces 

477
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:31,200
carried in the memories and 
habits of immigrants who arrived

478
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,100
for many different reasons from 
many different places. 

479
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,800
First English, colonists who 
arrived in North America in the 

480
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:41,800
early, 1600s brought some Autumn
Traditions with them but 

481
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,500
Halloween wasn't a major part of
their cultural calendar. 

482
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:49,200
Puritans who settled New 
England, particularly rejected 

483
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,800
Halloween and similar 
celebrations, viewing them, as 

484
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,200
superstitious Catholic. 
Remnants that distracted from 

485
00:27:56,200 --> 00:28:00,400
proper religious observance. 
They banned Christmas too which 

486
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:02,600
tells you something about their 
feelings towards of the 

487
00:28:02,608 --> 00:28:06,100
celebrations generally. 
So Halloween, initially found 

488
00:28:06,100 --> 00:28:09,300
little purchase in colonial 
America at least in the northern

489
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:11,800
colonies. 
But the middle and southern 

490
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,400
colonies with their more diverse
populations and less, rigid 

491
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,500
religious control, proved more 
receptive. 

492
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:21,600
Some Colonial communities, 
particularly those with Scottish

493
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,600
or Irish immigrants maintained 
All Hallows Eve, traditions in 

494
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,400
modified forms. 
What emerged in colonial America

495
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:31,200
was something called play 
parties. 

496
00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:34,000
Terminal. 
Gatherings were communities, 

497
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,200
would celebrate the Harvest with
dancing. 

498
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,000
Singing, storytelling and 
fortune telling. 

499
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:43,400
These were not called Halloween 
parties, the name had called on 

500
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:45,900
yet, but they preserved, many of
Halloween's. 

501
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:49,100
Elements, while stripping away 
the explicitly religious and 

502
00:28:49,100 --> 00:28:53,200
Supernatural aspects, that might
offend Protestant sensibilities.

503
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,700
imagine attending one of these 
Colonial play parties in say 

504
00:28:57,700 --> 00:29:02,400
1750 You're in Maryland or 
Virginia in a barn or large 

505
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:04,800
house with your neighbor's 
gathered. 

506
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,900
After the Harvesters complete, 
their cider and seasonal Foods, 

507
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:11,800
may be dried apples nuts and 
squashed dishes. 

508
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,700
Young people are playing 
courting games trying to Define 

509
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,100
their romantic, Futures. 
Someone is telling ghost stories

510
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:21,900
though their framed as 
entertainment, rather than 

511
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:26,300
genuine Supernatural belief. 
it's Autumn's farewell party 

512
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:30,200
before Winter's isolation sets 
in These Traditions remained 

513
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:35,300
relatively stable and relatively
marginal until the mid-1800s. 

514
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:38,800
When two things happened that 
were transformed Halloween in 

515
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:43,700
America forever, First massive 
immigration from Ireland, 

516
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:46,500
following the Potato Famine 
brought millions of Irish 

517
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:49,600
Catholics to America, 
particularly to cities. 

518
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:55,100
Second America itself was 
changing becoming more, urban 

519
00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:59,500
more industrial, less 
religiously, rigid, and more 

520
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,500
interested in creating 
distinctly, American cultural 

521
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:05,800
traditions. 
The Irish immigrants who flooded

522
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:10,000
into American cities in the 
1840s and 1850s brought strong 

523
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:14,100
Halloween Traditions with them. 
In Ireland, Halloween was a 

524
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,400
major celebration, second only 
to Christmas in cultural 

525
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,100
important. 
It featured all those elements 

526
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:24,000
we discussed earlier guys in 
fortune telling games, special 

527
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,900
Foods, pranks, bonfires and a 
genuine belief. 

528
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:31,500
Even among the relatively 
christianized Irish, that 

529
00:30:31,500 --> 00:30:34,600
October 31st was when the 
boundary between worlds grew 

530
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:39,000
thin In American cities, Irish 
communities, naturally, 

531
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,300
continued, their Halloween, 
Traditions, celebrating in their

532
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:46,300
neighborhoods, their churches, 
and their homes, and because 

533
00:30:46,300 --> 00:30:50,000
American cities were dense. 
Diverse places where different 

534
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,000
ethnic groups lived in close 
proximity. 

535
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:55,400
Their Halloween celebrations 
became visible to their 

536
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,600
neighbors. 
Other Americans noticed that the

537
00:30:58,608 --> 00:31:01,500
Irish seemed to have this fun 
Autumn holiday involving 

538
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:04,300
costumes parties and treats for 
children. 

539
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:08,600
That looked appealing. 
Americans, were always eager for

540
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,500
reasons to have parties and a 
holiday in late, October after 

541
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:14,800
the Harvest. 
But before the winter holidays, 

542
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:19,200
Filled a nice Gap in the festive
calendar but there's something 

543
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,600
else happening here. 
That's crucial to understanding 

544
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:26,200
how Halloween became a merican. 
In the mid to late 1800s. 

545
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:29,100
America was actively 
constructing a national 

546
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:32,700
identity, trying to figure out 
what it meant to be a American 

547
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:37,000
rather than European. 
This involved, creating New 

548
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:41,300
Traditions adapting old ones and
selectively borrowing from the 

549
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:44,500
various ethnic groups that made 
up America's increasingly 

550
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:48,000
diverse populations. 
Halloween was perfect for this 

551
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,800
project. 
It wasn't deeply tied to any 

552
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,700
particular Christian 
denomination which meant it 

553
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:55,600
wouldn't inflamed religious 
tensions. 

554
00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:00,000
It wasn't specifically political
so it wouldn't get caught up in 

555
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,700
sectional conflicts, it was fun.
Participatory and adaptable. 

556
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:07,000
It could be as Rowdy or as 
Gentile as a particular 

557
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,300
Community wanted. 
It was also relatively cheap to 

558
00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:14,100
celebrate requiring mostly 
creativity rather than expensive

559
00:32:14,100 --> 00:32:18,300
gifts by the late 1800s. 
Halloween parties were becoming 

560
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:21,800
fashionable among middle-class 
Americans, particularly in the 

561
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,700
Northeast and Midwest. 
These were the Halloween 

562
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:26,500
parties, you might imagine to 
day. 

563
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,000
They were elaborate social, 
Gatherings with specific, 

564
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:34,000
etiquette rules approved, 
activities, and appropriate, 

565
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:37,400
decorations. 
Women's magazines and etiquette 

566
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:39,500
guides began. 
Publishing Halloween party, 

567
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:44,100
advice You should decorate with 
Autumn Leaves corn, stalks and 

568
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:46,600
jack-o-lanterns. 
There will talk about those 

569
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,700
shortly. 
You should Place specific games,

570
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:53,900
many borrowed from Scottish and 
Irish Traditions bobbing for 

571
00:32:53,900 --> 00:32:56,800
apples, trying to catch an apple
suspended on a string with your 

572
00:32:56,800 --> 00:32:59,400
teeth and ducting for coins in 
flour. 

573
00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:03,500
These parties were, particularly
pitched as opportunities for 

574
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,300
young people, to socialize under
chaperone conditions, Halloween 

575
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:10,400
became courtship territory. 
With many of the traditional 

576
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,000
divination games. 
Reframed as parlor 

577
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,300
entertainment, That game where 
you throw apple peels to see 

578
00:33:16,308 --> 00:33:19,100
what letter they form. 
It's a perfect way for young 

579
00:33:19,100 --> 00:33:22,000
ladies to giggle about their 
romantic prospects, while their 

580
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:26,000
mothers watching nearby. 
But while middle-class Americans

581
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:29,200
were having gentle parties 
working class and immigrant 

582
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:31,700
communities were celebrating 
more raucously. 

583
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:35,100
Halloween became a knight when 
young people particularly 

584
00:33:35,100 --> 00:33:38,300
adolescent boys felt entitled to
cause Mischief. 

585
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:41,300
The old Mischief Night 
Traditions, Amplified by 

586
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:44,300
American frontier attitudes 
toward Authority and property. 

587
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:49,100
In some communities Halloween, 
Mischief was relatively harmless

588
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:53,100
soaping, Windows moving out 
houses and rearranging porch 

589
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:56,800
furniture in others. 
It escalated into genuine, 

590
00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:01,800
vandalism and violence. 
By the early 1900s Halloween, in

591
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,500
many American cities and become 
a knight of chaos with roving 

592
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,300
bands of young, people causing 
thousands of dollars in 

593
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:12,300
property, damage fighting with 
police and generally, terrified 

594
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:16,300
of abiding citizens, city 
leaders, and social reformers 

595
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,199
looked at the situation and 
decided something needed to be 

596
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:22,000
done. 
Halloween needed to be brought 

597
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,699
under control, channeled into 
safer, directions and 

598
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:28,699
transformed from a knight of 
chaos into an organized 

599
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:32,900
Community celebration. 
This impulse would lead directly

600
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:35,100
to the creation of modern trick 
or treating. 

601
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,199
But we're not quite there yet. 
First, we need to talk about 

602
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:42,500
Jack O'Lanterns because there 
are rival in America tells us 

603
00:34:42,500 --> 00:34:45,800
something important about how 
Traditions evolved and why 

604
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:47,500
turnips are terrible carving 
materials. 

605
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,199
Let's talk about carved 
vegetables because this is where

606
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:54,500
Halloween story gets 
delightfully weird in ways that 

607
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:57,100
reveal how Traditions 
transformed when they encounter 

608
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:01,000
new environments. 
In Ireland and Scotland people 

609
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:03,500
have been carving vegetables for
Halloween for centuries. 

610
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:07,000
The traditional was connected to
various folklore. 

611
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:10,600
But the most famous story 
involved, a man called Stingy 

612
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:13,600
Jack. 
Sometimes called Jack the Smith 

613
00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:17,500
or Jack of the lantern. 
Who supposedly tricked the devil

614
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:21,200
so many times that when he died 
Heaven wouldn't take him and 

615
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:24,300
hell wouldn't have him? 
He was condemned to wander the 

616
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:27,400
Earth with only a hollowed out, 
turnip containing a burning coal

617
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:30,400
to light his way. 
So Irish, and Scottish people 

618
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,700
would carve turnips potatoes or 
rutabagas into grotesque. 

619
00:35:34,700 --> 00:35:38,600
Faces Place candles inside and 
display them on windowsills or 

620
00:35:38,608 --> 00:35:42,500
Gates on All Hallows Eve. 
These weren't decorative in the 

621
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:43,800
cute sense. 
We think of today. 

622
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,600
They were meant to be 
frightening to scare away Jack 

623
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,400
and other malevolent spirits who
might be wondering that night. 

624
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:53,400
Have you ever tried to carve a 
turnip? 

625
00:35:53,900 --> 00:35:56,900
The dense fibrous vegetables 
that resists carving, like 

626
00:35:56,900 --> 00:35:58,900
they're personally offended by 
your knife. 

627
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,900
Creating anything beyond the 
most basic face requires 

628
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:05,700
significant effort and a high 
tolerance for frustration. 

629
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:10,000
The resulting Jacqueline's were 
often genuinely disturbing, 

630
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:13,900
looking partly from design and 
partly from the limitations of 

631
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:16,500
the medium. 
When Irish immigrants came to 

632
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:19,000
America, they naturally brought 
this tradition with them. 

633
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:24,800
But America offered something. 
Ireland didn't pumpkins native 

634
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:27,500
to North America. 
Pumpkins were larger easier to 

635
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:30,000
carve and far more abundant than
turnips. 

636
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:32,700
They were all so Hollow which 
meant you didn't have to 

637
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:35,500
laboriously excavate the 
interior like you were 

638
00:36:35,508 --> 00:36:39,400
conducting agricultural. 
Archeology The first time in 

639
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,100
Irish immigrant carved pumpkins,
instead of a turnip for 

640
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:44,900
Halloween, they must have felt 
like they discovered a cheat 

641
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:48,100
code for an ancient tradition. 
Suddenly, you could create a 

642
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:50,800
labret faces. 
You can make your jack-o-lantern

643
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:52,000
actually look. 
The way. 

644
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,300
You'd always imagine it. 
You could finish the project in 

645
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:58,100
an evening rather than over 
several days of turnip 

646
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,000
wrestling. 
By the late, 1800s carved. 

647
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:04,500
Pumpkins had become the standard
American Halloween decoration 

648
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:09,000
and the term jack-o-lantern had 
transferred from turnips to 

649
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,400
pumpkins. 
So, completely that most 

650
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:14,800
Americans probably didn't know 
turnips had ever been involved. 

651
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,900
It was a perfect example of how 
Traditions adapt to new 

652
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:22,000
environments, keeping their 
symbolic meaning while changing 

653
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:26,300
their material expression, 
Pumpkins, of course all so fit 

654
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:29,500
perfectly into American ideas 
about abundance and size. 

655
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,000
America was a place where 
everything was supposed to be 

656
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:35,600
bigger better and more 
impressive. 

657
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:39,400
A pumpkin jack-o'-lantern was 
objectively more impressive than

658
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:43,200
a tip one, which aligned with 
American cultural values, even 

659
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:47,200
as it preserved, Irish 
traditions, The early 1900s saw 

660
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:51,000
Halloween's, iconography expand 
in other ways, to commercial, 

661
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:53,500
companies began producing 
Halloween, themed products, 

662
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:56,500
decorations costumes, and 
greeting cards. 

663
00:37:57,300 --> 00:37:59,900
This commercialization might 
seem like a modern phenomenon, 

664
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:02,100
but it started surprisingly 
early. 

665
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,900
By the 1920s, you could buy mass
produced Halloween costumes, 

666
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:08,900
though. 
They were still primarily for 

667
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:11,600
children, and mostly consisted 
of paper. 

668
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,600
Mache, masks and inexpensive 
fabric costume. 

669
00:38:15,600 --> 00:38:18,800
Halloween's, imagery during this
period was often genuinely 

670
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,600
unsettling by modern standards. 
The greeting cards featured 

671
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:26,400
witches. 
Black cats, bats, devils, and 

672
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,300
skeletons. 
But they weren't cute or 

673
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:32,200
cartoonish, they were 
Illustrated in a style that 

674
00:38:32,208 --> 00:38:35,000
maintained Halloween's 
connection to genuine, fear and 

675
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,900
darkness while framing it as 
entertainment. 

676
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:41,300
This is a delicate balance that 
Halloween has always had to 

677
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:43,900
strike. 
It needs to be scary enough to 

678
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:48,800
be thrilling, but not so scary. 
That it's traumatic to light and

679
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:52,800
it loses its Edge too dark and 
people avoid it. 

680
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,300
The early 20th century Halloween
aesthetic leaned, darker than to

681
00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:00,900
today's version's reflecting a 
society that still had a more 

682
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,000
intimate relationship with death
and darkness. 

683
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:06,500
But the biggest transformation 
in Halloween's. 

684
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:10,500
Early 20th century history had 
to do with those roving bands of

685
00:39:10,508 --> 00:39:13,800
young, people destroying 
property and terrorizing 

686
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:17,200
neighborhoods. 
Something had to be done about 

687
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,400
Halloween chaos and what emerged
would change, the holiday 

688
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,900
forever. 
Enter civil organizations parent

689
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:27,400
groups, and city leaders, who 
decided that Halloween needed to

690
00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,000
be institutionalized, organized,
and made safe. 

691
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:35,100
They promoted home parties 
School, celebrations and 

692
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:38,300
community events as alternatives
to Street mischief. 

693
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:41,800
They organized costume parades 
and contests giving young 

694
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:43,900
people, something to do besides 
vandalism. 

695
00:39:45,100 --> 00:39:48,100
Most importantly, they began 
actively promoting 

696
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,800
trick-or-treating as an 
organized Community, sanctioned 

697
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,900
activity that were channeled 
children's energies into 

698
00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:59,600
acceptable forms. the tradition 
of going door-to-door for treats

699
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:03,200
already existed in various 
forms, we talked about solar and

700
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:08,300
guising But it had been informal
sporadic and practiced mainly by

701
00:40:08,300 --> 00:40:11,700
immigrant communities. 
Now, it was being actively 

702
00:40:11,700 --> 00:40:15,500
promoted as the proper way to 
celebrate Halloween, a way to 

703
00:40:15,508 --> 00:40:18,400
keep children occupied and give 
a delts a structured way to 

704
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:22,700
participate. 
The term trick or treat itself 

705
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:27,100
emerged in the 1930s though. 
Its exact origin is debated? 

706
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:30,100
Some sources. 
Claim it started in Canada, 

707
00:40:30,100 --> 00:40:32,500
others. 
In various American cities. 

708
00:40:33,500 --> 00:40:37,600
What matters is that, by the 
1940s, the phrases spread across

709
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:40,000
North. 
America, encapsulating a 

710
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:45,800
specific transaction, I'll 
perform for you the trick and 

711
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:49,100
you'll give me treats. 
If you don't, I'm entitled to 

712
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,800
some kind of Mischief that by 
this point, the trick part was 

713
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:55,400
more theoretical threat than 
actual practice. 

714
00:40:56,900 --> 00:41:00,100
World War Two interrupted 
Halloween celebrations as it 

715
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:04,300
interrupted so many things. 
Sugar rationing meant no candy 

716
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:07,200
for trick or treating. 
Young people were otherwise 

717
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:10,800
occupied with war work. 
Communities had other concerns 

718
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:14,400
than organizing Halloween 
parades the holiday went dormant

719
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:18,600
waiting for better times. 
Those better times came in, the 

720
00:41:18,608 --> 00:41:22,800
late 1940s and exploded into 
full flower in the 1950s. 

721
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:25,800
Post-war America with its Baby. 
Boom. 

722
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:28,700
Suburban expansion and 
unprecedented. 

723
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,500
Prosperity was the perfect 
environment for Halloween to 

724
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:36,400
transform into something 
entirely new A children's 

725
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:40,900
holiday focused on costumes, and
candy. celebrated in 

726
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:44,300
family-friendly, Suburban 
neighborhoods where children 

727
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:48,400
could safely Wander from house 
to house, Accumulating treats 

728
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,700
from Neighbors who were happy to
participate in this whole song 

729
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:55,900
Community ritual. 
Picture an American suburb in 

730
00:41:55,900 --> 00:41:59,200
1955, you're standing in your 
living room. 

731
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,300
Looking out the window at 
streets lined with nearly 

732
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:07,000
identical houses each with a 
manicured lawn and a two-car 

733
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,900
garage. 
Post-war economic boom has 

734
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:15,400
created something unprecedented.
A vast middle class with 

735
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:19,000
disposable income and Leisure 
Time, your neighbor's have 

736
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:22,500
children, lots of children 
because this is the baby. 

737
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:24,800
Boom. 
And those children need things 

738
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:29,300
to do Halloween was perfectly 
positioned to meet this need, it

739
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:31,700
was a holiday specifically 
designed for children to 

740
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:36,200
participate in, to dress up to 
go outside and to interact with 

741
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:38,900
their community. 
It required parental 

742
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:42,400
involvement, but not parental 
domination, kids could be 

743
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:45,500
semi-independent while still 
within the protective structure 

744
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:49,300
of neighborhood supervision. 
The Suburban geography itself, 

745
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,700
transformed trick-or-treating in
dense, Urban neighborhoods, 

746
00:42:52,700 --> 00:42:56,000
going door to door, met 
navigating apartment buildings, 

747
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,400
tenements and diverse 
communities, where not everyone 

748
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,700
knew everyone else. 
In rural areas houses were too 

749
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:08,300
far apart for efficient trick or
treating but suburbs, suburbs 

750
00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:11,100
were perfect. 
Houses were close enough to 

751
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,500
visit many in a single evening, 
but separate enough that each 

752
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:18,100
visit to sting. 
Everyone was roughly the same 

753
00:43:18,108 --> 00:43:22,000
social class which eliminated 
awkward economic disparities. 

754
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,400
Streets were safe because cars 
were few and slow and because 

755
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:28,200
everyone knew everyone else's 
business. 

756
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:32,300
Candy companies notice this 
trend and pounced on it, like it

757
00:43:32,300 --> 00:43:35,000
was Halloween's greatest trick 
ever played on the American 

758
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:38,900
Consumer. 
Before the 1950s Halloween 

759
00:43:38,900 --> 00:43:42,700
treats were whatever households 
had available homemade cookies, 

760
00:43:42,700 --> 00:43:46,400
popcorn balls, apples nuts and 
coins. 

761
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:49,500
These were nice but they weren't
scalable. 

762
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:54,200
They couldn't be mass produced 
shipped Nationwide, and sold at 

763
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:56,200
a markup. 
Candy. 

764
00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:58,600
On the other hand was perfect 
for commercialization. 

765
00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:02,600
It was manufactured consistent, 
individually, wrapped and 

766
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:05,800
shelf-stable. 
Candy companies began marketing 

767
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:08,500
directly to parents positioning 
their products. 

768
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:11,200
As the convenient appropriate 
Halloween treat. 

769
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:15,500
They created special Halloween, 
packaging featuring seasonal, 

770
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:20,200
colors, and spooky imagery. they
invented fun-size bars, 

771
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:23,100
specifically for 
trick-or-treating smaller than 

772
00:44:23,100 --> 00:44:26,000
regular candy bars, but larger 
than the penny candy, that have 

773
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:30,500
previously been standing, The 
Genius of Fun Size candy was 

774
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:32,500
that, it made generous giving 
affordable. 

775
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:36,300
You could buy a bag of fun sized
bars and have enough for dozens 

776
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:39,600
of trick or treaters without 
spending a fortune, you could be

777
00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:42,700
the popular house. 
The one kids remembered the one,

778
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:47,300
they targeted for return visits 
Candy companies had figured out 

779
00:44:47,308 --> 00:44:51,100
how to commodify Neighborhood, 
social status and Americans 

780
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:56,000
eagerly participated. 
By the 1960s and 1970s 

781
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,400
Halloween, candy was big 
business. 

782
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:02,200
The holiday had become America's
second largest commercial 

783
00:45:02,200 --> 00:45:06,200
celebration after Christmas. 
Stores created Halloween 

784
00:45:06,200 --> 00:45:09,500
sections, filled with costumes, 
decorations and bags. 

785
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:13,000
Upon bags of candy. 
The entire ritual had been 

786
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,400
standardized children would 
trick or treat collecting 

787
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,500
factory made candy from 
Neighbors returning home with 

788
00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:23,100
pillowcases or plastic, pumpkins
filled with branded trademark 

789
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:26,500
treats. 
This commercialization changed 

790
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:29,000
Halloween character in subtle 
but important ways. 

791
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:32,700
The holiday became less about 
Community, Traditions passed 

792
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:36,400
down through families and more 
about consumer participation in 

793
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:40,100
a nationally recognized event. 
He didn't need to know your 

794
00:45:40,100 --> 00:45:42,200
grandmother's Halloween costumes
because you could learn 

795
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,600
everything you needed from 
television commercials store 

796
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:48,800
displays and neighbors who are 
also learning from the same 

797
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:53,100
sources Halloween had become 
thoroughly American, not in the 

798
00:45:53,108 --> 00:45:55,700
sense of preserving any 
authentic early American 

799
00:45:55,700 --> 00:45:59,700
tradition, but in the sense of 
reflecting American value, circa

800
00:45:59,700 --> 00:46:04,800
1950 to 1980. 
Consumerism suburbanization. 

801
00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:09,700
Standardization. 
Child centricity and the 

802
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:12,700
transformation of traditional 
holidays into commercial 

803
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:15,800
opportunities. 
But something else was happening

804
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:17,600
too. 
As Halloween became 

805
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:20,400
standardized, it all, became a 
canvas for creativity. 

806
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:25,000
Stobart costumes were one 
option, but many families 

807
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:28,800
enjoyed making costumes at home 
transforming bed, sheets into 

808
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:32,100
ghost costumes. 
Cardboard boxes into robots 

809
00:46:32,100 --> 00:46:35,000
suits and face paint into zombie
makeup. 

810
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:38,800
Halloween became an outlet for 
artistic expression. 

811
00:46:39,700 --> 00:46:42,700
Particularly for parents who 
enjoyed crafting and children 

812
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:45,000
who enjoyed pretending to be 
someone else for an evening. 

813
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:49,400
The 1970s also saw Halloween 
decorations become more, 

814
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:53,900
elaborate No longer content with
a single Jack O'Lantern families

815
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:58,100
began festooning their entire 
houses with decorations paper 

816
00:46:58,100 --> 00:47:03,200
skeletons plastic, gravestones 
cotton cobwebs and orange 

817
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:05,800
lights. 
The outside of your house, 

818
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:09,600
became a statement about your 
Halloween, enthusiasm, your 

819
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:12,900
creativity, and your willingness
to participate in community 

820
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:16,400
celebration. 
This decorating, impulse 

821
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:19,600
intensified over subsequent 
decades until we reach the 

822
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:21,900
modern phenomenon of houses 
decorated. 

823
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:25,800
So elaborately that they become 
neighborhood attractions with 

824
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:29,200
animatronic displays, 
professional lighting and 

825
00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:32,100
special effects that would have 
impressed theme park design as a

826
00:47:32,108 --> 00:47:35,200
generation ago. 
Halloween had become a 

827
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:37,600
competition, albeit, usually a 
friendly. 

828
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:41,200
One about who could create the 
most impressive display, the 

829
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:43,800
1980s brought a moment of Crisis
to Halloween. 

830
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,300
Urban legends about poisoned 
candy and razor blades. 

831
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:50,800
In apples, almost entirely 
baseless but widely reported 

832
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,300
created Panic about trick or 
treating safety. 

833
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:58,400
Parents began, inspecting, 
candy, carefully, discarding 

834
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,900
anything, homemade or unwrapped.
Hospitals, offer to x-ray candy 

835
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:05,700
bags. 
Communities, organized Mall 

836
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:08,600
trick-or-treating and supervised
school events as safer 

837
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:10,300
alternatives to traditional 
neighborhood. 

838
00:48:10,300 --> 00:48:14,200
Trick-or-treating The safety 
panics reflected broader 

839
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,600
anxieties about childhood 
Community Trust and social 

840
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,400
change. 
The 1980s were a time when 

841
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:22,400
American culture became more 
aware of child. 

842
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:26,600
Safety issues, sometimes 
appropriately and sometimes the 

843
00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,700
point of paranoia. 
Halloween got caught in this 

844
00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:34,500
shift with the holidays. 
Traditional semi-independent for

845
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:37,500
children, increasingly replaced 
by intensive. 

846
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:41,500
Parental supervision Yet, 
trick-or-treating survive these 

847
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,800
challenges partly. 
Because the actual danger was 

848
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:48,900
vastly exaggerated and partly 
because communities adapted 

849
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,200
Parents began accompanying their
children daughter. 

850
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:55,900
Door something that would have 
seemed absurdly overprotective 

851
00:48:55,900 --> 00:48:59,500
in the 1950s, but became 
standard by the 1990s. 

852
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,200
Trick or treating hours became 
more defined earlier in the 

853
00:49:04,208 --> 00:49:06,900
evening ending. 
While it was still light out in 

854
00:49:06,900 --> 00:49:11,900
some communities, the ritual 
changed but endured Children 

855
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:14,500
still dressed up, still went 
door to door and still collected

856
00:49:14,500 --> 00:49:17,400
candy. 
Adults, still gave out treats 

857
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:21,900
still decorated their houses and
still participated in creating 

858
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:23,700
Halloween magic for a new 
generation. 

859
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:29,100
Fundamental transaction costume 
for candy, Community 

860
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:33,000
recognition, for Community 
participation remained intact 

861
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:37,000
even as its context shifted. 
Now, let's bring ourselves to 

862
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:39,800
the present to the Halloween, 
you know, from your own 

863
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:42,700
experience. 
As you settle deeper into 

864
00:49:42,700 --> 00:49:44,900
Comfort. 
Think about how this holiday has

865
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:47,500
evolved into something that 
would baffle a Celtic. 

866
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:52,100
Druid confused, a medieval 
Christian and probably Delight 

867
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:54,200
in 19th century. 
Irish immigrant who had 

868
00:49:54,208 --> 00:49:58,100
recognized some elements, but 
Marvel at the scale, and 

869
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:01,500
commercialization modern 
Halloween in America is a 

870
00:50:01,508 --> 00:50:05,200
massive cultural and economic 
phenomenon American spend 

871
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:08,700
billions. 
Yes, billions on Halloween 

872
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:11,700
annually. 
Costume sales alone generator 

873
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:16,000
over three billion dollars, 
candy sales peaking October with

874
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,100
Americans, buying over 600 
million pounds of candy, 

875
00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:22,800
specifically for Halloween. 
The holiday has become so 

876
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:26,500
economically significant that 
retailers consider it crucial 

877
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:30,100
for their annual bottom line. 
But money isn't the most 

878
00:50:30,100 --> 00:50:32,100
interesting part of contemporary
Halloween. 

879
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,700
What's fascinating is how the 
holiday has continued to evolve 

880
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:40,800
adapt and generate neutral 
editions even as it maintains 

881
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:44,500
connections to, its ancient 
Roots, take adult Halloween 

882
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:47,300
celebrations. 
For instance, while Halloween 

883
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:50,000
was primarily rebranded as a 
children's holiday in the 

884
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:53,900
mid-20th century, it has 
reclaimed adult participation in

885
00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:56,600
recent decades, Halloween 
parties. 

886
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,700
For adults, have become enormous
events with elaborate costumes, 

887
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:03,100
themed decorations. 
And celebrations. 

888
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:06,100
That rival New Year's Eve 
parties in their intensity. 

889
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:09,900
This adult Embrace of Halloween 
reflects several cultural 

890
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:12,500
shifts. 
There's a growing acceptance of 

891
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:15,600
adult playfulness. 
An erosion of strict boundaries 

892
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:17,700
between childhood and adulthood 
activities. 

893
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:21,000
There's all the appeal of 
Halloween's permission to be 

894
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:24,600
someone else for an evening in 
our age of personal branding and

895
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:28,000
curated social media. 
Personas Halloween offers a 

896
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:30,700
sanctioned opportunity to try on
different identities. 

897
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:35,100
The cost costumes themselves of 
changed dramatically early, 

898
00:51:35,100 --> 00:51:38,400
Halloween costumes were 
relatively simple ghosts 

899
00:51:38,400 --> 00:51:40,500
witches. 
Vampires and monsters. 

900
00:51:41,600 --> 00:51:44,500
These were Halloween specific 
characters drawn from the 

901
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:48,700
holidays spooky heritage. 
Modern Halloween costumes can be

902
00:51:48,708 --> 00:51:52,800
literally anything pop culture, 
characters, political figures 

903
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,700
memes, puns or abstract 
Concepts. 

904
00:51:56,700 --> 00:51:59,800
The only requirement is 
creativity and some kind of 

905
00:51:59,808 --> 00:52:03,500
transformative element. 
This expansion, reflects 

906
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,700
Halloween's, absorption of 
broader culture, it's no longer 

907
00:52:06,708 --> 00:52:09,100
a holiday with its own separate 
iconography. 

908
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:12,100
But rather a framework for 
expressing whatever is 

909
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:13,700
culturally relevant at that 
moment. 

910
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:18,200
When a movie becomes popular 
Halloween costumes appear within

911
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:22,900
weeks when a meme goes viral, it
becomes a costume Halloween has 

912
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:26,300
become a real time barometer of 
popular culture a waiter. 

913
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:29,300
See what captured the collective
imagination that year, the 

914
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:33,400
holiday as Fred International in
fascinating ways, while 

915
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:35,900
Halloween has roots in Celtic 
and British Traditions. 

916
00:52:35,900 --> 00:52:39,300
Its modern American Forum has 
been exported globally. 

917
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:42,700
Particularly to countries with 
close cultural ties to the 

918
00:52:42,700 --> 00:52:44,900
United States. 
Canada. 

919
00:52:44,900 --> 00:52:49,200
The UK, Ireland, and Australia. 
All celebrate Halloween. 

920
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:52,700
Now, with varying degrees of 
enthusiasm mixing, local 

921
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:54,700
Traditions with American 
influences. 

922
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:59,700
In some places, this has been 
controversial Critics argue that

923
00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:01,700
American Halloween is cultural 
imperialism. 

924
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:05,600
Placing authentic, local 
Traditions with commercial 

925
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,400
superficiality. 
There's some truth to this 

926
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:11,800
concern. 
Halloween's, Global spread is 

927
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:15,000
inseparable from American 
cultural and economic influence.

928
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:18,300
But there's also something more 
interesting happening. 

929
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:22,700
Just as Halloween adapted, when 
it came to America, it adapts in

930
00:53:22,708 --> 00:53:26,700
each new context. 
Irish people celebrating modern 

931
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,200
Halloween mixed their 
traditional practices with 

932
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:32,500
American influences creating 
something hybrid. 

933
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:37,100
Japanese Halloween celebrations 
emphasize, elaborate costumes, 

934
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:41,000
and parades, but DMVs 
trick-or-treating reflecting, 

935
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:43,800
different cultural norms about 
public space and Community 

936
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,500
interaction. 
Mexico's Day of the Dead 

937
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:50,800
November 1st and 2nd has ancient
Roots completely separate from 

938
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:53,700
Celtics. 
Samurai yet its proximity to 

939
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:56,800
Halloween creates interesting, 
cultural resonance and sometimes

940
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,900
blending You see how Halloween 
decorations appearing? 

941
00:53:59,900 --> 00:54:03,300
Alongside traditional Day of the
Dead altars, not erasing the 

942
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:06,600
older tradition but existing 
alongside it sometimes. 

943
00:54:06,600 --> 00:54:10,400
Awkwardly sometimes, 
harmoniously Contemporary 

944
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:12,600
Halloween. 
Also reflects modern anxieties 

945
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,600
and interests. 
Haunted houses have evolved from

946
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:18,300
simple spooky decorations into 
elaborate professional 

947
00:54:18,300 --> 00:54:20,800
Productions. 
Featuring Hollywood quality, 

948
00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:25,200
special effects hired, actors 
and psychological horror 

949
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:27,900
elements. 
These haunted attractions 

950
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:31,800
generate significant revenue and
employ thousands of seasonal 

951
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:34,900
workers. 
The popularity of elaborate. 

952
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:37,100
Haunted houses, says something 
about modern cultures 

953
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:41,000
relationship with fear. 
We live in, arguably the safest 

954
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:43,100
most comfortable era in human 
history. 

955
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:46,800
At least for those in developed 
Nations, real existential 

956
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:48,900
threats feel distant for many 
people. 

957
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:53,600
Haunted houses, offered Fear 
Experience and chances to feel 

958
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:57,200
genuine Terror in completely 
safe environments. 

959
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,500
It's fear as Recreation. 
Danger as entertainment, 

960
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:04,900
Halloween is all become 
surprisingly inclusive in ways 

961
00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:08,100
that would have been 
unimaginable in early as The 

962
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:10,500
holiday welcomes, everyone, 
regardless of religious 

963
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:14,300
affiliation cultural background 
or personal beliefs. 

964
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:17,400
You don't have to believe in 
spirits or practice any 

965
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:20,800
particular religion to enjoy 
dressing up and eating candy. 

966
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:23,900
This religious neutrality has 
made Halloween. 

967
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:27,000
One of America's, most 
universally celebrated holidays,

968
00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:31,000
the lgbtq plus Community is 
particularly embraced Halloween,

969
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:33,800
with costume parties and 
celebrations. 

970
00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:37,200
That allow for gender 
expression, creativity, and 

971
00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:40,900
celebration of difference. 
Halloween, tradition of wearing 

972
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:43,900
masks and becoming someone else.
Resonates powerfully with 

973
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:46,800
experiences of identity, 
exploration and expression. 

974
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:50,700
The holiday has become an 
important date in queer. 

975
00:55:50,700 --> 00:55:54,800
Cultural calendars a night when 
fluidity in transformation or 

976
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:56,400
celebrated rather than 
questioned. 

977
00:55:57,300 --> 00:56:00,700
Pet participation in Halloween 
has exploded in recent years 

978
00:56:00,700 --> 00:56:05,100
with millions of dogs and cats 
dressed in costumes, featured in

979
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:08,400
social media posts and 
incorporated into family 

980
00:56:08,400 --> 00:56:12,000
celebrations. 
This would have seemed bizarre 

981
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:14,900
to earlier Generations. 
But it reflects contemporary 

982
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:19,000
attitudes, About Pets as family 
members and Halloween as a 

983
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:21,500
celebration that can include 
everyone in the household. 

984
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:25,300
The rise of social media has 
transformed Halloween yet again.

985
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:29,400
Costume reveals decoration 
photos, and Halloween party, 

986
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:32,900
pictures flood, Instagram, 
Facebook and Tick Tock each 

987
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,400
October. 
The holiday has become 

988
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,500
performance art with people 
creating costumes and 

989
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:41,800
decorations specifically for 
their social media impact. 

990
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,400
This adds another layer to 
Halloween's transformative 

991
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:47,900
aspect. 
You're not just becoming someone

992
00:56:47,900 --> 00:56:51,000
else for your neighbors, but for
your, entire digital Network, 

993
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:54,600
Environmental Consciousness is 
also influenced modern 

994
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:57,000
Halloween. 
There's growing awareness of 

995
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,900
Halloween's. 
Waste problem single-use plastic

996
00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:04,600
costumes disposable decorations 
and excessive candy Packaging. 

997
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:08,700
Some families and communities 
have responded by emphasizing 

998
00:57:08,700 --> 00:57:12,400
sustainable practices. 
Homemade costumes from reused 

999
00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:17,100
materials, natural decorations, 
buying candy and bulk, rather 

1000
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:20,800
than individually wrapped and 
organizing costume swaps rather 

1001
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:24,100
than buying new each year. 
Yet, despite all these modern 

1002
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,800
elements, contemporary Halloween
maintains remarkable continuity 

1003
00:57:27,800 --> 00:57:30,200
with his past. 
We still carve pumpkins 

1004
00:57:30,200 --> 00:57:32,900
descended from Irish turnip 
carving. 

1005
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:37,000
We still dressing costumes 
descended from Celtic disguises 

1006
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:40,100
and medieval mummy. 
We still go door to door, 

1007
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:44,500
seeking treats to send it from 
solar and guys, in We still 

1008
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:48,400
acknowledge that October. 31st 
is a special night, a thin 

1009
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:52,800
place, a moment of transition 
even if we frame it as fun 

1010
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:56,700
rather than spiritual truth. 
The jack-o'-lanterns glowing on 

1011
00:57:56,708 --> 00:57:59,200
porches, the children in 
costumes. 

1012
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:02,800
Moving through neighborhoods, 
the adults at parties, dressed 

1013
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:06,700
as pirates and superheroes, the 
decorations transforming 

1014
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:11,100
ordinary houses in 200 Mansions.
All of this connects back to 

1015
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:15,200
those ancient Celts standing 
around bonfires acknowledging 

1016
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:19,200
the transition from light to 
dark from life to death from 

1017
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,400
Summer to Winter. 
Halloween. 

1018
00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:25,000
Today is simultaneously ancient 
and modern sacred and 

1019
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:27,300
Commercial, an individual and 
communal. 

1020
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:32,000
It's a holiday that has survived
by adapting that has maintained 

1021
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:34,400
its essential character. 
While transforming its 

1022
00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:38,300
expression that has moved from 
Celtic hilltops to Roman temples

1023
00:58:38,300 --> 00:58:42,800
to Medieval churches to American
suburbs, to Global popular 

1024
00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:47,500
culture while somehow remaining 
recognizably itself as we near 

1025
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:49,600
the end of our journey through 
Halloween's, long history. 

1026
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:51,700
Let's consider a deeper 
question. 

1027
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:55,900
Why has this holiday survived 
and thrived when so many other 

1028
00:58:55,900 --> 00:58:58,600
Traditions have vanished into 
history forgotten corners. 

1029
00:58:59,600 --> 00:59:03,100
Part of the answer lies in 
timing Halloween occupies. 

1030
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:06,100
A sweet spot in the calendar 
late enough in Autumn that the 

1031
00:59:06,108 --> 00:59:09,200
seasons character is 
unmistakable, but not so late 

1032
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:11,700
that whether has become 
prohibitively cold in most 

1033
00:59:11,700 --> 00:59:14,200
regions. 
It comes after the earnest, back

1034
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:16,100
to school, period. 
But before the intense of 

1035
00:59:16,108 --> 00:59:19,600
holiday season of Thanksgiving, 
through New Year's It offers a 

1036
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:23,200
break, a pressure release, and a
moment of playfulness before the

1037
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:26,700
years, final Sprint. 
The Autumn timing, also connects

1038
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:28,800
to something fundamental in 
human psychology. 

1039
00:59:30,100 --> 00:59:31,600
Seasonal. 
Transitions, have always 

1040
00:59:31,600 --> 00:59:35,600
prompted reflection and ritual. 
As the natural world, visibly 

1041
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:40,000
changes leaves falling days, 
shortening, temperatures 

1042
00:59:40,000 --> 00:59:43,200
dropping. 
We instinctively sense, endings,

1043
00:59:43,200 --> 00:59:46,300
and Beginnings, death and 
dormancy. 

1044
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:50,800
Halloween acknowledges these 
transitions rather than ignoring

1045
00:59:50,800 --> 00:59:54,400
them, giving them festive rather
than melancholic expression. 

1046
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:58,600
Halloween also endures because 
it's fundamentally Democratic 

1047
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:02,000
and participatory Unlike 
holidays, that require 

1048
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:06,500
significant financial resources,
specific religious beliefs or 

1049
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:09,900
family structures, Halloween 
welcomes, anyone who wants to 

1050
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:13,500
participate? 
You can celebrate elaborately or

1051
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:18,000
simply religiously or secularly 
alone or with others. 

1052
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:23,900
The basic components costumes 
treats and decorations, can be 

1053
01:00:23,908 --> 01:00:27,800
expensive or nearly free 
depending on your resources and 

1054
01:00:27,800 --> 01:00:31,000
creativity. 
This accessibility is allowed 

1055
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:34,800
Halloween to spread across class
boundaries cultural groups and 

1056
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:39,500
geographic regions, it's not an 
exclusive celebration but an 

1057
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:41,900
inclusive. 
One growing more in compassing 

1058
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:43,700
rather than more restrictive 
over time. 

1059
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:48,500
The holidays of darkness and 
fear all so explains its 

1060
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:51,800
endurance, Modern Life 
encourages us to ignore death 

1061
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:55,900
hide aging maintain Relentless 
positivity and keep 

1062
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:58,100
uncomfortable realities arms 
length. 

1063
01:00:58,800 --> 01:01:02,300
Halloween provides a sanctioned 
space to acknowledge the scary 

1064
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:06,700
The Morbid and the unsettling. 
It's a pressure valve for 

1065
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:08,700
anxieties were usually expected 
to suppress. 

1066
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:13,300
This is particularly important 
for children childhood involves,

1067
01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:19,300
navigating many fears, Darkness 
strangers, death monsters and 

1068
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:22,100
the unknown. 
Halloween transforms. 

1069
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:26,900
These fears into play into 
manageable experience is When 

1070
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:30,300
children dresses monsters, they 
gain symbolic power over, what 

1071
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:33,500
frightens them when they 
navigate neighborhoods at night?

1072
01:01:33,500 --> 01:01:36,600
They practice courage and 
controlled circumstances. 

1073
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:40,700
When they see scary decorations,
they learned to distinguish 

1074
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:45,000
between real and pretend Danger.
Parents often underestimate how 

1075
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:48,600
important this fear Management, 
training is Halloween, teachers,

1076
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:52,800
emotional regulation, helps, 
children process anxiety, and 

1077
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:55,500
demonstrates that scary things 
can be enjoyable. 

1078
01:01:55,500 --> 01:01:58,900
When properly framed. 
These are valuable life skills. 

1079
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,900
Learned through the simple Act 
of trick-or-treating. 

1080
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,400
Halloween's, creative aspect 
also contributes to its 

1081
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:08,300
endurance. 
The holiday demands imagination,

1082
01:02:08,300 --> 01:02:12,400
choosing costumes, decorating 
spaces, planning parties, and 

1083
01:02:12,400 --> 01:02:16,200
carving pumpkins. 
In an era when much of life is 

1084
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,900
standardized, and commodified, 
Halloween, offers opportunities 

1085
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:24,100
for personal expression and 
artistic creation. this creative

1086
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:28,400
component makes participation 
satisfying in ways that purely 

1087
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:33,400
passive consumption never could 
The holiday also benefits from 

1088
01:02:33,400 --> 01:02:37,200
being fundamentally optional. 
No one is obligated to celebrate

1089
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:40,300
Halloween which paradoxically 
makes celebration more 

1090
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:43,300
meaningful. 
When you participate is because 

1091
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:46,900
you want to, because you find it
fun or meaningful or worthwhile.

1092
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:50,600
This voluntary aspect keeps 
Halloween vital. 

1093
01:02:50,600 --> 01:02:54,700
It must continually justify its 
existence by being enjoyable, 

1094
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:59,100
rather than coasting on 
obligation The community 

1095
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:02,600
building aspect of Halloween 
cannot be overstated in many 

1096
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:04,400
neighborhoods. 
Halloween is the one night of 

1097
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,500
the year when people 
intentionally interact with 

1098
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:09,800
neighbors, they might otherwise 
only Wave 2, while getting into 

1099
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:12,300
cars. 
Trick-or-treating creates 

1100
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:16,400
opportunities for connection for
recognizing, shared Community 

1101
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:19,500
membership and for establishing 
that you live among friends, 

1102
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:23,300
rather than strangers. 
This community function has 

1103
01:03:23,300 --> 01:03:26,200
become more important as 
American society has become more

1104
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:30,300
fragmented and isolated. 
Halloween provides structured 

1105
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,400
opportunities for interaction 
for seeing and being seen and 

1106
01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:36,400
for participating in Collective 
celebration. 

1107
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:41,100
It reminds us that we belong to 
communities, that our actions 

1108
01:03:41,100 --> 01:03:43,900
affect others, and that we're 
connected to the people around 

1109
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:47,400
us. 
For many adults Halloween, 

1110
01:03:47,400 --> 01:03:51,500
Nostalgia is also powerful 
holiday connects to childhood 

1111
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:55,600
memories and to feelings of 
Wonder, excitement and safety. 

1112
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:59,700
Participating in Halloween, as 
an adult, whether by giving out 

1113
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:02,400
candy attending parties or 
taking children, 

1114
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:06,800
trick-or-treating provides 
continuity with once passed away

1115
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:09,700
of maintaining connection to 
youngest cells and transmitting 

1116
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:11,700
valued experiences to new 
generations. 

1117
01:04:13,700 --> 01:04:17,100
This intergenerational aspect in
riches Halloween significantly 

1118
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:21,400
grandparents take grandchildren 
trick or treating walking the 

1119
01:04:21,400 --> 01:04:23,100
same routes. 
They walked decades ago. 

1120
01:04:23,100 --> 01:04:26,700
Parents carved pumpkins using 
techniques learned from their 

1121
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:29,600
own parents. 
Costume ideas passed through 

1122
01:04:29,600 --> 01:04:33,000
families, like heirlooms 
Halloween becomes a threat, 

1123
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:37,500
connecting past present and 
future the holidays flexibility.

1124
01:04:37,500 --> 01:04:41,000
Also ensures it survival 
Halloween means different things

1125
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:44,300
to different people, a 
children's holiday and adult 

1126
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:48,800
party night, a spiritual 
observance, a creative Outlet, a

1127
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:52,800
commercial opportunity, a 
community celebration or simply 

1128
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:57,300
an excuse to eat can be This 
multi-value everyone find 

1129
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:00,400
personal meaning, while 
participating in shared cultural

1130
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:04,400
expression. 
Finally Halloween endures 

1131
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:08,400
because it's genuinely fun. 
This might seem too simple, but 

1132
01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:12,100
it's actually crucial. 
Holidays that become joyless, 

1133
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:15,200
obligations gradually die out or
become Hollow shells. 

1134
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:19,800
Halloween has maintained its 
essential playfulness, its sense

1135
01:05:19,800 --> 01:05:23,400
of delight and its permission to
be silly and scared and creative

1136
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:25,900
all at once. 
As long as people enjoy 

1137
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:28,000
Halloween, they'll keep 
celebrating it. 

1138
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:31,900
As you lie here on the edge of 
sleep consider, the long journey

1139
01:05:31,900 --> 01:05:34,000
Halloween has taken to reach 
your doorstep. 

1140
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:37,200
From Celtic hilltops, where 
bonfires blazed against 

1141
01:05:37,208 --> 01:05:41,100
approaching winter through Roman
temples and medieval churches 

1142
01:05:41,100 --> 01:05:45,100
across the Atlantic Ocean in the
memories of immigrants through 

1143
01:05:45,100 --> 01:05:49,300
American suburbs and into Global
popular culture, all of it 

1144
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:53,100
leading to this moment to you 
thinking about this strange and 

1145
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:56,800
wonderful tradition tomorrow 
night or perhaps tomorrow next 

1146
01:05:56,800 --> 01:05:59,500
year. 
Children will dress in costumes 

1147
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:01,500
and walk through neighborhood 
seeking candy. 

1148
01:06:02,300 --> 01:06:05,500
Adults, will decorate their 
homes with plastic skeletons and

1149
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:06,200
carved? 
Pumpkins. 

1150
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:09,500
Parties will happen. 
Haunted? 

1151
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:14,100
Houses will frightening victims 
and for one night, the Ordinary 

1152
01:06:14,100 --> 01:06:16,200
World will transform into 
something slightly. 

1153
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:20,400
Magical slightly spooky, and 
slightly different from everyday

1154
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,600
life. when you see those 
jack-o-lanterns glowing on, 

1155
01:06:23,608 --> 01:06:26,900
porches know that you're seeing 
a tradition that connects to 

1156
01:06:26,900 --> 01:06:31,500
carve turnips in Irish Cottages 
to Celtic bonfires on hilltops 

1157
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:35,500
and to ancient beliefs about 
thin places where worlds overlap

1158
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:40,300
When children knock on doors, 
seeking Treats, they're enacting

1159
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:45,400
rituals that connect to Medieval
solars to guises in Scotland and

1160
01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:48,500
to practices that have evolved 
over thousands of years. 

1161
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:53,500
But maintain the same basic 
structure costume, performance, 

1162
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:58,100
reward and community. 
Halloween reminds us that humans

1163
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:01,700
have always needed rituals to 
Mark times passage to 

1164
01:07:01,700 --> 01:07:05,300
acknowledge what frightens us 
and to transform Darkness into 

1165
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:08,500
celebration. 
We need moments when normal 

1166
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:11,500
rules are suspended when we can 
become someone else. 

1167
01:07:11,500 --> 01:07:14,800
And when the boundary between 
every day and extraordinary 

1168
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:20,400
grows thin, The holiday that 
began as sour in that liminal 

1169
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:22,900
moment, when ancient people 
acknowledge the dying of the 

1170
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:26,300
Year continues in every 
Halloween celebration. 

1171
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,600
The sacred fire has become 
electric orange lights the 

1172
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:34,500
animal skin disguises of become 
superhero, costumes and the 

1173
01:07:34,500 --> 01:07:37,200
offerings for the dead of become
fun sized candy bars. 

1174
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:41,400
But the essential impulse 
Remains the Same to mark this 

1175
01:07:41,400 --> 01:07:45,300
moment to acknowledge transition
and to face Darkness with 

1176
01:07:45,300 --> 01:07:47,500
community and courage. 
And even joy. 

1177
01:07:47,500 --> 01:07:51,200
As you drift towards sleep in 
all the Halloween's that have 

1178
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:55,600
been and all those still to come
and imagine the long chain of 

1179
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:59,200
October nights stretching back 
to prehistory and forward into 

1180
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:03,400
future as we cannot imagine. 
Imagine children, not yet, born 

1181
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:06,208
who will someday carve their own
pumpkins wear, their own 

1182
01:08:06,216 --> 01:08:10,400
costumes and collect their own 
treats and in doing so connect 

1183
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:13,100
to something ancient and human 
and profound. 

1184
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:16,300
Halloween endures because it 
speaks to something. 

1185
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:21,000
Fundamental in human nature, 
I'll need to Mark, time to face 

1186
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:25,500
fear to celebrate Community, to 
transform the mundane into the 

1187
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:29,100
magical and to acknowledge that 
life, includes Darkness and 

1188
01:08:29,100 --> 01:08:33,200
Light death and life, and ending
and innings. 

1189
01:08:34,100 --> 01:08:37,600
These needs don't change across 
centuries, the outward forms 

1190
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:41,600
shift, turn it to pumpkins. 
Bonfires to string, lights, 

1191
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:45,700
Celtic Druids to Suburban 
parents, but the underlying 

1192
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:48,100
impulse remains constant. 
Sleep. 

1193
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:51,600
Well, knowing that we're not 
October 31st comes around again,

1194
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,100
your participating in one of 
Humanity's, oldest continuous, 

1195
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:59,399
Traditions, evolved and adapted.
But recognizably connected to 

1196
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:03,399
practices that predate written 
history, that Jacqueline on your

1197
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:07,800
porch that bowl of Candy by your
door that costume hanging in 

1198
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:10,700
your closet. 
They're all part of an unbroken 

1199
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:15,300
chain, extending back, thousands
of years and forward into a 

1200
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:18,800
noble futures. 
And that's a kind of magical its

1201
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:21,300
own. 
The magic of continuity of 

1202
01:09:21,300 --> 01:09:25,600
tradition of human creativity 
that takes ancient practices and

1203
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:29,100
makes them new while keeping 
them recognizably old. 

1204
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:31,600
Halloween is a bridge across 
time. 

1205
01:09:31,600 --> 01:09:35,399
Connecting us to our ancestors 
and to Generations, Yet to Come 

1206
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:38,800
reminding us that we're all part
of something larger than 

1207
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:43,200
ourselves, something that began 
long before us and will continue

1208
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:44,300
long. 
After we're gone. 

1209
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:48,800
The Thin Veil Between Worlds 
isn't just about spirits in the 

1210
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:51,600
living. 
It's also about past and present

1211
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:55,200
about ancient and modern about 
all the Halloween's that have 

1212
01:09:55,200 --> 01:09:57,100
been and all those still to 
come. 

1213
01:09:58,200 --> 01:10:02,200
And on October 31st, for one 
night, we all stand together in 

1214
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:06,100
that thin place. 
Connected Across Time by costume

1215
01:10:06,100 --> 01:10:10,500
and candy and carved pumpkins by
the simple Act of celebrating 

1216
01:10:10,500 --> 01:10:14,600
Darkness acknowledging fear and 
choosing Joy. 

1217
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:18,600
Sweet dreams. 
May they be filled with glowing 

1218
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:22,300
pumpkins and Autumn Leaves with 
the laughter of children and the

1219
01:10:22,308 --> 01:10:26,400
warmth of community with the 
gentle magic that happens when 

1220
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:28,800
we acknowledge that some 
traditions are worth keeping 

1221
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:33,300
even as they change, even as 
they evolve even as they 

1222
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:37,200
transform from sacred fire to 
electric light, but maintain 

1223
01:10:37,200 --> 01:10:39,400
their essential character across
millennia. 

1224
01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:49,500
Picture yourself stepping off a 
time machine into ancient Rome 

1225
01:10:49,500 --> 01:10:54,300
Circa 100 AD. 
First thing that hits you isn't 

1226
01:10:54,300 --> 01:10:57,600
the Grandeur of the Colosseum or
the marble Majesty of the Forum.

1227
01:10:57,600 --> 01:11:01,100
It's the smell. 
That peculiar cocktail of 

1228
01:11:01,100 --> 01:11:04,000
unwashed bodies. 
Fermented fish sauce and 

1229
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:05,700
something. 
You can't quite identify, but 

1230
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:09,200
suspect involves bodily 
functions mingles with incense 

1231
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,100
and olive oil in ways that would
make a modern nose surrender. 

1232
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:14,900
Immediately, you'd think a 
civilization that built 

1233
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:18,700
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 
miles and invented concrete that

1234
01:11:18,700 --> 01:11:21,600
still puzzles Engineers today 
would have figured out basic 

1235
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:25,000
hygiene. 
Well, they did sort of the 

1236
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:28,300
Romans had their own ideas about
cleanliness and some of them 

1237
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:30,800
would make you grateful for 
antibacterial soap and indoor 

1238
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:33,000
plumbing. 
Take their approach to bathing 

1239
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:36,600
for instance, the Romans, not 
only bathed but also transformed

1240
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:38,800
it into a social Gathering that 
could rival. 

1241
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,200
Any local book club. 
The public baths or Thurman 

1242
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:43,900
weren't just places to get 
clean. 

1243
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:47,500
They were community centers 
gossip hubs business meeting 

1244
01:11:47,500 --> 01:11:50,200
spots and occasionally places 
where you might actually 

1245
01:11:50,200 --> 01:11:53,400
encounter water and soap. 
Think of them as ancient 

1246
01:11:53,400 --> 01:11:57,700
shopping malls except in Orange 
Julius, you had pools of varying

1247
01:11:57,700 --> 01:12:01,000
temperatures and instead of 
Spencer's you had rooms where 

1248
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:03,900
people scraped oil and dirt off 
each other with metal tools. 

1249
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:07,600
But here's where it becomes 
interesting, Romans believed 

1250
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:10,300
that hot water opened your pores
to let the bad spirits out. 

1251
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:12,900
While cold water. 
Snapped them shut to keep the 

1252
01:12:12,900 --> 01:12:17,200
good spirits in This wasn't just
folklore, it was medical Theory 

1253
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:19,300
endorsed by their most respected
Physicians. 

1254
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:22,800
So your typical Roman bath 
experience involved a carefully.

1255
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:27,300
Choreographed dance between the 
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 

1256
01:12:27,300 --> 01:12:31,700
warm room and Frigidaire area, 
cold room, like some ancient 

1257
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,700
version of a Swedish sonar 
routine designed by committee 

1258
01:12:35,500 --> 01:12:38,600
The wealthy Romans had their 
private baths at home, complete 

1259
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:41,300
with hypocrisy heating systems, 
that channeled hot air through 

1260
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,600
the walls and Floors. 
Imagine having heated floors in 

1261
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:47,900
180 While most of the world was 
still figuring out how to make 

1262
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:50,800
fire reliably. 
Yet these same Innovative people

1263
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:53,600
thought that sharing bath water 
with dozens of strangers was 

1264
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:57,000
perfectly hygienic. 
The water in public baths was 

1265
01:12:57,000 --> 01:12:59,900
changed in frequently. 
Sometimes only once a day 

1266
01:12:59,908 --> 01:13:03,400
sometimes less. 
By afternoon, you weren't so 

1267
01:13:03,408 --> 01:13:06,400
much bathing as marinating in a 
human soup that would horrify 

1268
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:09,600
any modern health inspector. 
And then there were the slaves, 

1269
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:11,600
whose job it was to help with 
the bathing process. 

1270
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:14,600
These weren't just attendance 
handing out, towels. 

1271
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:17,100
They were skilled craftspeople 
of cleanliness. 

1272
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:21,600
Wielding strides, curved metal 
scrapers that remove the oil, 

1273
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:24,400
dirt, and dead skin. 
That accumulated on Roman 

1274
01:13:24,400 --> 01:13:26,500
bodies. 
The wealthy would coat 

1275
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,600
themselves in olive oil then 
have slaves, scrape it all off, 

1276
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:32,600
taking the grime with it. 
It was effective. 

1277
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:36,000
Sure but imagine explaining to 
your modern dermatologist that 

1278
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:38,900
your skin care routine involves 
having, someone scraped you down

1279
01:13:38,900 --> 01:13:41,000
with what amounts to a medieval 
backscratcher. 

1280
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:44,400
The Roman's also had some 
fascinating ideas about dental 

1281
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:47,300
hygiene, they brushed their 
teeth with tweaks. 

1282
01:13:48,100 --> 01:13:51,500
Specifically they chewed on 
aromatic twigs and frayed into a

1283
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:54,300
brush like texture, then use 
that to clean their teeth. 

1284
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:57,500
The good news is that the 
technique actually worked 

1285
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,600
reasonably well, the troubling 
news is that their favorite 

1286
01:14:00,600 --> 01:14:03,700
toothpaste was made from 
powdered Mouse brains crushed 

1287
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:08,100
bones and sometimes human urine.
Portuguese urine was considered 

1288
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:11,100
particularly effective, which 
raises all sorts of questions 

1289
01:14:11,100 --> 01:14:13,800
about ancient trade routes and 
quality control standards. 

1290
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:17,000
But perhaps most puzzling of all
was their relationship with 

1291
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:19,500
perfume. 
Romans, doused themselves, 

1292
01:14:19,500 --> 01:14:23,200
incented oils and perfumes with 
the enthusiasm of teenagers 

1293
01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:25,100
discovering body spray for the 
first time. 

1294
01:14:25,900 --> 01:14:28,700
They had different sense for 
their hair arms and feet. 

1295
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:32,300
Walking through ancient Rome 
must have been like navigating a

1296
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:36,200
cosmetic section in a department
store except with more togas and

1297
01:14:36,200 --> 01:14:38,500
considerably more creative 
interpretations of what 

1298
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,600
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 
Now let's talk about something 

1299
01:14:41,600 --> 01:14:44,200
that every Roman had to deal 
with, but no one, particularly 

1300
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:47,200
wanted to discuss at dinner 
parties using the bathroom. 

1301
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:51,200
If you found Roman bathing 
habits to be communal, you might

1302
01:14:51,208 --> 01:14:54,600
be interested in learning about 
their approach, to toilets Roman

1303
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:57,600
public latrines, combined 
engineering Marvels, with social

1304
01:14:57,600 --> 01:15:00,900
awkwardness picture, along, 
marble, bench with round holes, 

1305
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:03,900
cut in to it positioned, 
overflowing water, that carried 

1306
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:09,000
waste away, so far so good. 
It's basically ancient sewage 

1307
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:12,100
system. 
But here's the catch, there were

1308
01:15:12,100 --> 01:15:15,300
no dividers no doors and no 
privacy screens. 

1309
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:18,800
There was just a row of holes 
where Romans would sit side by 

1310
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:22,400
side, conducting business. 
And presumably discussing the 

1311
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:24,200
weather or the latest Gladiator 
match. 

1312
01:15:25,000 --> 01:15:27,000
The arrangement wasn't 
considered strange or 

1313
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:29,800
embarrassing. 
In fact, it was another social 

1314
01:15:29,800 --> 01:15:32,600
activity. 
Romans would chat conduct 

1315
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:35,700
business deals, and catch up on 
Gossip while attending to their 

1316
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:38,900
bodily needs. 
Imagine trying to negotiate a 

1317
01:15:38,900 --> 01:15:41,400
grain shipment contract, while 
sitting on a communal toilet 

1318
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:44,200
with your neighbor. 
It puts a whole new spin on the 

1319
01:15:44,208 --> 01:15:46,000
phrase, getting down to 
business. 

1320
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:49,700
The most interesting part is 
that they use something other 

1321
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:52,600
than toilet paper which was 
invented a millennium later. 

1322
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,300
Romans used a communal sponge on
a stick called a xylophone. 

1323
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,200
Yes, you read that correctly. 
A shared sponge. 

1324
01:16:01,200 --> 01:16:04,400
After use it was rinsed in the 
flowing water channel that ran 

1325
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:07,000
in front of the toilets then 
left for the next person. 

1326
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:11,100
This system worked well enough 
from a hygiene standpoint, since

1327
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,900
the flowing water, kept things 
relatively clean, that the 

1328
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:17,000
social implications are 
staggering yet to time your 

1329
01:16:17,000 --> 01:16:19,000
bathroom visits. 
Not just based on your needs, 

1330
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:21,800
but on when you could cycle 
logically handle using the 

1331
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:25,700
community spunge, Wealthy Romans
had their own private toilets 

1332
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:28,900
often beautifully decorated 
affairs with mosaics and 

1333
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:31,500
frescoes. 
Some featured images of 

1334
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:34,500
Fortuner, the goddess of luck, 
because apparently even bathroom

1335
01:16:34,500 --> 01:16:36,100
humor was a thing in ancient 
Rome. 

1336
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:40,000
These private facilities usually
emptied into the same sewer 

1337
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:42,600
system as the public ones, 
flowing eventually into the 

1338
01:16:42,608 --> 01:16:45,400
cloaca. 
Maxima the great sewer, which 

1339
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:48,000
was one of Rome's, genuine 
engineering Marvels, and still 

1340
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:51,600
functions today. 
But Romans had some peculiar 

1341
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:53,300
superstitions about bathroom 
activities. 

1342
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:57,300
They believed that evil spirits 
lurked in sewers and might 

1343
01:16:57,300 --> 01:16:59,400
emerge through toilet holes to 
cause mischief. 

1344
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:03,700
Toward them off many Romans were
amulets or muttered protective 

1345
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:06,900
charms before sitting down. 
There's something endearing 

1346
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:09,100
about a civilization that 
conquered most of the known 

1347
01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:12,500
world but still worried about 
sewer demon sneaking up on them 

1348
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:16,200
during vulnerable moments. 
The really wealthy took bathroom

1349
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:18,700
security. 
Seriously, some installed 

1350
01:17:18,700 --> 01:17:20,900
elaborate wind chimes and Bells 
near their toilets. 

1351
01:17:20,900 --> 01:17:22,900
Believing the noise would 
frighten away. 

1352
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:27,100
Any Supernatural toilet, lurkers
others, hired slaves whose job 

1353
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:28,900
was essentially to be 
professional bathroom 

1354
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:31,900
attendance, not just for 
cleanliness, but for Spiritual 

1355
01:17:31,900 --> 01:17:34,300
protection, imagine having 
toilet. 

1356
01:17:34,300 --> 01:17:38,000
Bodyguard on your ancient, Roman
resume, personal hygiene. 

1357
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:41,100
After using the facilities was 
handled with scented oils and 

1358
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:44,200
perfumes Romans would clean 
themselves and then apply 

1359
01:17:44,200 --> 01:17:46,900
various aromatic substances to 
mask, any lingering. 

1360
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:50,400
Odors These practices led to 
some interesting combinations. 

1361
01:17:50,400 --> 01:17:53,500
You might encounter someone who 
smelled like a mixture of rose 

1362
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:56,800
oil, myrrh and whatever had 
happened in the latrine 20 

1363
01:17:56,800 --> 01:17:59,800
minutes early. 
Ancient Rome captivated the 

1364
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:04,400
census often in unexpected ways.
The Romans also had public 

1365
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,300
urinals called forky, positioned
throughout the city. 

1366
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:11,000
These were simple stone or 
ceramic vessels where men could 

1367
01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:14,100
relieve themselves. 
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 

1368
01:18:14,100 --> 01:18:17,900
collected and sold to Fullers. 
Dry ancient cleaners, who used 

1369
01:18:17,900 --> 01:18:21,000
it to clean clothing and white 
and togas urine contains 

1370
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:23,600
ammonia, which is actually quite
effective for cleaning. 

1371
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:26,100
So the collection wasn't just 
gross recycling. 

1372
01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:30,500
It was practical, chemistry. 
Still imagine the job interview 

1373
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,100
process for becoming a 
professional urine collector. 

1374
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:36,500
Women had their own challenges 
with Roman bathroom culture. 

1375
01:18:37,400 --> 01:18:40,500
They would generally excluded 
from public toilets and had to 

1376
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:43,100
rely on private facilities or 
chamber pots at home. 

1377
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:46,600
This meant that Roman women 
rarely ventured far from home 

1378
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:48,100
without carefully. 
Planning. 

1379
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:50,200
Their Roots around available 
bathroom facilities. 

1380
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,500
It was an early form of urban 
planning that took biological 

1381
01:18:53,500 --> 01:18:56,500
needs into account, though, not 
equally for all citizens. 

1382
01:18:56,500 --> 01:19:00,800
Romans Society was built on 
Rigid class, distinctions and 

1383
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:03,200
nowhere was this more apparent 
than, in their hygiene 

1384
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:05,700
practices. 
Your cleanliness level wasn't 

1385
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:08,700
just about personal preference. 
It was an advertisement of your 

1386
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:12,900
Social Status broadcast through 
scent, skin condition and the 

1387
01:19:12,908 --> 01:19:15,700
quality of oil glistening on 
your freshly scraped body. 

1388
01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:19,300
At the top of the hygiene 
pyramid set the wealthy 

1389
01:19:19,300 --> 01:19:22,200
patricians who treated 
cleanliness like a competitive 

1390
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:24,800
sport. 
These folks didn't just bathe 

1391
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:26,700
they orchestrated elaborate 
cleansing. 

1392
01:19:26,700 --> 01:19:28,700
Rituals that would make modern 
spa treatments. 

1393
01:19:28,700 --> 01:19:30,200
Look like a quick rinse in the 
garden. 

1394
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,400
Sprinkler. 
A wealthy Romans day might begin

1395
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:37,400
with slaves, applying various 
oils and unwanted by a leisurely

1396
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:41,000
trip to their private baths. 
Then more oils a visit to the 

1397
01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:44,500
public baths for socializing, 
then even more oils and perfumes

1398
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:48,100
for the evenings entertainment. 
The oils themselves were a 

1399
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:51,600
hierarchy of Their Own. cheapest
bath oil was made from olives 

1400
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:56,000
functional but hardly luxurious 
Moving up the social ladder, 

1401
01:19:56,000 --> 01:19:59,900
you'd find oils infused with 
roses violets or other flowers 

1402
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:03,700
at the very top were exotic. 
Imported oils from India and the

1403
01:20:03,700 --> 01:20:07,200
Far East centered with spices 
that cost more than most Romans 

1404
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,300
earned in a year. 
These premium oils were just 

1405
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:14,800
applied randomly wealthy, Romans
had personal cause meat slaves, 

1406
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:17,000
who specialized in the 
application of cosmetics and 

1407
01:20:17,000 --> 01:20:19,600
centered oils with the Precision
of ancient perfumers. 

1408
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:22,700
But here's where Roman hygiene 
becomes really interesting. 

1409
01:20:22,700 --> 01:20:25,500
They believed that different 
sense could affect your 

1410
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:28,900
personality and health lavender 
oil was thought to promote 

1411
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:31,900
wisdom while rose oil in enhance
Beauty and charm. 

1412
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:35,500
Mer was considered a specially, 
powerful for warding off 

1413
01:20:35,500 --> 01:20:37,900
diseases, which led to some 
Roman smelling. 

1414
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:41,400
Like they'd been embalmed, the 
really paranoid wealthy would 

1415
01:20:41,400 --> 01:20:44,900
lay a multiple protective sense.
Creating personal aromatic 

1416
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:47,600
signatures that you could smell 
coming from three blocks away, 

1417
01:20:48,600 --> 01:20:51,600
middle class. 
Romans the plebeians with decent

1418
01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:53,800
jobs had their hygiene 
strategies. 

1419
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:56,100
They couldn't afford the Exotic 
oils. 

1420
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:58,700
But they may do with olive oil 
and local herbs. 

1421
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:02,100
Many grew, their own aromatic 
plants, specifically for bathing

1422
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:06,800
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 
popular choices. these Romans 

1423
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:10,400
typically visited public baths 
several times a week timing, 

1424
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:12,900
their visits for the hours when 
the water was freshest and the 

1425
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:16,500
crowds were thinnest They 
developed their own social codes

1426
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:19,800
around bath etiquette, including
elaborate systems for sharing 

1427
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:22,700
the limited supply of struggles 
and determining who got to use 

1428
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:26,300
the best spots in each room. 
The Working Poor have the most 

1429
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:29,800
creative approaches to hygiene. 
many couldn't afford regular 

1430
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:33,100
trips to the public bars so they
developed Alternatives that 

1431
01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:36,600
range from clever to desperate, 
some would collect rainwater for

1432
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:39,600
washing heating it over, small 
fires in their cramped 

1433
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:42,900
Apartments, others would visit 
the baths during the cheapest 

1434
01:21:42,900 --> 01:21:45,200
hours. 
Usually late in the day when the

1435
01:21:45,208 --> 01:21:47,600
water was questionable, but the 
prices were reduced. 

1436
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:51,500
Many simply made do with quick 
washes at public fountains, 

1437
01:21:51,500 --> 01:21:54,900
using whatever, soap, they could
afford or make themselves from 

1438
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:58,400
animal fat and Ash. 
Slaves occupied, the most 

1439
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,100
complex position in the Roman 
hygiene hierarchy. 

1440
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:03,300
The house slaves of wealthy 
families. 

1441
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:06,200
Often had better access to 
bathing facilities than free 

1442
01:22:06,200 --> 01:22:09,400
Romans of lower classes, but 
only because cleanliness was 

1443
01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:13,200
part of their job requirements. 
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 

1444
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:15,200
serving dinner or handling 
expensive clothing. 

1445
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:18,800
These slaves, often do more 
about cosmetics and hygiene 

1446
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:21,400
techniques than their masters. 
Having learned through daily 

1447
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,200
practice, some of their freedom 
by becoming professional bath, 

1448
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:29,200
attendance or cosmetiques, 
expertise into Economic 

1449
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:32,400
Opportunity, the military had 
its own hygiene culture. 

1450
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,700
Roman soldiers were required to 
maintain certain cleanliness 

1451
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:39,400
standards, not just for health, 
but for discipline military 

1452
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,700
camps, included bathing 
facilities and latrine systems 

1453
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:45,100
that were often more advanced 
than those found in civilian 

1454
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:47,900
settlements. 
Soldiers developed efficient 

1455
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:50,700
group, bathing techniques, and 
shared resources, for soap and 

1456
01:22:50,700 --> 01:22:52,900
oil. 
But they also had to adapt 

1457
01:22:52,900 --> 01:22:56,000
campaign conditions where Proper
bathing might be impossible for 

1458
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:58,800
weeks at a time. 
Military hygiene was about 

1459
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:00,900
functionality over luxury 
though. 

1460
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:03,100
Successful generals often 
celebrated victories. 

1461
01:23:03,100 --> 01:23:05,300
With elaborate communal baths 
for their troops. 

1462
01:23:06,200 --> 01:23:09,200
Even Gladiators had their place 
in the hygiene higher Archie, 

1463
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:11,900
these professional fighters were
valuable property. 

1464
01:23:11,900 --> 01:23:14,800
So their owners invested in 
keeping them clean and healthy, 

1465
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:17,600
Gladiator. 
Schools included, sophisticated.

1466
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,500
Bathing facilities. 
And Gladiators often had access 

1467
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:23,300
to Medical Care, and specialized
oils for treating training 

1468
01:23:23,300 --> 01:23:26,000
injuries. 
But the irony wasn't lost on. 

1469
01:23:26,000 --> 01:23:28,900
Romans, here were slaves and 
criminals, who had better 

1470
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,000
hygiene facilities than many 
free citizens. 

1471
01:23:31,000 --> 01:23:33,400
Simply because they were 
profitable entertainment. 

1472
01:23:33,400 --> 01:23:37,100
Roman medical Theory regarding 
hygiene was a fascinating blend 

1473
01:23:37,100 --> 01:23:40,600
of practical, observation 
philosophical speculation and 

1474
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:44,900
what can only be described as 
enthusiastic guesswork, Roman 

1475
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:47,500
Physicians trained in Greek 
Traditions but adding their own 

1476
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:50,200
cultural interpretations 
developed hygiene practices, 

1477
01:23:50,200 --> 01:23:52,900
that were simultaneously 
Advanced and utterly baffling 

1478
01:23:54,500 --> 01:23:57,200
The foundation of a Roman 
medical hygiene rested on the 

1479
01:23:57,200 --> 01:23:59,900
theory of humors. 
The belief that human health 

1480
01:23:59,900 --> 01:24:03,900
depended on balancing four 
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 

1481
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,700
yellow, bile and black bile. 
According to this system 

1482
01:24:07,700 --> 01:24:09,500
different types of dirt and 
contamination. 

1483
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,200
Could upset your humoral, 
balance leading to illness 

1484
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:16,000
Madness or worse. 
This meant that how you cleaned 

1485
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:18,000
yourself wasn't just about 
removing Grime. 

1486
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:21,000
It was about maintaining Cosmic 
Harmony within your body. 

1487
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:24,800
Roman doctors, prescribed 
specific bathing temperatures 

1488
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:26,900
for different ailments and 
personality types. 

1489
01:24:26,900 --> 01:24:30,800
If you were naturally tolerate 
hot tempered you needed, cool 

1490
01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:34,300
bars to balance your excess, 
yellow bile melancholic, people 

1491
01:24:34,300 --> 01:24:37,100
required hot baths to 
counteract, their cold dry 

1492
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:39,300
nature. 
But here's where it gets 

1493
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:42,100
complicated. 
The same doctor might prescribe 

1494
01:24:42,100 --> 01:24:44,500
hot baths in the morning and 
cold baths in the evening. 

1495
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:48,300
Depending on the face of the 
Moon, the season, and what you'd

1496
01:24:48,300 --> 01:24:51,200
eaten for lunch. 
Roman bath prescriptions could 

1497
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:53,200
be more complex than modern 
chemotherapy. 

1498
01:24:53,200 --> 01:24:55,900
Protocols. 
The medical establishment also 

1499
01:24:55,900 --> 01:24:57,500
had strong opinions about 
sweating. 

1500
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:00,400
Roman Physicians. 
Believed that sweat carried 

1501
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:02,500
away. 
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 

1502
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:04,700
Humors. 
Making it essential for health. 

1503
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:07,800
This perspective led to some 
interesting treatments. 

1504
01:25:08,600 --> 01:25:11,600
Patients with certain conditions
were prescribed sessions in the 

1505
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:14,800
hottest rooms of the baths. 
Sometimes for hours, at a time 

1506
01:25:14,808 --> 01:25:18,300
sweating out their illness. 
Others were given exercises 

1507
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,900
designed to produce specific 
types of sweat gentle 

1508
01:25:21,900 --> 01:25:24,100
perspiration for delicate 
Constitution's. 

1509
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:26,700
Vigorous sweating for robust. 
Patients. 

1510
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:29,300
There were even Specialists, who
claimed? 

1511
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:32,200
They could diagnose diseases by 
examining and smelling a patient

1512
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,500
sweat patterns. 
Oil played a central role in 

1513
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:38,900
Roman medical hygiene Theory. 
Different oils were thought to 

1514
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:40,600
have specific. 
Therapeutic properties. 

1515
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:44,600
That went beyond nearness. 
Olive oil was considered warming

1516
01:25:44,600 --> 01:25:47,900
and moistening beneficial for 
dry skin conditions and cold 

1517
01:25:47,900 --> 01:25:50,300
humans. 
Rose oil was Cooling and 

1518
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:53,300
beautifying, prescribed for hot 
natured individuals and skin 

1519
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,700
inflammation, but the real 
medical stars were the Exotic 

1520
01:25:56,700 --> 01:26:00,000
imported oils. 
Folsom from Judea was believed 

1521
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:01,700
to cure headaches and promote 
wisdom. 

1522
01:26:02,400 --> 01:26:05,100
Nard from India was prescribed 
for depression and anxiety, 

1523
01:26:05,100 --> 01:26:07,400
these weren't just Pleasant 
sense. 

1524
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:11,300
They were considered legitimate 
medicines, Roman doctors also 

1525
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:13,600
had elaborate theories about 
when and how to bathe for 

1526
01:26:13,600 --> 01:26:16,000
Optimal Health. 
Most believed that bathing 

1527
01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:18,900
immediately after eating was 
dangerous as it could disrupt 

1528
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:21,900
digestion and caused the food to
corrupt in your stomach. 

1529
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:25,500
The recommended waiting period 
varied from two to four hours 

1530
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:28,500
depending on what you eaten and 
your constitutional type. 

1531
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:32,700
Some Physicians prescribe 
pre-exists to open the pause 

1532
01:26:32,700 --> 01:26:35,700
properly While others 
recommended specific breathing 

1533
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,300
techniques, during bathing to 
ensure proper circulation of 

1534
01:26:38,300 --> 01:26:41,300
vital spirits. 
The relationship between diet 

1535
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:44,700
and hygiene was considered, 
crucial Roman medical texts to 

1536
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:47,300
full of warnings about foods 
that could make your sweat smell

1537
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:49,500
foul or cause your skin to break
out. 

1538
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:53,200
Garlic and onions were thought 
to produce corrupt humor, that 

1539
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:55,600
emerge through the skin fish 
sauce. 

1540
01:26:55,600 --> 01:26:59,400
Beloved by Romans, but notorious
for its pungent, smell was 

1541
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,800
believed to cause Marine humors.
That required special cleansing 

1542
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:06,100
techniques involving sea salt 
and specific aromatic herbs. 

1543
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:09,600
Women's hygiene was subject to a
specialty complex, medical 

1544
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:12,900
theories, Roman Physicians 
believed that women's monthly 

1545
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:15,500
Cycles created special cleansing
needs and opportunities. 

1546
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,200
Certain herbs and oils. 
Were prescribed specifically for

1547
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:23,000
female patients often with the 
goal of regulating their 

1548
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:26,900
supposedly unstable humeral 
balance, Pregnancy brought its 

1549
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:30,000
own set of hygiene rules with 
detailed prescriptions for 

1550
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:32,900
bathing temperatures, oil 
applications, and cleansing, 

1551
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:35,700
schedules designed to ensure 
healthy babies and safe 

1552
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:38,800
deliveries. 
Perhaps Most Fascinating with a 

1553
01:27:38,800 --> 01:27:41,300
Roman medical, beliefs about 
mental illness and hygiene. 

1554
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,000
Doctors genuinely believe that 
certain types of Madness were 

1555
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,400
caused by corrupted Vapors, 
rising from unclean, bodies to 

1556
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,100
affect the brain. 
This led to hygiene base 

1557
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:54,500
treatments for depression, 
anxiety, and what we might now 

1558
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:56,600
recognized as psychological 
conditions. 

1559
01:27:57,400 --> 01:27:59,700
Patients were prescribed 
elaborate bathing regiments 

1560
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:03,900
specific oil treatments and some
times even therapeutic massages 

1561
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:06,600
with aromatic substances 
designed to restore mental 

1562
01:28:06,600 --> 01:28:08,900
balance. 
The wealthy could afford 

1563
01:28:08,900 --> 01:28:11,600
personal Physicians who would 
create customized hygiene 

1564
01:28:11,600 --> 01:28:15,000
protocols, based on detailed 
examination of their patients, 

1565
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:18,000
constitutions, Lifestyles and 
health histories. 

1566
01:28:18,900 --> 01:28:22,900
These medical plans were very 
detailed specifying when and how

1567
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:26,800
to bathe what to think about 
what prayers to recite and how 

1568
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:29,900
to breathe during cleansing. 
Rituals money talks in any 

1569
01:28:29,900 --> 01:28:34,500
civilization and in ancient Rome
it spoke with a distinctly soapy

1570
01:28:34,500 --> 01:28:38,500
acts and The hygiene industry, 
employing, thousands of people 

1571
01:28:38,500 --> 01:28:41,300
in jobs ranging from 
respectable, to eyebrow raising 

1572
01:28:41,300 --> 01:28:44,800
created economic opportunities. 
That would not resurface until 

1573
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:46,900
the emergence of the modern 
beauty industry. 

1574
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:50,900
Let's start with the public 
baths themselves, which were 

1575
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,500
massive commercial Enterprises. 
A typical Roman bathhouse 

1576
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:58,000
employed, dozens of workers, 
furnace operators, who kept the 

1577
01:28:58,000 --> 01:28:59,400
hypocrisy heating systems 
running. 

1578
01:29:00,100 --> 01:29:03,600
Water managers who maintain the 
complex, Plumbing attendance, 

1579
01:29:03,600 --> 01:29:06,900
who helped customers navigate 
the facilities, masseurs who 

1580
01:29:06,908 --> 01:29:10,300
worked out the Kinks in Roman 
muscles and security Personnel 

1581
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:12,200
who kept order among naked 
relaxed. 

1582
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,900
And sometimes in toxicated 
Patron's The larger thurmeier 

1583
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:18,500
were like ancient shopping 
malls, with vendors, selling 

1584
01:29:18,500 --> 01:29:22,000
everything from snacks to 
jewelry to good luck charms. 

1585
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,100
Designed to protect you from 
Seward demons. 

1586
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:26,700
The oil trade was particularly 
lucrative. 

1587
01:29:26,700 --> 01:29:31,000
Olive oil was the foundation of 
the Roman hygiene industry and 

1588
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:33,100
controlling Olive Groves could 
make you wealthy Beyond 

1589
01:29:33,100 --> 01:29:35,800
imagination. 
But the real money was in 

1590
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:40,100
specialty oils and perfumes. 
A single and phora of 

1591
01:29:40,100 --> 01:29:43,300
high-quality rose oil from Egypt
could cost more than a skilled 

1592
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:47,400
Craftsman earned in six months. 
The perfume Merchants, who dealt

1593
01:29:47,400 --> 01:29:50,100
in these luxury goods often 
became powerful political 

1594
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:53,200
figures using their wealth to 
buy influence and status. 

1595
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:56,700
Import businesses thrived on 
Roman hygiene. 

1596
01:29:56,700 --> 01:30:00,200
Obsessions exotic ingredients 
came from across the Empire, and

1597
01:30:00,200 --> 01:30:05,000
Beyond frankincense from Arabia,
cinnamon, from India, Amber from

1598
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:08,500
the Baltic regions, and silke 
for the finest bathing, towels 

1599
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:11,300
from China. 
The logistics of getting these 

1600
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:14,900
materials to Roman consumers 
created entire industries of 

1601
01:30:14,908 --> 01:30:19,000
Traders shippers and middlemen. 
Some Merchants specialized in 

1602
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:22,400
nothing but hygiene related 
Imports building fortunes on 

1603
01:30:22,400 --> 01:30:24,700
Roman desires to smell better 
than their neighbors. 

1604
01:30:24,700 --> 01:30:27,200
This soap making industry was 
sophisticated. 

1605
01:30:27,200 --> 01:30:30,700
While Romans didn't use soap, 
the way we do, they did 

1606
01:30:30,700 --> 01:30:33,700
manufacture various cleansing 
compounds from animal fats, 

1607
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:38,000
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.
The best soap makers were 

1608
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:41,700
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 
passed down through generations 

1609
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:44,800
of Craftsmen. 
Some soap making families became

1610
01:30:44,800 --> 01:30:48,000
wealthy enough to own their own 
bathhouses, creating vertically,

1611
01:30:48,000 --> 01:30:51,100
integrated hygiene Empires, that
controls everything from soap 

1612
01:30:51,100 --> 01:30:53,400
production to the final bathing 
experience. 

1613
01:30:53,400 --> 01:30:57,200
Slavery was unfortunately 
Central to the Roman hygiene 

1614
01:30:57,200 --> 01:30:59,600
economy. 
Thousands of slaves, worked in 

1615
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:03,000
bathhouses, oil production, and 
personal hygiene Services. 

1616
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:07,200
Some specialized in specific 
skills, there were slaves, who 

1617
01:31:07,208 --> 01:31:09,600
could identify the best oils by 
smell alone. 

1618
01:31:09,600 --> 01:31:13,200
Others who were experts at using
strigil without causing injury 

1619
01:31:13,200 --> 01:31:16,200
and still others who memorized 
complex recipes for custom 

1620
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:19,500
perfume blends. 
The most skilled hygiene slaves 

1621
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:21,900
could earn enough money through 
tips and side businesses to 

1622
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:25,100
eventually buy their freedom. 
Though, this path to manumission

1623
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:28,300
required years of scraping other
people's backs and memorizing, 

1624
01:31:28,300 --> 01:31:31,200
their scent preferences. 
The construction industry also 

1625
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:33,100
benefited from Roman hygiene 
culture. 

1626
01:31:33,900 --> 01:31:36,800
Building a proper Roman bath 
required specialists in hyper 

1627
01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:40,000
course, heating systems 
waterproof, concrete decorative,

1628
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:44,000
mosaic's and complex Plumbing. 
the techniques developed for 

1629
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:46,200
Bath House, construction were 
later, applied to other 

1630
01:31:46,200 --> 01:31:49,400
buildings, making Roman hygiene 
culture, a driver of 

1631
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:53,300
architectural, innovation, Some 
construction families became 

1632
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:57,000
wealthy by specializing in bath 
related projects traveling 

1633
01:31:57,000 --> 01:31:59,900
throughout the Empire to build 
facilities for wealthy Romans in

1634
01:31:59,900 --> 01:32:02,300
distant province's. 
Then there were the support 

1635
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,200
industries that emerged around 
hygiene culture, laundry 

1636
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,900
services, clean the towels and 
clothing used in bars Pottery 

1637
01:32:08,900 --> 01:32:10,500
makers. 
Produced the countless vessels 

1638
01:32:10,500 --> 01:32:12,900
needed for oils, perfumes and 
bathing accessories. 

1639
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:17,300
Metal workers crafted strides 
mirrors and bathing jewelry. 

1640
01:32:18,300 --> 01:32:20,000
Even the food industry got 
involved. 

1641
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:23,400
As many, Romans liked to eat and
drink while bathing creating 

1642
01:32:23,400 --> 01:32:26,400
demand for waterproof serving 
vessels and special bath 

1643
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:29,900
appropriate snacks. 
The medical side of hygiene 

1644
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:33,200
created its own economic 
opportunities Physicians who 

1645
01:32:33,200 --> 01:32:36,500
specialize in hygiene related, 
treatments, could charge premium

1646
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:40,000
fees, especially if they claimed
expertise and exotic foreign 

1647
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:43,900
bathing techniques. 
Massage therapists aromatherapy 

1648
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:46,700
Specialists and even 
professional bath Consultants 

1649
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:48,500
emerged as profitable 
professions. 

1650
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:52,600
Some enterprising Romans make 
careers out of advising clients 

1651
01:32:52,600 --> 01:32:55,300
on optimal bathing, schedules 
and customized oil blends. 

1652
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:59,000
Regional variations in hygiene 
preferences, created Niche 

1653
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:02,100
markets throughout the Empire. 
Romans in Britain, developed 

1654
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:04,900
cold weather bathing techniques,
that required different oils and

1655
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:08,600
heating systems Roman's in North
Africa adapted their hygiene 

1656
01:33:08,600 --> 01:33:12,500
practices to Desert conditions, 
creating demand for specialized 

1657
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:14,800
sun, protection, oils, and sand,
resistant clothing. 

1658
01:33:15,500 --> 01:33:18,600
These Regional specializations 
often became exported Industries

1659
01:33:18,600 --> 01:33:21,600
with local hygiene innovation in
throughout the empire. 

1660
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:25,500
The government also profited 
from Romanus Obsession through 

1661
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,800
taxes and regulations bathhouses
paid licensing. 

1662
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,200
Fees, imported, hygiene 
products, face, tariffs and 

1663
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:34,300
Luxury. 
Perfumes were subject to special

1664
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:36,600
taxes. 
That helped fund Public Works 

1665
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:40,100
projects. 
Some historians argue that Roman

1666
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:43,500
expansion was partly motivated 
by the desire to secure reliable

1667
01:33:43,500 --> 01:33:47,100
sources of hygiene related, raw 
materials, making cleanliness. 

1668
01:33:47,100 --> 01:33:50,600
A factor in Imperial policy. 
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 

1669
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:53,200
getting clean. 
It was about navigating a 

1670
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:56,100
complex spiritual landscape 
where Supernatural forces. 

1671
01:33:56,100 --> 01:33:59,200
Lurked in every bathing facility
and evil spirits. 

1672
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:03,000
Had strong opinions about your 
personal grooming choices. the 

1673
01:34:03,000 --> 01:34:06,200
Romans had managed to turn basic
human cleanliness into a 

1674
01:34:06,200 --> 01:34:08,900
mystical Adventure, that 
required, careful planning, 

1675
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,000
protective charms, and 
occasionally, professional 

1676
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:16,600
Supernatural consultation timing
of your bath wasn't just, a 

1677
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:19,800
matter of personal convenience. 
It was a cosmic decision that 

1678
01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:22,800
could affect your luck health 
and spiritual well-being. 

1679
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:27,000
Romans consulted calendars that 
indicated favorable and 

1680
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:31,000
unfavorable bathing days based 
on lunar phases, religious 

1681
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:33,300
festivals. 
And the movements of various 

1682
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,800
Gods through the celestial 
sphere Some wealthy Romans 

1683
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:40,100
employed personal astrologers 
whose job included calculating. 

1684
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:43,100
Optimal bathing. 
Schedule's imagine having to 

1685
01:34:43,100 --> 01:34:46,000
verify your horoscope before 
deciding whether to take a 

1686
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:48,600
shower. 
Water itself was considered to 

1687
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:51,900
have spiritual properties, that 
vary depending on its source and

1688
01:34:51,908 --> 01:34:54,700
treatment. 
Spring water was thought to 

1689
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:58,000
carry the blessings of water 
nymphs while rainwater collected

1690
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:00,200
during thunderstorms was 
believed to have purifying 

1691
01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:02,900
powers that could wash away 
curses and negative luck. 

1692
01:35:03,800 --> 01:35:06,800
The Romans went to extraordinary
lengths to obtain water with the

1693
01:35:06,800 --> 01:35:09,400
right spiritual qualities for 
important bathing. 

1694
01:35:09,400 --> 01:35:12,800
Rituals some wealthy families, 
maintained private Springs 

1695
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:16,000
specifically for ceremonial 
bathing, hiring priests to bless

1696
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:19,100
the water sources regularly. 
The direction you faced while 

1697
01:35:19,108 --> 01:35:22,500
bathing was considered crucial, 
Most Romans believed you should 

1698
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:25,000
face East while entering the 
bath to welcome the blessings of

1699
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:28,100
the Rising Sun, then turned to 
face West while leaving to 

1700
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:30,800
ensure that any evil influences 
washed away with the Setting 

1701
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:33,600
Sun? 
More superstitious bathers. 

1702
01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:36,100
Would rotate through all four 
cardinal directions, during 

1703
01:35:36,100 --> 01:35:39,700
their bathing session creating a
kind of mystical water dance, 

1704
01:35:39,700 --> 01:35:41,600
that must have been entertaining
to watch. 

1705
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:45,100
Protective amulets for bathing 
were big business in ancient 

1706
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:47,000
Rome. 
These were just decorative 

1707
01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:49,000
jewelry. 
They were considered essential 

1708
01:35:49,000 --> 01:35:51,800
safety equipment, for anyone 
venturing into the spiritually, 

1709
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:53,700
dangerous environment of a 
public bath. 

1710
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,700
Popular designs included images 
of Hercules, for strength, 

1711
01:35:57,700 --> 01:36:01,200
Mercury, for protection during 
travel, including spiritual 

1712
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:04,300
Journeys, undertaken, while 
bathing, and various household 

1713
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:06,900
Gods, who specialized in 
bathroom related protection. 

1714
01:36:08,100 --> 01:36:11,700
Some amulets were designed to be
worn while wet using special 

1715
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:14,400
materials and construction 
techniques that modern Jewelers 

1716
01:36:14,400 --> 01:36:18,200
would find fascinating. 
The Romans had elaborate rituals

1717
01:36:18,200 --> 01:36:20,800
for entering and leaving bars. 
That would make modern Spa 

1718
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:23,700
protocols. 
Look casual Many would pause at 

1719
01:36:23,700 --> 01:36:26,700
the threshold to recite 
protective prayers, asking the 

1720
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:30,200
gods to guard them from evil 
spirit, prevent accidents and 

1721
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:32,600
ensure that they're bathing. 
Experience would be beneficial 

1722
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:36,700
rather than harmful Some would 
leave small offerings coins 

1723
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:40,500
flowers or drops of expensive 
oil that Shrine niches built 

1724
01:36:40,500 --> 01:36:42,700
into bathhouse walls 
specifically for this purpose, 

1725
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:46,300
shared bathing created its own 
set of spiritual concerns. 

1726
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,600
Romans worried about picking up,
not just physical dirt, from 

1727
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:51,700
other bathers. 
That spiritual contamination 

1728
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,800
from people with bad luck evil, 
intentions, or Supernatural 

1729
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:59,700
enemies. this led to complex 
etiquette systems designed to 

1730
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:02,800
minimize spiritual risk while 
maintaining social polite nurse 

1731
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:06,700
You couldn't just ignore someone
in the bars that might offend 

1732
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:09,300
them and invite retaliation from
their personal gods. 

1733
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:12,600
But you also couldn't become too
friendly with strangers who 

1734
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,400
spiritual status, was unknown. 
The oil and perfume application 

1735
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:19,100
process was ritualized to an 
almost ceremonial degree. 

1736
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:23,400
Wealthy Romans would recite 
specific prayers while different

1737
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:25,700
oils were applied to different 
parts of their bodies. 

1738
01:37:26,400 --> 01:37:29,300
Rose oil might be blessed to 
Venus while being applied to the

1739
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:33,300
face while olive oil could be 
dedicated to Minerva while being

1740
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:36,600
used on arms and legs. 
The goal was to invoke Divine 

1741
01:37:36,600 --> 01:37:39,300
protection for each body part. 
While also ensuring that the 

1742
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:40,900
gods approved of your grooming 
choices. 

1743
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:44,100
Dreams about bathing were 
considered prophetic and 

1744
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:45,500
required professional 
interpretation. 

1745
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:48,000
Romans who dreamed about dirty 
bath water. 

1746
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,700
Might consult priests about 
impending spiritual danger, 

1747
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:53,400
while dreams of Crystal. 
Clear, Pools were considered 

1748
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:57,200
signs of divine favor. 
Some Romans kept dream journals 

1749
01:37:57,200 --> 01:37:59,600
specifically to track bathing 
related dreams and their 

1750
01:37:59,608 --> 01:38:03,300
outcomes creating a kind of 
ancient database of Supernatural

1751
01:38:03,300 --> 01:38:05,800
bath predictions. 
The Romans even had 

1752
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:07,900
superstitions about soap and 
cleansing materials. 

1753
01:38:07,900 --> 01:38:11,400
Some believe that using soap 
made from animals, that died 

1754
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:14,400
violently could transfer 
aggressive spirits to the user. 

1755
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:17,900
Others thought that cleaning 
tools used by people who later 

1756
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:20,700
suffered Misfortune accursed and
should be avoided. 

1757
01:38:21,700 --> 01:38:24,700
Such beliefs led to complex 
systems for tracking the history

1758
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:27,800
and spiritual pedigree of 
bathing accessories, with some 

1759
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:30,400
wealthy Romans, employing 
servants, whose job was to 

1760
01:38:30,400 --> 01:38:33,300
maintain details, records of 
where their schedule's sponges 

1761
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:37,100
and oils had come from Seasonal 
bathing rituals aligned with the

1762
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:40,500
Roman religious calendar created
additional layers of complexity 

1763
01:38:40,500 --> 01:38:43,600
during certain festivals. 
Bathing was considered, either a

1764
01:38:43,608 --> 01:38:47,200
specially beneficial or 
particularly dangerous depending

1765
01:38:47,200 --> 01:38:48,600
on which gods were being 
honored. 

1766
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:52,200
The Spring Festival of Anna, 
perenna included ritual bathing 

1767
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:54,900
That was supposed to ensure 
health for the coming year while

1768
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,900
bathing during the lemuria. 
When Restless Spirits roamed, 

1769
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,000
the Earth, required special 
protective measures, as you 

1770
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:03,300
settle back into your modern 
bathroom surrounded by 

1771
01:39:03,308 --> 01:39:05,900
antibacterial soap, dispensers, 
and privacy walls. 

1772
01:39:05,900 --> 01:39:09,500
It's worth reflecting on what 
the Romans actually got right. 

1773
01:39:09,500 --> 01:39:12,000
About hygiene. 
And what we might have learned 

1774
01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:13,500
from their more, colorful 
mistakes. 

1775
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:16,500
There are approach to 
cleanliness reveal something 

1776
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:20,300
profound about human nature, our
eternal struggle to balance 

1777
01:39:20,300 --> 01:39:24,100
individual needs with social 
expectations, practical, health 

1778
01:39:24,100 --> 01:39:27,600
concerns, with cultural beliefs,
and the desire to be clean with 

1779
01:39:27,600 --> 01:39:29,300
the reality of what that 
actually means. 

1780
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:32,100
The Roman's, understood 
something that we sometimes 

1781
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:35,300
forget in our modern 
individualistic bathing culture,

1782
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:39,800
cleanliness was inherently 
social Their communal Bars were 

1783
01:39:39,800 --> 01:39:42,800
just about getting clean. 
They were about maintaining the 

1784
01:39:42,800 --> 01:39:45,400
social fabric that held their 
civilization together. 

1785
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:50,200
In an age before television, the
internet, or even widespread 

1786
01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:53,600
literacy, the bath served as 
information networks business 

1787
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:56,000
centers and Community gathering 
places. 

1788
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:58,600
Romans didn't just wash their 
bodies. 

1789
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:01,300
They washed themselves back into
society each day. 

1790
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:05,500
Modern hygiene science has 
validated many Roman practices 

1791
01:40:05,500 --> 01:40:08,800
While debunking others their 
emphasis on regular bathing. 

1792
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:12,200
The use of oils to protect skin 
and even their practice of 

1793
01:40:12,208 --> 01:40:15,100
scraping away dead skin. 
Cells were, remarkably sound 

1794
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:16,600
from a Dermatological 
standpoint. 

1795
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:20,100
The Romans understood that 
healthy skin required, both 

1796
01:40:20,100 --> 01:40:22,300
cleansing and moisturizing 
though. 

1797
01:40:22,300 --> 01:40:24,800
They achieved it through all of 
oil and metal scrapers rather 

1798
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:27,000
than lotion and exfoliating 
scrubs. 

1799
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:30,000
Their recognition, that mental 
health and physical. 

1800
01:40:30,000 --> 01:40:31,900
Cleanliness were connected was 
not wrong. 

1801
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,400
It was just expressed through 
theories about humors and evil 

1802
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:37,400
spirits rather than modern 
psychology. 

1803
01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:41,800
The Roman approached to dental 
hygiene while involving some 

1804
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,900
questionable ingredients was 
actually more advanced than what

1805
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:47,400
most European would practice for
the next 1000 years. 

1806
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,600
Chewing on aromatic Twigs. 
Did clean teeth affectively and 

1807
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:53,900
some of their herbal mouth. 
Rinses contained ingredients 

1808
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:56,700
that Modern Dentistry recognizes
as beneficial. 

1809
01:40:57,500 --> 01:41:00,400
Fact that they cared about 
dental hygiene at all, put them 

1810
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:02,700
ahead of many later 
civilizations that considered 

1811
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:05,500
tooth care vanity rather than 
health maintenance. 

1812
01:41:06,500 --> 01:41:09,200
Most importantly, the Romans 
demonstrated that public health 

1813
01:41:09,200 --> 01:41:12,700
infrastructure could transform 
civilization, their aqueducts 

1814
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:15,300
sewers and public baths. 
Created living conditions. 

1815
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,300
That wouldn't be matched in 
European cities until the 19th 

1816
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:20,700
century. 
The decline of Roman bathing 

1817
01:41:20,700 --> 01:41:23,600
culture after the fall of the 
Empire coincided with centuries 

1818
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:27,800
of reduced, lifespans, increased
disease, and general scruffs 

1819
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:30,000
that historians. 
Now, recognized as preventable 

1820
01:41:30,000 --> 01:41:32,900
consequences of abandoning 
public, hygiene infrastructure, 

1821
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:36,000
the economic lessons of Roman 
hygiene culture are equally 

1822
01:41:36,000 --> 01:41:38,400
relevant to today. 
The understood that cleanliness 

1823
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:41,600
could be an industry, creating 
jobs and driving innovation. 

1824
01:41:41,600 --> 01:41:45,200
In ways that benefited, entire 
Society is their willingness to 

1825
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:48,000
invest public money, in bathing,
facilities, and sanitation 

1826
01:41:48,000 --> 01:41:50,900
systems, paid dividends in 
Public Health, and Social 

1827
01:41:50,900 --> 01:41:53,300
stability that lasted for 
centuries. 

1828
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:57,500
Modern cities still struggle 
with the same basic challenge. 

1829
01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:01,800
How to balance individual 
desires for cleanliness and 

1830
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:04,800
privacy with the collective 
benefits of shared 

1831
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:06,900
infrastructure and social 
bathing spaces. 

1832
01:42:07,900 --> 01:42:11,900
The Roman mistake of mixing with
Superstition offers, its lessons

1833
01:42:11,900 --> 01:42:15,700
when cleanliness becomes too 
ritualized or culturally loaded.

1834
01:42:15,700 --> 01:42:18,000
It can become a source of 
anxiety, rather than health. 

1835
01:42:18,900 --> 01:42:21,100
Modern Western culture, 
occasionally succumbs to 

1836
01:42:21,108 --> 01:42:23,400
similar. 
Pitfalls transforming personal 

1837
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,300
hygiene into competitive 
displays of status or moral 

1838
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:29,900
superiority rather than a means 
of maintaining practical health 

1839
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:33,600
The Romans remind us that it's 
possible to take cleanliness to 

1840
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:37,300
seriously investing it with 
meanings and expectations that 

1841
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:39,400
have nothing to do with actually
being clean. 

1842
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:43,600
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, clean and comfortable, 

1843
01:42:43,600 --> 01:42:45,600
in ways that would Amaze any 
ancient Roman. 

1844
01:42:45,600 --> 01:42:48,800
Remember that hygiene is always 
a work in progress. 

1845
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:52,700
The Romans thought they had 
figured it out just as we think 

1846
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:55,700
we have figured it out just as 
people a thousand years from now

1847
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:58,100
will probably shake their heads 
at our primitive understanding 

1848
01:42:58,100 --> 01:43:01,800
of cleanliness and health. 
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 

1849
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,800
is like the pursuit of perfect 
happiness, and admirable, goal 

1850
01:43:05,800 --> 01:43:08,900
that reveals more about human 
nature than it does about soap 

1851
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:11,000
and water. 
The Romans gave us the 

1852
01:43:11,000 --> 01:43:14,100
foundation for contemplating 
cleanliness as both a personal 

1853
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:16,500
responsibility and a social 
virtue. 

1854
01:43:16,500 --> 01:43:20,400
They showed us that being clean,
could be pleasant social, and 

1855
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:22,900
even luxurious rather than just 
a criminal necessity. 

1856
01:43:23,600 --> 01:43:25,900
Most importantly, they 
demonstrated that a 

1857
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:29,000
civilizations approach to 
hygiene reflects its values 

1858
01:43:29,000 --> 01:43:32,600
priorities and understanding of 
what it means to live well 

1859
01:43:32,600 --> 01:43:34,600
together. 
So the next time you step into 

1860
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:37,700
your private shower with your 
individually, chosen soap and 

1861
01:43:37,700 --> 01:43:40,200
you're perfectly heated water, 
spare a thought for those 

1862
01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:43,600
long-dead Roman sitting naked on
their communal, toilet sharing, 

1863
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:46,600
their communal sponges and 
somehow managing to build an 

1864
01:43:46,600 --> 01:43:50,300
Empire that lasted a 1000 years.
They may not have understood 

1865
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:53,500
germs or bacteria but they 
understood something equally 

1866
01:43:53,500 --> 01:43:56,700
important that taking care of 
your body and sharing that 

1867
01:43:56,700 --> 01:43:59,100
experience with your community, 
was one of the things that made 

1868
01:43:59,100 --> 01:44:01,600
life worth living. 
Despite the fact that it 

1869
01:44:01,600 --> 01:44:05,100
necessitated more public nudity 
and dubious medical theories 

1870
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:06,900
than the majority of us would 
favor. 

1871
01:44:14,800 --> 01:44:17,300
You know, that feeling when you 
realize you've been completely 

1872
01:44:17,300 --> 01:44:19,800
oblivious to something that was 
right in front of your face the 

1873
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:22,300
whole time. 
Like when you finally notice 

1874
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,100
your neighbor's been waving at 
you for three years and you 

1875
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:26,700
thought they had some sort of 
nervous. 

1876
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:31,900
Tic, Well, imagine that feeling 
but multiply it by about 1,000, 

1877
01:44:31,900 --> 01:44:34,900
and you'll get close to what 
archaeologists when they 

1878
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:37,900
stumbled upon one of history's. 
Most overlooked communication 

1879
01:44:37,900 --> 01:44:41,100
systems. 
It started as these things often

1880
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:43,800
do with someone having a 
perfectly ordinary day, that was

1881
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:47,700
about to become extraordinary. 
Dr. Elena Vasquez was having her

1882
01:44:47,700 --> 01:44:51,200
morning coffee in a Dusty tent 
outside Cairo squinting at 

1883
01:44:51,200 --> 01:44:54,000
Pottery, sherds that looked 
about as exciting as yesterday's

1884
01:44:54,000 --> 01:44:57,200
newspaper, when her graduate 
student markers bursts in with 

1885
01:44:57,200 --> 01:45:00,000
the enthusiasm of a golden 
retriever, who'd found the 

1886
01:45:00,008 --> 01:45:04,100
world's best stick. 
Professor, you have to see this,

1887
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:06,800
he practically shouted. 
Clutching a fragment of ancient 

1888
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:08,900
painted plaster, like it 
contained the secrets of the 

1889
01:45:08,900 --> 01:45:13,300
universe, which as it turned 
out, it kind of did the fragment

1890
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:16,000
showed what appeared to be a 
typical Egyptian banquet scene, 

1891
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:19,400
you know, the type where 
everyone sitting around looking 

1892
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,100
impossibly, elegant, while 
servants, found them with giant 

1893
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:24,800
feathers. 
But Marcus had noticed something

1894
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:28,600
that generations of Scholars had
somehow missed every single 

1895
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,500
person at this bankwit had their
hair arranged in a completely 

1896
01:45:31,500 --> 01:45:35,000
different style and more 
importantly, these style seem to

1897
01:45:35,000 --> 01:45:39,500
follow very specific patterns. 
You see for centuries historians

1898
01:45:39,500 --> 01:45:42,100
had assumed that ancient 
hairstyles were just fashion 

1899
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,300
statements like how we might 
choose between a bobble layers, 

1900
01:45:45,300 --> 01:45:47,400
based on what magazine. 
We flip through at the salon. 

1901
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:49,900
But what if hair wasn't just 
about looking good? 

1902
01:45:49,900 --> 01:45:53,000
What if it was actually a 
sophisticated communication 

1903
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:57,500
system as complex and nuanced as
any written language, the idea 

1904
01:45:57,500 --> 01:46:01,300
seemed ridiculous at first, 
after all, how could something 

1905
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:05,200
as simple as how you wore your 
hair carry, meaning Beyond, I'm 

1906
01:46:05,200 --> 01:46:08,300
having a good hair day or a 
clearly gave up on life this 

1907
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:12,800
morning. but the more Elena and 
Marcus examine the fragment the 

1908
01:46:12,800 --> 01:46:16,300
more patterns, they discovered 
the woman with three braids 

1909
01:46:16,300 --> 01:46:19,600
wound with gold thread was 
positioned next to the man with 

1910
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:23,000
the elaborate topknot, while the
figure with Loose Hair, adorned 

1911
01:46:23,000 --> 01:46:25,400
with lotus flowers sat across 
from someone whose hair was 

1912
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:27,700
completely covered. 
It was like looking at a 

1913
01:46:27,700 --> 01:46:30,800
crossword puzzle, where you 
suddenly realize, all the clues 

1914
01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:33,200
are connected. 
The positioning wasn't random. 

1915
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:35,400
It was deliberate meaningful 
coded. 

1916
01:46:35,400 --> 01:46:38,400
These people weren't just 
sitting around eating grapes and

1917
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:40,600
looking fabulous. 
They were having a conversation 

1918
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:42,800
and their hair was doing all the
talking. 

1919
01:46:44,000 --> 01:46:45,900
As Elena sipped her now called 
coffee. 

1920
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:48,700
She felt that familiar. 
Tingle that archaeologists? 

1921
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:51,500
Get when there are about to turn
the academic world upside down. 

1922
01:46:52,500 --> 01:46:54,800
It's the same feeling you get 
when you're about to tell 

1923
01:46:54,800 --> 01:46:56,800
someone a secret that's going to
blow their mind. 

1924
01:46:56,800 --> 01:47:00,500
Except in this case the secret 
had been hiding in plain sight 

1925
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:04,200
for thousands of years, the 
implications were staggering if 

1926
01:47:04,200 --> 01:47:06,800
hair truly functioned as a 
secret language in ancient 

1927
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:09,700
Egypt. 
What about other cultures had 

1928
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:12,700
archaeologists been looking at 
countless artifacts paintings 

1929
01:47:12,700 --> 01:47:15,900
and sculptures without realizing
they were essentially reading 

1930
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:17,500
books with half the words 
missing. 

1931
01:47:18,400 --> 01:47:20,600
It would be like trying to 
understand a conversation by 

1932
01:47:20,600 --> 01:47:23,600
only listening to every other 
sentence technically possible 

1933
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:26,500
but you'll definitely going to 
miss some crucial plot points. 

1934
01:47:27,800 --> 01:47:30,100
Elena sat down her coffee cup 
with his decisive. 

1935
01:47:30,100 --> 01:47:33,600
Clink of someone who's just made
a life-changing decision, She 

1936
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:36,300
was going to prove that hair, 
wasn't just about Aesthetics in 

1937
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:38,900
the ancient world. 
It was about communication, 

1938
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:42,300
status identity and social 
navigation. 

1939
01:47:42,300 --> 01:47:44,800
All rolled into one beautifully,
elaborate system. 

1940
01:47:45,900 --> 01:47:48,900
And if she was right every 
Museum in the world had been 

1941
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:52,200
displaying, what amounted to 
ancient text messages completely

1942
01:47:52,200 --> 01:47:55,100
unaware that they were looking 
at some of Humanity's earlier 

1943
01:47:55,100 --> 01:47:58,000
social media posts. 
Little did she know that this 

1944
01:47:58,000 --> 01:47:59,800
discovery would lead her down a 
rabbit hole? 

1945
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:03,100
So deep and winding that she'd 
emge on the other side with a 

1946
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,500
completely new understanding of 
how our ancestors communicated 

1947
01:48:06,500 --> 01:48:09,900
loved fought and lived their 
daily lives. 

1948
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:13,500
All through the simple that 
profound Act of arranging the 

1949
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:15,800
hair on their heads. 
You might think that cracking 

1950
01:48:15,800 --> 01:48:18,500
ancient haircut would be like, 
solving a jigsaw puzzle where 

1951
01:48:18,500 --> 01:48:21,200
half the pieces are missing and 
the other half are covered in 

1952
01:48:21,200 --> 01:48:23,700
dust and you'd be absolutely 
right. 

1953
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:28,000
However, Eleanor had 
consistently embraced challenges

1954
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,100
when faced with chaos? 
Her realization that she'd been 

1955
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:33,300
approaching the problem 
incorrectly led to a 

1956
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:37,000
breakthrough in stead of trying 
to decode individual hairstyles,

1957
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:38,900
like some sort of follicular 
Rosetta Stone. 

1958
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:41,800
She needed to look at the 
relationships between different 

1959
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:44,000
styles within the same cultural 
context. 

1960
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:47,300
It was like realizing that you 
can't understand what thumbs up 

1961
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:49,700
means by just staring at a 
thumb. 

1962
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:53,500
You need to know when where and 
how people use it? 

1963
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:56,100
Elena started with what she 
knew. 

1964
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:59,400
Ancient Egyptian art was 
Notorious for its Precision, 

1965
01:48:59,400 --> 01:49:03,900
every hieroglyph, every color, 
and every positioning had 

1966
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:08,400
meaning If the Egyptians were 
that meticulous about drawing a 

1967
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,700
bird to represent a sound, 
surely, they won't just 

1968
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:12,800
randomly, doodling hairstyles 
for the fun of it. 

1969
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:16,300
She began cataloging every 
depiction of hair. 

1970
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:18,800
She could find in Egyptian art 
from tomb. 

1971
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,500
Painting to Temple, carvings to 
Papyrus illustration. 

1972
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:26,000
First, the catalog appeared 
monotonous with page after page 

1973
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:28,200
of ancient, updos braids, and 
head pieces. 

1974
01:49:28,200 --> 01:49:30,200
That would leave a modern 
wedding planner in a state of 

1975
01:49:30,200 --> 01:49:33,300
envy. 
But slowly patterns began to 

1976
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:35,800
emerge. 
Women depicted in domestic 

1977
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:39,600
scenes consistently wore their 
hair in simple lower rangements,

1978
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:44,200
often with minimal decoration. 
But the same women when Shonen 

1979
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,700
in religious ceremonies suddenly
sprouted elaborate constructions

1980
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:51,300
that defied both gravity and 
reasonable styling time, it 

1981
01:49:51,300 --> 01:49:53,200
wasn't that they were getting 
dressed up for special 

1982
01:49:53,200 --> 01:49:55,400
occasions. 
It was that they were literally 

1983
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:58,500
changing their message. 
The domestic hair seemed to 

1984
01:49:58,508 --> 01:50:01,700
communicate availability 
approachability and fertility, 

1985
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:04,200
think of it. 
As the ancient equivalent of 

1986
01:50:04,200 --> 01:50:07,400
wearing your comfiest jeans and 
a world's best mom t-shirt, 

1987
01:50:08,300 --> 01:50:12,700
However, the ceremonial hair 
represented, a form of pure 

1988
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:16,100
power communication, those 
towering Arrangements, studied 

1989
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:18,500
with gold ornaments weren't just
showing off wealth. 

1990
01:50:18,500 --> 01:50:21,100
They were broadcasting 
Authority, Divine connection, 

1991
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:24,500
and social status. 
So loudly that they might as 

1992
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:26,200
well have come with their 
ancient PA system. 

1993
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:29,700
Eleanor's, real Epiphany 
occurred when she began 

1994
01:50:29,700 --> 01:50:32,400
examining the men's hairstyles 
for years. 

1995
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:35,300
Scholars had largely ignored 
male grooming in Ancient Art, 

1996
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:38,100
assuming it was less complex 
than women Styles. 

1997
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:41,900
This Elena realized was, like, 
assuming that ties are just 

1998
01:50:41,908 --> 01:50:45,000
decorative strips of fabric and 
stead of recognizing their role 

1999
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:48,400
as subtle indicators of 
professionality and occasion. 

2000
01:50:49,600 --> 01:50:53,200
ancient Egyptian men, it turned 
out had their own sophisticated 

2001
01:50:53,200 --> 01:50:57,600
hair, vocabulary, Priests kept 
their heads, completely shaved A

2002
01:50:57,600 --> 01:51:00,400
visual representation of Purity 
and dedication to the Gods. 

2003
01:51:01,200 --> 01:51:04,400
But they didn't just shave 
randomly the timing of when they

2004
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:07,700
shaved, how often they shaved 
and what they wore to cover 

2005
01:51:07,700 --> 01:51:09,400
their boldness, all carried 
meaning. 

2006
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:13,600
A priest with a perfectly smooth
scalp was saying something, very

2007
01:51:13,600 --> 01:51:17,000
different from one with the 
faintest doubles, and both were 

2008
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:19,700
distinct from the high priest, 
who wore an elaborate headdress 

2009
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:23,000
that compensated for his lack of
actual hair with symbolic power 

2010
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,600
military, men wore their hair, 
in Practical short styles, that 

2011
01:51:26,600 --> 01:51:29,300
nonetheless managed to 
communicate ranks through subtle

2012
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:31,200
variations in length, and 
styling. 

2013
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:34,400
A general's hair might look 
similar to a foot soldiers from 

2014
01:51:34,400 --> 01:51:37,700
a distance but up close. 
The difference is were as clear 

2015
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:40,600
as military insignia. 
The General's hair would be 

2016
01:51:40,600 --> 01:51:44,300
precisely trimmed perhaps with 
small braids that indicated his 

2017
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:47,500
victories while the soldiers 
simpler style, communicated, his

2018
01:51:47,500 --> 01:51:50,300
Readiness for battle and is 
placed in the hierarchy. 

2019
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:54,900
Elena found herself staying up 
late into the night pouring over

2020
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:57,700
images by Lamplight. 
Like a detective solving a Cold 

2021
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:01,000
Case, each new piece of evidence
added another layer to the 

2022
01:52:01,000 --> 01:52:03,800
picture. 
Here wasn't just communication. 

2023
01:52:03,800 --> 01:52:07,700
It was a complete social 
operating system, it told you 

2024
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:11,900
who they were what they did, 
their social status, if they 

2025
01:52:11,900 --> 01:52:15,500
were single, what gods, they 
worshiped and maybe what they 

2026
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:19,100
had for breakfast. 
The more she learned, the more, 

2027
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,400
she realized that modern people 
had completely lost touch with 

2028
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,300
this ancient wisdom. 
We might spend fortunes on 

2029
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:28,600
haircuts and products, but we 
use our hair primarily for 

2030
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:31,700
personal expression rather than 
social communication. 

2031
01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:35,400
Imagine if your hairstyle could 
tell everyone, you met your job,

2032
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:39,600
your relationship status, your 
political affiliation, and your 

2033
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:43,500
current mood. 
All without saying a word, It 

2034
01:52:43,500 --> 01:52:46,200
would be, like, carrying around 
a constantly, updating personal 

2035
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:49,200
billboard and everyone around. 
You would be fluent in reading 

2036
01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:51,700
it. 
As Elena's research progressed, 

2037
01:52:51,700 --> 01:52:55,000
she began to suspect that the 
Egyptians weren't unique in this

2038
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:57,700
practice. 
If hair could serve as a secret 

2039
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:00,900
language, in one ancient 
culture, surely others, had 

2040
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:04,000
their own follicular 
communication systems The 

2041
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:06,700
question was, how many 
civilizations had been having 

2042
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:10,600
entire conversations over our 
heads for thousands of years and

2043
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:12,600
we just been admiring their 
fashion sense. 

2044
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:15,600
You know how sometimes you meet 
someone who completely shatters 

2045
01:53:15,600 --> 01:53:17,600
your assumptions about what 
they're going to be like. 

2046
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:21,200
Elena felt that way about the 
Vikings when she started 

2047
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:23,100
investigating their relationship
with hair. 

2048
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:26,400
She'd expected to find a bunch 
of rough and tumble Warriors, 

2049
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:29,600
who may be braided their beards 
when they remembered to not a 

2050
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:32,400
sophisticated culture with a 
hair communication system that 

2051
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:35,900
made Modern social media. 
Look primitive The Vikings it 

2052
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:38,700
turned out. 
Absolutely obsessed with hair. 

2053
01:53:39,700 --> 01:53:42,900
However, it was not about vanity
or fashion in the way you might 

2054
01:53:42,900 --> 01:53:46,100
expect. 
For them hair held immense 

2055
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:49,700
significance influencing 
everything from social status to

2056
01:53:49,700 --> 01:53:51,800
the likelihood of survival 
during a raid. 

2057
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:55,500
Elena discovered these facts 
when she started examining 

2058
01:53:55,500 --> 01:53:59,300
Viking burial sights With A New 
Perspective instead of just 

2059
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:01,700
cataloging the weapons and 
jewelery buried with the 

2060
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:05,100
deceased, she began paying 
attention to how their hair had 

2061
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:06,600
been arranged for their final 
Journey. 

2062
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:11,400
What she found was remarkable 
every single burial showed 

2063
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:13,400
evidence of deliberate hair 
styling. 

2064
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:16,300
Even when the body had been 
buried quickly or in difficult 

2065
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:20,200
circumstances. 
Viking men, contrary to popular 

2066
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:22,300
belief. 
Didn't just let their hair grow 

2067
01:54:22,300 --> 01:54:25,200
wild and free like extras in a 
heavy metal music video. 

2068
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:28,700
They maintain their hair with 
the same attention to detail 

2069
01:54:28,700 --> 01:54:30,200
that they apply to their 
weapons. 

2070
01:54:31,100 --> 01:54:33,200
A Warrior's hair told. 
The story of his life. 

2071
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:37,600
Each braid might represent a 
successful raid a defeated enemy

2072
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,200
or a heroic deed. 
Long hair was a symbol of 

2073
01:54:41,208 --> 01:54:43,600
strength and virility but one 
had to earn it. 

2074
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:46,100
You couldn't just decide to grow
your hair long. 

2075
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:48,900
Your community had to recognize 
that you'd achieve something 

2076
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:53,500
worthy of long hair privilege. 
The really fascinating part was 

2077
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:56,100
how Viking haircut Customs 
differed based on your role in 

2078
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:59,800
society, y'alls? 
The Viking equivalent of nobles 

2079
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:01,300
wore. 
Their hair in complex 

2080
01:55:01,300 --> 01:55:04,000
Arrangements that took serious 
time and skill to achieve. 

2081
01:55:05,000 --> 01:55:06,600
The practice wasn't just showing
off. 

2082
01:55:06,600 --> 01:55:09,900
It was a practical demonstration
that they had enough wealth and 

2083
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:12,400
status to spend hours on 
grooming in stead of manual 

2084
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:14,700
labor. 
The hair was essentially a 

2085
01:55:14,700 --> 01:55:18,000
walking resume written in 
Keratin, but the Viking's also 

2086
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:20,700
used hair to communicate 
temporary States and intention. 

2087
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,600
A warrior preparing for battle 
might braid his hair in a 

2088
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:27,700
specific pattern that announced 
his Readiness to die gloriously.

2089
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:30,900
While someone seeking to 
negotiate a peaceful resolution 

2090
01:55:30,900 --> 01:55:33,800
would arrange their hair to 
Signal non-threatening 

2091
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:36,600
intentions. 
It was like having a universal 

2092
01:55:36,600 --> 01:55:39,300
mood ring that everyone in your 
culture could read from a cross 

2093
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:42,400
a longhouse. 
Eleanor was particularly amused 

2094
01:55:42,400 --> 01:55:45,000
to discover that Viking. 
Women had their own elaborate 

2095
01:55:45,000 --> 01:55:47,800
higher hierarchy that made 
Modern office politics, look 

2096
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,300
straightforward. 
Unmarried women wore their hair 

2097
01:55:50,300 --> 01:55:53,600
loose and flowing advertising 
their availability with every 

2098
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:56,900
strand. 
But the moment they married that

2099
01:55:56,900 --> 01:56:00,300
changed dramatically married, 
women, covered their hair, 

2100
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:03,300
almost completely, not out of 
modesty as Scholars. 

2101
01:56:03,300 --> 01:56:06,600
Had long assumed, but as a form 
of social communication, that 

2102
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:10,400
said I'm taken and my husband is
powerful enough to afford a wife

2103
01:56:10,408 --> 01:56:12,000
who doesn't need to advertise 
herself. 

2104
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:15,600
The hair, covering itself was a 
Marvel of coded communication, 

2105
01:56:16,400 --> 01:56:19,600
The fabric, the way it was tied,
the amount of hair that showed 

2106
01:56:19,600 --> 01:56:24,100
beneath it every detail carried.
Meaning, a woman whose covering 

2107
01:56:24,100 --> 01:56:27,400
slip to show a bit of hair at 
her temples was communicating 

2108
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:29,900
something very different from 
one whose hair was completely 

2109
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:32,300
hidden. 
It was like having an entire 

2110
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:34,400
conversation through strategic 
hat placement. 

2111
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:38,300
Perhaps the most ingenious 
aspect of Viking hair. 

2112
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:41,700
Communication was how they used 
it for deception and strategy. 

2113
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:44,000
Viking. 
Raiders were masters of 

2114
01:56:44,008 --> 01:56:46,600
psychological warfare. 
And they quickly figured out 

2115
01:56:46,608 --> 01:56:49,600
that they could manipulate enemy
perceptions through strategic 

2116
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:52,700
hair choices. 
A raiding party might style 

2117
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:55,300
their hair to appear larger and 
more numerous than they actually

2118
01:56:55,300 --> 01:56:58,200
were. 
Or conversely, they might tone 

2119
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:00,900
down their head displays to 
appear less threatening before a

2120
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,100
surprise attack. 
Elinor found evidence of Vikings

2121
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:06,300
who had completely changed their
hair styling. 

2122
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:09,600
When traveling to foreign lands,
essentially code switching, 

2123
01:57:09,600 --> 01:57:11,900
their appearance, the way, 
modern people might change their

2124
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:13,600
accent in different social 
situations. 

2125
01:57:13,600 --> 01:57:17,400
A viking Trader, entering a 
Christian kingdom might adopt 

2126
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:19,600
more conserved of hero 
arrangements to blend in and 

2127
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:22,600
avoid on wanted attention. 
While the same person might 

2128
01:57:22,600 --> 01:57:24,200
support. 
Elaborate Warrior braids. 

2129
01:57:24,200 --> 01:57:26,600
When returning home to establish
their continued Viking 

2130
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:31,100
credibility, The complexity of 
the system was mind-boggling 

2131
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:33,700
Elena realized. 
That Vikings had essentially 

2132
01:57:33,700 --> 01:57:37,000
created a visual language. 
So Sophisticated that they could

2133
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:40,600
communicate details information 
about personal history current 

2134
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:44,500
intention social status and 
availability for various 

2135
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,800
activities. 
All through hair Arrangement it 

2136
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:50,200
was like wearing your entire 
LinkedIn profile in your 

2137
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:53,700
follicles. 
She explored the Viking hair 

2138
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:56,700
culture, Elinor began to 
understand that this wasn't just

2139
01:57:56,700 --> 01:57:59,800
about communication. 
It was about identity itself. 

2140
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:03,700
Your hair wasn't something you 
had, it was something you were 

2141
01:58:03,700 --> 01:58:06,300
changing. 
Your hairstyle, wasn't a fashion

2142
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:08,400
Choice. 
It was a declaration of personal

2143
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:11,200
transformation. 
No, wonder the Vikings 

2144
01:58:11,200 --> 01:58:13,500
considered forced haircutting. 
One of the worst possible 

2145
01:58:13,500 --> 01:58:16,600
punishments equivalent to 
stealing someone's Voice or 

2146
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:20,200
erasing their identity. 
The more Elena learned about 

2147
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:23,300
Viking hair practices, the more,
she realized that modern people 

2148
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:26,000
had lost something profound when
we abandoned these complex 

2149
01:58:26,000 --> 01:58:30,100
systems of visual communication.
We'd gained individual freedom 

2150
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:33,400
of expression, sure. 
But we'd lost a shared language 

2151
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:36,600
that could convey incredibly 
nuanced, social information at a

2152
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:40,200
glance Elena discovered that 
ancient cultures had developed 

2153
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:43,200
communication systems. 
So intricate that they made 

2154
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:46,100
Viking hair codes, resemble 
finger painting next to the 

2155
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:50,300
Sistine Chapel The deeper she 
dug in to Chinese Japanese and 

2156
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,500
Korean historical records. 
The more she realized she'd 

2157
01:58:53,500 --> 01:58:55,900
stumbled into the equivalent of 
discovering that ancient people 

2158
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:58,000
have been writing novels with 
their follicles. 

2159
01:58:59,000 --> 01:59:02,600
Ancient Chinese hair culture. 
Elena found was basically a 

2160
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,800
three-dimensional language with 
grammar rules more complex than 

2161
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,900
Latin During the Han Dynasty 
your hairstyle, didn't just tell

2162
01:59:09,900 --> 01:59:13,100
people who you were told them 
exactly where you fit in the 

2163
01:59:13,108 --> 01:59:15,900
cosmic order of the universe. 
There was no pressure there. 

2164
01:59:15,900 --> 01:59:18,800
The Chinese had developed what 
Elena came to think of as 

2165
01:59:18,800 --> 01:59:23,100
architectural hair styles, so 
precisely constructed that they 

2166
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:25,800
required engineering skills, 
alongside Beauty knowledge. 

2167
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:28,500
A proper Court. 
Ladies hairstyle might take 

2168
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:31,100
three hours to create and 
require multiple assistance, 

2169
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:34,200
special tools and enough hair 
pins to stock a small hardware 

2170
01:59:34,200 --> 01:59:37,000
store. 
But every single pin, every 

2171
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:39,800
twist, and every ornament 
placement followed strict rules,

2172
01:59:39,800 --> 01:59:42,400
the communicated. 
Everything from the woman's 

2173
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:44,700
family background to her 
husband's political affiliation,

2174
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,300
to her personal virtues, and 
accomplishments. 

2175
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:51,800
Eleanor was particularly 
fascinated by the discovery that

2176
01:59:51,800 --> 01:59:55,600
Chinese women could essentially 
update their status by changing 

2177
01:59:55,600 --> 01:59:57,500
small details in their hair 
arrangement. 

2178
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:01,300
Moving a decorative comb from 
one side of the other might 

2179
02:00:01,300 --> 02:00:03,500
signal that, they were ready to 
receive visitors. 

2180
02:00:03,500 --> 02:00:06,600
While adjusting, the angle of a 
hairpin, could indicate their 

2181
02:00:06,600 --> 02:00:08,600
mood or availability for 
conversation. 

2182
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:12,300
It was like having a constantly 
edible social media profile that

2183
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:14,200
everyone around you could read 
in real time. 

2184
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:18,200
The Real Genius of the Chinese 
system was how it Incorporated 

2185
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:21,800
time and seasoned into her 
communication. summer styles 

2186
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:24,600
were different from winter 
styles, not just for practical 

2187
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:27,500
reasons but because they 
communicated different aspects 

2188
02:00:27,500 --> 02:00:30,900
of a person's character and 
social role Bring hair 

2189
02:00:30,900 --> 02:00:34,000
Arrangements, might emphasize 
Youth and renewal while Autumn 

2190
02:00:34,000 --> 02:00:36,500
styles could highlight wisdom 
and preparation for challenges 

2191
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:39,200
ahead. 
Your hair was essentially a 

2192
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:40,400
calendar. 
That also happened to be a 

2193
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:45,200
personality test Japanese hair 
culture lender discovered had 

2194
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:48,200
taken the concept of coded 
communication and elevated it to

2195
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:50,500
an art form. 
So refined that it made ballet 

2196
02:00:50,500 --> 02:00:53,100
look clumsy. 
The elaborate hairstyles of 

2197
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:56,400
geishas were just beautiful. 
They were walking in cyclopedia 

2198
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:58,500
of information for anyone who 
knew how to read them. 

2199
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:01,400
Aisha's hair. 
Could tell you, not only her 

2200
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:04,500
level of training and experience
but also what season it was, 

2201
02:01:04,500 --> 02:01:08,000
what district she worked in, 
whether she was entertaining a 

2202
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:10,800
regular Patron or meeting, 
someone new and dozens of other 

2203
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:14,900
subtle, social cues, the shape 
of her, top knot, the number and

2204
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:17,900
placement of ornaments. 
The way her hair was sectioned 

2205
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:21,800
and folded every detail was 
deliberate and meaningful, Ellen

2206
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:24,400
Found Records in indicating that
accomplished Gators could. 

2207
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,600
Communicate complex messages to 
each other across a crowded room

2208
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:29,800
simply by adjusting their hair 
ornaments. 

2209
02:01:30,600 --> 02:01:32,700
A slight shift in the angle of a
decorative home. 

2210
02:01:32,700 --> 02:01:35,700
Might warn a colleague about a 
difficult client while touching 

2211
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:37,800
a specific. 
Hairpin could signal that a 

2212
02:01:37,800 --> 02:01:41,400
patron was particularly generous
that evening They essentially 

2213
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:43,800
developed their own secret 
Professional Network using 

2214
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:47,100
nothing but strategic hair 
adjustment Korean Court culture.

2215
02:01:47,100 --> 02:01:49,400
Meanwhile had developed, what 
Eleanor privately called 

2216
02:01:49,400 --> 02:01:53,600
diplomatic hair styles so loaded
with political meaning that 

2217
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:56,300
changing your hairstyle 
incorrectly could accidentally 

2218
02:01:56,300 --> 02:01:59,700
start a war. 
Court, ladies, during the USA on

2219
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:02,400
Dynasty wore, elaborate 
Arrangements that indicated not 

2220
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:05,600
just their status, but their 
families political alliances, 

2221
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:08,900
their husbands government 
position and their opinion on 

2222
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:12,200
current policy debates. 
Helena discovered records of 

2223
02:02:12,208 --> 02:02:14,600
women who had gotten into 
serious political troubles, 

2224
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:17,100
simply because they'd warned the
wrong hair ornament to a court 

2225
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:19,500
function. 
Accidentally signaling support 

2226
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:23,000
for a rival political faction. 
It was like, showing up to a 

2227
02:02:23,000 --> 02:02:26,100
modern political rally where the
wrong campaign button, except 

2228
02:02:26,100 --> 02:02:28,500
the consequences could include 
Exile or worse. 

2229
02:02:29,300 --> 02:02:31,900
Eleanor's mind reeled from the 
intricacy of these Asian 

2230
02:02:31,900 --> 02:02:35,200
hairstyles, not only due to the 
time, it took to style them 

2231
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:37,800
every morning. 
These cultures are created 

2232
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,300
visual communication systems, so
complex that they required years

2233
02:02:41,300 --> 02:02:44,600
of education to master. 
Young girls from wealthy 

2234
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:48,000
families, would spend hours 
learning, not just how to create

2235
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:51,700
these elaborate Styles, but how 
to read the subtle messages and 

2236
02:02:51,700 --> 02:02:54,700
other women's hair Arrangements.
It was social media before 

2237
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:58,900
social media existed, except 
instead of posting updates, you 

2238
02:02:58,900 --> 02:03:02,800
wore them instead of scrolling 
through feeds, you read the room

2239
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:06,100
by observing everyone's 
hairstyles, and in stead of 

2240
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:08,400
getting notifications, you 
received information through 

2241
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,100
subtle changes in other people's
hair presentations. 

2242
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,300
Elinor began to realize that 
these ancient Hare languages 

2243
02:03:15,300 --> 02:03:18,500
weren't just sophisticated. 
They were actually more nuanced 

2244
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:22,000
than many modern communication 
systems, we might have emojis 

2245
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:24,600
and status updates. 
Could you communicate your 

2246
02:03:24,600 --> 02:03:27,600
entire family history? 
Current mood, political 

2247
02:03:27,600 --> 02:03:31,100
affiliation, professional 
status, and availability for 

2248
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:33,400
social interaction. 
All through a single photograph,

2249
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:37,700
These ancient cultures could do 
exactly that, and They Carried 

2250
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:42,300
their messages with them 
everywhere they went. as Elena's

2251
02:03:42,300 --> 02:03:46,400
research progressed, she started
to wonder we gained convenience 

2252
02:03:46,400 --> 02:03:50,000
in modern communication but lost
something profound about human 

2253
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:52,500
connection. 
When everyone around, you can 

2254
02:03:52,500 --> 02:03:55,000
read detailed information about 
your life and current state 

2255
02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:58,400
simply by looking at your hair. 
Perhaps you develop a different 

2256
02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:00,200
kind of social awareness and 
empathy. 

2257
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:04,500
Maybe we'd traded deep intuitive
communication for broad but 

2258
02:04:04,500 --> 02:04:07,200
shallow connection. 
Just when Elaina thought she'd 

2259
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:09,400
mapped the outer boundaries of 
ancient Hare communication. 

2260
02:04:09,400 --> 02:04:12,700
She discovered that the Celts 
had been weaving messages into 

2261
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:15,300
their hair with the same 
intricate Artistry. 

2262
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:18,100
They brought to their metalwork 
and manuscripts. 

2263
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:22,000
If Asian cultures had turned 
hair into architecture, the 

2264
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:24,100
Celts had transformed it into 
storytelling. 

2265
02:04:25,100 --> 02:04:27,900
Elena's introduction to Celtic 
hair culture, came through an 

2266
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:32,500
unlikely Source a medieval Irish
monks, complaint letter, Brother

2267
02:04:32,500 --> 02:04:35,300
Finnegan writing in the 8th 
century, was a parently fed up 

2268
02:04:35,300 --> 02:04:38,000
with how long it took to decode 
the messages, that Celtic women 

2269
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:40,700
were literally wearing on their 
heads when they came to the 

2270
02:04:40,700 --> 02:04:44,200
monastery seeking sanctuary. 
His frustrated scribbling was 

2271
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,700
revealed that keltic hair. 
Braiding wasn't just decorative,

2272
02:04:46,700 --> 02:04:50,900
it was narrative each braid 
pattern told a story and not 

2273
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:54,100
just any story but often the 
woman's entire family history 

2274
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:57,600
going back Generations. 
A Celtic woman's hair, might 

2275
02:04:57,600 --> 02:05:00,600
contain the tale of her great 
grandmother's heroic defense of 

2276
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:03,200
the clan lands. 
Her mother's tragic, love affair

2277
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:07,100
and her own recent adventures, 
all woven together in patterns 

2278
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:08,800
that functioned like a portable 
library. 

2279
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:11,500
Helena. 
Imagine these women walking 

2280
02:05:11,500 --> 02:05:13,500
around like, living breathing 
audio books. 

2281
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:17,700
Except of listening, you had to 
know how to read braid patterns.

2282
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:21,800
The complexity was staggering 
Helena found evidence that 

2283
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:24,500
Master braids readers could 
determine not just what stories 

2284
02:05:24,500 --> 02:05:27,200
were being told. 
But how the woman felt about 

2285
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:29,400
those stories based on subtle 
variations. 

2286
02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:33,300
Intention Direction and 
decorative elements woven into 

2287
02:05:33,300 --> 02:05:36,500
the patterns. 
A tightly woven section might 

2288
02:05:36,500 --> 02:05:39,800
indicate pride in a family 
achievement, while lucid 

2289
02:05:39,800 --> 02:05:42,400
braiding, could suggest sorrow 
or regret about a particular 

2290
02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:46,300
event. 
Celtic men not to be outdone had

2291
02:05:46,300 --> 02:05:49,300
developed their own hair bass, 
communication system that was 

2292
02:05:49,300 --> 02:05:53,200
equal parts practical and poetic
Warriors wore their hair in 

2293
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:56,200
patterns that announced their 
battle achievements but they all

2294
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:59,100
Incorporated elements that told 
the stories of their fallen 

2295
02:05:59,100 --> 02:06:01,700
comrades. 
It was like wearing a memorial 

2296
02:06:01,700 --> 02:06:04,400
and a military records. 
Simultaneously, accept 

2297
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:06,300
infinitely, more personal, and 
meaningful. 

2298
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:10,500
Elena was particularly moved to 
discover that Celtic hair 

2299
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:14,700
patterns, often included, memory
braids sections, specifically 

2300
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:17,600
dedicated to keeping the stories
of deceased, family members 

2301
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:19,500
alive. 
A mother, might weave the 

2302
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,000
pattern that represented her 
Lost Child into her hair 

2303
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:25,300
ensuring that the child's memory
traveled with her wherever she 

2304
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:27,500
went. 
It was a form of grief 

2305
02:06:27,500 --> 02:06:30,700
processing and Memorial that was
both private and public, 

2306
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:34,100
allowing the community to 
recognize and support someone's 

2307
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:37,700
loss while giving the bereaved 
person, a tangible way to carry 

2308
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:41,400
their loved one story forward. 
But perhaps the most ingenious 

2309
02:06:41,400 --> 02:06:44,400
aspect of Celtic hair, 
communication was how they used 

2310
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:47,500
it for matchmaking and 
courtship. young people could 

2311
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:50,700
communicate incredibly details 
information about their romantic

2312
02:06:50,700 --> 02:06:53,900
availability preferences and 
family background, through 

2313
02:06:53,900 --> 02:06:57,700
strategic hair, arrangement, A 
woman might weave patterns that 

2314
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:01,100
told potential suitors about her
family's cattle holding's her 

2315
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,800
own domestic skills and even her
personality traits all while 

2316
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,200
appearing to Simply wear hair 
and attractive style Elena 

2317
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,300
discovered records of elaborate.
Courtship negotiation conducted 

2318
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,300
entirely through hair pattern 
exchanges. 

2319
02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:17,100
A young man might ask his sister
to visit a potential bride's 

2320
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:20,500
family and read the girls hair 
to gather information about her 

2321
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:22,700
suitability. 
While the girls relatives would 

2322
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:26,000
be simultaneously analyzing The 
Messengers hair patterns to 

2323
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:28,400
assess the suitors, family 
background and Prospect. 

2324
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:32,000
It was like, having detailed 
dating profiles that you wore on

2325
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:34,600
your head. 
Eleanor called the Celts 

2326
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,300
traveling, Hare patterns that 
showed where a person was from 

2327
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:42,000
and how they got there. 
This practice was incredibly 

2328
02:07:42,000 --> 02:07:45,000
practical in a world where 
knowing someone's origin and 

2329
02:07:45,008 --> 02:07:47,300
journey could be crucial for 
determining. 

2330
02:07:47,300 --> 02:07:50,800
Whether they were friend foe or 
trading partner, your hair 

2331
02:07:50,800 --> 02:07:53,700
essentially functioned as a 
passport and travel itinerary 

2332
02:07:53,700 --> 02:07:57,700
combined Elinor found evidence 
that Celtic, Druids had elevated

2333
02:07:57,700 --> 02:07:59,600
hair communication to a 
spiritual level. 

2334
02:07:59,600 --> 02:08:03,000
Using elaborate arrangements to 
commune with deities and channel

2335
02:08:03,000 --> 02:08:06,200
other worldly wisdom. 
A druid's hair pattern might 

2336
02:08:06,200 --> 02:08:09,500
incorporate symbols representing
the phases of the moon, the 

2337
02:08:09,500 --> 02:08:13,000
changing seasons and various 
Natural Forces creating a living

2338
02:08:13,000 --> 02:08:14,900
mandala. 
That connected the wearer to the

2339
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,800
cosmic order, it was like 
wearing a direct line to the 

2340
02:08:17,800 --> 02:08:21,300
Divine, except instead of a 
phone, you used intricate 

2341
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:24,200
braiding techniques passed down 
through generations of spiritual

2342
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:27,300
practitioners. 
What really impressed Elena was 

2343
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:30,300
how the cell to manage to make 
their hair Communication System,

2344
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:32,900
adaptable across different 
social situations. 

2345
02:08:34,000 --> 02:08:36,800
The same basic braid pattern 
might be worn Loosely and 

2346
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:40,300
casually for everyday activities
tightened and decorated for 

2347
02:08:40,300 --> 02:08:43,700
formal occasions or modified 
with specific additions for 

2348
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:47,200
ritual or ceremonial purposes. 
It was like having one 

2349
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:50,500
incredibly versatile language 
that could shift registers 

2350
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:53,900
depending on the context from 
casual conversation, to formal 

2351
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:58,500
presentation to Sacred ceremony.
The more Elena studied Celtic 

2352
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:01,200
hair culture, the more she 
realized that they'd solved one 

2353
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:04,500
of the fundamental challenges of
human communication, how to 

2354
02:09:04,500 --> 02:09:06,800
share complex personal 
information while maintaining 

2355
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:09,600
privacy and dignity. 
Excel tick. 

2356
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:12,300
Woman could tell her entire life
story to those who needed to 

2357
02:09:12,308 --> 02:09:14,500
know it. 
While the same Arrangement might

2358
02:09:14,500 --> 02:09:17,500
appear to be simply attractive 
braiding to Casual observers. 

2359
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:21,400
It was selectively broadcasting 
at its finest intimate, 

2360
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:25,100
communication disguised as 
beautiful hair styling as Elena 

2361
02:09:25,100 --> 02:09:27,700
piece together, the complex 
mysteries of Celtic hair 

2362
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:29,800
messaging. 
She began to understand that. 

2363
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:33,400
These ancient people had created
something remarkable, a 

2364
02:09:33,400 --> 02:09:35,900
communication system that was 
simultaneously, practical, 

2365
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:39,400
beautiful, emotionally, 
meaningful, and spiritually 

2366
02:09:39,400 --> 02:09:42,500
significant. 
They hadn't just figured out how

2367
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:45,400
to speak with their hair. 
They discovered how to turn 

2368
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:48,700
their entire heads into living 
breathing, works of art that 

2369
02:09:48,700 --> 02:09:52,100
told the stories of their lives,
their families and their deepest

2370
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,700
beliefs by this point. 
In her research, Eleanor felt 

2371
02:09:55,700 --> 02:09:58,900
like she discovered that the 
entire ancient world had been 

2372
02:09:58,900 --> 02:10:01,500
having a massive ongoing 
conversation, right over 

2373
02:10:01,500 --> 02:10:05,500
everyone's heads, literally But 
the more cultures she 

2374
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:08,900
investigated, the more she 
realized that her communication 

2375
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:12,500
wasn't just a collection of 
isolated cultural practices, it 

2376
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:16,600
was something much more profound
a universal human impulse to 

2377
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:20,100
turn our most visible feature 
into a language of identity 

2378
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:23,000
status and connection Elena's 
breakthrough. 

2379
02:10:23,000 --> 02:10:25,600
Came, when she started mapping 
the common elements across all 

2380
02:10:25,600 --> 02:10:28,800
the hair Communication System, 
she had studied despite 

2381
02:10:28,800 --> 02:10:32,400
developing in complete isolation
from each other cultures around 

2382
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,700
the world had independently 
arrived at remarkably similar 

2383
02:10:35,700 --> 02:10:37,800
solutions to the challenge of 
visual communication. 

2384
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:41,900
It was like discovering that 
humans had an innate need to 

2385
02:10:41,900 --> 02:10:45,800
speak with their hair regardless
of their geographic location or 

2386
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:49,200
historical period. 
Length, it turned out was 

2387
02:10:49,200 --> 02:10:51,300
universal currency and her 
communication. 

2388
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:54,300
From Viking. 
Warriors to Chinese empresses to

2389
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:56,200
Celtic. 
Druids longer hair. 

2390
02:10:56,200 --> 02:11:00,100
Consistently indicated higher 
status, greater power or deeper 

2391
02:11:00,100 --> 02:11:04,600
spiritual connection. but the 
genius was in the details how 

2392
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:07,500
that length was managed styled 
and displayed varied 

2393
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:11,100
dramatically between cultures 
while maintaining the same basic

2394
02:11:11,100 --> 02:11:15,300
meaning, This is similar to how 
a smile universally signified 

2395
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:17,900
friendliness yet. 
The specific ways in which 

2396
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:20,700
people smiled differ, according 
to their cultural backgrounds. 

2397
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,400
Covering and uncovering hair. 
Also appear to be a universal 

2398
02:11:24,400 --> 02:11:27,900
communication strategy, though. 
The specific meanings varied 

2399
02:11:27,900 --> 02:11:31,500
fascinatingly between cultures. 
What remained constant was the 

2400
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:34,600
recognition that hair visibility
was a powerful tool for social 

2401
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:37,600
signaling. 
Whether you are a Roman matron 

2402
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:40,900
covering your hair to indicate 
respectability a Celtic. 

2403
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:43,100
Warrior leaving his hair. 
Wild to demonstrate his 

2404
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:46,600
dangerous nature or a Japanese 
geisha, revealing carefully 

2405
02:11:46,600 --> 02:11:49,000
styled locks to advertise her 
artistic refinement. 

2406
02:11:49,000 --> 02:11:53,100
You are all participating in the
same basic human, practice of 

2407
02:11:53,100 --> 02:11:55,200
using hair visibility as a form 
of communication. 

2408
02:11:56,500 --> 02:11:59,100
Elena discovered that braiding 
patterns seemed to emerge 

2409
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:01,900
independently in every culture 
that developed sophisticated 

2410
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:05,100
hair communication. 
But each Society had found its 

2411
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:08,200
own symbolic, vocabulary within 
the medium of woven hair. 

2412
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:13,300
Vikings braided stories of 
Conquest, Celts, braided family 

2413
02:12:13,300 --> 02:12:16,500
history and various African 
cultures whose hair. 

2414
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:18,700
Communication systems are Lane, 
was just beginning to 

2415
02:12:18,700 --> 02:12:22,000
investigate her developed 
braiding patterns, that could 

2416
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,200
indicate everything from tribal 
affiliation to personal 

2417
02:12:25,200 --> 02:12:27,400
achievements to spiritual 
beliefs. 

2418
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:31,600
But perhaps the most universal 
element Elena found was the use 

2419
02:12:31,600 --> 02:12:34,900
of hair communication for mate, 
selection and relationship 

2420
02:12:34,900 --> 02:12:38,100
status. 
Every culture, she studied had 

2421
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:40,600
developed sophisticated ways to 
broadcast, romantic, 

2422
02:12:40,600 --> 02:12:44,800
availability partnership, status
and desirability through hair 

2423
02:12:44,800 --> 02:12:47,400
arrangement. 
It made perfect sense from an 

2424
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,300
evolutionary perspective. 
Hair is visible from a distance.

2425
02:12:50,300 --> 02:12:54,100
Can be styled to enhance or 
disguise certain features and 

2426
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:57,600
changes over time in ways that 
can indicate health age and 

2427
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,100
social status. 
The more Alaina studied these 

2428
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:04,400
patterns, the more she realized 
that modern humans had retained 

2429
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,800
many of these ancient instincts 
without consciously recognizing 

2430
02:13:07,800 --> 02:13:09,900
them. 
We still make judgments about 

2431
02:13:09,900 --> 02:13:13,100
people, based on their 
hairstyles, still use our hair 

2432
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:15,700
to Signal different aspects of 
our Personality and Social 

2433
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:19,600
Status, and still pay attention 
to hair changes as indicators of

2434
02:13:19,600 --> 02:13:21,600
Life, transitions or emotional 
states. 

2435
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:25,100
We just don't have the 
sophisticated culturally agreed 

2436
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:27,100
upon vocabulary that are 
ancestors developed. 

2437
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:30,400
Elinor began to see that her 
communication hadn't disappeared

2438
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:33,500
with ancient civilizations. 
It had just become less 

2439
02:13:33,500 --> 02:13:37,400
conscious and systemic. 
Modern people still use dramatic

2440
02:13:37,400 --> 02:13:39,300
hair cuts to Mark major life 
changes. 

2441
02:13:39,300 --> 02:13:43,100
Still spend enormous amounts of 
money and time on hairstyling to

2442
02:13:43,100 --> 02:13:46,700
communicate aspects of their 
identity and still notice an 

2443
02:13:46,700 --> 02:13:49,100
interpret other people's hair 
choices as social signals. 

2444
02:13:49,100 --> 02:13:52,700
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge that would let us read

2445
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:55,200
these signals with the Precision
and sophistication of our 

2446
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:58,400
ancestors. 
This realization LED Elena to 

2447
02:13:58,400 --> 02:13:59,500
watch. 
She considered her most 

2448
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,900
important discovery. 
Her communication systems seemed

2449
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:05,900
to emerge naturally in any 
society that valued, complex, 

2450
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:08,900
social relationships, and 
nuanced identity expression. 

2451
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:12,300
The more sophisticated, the 
social structure, the more 

2452
02:14:12,300 --> 02:14:15,500
elaborate the hair language 
became it, wasn't that ancient 

2453
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:17,700
people were obsessed with hair 
for its own sake. 

2454
02:14:17,700 --> 02:14:21,000
They were using hair as a tool 
for navigating increasingly 

2455
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:25,500
complex, social environments, 
Elena started to understand that

2456
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:28,500
these ancient Hare languages 
represented something that 

2457
02:14:28,500 --> 02:14:32,400
modern society might have lost. 
Shared vocabulary for expressing

2458
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:36,200
the subtle complex aspects of 
human identity that don't fit 

2459
02:14:36,200 --> 02:14:39,600
neatly into simple categories. 
When your hairstyle could 

2460
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:42,600
communicate, not just your 
social status, but your family 

2461
02:14:42,600 --> 02:14:45,600
history, your personal 
achievements, your current 

2462
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:49,200
emotional, state, your spiritual
beliefs, and your availability, 

2463
02:14:49,200 --> 02:14:51,700
for various types of 
relationships, you had a 

2464
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,800
communication tool of remarkable
sophistication and Nuance. 

2465
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:59,100
The implications were staggering
Eleanor realized that ancient 

2466
02:14:59,100 --> 02:15:01,400
people might have been better at
reading, social, cues 

2467
02:15:01,400 --> 02:15:05,100
understanding, complex, social 
dynamics and navigating 

2468
02:15:05,100 --> 02:15:08,100
interpersonal relationships 
precisely because they had these

2469
02:15:08,100 --> 02:15:11,500
shared visual languages that 
provided immediate detailed 

2470
02:15:11,500 --> 02:15:15,000
information about everyone 
around them. modern people might

2471
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:18,000
have gained individual freedom 
of expression but we've lost 

2472
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:20,500
Collective tools for social 
communication and understanding 

2473
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:24,400
As Elena synthesized, her 
research across cultures and 

2474
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:26,600
centuries. 
She began to see that her 

2475
02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:30,100
communication wasn't just an 
intriguing historical curiosity.

2476
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,700
It was evidence of a fundamental
human capacity for creating 

2477
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:37,300
meaning building community and 
expressing identity through the 

2478
02:15:37,300 --> 02:15:39,500
most basic aspects of our 
physical appearance. 

2479
02:15:40,500 --> 02:15:42,000
We'd always been speaking with 
our hair. 

2480
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:44,900
We just forgotten how to listen 
to what it was saying. 

2481
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:48,300
As Elena sat in her study one 
evening, surrounded by 

2482
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:52,200
photographs, sketches and notes 
from cultures spanning thousands

2483
02:15:52,200 --> 02:15:54,300
of years and every inhabited 
continent. 

2484
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:58,100
She realized she'd uncovered 
something that went far beyond 

2485
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,600
academic curiosity. 
She discovered a lost dimension 

2486
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:05,000
of human communication that 
revealed profound truths about 

2487
02:16:05,008 --> 02:16:08,800
connection identity and the ways
people create meaning in their 

2488
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:11,000
lives. 
The evidence was overwhelming 

2489
02:16:11,000 --> 02:16:15,300
for most of human history had 
served as a sophisticated 

2490
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:18,500
nuanced language that allowed 
people to communicate complex 

2491
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:21,500
information about the themselves
while simultaneously reading 

2492
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:24,100
equally complex information 
about everyone around them. 

2493
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:27,200
Modern humans had retain the 
instinct to use hair for 

2494
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,900
communication, We still make 
dramatic hair changes to Mark, 

2495
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:33,700
life transitions. 
Still judge others based on 

2496
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:36,600
their styling choices. 
Still use our hair to express 

2497
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:39,600
personality and attract 
Partners, but we'd lost the 

2498
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:42,299
shared cultural knowledge that 
would make this communication 

2499
02:16:42,299 --> 02:16:45,600
truly effective. 
Elinor began to imagine what it 

2500
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:47,799
would have been like to live in 
a world where everyone around 

2501
02:16:47,799 --> 02:16:51,299
you was constantly broadcasting 
detailed information about their

2502
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:55,799
identity, status history, and 
current emotional state through 

2503
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:59,299
their hair choices. 
Instead of the awkward small 

2504
02:16:59,299 --> 02:17:02,500
talk that dominates modern 
social interactions ancient 

2505
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,400
people could gather enormous 
amounts of relevant information 

2506
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:08,400
about new acquaintances, simply 
by observing their hair 

2507
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:10,500
Arrangements. 
It would be like having 

2508
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:14,400
everyone's biography current 
mood and availability status 

2509
02:17:14,400 --> 02:17:18,200
visible at a glance. 
The more Elena thought about it.

2510
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:21,200
The more she realized that 
ancient hair communication, 

2511
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:24,000
offered something even more 
valuable than a fishing to 

2512
02:17:24,008 --> 02:17:27,100
information exchange. 
It provided a way for people to 

2513
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,700
express the full complexity of 
their identity within a shared 

2514
02:17:30,700 --> 02:17:34,000
cultural framework. 
When your hairstyle could tell 

2515
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:37,299
the story of your family, your 
achievements, your beliefs and 

2516
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:41,100
your dreams, you had a way to be
seen and understood as a 

2517
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,400
complete person rather than just
a collection of demographic 

2518
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:47,600
categories. 
Elena found herself wondering 

2519
02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:50,500
what we'd lost when we abandoned
the sophisticated visual 

2520
02:17:50,500 --> 02:17:53,700
languages. 
Modern people often complain 

2521
02:17:53,700 --> 02:17:57,100
about feeling disconnected, 
misunderstood or unable to 

2522
02:17:57,108 --> 02:17:59,700
express their authentic selves 
in social situations. 

2523
02:18:00,799 --> 02:18:03,700
What if part of the solution was
learning to read and speak in 

2524
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:06,500
the visual languages that humans
had naturally developed over 

2525
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:09,900
thousands of years, the 
implications extended Beyond 

2526
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:12,700
individual communication to 
community building and social 

2527
02:18:12,700 --> 02:18:15,200
cohesion. 
When everyone in a community 

2528
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:17,600
shared a visual language, that 
could communicate personal 

2529
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:20,799
history, family connections, 
social status and current 

2530
02:18:20,799 --> 02:18:23,100
circumstances. 
It created a web of 

2531
02:18:23,100 --> 02:18:24,799
understanding and mutual 
recognition. 

2532
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,799
That went far deeper than 
surface-level interactions. 

2533
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:31,900
People could understand their 
place in the community, not just

2534
02:18:31,900 --> 02:18:34,700
through verbal communication, 
but through constant visual 

2535
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:37,299
reinforcement of social 
relationships, and shared 

2536
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:40,200
values. 
Eleanor realized that ancient 

2537
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:43,500
Hare, communication systems had 
solved one of the persistent 

2538
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:46,900
challenges of human society. 
How to balance individual 

2539
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:49,299
expression with Community 
cohesion? 

2540
02:18:50,299 --> 02:18:53,000
Systems allowed people to 
express their unique identity 

2541
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:56,299
and personal story while 
simultaneously participating in 

2542
02:18:56,299 --> 02:19:00,000
a shared cultural language that 
strength and Community bonds. 

2543
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:03,799
You could be completely yourself
while still being clearly 

2544
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:06,299
connected to your community 
while Elena. 

2545
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:09,400
Reflected on her research, she 
began seeing parallels between 

2546
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,200
ancient hair communication and 
modern digital communication. 

2547
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:17,000
Social media platforms, dating 
apps and professional networking

2548
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:20,100
sites, all attempt to help 
people broadcast information 

2549
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:22,400
about their identity status and 
availability. 

2550
02:19:23,500 --> 02:19:26,400
Essentially the same functions 
that hair served in ancient 

2551
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:29,200
cultures. 
But where hair communication was

2552
02:19:29,200 --> 02:19:32,900
immediate nuanced and integrated
into daily life. 

2553
02:19:33,600 --> 02:19:37,000
Digital communication often 
feels artificial, performative 

2554
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:39,600
and separated from authentic 
human connection. 

2555
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:43,299
Perhaps most importantly, 
Eleanor realized that hair 

2556
02:19:43,299 --> 02:19:47,200
communication had been 
inherently democratic Unlike 

2557
02:19:47,200 --> 02:19:50,400
written languages, that required
literacy and education or 

2558
02:19:50,400 --> 02:19:53,300
complex, social protocols that 
required training and etiquette 

2559
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:55,900
Hare, communication was 
accessible to everyone. 

2560
02:19:56,600 --> 02:20:00,700
Ritual, poor educated or 
illiterate everyone had hair and

2561
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:03,200
everyone could participate in 
the visual conversation that 

2562
02:20:03,200 --> 02:20:04,800
helped bind communities 
together. 

2563
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:08,700
Elena's research had started 
with curiosity about ancient 

2564
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:13,300
Aesthetics, but it had evolved 
into something much larger, a 

2565
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:16,500
recognition that humans have 
always had sophisticated ways of

2566
02:20:16,500 --> 02:20:20,700
communicating identity building 
community and creating meaning 

2567
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,100
through the most basic aspects 
of physical appearance. 

2568
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:26,600
We haven't lost the ability to 
communicate through hair. 

2569
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:30,400
We just lost the shared cultural
knowledge, that would make that 

2570
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:32,100
communication effective and 
meaningful. 

2571
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,700
As she prepared to share her 
findings with the world Elena 

2572
02:20:36,700 --> 02:20:39,500
felt both excitement and 
sadness. 

2573
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:43,100
Eleanor was filled with 
excitement as she discovered 

2574
02:20:43,100 --> 02:20:47,500
evidence of human creativity, 
Ingenuity and connection that 

2575
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:51,400
had been concealed for 
centuries. she felt sadness, 

2576
02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:54,300
because she realized how much 
richness and depth of 

2577
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:58,200
communication, modern people had
unknowingly sacrificed for the 

2578
02:20:58,208 --> 02:21:03,400
sake of individual freedom and 
simplicity But perhaps Elena 

2579
02:21:03,400 --> 02:21:06,100
thought she finally turned off 
her desk lamp and headed to bed 

2580
02:21:06,100 --> 02:21:08,800
understanding. 
What we'd lost was the first 

2581
02:21:08,800 --> 02:21:12,100
step toward recovering, some of 
what had made ancient community.

2582
02:21:12,100 --> 02:21:14,600
So skilled at reading 
understanding and connecting 

2583
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:17,500
with each other. 
Perhaps, we have an truly lost 

2584
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:20,800
The Secret Language of Hair, but
it simply waiting for us to 

2585
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:23,600
reclaim its ability to 
communicate, your hair. 

2586
02:21:23,600 --> 02:21:26,100
After all, has been trying to 
tell your story all along. 

2587
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:29,200
The only question is whether 
anyone around you still remember

2588
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:38,700
how to listen Now imagine 
yourself sitting in your 

2589
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:42,600
favorite armchair in 1939 
perhaps with a lukewarm cup of 

2590
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,700
tea on the side table as the 
world prepares to undergo 

2591
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:49,500
unprecedented transformation. 
But the people who are about to 

2592
02:21:49,500 --> 02:21:51,900
change, it had no idea. 
They were writing the most 

2593
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:57,100
expensive recipe ever the recipe
required approximately 130,000 

2594
02:21:57,100 --> 02:22:01,300
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

2595
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:04,900
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

2596
02:22:04,900 --> 02:22:08,500
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

2597
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:11,300
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

2598
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:13,500
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

2599
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:17,800
That's roughly what Leo silard 
felt when he heard that German 

2600
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:20,500
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

2601
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:23,900
Slides was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

2602
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:26,000
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

2603
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:29,300
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

2604
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:32,900
The amusing thing about solar is
that he was the kind of guy who 

2605
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:35,600
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

2606
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:38,000
immediately realized, it might 
be dangerous and try to keep it 

2607
02:22:38,008 --> 02:22:40,800
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

2608
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:44,700
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

2609
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:47,400
around New York like likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

2610
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,100
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

2611
02:22:50,100 --> 02:22:52,900
would listen that American 
needed to outpace Germany in the

2612
02:22:52,900 --> 02:22:55,700
atomic race. 
But you can't just walk into the

2613
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:58,900
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

2614
02:22:58,900 --> 02:23:02,400
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

2615
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:05,200
quickly. 
So, Sila did, what any 

2616
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:08,200
reasonable person would do, he 
got, Einstein to write a letter.

2617
02:23:08,200 --> 02:23:12,600
Apparently, even in 1939, name 
recognition held significant 

2618
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,700
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

2619
02:23:15,700 --> 02:23:17,600
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

2620
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,500
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

2621
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:24,700
He later recognized the irony 
given that he was a pacifist who

2622
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:26,900
had previously expressed a 
preference for being a 

2623
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:30,300
Lighthouse Keeper. 
Over a physicist Roosevelt got 

2624
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,800
the letter in October 1939, 
right around the time, he was 

2625
02:23:33,800 --> 02:23:36,100
dealing with a dozen of the 
world ending problems. 

2626
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:40,000
You have to admire the man's 
ability to prioritize most of 

2627
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:42,100
us, get overwhelmed choosing 
what to watch on streaming 

2628
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:46,000
services, but FDR was juggling 
potential, nuclear weapons, a 

2629
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:49,200
World War and probably wondering
if his morning coffee was strong

2630
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:52,200
enough for any of this. 
The initial response was about 

2631
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:55,000
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 
from a government bureaucracy, 

2632
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:59,000
they formed a committee, nothing
conveys, the urgency of a 

2633
02:23:59,000 --> 02:24:01,500
world-changing, scientific 
breakthrough, more effectively 

2634
02:24:01,500 --> 02:24:02,800
than the formation of a 
committee. 

2635
02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:06,300
The Iranian committee as they 
call it met a few times, 

2636
02:24:06,300 --> 02:24:10,100
allocated, a wapping 6,000 
dollars for research, and 

2637
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:12,100
probably spent more on coffee 
than uranium. 

2638
02:24:12,100 --> 02:24:15,100
It was the governmental 
equivalent of putting a Band-Aid

2639
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:18,000
on a volcano. 
But here's where the story gets 

2640
02:24:18,000 --> 02:24:20,300
intriguing in. 
That uniquely American Way. 

2641
02:24:21,200 --> 02:24:24,000
While the committee was busy 
being committee like Pearl, 

2642
02:24:24,000 --> 02:24:26,900
Harbor happened. 
Suddenly the abstract concept 

2643
02:24:26,900 --> 02:24:29,300
of, maybe we should look into 
this Atomic thing. 

2644
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,700
Became we need this Atomic thing
yesterday and will build it 

2645
02:24:32,708 --> 02:24:34,700
bigger than anyone has ever 
built anything. 

2646
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:38,700
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 
man who had just finished 

2647
02:24:38,700 --> 02:24:41,600
building the Pentagon and was 
probably looking forward to a 

2648
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:45,100
comfortable quiet desk job. 
Instead, he got handed the 

2649
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:48,100
Manhattan Project which was like
being asked to organize the 

2650
02:24:48,100 --> 02:24:51,300
world's most dangerous science 
fair with unlimited funding and 

2651
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:53,800
a deadline, that could determine
the fate of democracy. 

2652
02:24:54,500 --> 02:24:57,300
Groves was the kind of military 
mind who could look at an 

2653
02:24:57,300 --> 02:25:00,200
impossible task and immediately.
Start figuring out how to make 

2654
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,800
it slightly less impossible. 
One spreadsheet at a time. 

2655
02:25:03,808 --> 02:25:07,200
The beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

2656
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:10,400
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

2657
02:25:10,400 --> 02:25:12,800
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

2658
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:15,400
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

2659
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:18,800
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

2660
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:21,500
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

2661
02:25:21,500 --> 02:25:25,000
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

2662
02:25:25,000 --> 02:25:28,400
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

2663
02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:30,200
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

2664
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,400
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

2665
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:36,900
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

2666
02:25:36,900 --> 02:25:40,000
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong, it was more like

2667
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:42,800
trying to hurt cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

2668
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:45,800
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

2669
02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:48,800
alarming tendency to argue about
theoretical physics at 

2670
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:52,500
inappropriate volume. 
General Grove's, bless his 

2671
02:25:52,500 --> 02:25:55,000
practical heart approached, this
challenge the way. 

2672
02:25:55,000 --> 02:25:57,900
Any good military man. 
Would he made lists? 

2673
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:02,500
Lots of lists list of scientists
list of locations list of things

2674
02:26:02,500 --> 02:26:05,700
they need, and probably a list 
of reasons why this was either 

2675
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:07,600
the best or worst assignment of 
his career. 

2676
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:11,700
He realized pretty quickly that 
managing brilliant people was 

2677
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:14,800
like, managing regular people 
except they could prove you 

2678
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:17,800
wrong with math. 
The first real breakthrough 

2679
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:20,500
came, when someone suggested 
they recruit Robert Oppenheimer 

2680
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:24,300
to lead the scientific effort. 
Now, Oppenheimer was an 

2681
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:26,000
interesting choice. 
He was brilliant. 

2682
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:29,800
Absolutely, but he was also the 
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 

2683
02:26:29,800 --> 02:26:32,700
at cocktail parties and had a 
habit of making everyone around 

2684
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:36,400
him feel slightly undereducated.
He was like that friend, who can

2685
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,600
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

2686
02:26:39,600 --> 02:26:43,300
fluency except in being annoying
at dinner parties. 

2687
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:46,500
He was about to become the most 
famous scientists in America. 

2688
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:49,400
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

2689
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:51,800
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

2690
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,000
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

2691
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:58,400
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

2692
02:26:58,400 --> 02:26:59,500
need results. 
Now, please. 

2693
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:02,900
He could talk to a theoretical 
physicist about quantum 

2694
02:27:02,900 --> 02:27:05,600
mechanics in the morning and 
explain to a general why they 

2695
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:07,100
needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

2696
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:10,700
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

2697
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:13,200
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

2698
02:27:13,200 --> 02:27:16,700
rather than terrifying. 
You can't run a massive 

2699
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:19,000
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

2700
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,900
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

2701
02:27:22,900 --> 02:27:26,400
space. 
They needed secret space, really

2702
02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:29,500
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

2703
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:32,200
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

2704
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:36,600
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

2705
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:38,400
location. 
So remote that it made the 

2706
02:27:38,400 --> 02:27:40,500
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

2707
02:27:40,500 --> 02:27:44,200
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

2708
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:47,100
be perfect. 
The site was isolated enough. 

2709
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:49,800
That any accidental explosions 
would mostly just bother the 

2710
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:53,300
local Wildlife, but accessible 
enough that they could actually 

2711
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:56,400
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

2712
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,200
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

2713
02:28:00,200 --> 02:28:03,900
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party and having it

2714
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:06,400
turned into a wedding reception 
for 500 people. 

2715
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:09,900
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

2716
02:28:09,900 --> 02:28:13,500
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

2717
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,500
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

2718
02:28:16,500 --> 02:28:20,300
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

2719
02:28:20,300 --> 02:28:23,400
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

2720
02:28:23,400 --> 02:28:25,500
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

2721
02:28:25,500 --> 02:28:28,800
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

2722
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:32,100
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

2723
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:34,700
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

2724
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:39,000
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

2725
02:28:39,000 --> 02:28:42,200
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

2726
02:28:42,200 --> 02:28:44,600
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

2727
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:48,100
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

2728
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:50,800
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

2729
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:54,100
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

2730
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:57,300
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

2731
02:28:57,300 --> 02:28:59,400
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

2732
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:03,100
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority found

2733
02:29:03,100 --> 02:29:06,300
itself powering what looked like
the industrial equivalent of a 

2734
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,900
small Alien Invasion and they 
just had to trust that someone 

2735
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:12,300
somewhere knew what they were 
doing. 

2736
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,000
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

2737
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:17,800
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

2738
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:20,300
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

2739
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:22,600
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

2740
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:26,500
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

2741
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:28,500
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

2742
02:29:29,500 --> 02:29:31,700
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

2743
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:34,400
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

2744
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:37,400
thorough that you could work on 
the Manhattan Project for three 

2745
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:40,600
years and still have only the 
vaguest idea what you'd actually

2746
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:43,400
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

2747
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:46,400
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

2748
02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:49,500
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

2749
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:53,200
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

2750
02:29:53,200 --> 02:29:56,500
in temporary housing in the 
middle of the desert working on 

2751
02:29:56,500 --> 02:29:59,200
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

2752
02:29:59,200 --> 02:30:01,900
everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults. 

2753
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:05,500
If summer, camp involved, 
nuclear physics and the fate of 

2754
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:07,700
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

2755
02:30:07,700 --> 02:30:10,300
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

2756
02:30:10,300 --> 02:30:12,100
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

2757
02:30:12,100 --> 02:30:15,300
You're dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

2758
02:30:15,300 --> 02:30:17,100
things so small you can't see 
them. 

2759
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:20,500
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

2760
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,900
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like 

2761
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:26,400
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

2762
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,000
your entire neighborhood. 
If only, you could figure out 

2763
02:30:29,000 --> 02:30:30,400
how to Convince them to 
cooperate. 

2764
02:30:30,400 --> 02:30:33,700
The basic concept of nuclear 
fission sounds almost simple. 

2765
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:37,300
When you say it quickly, you 
take a uranium, atom, you split 

2766
02:30:37,300 --> 02:30:40,900
it, and it releases energy. 
But saying that is like saying 

2767
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,600
baking a cake when you're 
actually trying to construct a 

2768
02:30:43,600 --> 02:30:46,300
12 tier wedding cake. 
While blindfolded using 

2769
02:30:46,300 --> 02:30:49,200
ingredients, you've never seen 
before and following a recipe 

2770
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:51,600
written in a language that was 
just invented yesterday. 

2771
02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:55,500
The first challenge was getting 
the right kind of uranium 

2772
02:30:55,500 --> 02:31:00,200
natural, uranium is mostly 
uranium 238, which is about as 

2773
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:02,400
useful for making bombs as a 
chocolate teapot. 

2774
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:07,400
What they needed was uranium 
235, which makes up less than 1%

2775
02:31:07,400 --> 02:31:10,400
of natural uranium. 
It's like needing to separate 

2776
02:31:10,400 --> 02:31:14,000
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 

2777
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:16,700
M&M's are invisible. 
They're trying to kill you and 

2778
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:19,100
you can only tell them apart 
using methods, that hadn't been 

2779
02:31:19,100 --> 02:31:22,500
invented yet. 
The scientists at Oak Ridge 

2780
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:24,600
approached, this problem with 
the kind of methodical 

2781
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:27,600
determination that only comes 
from having absolutely no 

2782
02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:29,800
choice. 
They tried several different 

2783
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:33,300
separation methods, including 
one that involved giant Electro 

2784
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,600
magnets called calutron. 
These machines were enormous and

2785
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,900
consumed so much electricity 
that they basically turned the 

2786
02:31:39,908 --> 02:31:43,300
separation of uranium Isotopes, 
in to an industrial process. 

2787
02:31:43,300 --> 02:31:46,700
That could be seen from space, 
if satellites had existed then 

2788
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:51,300
however, uranium was not the 
sole option of available nuclear

2789
02:31:51,300 --> 02:31:53,800
reactors. 
Could create plutonia an element

2790
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:57,400
absence in nature. 
Plutonium was like, uranium's 

2791
02:31:57,400 --> 02:32:01,000
more complicated cousin, 
potentially more powerful but 

2792
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:03,600
also more difficult to work with
and with a personality that 

2793
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:06,100
could charitably be described as
temperamental. 

2794
02:32:06,700 --> 02:32:10,000
Creating plutonium required 
building nuclear reactors, which

2795
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:12,100
brought its own special set of 
challenges. 

2796
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:15,400
First reactor was built under 
the football stadium at the 

2797
02:32:15,400 --> 02:32:18,100
University of Chicago because 
apparently someone thought that 

2798
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:20,100
the best place to test 
Humanity's. 

2799
02:32:20,100 --> 02:32:23,400
First controlled nuclear chain 
reaction was directly underneath

2800
02:32:23,400 --> 02:32:26,800
a major American city. 
The physicists in charge of this

2801
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:30,200
experiment in Rica fairy was 
reportedly betting on whether 

2802
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,200
the reaction would stop when 
they wanted it to which shows 

2803
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:34,900
how well they understood what 
they were doing. 

2804
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:37,400
Fairy. 
Incidentally was the kind of 

2805
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:40,300
scientist who could calculate 
complex physics problems in his 

2806
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:42,500
head while other people were 
still looking for their 

2807
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,200
calculators. 
He was also famous for his 

2808
02:32:45,200 --> 02:32:48,500
ability to estimate almost 
anything, give him a few minutes

2809
02:32:48,500 --> 02:32:50,900
and some basic information. 
And he could tell you 

2810
02:32:50,900 --> 02:32:54,200
approximately how many piano 
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 

2811
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,100
much energy would be released by
various theoretical nuclear 

2812
02:32:57,100 --> 02:32:59,900
explosions. 
This skill turned out to be 

2813
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,000
surprisingly useful when dealing
with weapons that released more 

2814
02:33:03,000 --> 02:33:06,400
energy than anyone had ever 
handled before the Chicago 

2815
02:33:06,400 --> 02:33:09,100
reactor worked. 
Thankfully without accidentally 

2816
02:33:09,100 --> 02:33:12,600
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

2817
02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:15,100
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

2818
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:19,400
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

2819
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:22,100
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

2820
02:33:22,100 --> 02:33:25,200
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

2821
02:33:25,200 --> 02:33:27,700
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

2822
02:33:28,500 --> 02:33:31,200
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

2823
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:33,600
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

2824
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,800
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

2825
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:39,400
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

2826
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:43,100
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

2827
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:46,400
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

2828
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,300
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

2829
02:33:49,300 --> 02:33:52,900
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

2830
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:56,400
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium in to another 

2831
02:33:56,400 --> 02:33:59,900
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

2832
02:33:59,900 --> 02:34:03,000
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

2833
02:34:03,000 --> 02:34:05,800
hammers. 
But this method only worked with

2834
02:34:05,800 --> 02:34:09,800
uranium 235 and they didn't have
enough for more than one bomb. 

2835
02:34:11,200 --> 02:34:14,000
Plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

2836
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:17,900
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

2837
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:20,700
conventional explosives and 
detonating them all at. 

2838
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:24,000
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

2839
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:27,600
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

2840
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:30,600
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

2841
02:34:30,600 --> 02:34:34,400
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

2842
02:34:34,400 --> 02:34:37,500
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

2843
02:34:38,800 --> 02:34:41,400
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

2844
02:34:41,400 --> 02:34:44,300
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

2845
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,200
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

2846
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:51,800
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

2847
02:34:51,800 --> 02:34:54,200
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

2848
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,700
science project for over two 
years despite possessing, 

2849
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,200
numerous theories calculations 
and mathematical equations. 

2850
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:04,100
They remained uncertain. 
If any of them would truly 

2851
02:35:04,100 --> 02:35:08,300
function It's akin to dedicating
three years to the construction 

2852
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:12,000
of a car, only to discover that 
you've never actually attempted 

2853
02:35:12,000 --> 02:35:15,500
to operate the key. 
The gun type uranium bomb was 

2854
02:35:15,500 --> 02:35:18,400
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

2855
02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:21,200
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

2856
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:24,400
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

2857
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,500
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

2858
02:35:28,400 --> 02:35:31,700
However the plutonium implosion 
bomb presented a distinct 

2859
02:35:31,700 --> 02:35:34,000
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

2860
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:35,800
temperamental that betting the 
war on it. 

2861
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:38,700
Without a test would have been 
like performing brain surgery, 

2862
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:40,500
based on a cookbook, you'd 
written yourself. 

2863
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,600
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

2864
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:48,000
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

2865
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:49,900
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

2866
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:53,800
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

2867
02:35:53,800 --> 02:35:56,500
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

2868
02:35:56,500 --> 02:35:57,400
enough. 
That if something goes 

2869
02:35:57,400 --> 02:36:00,900
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

2870
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:02,800
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

2871
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:06,300
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

2872
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:09,500
Mexico desert about 200 miles 
south of Los Alamos called 

2873
02:36:09,500 --> 02:36:12,000
Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

2874
02:36:12,000 --> 02:36:15,600
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

2875
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:18,200
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

2876
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:19,700
you still have time for 
literature. 

2877
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:24,700
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

2878
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:28,100
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

2879
02:36:28,100 --> 02:36:32,000
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

2880
02:36:32,000 --> 02:36:34,300
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

2881
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,100
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

2882
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:41,000
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

2883
02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:42,400
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

2884
02:36:42,400 --> 02:36:46,500
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

2885
02:36:46,500 --> 02:36:49,900
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

2886
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:53,200
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

2887
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:56,600
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen, appliance rather 

2888
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:58,300
than a weapon that could level a
city. 

2889
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:01,800
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests.

2890
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:03,800
Were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

2891
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:07,400
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

2892
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:10,400
safely. 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

2893
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:12,400
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

2894
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:16,200
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

2895
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:17,600
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

2896
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:21,700
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

2897
02:37:21,700 --> 02:37:24,600
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

2898
02:37:24,608 --> 02:37:27,200
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

2899
02:37:27,208 --> 02:37:32,200
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

2900
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:34,900
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

2901
02:37:34,900 --> 02:37:37,600
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

2902
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:42,000
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

2903
02:37:42,000 --> 02:37:44,200
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

2904
02:37:45,000 --> 02:37:47,500
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

2905
02:37:47,500 --> 02:37:50,500
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

2906
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,500
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive 

2907
02:37:53,500 --> 02:37:56,400
firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key scientists 

2908
02:37:56,400 --> 02:37:59,100
gathered at controlled bunker 
about six miles from Ground 

2909
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:02,200
Zero, which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

2910
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:05,800
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

2911
02:38:05,800 --> 02:38:09,100
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion, they lay down on the 

2912
02:38:09,108 --> 02:38:12,200
ground, facing away from the 
blast site with instructions to 

2913
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:14,500
look only after the initial 
Flash and passed. 

2914
02:38:14,500 --> 02:38:17,200
It was like being told to watch 
the world's most important 

2915
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:22,200
Sunrise through your eyelids at 
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 

2916
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:25,400
with the force equivalent to 
about 21,000 tons of TNT. 

2917
02:38:26,500 --> 02:38:29,400
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

2918
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:33,000
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

2919
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:35,800
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

2920
02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:39,700
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

2921
02:38:39,700 --> 02:38:43,300
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

2922
02:38:43,300 --> 02:38:46,800
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

2923
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:51,000
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

2924
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,600
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

2925
02:38:53,600 --> 02:38:55,600
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

2926
02:38:56,300 --> 02:38:59,400
The steel tower that held the 
bomb vaporized along with 

2927
02:38:59,400 --> 02:39:02,100
everything else within a 
substantial radius of ground 

2928
02:39:02,100 --> 02:39:04,500
zero in the space of a few 
seconds. 

2929
02:39:04,500 --> 02:39:08,400
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

2930
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:11,200
later said that he watched the 
explosion aligned from the 

2931
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:16,000
Pagoda came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

2932
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:18,800
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

2933
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:21,400
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual given the 

2934
02:39:21,408 --> 02:39:24,800
circumstances, but it captured 
the magnitude of what they had 

2935
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:27,700
just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

2936
02:39:27,700 --> 02:39:29,900
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

2937
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:34,200
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

2938
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:37,900
Project of its primary goal, 
they had beaten Germany to the 

2939
02:39:37,900 --> 02:39:41,000
atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

2940
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:43,800
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

2941
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:47,300
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

2942
02:39:47,300 --> 02:39:50,100
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

2943
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:54,800
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico desert, the 

2944
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:57,900
scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity began 

2945
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:00,100
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

2946
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:02,800
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

2947
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:05,000
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

2948
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:07,500
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

2949
02:40:07,500 --> 02:40:09,000
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

2950
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:12,700
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

2951
02:40:12,700 --> 02:40:17,200
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

2952
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:20,400
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

2953
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:24,100
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

2954
02:40:24,100 --> 02:40:27,700
deciding what to do with it. 
Press President Truman who had 

2955
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:30,600
inherited both the president see
and the Manhattan Project from 

2956
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:32,800
Roosevelt. 
Found himself in the position of

2957
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:34,700
having to make decisions about 
weapons. 

2958
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:38,600
He barely understood Imagine 
being given the keys to a weapon

2959
02:40:38,600 --> 02:40:41,600
that could destroy cities and 
being told to learn how to use 

2960
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:44,700
it in a few weeks. 
Truman was a practical man who 

2961
02:40:44,700 --> 02:40:46,900
preferred straightforward 
problems with straightforward 

2962
02:40:46,900 --> 02:40:50,200
Solutions but there was nothing 
straightforward about Atomic 

2963
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:52,700
weapons. 
The military estimates for the 

2964
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:57,000
invasion of Japan were extremely
sobering operation downfall as 

2965
02:40:57,000 --> 02:40:59,900
it was known, had the potential 
to cause over a million American

2966
02:40:59,900 --> 02:41:03,000
casualties and several million 
Japanese deaths. 

2967
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:06,600
These weren't abstract numbers 
on a strategic planning document

2968
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:10,800
they represented real people 
families and entire communities.

2969
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:14,900
The alternative was using Atomic
weapons against Japanese cities,

2970
02:41:14,900 --> 02:41:18,800
which would also kill enormous 
numbers of civilians, but my end

2971
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:20,900
the war quickly enough to 
prevent an even larger 

2972
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:23,600
catastrophe. 
It's the kind of decision that 

2973
02:41:23,600 --> 02:41:26,600
would keep anyone awake at 
night, the kind of moral 

2974
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:28,900
calculation that has no clearly.
Right answer. 

2975
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:32,900
Do you choose the option that 
kills fewer people overall, but 

2976
02:41:32,900 --> 02:41:35,900
involves using weapons of 
unprecedented destructive power.

2977
02:41:36,700 --> 02:41:38,600
Or do you choose the 
conventional Invasion? 

2978
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:41,700
That might ultimately cost more 
lives but doesn't cost the 

2979
02:41:41,700 --> 02:41:46,300
threshold into nuclear warfare. 
Some of the scientists involved 

2980
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:49,500
in the Manhattan Project was 
seriously reconsidering their 

2981
02:41:49,500 --> 02:41:54,000
involvement in its creation? 
Leo silard, who had started the 

2982
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:56,400
whole thing with his worries 
about German Atomic research. 

2983
02:41:56,400 --> 02:41:59,600
Now, found himself trying to 
stop the use of the weapons. 

2984
02:41:59,600 --> 02:42:02,600
He had helped create he and 
several other scientists 

2985
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:06,100
petition trueman to demonstrate 
the bombs power without using it

2986
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,500
against populated areas. 
By detonating it over an 

2987
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:12,600
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could Witnesses 

2988
02:42:12,600 --> 02:42:15,900
destructive potential. 
But military planners argued 

2989
02:42:15,900 --> 02:42:18,900
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

2990
02:42:18,900 --> 02:42:22,100
Japanese surrender, especially 
if the bomb to detonate 

2991
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:24,800
properly. 
They had exactly two. 

2992
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:29,100
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

2993
02:42:29,100 --> 02:42:32,900
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

2994
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:36,100
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

2995
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,300
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to file 

2996
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:40,800
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

2997
02:42:41,800 --> 02:42:44,700
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

2998
02:42:44,700 --> 02:42:47,200
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

2999
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:50,400
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

3000
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,200
exposure weren't well, 
understood the political 

3001
02:42:53,200 --> 02:42:56,000
implications of introducing 
nuclear weapons to Warfare, 

3002
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,400
hadn't been fully considered 
They were making decisions about

3003
02:42:59,400 --> 02:43:03,100
the future of human conflict 
with incomplete information and 

3004
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:07,000
under enormous time, pressure, 
Japanese resistant was fears and

3005
02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:10,500
showed no signs of diminishing. 
The battle of Okinawa had 

3006
02:43:10,500 --> 02:43:13,500
demonstrated the terrible cost 
of invading fortified Japanese 

3007
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,800
positions, and intelligence 
suggested that the Japanese were

3008
02:43:16,800 --> 02:43:19,700
preparing to defend their home 
islands with even greater 

3009
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:22,600
determination. 
Kamikaze attacks were in 

3010
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,800
frequency and intensity. 
From a purely military 

3011
02:43:25,800 --> 02:43:29,200
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

3012
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,400
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

3013
02:43:32,400 --> 02:43:35,200
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

3014
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:38,500
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argued that Japan was 

3015
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:41,100
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

3016
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:44,800
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

3017
02:43:44,800 --> 02:43:47,100
against Japan. 
Others suggested that the 

3018
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,300
primary motivation for using the
bombs was not to defeat Japan 

3019
02:43:50,300 --> 02:43:54,100
but to demonstrate American 
nuclear capability to the Soviet

3020
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:56,700
Union. 
Thereby initiating the Cold War.

3021
02:43:57,800 --> 02:44:01,400
The target selection process was
grimly, methodically military 

3022
02:44:01,400 --> 02:44:04,800
planners wanted cities that were
militarily significant but had 

3023
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,800
not been heavily damaged by 
conventional bombing so that the

3024
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:10,500
effects of the atomic weapon 
could be clearly observed and 

3025
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:13,100
documented. 
They also wanted targets that 

3026
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:16,100
would have maximum psychological
impact on Japanese leadership. 

3027
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:20,000
Final Target list. 
Included Hiroshima, kakura 

3028
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:24,300
negata and Nagasaki Kyoto was 
initially on the list as well. 

3029
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:27,300
But Secretary of War Henry 
Stimson, reportedly removed it 

3030
02:44:27,308 --> 02:44:30,200
from consideration because he 
had visited the city and 

3031
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:32,800
appreciated, its cultural and 
historical significance. 

3032
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:36,400
It's one of those small human 
moments that had enormous 

3033
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:40,000
consequences, a single person's 
aesthetic, sensibility 

3034
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:43,400
potentially saving a city and 
its hundreds of thousands of 

3035
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:45,100
inhabitants from nuclear 
destruction. 

3036
02:44:46,700 --> 02:44:49,800
As the decision deadline 
approached Truman was receiving 

3037
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:53,300
advice from multiple directions,
much of it contradictory 

3038
02:44:53,300 --> 02:44:56,700
military commanders wanted to 
use the weapons to save American

3039
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:58,800
lives. 
There was a divide among 

3040
02:44:58,800 --> 02:45:01,700
scientists between those seeking
to demonstrate the bombs power 

3041
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:06,100
and those advocating for its 
decisive use. political advisors

3042
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:08,800
were thinking about post-war 
relationships with both Japan 

3043
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:12,600
and the Soviet Union in the end 
Truman, made the decision that 

3044
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,600
he believed would end the war, 
most quickly, and save the most 

3045
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:19,300
lives overall Whether he was 
right or wrong as a question 

3046
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:22,000
that historians and ethicists 
continued to debate today. 

3047
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,500
But in the summer of 1945, with 
incomplete information and 

3048
02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:30,200
enormous pressure, he chose to 
authorize the use of atomic 

3049
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:33,000
weapons, against Japan. 
It was a decision that would 

3050
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:35,400
define, not just the end of 
World War 2, but the beginning 

3051
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:40,000
of the nuclear age on the 
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the

3052
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:44,100
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 
bomber named after the Pilot's 

3053
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:47,100
mother took off from Tiny and 
Ireland, carrying little boy, 

3054
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:50,600
the uranium bomb that had never 
been tested, but was expected to

3055
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:52,700
work based on theoretical 
calculations. 

3056
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:56,100
It's important to take a moment 
to appreciate the surreal nature

3057
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:58,400
of this moment. 
They were piloting. 

3058
02:45:58,400 --> 02:46:01,900
An untested nuclear weapon over 
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 

3059
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:04,600
three years of theoretical 
physics, and Engineering to 

3060
02:46:04,600 --> 02:46:07,100
perform precisely as intended at
The crucial moment. 

3061
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:10,900
Colonel, Paul. 
Tibbets the pilot probably had 

3062
02:46:10,900 --> 02:46:13,500
the strangest job description in
military history that morning. 

3063
02:46:14,200 --> 02:46:17,200
He was essentially a delivery 
driver except his package could 

3064
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:21,000
destroy an entire city and his 
route included flying over enemy

3065
02:46:21,000 --> 02:46:22,500
territory. 
While carrying the most 

3066
02:46:22,500 --> 02:46:25,100
expensive and dangerous Cargo in
human history. 

3067
02:46:26,400 --> 02:46:28,700
The crew had been told, they 
were carrying a very powerful 

3068
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:31,800
bomb, but most didn't know they 
were about to witness the first 

3069
02:46:31,800 --> 02:46:35,300
use of nuclear weapons. 
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 

3070
02:46:35,300 --> 02:46:38,200
as the primary target partly 
because it was an important 

3071
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,000
military Center and partly 
because it had been largely 

3072
02:46:41,000 --> 02:46:44,300
spared from conventional bombing
making it ideal for observing 

3073
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:49,000
the effects of atomic weapons. 
The city had about 350,000. 

3074
02:46:49,000 --> 02:46:52,600
People going about their morning
routines unaware that they were 

3075
02:46:52,600 --> 02:46:54,400
about to witness a historic 
moment. 

3076
02:46:55,300 --> 02:47:00,100
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 
Little boy detonated about 1,900

3077
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:03,900
ft about the city center, the 
explosion created a fireball 

3078
02:47:03,900 --> 02:47:06,300
with temperatures exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun, 

3079
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:09,200
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually everything 

3080
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:12,300
within a 1-mile radius The 
mushroom cloud. 

3081
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:16,400
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

3082
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:19,500
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

3083
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,100
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

3084
02:47:22,800 --> 02:47:25,300
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

3085
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:29,100
buildings, simply vanished, 
people who are close to the 

3086
02:47:29,100 --> 02:47:32,100
hyper Center were vaporized. 
So quickly that their Shadows 

3087
02:47:32,100 --> 02:47:35,600
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces the intense heat,

3088
02:47:35,600 --> 02:47:39,100
the crushing force of the 
Shockwave or the collapse of 

3089
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:43,500
buildings killed, others Tens of
thousands died immediately and 

3090
02:47:43,500 --> 02:47:45,500
tens of thousands. 
More would die in the following 

3091
02:47:45,500 --> 02:47:48,400
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injuries. 

3092
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:52,800
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima has destruction was 

3093
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:56,400
received with a mixture of 
relief satisfaction and growing 

3094
02:47:56,400 --> 02:47:58,600
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

3095
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:02,400
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

3096
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:05,700
United States had developed a 
new and revolutionary increase 

3097
02:48:05,700 --> 02:48:10,000
in destruction and warning Japan
to surrender or face A Reign of 

3098
02:48:10,008 --> 02:48:13,600
Ruin from the air, the like of 
which has never been seen on the

3099
02:48:13,608 --> 02:48:16,300
Earth but Japan did not 
immediately surrender. 

3100
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:19,100
The Japanese government was 
still protesting the 

3101
02:48:19,100 --> 02:48:21,400
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

3102
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:24,800
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

3103
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,200
tinian carrying fat, man, the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

3104
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:32,300
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura 

3105
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,500
but cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

3106
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:40,600
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

3107
02:48:40,600 --> 02:48:44,900
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

3108
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:50,400
That man detonated, at 11:02 
a.m. on August 9th, mushroom 

3109
02:48:50,400 --> 02:48:52,600
cloud. 
And another zone of complete 

3110
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:55,900
devastation, The bomb was 
actually more powerful than 

3111
02:48:55,900 --> 02:48:58,800
little boy, but the hilly 
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the

3112
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:02,000
destruction somewhat compared to
the flat geography of Hiroshima.

3113
02:49:02,700 --> 02:49:06,300
The two atomic bombings killed 
over 200,000 people, most of 

3114
02:49:06,300 --> 02:49:09,800
them civilians and demonstrated 
that the United States possessed

3115
02:49:09,800 --> 02:49:12,000
weapons of unprecedented 
destructive power. 

3116
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:15,700
More importantly, from a 
strategic perspective, they 

3117
02:49:15,700 --> 02:49:18,100
showed that America could 
produce these weapons and was 

3118
02:49:18,100 --> 02:49:21,600
willing to use them. 
The message to both Japan and 

3119
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,600
the rest of the world was 
unmistakable, the rules of 

3120
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:26,600
warfare had fundamentally 
changed. 

3121
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:29,500
Emperor. 
Hirohito announced Japan's, 

3122
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:34,700
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 
citing, a new and most cruel 

3123
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:37,300
bomb as one of the factors in 
his decision. 

3124
02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:41,700
The war was over, but the 
nuclear age had begun, the 

3125
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,500
scientists and Engineers who had
worked on the Manhattan Project 

3126
02:49:44,500 --> 02:49:47,900
found themselves. 
Grappling with the reality that 

3127
02:49:47,900 --> 02:49:51,300
their theoretical calculations 
had translated into actual human

3128
02:49:51,300 --> 02:49:53,200
destruction, on an unprecedented
scale. 

3129
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:56,800
Some like, Oppenheimer were 
haunted by what they had helped 

3130
02:49:56,800 --> 02:50:00,300
create others, argued that the 
bombs had actually saved lives 

3131
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:03,800
by ending the war quickly and 
preventing a costly invasion of 

3132
02:50:03,800 --> 02:50:06,400
Japan. 
Whether the atomic bombings were

3133
02:50:06,408 --> 02:50:09,700
necessary or Justified remains a
topic of debate, but it is 

3134
02:50:09,708 --> 02:50:13,000
undeniable that they represented
a significant shift in human 

3135
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:16,500
history. 
The Manhattan Project had 

3136
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:19,200
succeeded in its primary 
objective, it had created 

3137
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:23,200
weapons powerful enough to end 
World War 2, But it also created

3138
02:50:23,200 --> 02:50:26,300
something else a world where the
complete destruction of 

3139
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:29,300
civilization was now 
theoretically possible, where 

3140
02:50:29,300 --> 02:50:32,000
the stakes of international 
conflict had been raised beyond 

3141
02:50:32,000 --> 02:50:36,200
anything previously imaginable? 
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 

3142
02:50:36,200 --> 02:50:40,000
and Nagasaki receded, the 
scientists who had dedicated 

3143
02:50:40,000 --> 02:50:44,000
three years to their clandestine
work, came to understand that 

3144
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:45,800
their efforts were far from 
concluded. 

3145
02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:48,900
They had sold the technical 
challenge of nuclear weapons, 

3146
02:50:48,900 --> 02:50:52,100
but they had also created 
political and strategic 

3147
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,400
challenges that would define in 
international relations for 

3148
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:59,000
generations to come the atomic 
age had arrived and there was no

3149
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:02,500
going back when the celebration 
parade ended and the newspaper. 

3150
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:05,100
Stopped running headlines about 
the miracle weapons that had 

3151
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:07,700
ended the war. 
The people who had created those

3152
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:10,600
weapons found themselves dealing
with a peculiar kind of 

3153
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:13,000
Hangover. 
It wasn't the sort you get from 

3154
02:51:13,000 --> 02:51:16,300
too much champagne at a victory 
party, but the kind that comes 

3155
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:20,100
from realizing you fundamentally
changed the world and aren't 

3156
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:21,000
entirely. 
Sure. 

3157
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:25,500
Whether you should feel proud or
terrified, the Manhattan Project

3158
02:51:25,500 --> 02:51:28,900
had been such a massive 
all-consuming effort that many 

3159
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:31,600
of the scientists involved. 
Hadn't really had time to think 

3160
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:33,400
about what would happen after 
they succeeded. 

3161
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:37,300
It's akin to devoting three 
years to the construction of a 

3162
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:40,200
race car, only to abruptly, 
discover you don't know where to

3163
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,600
steer it. 
They had sold the technical 

3164
02:51:42,600 --> 02:51:46,200
problem of nuclear weapons with 
brilliant efficiency, but they 

3165
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:48,000
had inadvertently created 
problems. 

3166
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:50,400
That were much more complicated 
than mere physics. 

3167
02:51:51,300 --> 02:51:54,200
Oppenheimer who had led the 
scientific effort at Los Alamos 

3168
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,500
found himself in the strange 
position of being simultaneously

3169
02:51:57,500 --> 02:52:01,600
celebrated as a hero and viewed 
with suspicion as a potential 

3170
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:04,500
security risk. 
He had become the most famous 

3171
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:07,600
scientist in America. 
The father of the atomic bomb, 

3172
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:11,200
but he was also, someone who 
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 

3173
02:52:11,208 --> 02:52:14,000
complicated, political views 
that made government officials 

3174
02:52:14,000 --> 02:52:16,400
nervous. 
It's challenging to be a 

3175
02:52:16,400 --> 02:52:18,100
national icon. 
When you keep reminding people 

3176
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:20,400
that the thing that made you 
famous could also destroy 

3177
02:52:20,400 --> 02:52:23,100
civilization. 
The other scientists went to 

3178
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,200
universities and research 
institutions taking with them 

3179
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,800
the knowledge of how to build 
nuclear weapons and the burden 

3180
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:30,300
of knowing what those weapons 
could do. 

3181
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,000
Some through themselves into 
peaceful applications of nuclear

3182
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:37,400
technology hoping to balance the
destructive potential of their 

3183
02:52:37,400 --> 02:52:39,800
work with beneficial uses for 
atomic energy. 

3184
02:52:39,800 --> 02:52:43,800
Others became advocates for 
nuclear disarmament arguing that

3185
02:52:43,808 --> 02:52:46,000
the weapons. 
They had helped create were too 

3186
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:47,600
dangerous for Any Nation to 
possess. 

3187
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,300
But the most significant change 
was in how countries thought 

3188
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:53,200
about war and international 
relations. 

3189
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:56,700
The atomic bomb had made the 
concept of total Victory 

3190
02:52:56,700 --> 02:52:59,600
obsolete because it now 
potentially meant total 

3191
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:01,000
Destruction for everyone 
involved. 

3192
02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:04,200
It was like discovering that 
winning an argument could result

3193
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:07,300
in both, participants being 
struck by lightning, The 

3194
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:10,100
traditional logic of warfare 
where you could defeat your 

3195
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:11,600
enemies without destroying 
yourself. 

3196
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:14,500
No longer applied when nuclear 
weapons were involved. 

3197
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:18,400
The Soviet Union which had been 
America's Allied during the war 

3198
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:21,800
immediately began working on its
own nuclear weapons program. 

3199
02:53:21,800 --> 02:53:25,300
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 
of leader, who was comfortable 

3200
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:26,800
with other countries having 
weapon. 

3201
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:30,100
He didn't possess especially 
weapons, that could level entire

3202
02:53:30,100 --> 02:53:32,800
cities. 
The race to develop nuclear 

3203
02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:35,500
weapons became the foundation of
what would be called the Cold 

3204
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,000
War. 
A decade's long stand-off 

3205
02:53:38,000 --> 02:53:41,200
between superpowers armed with 
enough nuclear weapons to 

3206
02:53:41,200 --> 02:53:44,200
destroy each other. 
Many times over the scientists 

3207
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:45,600
who had worked on the Manhattan 
Project. 

3208
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:49,400
Watch this development with a 
mixture of resignation and 

3209
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:53,600
horror Many thought that nuclear
weapons would be so obviously 

3210
02:53:53,600 --> 02:53:56,500
bad that no sane leader would 
want to make more. 

3211
02:53:57,200 --> 02:54:00,000
Instead, they discovered that 
human nature was more 

3212
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:03,000
complicated than nuclear physics
and that the existence of 

3213
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:05,900
nuclear weapons seem to make 
other countries want nuclear 

3214
02:54:05,900 --> 02:54:10,000
weapons even more desperately. 
Nuclear testing became a regular

3215
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:13,500
occurrence with both the United 
States and the Soviet Union 

3216
02:54:13,500 --> 02:54:17,200
detonating increasingly powerful
weapons in remote locations 

3217
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:20,600
around the world. 
The hydrogen bomb developed in 

3218
02:54:20,600 --> 02:54:23,600
the early 1950s made the weapons
used against Japan. 

3219
02:54:23,600 --> 02:54:27,300
Looks small by comparison, it 
was comparable to the difference

3220
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,700
between a firecracker and a 
volcano with both having the 

3221
02:54:30,700 --> 02:54:34,500
potential to destroy human 
civilization if misused The 

3222
02:54:34,500 --> 02:54:37,600
legacy of the Manhattan Project 
extended far beyond military, 

3223
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:40,800
application's nuclear power, 
plants began generating 

3224
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:44,600
electricity nuclear medicine, 
revolutionized cancer treatment 

3225
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:48,200
and radioactive isotopes became 
essential tools for scientific 

3226
02:54:48,200 --> 02:54:50,800
research. 
The same knowledge that had 

3227
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:52,900
created the most destructive 
weapons in history. 

3228
02:54:52,900 --> 02:54:56,500
Also led to innovations that 
saved lives and advanced human 

3229
02:54:56,500 --> 02:54:58,000
understanding of the natural 
world. 

3230
02:54:59,100 --> 02:55:01,900
But perhaps the most lasting 
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 

3231
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,800
was the way it changed, how we 
think about the relationship 

3232
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:10,000
between science and Society. 
Before 1945, most people viewed 

3233
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:13,600
scientific research as 
inherently beneficial a pure 

3234
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:15,900
pursuit of knowledge that 
inevitably led to human 

3235
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:19,500
progress. 
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 

3236
02:55:19,500 --> 02:55:21,200
became clear that scientific 
knowledge. 

3237
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:24,600
Could be used for purposes that 
were anything but beneficial and

3238
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:27,100
that scientists had 
responsibilities that extended 

3239
02:55:27,100 --> 02:55:31,100
beyond their Laboratories The 
Manhattan Project demonstrated 

3240
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,600
that given enough resources, 
brilliant people and sufficient 

3241
02:55:34,600 --> 02:55:37,900
motivation, humans could solve 
almost any technical problem. 

3242
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:41,700
But it also showed that solving 
technical problems was often 

3243
02:55:41,700 --> 02:55:43,900
easier than dealing with the 
consequences of those Solutions.

3244
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:48,400
The scientists had successfully 
built nuclear weapons, but they 

3245
02:55:48,400 --> 02:55:50,500
had also built a world where the
continued. 

3246
02:55:50,500 --> 02:55:53,900
Existence, of human civilization
depended on the wisdom and 

3247
02:55:53,900 --> 02:55:57,600
Restraint of political leaders. 
As you settle in for sleep 

3248
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:00,700
tonight it's worth remembering 
that the story of the Manhattan 

3249
02:56:00,700 --> 02:56:04,800
Project is ultimately a story 
about human beings trying to 

3250
02:56:04,800 --> 02:56:08,500
solve an unprecedented problem. 
Under enormous pressure making 

3251
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:11,500
decisions with incomplete 
information and dealing with 

3252
02:56:11,500 --> 02:56:13,800
consequences. 
They couldn't fully anticipate 

3253
02:56:14,800 --> 02:56:18,000
The scientists engineers and 
military personnel. 

3254
02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:21,100
Involved were not fundamentally 
different from people today. 

3255
02:56:21,100 --> 02:56:24,500
They were just people trying to 
do their jobs in extraordinary. 

3256
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:28,300
Circumstances, the atomic age 
that began in the New Mexico. 

3257
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:33,400
Desert in 1945 is still with us 
today and probably always will 

3258
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:37,100
be the knowledge of how to split
atoms and release enormous 

3259
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:40,000
amounts of energy. 
Cannot be uninvented, and the 

3260
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:42,700
weapons created during the 
Manhattan Project of shaped 

3261
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:44,800
international relations for over
70 years. 

3262
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:47,700
But perhaps, that's not entirely
a bad thing. 

3263
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,300
The existence of nuclear weapons
has made large-scale Wars 

3264
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:53,600
between major Powers extremely 
risky. 

3265
02:56:53,600 --> 02:56:56,900
Creating a strange kind of peace
through the threat of mutual 

3266
02:56:56,900 --> 02:56:59,400
destruction. 
It's not the most comforting 

3267
02:56:59,400 --> 02:57:02,600
foundation for international 
stability, but it has worked so 

3268
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:11,300
far. 
You know how sometimes the most 

3269
02:57:11,308 --> 02:57:14,500
important things happen in plain
sight yet, nobody really talks 

3270
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:16,800
about them. 
That's exactly what the 

3271
02:57:16,800 --> 02:57:20,600
Underground Railroad was like, 
picture yourself living in 1850 

3272
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:23,500
and everywhere you look, there 
are these little signs that 

3273
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:26,400
something big is happening, but 
it's all happening in Whispers 

3274
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:28,600
And winks and very careful 
conversations. 

3275
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:32,700
The thing is calling it. 
A railroad was actually pretty 

3276
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:36,000
clever even if it confused the 
heck out of people later on 

3277
02:57:36,000 --> 02:57:38,300
there were no actual trains 
involved. 

3278
02:57:38,300 --> 02:57:41,700
No steel tracks, cutting through
the countryside and no 

3279
02:57:41,700 --> 02:57:43,700
conductors in funny hats. 
Checking tickets. 

3280
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:47,200
But the people who ran this 
network was smart cookies, who 

3281
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:50,600
knew that, if you're going to 
move people secretly, you better

3282
02:57:50,600 --> 02:57:53,500
have a system that makes sense 
to insiders, but sounds totally 

3283
02:57:53,500 --> 02:57:56,500
boring to Outsiders. 
So they borrowed railroad 

3284
02:57:56,500 --> 02:57:58,900
language because frankly it was 
perfect. 

3285
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:03,000
The stations were safe, houses 
were escaped slaves, could rest,

3286
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:06,900
eat and hide, the conductors 
were the brave souls who guided 

3287
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:08,600
people from One safe spot to the
next. 

3288
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:12,400
Passengers were the men, women 
and children seeking freedom, 

3289
02:58:12,400 --> 02:58:16,000
and the tracks with a secret 
routes that Chris crossed the 

3290
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:18,800
country, like invisible. 
Highways you have to understand 

3291
02:58:18,800 --> 02:58:22,900
this wasn't some small-time 
operation run by a handful of do

3292
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:25,000
gooders. 
We're talking about thousands of

3293
02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:28,300
people across multiple States, 
who somehow managed to call Nate

3294
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:31,000
one of the most successful 
rescue operations in American 

3295
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:35,100
history without email cell 
phones or even decent Maps. 

3296
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:39,100
They pulled this off using 
nothing but Word of Mouth coded 

3297
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:42,000
messages and an impressive 
amount of sheer guts. 

3298
02:58:42,800 --> 02:58:45,300
The network stretched from the 
Deep South all the way up to 

3299
02:58:45,300 --> 02:58:48,100
Canada, with branches spreading 
out like tree roots. 

3300
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:51,000
Some Roots went through 
Philadelphia and New York. 

3301
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:53,800
Others wound through a higher in
Indiana. 

3302
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:57,100
Few brave souls, even tried 
going through the western 

3303
02:58:57,100 --> 02:59:00,000
territories though, that was 
like, choosing the expert level 

3304
02:59:00,000 --> 02:59:02,100
when you are still figuring out 
the basic controls. 

3305
02:59:03,100 --> 02:59:06,200
What made it work was that it 
operated on the same Principle 

3306
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:10,200
as any good gossip Network 
information, traveled person to 

3307
02:59:10,200 --> 02:59:14,300
person but only to people you 
absolutely trusted your neighbor

3308
02:59:14,300 --> 02:59:17,700
might be helping runaway slaves 
but unless you were directly 

3309
02:59:17,700 --> 02:59:21,000
involved, you might never know. 
And that neighbor certainly 

3310
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:22,200
wasn't going to tell you about 
it. 

3311
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:24,000
Over The Back Fence while 
hanging laundry. 

3312
02:59:24,900 --> 02:59:28,200
The whole thing started, small, 
really individual families, 

3313
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:30,900
helping individual people 
usually on impulse. 

3314
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:34,200
Rather than as part of any grand
plan, maybe someone would show 

3315
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,900
up at your door hungry and 
desperate and you'd think well I

3316
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:41,600
can't just turn them away. 
Before new it you'd be part of 

3317
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:43,300
something bigger than you ever 
imagined. 

3318
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:47,000
But here's what's really wild 
about the whole operation. 

3319
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:50,600
The Underground Railroad wasn't 
run by politicians or wealthy 

3320
02:59:50,600 --> 02:59:53,800
philanthropists or any of The 
Usual Suspects who end up in 

3321
02:59:53,800 --> 02:59:56,600
history books. 
It was run by ordinary people 

3322
02:59:56,600 --> 02:59:59,200
who decided that some things 
were more important than 

3323
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:03,500
personal safety. 
Farmers shopkeepers ministers, 

3324
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:07,200
seamstresses, free black 
Americans, who'd made it North 

3325
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,600
White families who couldn't 
stand Injustice and Quakers 

3326
03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:14,900
whose Faith demanded action. 
These weren't professional 

3327
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:17,900
revolutionaries most of them 
were just regular folks who 

3328
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:20,500
happen to believe that helping 
people escape slavery was the 

3329
03:00:20,508 --> 03:00:23,300
right thing to do, even if it 
meant risking everything they 

3330
03:00:23,300 --> 03:00:25,700
had. 
And trust me, they were risking 

3331
03:00:25,700 --> 03:00:29,700
everything getting caught meant 
huge fines, prison time and 

3332
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:33,400
complete social disgrace. 
For black Americans, helping 

3333
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:36,200
with the network, the 
consequences were often much 

3334
03:00:36,200 --> 03:00:39,600
worse yet. 
Somehow year after year the 

3335
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:43,500
network kept growing more Roots,
more safe, houses, and more 

3336
03:00:43,500 --> 03:00:45,700
people willing to risk their 
next for strangers. 

3337
03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:48,700
It's enough to make you wonder 
what ordinary people might 

3338
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:51,500
accomplish when they decide 
something needs to change. 

3339
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,900
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
massive rescue operation using 

3340
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:58,600
nothing but subtle hints. 
Shared glances and the 

3341
03:00:58,600 --> 03:01:02,600
occasional cryptic note passed 
hand to hand, that's exactly 

3342
03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:04,000
what Underground Railroad 
operators. 

3343
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:07,200
Had to master an honestly they 
got better at secret 

3344
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:08,900
communication than most by 
novels. 

3345
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:12,200
Would have you believe the coded
language was just the beginning?

3346
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:15,900
Sure, everyone knows about 
calling safe houses, stations 

3347
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:19,500
and guides conductors, but the 
real communication happened in 

3348
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:22,300
ways that would make a modern 
intelligence agency jealous. 

3349
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:26,200
Church services became 
information exchanges, quilts 

3350
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:27,900
hanging on clothes lines carried
messages. 

3351
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:31,100
Even hymns, sung in a certain 
way could signal danger or 

3352
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:33,800
safety. 
You'd walk into a town as a 

3353
03:01:33,800 --> 03:01:36,100
stranger, not knowing who to 
trust, or where to go, but if 

3354
03:01:36,100 --> 03:01:39,900
you knew the right words, doors 
would open, A casual mention of 

3355
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:41,900
following. 
The Drinking Gourd might get you

3356
03:01:41,900 --> 03:01:43,800
a knowing nod. 
From someone who understood you 

3357
03:01:43,800 --> 03:01:46,000
were talking about the Big 
Dipper constellation pointing 

3358
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:50,100
North ask about friends in the 
right way and suddenly you'd 

3359
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:53,400
find yourself being directed to 
a basement or attic where other 

3360
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:56,800
Travelers were waiting. 
The Quakers blessed them turned 

3361
03:01:56,800 --> 03:02:00,400
being cryptic into an art form. 
they developed their own way of 

3362
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:03,700
talking that sounded perfectly 
innocent to outside as, but was 

3363
03:02:03,708 --> 03:02:07,300
loaded with meaning for people 
in the know, a Quaker might 

3364
03:02:07,308 --> 03:02:10,200
mention that their Barn needs 
cleaning, when they mean, they 

3365
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:13,300
have space for passengers. 
All they talk about expecting 

3366
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:16,100
packages from the south when 
they were planning to receive 

3367
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:20,200
escaped slaves. but the Real 
Genius was in the everyday stuff

3368
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:25,400
lanterns in Windows position, 
just so Certain hymns are sung 

3369
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:28,600
during church services, even the
way someone hung, their laundry 

3370
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:31,100
could carry a message, a white 
sheet hanging. 

3371
03:02:31,100 --> 03:02:33,900
A certain way might mean all 
clear, while a colored cloth 

3372
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:37,400
could signal danger stay away. 
The whole system relied on 

3373
03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:40,100
people being incredibly 
observant and remembering 

3374
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:42,400
details. 
That seem trivial you had to 

3375
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,300
notice, which houses had yellow 
candles instead of white ones 

3376
03:02:45,300 --> 03:02:48,900
which Barnes had doors left, 
slightly a jar and which family 

3377
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,300
suddenly seemed to be cooking 
larger meals than usual. 

3378
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:54,700
All of these tiny details were 
pieces of a massive puzzle. 

3379
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:59,400
That only made sense if you knew
how to read the signs, Letters 

3380
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:01,600
were particularly tricky to 
write because you never need who

3381
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,500
might intercept them. 
So people developed elaborate 

3382
03:03:04,500 --> 03:03:06,600
codes that made their 
correspondence sound like 

3383
03:03:06,600 --> 03:03:09,900
perfectly normal, family updates
or business discussion. 

3384
03:03:11,000 --> 03:03:13,700
A letter about shipping Goods, 
might actually be about moving 

3385
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:16,300
people. 
News that the weather has been 

3386
03:03:16,300 --> 03:03:19,400
stormy, but his clearing could 
mean that it is dangerous to 

3387
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:22,100
travel right now, but conditions
will improve soon. 

3388
03:03:23,300 --> 03:03:26,700
Some conductors got so good at 
this coded communication that 

3389
03:03:26,700 --> 03:03:28,900
they could have entire 
conversations about Underground 

3390
03:03:28,900 --> 03:03:31,200
Railroad business. 
While seeming to discuss, 

3391
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:34,400
completely mundane topics like 
crop prices or family news. 

3392
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:37,800
They developed an almost 
telepathic ability to understand

3393
03:03:37,800 --> 03:03:41,500
what wasn't being said directly.
The fascinating thing was how 

3394
03:03:41,500 --> 03:03:43,900
quickly word could spread 
through the network when it 

3395
03:03:43,900 --> 03:03:48,100
needed to If slave catchers were
spotted in an area, somehow, 

3396
03:03:48,100 --> 03:03:51,200
everyone involved would know 
about it within hours, even 

3397
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:53,400
though they couldn't exactly 
send out a group text. 

3398
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:57,900
Information flowed through the 
network faster than you'd expect

3399
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:01,800
carried by Peddlers. 
Ministers, traveling salesman 

3400
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:04,600
and anyone else who had 
legitimate reasons to move from 

3401
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:07,500
town to town. 
Of course, all this secrecy 

3402
03:04:07,500 --> 03:04:10,800
meant that mistakes happened. 
People misunderstood signals 

3403
03:04:10,800 --> 03:04:13,800
went to the wrong houses or 
showed up at safe House's. 

3404
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:17,300
When the owners worked prepared,
sometimes coded messages got 

3405
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:19,800
garbled. 
Leaving everyone confused about 

3406
03:04:19,800 --> 03:04:23,200
what was actually supposed to 
happen but somehow the network 

3407
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,400
was flexible enough to handle 
these Mix-Ups without falling 

3408
03:04:26,400 --> 03:04:30,100
apart completely The most 
impressive part was how ordinary

3409
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:32,300
people became experts at Living 
double lives. 

3410
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:36,000
During the day, they'd go about 
their normal business, chatting 

3411
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:39,300
with neighbors, running errands 
and acting like nothing unusual 

3412
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:41,900
was happening. 
Then at night, they transform 

3413
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:45,200
into efficient operators. 
In a clandestine Network moving 

3414
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:48,500
people, passing messages and 
making life or death decisions 

3415
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:50,000
with remarkable. 
Calm. 

3416
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:52,800
Here's something that doesn't 
show up in most history, books 

3417
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:55,800
running the Underground. 
Railroad was basically like 

3418
03:04:55,800 --> 03:04:58,600
managing the world's most 
complicated travel agency, 

3419
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:01,700
except your clients could not 
make reservations. 

3420
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:05,200
You couldn't advertise your 
services and if you messed up, 

3421
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:07,600
people could die. 
Think about what was actually 

3422
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:10,200
involved in moving. 
One person safely from say 

3423
03:05:10,200 --> 03:05:13,300
Georgia to Canada, you needed to
know safe routes through 

3424
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:17,000
multiple States, identify 
trustworthy contacts in dozens 

3425
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:20,100
of towns, coordinate timing. 
So, that safe houses were burnt 

3426
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:23,200
over WellMed and do it all while
keeping everything secret from 

3427
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:25,500
authorities who were actively 
trying to shut you down. 

3428
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:29,000
The food situation alone was 
mind boggling. 

3429
03:05:29,000 --> 03:05:32,200
Imagine suddenly, having three 
extra people show up at your 

3430
03:05:32,200 --> 03:05:34,000
house. 
At midnight people who haven't 

3431
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:36,400
eaten properly in days and 
needed enough energy to keep 

3432
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:38,900
traveling. 
You could not exactly run to the

3433
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:41,900
corner store for supplies. 
Especially not without raising 

3434
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:43,500
questions about why you suddenly
needed. 

3435
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:45,200
So much bread and cheese at Old 
hours. 

3436
03:05:46,200 --> 03:05:49,500
Smart operators, learn to keep 
extra food on hand at all times,

3437
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:52,900
but it had to be stuff that 
wouldn't spoil and wouldn't seem

3438
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:56,200
suspicious if neighbors. 
Noticed root, vegetables, stored

3439
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,700
in Cellars preserved, meat, 
dried, beans and cornmeal that 

3440
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:01,500
could be quickly turned into 
filling meals. 

3441
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:05,200
Some families got creative and 
started keeping larger Gardens 

3442
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:07,900
than they actually needed. 
Just so they'd have legitimate 

3443
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:11,700
reasons for storing extra food. 
Clothing was another constant 

3444
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,100
headache. 
People escaping slavery, often 

3445
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,000
arrived, wearing whatever they'd
had on when they fled, which was

3446
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,100
usually work clothes. 
That screamed I don't belong in 

3447
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:22,700
polite Society. 
Getting people dressed 

3448
03:06:22,700 --> 03:06:25,800
appropriately for their Journey.
North meant maintaining a secret

3449
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:29,300
stash of clothing, in various 
sizes plus shoes, which were 

3450
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:31,800
particularly hard to come by and
expensive to replace. 

3451
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:35,000
Some Underground Railroad 
operators, became surprisingly 

3452
03:06:35,000 --> 03:06:36,700
proficient at emergency 
tailoring. 

3453
03:06:36,700 --> 03:06:40,100
They take ill-fitting donated 
clothes and quickly altered 

3454
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:41,600
them. 
So Travelers, would blend in 

3455
03:06:41,600 --> 03:06:44,300
better. 
Others established networks of 

3456
03:06:44,300 --> 03:06:47,500
empathetic seamstresses. 
Providing reliable assistance 

3457
03:06:47,500 --> 03:06:49,900
for last minute clothing. 
Emergencies, without excessive 

3458
03:06:49,900 --> 03:06:52,700
inquiries. 
Then there was Transportation, 

3459
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:56,400
which was way more complicated 
than just pointing people North 

3460
03:06:56,400 --> 03:06:59,000
and wishing them luck. 
Different routes required 

3461
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:01,600
different. 
Approaches some areas were safe 

3462
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,400
for daytime travel While others 
would Death traps and unless you

3463
03:07:04,408 --> 03:07:08,100
moved at night, Some regions had
enough Underground Railroad 

3464
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:10,800
activity that you could pass 
people from Station to Station 

3465
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:14,100
every few miles. 
Other areas had huge gaps. 

3466
03:07:14,100 --> 03:07:16,500
That required careful planning 
and lots of supplies. 

3467
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,700
The timing had to be perfect. 
Show up at a safe house too 

3468
03:07:20,700 --> 03:07:22,400
early and your host might not be
ready. 

3469
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:26,400
Show up too late, and you might 
find the place watch by slave 

3470
03:07:26,400 --> 03:07:30,600
catchers or local authorities. 
Who'd gotten suspicious Arrived 

3471
03:07:30,600 --> 03:07:33,700
on a night when your contact was
out of town or dealing with a 

3472
03:07:33,700 --> 03:07:36,700
family emergency and you could 
be stuck hiding in a barn for 

3473
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:39,500
days. 
Whether added another layer of 

3474
03:07:39,500 --> 03:07:43,000
complexity that nobody could 
control, rain could make travel 

3475
03:07:43,000 --> 03:07:46,000
miserable but also covered 
tracks and kept people indoors 

3476
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:47,900
where they couldn't spot 
suspicious activity. 

3477
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,500
Snow May tracking easier for 
pursuers, but also made travel 

3478
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:54,100
dangerous. 
Heat waves meant you could move 

3479
03:07:54,100 --> 03:07:56,700
more comfortably at night but 
needed extra water during the 

3480
03:07:56,700 --> 03:07:58,700
day. 
Some Underground Railroad 

3481
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:01,300
operators developed elaborate 
backup plans for when things 

3482
03:08:01,300 --> 03:08:05,400
went wrong, they'd identify 
alternate routes secondary safe,

3483
03:08:05,400 --> 03:08:08,400
houses and emergency contacts 
who could be trusted in a 

3484
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:11,400
crisis. 
The really organized once 

3485
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:14,800
maintained details, mental maps 
of their regions, complete with 

3486
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:18,400
information about which roads 
were safest Which towns to avoid

3487
03:08:18,400 --> 03:08:21,900
and which local officials might 
be sympathetic versus those who 

3488
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:25,500
were definitely hostile. 
Money was always tight because 

3489
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:29,400
everything had to be paid for 
out of pocket food, clothing, 

3490
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:33,800
Transportation bribes when 
necessary and emergency funds 

3491
03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:35,600
for situations, nobody could 
predict. 

3492
03:08:37,000 --> 03:08:39,600
Some operators went into debt 
helping strangers, reach, 

3493
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:42,100
freedom. 
Others organized, quiet 

3494
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:44,500
fundraising among sympathetic 
friends and family members. 

3495
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:47,600
Though, they had to be careful 
not to reveal too much about 

3496
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:51,300
what the money was actually for.
Most challenging part might have

3497
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:54,400
been the unpredictability. 
You never knew when someone 

3498
03:08:54,400 --> 03:08:57,300
might show up needing help. 
How many people would arrive 

3499
03:08:57,300 --> 03:09:01,000
together, what condition laid? 
Be in what special circumstances

3500
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:04,800
might complicate their Journey? 
Pregnant women needed different 

3501
03:09:04,800 --> 03:09:07,700
care than children who needed 
different care than elderly 

3502
03:09:07,700 --> 03:09:10,400
Travelers, who needed different 
care than injured people. 

3503
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:13,100
Despite all these logistical 
nightmares. 

3504
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:16,500
The network somehow kept 
functioning year after year, 

3505
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:19,600
helping thousands of people 
reach, Freedom through sheer 

3506
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:22,600
determination, and remarkably 
good organization. 

3507
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:25,300
You'd think a network. 
This big and the successful 

3508
03:09:25,300 --> 03:09:28,700
would be run by some kind of 
Central Committee or famous 

3509
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:30,200
leaders giving orders from 
headquarters. 

3510
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:34,000
But the Underground Railroad 
worked precisely because it 

3511
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:35,200
wasn't organized that way at 
all. 

3512
03:09:35,200 --> 03:09:38,800
Instead it was powered by an 
amazing collection of 

3513
03:09:38,800 --> 03:09:42,000
individuals who decided to act 
on their own and then somehow 

3514
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:44,500
found ways to work together 
without anyone officially being 

3515
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:48,200
in charge. 
Take William still who became 

3516
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:50,200
known as the father of the 
Underground Railroad. 

3517
03:09:50,200 --> 03:09:53,800
Not because he founded it, but 
because he was obsessively 

3518
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,600
organized about keeping records.
This guy worked in Philadelphia 

3519
03:09:57,600 --> 03:10:00,600
and helped coordinate The Escape
of hundreds of people. 

3520
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:04,000
But what made him special was 
that he wrote everything down 

3521
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:08,500
names, dates, Roots, family 
connections and stories about 

3522
03:10:08,500 --> 03:10:11,400
how people had escaped and where
they were hoping to go. 

3523
03:10:11,400 --> 03:10:14,400
You have to understand how 
dangerous this record, keeping 

3524
03:10:14,400 --> 03:10:17,700
was if authorities had ever 
found Stills files. 

3525
03:10:17,700 --> 03:10:20,100
They would have had enough 
information to destroy the 

3526
03:10:20,100 --> 03:10:22,200
entire Philadelphia branch of 
the network. 

3527
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,500
But still kept writing because 
he understood that someday when 

3528
03:10:26,500 --> 03:10:29,700
slavery was over, families would
want to find each other again. 

3529
03:10:29,700 --> 03:10:32,700
His records became the 
foundation for thousands of 

3530
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:34,500
reunions stories after the Civil
War. 

3531
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:38,000
Then there was Harry Harriet 
Tubman whose famous for good 

3532
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:40,000
reason but probably not for the 
reasons. 

3533
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:43,600
Most people think yes she made 
multiple trips back in to the 

3534
03:10:43,608 --> 03:10:46,600
South to guide people North. 
But what made her extraordinary 

3535
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:49,600
wasn't just her courage. 
It was her strategic thinking 

3536
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:53,200
and her ability to keep people 
calm Under Pressure Tubman 

3537
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,700
possessed a remarkable ability 
to detect impending danger and 

3538
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:01,000
swiftly all to their plans. 
She carried a gun not primarily 

3539
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:05,100
to fight off slave catchers but 
to convince exhausted, terrified

3540
03:11:05,100 --> 03:11:07,200
travelers to keep moving when 
they wanted to give up. 

3541
03:11:07,200 --> 03:11:09,700
She understood that one person's
Panic. 

3542
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,300
Could get everyone captured so 
she do whatever it took to 

3543
03:11:12,300 --> 03:11:14,300
maintain discipline and keep 
groups together. 

3544
03:11:15,600 --> 03:11:18,500
But the network was full of less
famous people whose 

3545
03:11:18,500 --> 03:11:20,300
contributions were just as 
crucial. 

3546
03:11:21,900 --> 03:11:25,200
Levi Coffin and his wife, 
Catherine turned, their house in

3547
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:27,300
Indiana into one of the busiest 
stations on the Underground 

3548
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:30,500
Railroad. 
They helped over 3,000 people 

3549
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:33,800
reach Freedom, earning Lie by 
the nickname president of the 

3550
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:36,900
Underground Railroad though, he 
never held any official title 

3551
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:39,800
and certainly didn't have any 
actual authority over anyone 

3552
03:11:39,800 --> 03:11:42,000
else. 
What made the coffins affective 

3553
03:11:42,000 --> 03:11:45,100
was their systematic approach? 
They approached Underground. 

3554
03:11:45,100 --> 03:11:47,700
Railroad operations as a 
business at hearing to 

3555
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:50,100
meticulous schedules. 
Collaborating with other 

3556
03:11:50,100 --> 03:11:53,500
operators and consistently 
anticipating future needs. 

3557
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,300
Catherine became an expert at 
quickly feeding large numbers of

3558
03:11:57,300 --> 03:12:00,100
unexpected guests. 
While Levi, developed an 

3559
03:12:00,100 --> 03:12:02,600
extensive network of contacts 
throughout the Midwest. 

3560
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:06,600
The network also depended on 
people who contributed in ways 

3561
03:12:06,600 --> 03:12:09,800
that weren't dramatic but were 
absolutely essential John 

3562
03:12:09,800 --> 03:12:12,900
Rankin, and Ohio Minister. 
Consistently placed a lantern in

3563
03:12:12,908 --> 03:12:16,600
his window each night for years 
indicating that his home served 

3564
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,700
as a secure Refuge. 
That one simple consistent 

3565
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:23,100
action, guided hundreds of 
people to safety but Rankin. 

3566
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:25,000
Never got the kind of attention 
that more flamboyant. 

3567
03:12:25,000 --> 03:12:27,600
Operators, received free black 
Americans played. 

3568
03:12:27,600 --> 03:12:30,400
Crucial roles that often don't 
receive enough recognition in 

3569
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:33,100
history books. 
They faced enormous personal 

3570
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:35,900
risks because they could be 
enslaved themselves if caught 

3571
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:39,200
helping runaways, but many of 
them felt a special obligation 

3572
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:42,700
to help others escape bondage. 
They also had advantages that 

3573
03:12:42,700 --> 03:12:45,800
white operators, didn't have 
like the ability to travel in 

3574
03:12:45,800 --> 03:12:48,100
slave states without 
automatically arousing 

3575
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:51,000
suspicion. 
Robert Purvis and Philadelphia 

3576
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:53,600
used his wealth and social 
connections to support 

3577
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:57,200
Underground Railroad activities 
on a scale that few others could

3578
03:12:57,200 --> 03:13:00,300
match. 
David ruckles in New York helped

3579
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:03,000
over 600 people, reach, freedom,
and published. 

3580
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:04,800
One of the first abolitionist 
magazines. 

3581
03:13:05,600 --> 03:13:08,500
These individuals conceal, their
underground, railroad activities

3582
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:10,900
behind their legitimate 
businesses and social positions.

3583
03:13:10,900 --> 03:13:15,100
The Quakers deserves special 
mention because their religious 

3584
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:18,000
beliefs made them natural allies
for the Underground Railroad, 

3585
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:21,200
but they all brought 
organizational skills that other

3586
03:13:21,200 --> 03:13:24,000
groups lacked. 
Quaker communities had 

3587
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:26,400
experience making group 
decisions without formal, 

3588
03:13:26,400 --> 03:13:30,700
hierarchies communicating across
long distances and maintaining 

3589
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:34,400
secrecy where necessary. 
Many Quaker, settlements became,

3590
03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:36,700
reliable stops on underground. 
Railroad routes. 

3591
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:40,400
What's remarkable is how these 
diverse people manage to work 

3592
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:43,600
together, effectively, despite 
having different backgrounds 

3593
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,700
motivations and ideas about the 
best ways to help escaping 

3594
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:50,600
slaves, they developed in formal
systems for sharing information,

3595
03:13:50,600 --> 03:13:54,000
coordinating activities and 
resolving conflicts. 

3596
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,400
Without any Central Authority, 
telling them what to do. 

3597
03:13:57,300 --> 03:14:00,100
Some operators specialize in 
particular aspects of the work, 

3598
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,700
others were generally, who did 
whatever needed doing some 

3599
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:06,400
focused on their local areas, 
While others travel to 

3600
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:08,900
extensively to maintain 
connections across state lines 

3601
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,200
that somehow they all manage to 
function as part of a coherent 

3602
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:15,000
Network, that accomplished 
something extraordinary, if you 

3603
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:17,600
imagine the Underground Railroad
as a straightforward Journey 

3604
03:14:17,600 --> 03:14:20,200
from south to North, you're in 
for some surprises. 

3605
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:23,100
The reality was far more 
complicated. 

3606
03:14:23,100 --> 03:14:28,100
Securitas and frankly weird, the
most people realized, escaping 

3607
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:30,400
slavery wasn't like following a 
map from point. 

3608
03:14:30,400 --> 03:14:33,200
A to point B. 
It was more like navigating a 

3609
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:35,900
constantly changing maze where 
the walls moved every few days 

3610
03:14:35,900 --> 03:14:38,500
and some paths led to dead ends 
or worse. 

3611
03:14:39,400 --> 03:14:43,800
First off, North was relative. 
For someone escaping from 

3612
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:45,900
Georgia. 
North might mean getting to 

3613
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:48,700
South Carolina first, then 
working their way up through the

3614
03:14:48,700 --> 03:14:52,000
Carolinas to Virginia. 
From that point they might 

3615
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:54,000
venture into Maryland, followed 
by Pennsylvania. 

3616
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:58,200
Each state had its laws, its 
level of hostility toward 

3617
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:01,400
escaped slaves and its network 
of people who might help or 

3618
03:15:01,400 --> 03:15:04,700
hinder your progress. 
But here's the thing, nobody 

3619
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:07,600
talks about. 
Sometimes the best route, North 

3620
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:12,000
actually went South first or 
east or west because taking the 

3621
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:14,700
obvious path was exactly what 
slave catchers expected. 

3622
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:17,600
Smart conductors learned to 
think like, chess players, 

3623
03:15:17,600 --> 03:15:19,700
considering not just the next 
move. 

3624
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:23,200
But several moves ahead. 
Sometimes the safest way to get 

3625
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,700
from Alabama to Ohio was to go 
through Mississippi and 

3626
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:28,500
Louisiana first. 
Then up the Mississippi River 

3627
03:15:28,500 --> 03:15:32,800
and Overland through Illinois. 
The Underground Railroad had to 

3628
03:15:32,800 --> 03:15:34,900
adjust to the terrain in ways 
that would challenge the 

3629
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:36,900
capabilities of modern GPS. 
Systems. 

3630
03:15:36,900 --> 03:15:39,000
River. 
Crossing's were natural choke 

3631
03:15:39,000 --> 03:15:40,500
points. 
Were authorities knew to watch 

3632
03:15:40,500 --> 03:15:42,200
but you couldn't avoid them 
entirely. 

3633
03:15:43,200 --> 03:15:46,200
Some operators became experts at
finding unusual Crossing points,

3634
03:15:46,200 --> 03:15:49,400
like areas where Rivers were 
shallow enough to forward or 

3635
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:52,000
where friendly boat owners could
provide transportation without 

3636
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:54,500
asking questions. 
Mountain areas. 

3637
03:15:54,500 --> 03:15:57,200
Offered excellent hiding places 
but terrible traveling 

3638
03:15:57,200 --> 03:15:59,700
conditions. 
At least for people who were 

3639
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:03,000
already exhausted and 
malnourished desert regions in 

3640
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:05,400
the southwest were nearly 
impossible to cross without 

3641
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:07,200
extensive preparation and 
supplies. 

3642
03:16:07,200 --> 03:16:10,300
Even seemingly, safe, Farmland 
could be dangerous. 

3643
03:16:10,300 --> 03:16:13,200
If you didn't know which farmers
were sympathetic and which ones 

3644
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:14,700
would turn you in for the reward
money. 

3645
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:18,400
The seasonal timing of escapes 
wasn't random either. 

3646
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:22,400
Winter travel was miserable but 
had advantages because fewer 

3647
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:24,900
people were out and about to 
spot suspicious activity. 

3648
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:28,500
Spring planting and full Harvest
times were busy periods. 

3649
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:32,000
When extra people on farms might
not attract attention Some 

3650
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,800
offered the best weather but 
also the most active slave, 

3651
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:38,600
patrols and bounty hunters. 
Most Escape started on weekends 

3652
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,600
particularly Saturday nights 
because it gave people the 

3653
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,700
maximum time before their 
absence would be noticed and 

3654
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:48,300
search parties organized. 
These circumstances meant that 

3655
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:50,900
Underground Railroad. 
Operators, had to be prepared 

3656
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:54,600
for weekend, surges in activity.
Then quieter periods during the 

3657
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:56,800
week when Travelers were laying 
low at safe houses. 

3658
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:01,000
The pace of travel was much 
slower than you might expect a 

3659
03:17:01,000 --> 03:17:03,500
journey that could theoretically
be completed in a few weeks, 

3660
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:07,300
might take months, or even years
with extended stays at safe 

3661
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:09,600
houses when conditions become 
too dangerous for travel. 

3662
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:12,500
Some people made it North 
quickly during favourable 

3663
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:14,600
periods. 
While others had to take long 

3664
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:18,100
detours or wait for better 
opportunities, family groups, 

3665
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:20,800
face special challenges because 
traveling with children or 

3666
03:17:20,800 --> 03:17:23,800
elderly relatives meant slower 
movement and greater visibility.

3667
03:17:24,700 --> 03:17:27,200
Some families made the 
heartbreaking decision to split 

3668
03:17:27,200 --> 03:17:30,400
up temporarily with stronger. 
Members going first to establish

3669
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:33,500
themselves in the north then 
sending help for those left 

3670
03:17:33,500 --> 03:17:37,300
behind Are the families refused 
to separate and accepted the 

3671
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:38,800
additional risks of traveling 
together. 

3672
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:42,500
The Underground Railroad had to 
account for physical limitations

3673
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:45,200
that seem obvious now. 
But required constant 

3674
03:17:45,200 --> 03:17:47,500
adaptation, then. 
Pregnant. 

3675
03:17:47,500 --> 03:17:51,300
Women couldn't travel as far or 
as fast injured or sick people 

3676
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:53,600
needed medical attention. 
That wasn't easy to locate 

3677
03:17:53,600 --> 03:17:57,200
children, needed different kinds
of food, and care and adults. 

3678
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,500
Elderly Travelers might have 
mobility issues that require 

3679
03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:04,000
special Arrangements where they 
can suddenly transformed a 

3680
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:06,300
manageable journey into a 
nightmare sudden. 

3681
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,000
Storms could force people to 
seek shelter at places that 

3682
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:11,800
weren't prepared for them. 
Flooding could make planned 

3683
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:14,300
River Crossings impossible. 
Ice storms, could make any 

3684
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:16,700
travel treacherous. 
Drought could make water 

3685
03:18:16,700 --> 03:18:19,400
sources. 
Unreliable operators, learn to 

3686
03:18:19,400 --> 03:18:21,100
read weather signs and adjust 
plans. 

3687
03:18:21,100 --> 03:18:24,100
Accordingly. 
The psychological aspects of the

3688
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:26,300
journey were as challenging as 
the physical ones. 

3689
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:29,400
People who'd never been more 
than a few miles from where they

3690
03:18:29,400 --> 03:18:31,000
were. 
Born suddenly found themselves. 

3691
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:34,200
Traveling hundreds of miles 
through unfamiliar territory 

3692
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:36,700
dependent on Strangers for 
survival. 

3693
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,300
Never sure. 
Whether the next person they met

3694
03:18:39,300 --> 03:18:43,000
would help them or turn them in.
While some Travelers thrived on 

3695
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,100
the adventure and excitement, 
others come to fear and 

3696
03:18:46,100 --> 03:18:49,500
uncertainty conductors learn to 
manage group dynamics. 

3697
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:53,300
Keeping people motivated when 
Spirits, flagged maintaining 

3698
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:56,200
discipline, when fear led to 
poor decision-making and 

3699
03:18:56,200 --> 03:18:59,000
providing emotional support when
the stress became overwhelming. 

3700
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:02,600
The journey didn't end when 
people reach the north either 

3701
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,700
many found that the northern 
states did not live up to their 

3702
03:19:05,700 --> 03:19:09,300
expectations as they face 
significant discrimination and 

3703
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:11,200
limited opportunities for people
of color. 

3704
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:15,000
Some continued all the way to 
Canada, While others settled in 

3705
03:19:15,008 --> 03:19:17,600
Northern cities where they tried
to build new lives. 

3706
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:20,300
While always looking over their 
shoulders, every Underground 

3707
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:23,400
Railroad, operator has 
captivating Tales to share and 

3708
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:27,000
its remarkable how numerous near
disaster's, fueled, by quick 

3709
03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:29,700
thinking, extraordinary luck, 
and sometimes divine 

3710
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:33,900
intervention resulted in 
successful rescues, The network 

3711
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:37,000
survived not because everything 
went smoothly but because people

3712
03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:39,800
got really good at improvising 
when things went terribly wrong,

3713
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:43,800
take the time. 
William still was coordinating. 

3714
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:45,700
The Escape of a large group 
through Philadelphia. 

3715
03:19:45,700 --> 03:19:49,300
When someone tipped off the 
authorities, instead of 

3716
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,100
panicking still quickly, spread 
the word through his Network, to

3717
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:54,700
scatter everyone to different 
safe houses throughout the city.

3718
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,600
When the slave catchers showed 
up at the primary location, they

3719
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:01,400
found nothing but a very 
confused elderly woman who 

3720
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:04,200
claimed she had no idea what 
they were talking about and 

3721
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:06,600
offered them tea while they 
searched her completely empty 

3722
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:09,200
house. 
Consider what transpired when 

3723
03:20:09,200 --> 03:20:12,700
Harriet Tubman leading a group. 
North found their plans, Safe 

3724
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,700
House, compromised. 
Instead of turning back, she 

3725
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:18,300
marched to charge his straight 
to a hotel, in the middle of 

3726
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:21,700
town and brazenly, registered 
them as a servants traveling. 

3727
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:25,000
With her to visit relatives, the
hotel Clarke never questioned 

3728
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:27,500
the story of a respectable woman
traveling with her household 

3729
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:29,600
staff. 
Even though he might have been 

3730
03:20:29,600 --> 03:20:32,300
suspicious of a group of obvious
runaways hiding in the woods, 

3731
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:35,600
some of the closest calls came 
from misunderstanding and 

3732
03:20:35,600 --> 03:20:38,000
communication failures that, 
nobody could have predicted. 

3733
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:41,600
A group of escaping slaves once 
showed up at what they thought 

3734
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:44,600
was a safe house, only to 
discover they'd gotten the 

3735
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:46,400
address wrong and were knocking 
on the door of the local 

3736
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:48,900
sheriff. 
Fortunately, the sheriff's wife 

3737
03:20:48,900 --> 03:20:52,100
was sympathetic to their cause 
though, her husband definitely 

3738
03:20:52,100 --> 03:20:54,700
wasn't. 
She managed to get them fed and 

3739
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:57,200
redirected to the correct 
address before her husband came 

3740
03:20:57,200 --> 03:20:59,200
home. 
But the whole thing could have 

3741
03:20:59,200 --> 03:21:00,700
ended. 
The Network's operations in that

3742
03:21:00,700 --> 03:21:05,000
town Whether emergent is created
some of the most dramatic near 

3743
03:21:05,000 --> 03:21:07,700
disasters. 
A blizzard, once trapped a group

3744
03:21:07,708 --> 03:21:10,900
of Travelers in a barn for 
nearly a week during which time 

3745
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:13,700
their supplies ran out and 
several people became seriously 

3746
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:16,700
ill. 
The local Underground Railroad. 

3747
03:21:16,700 --> 03:21:19,600
Operator had to figure out how 
to get medical attention and 

3748
03:21:19,600 --> 03:21:21,900
food to people. 
He couldn't acknowledge were 

3749
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:24,000
there while maintaining 
plausible explanations for his 

3750
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:26,600
unusual behavior to increase in 
the suspicious neighbors. 

3751
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:31,000
Timing failures were constant 
sources of anxiety, Travelers 

3752
03:21:31,000 --> 03:21:33,900
would arrive at safehouse to 
find their host unexpectedly 

3753
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:36,500
away. 
Forcing them to hide in Barns or

3754
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:38,400
route sellers for days longer 
than planned. 

3755
03:21:39,200 --> 03:21:42,100
Or conductors would show up to 
collect passengers only to 

3756
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:44,500
discover that previous delays 
had thrown off the entire 

3757
03:21:44,500 --> 03:21:46,800
schedule. 
Leaving everyone scrambling to 

3758
03:21:46,800 --> 03:21:50,400
improvise new Arrangements, Some
operators, devised, intricate 

3759
03:21:50,400 --> 03:21:53,300
contingency plans that were 
almost absurd in their 

3760
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,800
complexity. 
One station master in Ohio kept 

3761
03:21:56,800 --> 03:21:59,600
a coffin in his barn and 
instructed, arriving passengers 

3762
03:21:59,600 --> 03:22:01,400
to climb inside and pretend to 
be dead. 

3763
03:22:01,400 --> 03:22:05,900
If Authority showed up for 
unexpected searches, The plan 

3764
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:09,500
worked perfectly until the day. 
A genuine funeral procession got

3765
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:12,900
confused about directions and 
ended up at his house, looking 

3766
03:22:12,900 --> 03:22:16,300
for the cemetery leading to an 
extremely awkward conversation 

3767
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:17,200
about. 
Why? 

3768
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:20,100
He had an apparently occupied 
coffin in his barn, instead of 

3769
03:22:20,108 --> 03:22:23,600
at the church, betrayals were 
fortunately rare, but when they 

3770
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,700
happened, they created chaos. 
That rippled through entire 

3771
03:22:26,700 --> 03:22:30,200
regions once arrested and 
threatened with lengthy prison 

3772
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:34,100
time, a trusted conductor in 
Maryland, turned informant, his 

3773
03:22:34,100 --> 03:22:37,700
treachery jeopardized, numerous 
safe, houses and necessitated a 

3774
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:39,900
comprehensive restructuring of 
routes across the region. 

3775
03:22:40,700 --> 03:22:44,200
The network survived, but only 
because other operators, noticed

3776
03:22:44,200 --> 03:22:47,200
unusual, Authority, activity, 
and managed to warn people 

3777
03:22:47,200 --> 03:22:49,300
before the betrayer could do 
maximum damage. 

3778
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:52,600
Medical emergencies were 
particularly challenging because

3779
03:22:52,600 --> 03:22:55,500
you couldn't exactly take. 
Obviously escaped slaves. 

3780
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:59,700
To local doctors without raising
questions Network, operators had

3781
03:22:59,700 --> 03:23:02,100
to become amateur. 
Medics learning to treat 

3782
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,900
injuries deliver, babies and 
handle illnesses with whatever 

3783
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:07,700
supplies. 
They could obtain without a 

3784
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:11,600
rousing suspicion. 
Through necessity some developed

3785
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,800
impressive medical skills. 
While others maintained quiet 

3786
03:23:14,800 --> 03:23:17,800
relationships with sympathetic 
doctors they could trust and 

3787
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:21,500
emergencies Children created 
special challenges, because they

3788
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:24,300
couldn't always be expected to 
understand the need for absolute

3789
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:28,400
silence and could inadvertently 
concealed away hiding places or 

3790
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:29,900
reveal information to the wrong 
people. 

3791
03:23:30,800 --> 03:23:34,500
Smart operators, learn to engage
children's imaginations, turning

3792
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:37,500
the journey into a game of hide 
and seek or an adventure story 

3793
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:40,500
where staying quiet and 
following instructions, was part

3794
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:42,900
of the fun rather than a matter 
of life and death. 

3795
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:46,800
Perhaps the most nerve-racking 
situations involved Split Second

3796
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:50,200
decisions about whether to trust
strangers who claim to be 

3797
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,000
sympathetic. 
Sometimes people claiming to 

3798
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:55,800
offer help or actually bounty 
hunters trying to trap escaping 

3799
03:23:55,800 --> 03:23:59,100
slaves. 
Other times genuine offers of 

3800
03:23:59,100 --> 03:24:02,200
assistance, came from unexpected
sources who didn't fit the usual

3801
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,800
profile of Underground. 
Railroad supporters operators 

3802
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:08,100
had to develop almost 
Supernatural, instincts for 

3803
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:10,300
reading people and situations 
quickly and accurately. 

3804
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:14,200
The remarkable thing is, how 
often pure chance worked in 

3805
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,100
favor of the Underground. 
Railroad slave catchers would 

3806
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:19,800
search houses thoroughly but 
somehow Miss hidden rooms or 

3807
03:24:19,800 --> 03:24:23,200
concealed passages authority 
figures would ask pointed 

3808
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:25,700
questions but except implausible
explanations. 

3809
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:29,000
Suspicious neighbors would 
notice unusual activity but 

3810
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:30,700
decided it wasn't worth 
investigating. 

3811
03:24:31,800 --> 03:24:35,000
The network succeeded partly 
through careful planning, but 

3812
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:38,000
also, through a remarkable 
series of fortunate, accidents. 

3813
03:24:38,000 --> 03:24:41,100
And lucky breaks, when you step 
back and look at the Underground

3814
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:44,000
Railroad as a whole. 
What's most striking isn't the 

3815
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:47,100
famous stories or dramatic 
rescues that ended up in history

3816
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:50,100
books. 
It's the quiet everyday decision

3817
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:52,900
made by thousands of ordinary 
people to risk. 

3818
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:55,100
Everything they had for 
strangers they'd never met 

3819
03:24:55,100 --> 03:24:56,800
before and might never see 
again. 

3820
03:24:57,800 --> 03:25:01,700
That decision multiplied, across
decades and States changed 

3821
03:25:01,700 --> 03:25:03,800
American history. 
In ways were still discovering. 

3822
03:25:04,700 --> 03:25:07,200
The numbers alone are staggering
when you really think about 

3823
03:25:07,200 --> 03:25:09,500
them. 
Historians estimate that the 

3824
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:12,500
Underground Railroad helped 
somewhere between 40,000 and 

3825
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:17,700
100,000 people escape slavery. 
Though the real number will 

3826
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:20,500
never be known because record 
keeping was necessarily limited 

3827
03:25:20,500 --> 03:25:22,300
and much of what was written 
down. 

3828
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:26,400
Was later, destroyed for 
security reasons. but even the 

3829
03:25:26,400 --> 03:25:30,100
conservative estimate is more 
than most cities had their What 

3830
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:31,800
makes those numbers even more 
impressive? 

3831
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:35,200
Is that each successful Escape 
required, the coordinated effort

3832
03:25:35,200 --> 03:25:38,600
of dozens of people If you 
figure an average of 20, people 

3833
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:41,100
were directly involved in 
getting each person to safety. 

3834
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,100
You're looking at a network that
included somewhere between 

3835
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:48,500
800,000 and 2 million Americans,
who actively participated in 

3836
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:50,100
Underground, Railroad 
activities. 

3837
03:25:50,900 --> 03:25:53,500
That's a significant percentage 
of the northern population. 

3838
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:56,800
Making a conscious choice to 
break federal law in service of 

3839
03:25:56,800 --> 03:25:58,600
what they believed was a higher 
moral law. 

3840
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:02,200
The Ripple effects extended far 
beyond, the people who were 

3841
03:26:02,200 --> 03:26:05,800
directly rescued, every 
successful Escape demonstrated 

3842
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:08,400
that the system of slavery 
wasn't as secure as its 

3843
03:26:08,400 --> 03:26:11,500
Defenders, claimed, every safe 
house that operated openly 

3844
03:26:11,500 --> 03:26:13,300
challenged. 
The idea that helping escaped 

3845
03:26:13,300 --> 03:26:16,900
slaves was too dangerous or too 
difficult for ordinary people to

3846
03:26:16,900 --> 03:26:19,400
attempt. 
Every conductor who made 

3847
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:22,200
multiple trips prove that 
individual action could make a 

3848
03:26:22,208 --> 03:26:24,900
meaningful difference in 
seemingly impossible situations.

3849
03:26:26,200 --> 03:26:28,800
The Underground Railroad also 
served as a training ground for 

3850
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:31,700
the abolition movement and later
civil rights activism 

3851
03:26:31,700 --> 03:26:34,700
individuals, who acquired the 
skills to secretly. 

3852
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:38,600
Organized communicating code, 
coordinate intricate operations 

3853
03:26:38,600 --> 03:26:40,900
across state lines and sustained
morale. 

3854
03:26:40,900 --> 03:26:43,900
Amidst, seemingly insurmountable
challenges were laying the 

3855
03:26:43,908 --> 03:26:47,200
groundwork for later. 
Social justice movements many 

3856
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:49,800
Underground Railroad veterans 
became leaders in the fight for 

3857
03:26:49,800 --> 03:26:54,000
women's suffrage labor rights 
and other reform causes perhaps 

3858
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,200
most importantly. 
The Underground Railroad proved 

3859
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,100
that ordinary Americans could 
organize effective resistance to

3860
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:02,400
unjust laws without waiting for 
political leaders to show them 

3861
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:04,800
the way. 
The network developed 

3862
03:27:04,800 --> 03:27:07,700
organically from Individual acts
of conscience, grew through 

3863
03:27:07,700 --> 03:27:11,400
informal networks of trust and 
communication and succeeded 

3864
03:27:11,400 --> 03:27:13,700
through decentralized 
decision-making that didn't 

3865
03:27:13,700 --> 03:27:17,200
depend on any Central Authority 
or charismatic leadership. 

3866
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:20,900
This model of Grassroots 
organizing became a template for

3867
03:27:20,900 --> 03:27:23,800
later, social movements from the
Civil Rights Movement of the 

3868
03:27:23,800 --> 03:27:27,800
1950s and 1960s to Modern 
immigrant rights activism. 

3869
03:27:29,000 --> 03:27:32,800
The basic principles remain the 
same identify people who share 

3870
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:36,900
your values, build networks of 
mutual support, develop secure, 

3871
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,600
communication, methods, creates 
safe spaces for people in danger

3872
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:43,200
and maintain hope. 
Even when progress seems 

3873
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:46,400
impossible, the Underground 
Railroad also demonstrated the 

3874
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:50,300
power of what we might Now, call
intersectional cooperation, The 

3875
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,000
network brought together people 
who disagreed about many things 

3876
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:55,900
but found common ground in their
opposition to slavery. 

3877
03:27:55,900 --> 03:27:59,300
Religious groups that normally 
didn't associate work together 

3878
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:03,200
People from different social 
classes, collaborated, as equals

3879
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,600
racial barriers that seemed in 
some mountable in other contexts

3880
03:28:06,600 --> 03:28:09,300
became irrelevant. 
When the goal was helping people

3881
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,300
escape bondage. 
The Underground Railroad had its

3882
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,300
limitations and contradictions, 
most operators, were 

3883
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,800
concentrated in border states 
rather than the Deep South where

3884
03:28:18,800 --> 03:28:20,100
help was most desperately 
needed. 

3885
03:28:20,100 --> 03:28:23,200
The network could only help a 
small percentage of enslaved. 

3886
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:24,900
People leaving Millions still in
bondage. 

3887
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:28,500
Some operators held 
paternalistic attitudes toward 

3888
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:32,000
the people, they helped viewing 
them as victims to be rescued 

3889
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:34,700
rather than Partners in a shared
struggle for justice. 

3890
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:37,800
Despite these limitations the 
accomplishments remain 

3891
03:28:37,800 --> 03:28:41,100
significant the Underground 
Railroad, proved that seemingly 

3892
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:44,000
powerless individuals could band
together to challenge powerful 

3893
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:46,200
institutions. 
When they were motivated by 

3894
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:49,500
moral conviction and willing to 
accept personal risk. 

3895
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:52,200
It showed that changed didn't 
have to wait for perfect 

3896
03:28:52,200 --> 03:29:03,500
conditions or ideal lead. 
Imagine yourself standing on a 

3897
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:06,100
frozen ocean that stretches 
Beyond the Horizon in every 

3898
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:08,900
direction with the sun on a 
four-month vacation. 

3899
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:11,900
There is no gentle Dawn to wake 
you up. 

3900
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:15,500
No Sunset to Signal bed time. 
Just an endless. 

3901
03:29:15,500 --> 03:29:17,500
Twilight that leaves you 
questioning whether you've 

3902
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:21,200
accidentally broken time itself,
welcome to the Poland night 

3903
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:25,900
where Arctic, explorers from the
1800s and early 1900s learned 

3904
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:29,200
that surviving winter rent, 
mastering the art of sleeping 

3905
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:33,000
when your body had absolutely no
idea what time it was supposed 

3906
03:29:33,000 --> 03:29:34,900
to be. 
These were not your typical 

3907
03:29:34,900 --> 03:29:37,300
camping trips where you could 
just check your phone for the 

3908
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:41,200
weather, forecast and head home.
If things got dicey Once the ice

3909
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:43,900
lock their ships in place, they 
were committed to riding out the

3910
03:29:43,908 --> 03:29:46,500
darkness like passengers on the 
world's most uncomfortable 

3911
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:49,400
cruise ship. 
The thing about polar night is 

3912
03:29:49,400 --> 03:29:52,800
that it doesn't just mean dark. 
It means your circadian rhythm 

3913
03:29:52,800 --> 03:29:54,800
that. 
Internal clock, that tells you 

3914
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:58,600
when to feel sleepy gets tossed 
around like a snow globe in a 

3915
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:01,700
blizzard, imagine trying to 
maintain a normal sleep 

3916
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:03,600
schedule. 
When your brain keeps insisting,

3917
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:07,300
it's either perpetually Dawn or 
perpetually midnight, depending 

3918
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:10,000
on its mood, that day. 
However, this is where the 

3919
03:30:10,000 --> 03:30:13,900
situation becomes intriguing. 
These explorers did not simply 

3920
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,200
Retreat to a corner and wait the
arrival of spring. 

3921
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,300
They developed elaborate 
routines and rituals around 

3922
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,200
sleep that would make a luxury 
hotel concierge jealous. 

3923
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,800
They had to because proper rest 
meant the difference between 

3924
03:30:25,800 --> 03:30:29,200
waking up refreshed and ready to
chip ice off the ship's, Hull or

3925
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:31,900
waking up so disoriented, you 
might try to put your boots on 

3926
03:30:31,900 --> 03:30:35,200
your hands, take the crew of HMS
Erebus and Terror during 

3927
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:38,300
Franklin's Expedition all the 
men, aboard announcements Fram. 

3928
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:41,800
they discovered that creating 
artificial rhythms was like 

3929
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:45,500
teaching your body a new dance 
or awkward at first but 

3930
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:48,400
eventually it would catch on he 
Ship's Bells became their 

3931
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,900
metronome, marking time, in a 
world where natural time had 

3932
03:30:51,900 --> 03:30:55,400
temporarily ceased to exist. 
The sleeping quarters themselves

3933
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:58,300
were marvels of cramped 
Ingenuity picture. 

3934
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:01,000
Trying to design a bedroom 
inside, a wooden ice box that's 

3935
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:04,600
constantly creaking and groaning
as ice pressure squeezes, the 

3936
03:31:04,600 --> 03:31:07,600
hull your bedroom might be a 
space, no bigger than a modern 

3937
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:10,800
walk-in closet shared with two 
or three other, explorers who 

3938
03:31:10,800 --> 03:31:12,800
probably hadn't had a proper 
bath in months. 

3939
03:31:13,900 --> 03:31:17,600
Romance was not in the are more 
like a mixture of unwashed wool,

3940
03:31:17,600 --> 03:31:20,800
seal oil and that particular 
mustiness that develops, when 

3941
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:23,300
damp things, never quite have 
the chance to dry out. 

3942
03:31:24,300 --> 03:31:27,200
The beds themselves were often 
just wooden frames with rope or 

3943
03:31:27,200 --> 03:31:30,000
canvas stretched across them 
layered, with whatever they 

3944
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:33,100
could acquire for padding. 
Some Expeditions were lucky 

3945
03:31:33,100 --> 03:31:35,500
enough to have proper mattresses
stuffed, with horse, hero 

3946
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:37,600
cotton. 
But more often than not, you 

3947
03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:40,400
were sleeping on a collection of
blankets Furs and what ever 

3948
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:42,200
extra clothing you weren't 
currently wearing. 

3949
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:45,100
It was like playing Tetris with 
your comfort level. 

3950
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,000
How many layers could you add 
before you couldn't actually 

3951
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:50,800
move? 
Speaking of layers, the clothing

3952
03:31:50,800 --> 03:31:54,000
situation presented, its own 
unique challenges, you couldn't 

3953
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:56,600
just strip down to your pajamas 
when the temperature inside your

3954
03:31:56,600 --> 03:31:59,200
shelter, hovered around freezing
on a good day. 

3955
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:03,200
Instead explorers developed a 
complex system of removing just 

3956
03:32:03,200 --> 03:32:04,800
enough clothing to avoid 
overheating. 

3957
03:32:04,800 --> 03:32:07,700
While keeping enough on to 
prevent becoming a popsicle. 

3958
03:32:07,700 --> 03:32:12,200
If the heat Source fail during 
the night The unexpected thing, 

3959
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:15,100
about all this discomfort is 
that it created a strange kind 

3960
03:32:15,100 --> 03:32:17,500
of camaraderie. 
When everyone is equally 

3961
03:32:17,500 --> 03:32:21,100
miserable and equally determined
to survive, you develop a shared

3962
03:32:21,100 --> 03:32:23,800
sense of humor about the 
absurdity of your situation. 

3963
03:32:24,500 --> 03:32:26,700
These men would write in their 
journals about the particular 

3964
03:32:26,700 --> 03:32:29,900
Art of Getting comfortable. 
When comfortable was purely a 

3965
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:33,000
relative term, like being the 
warmest person in a meat 

3966
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,400
freezer, Now let's discuss the 
evening routine of an Arctic 

3967
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,600
Explorer because getting ready 
for bed in the polar night was 

3968
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,800
less like your modern ritual of 
brushing teeth and more like 

3969
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:45,100
preparing for a delicate, 
scientific experiment. 

3970
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:49,300
First there was the question of 
when exactly bed time occurred 

3971
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:52,800
without the sun's reliable 
schedule ship captains. 

3972
03:32:52,800 --> 03:32:56,000
Had to impose artificial 
structure usually maintaining 

3973
03:32:56,000 --> 03:32:58,400
the same watch schedules. 
They'd used during normal 

3974
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:00,900
sailing this meant that 
somewhere around. 

3975
03:33:00,900 --> 03:33:03,100
What would have been the evening
in the Civilized World? 

3976
03:33:03,100 --> 03:33:06,500
You'd hear the call for the 
evening watch change and you'd 

3977
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,700
know it was time to begin the 
elaborate process of 

3978
03:33:08,700 --> 03:33:12,000
transforming yourself from a 
working Explorer into something.

3979
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:14,200
Vaguely resembling a person 
ready for sleep. 

3980
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:18,400
First challenge was heat 
management throughout the day. 

3981
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:21,100
You'd be an active which 
generated body heat from your 

3982
03:33:21,100 --> 03:33:23,300
movements. 
The initial challenge was 

3983
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:26,300
managing heat throughout the 
day, you'd be an active 

3984
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:28,700
generating body heat through 
your movements. 

3985
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:32,500
Now you needed to devise a 
method to maintain warmth while 

3986
03:33:32,500 --> 03:33:36,500
remaining still for 8 hours. 
This necessitated a strategy 

3987
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:40,000
that would impress even a chess 
Grandmaster utilizing too many 

3988
03:33:40,008 --> 03:33:44,100
blankets would result in waking 
up sweating, which in Sub-Zero 

3989
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:46,300
temperatures would lead to a 
chilling experience. 

3990
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:49,600
As that moisture, transformed 
into your personal ice sculpture

3991
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:53,400
The above scenario, required a 
strategy that would make a chess

3992
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:55,600
Grandmaster proud. 
Too many blankets. 

3993
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:59,200
And you'd wake up sweating which
in Sub-Zero temperatures meant 

3994
03:33:59,200 --> 03:34:02,200
you then wake up freezing. 
As that moisture, turned into 

3995
03:34:02,200 --> 03:34:06,000
your personal ice sculpture. 
insufficient blankets would 

3996
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:09,100
result in a night spent 
shivering akin to achieve 

3997
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:12,700
Wildlife caught in a snowstorm 
Smart explorers learn to create 

3998
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:15,300
a layering system that they 
could adjust throughout the 

3999
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:17,500
night. 
They'd start with their base 

4000
03:34:17,500 --> 03:34:20,800
layer of wool undergarments. 
And yes, they slept in them 

4001
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:24,100
because taking them off meant 
losing precious body heat, and 

4002
03:34:24,100 --> 03:34:27,000
then having to warm up freezing 
fabric against your skin in the 

4003
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:29,400
morning which was about as 
pleasant as it sounds. 

4004
03:34:30,400 --> 03:34:32,800
Over this they'd add a flannel 
shirt or wool sweater. 

4005
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:35,900
Then there are outer layer might
be a thick wall, coat or fur. 

4006
03:34:35,900 --> 03:34:39,200
Parker the could be opened or 
closed depending on how the 

4007
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:43,100
night was treating the The 
really experienced Arctic 

4008
03:34:43,100 --> 03:34:45,000
sleepers. 
Learn to position extra clothing

4009
03:34:45,000 --> 03:34:48,000
within Arm's Reach, creating a 
buffet of warmth options. 

4010
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:49,800
They could grab without fully 
waking up. 

4011
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:53,400
Then came the delicate art of 
sharing body heat without 

4012
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:56,100
driving your bunk mates. 
Absolutely insane. 

4013
03:34:56,800 --> 03:34:59,500
In the smaller shelters and 
ships, you might be sleeping 

4014
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:02,500
close enough to your companions 
that you could hear every snore,

4015
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:06,000
every toss and turn and every 
muttered dream about warm beds 

4016
03:35:06,000 --> 03:35:08,800
back home. 
Some explorers became legendary 

4017
03:35:08,800 --> 03:35:10,600
for their ability to sleep 
through anything. 

4018
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:14,300
A skill that probably saved more
friendships than any amount of 

4019
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:17,100
Good Intentions. 
The bedding situation itself was

4020
03:35:17,100 --> 03:35:20,100
like solving a daily puzzle. 
Firstly, sleeping bags when 

4021
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:21,500
available were prized 
possession. 

4022
03:35:21,500 --> 03:35:25,200
Reindeer hide was particularly 
covered in because it provided 

4023
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:28,700
insulation, even, when damp and 
staying dry, was often more of a

4024
03:35:28,708 --> 03:35:33,100
hope than a reality But most 
Expeditions had to make do with 

4025
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:37,600
wool blankets, which worked well
until they got wet, which point 

4026
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:40,200
they became about as useful for 
warmth as a wet towel. 

4027
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:44,400
Some clever explorers figured 
out that creating a small tent, 

4028
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:47,100
within their larger shelter, 
could trapped their body heat 

4029
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:50,700
more effectively, they'd rig up,
Canvas OR extra blankets to 

4030
03:35:50,700 --> 03:35:53,700
create a personal cocoon, like 
building a fort as a child. 

4031
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:55,800
Except this fort might literally
save your life. 

4032
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:59,600
The mental preparation for sleep
was just as important as the 

4033
03:35:59,608 --> 03:36:03,400
physical preparation, you had to
train your mind to ignore the 

4034
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:07,100
constant sounds of the ice the 
grinding cracking and groaning, 

4035
03:36:07,100 --> 03:36:10,100
that could sound like the world 
was slowly tearing itself, apart

4036
03:36:10,100 --> 03:36:14,400
just outside your thin walls. 
Experienced Arctic, explorers 

4037
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:18,000
learn to consider these sounds 
almost comforting, like a very 

4038
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:21,600
strange form of white noise that
meant the ice was moving, but 

4039
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:24,000
not necessarily threatening 
their immediate survival. 

4040
03:36:25,200 --> 03:36:27,800
Here's something that might 
surprise you eating in, the 

4041
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:31,200
Arctic wasn't just about staying
fed, it was about staying sane. 

4042
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:34,700
When you're trapped in Endless, 
Darkness with the same handful 

4043
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:37,900
of people, for months, on end. 
Mealtime becomes the highlight 

4044
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:41,300
of your day, Your Entertainment,
your social hour, and 

4045
03:36:41,300 --> 03:36:43,900
occasionally your own reminder 
that you're still part of the 

4046
03:36:43,900 --> 03:36:46,100
human race. 
But let's start with the 

4047
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:48,800
Practical side, because Arctic 
nutrition was like trying to 

4048
03:36:48,808 --> 03:36:51,400
fuel a car, with whatever you 
could find in your garage. 

4049
03:36:52,200 --> 03:36:55,200
These explorers needed massive 
amounts of calories to keep 

4050
03:36:55,200 --> 03:36:58,200
their bodies generating Heat. 
but they were working with 

4051
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:01,300
preserved foods that had been 
packed months, or even years 

4052
03:37:01,300 --> 03:37:05,000
earlier, back when someone was 
optimistically assuming they'd 

4053
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:08,400
still be edible by the time they
were needed, The Staples 

4054
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:12,700
included items such as salt pork
hardtack, and pemmican an 

4055
03:37:12,700 --> 03:37:15,500
incredibly nutritious and 
appetizing combination of dried 

4056
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:19,800
meat, fat and berries. 
Imagine trying to get excited 

4057
03:37:19,800 --> 03:37:22,100
about dinner, when your options 
are leathery, meet brick, or 

4058
03:37:22,108 --> 03:37:23,900
crackers. 
That require soaking in hot 

4059
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:25,900
water before they won't break 
your teeth. 

4060
03:37:26,800 --> 03:37:28,600
But here's where human Ingenuity
kicks in. 

4061
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:31,700
These men became surprisingly 
creative with their limited 

4062
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:35,800
ingredients ships Cooks who are 
often just regular crew members 

4063
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:38,000
with slightly more enthusiasm 
for not poisoning. 

4064
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:41,300
Everyone learn to stretch their 
supplies with elaborate stews 

4065
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:43,700
and soups that could make a 
small piece of preserved meat. 

4066
03:37:43,700 --> 03:37:46,300
Feel like a feast. 
When padded out with whatever 

4067
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:48,700
vegetables, they'd managed to 
keep from freezing solid. 

4068
03:37:48,700 --> 03:37:52,000
The preservation methods 
themselves were fascinating and 

4069
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:55,300
slightly terrified. 
Before Refrigeration, they 

4070
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,200
relied on salt smoking and the 
arctic's. 

4071
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:00,300
Natural freezer. 
Temperatures to keep food safe. 

4072
03:38:00,300 --> 03:38:02,800
This meant that opening a barrel
of salt. 

4073
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:06,000
Pork was like, unwrapping, a 
present UI never knew whether I 

4074
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:08,900
would find perfectly preserved, 
meat or something that had 

4075
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:11,000
developed its own ecosystem 
during the journey. 

4076
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:15,200
Fresh food became the subject of
dreams and intricate planning. 

4077
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:19,700
Some Expeditions brought live 
animals, chickens pigs, even 

4078
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:24,700
cows which provided fresh eggs, 
milk or meat for as long as they

4079
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:26,800
could be kept alive in the 
freezing conditions. 

4080
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:29,900
But keeping livestock alive in 
the Arctic was like, trying to 

4081
03:38:29,900 --> 03:38:33,200
run a farm inside a freezer and 
it required constant attention 

4082
03:38:33,200 --> 03:38:37,200
and creativity. 
Hunting became both a necessity 

4083
03:38:37,200 --> 03:38:41,400
and a psychological lifeline. 
Fresh seal walrus or polar bear.

4084
03:38:41,400 --> 03:38:44,400
Meat, wasn't just nutrition. 
It was proof that you could 

4085
03:38:44,400 --> 03:38:46,700
still interact with the world 
beyond your floating, ice 

4086
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:49,000
prison. 
The taste of fresh meat. 

4087
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:51,500
After weeks of preserved. 
Rations was apparently 

4088
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:54,300
transformative. 
Akin to discovering color after 

4089
03:38:54,300 --> 03:38:58,100
living in a world of black and 
white The cooking facilities 

4090
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:00,400
range from ingenious to barely 
functional. 

4091
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:03,900
Small Expeditions might have 
just a single oil lamp or 

4092
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:06,500
alcohol stove, that served 
double duty for cooking and 

4093
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:09,200
Heating. 
Larger ships were equipped with 

4094
03:39:09,200 --> 03:39:12,500
functionality stoves but 
maintaining their fuel supply 

4095
03:39:12,500 --> 03:39:16,000
required constant balancing 
between maintaining warmth and 

4096
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,500
ensuring sufficient energy to 
prepare hot meals. 

4097
03:39:19,400 --> 03:39:22,800
Hot beverages became almost 
sacred tea coffee and hot 

4098
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:25,600
chocolate weren't just drinks. 
They were liquid Comfort, 

4099
03:39:25,600 --> 03:39:28,500
warmth, you could hold in your 
hands and feel spreading through

4100
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:31,400
your chest. 
Many explorers wrote about the 

4101
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:33,400
ritual of their morning. 
Hot drink with an almost 

4102
03:39:33,400 --> 03:39:36,900
religious reverence Describing 
how that first sip could 

4103
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:40,000
transform their mood and energy 
for the entire day. 

4104
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:44,100
Water itself was often an 
adventure, you couldn't just 

4105
03:39:44,100 --> 03:39:47,000
turn on a tap. 
You had to melt ice or snow, 

4106
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:50,100
which sounds simple Until you 
realize that snow can contain. 

4107
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:53,200
All sorts of interesting things 
from wind-blown. 

4108
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:56,100
Dirt to organic matter, you'd 
rather not think about too hard.

4109
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:59,800
Some Expedition set up elaborate
systems for collecting and 

4110
03:39:59,800 --> 03:40:01,800
melting. 
Clean ice While others just 

4111
03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:03,800
grabbed whatever was handy and 
hoped for the best. 

4112
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:06,800
Mealtime in the Arctic wasn't 
just about nutrition. 

4113
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:09,900
It was about maintaining your 
Humanity in a place that seemed 

4114
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,400
designed to strip it away. 
When you're living in a space 

4115
03:40:13,400 --> 03:40:15,900
smaller than most modern 
apartments with a group of men 

4116
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:17,300
who have not had privacy in 
months. 

4117
03:40:17,300 --> 03:40:21,600
Sharing food becomes a delicate 
social dance that could make or 

4118
03:40:21,600 --> 03:40:25,600
break the expedition's morale. 
The dinner hour was often the 

4119
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:27,900
only time when the entire crew 
would Gather in one place, 

4120
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:30,500
creating a temporary sense of 
community. 

4121
03:40:30,500 --> 03:40:33,600
That helped combat the isolation
and claustrophobia of their 

4122
03:40:33,600 --> 03:40:35,900
situation. 
Picture trying to have a 

4123
03:40:35,900 --> 03:40:38,400
civilized conversation, while 
balancing a tin plate on your 

4124
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:41,800
lap, sitting on a wooden crate 
in a room that swaying slightly 

4125
03:40:41,800 --> 03:40:43,400
as the ice shift around your 
ship. 

4126
03:40:44,100 --> 03:40:46,600
With the temperature, just warm 
enough that your breath doesn't 

4127
03:40:46,600 --> 03:40:49,400
fog, but cold enough that your 
food starts cooling the moment, 

4128
03:40:49,400 --> 03:40:52,900
it hits your plate. 
But these men develop their own 

4129
03:40:52,900 --> 03:40:54,400
etiquette. 
For these strange circumstances 

4130
03:40:54,400 --> 03:40:58,600
there were unspoken rules about 
portion sharing about who got 

4131
03:40:58,600 --> 03:41:01,700
first access to the warmest spot
near the stove and about how to 

4132
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:03,900
politely ignore it when 
someone's table manners, 

4133
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:07,400
deteriorated under the stress of
extreme conditions, The 

4134
03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:10,100
successful Expeditions were 
often the ones where the social 

4135
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:14,300
boundaries were respected even 
when especially when everyone 

4136
03:41:14,300 --> 03:41:16,500
was tired cold and probably a 
little bit crazy. 

4137
03:41:17,300 --> 03:41:19,900
Some ship captains, understood 
the importance of maintaining 

4138
03:41:19,900 --> 03:41:22,600
ceremony. 
Even in the wilderness, they'd 

4139
03:41:22,600 --> 03:41:26,000
insist on certain formalities 
saying grace waiting for 

4140
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:29,300
everyone to be served before 
starting attempting to maintain 

4141
03:41:29,300 --> 03:41:31,700
conversation that went beyond 
the days work tasks. 

4142
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:35,000
These small rituals helped 
preserve the feeling that they 

4143
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,500
were still civilized human 
beings temporarily visiting the 

4144
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:41,600
Arctic rather than slowly 
transforming into something 

4145
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:44,200
else. 
Entirely the menu planning was 

4146
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:46,600
often a source of both 
creativity and frustration. 

4147
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:50,400
Cooks had to balance nutrition 
with morale, which meant 

4148
03:41:50,400 --> 03:41:53,200
Sometimes using pressure 
supplies to create special meals

4149
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:57,100
for holidays or celebrations. 
Christmas dinner in the Arctic 

4150
03:41:57,100 --> 03:41:59,900
was an exercise in making Magic.
From mundane ingredients, 

4151
03:41:59,900 --> 03:42:03,700
transforming salt, pork and 
hardtack into something that 

4152
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:06,800
could at least remind everyone 
of home, even if it didn't 

4153
03:42:06,800 --> 03:42:09,800
actually tastes like it. 
Trade and bartering became 

4154
03:42:09,800 --> 03:42:12,800
common within the crew. 
Someone might trade their ration

4155
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:15,700
of sugar for extra tobacco or 
exchange a portion of their 

4156
03:42:15,700 --> 03:42:17,800
meat, allocation for someone 
else's dried fruit. 

4157
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:21,600
These small economies helped, 
people feel like they still had 

4158
03:42:21,600 --> 03:42:24,700
some control over their 
circumstances, some ability to 

4159
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:26,700
make choices about their daily 
experience. 

4160
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:30,700
The conversation during meals 
range from practical discussions

4161
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,100
about the next day's work to 
elaborate storytelling sessions 

4162
03:42:34,100 --> 03:42:36,800
where crew members would share 
Tales from their past 

4163
03:42:36,800 --> 03:42:39,800
Adventures, their homes, and 
their plans. 

4164
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:43,300
For when they return to 
civilization, These stories 

4165
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:46,300
served multiple purposes. 
They were entertainment. 

4166
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:48,800
They were a way to share 
knowledge and experience. 

4167
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:51,500
And they were a method of 
keeping memories of the outside 

4168
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:53,300
world alive during the long 
isolation. 

4169
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:56,800
Some Expeditions develop 
Traditions around food that 

4170
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:00,500
helped Mark the passage of time.
Special meals for Sundays 

4171
03:43:00,500 --> 03:43:03,500
birthday celebrations, with 
whatever small luxuries could be

4172
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:06,400
spared and competitions to see 
who could create the most 

4173
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:08,500
interesting dish from standard 
rationals. 

4174
03:43:08,500 --> 03:43:12,500
These Traditions created 
structure and anticipation in a 

4175
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:14,800
world where every day could 
otherwise feel exactly the same.

4176
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:19,800
The cleanup after meals was its 
own challenge washing dishes, 

4177
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:22,800
when water has to be heated from
Ice and then disposed of 

4178
03:43:22,800 --> 03:43:25,100
carefully. 
You can't just dump dirty 

4179
03:43:25,100 --> 03:43:26,500
dishwater. 
Anyway, when you're trying to 

4180
03:43:26,500 --> 03:43:29,700
keep your living space, sanitary
meant that every pot and plate 

4181
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:32,500
represented, a significant 
investment of time and fuel. 

4182
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:36,700
Food storage became a constant 
concern and occasional source of

4183
03:43:36,708 --> 03:43:39,300
drama. 
Supplies had to be carefully 

4184
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:41,200
rationed and protected from both
spoilage. 

4185
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:44,400
And the occasional crew member 
who might be tempted to help 

4186
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:46,900
themselves to extra rations 
during a moment of weakness. 

4187
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,200
The person in charge of the Food
Supplies held, one of the most 

4188
03:43:51,200 --> 03:43:54,600
important, and sometimes most 
unpopular positions on the 

4189
03:43:54,600 --> 03:43:58,800
expedition Let's get back to the
sleeping situation, because the 

4190
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:01,900
relationship between Arctic 
explorers and their beds was 

4191
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:06,600
complicated, intimate and often 
frustrating like a romance novel

4192
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:09,600
written in a freezer, your 
sleeping area, wasn't just where

4193
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,300
you rested. 
It was your private space your 

4194
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:15,400
sanctuary and sometimes your 
only escape from the constant 

4195
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:16,800
company of your fellow 
explorers. 

4196
03:44:17,900 --> 03:44:20,800
The architecture of Arctic 
sleeping was an art Forum, born 

4197
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:24,200
from necessity in larger 
Expeditions with proper ships, 

4198
03:44:24,200 --> 03:44:26,200
you might have a hammock strung 
in the crew. 

4199
03:44:26,200 --> 03:44:29,600
Quarters swaying gently with the
movement of ice pressing against

4200
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:32,000
the hull. 
The Rhythm could be soothing 

4201
03:44:32,000 --> 03:44:35,800
like being rocked to sleep until
the ice decided to shift more 

4202
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:39,100
dramatically and suddenly you 
were experiencing what felt like

4203
03:44:39,100 --> 03:44:42,800
sleeping in a paint mixer. 
Smaller Expeditions or those who

4204
03:44:42,800 --> 03:44:45,300
had to abandon their ship's 
created sleeping Arrangements, 

4205
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:48,300
that would challenge even the 
most creative interior designer.

4206
03:44:49,200 --> 03:44:52,800
Snow houses when properly built 
could actually be quite cozy. 

4207
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:56,500
The snow provided insulation and
body heat could warm the 

4208
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:58,400
interior to almost comfortable 
temperatures. 

4209
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:02,200
But, almost comfortable, when 
you're talking about sleeping in

4210
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,200
a snow house, still means, 
you're basically camping inside 

4211
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:08,200
of very elaborate Ice Cube the 
bedtime routine in these 

4212
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:10,200
conditions, required strategic 
thinking. 

4213
03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:12,400
That would impress a military 
logistics officer? 

4214
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:17,100
You had to time your preparation
just right too early and you'd 

4215
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:20,800
lie awake in your confined space
getting claustrophobic too late 

4216
03:45:20,808 --> 03:45:23,200
and you'd be fumbling with 
frozen buckles and ties in the 

4217
03:45:23,200 --> 03:45:25,700
dark while your body heat 
disappeared into the Arctic air.

4218
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:29,500
Getting undressed for sleep was 
like performing a magic trick. 

4219
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:32,600
In Reverse, you had to remove 
layers without losing the 

4220
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:34,200
warmth. 
Those layers had been trapping 

4221
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:37,100
then quickly burrow into your 
sleeping arrangements before 

4222
03:45:37,100 --> 03:45:40,300
your body temperature, could 
drop some explorers became 

4223
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:43,600
remarkably skilled at this 
process able to transition from 

4224
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:46,400
Fully Dressed to properly bedded
down in just a few minutes. 

4225
03:45:47,300 --> 03:45:50,100
The sharing of sleeping spaces 
created its own etiquette and 

4226
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:52,700
occasional comedy. 
When you're pressed close enough

4227
03:45:52,700 --> 03:45:55,500
to your fellow explorer that you
can feel their breathing and 

4228
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:57,400
hear every shift they make 
during the night. 

4229
03:45:57,400 --> 03:46:00,400
You develop, a heightened 
awareness of personal habits 

4230
03:46:00,400 --> 03:46:02,700
that you probably never want to 
know about. 

4231
03:46:03,700 --> 03:46:07,600
Some men like human icebergs 
seem to absorb warmth from the 

4232
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:11,500
air around them While others 
like natural furnaces generated 

4233
03:46:11,500 --> 03:46:13,000
heat that could warm their 
neighbors. 

4234
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:16,500
Snoring became both a blessing 
and a curse in these tight 

4235
03:46:16,500 --> 03:46:19,300
Quarters on one hand steady 
snoring. 

4236
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:21,600
Could provide a rhythmic 
backdrop that helped mask other 

4237
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:25,400
disturbing sounds from outside 
on the other hand when you're 

4238
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:27,500
already struggling to sleep in 
uncomfortable conditions, 

4239
03:46:27,500 --> 03:46:30,900
listening to someone sawing logs
to feet from your ear, could 

4240
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:34,800
drive you to the edge of sanity.
The dreams that came in Arctic 

4241
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:37,600
sleep, were often more Vivid and
strange than normal dreams. 

4242
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:40,000
Probably due to the combination 
of stress. 

4243
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:42,700
Unusual sleeping conditions and 
diet changes. 

4244
03:46:42,700 --> 03:46:46,600
Many explorers wrote about 
remarkably detailed dreams of 

4245
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:50,800
home of warm beds of foods. 
They missed of summer days. 

4246
03:46:50,800 --> 03:46:54,600
That felt impossibly distant, 
these dreams could be either a 

4247
03:46:54,600 --> 03:46:57,000
blessing, providing mental 
escape from their harsh reality 

4248
03:46:57,000 --> 03:46:59,900
or torture making the morning 
Awakening. 

4249
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:03,100
Even more difficult. 
Waking up in Arctic conditions 

4250
03:47:03,100 --> 03:47:07,000
required its own set of survival
skills, the transition from 

4251
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:09,800
whatever warmth you'd managed to
accumulate during the night to 

4252
03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:13,800
the reality of Sub-Zero are was 
like jumping into a cold pool 

4253
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:16,900
except the pool was your entire 
living environment. 

4254
03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:20,800
Some explorers learn to keep 
essential items Within Reach. 

4255
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:23,700
So they could partially dress 
while still under their covers 

4256
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:26,000
extending the warmth as long as 
possible. 

4257
03:47:26,000 --> 03:47:28,900
The condition of your bedding 
became crucial to your 

4258
03:47:28,900 --> 03:47:32,600
well-being and morale Damp 
blankets or sleeping Furs, could

4259
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:36,000
become frozen solid overnight 
creating a choice between 

4260
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:39,700
sleeping with frozen bedding or 
taking the time and fuel to thaw

4261
03:47:39,700 --> 03:47:43,000
and dry everything before sleep.
Assuming you have the resources 

4262
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:45,100
to do. 
So personal sleeping 

4263
03:47:45,100 --> 03:47:48,600
accessories, became precious 
possessions a comfortable pillow

4264
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:51,300
made from extra clothing, or 
whatever, soft materials were 

4265
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:53,000
available. 
Could mean the difference 

4266
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:54,900
between rest and a night of neck
pain. 

4267
03:47:55,800 --> 03:47:58,600
Some explorers fashioned wooden 
supports or repurpose their 

4268
03:47:58,600 --> 03:48:01,000
boots. 
As makeshift pillows, resulting 

4269
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:04,600
in inventive solutions, that may
amuse modern campers, but were 

4270
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:06,100
crucial for their comfort in 
those harsh. 

4271
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,700
Conditions, living through the 
polar night meant developing an 

4272
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:13,200
entirely new relationship with 
time Consciousness and what it 

4273
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:16,800
means to be awake or a sleep. 
When the sun disappears for 

4274
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,400
months your body's natural 
rhythms, don't just get 

4275
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:22,500
confused, they staged a full 
Rebellion, that would make a 

4276
03:48:22,500 --> 03:48:24,100
toddler's. 
Tantrum look like a model of 

4277
03:48:24,100 --> 03:48:27,500
emotional regulation. 
The psychological effects of 

4278
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:30,200
endless Darkness was something 
these early explorers had to 

4279
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,400
navigate without any of the 
scientific understanding we have

4280
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:36,000
today about seasonal affective 
disorder. 

4281
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:40,300
Also kadian Rhythm disruption 
They just knew that after a few 

4282
03:48:40,308 --> 03:48:43,300
weeks of continuous Twilight, 
their mind started playing 

4283
03:48:43,300 --> 03:48:45,600
tricks on them. 
In ways that range from mildly 

4284
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:49,800
annoying to genuinely concerning
some men found themselves 

4285
03:48:49,800 --> 03:48:53,300
sleeping at odd hours wide awake
when they should have been worn 

4286
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:56,700
out or sleeping for much longer 
or shorter periods than normal. 

4287
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:01,500
Others experienced a kind of 
dreamy wakefulness where the 

4288
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:05,000
boundaries between sleeping and 
waking became blurred like 

4289
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,100
living in a constant state of 
just having awakened from a nap 

4290
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:12,300
but never feeling fully alert. 
The smart Expedition leaders, 

4291
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:14,900
learn to create artificial 
rhythms to help their Crews 

4292
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:17,300
maintain some semblance of 
normal sleep patterns. 

4293
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:19,600
This might mean maintaining 
strict. 

4294
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:22,200
Watch schedules, require 
requiring everyone to be present

4295
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:25,600
for meals at specific times or 
creating evening activities that

4296
03:49:25,600 --> 03:49:28,500
help signal to the brain that 
bedtime was approaching even 

4297
03:49:28,500 --> 03:49:30,600
when the light outside hadn't 
changed in weeks. 

4298
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:34,100
Reading became both a blessing 
and a challenge during these 

4299
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,900
long nights. 
Those Expeditions lucky enough 

4300
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,700
to have brought books found that
reading could help pass the time

4301
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:43,600
and provide mental stimulation. 
But reading by oil lamp on 

4302
03:49:43,600 --> 03:49:47,100
Candlelight in cold conditions 
was demanding on the eyes and 

4303
03:49:47,100 --> 03:49:49,900
required careful management of 
precious fuel supplies. 

4304
03:49:50,600 --> 03:49:53,300
Some men would save their 
reading for just before sleep 

4305
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:56,000
using it as a mental transition 
activity. 

4306
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:59,000
While others found that reading 
made them more alert when they 

4307
03:49:59,000 --> 03:50:02,900
needed to be winding down. 
The development of indoor games 

4308
03:50:02,900 --> 03:50:05,000
and activities became crucial 
for mental health. 

4309
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:09,200
During the long Darkness, card 
games storytelling sessions and 

4310
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:11,000
music. 
If anyone had brought 

4311
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:14,400
instruments served, a dual 
purpose as both entertainment 

4312
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:16,300
and markers of the passage of 
time. 

4313
03:50:17,000 --> 03:50:19,600
Knowing that every evening after
dinner, there would be a card 

4314
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:22,400
game or story session helped 
create the Rhythm that the 

4315
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:24,100
missing son could no longer 
provide. 

4316
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:27,700
Personal hygiene during these 
extended periods, became both 

4317
03:50:27,700 --> 03:50:30,700
more challenging and more 
important than you might expect.

4318
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:34,200
When you're living in close 
quarters with the same people 

4319
03:50:34,200 --> 03:50:36,900
for months, small issues can 
become major problems. 

4320
03:50:37,900 --> 03:50:40,400
But washing in Sub-Zero 
temperatures with limited Water,

4321
03:50:40,400 --> 03:50:43,400
Supplies, required planning, and
motivation that could be 

4322
03:50:43,400 --> 03:50:46,200
difficult to maintain when you 
were already struggling with the

4323
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:48,400
cycle effects of isolation and 
darkness. 

4324
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:51,600
Some explorers found that 
maintaining small personal 

4325
03:50:51,600 --> 03:50:54,700
rituals help them cope with the 
disorientation of Endless Night.

4326
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:58,600
This might mean keeping a 
detailed Journal maintaining a 

4327
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:01,100
specific morning routine, 
regardless of what the light 

4328
03:51:01,100 --> 03:51:04,200
outside looked like, or 
dedicating time, each day to 

4329
03:51:04,200 --> 03:51:07,300
some form of physical exercise 
within the confined spaces of 

4330
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:09,800
their shelter. 
The quality of sleep during 

4331
03:51:09,800 --> 03:51:12,300
polar night often differed from 
that of normal sleep. 

4332
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:16,400
Many explorers reported more 
vivid dreams, more frequent 

4333
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:19,400
waking during the night and a 
general sense that their sleep 

4334
03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:22,400
was less restful even when they 
managed to receive adequate 

4335
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:25,500
hours of rest. 
This change was probably due to 

4336
03:51:25,500 --> 03:51:29,000
the combination of stress, the 
unfamiliar environment, and the 

4337
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:32,600
disruption of normal light dark 
cycles, that help regulate deep 

4338
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:35,000
sleep. 
Temperature regulation during 

4339
03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:37,700
sleep, became a complex dance. 
That required constant 

4340
03:51:37,700 --> 03:51:40,200
adjustment. 
The inside of shelters could 

4341
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:42,600
vary dramatically and 
temperature depending on wind 

4342
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:45,900
conditions, the effectiveness of
heating sources, and how well, 

4343
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:49,000
the structure was insulated 
learning to sleep comfortably, 

4344
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:52,100
despite these fluctuations was a
skill that separated the 

4345
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:55,100
successful Arctic sleepers from 
those, who spent their nights 

4346
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,100
tossing and turning. 
The sounds of the Arctic night, 

4347
03:51:58,100 --> 03:51:59,900
created their own sound track 
for sleep. 

4348
03:52:00,600 --> 03:52:03,100
Beyond the ice sounds. 
We mentioned earlier there were 

4349
03:52:03,100 --> 03:52:06,300
wind patterns the sound of other
crew members moving around. 

4350
03:52:06,300 --> 03:52:10,100
The occasional animal noise from
outside and the Very creeks and 

4351
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:11,500
settling sounds of their 
shelter. 

4352
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:15,200
Learning to identify which 
sounds were normal and which 

4353
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:18,300
might indicate a problem became 
part of the bed time mental 

4354
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,200
routine. 
Eventually, every Arctic 

4355
03:52:21,200 --> 03:52:24,200
Explorer had to master the art 
of waking up when morning was 

4356
03:52:24,200 --> 03:52:27,800
purely a theoretical concept 
without, the sun's gentle 

4357
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:31,000
nudging, or even the promise of 
daylight to motivate getting out

4358
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:34,500
of your warm cocoon starting 
each day, became an act of pure 

4359
03:52:34,500 --> 03:52:37,100
willpower, that would challenge 
even the most disciplined 

4360
03:52:37,100 --> 03:52:39,700
person. 
The wake-up call in Arctic 

4361
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:41,200
Expeditions was usually 
artificial. 

4362
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,200
A ship's Bell, someone calling 
out or simply the gradually 

4363
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:47,800
increase in activity of other 
crew members starting their day.

4364
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:51,900
But responding to these cues 
when your body had no natural 

4365
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:54,900
reason to believe it was more 
mourning required developing 

4366
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:57,000
mental tricks. 
That modern shift workers would 

4367
03:52:57,000 --> 03:53:00,800
recognize and appreciate. 
Smart explorers learn to prepare

4368
03:53:00,800 --> 03:53:03,400
for more morning, the night 
before, laying out clothes in 

4369
03:53:03,400 --> 03:53:06,100
order, keeping essential items 
within easy reach. 

4370
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:09,800
And most importantly, have a 
plan for the first few minutes 

4371
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:11,900
after waking, that would get the
moving before. 

4372
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,200
The cold could fully register 
and convinced them to burrow 

4373
03:53:15,200 --> 03:53:18,100
back under their covers for just
five more minutes, that could 

4374
03:53:18,108 --> 03:53:21,900
easily stretch into hours. 
The first task of the Arctic 

4375
03:53:21,900 --> 03:53:24,900
morning was usually rekindling 
or 10 to heating sources that 

4376
03:53:24,900 --> 03:53:28,100
had been banked overnight. 
This meant someone had to be 

4377
03:53:28,100 --> 03:53:31,300
brave enough to leave their warm
sleeping area and venturing into

4378
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:34,300
the coldest part of the shelter 
to Coke's fires back to life or 

4379
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,500
light oil lamps. 
This thankless, but crucial job 

4380
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:41,400
often rotated among crew members
or was taken on by early risers 

4381
03:53:41,400 --> 03:53:44,100
who found it easier to get 
moving once they were already up

4382
03:53:44,100 --> 03:53:45,600
and active. 
Breakfast. 

4383
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,000
In the Arctic wasn't just the 
first meal of the day. 

4384
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:51,100
It was proof that you had 
successfully survived another 

4385
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:53,700
night and were ready to face 
whatever challenges. 

4386
03:53:53,700 --> 03:53:57,500
The endless, Twilight might 
bring Hot drinks were especially

4387
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:00,400
important in the morning. 
Providing internal warmth that 

4388
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:03,200
helped motivate the body to 
continue functioning when 

4389
03:54:03,200 --> 03:54:05,400
external conditions were 
consistently hostile. 

4390
03:54:06,800 --> 03:54:09,300
Getting dressed in Arctic 
conditions was like putting on 

4391
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:11,000
Armor for battle against the 
elements. 

4392
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:14,500
The process had to be done 
efficiently to avoid losing body

4393
03:54:14,500 --> 03:54:17,400
heat, but also carefully to 
ensure that all layers were 

4394
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:19,500
properly arranged and that 
nothing was forgotten. 

4395
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:23,000
Wet or improperly worn clothing,
could be dangerous. 

4396
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:26,300
So the morning dressing routine 
became a practice sequence that 

4397
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:30,500
each Explorer perfected through 
experience Personal grooming in 

4398
03:54:30,508 --> 03:54:33,200
the Arctic morning was often 
reduced to the absolute Basics 

4399
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,400
but maintaining some standards 
helped preserve morale and 

4400
03:54:36,400 --> 03:54:39,300
dignity. 
A quick wash with melted snow 

4401
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:42,700
water combing, hair and tending 
to any minor injuries or 

4402
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:45,900
frostbite concerns. 
These small acts of self-care 

4403
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:49,100
helped maintain the cycle 
boundary between survival mode 

4404
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:51,600
and simply giving up on 
civilization entirely. 

4405
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:56,000
The transition from the relative
shelter of sleeping areas to the

4406
03:54:56,000 --> 03:54:58,700
full reality of Arctic 
conditions was always a shock. 

4407
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:02,600
No matter how many times you'd 
experienced it stepping outside 

4408
03:55:02,600 --> 03:55:05,300
for necessary, tasks meant 
facing are that could literally 

4409
03:55:05,300 --> 03:55:08,100
take your breath away. 
Wind that felt like it was 

4410
03:55:08,108 --> 03:55:11,300
trying to strip the warmth from 
your body and a landscape that 

4411
03:55:11,300 --> 03:55:13,700
remained unforgiving and 
hostile. 

4412
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:18,100
But here's the remarkable thing 
about these Arctic, explorers 

4413
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:21,000
they developed, not just the 
skills to survive these 

4414
03:55:21,000 --> 03:55:23,600
conditions. 
But often a strange appreciation

4415
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,900
for the unique experience, they 
were living Many wrote about 

4416
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:31,500
moments of unexpected Beauty, 
the play of Aurora across the 

4417
03:55:31,508 --> 03:55:34,500
sky during clear nights, the 
intricate patterns of ice 

4418
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:36,500
formation and the profound 
silence. 

4419
03:55:36,500 --> 03:55:39,600
That could only be found in 
places far from civilization. 

4420
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,600
As you settle into your own warm
bed tonight in a room with 

4421
03:55:43,600 --> 03:55:46,400
electric lights and central 
heating with the promise of 

4422
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:50,300
dawn, just hours away, you can 
appreciate both how far we've 

4423
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:53,900
come and how a remarkable those 
early Arctic explorers truly 

4424
03:55:53,900 --> 03:55:56,400
were. 
They faced months of darkness 

4425
03:55:56,400 --> 03:56:00,000
and cold with nothing but wool, 
oil lamps and human 

4426
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:03,000
determination? 
I turned survival into an art 

4427
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,300
form and somehow managed to 
maintain their Humanity in 

4428
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:08,100
conditions. 
That seem designed to strip it 

4429
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:10,100
away. 
Their Legacy isn't just the 

4430
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:12,400
geographical knowledge, they 
gained, or the roots, they 

4431
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:16,500
mapped, but the proof that human
beings can adapt almost anything

4432
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,200
when they have to. 
And that sometimes the most 

4433
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:22,200
important survival tool is the 
ability to find humor and 

4434
03:56:22,208 --> 03:56:25,300
camaraderie, even when you're 
sleeping in what amounts to a 

4435
03:56:25,300 --> 03:56:28,400
very expensive Ice Cube. 
So as you drift off to sleep, in

4436
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:31,400
your comfortable bed, perhaps, 
you'll spare a thought for those

4437
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:34,200
brave souls who spent their 
nights, in the endless, Arctic 

4438
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:38,100
Darkness sharing, warmth and 
stories, and the simple comfort 

4439
03:56:38,100 --> 03:56:41,400
of knowing that morning would 
come eventually, even if the sun

4440
03:56:41,400 --> 03:56:43,300
had temporarily forgotten how to
rise. 

4441
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:52,600
The imagine you're standing at 
the edge of a vast tropical 

4442
03:56:52,600 --> 03:56:56,300
forest that stretches from 
Horizon to Horizon like a green 

4443
03:56:56,300 --> 03:57:00,500
ocean Frozen in time. 
This is the Maya World, a realm 

4444
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:03,600
that encompasses what we now 
call Sudden Mexico, Guatemala 

4445
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:07,700
Belize and parts of Honduras in 
El Salvador but forget your 

4446
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:11,600
modern maps for a moment and see
this land as the Maya, did not a

4447
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:14,200
separate countries, but as one 
living breathing ecosystem, 

4448
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:17,300
where every mountain river. 
And so note held sacred. 

4449
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:21,200
Meaning the landscape here reads
like poetry written by ancient 

4450
03:57:21,200 --> 03:57:24,400
gods in the north, the Yucatan 
Peninsula. 

4451
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:26,300
Spreads like a limestone 
platform. 

4452
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,900
Its surface so flat you might 
think Giants used to their 

4453
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:31,900
dining table beneath this 
seemingly. 

4454
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:34,800
Solid Ground lies. 
A hidden world of underground 

4455
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:38,100
rivers and cavan's. 
Occasionally opening into notes.

4456
03:57:38,100 --> 03:57:42,100
Those magical circular pools of 
crystal clear water that looked 

4457
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:45,600
like doorways to the underworld 
and in my a belief that's 

4458
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:49,500
exactly what they were travel 
South and the land begins to 

4459
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:53,200
Rumple Unfold like a blanket 
pulled from sleep mountains, 

4460
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:56,600
rise in green waves, their peaks
disappearing into clouds. 

4461
03:57:56,600 --> 03:57:59,200
That seem perpetually caught in 
the act of kissing the Earth 

4462
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:03,100
Rivers, Wind Through valleys 
like silver ribbons carrying 

4463
03:58:03,100 --> 03:58:05,900
stories from Highland to lowland
from the cool Mists of 

4464
03:58:05,908 --> 03:58:09,800
Guatemala's, volcanic Peaks to 
the humid Embrace of Caribbean 

4465
03:58:09,800 --> 03:58:11,900
Shores. 
The climate here doesn't follow 

4466
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,200
the neat four season schedule. 
You might be used to. 

4467
03:58:14,208 --> 03:58:18,900
Instead it dances to an older 
Rhythm, the ancient Waltz of wet

4468
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:21,700
and dry, that is shaped life in 
the tropics for millions of 

4469
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:23,600
years. 
From May through October. 

4470
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:27,600
The sky opens like a vast 
Reservoir sending down rains 

4471
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:31,300
that turn the world into a 
paradise where everything grows 

4472
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:34,600
with almost embarrassing and 
enthusiasm plants reached toward

4473
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:37,400
the sky, with the urgency of 
children stretching for cookies 

4474
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:40,700
on a high shelf, and the Very 
air seems to pulse with life. 

4475
03:58:41,600 --> 03:58:45,200
Then comes the dry season, when 
the rains Retreat and the sun 

4476
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:48,000
rules unchallenged. 
The landscape doesn't exactly 

4477
03:58:48,000 --> 03:58:51,500
sleep during these months, but 
it does pause can serve and 

4478
03:58:51,500 --> 03:58:55,200
prepare trees shed their leaves,
not from cold, but from Thrift 

4479
03:58:55,200 --> 03:58:58,400
saving water, like, careful 
housekeepers storing supplies 

4480
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,000
for lean times. 
It was during these dry months 

4481
03:59:01,000 --> 03:59:03,300
that the Maya traditionally did 
much of their building. 

4482
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:07,000
When limestone could be quarried
and mortar could dry properly 

4483
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:10,300
under the patient's son, this 
alternating rhythm of abundance 

4484
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:13,300
and restraint shaped Myers 
civilization in profound ways. 

4485
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:16,200
They learned to work with water,
like Master Craftsman. 

4486
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:20,300
Capturing in sophisticated 
Reservoir, systems reading the 

4487
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,800
subtle signs that predicted the 
arrival of Storms and treating 

4488
03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:26,400
water with the reverence it 
deserved in a land where it 

4489
03:59:26,408 --> 03:59:29,700
could mean the difference 
between feast and famine the 

4490
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:32,100
forest that covered this 
landscape were nothing like the 

4491
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:34,300
orderly Woodlands you might 
stroll through on a weekend 

4492
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:36,200
hike. 
These were jungles with 

4493
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:40,800
personality dense layered and 
filled with more species than a 

4494
03:59:40,808 --> 03:59:41,900
medieval. 
History. 

4495
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,400
So crop your trees. 
Spread their umbrella leaves? 

4496
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:47,700
Like giant parasols while 
mahogany and Cedar grew straight

4497
03:59:47,700 --> 03:59:51,000
and proud their trunks. 
So vast that 20 people holding 

4498
03:59:51,000 --> 03:59:54,600
hands might not encircle them. 
Vines draped from tree to tree, 

4499
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:57,600
like Nature's Own suspension 
bridges and somewhere in the 

4500
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:01,500
canopy above howler monkeys 
announced the dawn with calls 

4501
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,200
that could be heard from miles a
ground level. 

4502
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:07,400
The forest floor was a carpet. 
A fallen leaves slowly returning

4503
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,800
to soil punctuated by the 
occasional splash of color from 

4504
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:14,200
flowering plants that seem to 
Glow in the filtered sunlight 

4505
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:17,700
orchids clung, to tree trunks 
like jeweled brooches while 

4506
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,700
smaller trees and shrubs created
a Maize that only the most 

4507
04:00:20,700 --> 04:00:23,900
experienced Travelers, could 
navigate this wasn't Wilderness 

4508
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:26,300
in the way we usually. 
Think of it, it was more like a 

4509
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:29,200
vast, three-dimensional Garden 
that had been growing and 

4510
04:00:29,200 --> 04:00:32,100
changing for thousands of years 
and threading, through this 

4511
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,300
green tapestry, where the Maya 
themselves, who understood their

4512
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:38,000
environment, with the intimacy 
of Partners in a very long 

4513
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:41,200
marriage, they knew which trees 
produced the best timber for 

4514
04:00:41,600 --> 04:00:44,300
Construction and which bark 
could be pounded into paper, 

4515
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:46,800
they could read the forest like 
a library. 

4516
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:50,700
Identifying hundreds of plants 
that provided food, medicine, 

4517
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:54,300
dies, and tools. 
They understood that the Jaguars

4518
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:56,400
Roar meant different things 
depending on the season. 

4519
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:59,200
And they could predict where the
patterns by watching the 

4520
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:02,500
behavior of butterflies. 
This deep environmental 

4521
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:06,800
knowledge wasn't just practical,
it was spiritual the Maya saw 

4522
04:01:06,800 --> 04:01:08,500
their landscape. 
Not as a collection of resources

4523
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,800
to be exploited but as a living 
community of which they were 

4524
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:15,000
just one part, every hill was a 
potential dwelling place for 

4525
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:17,600
God's every cave, a portal to 
other worlds. 

4526
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:21,500
Every tree a potential ancestor,
the very ground beneath their 

4527
04:01:21,500 --> 04:01:25,200
feet was sacred formed from the 
bones and flesh of previous 

4528
04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:28,900
Creations that had been swept 
away when the gods decided to 

4529
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:31,900
try again. 
Understanding this worldview is 

4530
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:34,200
crucial to understanding Maya 
civilization. 

4531
04:01:34,200 --> 04:01:37,200
These were people who saw 
themselves as separate from or 

4532
04:01:37,200 --> 04:01:40,500
Superior to their environment. 
They were participants in an 

4533
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:43,300
ongoing conversation between 
human intelligence and natural 

4534
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:45,500
wisdom. 
Between the needs of growing 

4535
04:01:45,500 --> 04:01:49,000
communities and The rhythms of 
seasons and centuries, their 

4536
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:50,600
cities weren't imposed upon the 
landscape. 

4537
04:01:50,600 --> 04:01:54,100
They grew from it, like 
particularly magnificent flowers

4538
04:01:54,100 --> 04:01:56,400
in an already. 
Extraordinary Garden, as you 

4539
04:01:56,408 --> 04:02:00,300
drift deeper into sleep tonight,
Picture This World vast forests 

4540
04:02:00,300 --> 04:02:03,000
breathing with the patient. 
Rhythm of geological time, 

4541
04:02:03,000 --> 04:02:07,200
Limestone platforms honeycomb 
with hidden rivers mountains, 

4542
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:09,600
wearing crowns of clouds and 
Scattered throughout. 

4543
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:13,000
This paradise, the first 
stirrings of one of Humanity's 

4544
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:16,700
most remarkable civilizations. 
The Maya were about to teach the

4545
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:20,800
world new ways of thinking about
time space mathematics and the 

4546
04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:23,600
delicate dance between human 
ambition and environmental 

4547
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,000
wisdom. 
Let yourself float back through 

4548
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:29,900
time pass the Spanish Conquest 
past the great classic, my 

4549
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:33,500
City's past centuries and 
Millennia until you reach a 

4550
04:02:33,500 --> 04:02:36,500
moment roughly 4,000 years ago 
when the first Myers. 

4551
04:02:36,500 --> 04:02:40,100
Speaking people began to settle 
in this green Paradise, picture 

4552
04:02:40,100 --> 04:02:42,200
them arriving not as conquerors 
or colonists. 

4553
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,200
But more like gardeners 
discovering the Perfect plot for

4554
04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:47,100
the most ambitious Landscaping 
project. 

4555
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:50,300
In human history, these early 
Maya weren't the sophisticated 

4556
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:52,800
astronomers and mathematicians 
they would eventually become. 

4557
04:02:52,800 --> 04:02:56,200
They were farmers and foragers 
people whose greatest 

4558
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:59,700
Technologies were sharp obsidian
blades and the patient knowledge

4559
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:02,800
of when and where to plant corn,
but They Carried within their 

4560
04:03:02,800 --> 04:03:06,100
communities, something precious 
a way of looking at the world 

4561
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:08,700
that would eventually flour into
one of Humanity's most 

4562
04:03:08,700 --> 04:03:12,300
remarkable civilizations, the 
transformation from nomadic 

4563
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:15,500
bands to settled Villages. 
Happened gradually like watching

4564
04:03:15,500 --> 04:03:18,600
a slow-motion dance between 
human Ingenuity and Natural. 

4565
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,300
Abundance, somewhere around 
2000, BC. 

4566
04:03:21,300 --> 04:03:24,800
These early May made a discovery
that would reshape their world. 

4567
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:27,800
They figured out how to 
domesticate Tien sync. 

4568
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,600
A wild grass, that looked 
nothing like modern corn but 

4569
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:33,300
contained within its genetic 
code the potential to become 

4570
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:37,100
Humanity's most important crop. 
Imagine the patients this 

4571
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:39,900
required. 
Tier City, produced tiny seeds 

4572
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:43,300
barely larger than rice grains 
protected by cases. 

4573
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:46,800
So hard, they could Crack teeth.
Most people would have dismissed

4574
04:03:46,800 --> 04:03:49,900
it as a poor food source and 
moved on to easy pickings. 

4575
04:03:49,900 --> 04:03:52,600
But the mayor saw potential 
where others saw problems. 

4576
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,000
Generation after generation, 
they selected plants with 

4577
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:58,800
slightly larger seeds. 
Slightly softer cases. 

4578
04:03:58,800 --> 04:04:01,000
Slightly more convenient growth 
patterns. 

4579
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:03,900
They were essentially having a 
conversation with corn itself. 

4580
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:07,300
Each growing season, another 
Exchange in a dialogue that 

4581
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:08,900
would continue for thousands of 
years. 

4582
04:04:10,000 --> 04:04:12,600
This Agricultural Revolution 
wasn't just about food. 

4583
04:04:12,600 --> 04:04:15,900
It was about time. 
Once the Maya could count on 

4584
04:04:15,900 --> 04:04:18,700
Corn Harvest to feed their 
communities, they could afford 

4585
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:21,000
to have some people do things 
other than search for daily 

4586
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:23,600
sustenance. 
Some could specialize in making 

4587
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:26,600
better tools, others, could 
experiment with new building 

4588
04:04:26,600 --> 04:04:29,700
techniques and a few could spend
their time watching the sky and 

4589
04:04:29,700 --> 04:04:32,900
wondering about the patterns. 
They saw their the earliest Maya

4590
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:35,600
Villages were modest Affairs, 
that would look almost cozy by 

4591
04:04:35,608 --> 04:04:39,300
modern standards houses were 
built from local materials with 

4592
04:04:39,300 --> 04:04:42,100
the kind of practical wisdom 
that comes from intimate. 

4593
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:45,100
Knowledge of local conditions 
walls were made from wooden 

4594
04:04:45,100 --> 04:04:46,900
poles, chinked with mud and 
stone. 

4595
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:50,000
While roofs were thatched with 
Palm leaves or grass in 

4596
04:04:50,000 --> 04:04:53,300
overlapping patterns that could 
shed even the most determined 

4597
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:56,000
tropical downpour. 
These were to architectural 

4598
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:58,800
masterpieces, but they were 
perfectly adapted to their 

4599
04:04:58,800 --> 04:05:01,300
environment. 
Cool in the heat, dry in the 

4600
04:05:01,308 --> 04:05:04,200
rain and easy to repair. 
When the occasional hurricane 

4601
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:07,200
reminded, everyone who was 
really in charge, what made 

4602
04:05:07,200 --> 04:05:09,700
these early settlements special 
wasn't their buildings, but 

4603
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:13,400
their social organization. 
Unlike many ancient societies 

4604
04:05:13,400 --> 04:05:16,600
that were strictly hierarchical 
from the beginning, early Maya 

4605
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:19,000
communities seem to have been 
remarkably egalitarian 

4606
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:21,500
archaeological. 
Evidence suggests that most 

4607
04:05:21,500 --> 04:05:24,900
families lived in similar 
houses, eight similar food and 

4608
04:05:24,900 --> 04:05:27,000
had access to similar tools and 
luxuries. 

4609
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,000
It was a society where 
leadership was probably based 

4610
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:33,300
more on knowledge and consensus,
the non-inherited power or 

4611
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:36,100
accumulated wealth. 
But even in these early 

4612
04:05:36,100 --> 04:05:39,000
centuries, hints of the Maya 
genius were beginning to appear.

4613
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:42,100
They were experimenting with 
techniques for shaping, Stone 

4614
04:05:42,100 --> 04:05:44,800
learning to read the subtle 
signs that predicted, good 

4615
04:05:44,800 --> 04:05:48,400
farming weather and developing 
increasingly sophisticated ways 

4616
04:05:48,400 --> 04:05:52,100
of organizing their communities.
Most importantly, they were 

4617
04:05:52,100 --> 04:05:54,400
beginning to develop the 
intellectual Frameworks that 

4618
04:05:54,400 --> 04:05:56,900
would eventually support their 
incredible achievements in 

4619
04:05:56,900 --> 04:06:01,000
mathematics astronomy and 
architecture the Maya creation 

4620
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:03,700
story, which wouldn't be written
down until much later. 

4621
04:06:03,700 --> 04:06:06,100
Probably has roots in these 
early centuries. 

4622
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:10,000
According to their mythology, 
the gods tried several times to 

4623
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:13,700
create beings worthy of worship.
First, making humans from mud 

4624
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:17,500
who dissolved in the rain, then 
from wood who lacked souls and 

4625
04:06:17,508 --> 04:06:20,800
were destroyed by a great flood.
Finally, they created humans 

4626
04:06:20,800 --> 04:06:23,700
from corndog and these proved 
both durable and probably 

4627
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:26,700
grateful to their creators. 
This story isn't just Charming 

4628
04:06:26,700 --> 04:06:29,300
mythology. 
It reflects the Meijer deep 

4629
04:06:29,300 --> 04:06:31,700
understanding of their 
relationship with Korn and by 

4630
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:34,600
extension with the natural world
that supported them. 

4631
04:06:35,100 --> 04:06:37,600
They saw themselves not as 
masters of their environment. 

4632
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:40,800
But as participants in an 
ongoing creation story where 

4633
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:44,700
humans plants animals and gods 
were all connected in an 

4634
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:46,300
intricate web of mutual 
dependence. 

4635
04:06:46,300 --> 04:06:49,100
As centuries passed these early 
Maya. 

4636
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,100
Communities began to develop. 
Some of the cultural 

4637
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:54,100
characteristics that would 
define their civilization. 

4638
04:06:54,100 --> 04:06:57,700
They started creating more 
elaborate Pottery decorated with

4639
04:06:57,700 --> 04:07:00,600
designs that would evolve into 
the complex iconography of 

4640
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:02,800
later. 
My art, they began building 

4641
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:06,000
their first ceremonial 
structures, modest platforms and

4642
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:08,500
plazas were communities could 
gather for religious ceremonies 

4643
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,500
and social events. 
Most significantly, they began 

4644
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:14,300
to develop their understanding 
of time as something cyclical 

4645
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,600
rather than linear, while many 
cultures see time as an arrow. 

4646
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:20,700
Flying toward an unknown 
destination, the Maya began to 

4647
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:24,100
conceive of time as a series of 
interlocking Wheels where 

4648
04:07:24,100 --> 04:07:27,000
patterns repeated but never 
exactly replicated themselves. 

4649
04:07:27,000 --> 04:07:30,200
This Insight would eventually 
lead them to create some of the 

4650
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:32,400
most sophisticated calendars in 
human history. 

4651
04:07:33,300 --> 04:07:38,000
Buy around 1,000 BCE Meyer 
Society was beginning to show 

4652
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:41,000
signs of the complexity that 
would characterize its later 

4653
04:07:41,000 --> 04:07:43,100
development. 
Some communities were growing 

4654
04:07:43,100 --> 04:07:46,200
larger and more specialized with
clear evidence of social 

4655
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:50,000
stratification and occupational.
Diversity trade networks were 

4656
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:52,400
developing that would eventually
connect Maya cities across 

4657
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:56,300
hundreds of miles of jungle and 
mountain and most intriguingly 

4658
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:59,300
the Maya would begin to 
experiment with their first 

4659
04:07:59,300 --> 04:08:02,200
attempts at Monumental 
architecture these early 

4660
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:04,500
buildings, weren't the Towering 
pyramids, that would later 

4661
04:08:04,500 --> 04:08:08,100
Astound Spanish conquistadors. 
But they represented something 

4662
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,800
revolutionary, the organized 
effort of entire communities 

4663
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:14,300
working together to create 
something that served no 

4664
04:08:14,300 --> 04:08:17,900
immediate practical purpose. 
These structures were built for 

4665
04:08:17,900 --> 04:08:21,300
ceremony for worship, for the 
creation of sacred spaces, where

4666
04:08:21,300 --> 04:08:23,100
humans could interact with the 
Divine. 

4667
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:26,500
They represented the moment when
Myer Society had produced in 

4668
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:30,000
enough, surplus food and social 
organization to support, pure 

4669
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:32,700
human ambition, the desire to 
create something. 

4670
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:36,500
Full and meaningful that would 
Outlast its creators as you 

4671
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:39,300
settle deeper into sleep. 
Imagine these early Maya 

4672
04:08:39,300 --> 04:08:42,800
communities, small clusters of 
thatched, roof houses, scattered

4673
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:46,000
throughout the endless green of 
the Jungle smoke rising from 

4674
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:49,300
cooking Fires, at dusk children 
playing games, that would teach 

4675
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:51,400
them the skills, they need as 
adults. 

4676
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,800
And everywhere the patient work 
of building a civilization from 

4677
04:08:54,800 --> 04:08:59,100
the ground up, one corn kernel, 
one stone block, one shared 

4678
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:02,200
Insight at a Time. 
Picture yourself floating high 

4679
04:09:02,200 --> 04:09:06,400
above the mire World sometime 
around, 600 CE and prepare to be

4680
04:09:06,408 --> 04:09:10,000
astonished. 
What had once been an endless 

4681
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:14,200
Green carpet of forest is now 
dotted with cities that seem to 

4682
04:09:14,200 --> 04:09:15,900
have grown from the jungle 
itself. 

4683
04:09:15,900 --> 04:09:19,700
Pyramid temples rise above the 
canopy, like Stone mountains, 

4684
04:09:19,700 --> 04:09:22,700
dreamed into existence, by 
particularly ambitious Gods, 

4685
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:25,800
their Limestone surfaces 
gleaming, white in the tropical 

4686
04:09:25,800 --> 04:09:28,900
Sun Plaza, spread between 
buildings like perfectly, 

4687
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:31,000
manicured, clearing, and 
everywhere. 

4688
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:34,000
You look, there are signs of a 
civilization operating at the 

4689
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:37,300
height of its powers. 
This is the classic period when 

4690
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:40,500
Maya civilization reached what 
archaeologists like to call its 

4691
04:09:40,500 --> 04:09:43,100
peak. 
Though that word hardly does 

4692
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:44,700
Justice to what the mayor 
achieved. 

4693
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,700
It wasn't just that they built 
bigger buildings or supported 

4694
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:50,700
larger populations though. 
They did both it was that they 

4695
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:52,800
had created something entirely 
unprecedented. 

4696
04:09:53,700 --> 04:09:56,800
A collection of city-states that
combined Urban sophistication 

4697
04:09:56,800 --> 04:10:00,800
with sustainable agriculture. 
Monumental architecture with 

4698
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:04,500
precise scientific observation 
and political complexity with 

4699
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:09,100
genuine artistic achievement to 
Carl rising from the rainforests

4700
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:12,300
of Guatemala was perhaps the 
most magnificent of these Urban 

4701
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:14,700
centers. 
Imagine a city that housed 

4702
04:10:14,700 --> 04:10:18,300
somewhere between 50,000 and 
100,000 people at its peak. 

4703
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:20,800
All of them living in a 
carefully planned, Urban 

4704
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:23,300
environment that worked in 
harmony with the surrounding 

4705
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:26,800
Forest, the city's Central 
ceremonial complex featured 

4706
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,400
pyramids that reached Heights of
over 200 feet. 

4707
04:10:30,100 --> 04:10:33,300
Taller than a 20 story building.
And visible from Miles Away 

4708
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:36,500
Through the Jungle canopy but to
Calais wasn't just impressive 

4709
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:38,800
for its size. 
It was a remarkable for its 

4710
04:10:38,808 --> 04:10:41,800
sophistication. 
The Maya had sold problems that 

4711
04:10:41,800 --> 04:10:43,300
would challenge urban planners 
today. 

4712
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:47,100
How do you provide clean water 
for tens of thousands of people 

4713
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,300
in a tropical environment to 
Carl's Engineers created an 

4714
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:53,400
intricate system of reservoirs 
channels and settling pools that

4715
04:10:53,400 --> 04:10:56,300
collected rainwater during the 
wet season and stored it through

4716
04:10:56,300 --> 04:10:59,000
the dry months. 
The largest of these reservoirs 

4717
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:02,400
could hold millions of gallons 
of water and the entire system 

4718
04:11:02,400 --> 04:11:05,700
was designed with such 
Precision, that archaeologists 

4719
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:07,300
are still discovering new 
components. 

4720
04:11:07,300 --> 04:11:10,800
How do you feed a larger Urban 
population without destroying 

4721
04:11:10,800 --> 04:11:13,800
the surrounding environment? 
The Maya developed. 

4722
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:16,400
What might have been the world's
first sustainable agricultural 

4723
04:11:16,400 --> 04:11:18,800
system? 
Instead of clearing vast fields 

4724
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:21,800
for monoculture farming. 
They created what archaeologists

4725
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,000
call Forrest. 
Gardens carefully, managed areas

4726
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:28,000
where useful trees, shrubs and 
ground plants. 

4727
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:29,600
Grew together in productive 
Harmony. 

4728
04:11:29,600 --> 04:11:32,900
They raise the fields in swampy 
areas using a technique called 

4729
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:36,500
raised field agriculture, 
creating elevated plots that 

4730
04:11:36,500 --> 04:11:39,300
provided excellent drainage 
while building incredibly 

4731
04:11:39,300 --> 04:11:41,900
fertile soil from composted 
aquatic plants. 

4732
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,300
The city itself was a 
masterpiece of Urban Design that

4733
04:11:45,300 --> 04:11:47,800
would make contemporary city. 
Planners weep With Envy 

4734
04:11:47,800 --> 04:11:50,900
different neighborhoods were 
connected by race, Stone cores, 

4735
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:54,100
that remained possible, even 
during the wettest months of the

4736
04:11:54,100 --> 04:11:57,200
rainy season in public spaces 
were designed to accommodate 

4737
04:11:57,200 --> 04:11:59,400
both daily activities and 
massive ceremonial. 

4738
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:03,000
Gatherings residential areas, 
range from Modest compounds for 

4739
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:06,400
ordinary citizens to elaborate 
Palace complexes for the ruling 

4740
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:08,800
Elite. 
But even the humblest homes had 

4741
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:10,900
access to clean water and 
adequate drainage. 

4742
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:14,500
And then there was palak, 
nestled against the foothills of

4743
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:16,100
the Chiapas Highlands, like a 
jewel. 

4744
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:19,900
Set in green velvet where to, in
pressed through sheer scale, 

4745
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:23,000
palink ached, greatness through 
elegance and artistic 

4746
04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:25,300
refinement. 
The famous temple of the 

4747
04:12:25,308 --> 04:12:28,100
inscription built as a tomb for 
the ruler Keeney. 

4748
04:12:28,100 --> 04:12:31,700
Jana pakal represents perhaps 
the Pinnacle of Maya 

4749
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:34,500
architectural achievement A 
building that functions 

4750
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:38,100
simultaneously as religious 
Temple, Royal Mausoleum and 

4751
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:42,100
artistic Masterpiece, Palenque 
is artists and Architects are 

4752
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:44,400
developed techniques for 
creating spaces that felt both, 

4753
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:47,000
monumentally impressive and 
intimately human. 

4754
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:49,400
The palace complex with its 
unique tower. 

4755
04:12:49,400 --> 04:12:52,600
That may have served as an 
astronomical Observatory created

4756
04:12:52,600 --> 04:12:55,400
Courtyards and galleries that 
would have been perfect venues 

4757
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:58,200
for the court ceremonies that 
were Central to Maya political 

4758
04:12:58,200 --> 04:13:02,300
life lichen Shadow played across
carved relief, sculptures within

4759
04:13:02,300 --> 04:13:04,900
Precision, that suggests the 
builders understood exactly how 

4760
04:13:04,900 --> 04:13:08,100
their Creations would look at 
different times of day and 

4761
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:10,800
different seasons of the year 
kapan in. 

4762
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,400
What is now Honduras represented
yet another approach to my 

4763
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:17,500
urbanism. 
This city became famous for its 

4764
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,400
incredible, artistic 
achievements, particularly in 

4765
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:23,500
sculpture and hieroglyphic 
writing the hieroglyphic 

4766
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:28,100
stairway, at kapan contains over
2500 individual glyphs making it

4767
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:30,200
the longest Maya inscription 
ever discovered. 

4768
04:13:31,100 --> 04:13:34,000
But beyond its role as an 
ancient library kapan was 

4769
04:13:34,008 --> 04:13:36,600
notable for its integration with
the surrounding landscape. 

4770
04:13:36,600 --> 04:13:39,800
The city's ball court, where 
Maya played their ritual ball 

4771
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:43,500
game was positioned with such 
Precision that the Suns movement

4772
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:46,600
during the day, created changing
patterns of light and Shadow 

4773
04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:49,400
that probably had ceremonial 
significance. 

4774
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:53,100
Each Maya city-state was unique 
but they all shared certain 

4775
04:13:53,100 --> 04:13:55,900
characteristics that set them 
apart from other ancient Urban 

4776
04:13:55,900 --> 04:13:58,100
centers. 
They were remarkably green 

4777
04:13:58,100 --> 04:14:01,100
cities, where buildings and 
plazas were integrated with 

4778
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:03,500
carefully maintained Groves of 
trees and Gardens. 

4779
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:07,700
They were all incredibly clean. 
My cities had sophisticated 

4780
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,900
Waste Management systems and 
maintained public spaces with 

4781
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:13,600
the level of civic pride, that 
would be admirable in any era. 

4782
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:16,900
The cities were also centers of 
learning and artistic creation 

4783
04:14:16,900 --> 04:14:19,000
on a scale that rivaled 
anywhere. 

4784
04:14:19,000 --> 04:14:22,100
In the Ancient World, Maya 
scribes and artists worked in 

4785
04:14:22,100 --> 04:14:25,500
Palace scriptorium creating 
books from bark paper and 

4786
04:14:25,500 --> 04:14:28,300
decorating buildings with murals
that combined religious 

4787
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:31,700
symbolism with historical 
narrative and pure Artistic 

4788
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:33,800
expression. 
These weren't just functional 

4789
04:14:33,800 --> 04:14:36,300
Urban centers. 
They were conscious attempts to 

4790
04:14:36,308 --> 04:14:40,200
create beautiful spaces where 
human beings could live work and

4791
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:43,600
worship in environments that 
inspired rather than oppressed. 

4792
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:46,500
Perhaps most remarkably, these 
cities weren't created through 

4793
04:14:46,500 --> 04:14:49,700
slave, labor or imperial 
Conquest in the way that many 

4794
04:14:49,700 --> 04:14:52,900
ancient Urban centers, were 
built archaeological evidence 

4795
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,300
suggests that Maya cities grew 
through the voluntary, 

4796
04:14:55,300 --> 04:14:58,400
Association of farming 
communities, craft Specialists, 

4797
04:14:58,400 --> 04:15:00,800
and ruling Elites who found 
Mutual benefit in urban 

4798
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:03,400
cooperation. 
The Magnificent buildings were 

4799
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:05,900
constructed by communities 
working together during the 

4800
04:15:05,900 --> 04:15:09,400
agricultural offseason when 
farming demands were lighter and

4801
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:13,700
people had time for Monumental 
projects by 600 CE, dozens of 

4802
04:15:13,700 --> 04:15:17,400
these remarkable cities dotted 
the Maya, landscape each one, a 

4803
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:20,000
unique experiment in how human 
beings might live together in 

4804
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:23,700
large complex societies, they 
were connected by trade routes. 

4805
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:28,100
That carried Not Just Goods 
ideas, Artistic Styles and 

4806
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:31,700
technological innovations across
of miles of Jungle and Mountain 

4807
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:34,700
a merchant traveling from 
palanque to Copan would have 

4808
04:15:34,708 --> 04:15:37,500
found familiar architectural 
Styles similar religious 

4809
04:15:37,500 --> 04:15:41,100
practices and inscriptions 
written in the same hieroglyphic

4810
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:44,400
system but also distinctive 
local variations that made each 

4811
04:15:44,400 --> 04:15:47,800
City a unique Cultural Center. 
These weren't just cities. 

4812
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:52,200
They were Dreams made manifest 
in stone and mortar testimony to

4813
04:15:52,200 --> 04:15:54,900
what human beings can achieve. 
When they combine practical 

4814
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:59,100
intelligence with spiritual 
vision and artistic ambition, as

4815
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:01,900
you drift towards sleep. 
Imagine yourself walking through

4816
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:05,200
one of these ancient Urban 
centers at dusk when cooking 

4817
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:07,900
fires began to twinkle in 
residential compounds. 

4818
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:11,000
And the last Light of Day 
painted, the Limestone pyramids 

4819
04:16:11,000 --> 04:16:14,600
in shades of gold and Rose. 
Imagine your city with a Maya 

4820
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:17,300
astronomer on the top of a 
pyramid, Temple sometime around 

4821
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:21,300
700 CE watching the sunset, 
while she explained her latest 

4822
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:24,500
calculations about Venus, 
Cycle's the sky above is 

4823
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,100
beginning to fill with stars 
that seem close enough to touch 

4824
04:16:27,100 --> 04:16:30,600
in the clear tropical air and in
her hands are bark paper. 

4825
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,100
Filled with numbers and glyphs 
that record centuries of 

4826
04:16:34,108 --> 04:16:36,900
careful. 
Observation this, my scholar can

4827
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:39,300
tell you precisely when Venus 
will next appear as the Morning 

4828
04:16:39,300 --> 04:16:41,500
Star. 
When the next solar eclipse will

4829
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:43,400
occur. 
And how many days have passed 

4830
04:16:43,400 --> 04:16:46,300
since the current world began. 
She can calculate these things 

4831
04:16:46,300 --> 04:16:48,800
more accurately than any 
astronomer in Europe will be 

4832
04:16:48,808 --> 04:16:50,500
able to do for another 500 
years. 

4833
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:53,500
And she'll explain all of this 
not as abstract mathematics. 

4834
04:16:53,500 --> 04:16:56,500
But as part of a grand, Cosmic 
story where numbers and 

4835
04:16:56,500 --> 04:17:00,200
narratives science and 
spirituality are all aspects of 

4836
04:17:00,208 --> 04:17:03,500
the same profound truth about 
how the universe works, the 

4837
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:05,700
mayor approached knowledge 
differently than we often do 

4838
04:17:05,700 --> 04:17:08,600
today where we tend to separate 
science from religion 

4839
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:12,100
mathematics from storytelling 
and practical skills from 

4840
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:15,700
spiritual practices, the Maya 
sought all knowledge, as 

4841
04:17:15,700 --> 04:17:18,500
interconnected aspects of 
understanding creation itself. 

4842
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:22,100
Their numbers were sacred, their
stories were scientifically 

4843
04:17:22,100 --> 04:17:25,400
precise and their practical 
achievements Grew From spiritual

4844
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:28,400
insights about the nature of 
reality, consider their 

4845
04:17:28,400 --> 04:17:30,800
mathematics, which was arguably 
more. 

4846
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:33,100
Dictated than anything being 
done in Europe. 

4847
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:36,400
At the same time, the Maya were 
among the first peoples in the 

4848
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,100
world. 
To develop a true concept of 

4849
04:17:38,100 --> 04:17:40,800
zero, not just as the absence of
something. 

4850
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:42,800
But as a number in its own, 
right? 

4851
04:17:42,800 --> 04:17:45,600
That could be used in 
calculations, their number 

4852
04:17:45,600 --> 04:17:49,000
system was vigesimal based on 
20s rather than our familiar 

4853
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:51,600
based 10 system which actually 
made certain types of 

4854
04:17:51,608 --> 04:17:54,100
calculations easier and more 
elegant. 

4855
04:17:54,100 --> 04:17:57,500
But Maya mathematics wasn't 
developed primarily for trade or

4856
04:17:57,500 --> 04:17:59,500
engineering though. 
It certainly serve those 

4857
04:17:59,500 --> 04:18:02,800
purposes, it was created to 
understand time itself. 

4858
04:18:02,800 --> 04:18:06,000
The Maya were obsessed with 
temporal patterns in the way 

4859
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:08,700
that some people today are 
obsessed with sports statistics 

4860
04:18:08,700 --> 04:18:12,200
or stock market fluctuations, 
they tracked Cycles within 

4861
04:18:12,200 --> 04:18:15,300
Cycles within Cycles. 
Creating calendars that could 

4862
04:18:15,300 --> 04:18:18,600
predict events, not just years 
but thousands of years into the 

4863
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:22,100
future, their most famous 
calendar often called The Long 

4864
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:27,600
Count measured time from a 
creation date in 3,140 BC and 

4865
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:30,600
could track individual days 
across bands of over 5,000 

4866
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:32,800
years. 
But that was just one of several

4867
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:36,000
interlocking calendar systems. 
They use simultaneously the 

4868
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:39,600
sacred calendar or zulk in was a
260-day cycle. 

4869
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:43,900
That combined 20-day names with 
13 numbers in combinations that 

4870
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:45,500
were used for divination and 
ceremony. 

4871
04:18:45,500 --> 04:18:51,000
The solar calendar or Habra 
tractor 365-day year with 18 

4872
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:54,300
months of 20 days. 
Each plus five extra days that 

4873
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:55,700
were considered especially 
dangerous. 

4874
04:18:56,600 --> 04:18:59,600
These calendars work together, 
like gears in an incredibly 

4875
04:18:59,600 --> 04:19:01,900
complex, Celestial machine every
day. 

4876
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:04,700
Had multiple names and numbers 
depending on which calendar you 

4877
04:19:04,700 --> 04:19:08,100
consulted, and the combinations 
created patterns that repeated 

4878
04:19:08,100 --> 04:19:12,100
on different scales. 
Some every 52 years, others 

4879
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:16,200
every 18,000 980 years, Amaya 
calendar priest. 

4880
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:18,700
Could tell you not, just what 
day it was, but where that day 

4881
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:21,900
fit into Cosmic cycles, that 
connected, the present moment, 

4882
04:19:21,900 --> 04:19:23,700
to the very creation of the 
universe. 

4883
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:27,900
This mathematical Precision 
served a practical purpose, Maya

4884
04:19:27,900 --> 04:19:31,000
Farmers needed to know exactly 
when to plant their crops when 

4885
04:19:31,000 --> 04:19:34,900
to expect rains and when to 
prepare for dry seasons, Maya 

4886
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:37,600
rulers needed to schedule 
ceremonies at astrologically. 

4887
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:40,600
Auspicious times and mayor 
Traders needed to coordinate 

4888
04:19:40,600 --> 04:19:43,900
their activities across hundreds
of miles of jungle, but beyond 

4889
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,900
these practical applications 
Maya calendars, were expression 

4890
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:49,600
of a worldview that saw time not
as an arrow. 

4891
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:52,800
Flying toward an unknown 
destination, but as a spiral 

4892
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,500
staircase where similar events 
occurred at higher and higher 

4893
04:19:55,500 --> 04:19:59,500
levels of Complexity, their 
astronomical observations were 

4894
04:19:59,500 --> 04:20:02,600
equally sophisticated Meyer 
astronomers tracked, not just 

4895
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,800
the obvious cycles of the sun 
and moon, but the more subtle 

4896
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:09,400
movements of Venus, Mars, 
Jupiter, and other celestial 

4897
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:11,300
bodies. 
They knew that Venus takes 

4898
04:20:11,308 --> 04:20:15,500
exactly 584 days to complete its
cycle from Morning Star to 

4899
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:18,500
evening star and back again. 
And they had calculated this 

4900
04:20:18,500 --> 04:20:21,200
more accurately than European 
astronomers would manage until 

4901
04:20:21,200 --> 04:20:24,100
the age of telescopes. 
They also understood a clip 

4902
04:20:24,100 --> 04:20:26,900
cycles and could predict both 
solar and lunar eclipses years. 

4903
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:29,900
In advance, this wasn't just 
academic curiosity. 

4904
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:32,900
Eclipses were considered 
potentially dangerous events 

4905
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:35,700
that required proper ceremonies 
to ensure that the sun or moon 

4906
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,500
would return safely. 
Maya rulers, often scheduled 

4907
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,600
major military campaigns to 
coincide with astronomical 

4908
04:20:41,600 --> 04:20:44,200
events. 
Believing that Cosmic conditions

4909
04:20:44,200 --> 04:20:46,800
could influence the outcomes of 
Earthly conflicts. 

4910
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:49,800
Most remarkably, the Maya 
understood that their 

4911
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:52,600
astronomical observations were 
imperfect and needed constant 

4912
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,700
correction. 
They knew that their 365 day 

4913
04:20:55,700 --> 04:20:59,000
solar year was Likely too short 
and had developed methods for 

4914
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:01,600
adjusting their calendars to 
account for the accumulation of 

4915
04:21:01,600 --> 04:21:05,300
small errors, over long periods.
European calendars of the same 

4916
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:08,300
period were less accurate and 
required frequent arbitrary 

4917
04:21:08,300 --> 04:21:09,900
adjustments that the Maia 
system. 

4918
04:21:09,900 --> 04:21:12,800
Handled automatically my writing
was equally sophisticated 

4919
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:16,600
representing one of only four or
five writing systems that were 

4920
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:18,500
independently invented in human 
history. 

4921
04:21:18,500 --> 04:21:22,100
Maya glyphs combined logo, 
graphic, symbols representing 

4922
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:26,000
whole words or concepts with 
phonetic symbols representing, 

4923
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:29,100
sounds creating a flexible 
system that could express 

4924
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:32,300
everything from mundane 
administrative, records to 

4925
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:36,100
complex philosophical and 
astronomical Concepts Maya 

4926
04:21:36,100 --> 04:21:38,600
books, written on bark paper. 
And coated with lime plaster 

4927
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:41,700
covered subjects ranging from 
historical Chronicles to 

4928
04:21:41,700 --> 04:21:44,300
astronomical tables to Medical 
prescriptions. 

4929
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:46,900
Sadly Spanish conquistadors and 
missionaries. 

4930
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,800
Destroyed most Maya books 
considering them works of the 

4931
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:52,400
devil. 
Only four complete my goddesses 

4932
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:54,800
survived today. 
But these give us glimpses of a 

4933
04:21:54,808 --> 04:21:57,900
literature that was probably as 
Varied as that of any ancient 

4934
04:21:57,900 --> 04:22:00,300
civilization. 
The Maya conception of the 

4935
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:03,300
universe was both scientifically
sophisticated and deeply 

4936
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:05,600
spiritual. 
They envisioned creation as a 

4937
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:09,000
series of interconnected layers 
with the Earth, floating like a 

4938
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,500
turtle shell on a primordial sea
surrounded by a multi-layered 

4939
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:15,900
heaven, where various Gods, 
resided time moved in Cycles 

4940
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:19,200
with each major cycle, ending in
destruction and renewal as the 

4941
04:22:19,200 --> 04:22:21,200
gods. 
Experimented with new forms of 

4942
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:24,800
creation humans made from corn 
dough in the current creation, 

4943
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:28,100
had a responsibility to maintain
the universe through proper 

4944
04:22:28,100 --> 04:22:31,200
ceremony and ritual, Maya rulers
were just political leaders. 

4945
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,400
They were intermediaries between
human and divine Realms. 

4946
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:37,700
Responsible for ensuring that 
Cosmic order was maintained 

4947
04:22:37,700 --> 04:22:40,400
through their actions and 
ceremonies this worldview. 

4948
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:43,300
Produced a unique approach to 
knowledge that modern Scholars 

4949
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,800
are still trying to fully 
understand Maya scribes and 

4950
04:22:46,800 --> 04:22:49,800
Priests was simultaneously. 
Scientists historians 

4951
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:54,000
mathematicians astronomers and 
theologians. 

4952
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:57,300
They saw no contradiction 
between Is observation and 

4953
04:22:57,300 --> 04:23:00,700
mythological narrative between 
practical calculation and 

4954
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:03,200
spiritual insight as you settle 
into sleep. 

4955
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:06,700
Imagine yourself in a Myer, 
scriptorium surrounded by 

4956
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,000
Scholars, working by the light 
of pine torches carefully. 

4957
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:12,800
Drawing glyphs that encode 
centuries of accumulated wisdom 

4958
04:23:12,800 --> 04:23:17,400
about astronomy mathematics 
history and the fundamental 

4959
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,200
nature of reality itself, 
picture books, filled with 

4960
04:23:20,200 --> 04:23:23,800
numbers that track the movements
of planets and stories, that 

4961
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:25,600
explain why those movements 
matter. 

4962
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:29,600
All preserved in a writing 
system that was among Humanity's

4963
04:23:29,600 --> 04:23:31,600
greatest intellectual 
achievements. 

4964
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,700
Let the Morning Mist in your 
mind's eye part to reveal a 

4965
04:23:34,700 --> 04:23:38,700
typical day in a classic, Maya 
City that sometime around 750 

4966
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:41,000
CE. 
The sun is just beginning to 

4967
04:23:41,000 --> 04:23:43,900
filter through the forest canopy
and you can hear the daily 

4968
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:47,000
Symphony beginnings. 
How among monkeys announcing the

4969
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:50,900
dawn, from the Treetops, the 
soft slap slap of women shaping 

4970
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:55,400
corn, tortillas, the scrape of 
obsidian blades against Stone as

4971
04:23:55,400 --> 04:23:58,300
Craftsmen prepare for their days
work and the gentle murmur of 

4972
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:01,700
early Market, conversations your
standing in a residential 

4973
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:04,100
compound, that house is an 
extended Maya family. 

4974
04:24:04,900 --> 04:24:08,500
Perhaps 20 or 30 people spread 
across three generations, all 

4975
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:11,000
living in interconnected 
buildings, arranged around a 

4976
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:13,600
central Courtyard. 
The architecture here tells a 

4977
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:16,300
story of practical wisdom 
accumulated over centuries. 

4978
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:18,800
The house is erased on lowest 
Stone platforms. 

4979
04:24:18,800 --> 04:24:21,400
That keep floors dry. 
During the rainy season with 

4980
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:24,600
walls of stone and mortar 
supporting roofs thatched with 

4981
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,900
palm, fronds laid in overlapping
patterns that can shed the 

4982
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:31,300
heaviest tropical downpour the 
day begins as it has for. 

4983
04:24:31,300 --> 04:24:33,900
Countless generations with the 
preparation of corn. 

4984
04:24:34,800 --> 04:24:38,200
This isn't just breakfast, it's 
a sacred act, that connects the 

4985
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:40,800
family to the gods who created 
humans from kondo. 

4986
04:24:40,800 --> 04:24:43,900
The woman of the house Rises 
Before Dawn, to begin the 

4987
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:47,600
process of making Masa the 
Corndog that forms the basis of 

4988
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:51,100
almost every Maya meal. 
First, she boils dried corn 

4989
04:24:51,100 --> 04:24:54,600
kernels, with lime, a technique 
that not only softens the corn 

4990
04:24:54,600 --> 04:24:57,400
but makes its nutrients more 
accessible to human digestion. 

4991
04:24:57,400 --> 04:25:01,400
The Maya discovered this process
in dependently and it still used

4992
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:03,100
today in traditional Mexican 
cooking. 

4993
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:08,000
While the corn boils, she tends 
to the cooking fire feeding it 

4994
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:10,200
with carefully. 
Selected Hardwoods that burn hot

4995
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:12,900
and clean. 
My cooking fires were marvels of

4996
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:16,600
efficiency designed to provide 
maximum heat with minimum smoke 

4997
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:20,000
important in houses where the 
kitchen might be just steps 

4998
04:25:20,000 --> 04:25:21,800
away. 
From the sleeping areas, the 

4999
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:24,300
half itself is typically 
composed of three stones 

5000
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:26,600
arranged in a triangle, a 
design. 

5001
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:29,400
So practical that it's still 
used in rural Guatemala and 

5002
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:33,100
Mexico today. 
As the corn Cooks other family 

5003
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:34,800
members begin their daily 
routines. 

5004
04:25:34,800 --> 04:25:37,700
The men might head to the 
families agricultural plots, 

5005
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,600
which could be anywhere from a 
few hundred yards to several 

5006
04:25:40,600 --> 04:25:42,400
miles from the residential 
compound. 

5007
04:25:43,300 --> 04:25:47,000
Maya farming was incredibly 
sophisticated adapted to make 

5008
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:50,300
the most of local conditions in 
areas with good drainage they 

5009
04:25:50,300 --> 04:25:52,300
used raised beds. 
That could be intensively 

5010
04:25:52,300 --> 04:25:56,300
cultivated year after year. 
In swampy areas, they created 

5011
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,500
raised fields. 
That turned seasonal Wetlands 

5012
04:25:58,500 --> 04:26:01,200
into some of the most productive
agricultural land in the ancient

5013
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:04,100
world. 
But Maya men didn't just grow 

5014
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:07,100
corn, a typical family plot 
might include dozens of 

5015
04:26:07,108 --> 04:26:10,300
different food, plants beans, 
that climbed up corn stalks and 

5016
04:26:10,308 --> 04:26:13,400
fixed nitrogen in the soil. 
Squashed that spread along the 

5017
04:26:13,408 --> 04:26:16,800
ground and provided both food, 
and storage containers, Chili 

5018
04:26:16,800 --> 04:26:20,200
Peppers, that added flavor and 
helped preserve food and fruit 

5019
04:26:20,200 --> 04:26:21,900
trees. 
That provided everything from 

5020
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:25,700
avocados to cacao beans. 
This polyculture approach wasn't

5021
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:28,700
just more sustainable than 
monoculture farming, it also 

5022
04:26:28,700 --> 04:26:31,300
provided better nutrition and 
greater food security. 

5023
04:26:32,500 --> 04:26:34,900
Meyer women. 
Meanwhile were equally busy with

5024
04:26:34,900 --> 04:26:37,500
activities, that required just 
as much skill and knowledge, 

5025
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:41,400
after grinding corn into Messer 
on Stone metates, grinding 

5026
04:26:41,400 --> 04:26:43,900
stones, that were often family, 
heirlooms passed down through 

5027
04:26:43,900 --> 04:26:46,500
generations. 
They would shape the dough into 

5028
04:26:46,500 --> 04:26:49,900
tortillas or tamales flavoring 
them with beans, meat 

5029
04:26:49,900 --> 04:26:52,900
vegetables, or even chocolate. 
Special occasions. 

5030
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:57,300
But food preparation was just 
one aspect of women's work Maya.

5031
04:26:57,300 --> 04:26:59,400
Women were also responsible for 
textile production. 

5032
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:02,800
Which in the ancient Maya world 
was both a practical necessity 

5033
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:05,500
and a high art form using 
backstrap looms. 

5034
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:08,700
That could be set up anywhere. 
Maya Weavers created textiles, 

5035
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:11,400
so fine, that Spanish 
conquistadors, compared them 

5036
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,800
favorably to the best European 
silks, the cotton or agave 

5037
04:27:14,800 --> 04:27:16,500
fibers were often died with 
colors. 

5038
04:27:16,500 --> 04:27:20,800
Extracted from local, plants 
insects, and minerals, creating 

5039
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:24,500
textiles that served as markers 
of social status, Regional 

5040
04:27:24,500 --> 04:27:27,400
identity and artistic 
achievement children. 

5041
04:27:27,400 --> 04:27:30,200
In Maya households, learned 
through participation rather 

5042
04:27:30,200 --> 04:27:34,200
than formal instruction, Five 
year old might help sort beans 

5043
04:27:34,200 --> 04:27:37,000
or feed chickens. 
While older children gradually 

5044
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:39,900
took on more complex 
responsibilities boys learned 

5045
04:27:39,900 --> 04:27:43,000
farming, techniques construction
skills and perhaps specialized 

5046
04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:46,200
crafts from their fathers and 
uncles girls learned food, 

5047
04:27:46,200 --> 04:27:49,900
preparation, textile, production
and household management from 

5048
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,900
their mothers and aunts, but 
both boys and girls learned the 

5049
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:56,200
basics of Maya mathematics, 
astronomy and calendar 

5050
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:59,400
calculation, Knowledge. 
That was considered essential 

5051
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:01,400
for proper participation in 
Maya. 

5052
04:28:01,400 --> 04:28:04,800
Society education, also included
learning to read at least some 

5053
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,500
Maya glyphs though. 
Full literacy was probably 

5054
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:09,700
limited to scribes priests and 
Nobles. 

5055
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:12,700
Most Maya families would have 
known enough glyphs to read 

5056
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:16,500
calendrical dates recognize the 
names of gods and rulers and 

5057
04:28:16,500 --> 04:28:19,400
understand basic religious, and 
administrative texts. 

5058
04:28:19,400 --> 04:28:22,400
This level of literacy was 
actually quite remarkable for 

5059
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:25,400
the ancient world, where reading
and writing were often 

5060
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:27,600
restricted to Tiny educated 
Elites. 

5061
04:28:28,500 --> 04:28:30,800
The mayor work day was 
structured around the natural 

5062
04:28:30,800 --> 04:28:34,600
rhythms of tropical life, people
Rose Before Dawn when the air 

5063
04:28:34,600 --> 04:28:36,100
was cool and the forest was 
quiet. 

5064
04:28:36,900 --> 04:28:39,400
The most strenuous work was done
in the morning and late 

5065
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,300
afternoon with a long rest 
period during the hottest part 

5066
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:44,200
of the day, this wasn't 
laziness. 

5067
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:47,600
It was intelligent adaptation to
a climate where working through 

5068
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:50,800
the midday heat could be 
genuinely dangerous markets, 

5069
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:54,400
were Central to Maya daily life 
serving, not just as places to 

5070
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:57,300
buy and sell Goods. 
But a social centers, where news

5071
04:28:57,300 --> 04:29:01,100
was exchanged marriages arranged
and Community decisions 

5072
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:05,500
discussed a typical Maya Market 
was a riot of color sound and 

5073
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:09,100
smell that would overwhelm most 
modern Shoppers vendors. 

5074
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:12,100
Displayed pyramids of Chile 
Peppers in every shade from Deep

5075
04:29:12,100 --> 04:29:15,400
Red to bright yellow. 
Baskets of cacao beans, that 

5076
04:29:15,400 --> 04:29:18,800
served both as flavoring and 
currently Jade ornaments, that 

5077
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:22,200
caught the light like trapped 
sunbeams and textiles whose 

5078
04:29:22,200 --> 04:29:25,900
intricate patterns told stories 
of gods Heroes and Cosmic 

5079
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:27,800
events. 
The diversity of goods 

5080
04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:29,800
available. 
In Maya markets, testifies to 

5081
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:33,000
the sophistication of their 
trade, networks obsidian blades 

5082
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:36,800
from Guatemala, Jade from the 
mountains of Honduras, quetzel. 

5083
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:39,900
Feathers from Hyland Cloud. 
Forests salt from Coastal, 

5084
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:43,600
lagoons and sea shells from both
Pacific and Caribbean coasts, 

5085
04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:47,300
all found their way to markets. 
Hundreds of miles from their 

5086
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:49,600
sources. 
Maya Merchants traveled on foot 

5087
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:53,000
along jungle paths and stone 
causeways carrying goods in 

5088
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:55,400
large, baskets supported by 
templates across their 

5089
04:29:55,400 --> 04:29:57,800
foreheads. 
A carrying technique that 

5090
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:00,600
distributed weights. 
So efficiently that a single 

5091
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:03,700
Porter could transport loads. 
That would challenge a pack mule

5092
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:07,300
evenings in Maya communities 
were times for social activities

5093
04:30:07,300 --> 04:30:10,000
that reinforced Community bonds 
and transmitted cultural 

5094
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:13,400
knowledge extended families 
gathered around cooking fires to

5095
04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:16,400
share meals and stories. 
With older relatives recounting 

5096
04:30:16,400 --> 04:30:19,300
traditional tales that preserved
his historical memory and moral 

5097
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:21,000
instruction. 
These were not just 

5098
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:23,500
entertainment. 
They were the primary means by 

5099
04:30:23,500 --> 04:30:26,700
which my community's maintain 
their cultural identity across 

5100
04:30:26,700 --> 04:30:29,600
Generations. 
Religious observances were woven

5101
04:30:29,600 --> 04:30:31,700
throughout daily life. 
In ways that would seem natural 

5102
04:30:31,700 --> 04:30:34,700
to the Maya, but might surprise 
modern observers. 

5103
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,400
Every significant activity Began
with small ceremonies 

5104
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:40,800
acknowledging, the gods and 
Spirits, who governed, different

5105
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:44,200
aspects of Life, Farmers, 
offered prayers and small gifts 

5106
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:46,700
to the Rain. 
God before planting Craftsman 

5107
04:30:46,700 --> 04:30:49,200
blessed, their tools before 
beginning, important projects 

5108
04:30:49,200 --> 04:30:52,700
and families performed daily 
rituals to honor their ancestors

5109
04:30:52,700 --> 04:30:55,900
and maintain spiritual 
protection for their homes. 

5110
04:30:55,900 --> 04:31:00,100
The mayor day Ended as it began 
with ceremony and gratitude as 

5111
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:02,800
cooking fires, burned, low and 
families, prepared for sleep. 

5112
04:31:02,800 --> 04:31:05,400
They might offer. 
Thanks to the gods for the day's

5113
04:31:05,400 --> 04:31:08,400
blessings and protection burn 
incense to purify their living 

5114
04:31:08,400 --> 04:31:11,000
spaces and recite prayers that 
connected. 

5115
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:14,000
Their daily activities to the 
larger, Cosmic order that gave 

5116
04:31:14,000 --> 04:31:16,700
meaning to my life. 
As you drift towards sleep 

5117
04:31:16,700 --> 04:31:19,200
yourself. 
Imagine The Gentle sounds of a 

5118
04:31:19,200 --> 04:31:22,000
Maya evening. 
The soft conversation to family 

5119
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:25,500
settling in for the night. 
The distant call of night birds 

5120
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:29,400
in the forest, The Whisper Of 
Wind Through Palm that roofs and

5121
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:32,800
underlying it all the quiet 
confidence of a people who had 

5122
04:31:32,800 --> 04:31:34,600
learned to live in harmony with 
their environment. 

5123
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:37,500
And with each other picture, 
yourself, floating above, the 

5124
04:31:37,500 --> 04:31:41,600
mile World, sometime around 900 
CE, and notice that something 

5125
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:45,400
has changed in the forest below.
The great cities that once 

5126
04:31:45,400 --> 04:31:49,100
through the canopy are beginning
to show signs of Abandonment. 

5127
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:52,600
Some pyramids are already being 
reclaimed by Vines and young 

5128
04:31:52,600 --> 04:31:55,900
trees plazas that once hosted 
thousands of people for 

5129
04:31:55,900 --> 04:31:58,900
religious ceremonies now stand 
empty, except for the occasional

5130
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:02,700
deer or Jaguar picking its way 
carefully across ancient stone 

5131
04:32:02,700 --> 04:32:04,900
Paving. 
This is one of archeologists 

5132
04:32:04,900 --> 04:32:08,800
Most Fascinating Mysteries. 
The so called Maya collapse 

5133
04:32:08,800 --> 04:32:11,700
though that word suggests 
something more dramatic and 

5134
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:13,300
sudden than what actually 
occurred. 

5135
04:32:14,100 --> 04:32:17,000
The Maya didn't disappear 
overnight like characters in a 

5136
04:32:17,008 --> 04:32:19,200
fairy tale. 
Instead their civilization 

5137
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:21,000
underwent, a gradual 
transformation that 

5138
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,500
archaeologists are still trying 
to fully understand The changes 

5139
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:28,500
began subtly like a symphony 
gradually shifting from major to

5140
04:32:28,500 --> 04:32:32,700
minor key in some cities fewer 
new monuments were erected in 

5141
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,700
others construction. 
Projects were left unfinished as

5142
04:32:35,700 --> 04:32:38,100
if the workers had simply put 
down the tools one day and 

5143
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:41,300
walked away trade routes that 
had connected Maya cities for 

5144
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:43,100
centuries began to show less 
traffic. 

5145
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:46,600
Careful maintenance that had 
kept Urban Water Systems 

5146
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:50,300
functioning started to slack off
by around 900 CE. 

5147
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:53,400
Many of the Great classic. 
My cities had been largely 

5148
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,700
abandoned their population, 
scattered to smaller settlements

5149
04:32:56,700 --> 04:32:59,200
or migrated to new regions 
entirely. 

5150
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:02,400
It was as if the Maya had 
decided that urban life which 

5151
04:33:02,400 --> 04:33:05,300
had serve them. 
So well for over 1,000 years was

5152
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:07,099
no longer worth the effort it 
required. 

5153
04:33:08,099 --> 04:33:09,599
What caused this? 
Dramatic shift. 

5154
04:33:09,599 --> 04:33:13,200
Archaeologists have proposed, 
numerous theories and the truth.

5155
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:16,300
Probably involves a combination 
of factors rather than any 

5156
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:19,000
single catastrophe. 
Climate data suggests that the 

5157
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:21,900
Maya World experienced a series 
of severe droughts during the 

5158
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:24,599
8th and 9th. 
Centuries, some lasting for 

5159
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:27,900
decades, for a civilization that
depended on carefully, managed 

5160
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:30,000
Water Systems. 
These droughts would have posed 

5161
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:33,300
enormous challenges. 
Imagine trying to maintain a 

5162
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:36,099
city of 50,000 people when your 
reservoirs are running dry and 

5163
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:38,900
the rains that usually refill 
them keep failing to arrive. 

5164
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:41,800
Maya Engineers, are designed 
their Urban Water Systems to 

5165
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,000
handle normal variations in 
rainfall but they hadn't planned

5166
04:33:45,000 --> 04:33:47,700
for the kind of extended dry 
periods that apparently occur 

5167
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:51,900
during this time as water became
scarce Urban population, would 

5168
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:54,700
have been forced to disperse to 
areas where smaller scale 

5169
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:57,000
farming and water collection 
were more viable. 

5170
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:00,000
But climate change alone 
probably wouldn't have caused 

5171
04:34:00,000 --> 04:34:01,800
such widespread Urban 
abandonment. 

5172
04:34:01,800 --> 04:34:05,000
Maya cities had survived 
droughts before and had 

5173
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:07,800
sophisticated methods for water 
conservation and management. 

5174
04:34:08,599 --> 04:34:10,900
Something else must have made 
their Urban centers less 

5175
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:13,099
resilient than they had been in 
early as centuries. 

5176
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:16,500
One possibility is that my 
cities had simply grown too 

5177
04:34:16,500 --> 04:34:18,099
large and complex for their own 
good. 

5178
04:34:18,800 --> 04:34:21,300
By the 8th Century. 
Some Maya Urban centers 

5179
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:23,599
supported populations that 
strained even their 

5180
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:26,500
sophisticated Agricultural and 
Water Management Systems. 

5181
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:29,599
When environmental stresses 
occurred, these large 

5182
04:34:29,599 --> 04:34:32,300
concentrations of people may 
have become unsustainable 

5183
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:36,200
There's also evidence for 
increasing Warfare between Maya 

5184
04:34:36,200 --> 04:34:38,200
city-states during this period 
earlier. 

5185
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:41,500
Maya conflicts had been 
relatively limited Affairs more 

5186
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:43,300
like elaborate tournaments than 
Wars of Conquest. 

5187
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:47,200
But by the late classic period, 
my Warfare seems to have become 

5188
04:34:47,200 --> 04:34:50,200
more destructive with cities 
being attacked, not just for 

5189
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:53,099
Prestige or tribute, but for 
complete conquest and 

5190
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:56,599
destruction, this escalation in 
violence, may have been both the

5191
04:34:56,599 --> 04:34:58,900
cause and a consequence of the 
other stresses affecting my 

5192
04:34:58,900 --> 04:35:02,400
Society. 
As resources became scarce due 

5193
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:05,599
to drought and overpopulation 
competition between cities 

5194
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:07,800
intensified. 
As Warfare became more 

5195
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:10,900
destructive, it became harder 
for cities to maintain the 

5196
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:14,099
Cooperative relationships that 
allowed Maya civilization to 

5197
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:17,200
flourish. 
Political factors also played a 

5198
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:20,500
role, the elaborate Royal courts
that had governed my City's 

5199
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:24,099
required enormous resources to 
maintain King's and Nobles 

5200
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,500
needed. 
Magnificent palaces, elaborate 

5201
04:35:26,500 --> 04:35:29,700
ceremonies and costly trade 
goods, to demonstrate their 

5202
04:35:29,700 --> 04:35:33,900
Divine Authority, and maintain 
political legitimacy as economic

5203
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:36,300
stressing priest. 
These costs may have become 

5204
04:35:36,300 --> 04:35:39,000
increasingly burdened for 
ordinary Maya farmers and 

5205
04:35:39,000 --> 04:35:42,400
Craftsmen Archaeological 
evidence suggests that during 

5206
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:45,599
this period, the gap between 
Maya Elites and commoners was 

5207
04:35:45,599 --> 04:35:48,200
growing wider. 
While Nobles continued to build 

5208
04:35:48,200 --> 04:35:51,099
elaborate palaces and fill their
tombs with Jade and gold 

5209
04:35:51,099 --> 04:35:53,500
ordinary. 
Maya household show signs of 

5210
04:35:53,508 --> 04:35:56,700
economic stress and reduced 
access to luxury goods. 

5211
04:35:56,700 --> 04:36:00,400
This growing inequality may have
undermined the social cohesion 

5212
04:36:00,400 --> 04:36:03,200
that had made large Maya cities 
possible but perhaps most 

5213
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,400
importantly, the environmental 
knowledge that had allowed the 

5214
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:09,099
mayor to create sustainable. 
Urban centers in, tropical 

5215
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:13,300
forests was being forgotten, or 
ignored, a cities, grew larger 

5216
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:15,700
and more complex. 
Their inhabitants may have 

5217
04:36:15,707 --> 04:36:18,700
become increasingly disconnected
from the natural systems that 

5218
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:21,099
supported them. 
The careful balance between 

5219
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,400
human needs and environmental 
capacity that had characterized 

5220
04:36:24,400 --> 04:36:28,400
earlier civilizations seems to 
have been disrupted, however, 

5221
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:31,700
its crucial to understand that 
what archaeologists call the 

5222
04:36:31,700 --> 04:36:35,900
Maya collapse wasn't the end of 
Maya civilization, it was a 

5223
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:38,900
transformation while the great 
cities of the classic period 

5224
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,800
were being abandoned. 
Maya, community's were adapting 

5225
04:36:41,800 --> 04:36:45,099
and evolving in new Direction's.
Some move to areas that were 

5226
04:36:45,099 --> 04:36:48,700
less affected by drought others,
develop new forms of political 

5227
04:36:48,700 --> 04:36:51,200
organization that were more 
resilient to environmental 

5228
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:55,900
stress and many simply return to
the smaller scale, more 

5229
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:59,000
sustainable ways of life that 
had characterized early a 

5230
04:36:59,000 --> 04:37:01,400
periods of Maya history in the 
northern Utah. 

5231
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:04,900
Mayor civilization experience. 
What archaeologists call a 

5232
04:37:04,900 --> 04:37:06,500
Renaissance during the post 
classic period. 

5233
04:37:07,200 --> 04:37:10,200
Cities like Chichen, Itza. 
And later, Maya pan became major

5234
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,200
centers of trade learning and 
political power. 

5235
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:17,300
These Northern cities developed 
new architectural Styles, new 

5236
04:37:17,300 --> 04:37:20,400
forms of political organization,
and new relationships with other

5237
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:24,000
Mesoamerican civilizations. 
The Maya of the postclassic 

5238
04:37:24,000 --> 04:37:27,000
period were different from their
classic predecessors, but they 

5239
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,200
weren't lesser They had learned 
from the experiences of the 

5240
04:37:30,200 --> 04:37:33,500
classic cities and developed 
more flexible adaptable, 

5241
04:37:33,500 --> 04:37:37,300
approaches to Urban Life in the 
highly centralized city-states 

5242
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,099
of the classic period post, 
classic Myer. 

5243
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,000
Society was organized around 
Luther Confederation of cities 

5244
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:44,800
and towns. 
That could better whether 

5245
04:37:44,800 --> 04:37:48,200
political and environmental 
crises trade became increasingly

5246
04:37:48,200 --> 04:37:50,500
important. 
During this period with Maya, 

5247
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:52,800
Merchants establishing 
commercial networks, that 

5248
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:57,000
extended from Central Mexico to 
Panama, Maya Traders traveling. 

5249
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:59,800
In large ocean-going, canoes 
carried Goods. 

5250
04:37:59,800 --> 04:38:02,400
Along the Caribbean. 
And Pacific coasts, connecting 

5251
04:38:02,400 --> 04:38:05,900
my community's with other 
Mesoamerican civilizations, and 

5252
04:38:05,900 --> 04:38:08,800
adapting to new technologies and
ideas from across the region. 

5253
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:11,800
The Maya also continued their 
scientific and intellectual 

5254
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:15,500
achievements during the post 
classic period astronomers at 

5255
04:38:15,500 --> 04:38:18,000
Chichen Itza. 
Created new observatories and 

5256
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:20,500
refined their understanding of 
celestial Cycles. 

5257
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:24,300
Scribes continued to develop my 
writing and created new types of

5258
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:27,900
books that preserved historical 
astronomical and religious 

5259
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:30,400
knowledge. 
Artists developed new styles 

5260
04:38:30,400 --> 04:38:33,099
that combined traditional Mya, 
themes with influences from 

5261
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:34,599
Central Mexico and other 
regions. 

5262
04:38:34,599 --> 04:38:38,200
Perhaps most importantly, Maya 
communities, during this period 

5263
04:38:38,200 --> 04:38:41,300
developed a more decentralized 
resilient approach to 

5264
04:38:41,300 --> 04:38:44,000
civilization, that helped them 
survive challenges. 

5265
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:46,200
That might have destroyed more 
rigid societies. 

5266
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:49,400
When Spanish conquistadors 
arrived in the 16th century, 

5267
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:52,400
they found not a collapse of 
civilization, but a diverse 

5268
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:55,599
adaptable collection of Maya 
communities, that had been 

5269
04:38:55,608 --> 04:38:58,099
successfully managing the 
challenges of tropical life. 

5270
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:01,099
For over 3,000 years. 
The Spanish Conquest was 

5271
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:04,500
devastating for my community's, 
but it wasn't completely 

5272
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:07,099
destructive. 
Many Maya communities were 

5273
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:10,000
treated to remote areas where 
they maintain traditional ways 

5274
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:14,099
of life with minimal outside 
interference others adapted, to 

5275
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:17,099
Colonial rule, while preserving 
essential aspects of Maya 

5276
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:21,200
culture language and identity. 
In the dense forests of the 

5277
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:25,000
potent region of Guatemala. 
Some Maya communities remained, 

5278
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:27,400
effectively independent until 
the late 19th century. 

5279
04:39:27,400 --> 04:39:30,400
These communities maintain 
traditional agricultural 

5280
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:34,300
practices continued to use Maya 
calendars, and writing systems, 

5281
04:39:34,300 --> 04:39:37,200
and preserved, religious 
practices that connected them to

5282
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:40,400
their ancient Heritage, the 
transformation of Maya 

5283
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:42,500
civilization during the late 
classic and post, classic 

5284
04:39:42,500 --> 04:39:45,500
periods, offers important 
lessons about resilience and 

5285
04:39:45,508 --> 04:39:49,300
adaptation, the Maya response to
environmental and social stress 

5286
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:53,000
wasn't to desperately cling to 
unsustainable practices, but a 

5287
04:39:53,000 --> 04:39:55,300
thoughtfully adapt their society
to changing conditions. 

5288
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:58,300
They demonstrated that 
civilizations, like living 

5289
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:00,800
organisms can survive by 
changing rather than by 

5290
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:03,600
remaining static. 
This ability to adapt while 

5291
04:40:03,600 --> 04:40:07,000
maintaining cultural continuity.
Helps explain why Maya 

5292
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:10,600
civilization has persisted for 
over 4,000 years today. 

5293
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:14,500
Millions of people in Mexico, 
Guatemala Belize and Honduras. 

5294
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:18,200
Continue to speak, Maya 
languages, practice, traditional

5295
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:21,500
Agriculture, and maintain. 
Cultural practices that connect 

5296
04:40:21,500 --> 04:40:24,400
them to their ancient Heritage. 
They are living proof, that the 

5297
04:40:24,400 --> 04:40:27,500
Maya didn't disappear. 
They evolved, as you can 

5298
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,600
continue drifting towards sleep,
imagine this great 

5299
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:33,600
transformation. 
Cities gradually returning to 

5300
04:40:33,600 --> 04:40:37,200
Forest families, making 
difficult decisions about where 

5301
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:39,900
to build new lives communities 
adapting. 

5302
04:40:39,900 --> 04:40:43,900
Their ancient wisdom to new 
circumstances and throughout it 

5303
04:40:43,900 --> 04:40:47,500
all the patient work of cultural
preservation that ensured Maya, 

5304
04:40:47,500 --> 04:40:50,300
civilization would survive to 
inspire and inform future 

5305
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:53,900
Generations in the gentle quiet 
of your bedtime contemplation. 

5306
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:56,200
Let yourself consider one of 
history's. 

5307
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:59,100
Most remarkable phenomena, how a
civilization? 

5308
04:40:59,100 --> 04:41:03,400
That supposedly collapsed over 
1,000 years ago, continues to 

5309
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:06,800
influence the world in ways. 
Both profound and surprisingly 

5310
04:41:06,800 --> 04:41:09,200
practical. 
The Maya Legacy isn't something 

5311
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:10,900
locked away in museums or 
buried. 

5312
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:14,600
Under jungle vines, it's woven 
into the fabric of modern life 

5313
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:18,000
in ways you encounter almost 
daily without realizing it every

5314
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:21,000
time you bite into a piece of 
chocolate, your participating in

5315
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:23,900
a traditional at the Maya 
perfected over 2000 years ago. 

5316
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:28,400
The cow tree, which the Maya 
called the food of the Gods was 

5317
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,800
first, domesticated in the mire 
world but the Maya didn't just 

5318
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:34,200
discover chocolate, they 
elevated it to an art form. 

5319
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:38,200
They created dozens of different
ways to prepare Cacao from 

5320
04:41:38,200 --> 04:41:41,000
bitter, ceremonial drinks, 
reserved for Nobles and Priests 

5321
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:43,200
to Sweet Treats that were 
probably not too different from 

5322
04:41:43,200 --> 04:41:46,100
Modern hot chocolate. 
Maya chocolate preparation was. 

5323
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:48,900
So sophisticated that Spanish 
conquistadors, initially 

5324
04:41:48,900 --> 04:41:50,600
couldn't figure out how to 
recreate it. 

5325
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:54,000
The Maya had learned to ferment 
cacao beans to develop their 

5326
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:57,400
full flavor to roast them at 
precisely the right temperature,

5327
04:41:57,400 --> 04:42:00,100
and to combine them, with 
vanilla Chili Peppers. 

5328
04:42:00,100 --> 04:42:02,500
And other flavorings in 
proportions, that created 

5329
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:06,100
complex, nuanced beverages that 
were both delicious and 

5330
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,700
nutritionally Rich when you see 
single origin chocolate in 

5331
04:42:09,700 --> 04:42:12,800
upscale stores today, you're 
seeing a return to Maya 

5332
04:42:12,800 --> 04:42:15,300
principles of chocolate. 
Making that emphasized the 

5333
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,100
unique characteristics of Cacao 
from specific regions. 

5334
04:42:18,100 --> 04:42:21,500
The mathematical concept, the 
mayor developed continued to 

5335
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,300
influence how we think about 
numbers and time their 

5336
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:26,300
invention. 
Of zero is a placeholder and 

5337
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:29,600
mathematical concept, was one of
the most important intellectual 

5338
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:32,900
achievements in human history. 
This Innovation developed 

5339
04:42:32,900 --> 04:42:35,900
independently from similar 
discoveries in India, made 

5340
04:42:35,900 --> 04:42:38,800
possible the kind of complex 
calculations that underlie 

5341
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:42,000
everything from computer 
programming to space exploration

5342
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:44,900
Maya calendar systems with their
precise. 

5343
04:42:44,900 --> 04:42:48,500
Tracking of multiple overlapping
Cycles, provided intellectual 

5344
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:50,900
Frameworks, that still 
influence, how anthropologists 

5345
04:42:50,900 --> 04:42:54,800
historians and even computer 
scientists think about time and 

5346
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,000
periodicity the Maya 
understanding that time moves in

5347
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:00,300
Cycles. 
Rather than straight lines has 

5348
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:02,300
become increasingly relevant in 
an era. 

5349
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:04,700
When we're beginning to 
recognize that human activities,

5350
04:43:04,700 --> 04:43:07,600
follow cyclical patterns, that 
need to be understood and 

5351
04:43:07,600 --> 04:43:10,700
managed sustainably modern 
Agricultural. 

5352
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:13,500
Science has rediscovered, many 
Maya, farming techniques and 

5353
04:43:13,500 --> 04:43:16,000
found them. 
Remarkably sophisticated the 

5354
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:18,400
race to field agriculture that 
the Maya used to farm in 

5355
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:20,400
Wetlands. 
Is now being studied as a model 

5356
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:23,500
for sustainable farming, in 
areas, threatened by climate 

5357
04:43:23,500 --> 04:43:26,400
change in Rising. 
Levels, Maya, polyculture 

5358
04:43:26,400 --> 04:43:29,100
techniques growing multiple 
crops together in mutually 

5359
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:32,400
beneficial combinations are 
being adapted by organic farmers

5360
04:43:32,400 --> 04:43:34,400
and permaculture practitioners 
around the world. 

5361
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:37,800
The Maya understanding of forest
management has also proven. 

5362
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:40,400
Remarkably prescient modern 
ecologists. 

5363
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:43,000
Studying the forests of Central 
America have discovered that 

5364
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:45,000
many areas that appeared to be 
virgin. 

5365
04:43:45,000 --> 04:43:48,300
Wilderness are actually the 
result of thousands of years of 

5366
04:43:48,300 --> 04:43:52,000
careful Maya Forest management. 
The Maya had learned to enhance 

5367
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,400
natural Forest productivity by 
selectively, encouraging useful 

5368
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:58,600
species, creating Forest Gardens
that were more productive and 

5369
04:43:58,600 --> 04:44:00,800
diverse than unmanaged natural 
forests. 

5370
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:03,700
This knowledge is now being 
applied in conservation projects

5371
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:07,100
throughout the tropics in stead 
of trying to preserve forests by

5372
04:44:07,100 --> 04:44:09,500
keeping people. 
Out of them, conservationists 

5373
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:12,200
are learning to work with 
indigenous communities, who have

5374
04:44:12,208 --> 04:44:15,000
maintained traditional 
ecological knowledge that can 

5375
04:44:15,000 --> 04:44:16,800
inform sustainable Forest 
management. 

5376
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:20,000
The Maya approached to living 
within natural systems, rather 

5377
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,100
than trying to dominate them has
become a model for sustainable 

5378
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:26,600
development in tropical region. 
Around the world Maya 

5379
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:28,900
architectural techniques, 
continue to inspire Modern, 

5380
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:31,700
Builders and Architects. 
The core Bell Arch technique 

5381
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:35,200
that the Maya perfected creating
arches and volts by gradually 

5382
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,400
projecting Stones. 
Inward until they meet at the 

5383
04:44:37,408 --> 04:44:40,600
top, is being studied by 
Architects interested in 

5384
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:43,400
creating earthquake resistant, 
buildings using local materials 

5385
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:47,000
Maya, understanding of how to 
construct large buildings. 

5386
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,600
That could withstand both 
tropical storms and seismic 

5387
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:52,800
activity has applications in 
modern earthquake, and hurricane

5388
04:44:52,800 --> 04:44:55,000
engineering. 
The Maya approached to urban 

5389
04:44:55,000 --> 04:44:58,300
planning which integrated cities
with natural water management 

5390
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:00,700
systems and maintained green 
spaces throughout. 

5391
04:45:00,700 --> 04:45:04,500
Urban areas has become a model 
for sustainable City design, 

5392
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:07,600
urban planners studying Maya 
cities have been impressed by 

5393
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:10,900
this, fistic in managing 
stormwater providing public 

5394
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:13,600
spaces and creating 
neighborhoods that functioned as

5395
04:45:13,608 --> 04:45:16,700
integrated communities rather 
than just collections of 

5396
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:20,500
individual building's Maya 
astronomical knowledge continues

5397
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:23,700
to inform our understanding of 
ancient science and to provide 

5398
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:26,000
alternative. 
Activities on Humanity's 

5399
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:29,100
relationship with the cosmos 
Maya, astronomers precise 

5400
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:32,400
observations of Planetary 
Cycles, the accurate predictions

5401
04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:34,600
of eclipses. 
And their sophisticated 

5402
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:37,500
understanding of calendar 
calculation demonstrate that 

5403
04:45:37,500 --> 04:45:40,600
scientific knowledge can develop
along different paths than those

5404
04:45:40,600 --> 04:45:44,300
followed by European traditions.
This has implications Beyond 

5405
04:45:44,300 --> 04:45:48,300
historical curiosity as modern 
science, increasingly recognizes

5406
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:51,300
the value of traditional 
ecological knowledge, Maya 

5407
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:54,300
astronomical and mathematical 
Traditions provide examples of 

5408
04:45:54,300 --> 04:45:57,300
how indigenous knowledge systems
can complement and enhance 

5409
04:45:57,300 --> 04:46:01,000
Western Scientific approaches 
Maya, calendar, specialist 

5410
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:04,100
working today in Guatemala and 
Mexico, maintain knowledge, that

5411
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:07,700
spans thousands of years and 
provides insights into long-term

5412
04:46:07,700 --> 04:46:11,000
environmental and social cycles.
That short-term scientific 

5413
04:46:11,000 --> 04:46:13,900
observation might miss the Maya 
writing system. 

5414
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:17,400
Once considered two complex to 
be fully deciphered, has become 

5415
04:46:17,400 --> 04:46:20,200
a model for understanding how 
human communication systems, 

5416
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,900
develop and change over time. 
Transmitting information, my 

5417
04:46:23,900 --> 04:46:26,600
literature As we've come to 
understand it through deciphered

5418
04:46:26,600 --> 04:46:29,400
texts has enriched our 
understanding of ancient 

5419
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:31,200
American intellectual 
Traditions. 

5420
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:33,800
Maya. 
Poetry is historical narratives 

5421
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:36,700
and scientific texts demonstrate
levels of literary. 

5422
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:39,700
Sophistication that rival. 
Anything produced in the ancient

5423
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:42,900
world, the Popple view, the Maya
creation story that was 

5424
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:46,200
preserved through the colonial 
period has become recognized as 

5425
04:46:46,200 --> 04:46:48,300
one of the world's great 
mythological texts. 

5426
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:52,100
Offering insights into my 
philosophy and cosmology, that 

5427
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,400
continue to influence writers 
artists and thinkers Around the 

5428
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:58,500
World. 
Perhaps most importantly, Maya 

5429
04:46:58,500 --> 04:47:02,200
civilization provides a powerful
example of how human societies 

5430
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:04,500
can develop. 
Along Pathways different from 

5431
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:06,700
those were familiar within 
European and Asian 

5432
04:47:06,700 --> 04:47:09,500
civilizations. 
The Maya created, Urban centers.

5433
04:47:09,500 --> 04:47:11,000
Without wheeled vehicles or 
large. 

5434
04:47:11,000 --> 04:47:14,400
Domesticated animals developed 
sophisticated mathematics 

5435
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:18,100
without a base 10 number system 
and maintained complex societies

5436
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:20,900
for thousands of years using 
sustainable agricultural 

5437
04:47:20,900 --> 04:47:22,600
practices in tropical 
environments. 

5438
04:47:22,600 --> 04:47:25,700
This alternative model of 
civilization has become 

5439
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:28,900
increasingly relevant as modern 
societies grapple with questions

5440
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:32,500
about sustainability 
Environmental Management and 

5441
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:35,600
social organization. 
The mayor example demonstrates 

5442
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:38,500
that high levels of cultural 
achievement sophisticated, 

5443
04:47:38,500 --> 04:47:41,200
technology and complex, social 
organization. 

5444
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:45,200
Don't require the exploitation 
of Natural Resources or the 

5445
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:47,900
domination of natural systems 
that characterize, many other 

5446
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,200
ancient. 
Organizations today over 6 

5447
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:54,400
million people in Mexico, 
Guatemala, Belize and Honduras, 

5448
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:57,600
continue to speak, Maya 
languages and maintain cultural 

5449
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:00,600
practices that connect them 
directly to their ancient 

5450
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:02,900
Heritage. 
These modern Maya communities 

5451
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,200
aren't living museums preserving
ancient ways their Dynamic 

5452
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:08,800
cultures that continue to adapt 
traditional knowledge to 

5453
04:48:08,800 --> 04:48:12,500
contemporary circumstances. 
My community is today a leaders 

5454
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:15,300
in sustainable agriculture 
Forest conservation and cultural

5455
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:17,500
preservation. 
They maintain traditional 

5456
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:20,800
calendar systems alongside 
modern timekeeping practice 

5457
04:48:20,800 --> 04:48:23,600
traditional medicine. 
Alongside modern Healthcare and 

5458
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:26,400
used traditional ecological 
knowledge to inform contemporary

5459
04:48:26,400 --> 04:48:29,500
Environmental Management. 
They represent living proof that

5460
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:32,900
the Maya Legacy isn't just 
historical, it's a continuing 

5461
04:48:32,900 --> 04:48:34,700
contribution to human knowledge 
and wisdom. 

5462
04:48:35,700 --> 04:48:39,100
As you settle into the final 
moments before sleep, consider 

5463
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:41,000
that the Maya story isn't really
finished. 

5464
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:43,800
It still being written by 
communities throughout Central 

5465
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:47,200
America who maintain ancient 
Traditions while adapting to 

5466
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:50,300
contemporary challenges. 
The pyramids rising from Jungle 

5467
04:48:50,300 --> 04:48:53,900
canopies the sophisticated 
mathematics encoded in ancient 

5468
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:56,500
calendars and the sustainable 
agricultural. 

5469
04:48:56,500 --> 04:48:59,800
Practices developed over 
Millennia, all continued to 

5470
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:02,600
offer, insights and inspiration 
to anyone willing to listen to 

5471
04:49:02,600 --> 04:49:05,500
The Whispers of ancient wisdom 
that still echo through the 

5472
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:09,000
forests of Maya country In These
Quiet Moments before sleep, 

5473
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:11,700
carries your way from the Maya 
world and back to your own time.

5474
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:14,500
Let yourself rest in the 
knowledge that you've just 

5475
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:17,800
completed a journey through one 
of Humanity's most remarkable 

5476
04:49:17,800 --> 04:49:20,700
experiments in living. 
The Maya won't just another 

5477
04:49:20,700 --> 04:49:23,400
ancient civilization that Rose 
and fell like so many others. 

5478
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:25,500
They were pioneers and 
sustainable. 

5479
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:29,200
Living mathematical thinking and
the delicate art of creating 

5480
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,000
complex societies that could 
Thrive within rather than 

5481
04:49:32,000 --> 04:49:34,300
despite their natural 
environments. 

5482
04:49:34,300 --> 04:49:37,500
Tonight, as you Traveled through
time and jungle, you've 

5483
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,100
witnessed the birth of cities 
that grew like magnificent 

5484
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,700
trees, from tropical soil, seen,
mathematical Concepts developed 

5485
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:46,500
that still influence how we 
understand the universe, and 

5486
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:49,100
watched agricultural techniques 
emerged. 

5487
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:51,700
That modern science is only now 
beginning to fully, appreciate 

5488
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:54,800
you've walked through markets 
filled with Goods carried, 

5489
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:56,700
hundreds of miles through jungle
paths. 

5490
04:49:56,700 --> 04:49:59,700
Listen to astronomical 
observations that were more 

5491
04:49:59,708 --> 04:50:02,900
accurate than anything, Europe 
would achieve for centuries and 

5492
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:05,700
observed daily life. 
In communities that had learned 

5493
04:50:05,700 --> 04:50:08,100
to balance, individual ambition,
with Collective wisdom. 

5494
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:12,200
The mayor is ultimately about 
adaptation and resilience when 

5495
04:50:12,200 --> 04:50:14,600
their great classic cities could
no longer be sustained. 

5496
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:16,200
The Maya didn't simply 
disappear. 

5497
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:19,800
They evolved, they created new 
forms of social organization, 

5498
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:23,400
developed new relationships, 
with their environment and 

5499
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:26,600
maintain the Essential Elements 
of their culture through changes

5500
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:29,100
that would have destroyed less 
flexible civilizations. 

5501
04:50:29,100 --> 04:50:32,700
This capacity for thoughtful, 
adaptation has allowed Maya 

5502
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:34,900
culture to survive for over 
4,000 years. 

5503
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:38,300
Making it one of the longest 
continuing civilizations in 

5504
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,400
human history, the same 
intellectual Traditions that 

5505
04:50:41,400 --> 04:50:44,500
produced the mathematical 
concept of 0 and calculated, the

5506
04:50:44,500 --> 04:50:48,200
movements of planets with 
extraordinary Precision continue

5507
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:51,800
to day in Maya communities, that
maintain traditional calendars 

5508
04:50:51,800 --> 04:50:54,800
practice sustainable. 
Perhaps this is the most 

5509
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,300
important lesson, the Maya offer
to our contemporary world. 

5510
04:50:58,100 --> 04:51:01,400
That sustainability isn't about 
returning to some imagined 

5511
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:03,800
simpler past. 
But about developing the wisdom 

5512
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:07,200
to create complex societies that
work in harmony with nature 

5513
04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:09,900
systems rather than in 
opposition to them. 

5514
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:14,000
The Maya demonstrated that human
beings can build cities, develop

5515
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:17,300
sophisticated Technologies and 
create great art without 

5516
04:51:17,300 --> 04:51:20,300
destroying the environments, 
that sustained them as you drift

5517
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:22,400
into dreams. 
You might find yourself walking 

5518
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:26,300
through a mayor forest garden 
where useful trees food plants 

5519
04:51:26,300 --> 04:51:29,200
and medicinal herbs, grow 
together in productive Harmony 

5520
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:31,800
or perhaps you'll dream of 
astronomers on Pyramid. 

5521
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,100
Tops calculating the precise 
moment when Venus will next 

5522
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,200
appear as the Morning Star. 
Maybe you'll find yourself in a 

5523
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:41,600
Myer, scriptorium watching, 
scribes carefully draw, glyphs 

5524
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:44,500
that encode both practical 
information and sacred stories. 

5525
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:47,600
These dreams can connect you to 
a continuous human Story. 

5526
04:51:47,600 --> 04:51:50,500
One that includes the Maya 
farmer who developed new 

5527
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:53,800
varieties of corn, the Maya 
engineer, who designed water 

5528
04:51:53,800 --> 04:51:56,600
systems that functioned for 
centuries, the Maya 

5529
04:51:56,600 --> 04:52:00,300
mathematician who first Stood 
that 0 could be a number, and 

5530
04:52:00,300 --> 04:52:02,100
the Maya artist. 
Who combined practical, 

5531
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:04,800
knowledge with spiritual vision,
to create beauty that still 

5532
04:52:04,800 --> 04:52:07,500
moves us today. 
The forest that covers much of 

5533
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:11,200
the Ancient Maya World continues
to grow and change, but it still

5534
04:52:11,208 --> 04:52:12,700
holds the Echoes of their 
achievements. 

5535
04:52:12,700 --> 04:52:16,200
Pyramids, rise through the 
canopy, like Stone mountains, 

5536
04:52:16,200 --> 04:52:19,400
their Limestone blocks slowly 
returning to the Earth from 

5537
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,500
which they came raised. 
Agricultural Fields abandoned, 

5538
04:52:22,500 --> 04:52:25,600
for centuries have become 
unique, ecosystems where ancient

5539
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:29,300
human wisdom continues to shape 
natural processes and in 

5540
04:52:29,300 --> 04:52:32,600
communities throughout Central 
America, Maya languages continue

5541
04:52:32,600 --> 04:52:35,800
to be spoken my calendars. 
Continue to Mark the passage of 

5542
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:39,500
sacred time and Maya knowledge 
continues to offer insights into

5543
04:52:39,500 --> 04:52:41,600
sustainable ways of living 
tomorrow. 

5544
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,500
When you wake, and perhaps 
glance at your calendar, to plan

5545
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:48,200
your day, remember that your 
using a system refined by Maya 

5546
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:51,600
mathematicians, who understood 
that time moves in Cycles. 

5547
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,500
Rather than straight lines. 
When you enjoy chocolate with 

5548
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:57,700
your breakfast, remember that? 
Your participating in a 

5549
04:52:57,700 --> 04:52:59,600
tradition? 
That the Maya elevated to high 

5550
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:01,700
art. 
When you hear about sustainable 

5551
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:04,500
agricultural Forest 
conservation, remember that 

5552
04:53:04,500 --> 04:53:07,100
you're encountering ideas. 
That the Maya pioneered and 

5553
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:10,300
perfected over thousands of 
years, the Maya Legacy isn't 

5554
04:53:10,300 --> 04:53:11,900
something distant and 
historical. 

5555
04:53:11,900 --> 04:53:15,200
It's woven into the fabric of 
contemporary life in ways, both 

5556
04:53:15,200 --> 04:53:18,600
obvious, and subtle, their 
mathematical Innovations under, 

5557
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:22,000
like, computer systems, their 
agricultural technique, inform 

5558
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:24,800
sustainable, farming practices. 
There are astronomical 

5559
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,800
observations contribute to our 
understanding of ancient science

5560
04:53:27,800 --> 04:53:29,700
and their examples of 
sustainable. 

5561
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:33,900
Urban Design, Inspire modern 
city planners most importantly, 

5562
04:53:33,900 --> 04:53:36,600
my civilization demonstrates 
that there are many different 

5563
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:40,100
ways to create complex, 
sophisticated societies, the 

5564
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:43,700
paths, they followed emphasizing
cyclical, rather than the linear

5565
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:46,800
thinking developing technology 
that worked with rather than 

5566
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:50,300
against Natural systems. 
Creating Urban centers that 

5567
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,500
enhanced rather than degraded 
their environments, offer 

5568
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:56,700
alternative models for how human
beings might organize 

5569
04:53:56,700 --> 04:53:59,100
themselves. 
And their Rel, World 

5570
04:53:59,100 --> 04:54:02,200
conversation between 
intelligence and environment. 

5571
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,400
Between individual ambition and 
Collective wisdom between the 

5572
04:54:06,400 --> 04:54:09,700
needs of the present and the 
requirements of a sustainable 

5573
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:12,700
future rest. 
Well, knowing that the forests 

5574
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:16,100
of Maya country continue to grow
and change that Maya 

5575
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:19,200
communities, continue to adapt, 
ancient wisdom to contemporary 

5576
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:21,800
challenges and that The Echoes 
of their achievements. 

5577
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:25,700
Continue to whisper Through Time
offering guidance and 

5578
04:54:25,700 --> 04:54:27,700
inspiration to anyone thoughtful
enough to listen. 

5579
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:37,400
Now shut your eyes and visualize
yourself floating slowly through

5580
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:40,700
centuries of History until you 
gently land in, what is now 

5581
04:54:40,700 --> 04:54:43,900
erect. 
Circa, 2100 BCE. 

5582
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:48,600
The smell is what hits you 
first, not the site, baking 

5583
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,900
bread river water. 
And yes, a lot of livestock. 

5584
04:54:53,000 --> 04:54:55,400
Welcome to the first real 
neighborhood in Civilization 

5585
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:58,300
where people made the decision 
to settle down and stop 

5586
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:00,600
aimlessly wandering around like 
lost tourists. 

5587
04:55:01,500 --> 04:55:03,600
Tigris. 
New Freight is a two rivers that

5588
04:55:03,600 --> 04:55:06,000
would make any real estate agent
cry with delight. 

5589
04:55:06,900 --> 04:55:08,800
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

5590
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:11,700
They are the ancient worlds 
version of having fresh 

5591
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:14,500
groceries, to deliver to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

5592
04:55:15,200 --> 04:55:17,900
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

5593
04:55:17,900 --> 04:55:21,100
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

5594
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:22,800
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

5595
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:25,600
to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

5596
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:27,200
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

5597
04:55:27,200 --> 04:55:29,100
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

5598
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:33,000
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

5599
04:55:33,008 --> 04:55:35,700
encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

5600
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:39,200
every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

5601
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:41,200
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

5602
04:55:42,000 --> 04:55:44,400
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

5603
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:47,400
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

5604
04:55:47,400 --> 04:55:49,700
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

5605
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:52,600
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

5606
04:55:52,600 --> 04:55:54,400
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

5607
04:55:54,400 --> 04:55:59,000
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

5608
04:55:59,000 --> 04:56:03,800
visualize organic growth. 
Akin to a coral reef composed of

5609
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:08,000
human ambition and mud bricks 
narrow streets, wind between 

5610
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:11,600
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

5611
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:13,300
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

5612
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:16,200
Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

5613
04:56:16,200 --> 04:56:19,500
Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

5614
04:56:19,500 --> 04:56:22,500
Engineers and the absence of any
traffic that resembles rush 

5615
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:25,200
hour. 
Rather there's the soft splatter

5616
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:28,200
of irrigation channels, the 
steady Thunder of grain being 

5617
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:30,800
ground and the sporadic snarling
of a donkey. 

5618
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:32,300
That's obviously upset about 
something. 

5619
04:56:33,800 --> 04:56:36,600
Modern people spend a lot of 
money to experience this type of

5620
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,900
Tranquility at wellness 
retreats, however, this quiet 

5621
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:43,900
does not imply an activity. 
First large-scale, urban living 

5622
04:56:43,900 --> 04:56:47,200
experiment in history is what 
you're seeing in essence, these 

5623
04:56:47,200 --> 04:56:50,100
individuals are inventing. 
As they go along resolving 

5624
04:56:50,100 --> 04:56:52,400
issues that have never been 
encountered by any human. 

5625
04:56:52,400 --> 04:56:55,200
How do you manage thousands of 
people in one location? 

5626
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:59,600
How do you ensure that everyone 
eats When your neighbor's goat 

5627
04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:02,200
keeps eating your Bali? 
How do you keep things from 

5628
04:57:02,200 --> 04:57:03,800
going? 
Completely out of control? 

5629
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:07,100
As you will see, the answer 
combines a remarkable amount of 

5630
04:57:07,100 --> 04:57:10,700
Ingenuity practicality and what 
can only be called the first 

5631
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:14,200
bureaucracy in history? 
Yes, paperwork was a part of 

5632
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,200
paradise as you become more 
accustomed to this ancient 

5633
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:19,100
world. 
You start to notice something 

5634
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:21,100
that would cause any 
contemporary city. 

5635
04:57:21,100 --> 04:57:25,200
Planner to either run screaming 
back to their zoning Maps or cry

5636
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:27,900
with Envy. 
These Mesopotamians have 

5637
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,100
produced a system of ordered 
chaos that somehow manages to 

5638
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:33,600
keep everyone fed. 
How housed and comparatively 

5639
04:57:33,600 --> 04:57:35,800
content even though it shouldn't
work. 

5640
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:39,500
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system which is the most amazing

5641
04:57:39,500 --> 04:57:42,300
engineering achievement, you 
will ever witness that does not 

5642
04:57:42,300 --> 04:57:45,900
require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

5643
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:49,800
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

5644
04:57:49,800 --> 04:57:52,600
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

5645
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:55,900
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

5646
04:57:55,900 --> 04:57:58,700
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

5647
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:01,100
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

5648
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:03,800
at their rushing Rivers. 
The end of is a network of 

5649
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:06,900
watery highways that would make 
the roads of ancient Rome appear

5650
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,800
straightforward. 
Individual fields are directly 

5651
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:12,900
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers into 

5652
04:58:12,900 --> 04:58:16,500
primary canals secondary 
channels and smaller ditches. 

5653
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,500
It's similar to having running 
water, but it goes to your 

5654
04:58:19,500 --> 04:58:21,500
barley patch rather than your 
kitchen sink. 

5655
04:58:22,300 --> 04:58:25,100
In addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing, if this 

5656
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:27,400
system fails, the city is a 
hole. 

5657
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:29,100
Loses lunch. 
In addition to water pressure, 

5658
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:32,700
massive collaboration is needed 
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 

5659
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:35,300
which is never been done before 
in human history. 

5660
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:38,900
One farmer cannot choose to use 
more water for his Fields. 

5661
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:40,900
While his neighbor's crops are 
dying. 

5662
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,100
It is impossible for someone 
Upstream to construct a damn 

5663
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:46,300
without taking Downstream 
residents into account. 

5664
04:58:47,100 --> 04:58:50,100
People must look beyond their 
immediate needs, their tribe, 

5665
04:58:50,100 --> 04:58:52,000
and their family. 
For the first time in human 

5666
04:58:52,000 --> 04:58:54,100
history. 
Things start to get interesting 

5667
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:56,300
at this point. 
The water schedule, must be 

5668
04:58:56,300 --> 04:58:59,700
overseen by someone who gets 
what, and when must be decided 

5669
04:58:59,700 --> 04:59:03,400
by someone When farmer B 
insists, his irrigation ditch 

5670
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:06,400
was there first and farmer. 
A accuses farmer. 

5671
04:59:06,400 --> 04:59:08,700
B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

5672
04:59:08,700 --> 04:59:11,600
The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

5673
04:59:11,600 --> 04:59:14,600
management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

5674
04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:17,600
for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

5675
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,700
than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

5676
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:23,400
of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

5677
04:59:23,400 --> 04:59:27,000
refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

5678
04:59:27,000 --> 04:59:30,700
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

5679
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:34,400
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

5680
04:59:34,400 --> 04:59:37,500
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully, 

5681
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,200
arranging their daily, shared 
Jewels around common resources, 

5682
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:44,600
every year, the Harvest arrives,
the fields, turn green at the 

5683
04:59:44,608 --> 04:59:47,400
appropriate times and the 
irrigation ditches run. 

5684
04:59:47,400 --> 04:59:50,500
According to plan, when the 
irrigation schedule becomes 

5685
04:59:50,500 --> 04:59:54,000
complicated, everyone is 
contributing labor water rights 

5686
04:59:54,000 --> 04:59:56,600
and a willingness to not 
strangle their neighbors. 

5687
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:59,600
It's like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

5688
04:59:59,608 --> 05:00:01,700
neighborhood potluck. 
Except instead of bringing 

5689
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:05,500
casserole's, this system's 
success has a significant impact

5690
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:08,400
on human society. 
Some people are able to quit 

5691
05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:10,900
farming when they can 
consistently produce more food 

5692
05:00:10,900 --> 05:00:14,300
than they require for survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

5693
05:00:14,300 --> 05:00:16,400
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

5694
05:00:16,400 --> 05:00:20,500
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

5695
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:23,100
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

5696
05:00:23,100 --> 05:00:26,500
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

5697
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:30,300
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

5698
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:32,300
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

5699
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:35,200
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

5700
05:00:35,200 --> 05:00:38,500
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

5701
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:41,000
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

5702
05:00:41,008 --> 05:00:44,700
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

5703
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:46,600
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

5704
05:00:46,600 --> 05:00:49,600
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

5705
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:52,600
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

5706
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:55,000
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you can 

5707
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:57,200
continue your leisurely 
exploration of this ancient 

5708
05:00:57,200 --> 05:00:59,300
world. 
They have established. 

5709
05:00:59,300 --> 05:01:02,400
What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

5710
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:06,100
with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

5711
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:08,900
failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

5712
05:01:08,900 --> 05:01:11,800
metalworking. 
You see people who have 

5713
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:14,900
discovered that they can create 
bronze, a more durable and 

5714
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:18,500
practical metal than anything 
they have ever used by heating, 

5715
05:01:18,500 --> 05:01:21,800
specific rocks to the ideal 
temperature and combining them 

5716
05:01:21,800 --> 05:01:24,500
with other rocks. 
This is the beginning of the 

5717
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:28,300
technology industry, not just a 
development in technology, there

5718
05:01:28,300 --> 05:01:30,100
is collaboration among the 
bronze makers. 

5719
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,400
They require traders who can 
transport tin and copper, from 

5720
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:36,200
hundreds of miles away, because 
they are necessary. 

5721
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:39,500
They require individuals who 
specialize in the production of 

5722
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:42,500
charcoal because they require 
fuel for their furnaces. 

5723
05:01:42,500 --> 05:01:46,300
They require a market that is 
sophisticated enough to discern 

5724
05:01:46,300 --> 05:01:50,000
between a mediocre bronze tool 
and a truly exceptional one in 

5725
05:01:50,000 --> 05:01:52,600
order to attract clients who 
value quality metal work. 

5726
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:55,100
Before you know, it Supply 
chains are in place. 

5727
05:01:55,108 --> 05:01:58,300
You have quality control yes the
best metal. 

5728
05:01:58,500 --> 05:02:01,600
Workers build reputations, and 
people begin to request tools 

5729
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:04,700
made by particular Artisans. 
So you have brand recognition, 

5730
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:09,200
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp reviews except instead of 

5731
05:02:09,200 --> 05:02:11,500
posting them online. 
People tell their neighbors, 

5732
05:02:11,500 --> 05:02:13,700
which blacksmith produces 
harvest season tools. 

5733
05:02:13,700 --> 05:02:16,500
That don't break. 
However, the true Innovation 

5734
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:19,400
taking place here is economic 
rather than technological. 

5735
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:22,900
The modern concept of Commerce 
is being created by these 

5736
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:25,300
individuals. 
They are determining how to 

5737
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:28,100
fairly trade goods and services 
between people who have 

5738
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:30,900
different needs. 
How to plan for future needs 

5739
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:33,600
while managing current 
resources, and how to assign 

5740
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:36,900
value to goods and services. 
Think about the difficulties, 

5741
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,400
you need a new plow because you 
grow barley. 

5742
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:42,700
The toolmaker needs copper for 
his next project, not barley, 

5743
05:02:42,700 --> 05:02:46,500
but he wants payment. 
In order to trade up, north, the

5744
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:48,600
copper trading needs wool, not 
barley. 

5745
05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:51,200
The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

5746
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:54,300
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

5747
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:56,900
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

5748
05:02:56,900 --> 05:02:58,300
through their irrigation 
channels. 

5749
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:01,300
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

5750
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:03,000
value to move throughout the 
community. 

5751
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:06,900
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

5752
05:03:06,900 --> 05:03:09,600
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

5753
05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:11,100
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

5754
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:14,200
Toolmaker agrees to make your 
plow right away. 

5755
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:17,800
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

5756
05:03:17,800 --> 05:03:22,000
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

5757
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,300
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

5758
05:03:24,300 --> 05:03:26,600
this system, not just any 
writing. 

5759
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:29,700
But every day, useful, writing 
that can document who is 

5760
05:03:29,700 --> 05:03:33,400
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

5761
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:36,700
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, your

5762
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,200
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

5763
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,400
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

5764
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:45,400
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

5765
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:49,000
earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

5766
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:53,200
Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

5767
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:57,300
inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay with 

5768
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,000
marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

5769
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,300
bureaucracy, indeed, you are 
also witnessing the development 

5770
05:04:03,300 --> 05:04:05,800
of accounting. 
All of these promises 

5771
05:04:05,800 --> 05:04:08,700
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

5772
05:04:08,700 --> 05:04:12,600
community must be monitored by 
someone even though the early 

5773
05:04:12,600 --> 05:04:16,200
accountants worked by Lamplight 
with clay, tablets and Reed 

5774
05:04:16,200 --> 05:04:19,200
styluses rather than in 
contemporary offices with 

5775
05:04:19,200 --> 05:04:22,500
computers, they were addressing 
the same issues that accountants

5776
05:04:22,500 --> 05:04:25,100
do today. 
The inventive of these Solutions

5777
05:04:25,100 --> 05:04:28,700
is astounding They're creating 
economic systems from the ground

5778
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:30,900
up and learning by trial and 
error. 

5779
05:04:30,900 --> 05:04:34,500
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

5780
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:37,300
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

5781
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:39,800
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

5782
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:41,600
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

5783
05:04:41,600 --> 05:04:45,100
exploration of this ancient 
world, these Mesopotamians 

5784
05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:47,800
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

5785
05:04:47,800 --> 05:04:50,900
issues like trade and irrigation
their, aiming for something 

5786
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:54,400
greater something that appeals 
to the basic human need to build

5787
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:57,400
monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

5788
05:04:57,400 --> 05:05:00,800
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

5789
05:05:00,800 --> 05:05:04,300
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

5790
05:05:04,300 --> 05:05:07,400
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

5791
05:05:07,408 --> 05:05:10,500
buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertions 

5792
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:13,900
proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

5793
05:05:13,900 --> 05:05:16,900
potential. 
People say, we can move 

5794
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:19,900
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

5795
05:05:19,908 --> 05:05:23,400
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

5796
05:05:23,400 --> 05:05:25,900
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

5797
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:28,500
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

5798
05:05:28,500 --> 05:05:31,100
site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

5799
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:33,900
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

5800
05:05:33,900 --> 05:05:37,300
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

5801
05:05:37,300 --> 05:05:40,900
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

5802
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:45,600
willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

5803
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:48,600
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

5804
05:05:48,600 --> 05:05:50,600
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

5805
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:54,100
bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

5806
05:05:54,100 --> 05:05:57,700
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

5807
05:05:57,700 --> 05:06:01,200
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

5808
05:06:01,200 --> 05:06:02,800
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

5809
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:05,900
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

5810
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:09,700
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

5811
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,700
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

5812
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,400
effectively managing the Biggest
construction company in the 

5813
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:19,400
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

5814
05:06:19,400 --> 05:06:21,600
the workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

5815
05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:25,100
Considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

5816
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:27,400
world, they are citizens 
carrying out. 

5817
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:31,300
Their civic duties, seasonal 
workers and skilled Artisans. 

5818
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,700
People donate their time to 
building projects that benefit 

5819
05:06:34,700 --> 05:06:37,900
everyone during the agricultural
offseason when the fields don't 

5820
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:40,400
need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

5821
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:43,400
greater than any one person 
could on their own, has a very 

5822
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:46,600
human quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

5823
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:49,900
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

5824
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:53,800
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats are also symbolic Look

5825
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:55,300
what we can do when we work 
together. 

5826
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:59,200
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

5827
05:06:59,200 --> 05:07:01,900
engineering is needed. 
The builders must comprehend. 

5828
05:07:01,900 --> 05:07:05,500
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

5829
05:07:05,500 --> 05:07:09,100
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

5830
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:12,700
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

5831
05:07:12,700 --> 05:07:14,900
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

5832
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:17,800
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

5833
05:07:17,800 --> 05:07:20,600
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

5834
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:24,200
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

5835
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:26,500
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

5836
05:07:26,500 --> 05:07:29,500
producing millions of identical 
bricks to guarantee. 

5837
05:07:29,500 --> 05:07:32,500
Uniformity throughout large 
production runs they create 

5838
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:36,500
standardized molds, quality 
assurance, protocols, and drying

5839
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:39,200
methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

5840
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:40,900
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

5841
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:42,800
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

5842
05:07:43,500 --> 05:07:45,700
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

5843
05:07:45,700 --> 05:07:48,100
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

5844
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:51,400
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

5845
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,300
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

5846
05:07:54,300 --> 05:07:56,100
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

5847
05:07:56,100 --> 05:07:58,000
Others are moving them and 
still. 

5848
05:07:58,000 --> 05:07:59,800
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

5849
05:07:59,800 --> 05:08:03,100
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

5850
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:07,000
to be motivated, supervised 
supplied and in sync, it's 

5851
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:09,600
similar to conducting an 
orchestra except that hundreds 

5852
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:12,500
of construction workers are used
in place of musicians and 

5853
05:08:12,500 --> 05:08:15,400
architecture that will Outlast 
Empires is used in place of 

5854
05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:17,300
music. 
You come across something that 

5855
05:08:17,300 --> 05:08:20,300
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects, 

5856
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:23,300
but is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

5857
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:25,800
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

5858
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:28,400
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

5859
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:33,100
formal education mathematics and
what we might call science the 

5860
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:35,600
point at which humans started to
think methodically about 

5861
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:38,000
thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

5862
05:08:38,000 --> 05:08:41,800
taking place in tiny buildings, 
dotted across the cities, young,

5863
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:43,400
adults, and children are 
congregating. 

5864
05:08:43,500 --> 05:08:46,900
To learn rather than to labor 
and workshops or Fields the 

5865
05:08:46,900 --> 05:08:48,400
lessons. 
They are learning at the first 

5866
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:50,700
schools in history will have a 
lasting impact on human 

5867
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,300
civilization. 
These are not informal teachings

5868
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:54,700
that parents in part to their 
children. 

5869
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:58,300
This is formal education, 
complete with learning 

5870
05:08:58,300 --> 05:09:00,800
objectives standardized, 
curricula and qualified 

5871
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:03,200
teachers. 
In addition to learning 

5872
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:05,500
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and law. 

5873
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:08,900
Students, also practice writing 
by copying out traditional 

5874
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:11,500
texts. 
They are becoming literate in 

5875
05:09:11,500 --> 05:09:14,300
the art of knowledge acquisition
as well as in their native 

5876
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,700
tongue. 
Your high school algebra teacher

5877
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:19,200
would be ecstatic about the 
mathematics being developed 

5878
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:21,500
here. 
These individuals are dealing 

5879
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,800
with ideas that appear to be 
nearly contemporary, geometric 

5880
05:09:24,800 --> 05:09:28,200
principles, place value, 
notation and mathematical 

5881
05:09:28,200 --> 05:09:31,000
relationships that are still 
utilized by architects today, 

5882
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,300
their finding abstract 
mathematical truths that exist 

5883
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:37,600
apart from any real world 
applications, not just counting 

5884
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:40,200
things. 
What's amazing though is that 

5885
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:43,900
they're using a number system 
based on 60 rather than 10 

5886
05:09:44,800 --> 05:09:47,100
They're thinking in Basics 60 
while you're counting on your 

5887
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:49,000
fingers and working with powers 
of 10. 

5888
05:09:49,000 --> 05:09:52,900
This sounds really strange Until
you realize that 60 is more 

5889
05:09:52,908 --> 05:09:56,300
divisible by numbers than 10 is.
For many mathematical 

5890
05:09:56,300 --> 05:09:58,200
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

5891
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:00,700
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

5892
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:03,600
better wheel was created a 
thousands of years later were 

5893
05:10:03,600 --> 05:10:06,400
still using the subpar one. 
There is more to this. 

5894
05:10:06,400 --> 05:10:09,600
Mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye, the same 

5895
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:12,800
individuals who divided circles 
into 360 Degrees. 

5896
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:15,900
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

5897
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:18,800
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

5898
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:21,900
exact measurement and 
documentation They're making 

5899
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:24,800
calendars that line agricultural
activities with astronomical 

5900
05:10:24,800 --> 05:10:28,200
events, tracking the Motions of 
planets and forecasting. 

5901
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,900
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

5902
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:34,900
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

5903
05:10:34,900 --> 05:10:37,300
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

5904
05:10:37,308 --> 05:10:40,900
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

5905
05:10:40,900 --> 05:10:43,800
Star, as opposed to a Morning 
Star, they have developed 

5906
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:47,300
mathematical models to forecast,
astronomical events and 

5907
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:49,500
identified as a Diet Coke 
constellations. 

5908
05:10:49,500 --> 05:10:52,600
Most impressive though is the 
way, they're tackling these 

5909
05:10:52,600 --> 05:10:56,200
issues, their searching for 
underlying patterns, formulating

5910
05:10:56,200 --> 05:10:58,200
hypotheses and testing 
predictions. 

5911
05:10:58,200 --> 05:11:00,400
In addition to merely Gathering 
observations. 

5912
05:11:01,300 --> 05:11:04,000
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

5913
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:07,200
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

5914
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:09,600
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

5915
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:12,000
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

5916
05:11:12,008 --> 05:11:15,800
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

5917
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,800
guide, lines and comprehend 
historical precedence. 

5918
05:11:18,800 --> 05:11:21,400
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

5919
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:24,600
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

5920
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:26,300
down from one generation to the 
next. 

5921
05:11:26,300 --> 05:11:29,800
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

5922
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,300
today. 
For the first time in history, 

5923
05:11:32,300 --> 05:11:35,600
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

5924
05:11:35,608 --> 05:11:39,100
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

5925
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:41,400
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

5926
05:11:42,300 --> 05:11:45,300
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

5927
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:47,800
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

5928
05:11:47,800 --> 05:11:50,500
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

5929
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:55,100
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding, People whose job it 

5930
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:57,300
is to think about abstract 
problems, begin to draw 

5931
05:11:57,300 --> 05:11:59,500
connections between various 
fields of knowledge. 

5932
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:03,200
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

5933
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,200
geometric principles. 
The astronomer learns that 

5934
05:12:06,208 --> 05:12:09,000
natural events can be predicted 
by mathematical models. 

5935
05:12:09,000 --> 05:12:12,200
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

5936
05:12:12,200 --> 05:12:14,700
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

5937
05:12:14,700 --> 05:12:18,100
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

5938
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:21,000
travels and become accustomed to
the mild routines of these 

5939
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:23,600
amazing Society. 
You're about to learn that 

5940
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:25,500
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

5941
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:28,700
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

5942
05:12:28,700 --> 05:12:32,500
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

5943
05:12:32,500 --> 05:12:35,400
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

5944
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:38,100
Windows of their house, let in 
the first of the day. 

5945
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:41,700
The first thing that strikes you
is how different their everyday 

5946
05:12:41,700 --> 05:12:44,600
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

5947
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:48,000
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

5948
05:12:48,000 --> 05:12:50,300
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the household's grain 

5949
05:12:50,300 --> 05:12:53,000
supplies. 
Father is going over his to do 

5950
05:12:53,008 --> 05:12:56,000
list in his head, including, 
which irrigation channels 

5951
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:59,100
require upkeep, which tools 
require repair and which 

5952
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:01,900
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

5953
05:13:01,900 --> 05:13:05,300
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

5954
05:13:05,300 --> 05:13:07,000
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

5955
05:13:07,800 --> 05:13:09,700
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

5956
05:13:09,700 --> 05:13:11,500
mathematics to assist with the 
family business. 

5957
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:15,000
A little shamate refuses to 
practice her knee form writing 

5958
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:18,200
exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

5959
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:20,000
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

5960
05:13:20,000 --> 05:13:23,500
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

5961
05:13:23,500 --> 05:13:25,500
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

5962
05:13:26,300 --> 05:13:29,300
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

5963
05:13:29,300 --> 05:13:31,600
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

5964
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:35,200
grain for breakfast. 
The father uses a filing system 

5965
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:38,200
that arranges data in ways that 
any contemporary office worker 

5966
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:39,900
would recognize when he looks 
through his business. 

5967
05:13:39,900 --> 05:13:42,800
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

5968
05:13:42,800 --> 05:13:47,400
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

5969
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:49,600
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

5970
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:51,800
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

5971
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:54,800
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

5972
05:13:54,800 --> 05:13:57,200
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

5973
05:13:57,200 --> 05:13:59,900
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

5974
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:02,400
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

5975
05:14:02,400 --> 05:14:05,700
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

5976
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:08,100
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

5977
05:14:08,100 --> 05:14:10,900
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

5978
05:14:10,900 --> 05:14:14,500
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

5979
05:14:14,500 --> 05:14:17,300
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

5980
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:20,800
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

5981
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:22,800
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

5982
05:14:22,800 --> 05:14:26,500
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

5983
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:29,300
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

5984
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:31,300
fields are the source of the 
food. 

5985
05:14:31,300 --> 05:14:34,500
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

5986
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:37,600
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

5987
05:14:37,600 --> 05:14:41,500
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

5988
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:43,500
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

5989
05:14:43,500 --> 05:14:47,000
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

5990
05:14:47,000 --> 05:14:49,700
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

5991
05:14:49,700 --> 05:14:51,600
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

5992
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:53,800
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

5993
05:14:53,800 --> 05:14:56,900
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both a place of 

5994
05:14:56,908 --> 05:15:00,400
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

5995
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:03,800
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

5996
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:06,300
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

5997
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:09,800
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

5998
05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:13,000
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

5999
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:15,000
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

6000
05:15:15,000 --> 05:15:17,800
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

6001
05:15:17,800 --> 05:15:20,700
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

6002
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:24,100
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

6003
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:27,300
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

6004
05:15:27,308 --> 05:15:31,200
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

6005
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:34,000
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

6006
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,100
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

6007
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:39,700
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

6008
05:15:39,700 --> 05:15:42,800
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

6009
05:15:42,800 --> 05:15:46,100
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

6010
05:15:46,100 --> 05:15:48,300
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

6011
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:51,100
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

6012
05:15:51,100 --> 05:15:54,500
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

6013
05:15:54,500 --> 05:15:56,100
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

6014
05:15:56,100 --> 05:16:00,200
agriculture, Commerce and social
organization, there may be games

6015
05:16:00,200 --> 05:16:03,700
storytelling or music. 
After supper, another 

6016
05:16:03,700 --> 05:16:07,300
revolutionary idea is that 
people have Leisure Time Human 

6017
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:09,900
culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

6018
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:12,800
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

6019
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:15,500
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

6020
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:17,900
In addition, to sleeping off the
day's labor. 

6021
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,500
The family is refueling for 
tomorrow's involvement, in 

6022
05:16:20,500 --> 05:16:23,100
Humanity's first complex Urban 
living experiment. 

6023
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:26,900
They will awaken to Morrow. 
And once more play a part in 

6024
05:16:26,908 --> 05:16:30,100
preserving, the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

6025
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:34,100
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

6026
05:16:34,100 --> 05:16:37,900
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

6027
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:41,300
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

6028
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:44,200
managed to manage sizeable 
diverse populations without 

6029
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:46,100
everything. 
Collapsing in Anarchy and 

6030
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:48,700
conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

6031
05:16:48,700 --> 05:16:52,000
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

6032
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:54,600
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

6033
05:16:54,600 --> 05:16:56,500
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

6034
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:59,900
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

6035
05:16:59,900 --> 05:17:02,900
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts, with 

6036
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:06,000
their neighbors, you have 
competing religious Traditions, 

6037
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:10,400
diverse ethnic groups, economic 
classes and the inherent human 

6038
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:12,900
propensity for short-sightedness
and selfishness. 

6039
05:17:13,900 --> 05:17:16,700
How do you design a system that 
accomplishes goals while 

6040
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:18,500
maintaining a reasonable level 
of satisfaction? 

6041
05:17:18,500 --> 05:17:21,700
For all the complexity of the 
Mesopotamian solution, is 

6042
05:17:21,700 --> 05:17:25,500
elegant at the, top is a king 
who represents both religion and

6043
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:28,100
politics. 
His authority has a weight that 

6044
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:31,800
purely political power could not
match because he is not only 

6045
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:35,400
making executive decisions, but 
is also channeling, the will of 

6046
05:17:35,408 --> 05:17:38,100
the Gods. 
The king is expressing Divine 

6047
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:40,500
will when he issues a lawn, not 
just his own preferences. 

6048
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:43,600
However, this is not a tyrants 
capricious rule. 

6049
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:48,000
The king's Authority is limited 
by custom religious law and the 

6050
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:50,600
pragmatic requirement to retain 
the backing of the different 

6051
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:55,200
factions that sustained Society.
Priests Merchants Artisans and 

6052
05:17:55,200 --> 05:17:58,500
farmers, who, truly govern, the 
society will find a way to 

6053
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:01,000
replace a king who continuously 
makes poor choices. 

6054
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:03,000
So he won't hold the position 
for long. 

6055
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:05,900
You have an advanced 
administrative structure beneath

6056
05:18:05,900 --> 05:18:09,400
the king that would Astound any 
contemporary bureaucrat tax 

6057
05:18:09,400 --> 05:18:12,800
collection, irrigation 
management, trade regulation, 

6058
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:16,600
military organization, and legal
disputes are all handled by 

6059
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:19,400
officials. 
Every administrative level has 

6060
05:18:19,400 --> 05:18:21,700
cleared duties and 
accountability to both Superior 

6061
05:18:21,700 --> 05:18:24,900
and subordinate authorities. 
Perhaps their most remarkable 

6062
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:27,100
governmental Innovation is the 
legal system. 

6063
05:18:27,100 --> 05:18:30,800
They create these individuals 
draft thorough, legal codes that

6064
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:34,900
aim to cover every potential 
conflict or offense, nearly 300 

6065
05:18:34,900 --> 05:18:37,200
laws. 
Ranging from business disputes 

6066
05:18:37,200 --> 05:18:40,400
to marriage contracts to 
property rights are included in 

6067
05:18:40,400 --> 05:18:42,200
the publicly visible Code of 
Hammurabi. 

6068
05:18:42,200 --> 05:18:45,500
However, the sophistication of 
these laws is even more 

6069
05:18:45,500 --> 05:18:47,300
impressive than their 
comprehensive nurse. 

6070
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:50,600
They distinguish between various
property types and social 

6071
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:52,900
classes. 
They make a distinction between 

6072
05:18:52,900 --> 05:18:56,600
acts and deliberate crimes. 
Instead of just exacting 

6073
05:18:56,600 --> 05:18:59,500
retribution, they offer 
proportionate penalties meant to

6074
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:00,800
bring the world back into 
balance. 

6075
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:04,300
To a degree that would be 
Progressive in many societies. 

6076
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:07,200
Thousands of years later, they 
defend the rights of women 

6077
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:11,500
children and even slaves. 
Unprecedentedly a professional 

6078
05:19:11,500 --> 05:19:14,900
judicial system is needed to 
enforce these laws records. 

6079
05:19:14,900 --> 05:19:17,900
That keep track of court rulings
judges who are knowledgeable 

6080
05:19:17,900 --> 05:19:20,700
about the law and corporate 
procedures that guarantee Fair 

6081
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:23,300
hearing. 
Your witnessing, the emergence 

6082
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:26,600
of jurisprudence the belief that
disagreements can be settled by 

6083
05:19:26,600 --> 05:19:30,100
Logic and facts rather than 
solely by the person with the 

6084
05:19:30,108 --> 05:19:32,300
most military might or political
clout. 

6085
05:19:32,300 --> 05:19:35,200
Most significantly, though, this
legal system is open to the 

6086
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:37,900
public, the laws are visible to 
everyone because they are 

6087
05:19:37,908 --> 05:19:40,800
engraved in stone. 
This indicates that people are 

6088
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:43,700
aware of their rights 
expectations, and the 

6089
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:46,800
repercussions of different 
behaviors law, ceases to be 

6090
05:19:46,808 --> 05:19:48,400
arbitrary and becomes 
predictable. 

6091
05:19:48,400 --> 05:19:51,200
For the first time in human 
history, this government is 

6092
05:19:51,200 --> 05:19:53,300
backed by an equally Advanced 
Tax system. 

6093
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:57,400
There are set rates collection 
processes and even Provisions 

6094
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:00,800
for tax relief during hard times
as a posed to just taking 

6095
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:03,600
whatever the king wants. 
People are aware of their 

6096
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:06,300
obligations when they are due 
and what they get in return 

6097
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:09,600
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

6098
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:12,300
infrastructure, upkeep and 
judicial Services. 

6099
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,500
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

6100
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,700
law. 
A system that treats people 

6101
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:20,700
fairly in accordance with 
established standards offers 

6102
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:24,300
procedures for settling 
conflicts amicably and fosters 

6103
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:27,700
incentives for collaboration 
rather than conflict is probably

6104
05:20:27,700 --> 05:20:30,700
more desirable than perfect 
Justice, which is probably 

6105
05:20:30,700 --> 05:20:34,500
unachievable stability, is the 
outcome due to their reasonable 

6106
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:37,300
confidence in the stability of 
the legal and social framework. 

6107
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:39,700
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

6108
05:20:40,600 --> 05:20:43,000
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

6109
05:20:43,000 --> 05:20:46,100
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

6110
05:20:46,100 --> 05:20:48,300
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

6111
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:52,200
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

6112
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:55,600
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects. 

6113
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,700
That take generations to 
complete are all made possible 

6114
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:02,000
by this stability, which in 
turns the groundwork for 

6115
05:21:02,000 --> 05:21:03,800
everything else we've been 
investigating. 

6116
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:07,600
Without governmental structures 
that can uphold continuity and 

6117
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:10,100
Order over decades or even 
centuries. 

6118
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:13,100
None of these would be feasible.
As you continue, your 

6119
05:21:13,100 --> 05:21:14,700
exploration of ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

6120
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:18,400
You may be surprised to learn 
that these pragmatic engineering

6121
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:22,100
minded, individuals are 
profoundly spiritual but not in 

6122
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:24,400
a way that separates the sacred 
from the secular. 

6123
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:26,900
They don't practice their 
religion during special 

6124
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:30,600
ceremonies or on the weekends. 
It permeates every part of their

6125
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:34,000
lives from how they plan their 
cities, to how they go about 

6126
05:21:34,000 --> 05:21:38,000
their jobs. 
However, this is a sanctifies 

6127
05:21:38,000 --> 05:21:42,500
practical activity and finds the
Divine in human achievement, not

6128
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,300
the kind of spirituality that 
demands people, reject the 

6129
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:49,000
material, world Mesopotamian 
gods are strikingly human-like 

6130
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:52,500
but in the most positive sense, 
they are individuals with 

6131
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,100
preferences knowledge and 
continuous engagement in worldly

6132
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:59,400
matters rather than impersonal 
abstract ideals. 

6133
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:03,300
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

6134
05:22:03,300 --> 05:22:05,000
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

6135
05:22:06,300 --> 05:22:09,100
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

6136
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:12,700
irrigation enki's, rule over 
fresh water, and wisdom makes 

6137
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:15,700
perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

6138
05:22:15,700 --> 05:22:18,700
essential components of The 
Human Experience, enormous 

6139
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:22,000
stands for both Love and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

6140
05:22:22,000 --> 05:22:25,000
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

6141
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:27,500
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

6142
05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:31,500
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

6143
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:35,200
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

6144
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,700
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

6145
05:22:38,708 --> 05:22:41,400
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping their all. 

6146
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:44,600
So honing, the social skills 
necessary to maintain the smooth

6147
05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:46,200
operation of their own 
communities. 

6148
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:48,600
Each city is dominated by 
temples. 

6149
05:22:48,600 --> 05:22:50,500
That are much more than just 
places of worship. 

6150
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:54,500
There are combination of social 
service agencies educational 

6151
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:58,600
institutions and economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

6152
05:22:58,600 --> 05:23:02,400
rituals the priest who work in 
these temples also oversee 

6153
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:05,500
agricultural, Estates run, 
educational institutions, 

6154
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:09,100
careful libraries, and offer 
welfare assistance to members of

6155
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,500
the community who are struggling
a society, where religious life 

6156
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:15,300
supports rather than contradicts
the values required for 

6157
05:23:15,308 --> 05:23:17,700
successful. 
Urban living is the result of 

6158
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:20,100
this remarkable Fusion of 
spiritual and practical 

6159
05:23:20,100 --> 05:23:22,800
functions. 
A good worshiper. 

6160
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:24,900
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

6161
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:28,800
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

6162
05:23:28,800 --> 05:23:32,000
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

6163
05:23:32,000 --> 05:23:35,400
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

6164
05:23:35,400 --> 05:23:38,600
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

6165
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:42,300
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

6166
05:23:42,300 --> 05:23:45,900
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

6167
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:49,100
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

6168
05:23:49,100 --> 05:23:52,200
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

6169
05:23:53,000 --> 05:23:55,500
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

6170
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:57,500
The religious mandate to 
support. 

6171
05:23:57,500 --> 05:24:00,500
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

6172
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:03,600
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

6173
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:06,700
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

6174
05:24:06,700 --> 05:24:09,900
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

6175
05:24:10,900 --> 05:24:13,800
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

6176
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:15,500
taking part in a building 
project. 

6177
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:18,800
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

6178
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:21,800
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

6179
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,000
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

6180
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:27,000
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

6181
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:30,800
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

6182
05:24:30,800 --> 05:24:33,800
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

6183
05:24:33,808 --> 05:24:36,700
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

6184
05:24:36,700 --> 05:24:39,900
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

6185
05:24:39,900 --> 05:24:43,100
community, and the Craftsmen 
crafting beautiful objects are 

6186
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,100
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

6187
05:24:46,108 --> 05:24:49,700
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

6188
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,600
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

6189
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:57,500
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

6190
05:24:57,500 --> 05:25:00,700
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

6191
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:03,500
water require careful 
observation and logical 

6192
05:25:03,500 --> 05:25:05,900
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

6193
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:08,700
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

6194
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:12,300
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

6195
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,200
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

6196
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:18,200
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

6197
05:25:18,200 --> 05:25:21,000
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

6198
05:25:21,008 --> 05:25:24,300
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

6199
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:27,900
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

6200
05:25:27,908 --> 05:25:29,800
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

6201
05:25:29,800 --> 05:25:32,200
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

6202
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:35,600
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

6203
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:39,400
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

6204
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:42,900
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

6205
05:25:42,900 --> 05:25:44,500
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

6206
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,300
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

6207
05:25:47,300 --> 05:25:50,300
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

6208
05:25:50,308 --> 05:25:54,000
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

6209
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:57,100
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

6210
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:00,300
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

6211
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:02,900
Society is changed by writing in
every other way. 

6212
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:06,400
Because Engineers can document 
effective techniques and learn 

6213
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,400
from past mistakes. 
The irrigation system becomes 

6214
05:26:09,400 --> 05:26:12,400
much more sophisticated, once 
information can be permanently 

6215
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:14,700
recorded. 
Because precedence can be 

6216
05:26:14,700 --> 05:26:18,200
documented and consulted legal 
systems become more Equitable 

6217
05:26:18,200 --> 05:26:22,300
and consistent because contracts
can specify precise terms and 

6218
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:24,700
conditions. 
Trade becomes more complicated 

6219
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:28,000
because knowledge can be 
systematically transmitted and 

6220
05:26:28,000 --> 05:26:30,400
preserved education becomes more
effective. 

6221
05:26:30,400 --> 05:26:34,800
However, writing also opens up 
new possibilities that no one 

6222
05:26:34,800 --> 05:26:37,400
had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

6223
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:40,700
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

6224
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,900
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

6225
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:46,800
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

6226
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,200
Every advancement creates 
opportunities for even more 

6227
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:53,600
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways in the realm of Economics, 

6228
05:26:53,600 --> 05:26:55,600
the networking effect is the 
same. 

6229
05:26:55,600 --> 05:26:59,600
Once food production is stable, 
some people can focus on crafts,

6230
05:26:59,600 --> 05:27:01,800
you can create better tools and 
methods. 

6231
05:27:01,800 --> 05:27:04,900
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

6232
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:08,500
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

6233
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:12,300
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increases the 

6234
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:15,400
likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

6235
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:17,800
social Innovations, have an 
equally strong Network. 

6236
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:20,800
You can start projects that need
long-term planning and 

6237
05:27:20,800 --> 05:27:23,000
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

6238
05:27:23,000 --> 05:27:26,400
governance system, People gain 
confidence in group action, 

6239
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:30,300
after large-scale, projects are 
completed successfully, people 

6240
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:32,800
are willing to invest in, even 
more ambitious projects, once 

6241
05:27:32,800 --> 05:27:37,200
they have faith in group efforts
in ways that exponentially speed

6242
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:39,800
up progress, success, breeds 
success. 

6243
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:42,700
The Mesopotamians are 
experiencing the fascinating 

6244
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:44,400
discovery that human 
communities. 

6245
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:47,300
Can generate value that far, 
surpasses, what individuals 

6246
05:27:47,300 --> 05:27:50,200
could produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

6247
05:27:50,200 --> 05:27:53,100
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

6248
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:55,700
scale. 
Every new member of society 

6249
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:58,400
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

6250
05:27:58,400 --> 05:28:01,600
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

6251
05:28:01,600 --> 05:28:03,100
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

6252
05:28:03,100 --> 05:28:06,900
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

6253
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:10,100
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

6254
05:28:10,100 --> 05:28:12,600
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

6255
05:28:12,600 --> 05:28:15,900
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

6256
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:18,500
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

6257
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:20,300
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

6258
05:28:20,300 --> 05:28:23,700
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

6259
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:27,700
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

6260
05:28:27,700 --> 05:28:30,900
effect may be the most 
significant people start to have

6261
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,200
bigger dreams. 
After realizing that prosperity 

6262
05:28:33,200 --> 05:28:35,900
and security can be achieved 
through human effort. 

6263
05:28:36,700 --> 05:28:39,900
They're more inclined, to trust 
strangers, and engage in larger 

6264
05:28:39,900 --> 05:28:41,500
communities. 
Once they realize that 

6265
05:28:41,500 --> 05:28:44,100
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

6266
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,600
individuals to accomplish alone,
they are more inclined to rely 

6267
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:49,600
on others for products and 
services that they could 

6268
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:52,200
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

6269
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:55,700
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

6270
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,200
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

6271
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:00,900
interdependent instead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

6272
05:29:00,900 --> 05:29:04,100
time in human history, they're 
coming to the conclusion that 

6273
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:06,800
working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

6274
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:09,200
other people. 
Their ringing, everything that 

6275
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:11,800
Human Society can be more than 
short-term convenience 

6276
05:29:11,800 --> 05:29:14,400
alliances. 
You're seeing networking effects

6277
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:16,800
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

6278
05:29:16,800 --> 05:29:20,500
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamia, Innovations, 

6279
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:23,500
influenced events throughout the
ancient world, by way of trade 

6280
05:29:23,500 --> 05:29:26,700
routes, diplomatic contacts and 
migration patterns. 

6281
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:30,500
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

6282
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:33,400
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

6283
05:29:33,400 --> 05:29:37,200
legal precepts developed in her.
From Egypt to India, population 

6284
05:29:37,200 --> 05:29:40,000
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian agricultural 

6285
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:42,900
Innovation your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

6286
05:29:42,900 --> 05:29:46,800
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

6287
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:50,600
influence and interaction that 
link far-flung societies and 

6288
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:53,300
enable Innovations to 
proliferate well beyond their 

6289
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:57,400
original locations. 
For the first time, human 

6290
05:29:57,400 --> 05:29:59,700
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

6291
05:29:59,700 --> 05:30:03,800
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

6292
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:06,900
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

6293
05:30:06,908 --> 05:30:10,100
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

6294
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:11,700
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

6295
05:30:11,700 --> 05:30:15,300
Comes to an end You return to 
the Comforts of the present with

6296
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,600
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

6297
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:22,000
past, the Golden Age, you have 
witnessed was golden, not 

6298
05:30:22,000 --> 05:30:24,800
because it was Flawless, but 
because it was the first time 

6299
05:30:24,800 --> 05:30:27,800
that Humanity had successfully 
attempted to build sophisticated

6300
05:30:27,800 --> 05:30:32,100
societies that boosted rather 
than depleted human potential. 

6301
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:36,300
With creativity teamwork and an 
incredible belief in human 

6302
05:30:36,300 --> 05:30:38,500
potential. 
These individuals overcame 

6303
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:40,800
obstacles that. 
No other generation had ever 

6304
05:30:40,800 --> 05:30:44,300
faced their Solutions were 
coincidental or short-term 

6305
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:46,900
fixes. 
Thousands of years later, we are

6306
05:30:46,900 --> 05:30:50,300
still using modified versions of
the institutions systems and 

6307
05:30:50,300 --> 05:30:52,400
ways of thinking they 
established because they were so

6308
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:55,100
successful. 
Your building on the foundations

6309
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:58,300
established by these ancient 
Pioneers each time you use 

6310
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:02,100
mathematics, read a written 
contract engage in Democratic 

6311
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:05,200
governance or profit from 
specialization and trade, 

6312
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:08,700
perhaps most significantly. 
However, they Illustrated a 

6313
05:31:08,700 --> 05:31:12,100
feature of human nature that 
still holds true today When 

6314
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:14,500
people are confident enough to 
look beyond their immediate 

6315
05:31:14,500 --> 05:31:17,100
survival, when they have 
incentives to work together, 

6316
05:31:17,100 --> 05:31:19,300
rather than engage in 
destructive competition. 

6317
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:21,900
And when they have faith, that 
their efforts will be fairly 

6318
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:25,300
rewarded, they collaborate to 
create amazing things, the 

6319
05:31:25,300 --> 05:31:28,400
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves
as a reminder that the greatest 

6320
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,600
human civilization is about 
fostering an environment in 

6321
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:35,100
which each person can use their 
special gifts to promote the 

6322
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,300
well-being of the group. 
Not about controlling nature or 

6323
05:31:38,300 --> 05:31:41,500
outperforming Rivals. 
It involves creating systems 

6324
05:31:41,500 --> 05:31:44,800
that are both robust enough to 
offer security and adaptable 

6325
05:31:44,800 --> 05:31:48,300
enough to Foster creativity. 
It involves figuring out how to 

6326
05:31:48,308 --> 05:31:51,500
respect both individual success 
and the well-being of the 

6327
05:31:51,500 --> 05:31:55,500
community as you fall asleep, 
consider how human advancement 

6328
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:58,600
is still fueled by the same 
Cooperative impulses, that 

6329
05:31:58,600 --> 05:32:01,100
created ziggurats and cuneiform 
writing. 

6330
05:32:02,100 --> 05:32:05,000
The spirit of ancient 
Mesopotamia endures every time 

6331
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:07,800
individuals decide to work 
together, rather than fight 

6332
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:11,100
every time someone lends their 
expertise to projects bigger 

6333
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:13,800
than themselves. 
And every time communities make 

6334
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:16,400
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

6335
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,900
Generations even though the city
is now covered in desert sand, 

6336
05:32:19,900 --> 05:32:23,100
and the irrigation channels are 
dry, the human ability to bring 

6337
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:27,000
order out of chaos, abundance 
out of scarcity and meaning out 

6338
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:29,300
of life's. 
Basic materials, still flows 

6339
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:31,500
like those ancient Rivers 
between the Tigris and 

6340
05:32:31,508 --> 05:32:34,600
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 
that you're a part of a story 

6341
05:32:34,600 --> 05:32:37,800
that started with the first 
cities and goes on with every 

6342
05:32:37,800 --> 05:32:41,900
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

6343
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:44,900
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

6344
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:47,900
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

6345
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:50,200
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

6346
05:32:51,000 --> 05:32:52,600
Rather. 
They are always just getting 

6347
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,000
started and a waiting to be 
shaped by the next generation of

6348
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:59,100
people who prepared to cooperate
in order to achieve common 

6349
05:32:59,100 --> 05:33:02,200
goals, the same mathematical 
patterns that the ancient 

6350
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:05,000
astronomers found still govern 
the way the Stars wheel 

6351
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:07,800
overhead. 
The human urge to create 

6352
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:11,400
collaborate and strive for 
something bigger than personal 

6353
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:15,200
survival is still a strong as 
the fires in those old bronze 

6354
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:18,000
workshops and tomorrow we carry 
on the work. 

6355
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:20,700
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

6356
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:23,600
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

6357
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,400
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

6358
05:33:26,400 --> 05:33:29,700
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

6359
05:33:29,700 --> 05:33:32,400
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

6360
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:36,100
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

6361
05:33:36,100 --> 05:33:39,700
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

6362
05:33:39,700 --> 05:33:43,100
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

6363
05:33:43,100 --> 05:33:46,000
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carried

6364
05:33:46,000 --> 05:33:49,200
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

6365
05:33:49,200 --> 05:33:51,200
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

6366
05:33:51,200 --> 05:33:54,100
discovered that a flood plain 
could become a paradise if they 

6367
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:57,000
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

6368
05:33:57,000 --> 05:34:00,100
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

6369
05:34:00,100 --> 05:34:02,800
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

6370
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:06,600
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

6371
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:10,100
interests of the community even 
though their ziggurat as Fallen 

6372
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:11,600
apart. 
Their wisdom can still be heard 

6373
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:15,000
in every Public Library, 
contemporary hospital and 

6374
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:17,900
infrastructure project that 
enhances the lives of people. 

6375
05:34:17,900 --> 05:34:21,900
The builders have never met. 
Even though their cuneiform 

6376
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:25,400
tablets are now Museum artifacts
their belief that knowledge 

6377
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:28,900
should be shared and preserved 
in jurors in every book website 

6378
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:30,900
and classroom. 
Where new information is 

6379
05:34:30,900 --> 05:34:32,800
learned. 
There are understanding that 

6380
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:34,900
abundance comes from 
cooperation, rather than 

6381
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:38,100
competition is evident in every 
successful Business, 

6382
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:42,100
Partnership, community garden 
and instance where neighbors 

6383
05:34:42,100 --> 05:34:44,900
choose to support one another 
rather than compete. 

6384
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:49,200
The irrigation channels they dug
of long since filled with sand 

6385
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,500
above all, they introduced us to
the radical notion that people 

6386
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:55,200
can build societies that are 
superior to the sum of their 

6387
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:58,300
parts. 
That chaos conflict and scarcity

6388
05:34:58,300 --> 05:35:01,400
are not necessary for human 
existence that we can create 

6389
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:03,200
worlds. 
Where everyone has enough 

6390
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:07,700
enough, food enough security 
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

6391
05:35:07,700 --> 05:35:11,400
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

6392
05:35:11,400 --> 05:35:14,400
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

6393
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,000
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

6394
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:20,500
people but also the quiet 
assurance that the same 

6395
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:24,400
inventive collaborative spirit, 
that created the first cities is

6396
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:26,100
still creating a better world 
today. 

6397
05:35:26,100 --> 05:35:30,100
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

6398
05:35:30,100 --> 05:35:33,400
empathy ahead of judgment and 
every contribution to a cause 

6399
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:35,500
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

6400
05:35:35,500 --> 05:35:38,900
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

6401
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:41,800
destination. 
Stories, most lovely aspect is 

6402
05:35:41,800 --> 05:35:45,500
that it isn't yet over. 
It's in every heart that selects

6403
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:49,400
cooperation over rivalry, hope 
over fear and building over 

6404
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:52,200
destruction, rest easy. 
Knowing that you are both the 

6405
05:35:52,200 --> 05:35:55,200
inheritor of their wisdom and a 
part of its continuous 

6406
05:35:55,200 --> 05:35:57,800
development. 
Maybe you will hear the soft 

6407
05:35:57,800 --> 05:36:00,600
splatter of old irrigation 
channels in your dreams, 

6408
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:02,800
delivering vital water to 
Garden. 

6409
05:36:02,800 --> 05:36:05,700
That will reopen to tomorrow. 
Good night, civilisation 

6410
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:09,300
Builder, good night. 
Ancient dream are Good night 

6411
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:12,000
participant in the world's 
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 

6412
05:36:12,000 --> 05:36:15,600
The patient optimistic Endeavor 
to build a world that lives up 

6413
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:18,900
to our highest hopes as a 
reminder, that some things 

6414
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:23,100
beauty truth and the human 
capacity for Wonder really are 

6415
05:36:23,100 --> 05:36:25,800
Eternal. 
The stars that led those earlier

6416
05:36:25,800 --> 05:36:29,400
astronomers continue to shine 
down on you in the same Timeless

6417
05:36:29,400 --> 05:36:31,400
patterns. 
They found get enough. 

6418
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:34,800
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow. 

6419
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:37,600
Prepare to carry on the 
never-ending, joyful task of 

6420
05:36:37,600 --> 05:36:39,600
bringing the world closer to the
paradise. 

6421
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:42,100
They saw between two rivers so 
long ago. 

6422
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,100
Its formation from a Bourgeois 
academic to a revolutionary 

6423
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:55,400
thinker. 
Wasn't the predetermined path. 

6424
05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:58,500
Many assume. 
Born in 1818 to a comfortable 

6425
05:36:58,508 --> 05:37:03,300
middle-class family in Trier 
Prussia now, Germany young Marx 

6426
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:05,500
initially showed little interest
in radical politics. 

6427
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:10,500
His father Heinrich a successful
lawyer who had converted from 

6428
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:13,900
Judaism to Lutheranism to 
maintain his legal career, under

6429
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:16,500
Prussian law, hoped His 
Brilliant son would follow in 

6430
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:19,900
his professional footsteps. 
The teenage Marx wrote poetry 

6431
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:22,600
and romantic literature, 
dreaming of becoming a 

6432
05:37:22,600 --> 05:37:25,300
playwright or critic. 
Rather than an economist or 

6433
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:28,300
political philosopher. 
His early writings reveal a 

6434
05:37:28,300 --> 05:37:31,500
romantic idealist influenced by 
Greek Classics in German 

6435
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:34,100
literature one of his student 
poems. 

6436
05:37:34,100 --> 05:37:36,700
The Fiddler portrays a wild 
musician. 

6437
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:40,600
Who cast magical spells with his
violin hardly foreshadowing. 

6438
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:42,100
His later materialist 
philosophy. 

6439
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:45,500
Marks his father arranged, his 
education at the prestigious 

6440
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:48,600
University of Bonn where the 
young man quickly became 

6441
05:37:48,600 --> 05:37:52,400
involved in a drinking Society. 
A crude debts and ended up in 

6442
05:37:52,400 --> 05:37:55,200
jail for disrupting. 
The peace concerned about his 

6443
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:58,200
son's Direction, Heinrich 
transferred him to the more 

6444
05:37:58,200 --> 05:38:01,900
serious University of Berlin, 
their marks and countered, the 

6445
05:38:01,900 --> 05:38:05,600
philosophy of gwf, Hegel. 
Whose dialectical method would 

6446
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:07,200
later form? 
The backbone of Mark's 

6447
05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:10,200
analytical approach though. 
Marx would ultimately reject 

6448
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:13,600
hagel's idealism. 
What's rarely discussed is, how 

6449
05:38:13,600 --> 05:38:15,900
reluctant Marx was to abandon 
his comfortable. 

6450
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:19,600
Bourgeois aspirations, his 
correspondence reveals a man who

6451
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:21,100
longed for stability and 
Security. 

6452
05:38:21,100 --> 05:38:24,100
Even as his intellect, pushed 
him toward revolutionary 

6453
05:38:24,100 --> 05:38:28,100
conclusions, his engagement to 
Jenny Von westphalen and 

6454
05:38:28,100 --> 05:38:31,300
Aristocrat four years, his 
senior and the daughter of Baron

6455
05:38:31,300 --> 05:38:33,900
Ludwig. 
Van westfalen demonstrated his 

6456
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:36,500
social Ambitions. 
The baron had introduced the 

6457
05:38:36,508 --> 05:38:39,300
young Marx to romantic 
literature and social criticism.

6458
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:42,800
But Mark's likely never 
anticipated how far these 

6459
05:38:42,800 --> 05:38:46,000
intellectual Pursuits would take
him from conventional success. 

6460
05:38:47,000 --> 05:38:49,400
The pivotal moment occurred, 
when Mark's finished his 

6461
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:52,100
doctoral dissertation. 
On Ancient Greek philosophy in 

6462
05:38:52,100 --> 05:38:56,500
1841, his hopes for an academic 
career at the University of Bonn

6463
05:38:56,500 --> 05:38:58,500
collapsed, when his mentor 
Bruno. 

6464
05:38:58,500 --> 05:39:02,100
Bauer lost his teaching position
due to atheistic, views, without

6465
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:06,100
academic prospects, Marx turned 
to journalism, becoming editor 

6466
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:10,200
of the liberal newspaper. 
High initial here reporting on 

6467
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:12,600
the suffering of Mozelle 
Vineyard workers and Timber 

6468
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:16,500
theft laws opened his eyes to 
economic exploitation marks 

6469
05:39:16,500 --> 05:39:19,500
faced a critical decision. 
When Prussian authorities shut 

6470
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:23,900
down his newspaper in, 1843, he 
was already married to Jenny who

6471
05:39:23,900 --> 05:39:26,800
had sacrificed her aristocratic 
Comforts for a life with him 

6472
05:39:26,800 --> 05:39:31,100
Financial pressures mounted yet 
rather than compromising his 

6473
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:34,900
increasingly, radical views for 
security marks, chose Exile 

6474
05:39:34,900 --> 05:39:36,000
nearby. 
Hello. 

6475
05:39:36,000 --> 05:39:41,800
First to Paris then Brussels and
eventually London this decision 

6476
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:45,100
wasn't taken lightly. 
Let us to Engels reveal marks 

6477
05:39:45,100 --> 05:39:47,700
his frequent anxiety about money
in his family's welfare. 

6478
05:39:47,700 --> 05:39:51,200
He considered various career 
Alternatives, including 

6479
05:39:51,200 --> 05:39:54,800
emigrating to America, to start 
a German language newspaper or 

6480
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:56,300
accepting a railway Clark 
position. 

6481
05:39:57,300 --> 05:40:00,300
These details contradict the 
image of marks as an unwavering 

6482
05:40:00,300 --> 05:40:04,400
revolutionary from youth. 
What drove this transformation 

6483
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:07,000
was marked. 
His intellectual honesty, once 

6484
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:10,400
he began analyzing capitalism's 
mechanisms, he couldn't unsee 

6485
05:40:10,400 --> 05:40:13,300
its contradictions. 
His evolving critique wasn't the

6486
05:40:13,308 --> 05:40:16,700
product of inherent radicalism 
but of rigorous intellectual 

6487
05:40:16,700 --> 05:40:19,300
investigation that led him to 
uncomfortable. 

6488
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:21,800
Conclusions about the society 
that had nurtured him. 

6489
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:26,000
This personal Journey explains 
why Marx's analysis cut so 

6490
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:28,500
deeply. 
He understood Bourgeois Society 

6491
05:40:28,500 --> 05:40:31,000
intimately? 
Because he was formed by it and 

6492
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:34,500
initially embraced its values. 
His critique Came From Within 

6493
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:37,400
rather than without from someone
who might have become a 

6494
05:40:37,400 --> 05:40:39,800
university Professor or 
comfortable, professional, and 

6495
05:40:39,800 --> 05:40:40,800
circumstances has been 
different. 

6496
05:40:41,700 --> 05:40:44,500
The passionate intensity of his 
work stems partly from the 

6497
05:40:44,500 --> 05:40:47,200
personal cost of these 
realizations as he watched his 

6498
05:40:47,200 --> 05:40:50,000
prospects for conventional. 
Success evaporate. 

6499
05:40:50,000 --> 05:40:55,000
With each radical conclusion, he
reached While Marx is remembered

6500
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:56,600
primarily for capital in The 
Communist. 

6501
05:40:56,600 --> 05:41:00,100
Manifesto, if you realize that 
most of his adult life was spent

6502
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:03,700
as a working journalist, rather 
than a political theorist, From 

6503
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:08,600
1848 to 1862 Marx, wrote over 
500 articles for the New York 

6504
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:11,500
Daily Tribune, making him one of
the papers most prolific 

6505
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,900
European correspondents during a
transformative period in world 

6506
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:17,600
history. 
The aspect of Marx's career 

6507
05:41:17,600 --> 05:41:21,400
reveals a pragmatic professional
writer rather than the Ivory 

6508
05:41:21,400 --> 05:41:24,300
Tower philosopher. 
Many imagine as the tribunes 

6509
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:27,500
European correspondent marks 
covered everything from 

6510
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,800
diplomatic crises and Wars to 
financial panics and Colonial 

6511
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:33,500
rebellions. 
He earned approximately 5 pounds

6512
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:36,200
per article equivalent to 
several hundred dollars today. 

6513
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:39,400
Providing crucial income for his
chronically cash-strapped 

6514
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,500
family. 
Marks his journalism 

6515
05:41:41,500 --> 05:41:44,300
demonstrates, a remarkably, 
prescient understanding of how 

6516
05:41:44,300 --> 05:41:46,900
capitalism was globalizing in 
the mid-19th century. 

6517
05:41:47,700 --> 05:41:51,300
While covering the 1857 sepoy 
rebellion in India for American 

6518
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:54,600
readers, he connected, British 
Imperial policy to domestic 

6519
05:41:54,600 --> 05:41:58,000
economic interests. 
His analysis of the American 

6520
05:41:58,000 --> 05:42:00,700
Civil War identified economic 
contradictions between 

6521
05:42:00,700 --> 05:42:03,900
industrial capitalism and 
Plantation slavery that many 

6522
05:42:03,900 --> 05:42:07,400
contemporary observers missed. 
What's particularly notable 

6523
05:42:07,400 --> 05:42:09,600
about Mark's journalism? 
Is how it contradicts 

6524
05:42:09,600 --> 05:42:12,000
stereotypes about his 
ideological thinking. 

6525
05:42:13,100 --> 05:42:15,900
His articles show a nuanced, 
geopolitical analyst, who could 

6526
05:42:15,900 --> 05:42:18,600
recognize the progressive 
aspects of capitalism despite 

6527
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:24,200
its exploitative nature. for 
example, he supported He 

6528
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:27,200
supported the Union in the 
American Civil War, not only 

6529
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,600
because he opposed slavery, but 
also because he saw Northern 

6530
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:33,000
Industrial capitalism as 
historically, Progressive 

6531
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:35,700
compared to Southern feudal like
plantation society. 

6532
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:40,100
Charles Dana managing editor of 
the Tribune valued marks as a 

6533
05:42:40,100 --> 05:42:43,200
correspondent, precisely because
his analysis went deeper than 

6534
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:46,500
most journalists of the era. 
Marx brought his dialectical 

6535
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:49,300
approach to news reporting 
connecting events, across 

6536
05:42:49,300 --> 05:42:52,000
Nations and seeing patterns, 
where others saw only isolated 

6537
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:54,900
incidents. 
His analysis of the Crimean War.

6538
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:58,100
For instance, linked, diplomatic
maneuvering to financial 

6539
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:02,100
interests and class politics. 
The journalism Years also reveal

6540
05:43:02,100 --> 05:43:04,300
marks surprising admiration for 
Abraham Lincoln. 

6541
05:43:05,200 --> 05:43:08,100
While Marx criticized Lincoln's 
initial reluctance to make the 

6542
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:10,700
Civil War explicitly about 
abolition. 

6543
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:13,600
He later praised, Lincoln's, 
Evolution and recognized the 

6544
05:43:13,600 --> 05:43:15,900
pragmatic challenges of leading 
during crisis. 

6545
05:43:16,800 --> 05:43:20,100
After Lincoln's assassination 
marks, drafted a letter of 

6546
05:43:20,100 --> 05:43:23,600
condolence to the American 
people on behalf of the internal

6547
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:26,000
working. 
Men's association calling 

6548
05:43:26,000 --> 05:43:29,900
Lincoln the single-minded son of
the working class, who had led 

6549
05:43:29,900 --> 05:43:32,600
his country through the Epic of 
its people's rebirth. 

6550
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,300
These journalistic writings 
expose the limitations of 

6551
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:39,300
viewing some marks solely as an 
abstract theorist. 

6552
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,000
He was deeply engaged with the 
concrete political and economic 

6553
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:46,200
developments of his time. 
Forming his theories through 

6554
05:43:46,200 --> 05:43:49,100
active, observation of global 
events, rather than mere 

6555
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:52,400
philosophical speculation. 
Financial documents from this 

6556
05:43:52,400 --> 05:43:55,300
period reveal how Marx, 
prioritized this journalism over

6557
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:58,600
his theoretical, work out of 
necessity with four surviving 

6558
05:43:58,600 --> 05:44:01,800
children to support four. 
Others died in childhood due to 

6559
05:44:01,800 --> 05:44:04,400
poor living conditions. 
Mark, sometimes complained, that

6560
05:44:04,408 --> 05:44:08,000
his newspaper duties prevented 
progress on Capital, yet these 

6561
05:44:08,000 --> 05:44:10,900
journalistic responsibilities, 
kept him connected, to current 

6562
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:13,700
events in ways that enriched his
theoretical perspective. 

6563
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:18,300
Perhaps most surprising about 
Mark's journalism is how an 

6564
05:44:18,300 --> 05:44:20,300
anticipated modern Global 
reporting? 

6565
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:23,500
Trace Supply chains. 
Connecting Manchester cotton 

6566
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:26,900
Mills to American plantations in
Indian colonies showing how 

6567
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:30,200
labor exploitation and profit 
extraction operated across 

6568
05:44:30,200 --> 05:44:33,300
continents. 
This Global Perspective, emerged

6569
05:44:33,300 --> 05:44:36,000
decades, before globalization 
entered, our capillary 

6570
05:44:36,000 --> 05:44:40,400
demonstrating marks, his forces 
in understanding capitalism as 

6571
05:44:40,400 --> 05:44:42,500
an inherently transnational 
system. 

6572
05:44:43,600 --> 05:44:46,500
The journalism is also reveal 
marks writing versatility. 

6573
05:44:46,500 --> 05:44:50,000
While his theoretical Works, can
be dense and complex is 

6574
05:44:50,000 --> 05:44:51,700
newspaper. 
Articles were accessible and 

6575
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:53,400
engaging. 
Displaying a sardonic wit and 

6576
05:44:53,400 --> 05:44:57,200
literary Flair absent from his 
more famous works. marks could 

6577
05:44:57,200 --> 05:44:59,500
be remarkably entertaining when 
writing for a general audience, 

6578
05:45:00,400 --> 05:45:03,100
using metaphors and historical 
references that made complex 

6579
05:45:03,100 --> 05:45:05,400
economic developments 
comprehensible to average 

6580
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:08,800
readers behind the forbidding 
beard and revolutionary rhetoric

6581
05:45:08,800 --> 05:45:11,600
existed at a devoted family, 
man, whose personal life was 

6582
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:16,100
marked by extraordinary tragedy.
Marks his domestic life, reveals

6583
05:45:16,100 --> 05:45:18,800
dimensions of his character that
rarely appear in political or 

6584
05:45:18,800 --> 05:45:22,600
economic discussion of his work.
his marriage to Jenny Vaughn, 

6585
05:45:22,600 --> 05:45:27,300
Vestal and lasted 38 years until
her death in 1881 Their 

6586
05:45:27,300 --> 05:45:29,300
correspondence reveals a 
passionate intellectual 

6587
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:32,200
partnership rather than the 
patriarchal Victorian marriage 

6588
05:45:32,200 --> 05:45:35,400
one might expect. 
Jenny was Mark's first reader 

6589
05:45:35,400 --> 05:45:38,200
and critic copying his 
manuscripts and contributing 

6590
05:45:38,200 --> 05:45:41,400
editorial insights. 
She maintained her own political

6591
05:45:41,400 --> 05:45:43,900
conviction, sometimes. 
Disagreeing with her husband 

6592
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:47,800
while supporting his work. 
Their letters during periods of 

6593
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:51,200
Separation, showed genuine 
romantic affection persisting 

6594
05:45:51,200 --> 05:45:54,800
through Decades of hardship. 
The Mark's households Financial 

6595
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:58,800
precarity as well-documented but
less known as that Jenny had 

6596
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:00,200
grown up with servants and 
comfort. 

6597
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:03,100
As a Baron's daughter, her 
adjustment to Poverty 

6598
05:46:03,100 --> 05:46:07,400
represented, a profound personal
sacrifice, When the family lived

6599
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:10,900
in two rooms, in London, Soho 
District, Jenny wrote to a 

6600
05:46:10,900 --> 05:46:13,000
friend, the memories of the 
days. 

6601
05:46:13,000 --> 05:46:16,100
When I wore silk cannot 
compensate for the realities of 

6602
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:17,800
having. 
No coal for the fire. 

6603
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,300
Of their seven children. 
Only three daughters, Jenny, 

6604
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:24,700
Laura, and Eleanor survived to 
adult hood. 

6605
05:46:26,000 --> 05:46:29,300
Their son had good died of 
tuberculosis at age. 8 In 1855, 

6606
05:46:29,300 --> 05:46:33,800
a lost that devastated marks. 
He wrote to angles, I have 

6607
05:46:33,808 --> 05:46:36,900
already had my share of bad luck
but only now do I know what real

6608
05:46:36,900 --> 05:46:40,000
unhappiness is? 
Jenny suffered a nervous 

6609
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:43,500
breakdown after this loss, their
infant daughter Francisca died. 

6610
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:47,500
The following year and another 
son, Guido died before his first

6611
05:46:47,500 --> 05:46:50,700
birthday in 1850. 
Their first born also named 

6612
05:46:50,700 --> 05:46:54,700
Jenny a deed in 1844. 
These deaths were abstract 

6613
05:46:54,700 --> 05:46:57,100
statistics, but direct 
consequences of their poverty. 

6614
05:46:58,000 --> 05:47:00,500
The family, couldn't afford 
proper medical care or adequate 

6615
05:47:00,500 --> 05:47:03,000
nutritional Marx, was acutely 
aware that. 

6616
05:47:03,000 --> 05:47:05,300
His political commitments had 
concrete cost for those. 

6617
05:47:05,300 --> 05:47:07,900
He loved most. 
This awareness likely 

6618
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:11,000
contributors to his lifelong, 
health problems, including 

6619
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:13,600
carbuncles, liver disease, and 
insomnia. 

6620
05:47:14,800 --> 05:47:17,700
Perhaps most revealing of Marx's
character was his relationship 

6621
05:47:17,700 --> 05:47:20,300
with Helen demuth, the family's 
longtime housekeeper. 

6622
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:23,100
Evidence strongly suggests 
marks. 

6623
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,200
Fathered her son. 
Freddy in 1851. 

6624
05:47:26,100 --> 05:47:29,500
While Marx, never acknowledged 
paternity Engels claimed 

6625
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:32,400
responsibility though. 
Historians now generally believe

6626
05:47:32,400 --> 05:47:34,900
this was a fiction to protect 
the marks family reputation. 

6627
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:38,400
Marks his treatment of this 
situation, reflects the gap 

6628
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:40,700
between his Progressive 
theories, and personal actions, 

6629
05:47:40,700 --> 05:47:45,000
regarding gender and class. 
His illegitimate son was never 

6630
05:47:45,000 --> 05:47:47,600
welcomed into the family home 
and worked as a skilled 

6631
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:51,000
toolmaker ironically becoming 
part of the proletariat Marx 

6632
05:47:51,000 --> 05:47:54,700
theorized about The Mark's 
household wasn't defined solely 

6633
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:58,600
by tragedy visitors described. 
Evenings filled with music, 

6634
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:02,400
literature and animated 
discussion, all three surviving 

6635
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:05,500
daughters were educated far 
beyond, Victorian standards for 

6636
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:08,500
women learning multiple 
languages and studying 

6637
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:13,000
literature history and politics.
They became accomplished women, 

6638
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,800
Jenny a journalist, Laura a 
translator and Eleanor a labor 

6639
05:48:16,808 --> 05:48:20,000
organizer and feminist. 
Marx was an affectionate father,

6640
05:48:20,000 --> 05:48:23,200
who spent hours telling his 
children, elaborate stories on 

6641
05:48:23,200 --> 05:48:25,100
Sundays. 
He would take them on long walks

6642
05:48:25,100 --> 05:48:28,500
across London, describing plants
and animals with scientific 

6643
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:31,400
Precision before stopping at a 
tea shop for treats. 

6644
05:48:31,400 --> 05:48:35,100
They could barely afford these 
glimpses humanize a figure often

6645
05:48:35,100 --> 05:48:39,000
reduced to abstract Theory. the 
family's poverty, sometimes led 

6646
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:42,800
to situations that were absurdly
comedic When visitors were 

6647
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:46,100
expected marks would sometimes 
Pawn their few valuable 

6648
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:48,400
possessions to create an 
impression of middle-class 

6649
05:48:48,400 --> 05:48:50,900
respectability, only to redeem 
them later. 

6650
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:53,900
The family called these 
Financial Maneuvers, their 

6651
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:57,900
circular movements of 
Commodities marks, his 

6652
05:48:57,900 --> 05:49:01,000
relationship with money was 
complex, despite writing the 

6653
05:49:01,000 --> 05:49:03,000
19th centuries. 
Most important critique of 

6654
05:49:03,008 --> 05:49:06,600
capitalism, he was hopeless with
personal finance's and 

6655
05:49:06,600 --> 05:49:09,600
periodically speculated on the 
London Stock Exchange. 

6656
05:49:09,600 --> 05:49:13,500
Usually unsuccessfully. 
These contradictions reveal a 

6657
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:16,200
man, whose theories emerged from
lived experience rather than 

6658
05:49:16,200 --> 05:49:19,500
abstract reasoning. his 
understanding of capitalism's 

6659
05:49:19,500 --> 05:49:22,500
pressures came partly from 
experiencing them personally, 

6660
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:27,200
Mark's, 40 Years of Exile from 
his German Homeland, placed him 

6661
05:49:27,200 --> 05:49:29,800
to the center of a remarkable 
International network of 

6662
05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:32,500
political refugees 
revolutionaries and 

6663
05:49:32,500 --> 05:49:35,200
intellectuals that formed a 
shadow Community across Europe. 

6664
05:49:36,000 --> 05:49:39,000
This overlooked aspect of his 
life provides crucial context 

6665
05:49:39,000 --> 05:49:42,800
for understanding, how his ideas
developed and spread, after the 

6666
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:46,800
failed revolution of 1848, 
political Exiles from across 

6667
05:49:46,800 --> 05:49:50,700
Europe, congregated in London, 
creating what historian, Bernard

6668
05:49:50,700 --> 05:49:52,600
Porter called a refugee 
Republic. 

6669
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:56,900
Marks is Soho neighborhood, 
became home to Italians, French 

6670
05:49:56,900 --> 05:50:01,400
polls, hungarians, and Russians 
fleeing persecution. 

6671
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:05,500
This community, transformed 
marks from a German philosopher 

6672
05:50:05,500 --> 05:50:08,600
into a truly International 
thinker. 

6673
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:12,100
The British museum reading room 
served as an unofficial 

6674
05:50:12,100 --> 05:50:14,100
headquarters for this Exile in 
Talladega. 

6675
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:18,800
Mark, Spencer's hours here 
researching Capital surrounded 

6676
05:50:18,800 --> 05:50:22,200
by fellow revolutionary. 
Thinkers his famous work habits 

6677
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,900
arriving when the library opened
and leaving when it closed, was 

6678
05:50:25,900 --> 05:50:28,300
shared by other political 
refugees, who found the heated, 

6679
05:50:28,300 --> 05:50:31,300
reading room, a refuge from cold
lodging, they couldn't afford to

6680
05:50:31,300 --> 05:50:34,100
heat. 
Marx's relationships with fellow

6681
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:36,300
Exiles were complex and often 
contentious. 

6682
05:50:36,300 --> 05:50:39,800
He engaged in bitter disputes 
with other revolutionary leaders

6683
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:44,400
like Giuseppe mazzini Alexander 
hertzen and Michael bakunin. 

6684
05:50:45,500 --> 05:50:48,600
These weren't merely theoretical
disagreements but battles for 

6685
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:50,600
leadership within Exile 
communities. 

6686
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:55,300
Marks could be ruthless in these
conflicts using his intellectual

6687
05:50:55,300 --> 05:50:58,800
prowess to marginalized Rivals 
through Savage criticism and 

6688
05:50:58,800 --> 05:51:02,800
sometimes personal attacks. 
The German Workers educational 

6689
05:51:02,800 --> 05:51:05,800
Society, in London's, East End 
became marks primary Community 

6690
05:51:05,800 --> 05:51:08,300
organization. 
This working class Cultural 

6691
05:51:08,300 --> 05:51:10,100
Center, offered classes, 
lectures. 

6692
05:51:10,100 --> 05:51:12,600
Musical performance is and 
debates. 

6693
05:51:13,400 --> 05:51:16,600
Marks lectured here, regularly 
testing ideas that would later 

6694
05:51:16,600 --> 05:51:20,500
appear in capital on audiences 
of Taylor's, shoemakers and 

6695
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:24,200
watchmakers the feedback from 
these workers who combined 

6696
05:51:24,200 --> 05:51:26,800
practical experience with 
intellectual curiosity. 

6697
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:30,300
Shaped marks, understanding of 
Labor, exploitation, Beyond 

6698
05:51:30,300 --> 05:51:33,900
abstract Theory. 
Less appreciated is, how Marx's 

6699
05:51:33,900 --> 05:51:36,300
Exile experience? 
Made him multilingual and 

6700
05:51:36,300 --> 05:51:39,000
Multicultural. 
You already knew German. 

6701
05:51:39,000 --> 05:51:42,600
Greek latin and French before 
arriving in London. 

6702
05:51:43,800 --> 05:51:45,700
During Exile, he learned 
English. 

6703
05:51:45,700 --> 05:51:48,100
Well enough to write 
professionally and studied 

6704
05:51:48,100 --> 05:51:50,800
Russian to understand that 
country's economic development. 

6705
05:51:51,700 --> 05:51:53,400
His home became multilingual as 
well. 

6706
05:51:53,408 --> 05:51:57,400
His daughters grew up speaking. 
German English and French 

6707
05:51:57,400 --> 05:52:00,600
switching languages, 
mid-conversation depending on 

6708
05:52:00,600 --> 05:52:03,400
the topic. 
The Exile Community lived under 

6709
05:52:03,400 --> 05:52:06,700
constant surveillance. 
British police monitored marks 

6710
05:52:06,700 --> 05:52:09,800
his activities and spies from 
various European governments. 

6711
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:13,900
Infiltrated Exile organizations 
Prussian police agent Wilhelm 

6712
05:52:13,900 --> 05:52:16,700
Stieber spent years Gathering 
Intelligence on marks and his 

6713
05:52:16,700 --> 05:52:19,800
associates. 
These experiences contributed to

6714
05:52:19,800 --> 05:52:23,400
Mark's Perpetual paranoia and 
health problems, but also kept 

6715
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:25,600
him connected to the concrete 
realities of political 

6716
05:52:25,600 --> 05:52:27,600
resistance rather than abstract 
Theory. 

6717
05:52:29,000 --> 05:52:31,600
Marks his personal financial 
survival depended on this 

6718
05:52:31,600 --> 05:52:35,100
International Network while 
Engels provided crucial support.

6719
05:52:35,100 --> 05:52:39,600
Many others contributed. 
The American, Joseph wydermyer. 

6720
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:42,700
Commissioned articles. 
German emigrate Louie, kugelman,

6721
05:52:42,700 --> 05:52:46,100
sent medical advice and 
occasional funds Wilhelm 

6722
05:52:46,100 --> 05:53:15,600
liebnitzky. 
experience, navigating the 

6723
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:18,900
complex politics of Exile, 
prepared him to write the in 

6724
05:53:18,900 --> 05:53:21,000
International's founding 
documents in ways that could 

6725
05:53:21,000 --> 05:53:25,300
unite these diverse tendencies, 
Perhaps most significant about 

6726
05:53:25,300 --> 05:53:27,300
Mark's Exile. 
Network was how it transformed 

6727
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:29,300
his understanding of 
revolutionary change. 

6728
05:53:30,000 --> 05:53:33,800
The failed revolution of 1848 
had shattered romantic notion of

6729
05:53:33,800 --> 05:53:37,800
spontaneous uprising. through 
Decades of discussion with 

6730
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:41,600
fellow Exiles who had 
experienced similar defeats Marx

6731
05:53:41,600 --> 05:53:44,000
developed a more sophisticated 
understanding of historical 

6732
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,300
change that acknowledged the 
durability of capitalist social 

6733
05:53:47,300 --> 05:53:50,600
relations, and the need for 
patient organizational work. 

6734
05:53:51,700 --> 05:53:55,100
This Exile perspective explains 
why Marx despite his 

6735
05:53:55,100 --> 05:53:58,500
revolutionary reputation. 
Often counseled patience to 

6736
05:53:58,500 --> 05:54:02,000
younger radicals, having seen 
premature revolutionary attempts

6737
05:54:02,000 --> 05:54:05,500
crushed, he developed a longer 
historical view that recognized 

6738
05:54:05,500 --> 05:54:08,600
how economic conditions had to 
mature before successful 

6739
05:54:08,600 --> 05:54:11,300
revolutionary change could occur
contrary to popular. 

6740
05:54:11,300 --> 05:54:15,100
Portrayal marks wasn't primarily
a political agitator, but an 

6741
05:54:15,100 --> 05:54:18,100
empirical researcher with 
scientific Ambitions, his 

6742
05:54:18,100 --> 05:54:20,800
methodological approach more 
closely resembled modern social 

6743
05:54:20,800 --> 05:54:22,500
science than ideological 
polemics. 

6744
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:25,700
Though, this dimension of his 
work remains under appreciated, 

6745
05:54:26,700 --> 05:54:29,000
Capital represents one of the 
19th, centuries. 

6746
05:54:29,000 --> 05:54:31,000
Most ambitious research 
projects. 

6747
05:54:31,800 --> 05:54:35,100
During its creation marks 
compiled 200 notebooks of 

6748
05:54:35,100 --> 05:54:38,300
economic data. 
Statistical analysis and 

6749
05:54:38,300 --> 05:54:42,100
historical documentation. 
He meticulously studied Factor 

6750
05:54:42,100 --> 05:54:45,600
inspection reports, public 
health, statistics, Criminal 

6751
05:54:45,600 --> 05:54:49,100
Justice Records, and Technical 
manuals on Industrial machinery.

6752
05:54:50,100 --> 05:54:52,900
Both critique and celebrations 
of his work, often overlooked, 

6753
05:54:52,900 --> 05:54:54,800
these empirical foundations for 
his theories. 

6754
05:54:55,600 --> 05:54:58,000
Marks his scientific aspirations
are evident in his 

6755
05:54:58,000 --> 05:55:01,200
correspondence with angles about
Charles Darwin's Origin of 

6756
05:55:01,200 --> 05:55:04,100
Species published while Marx was
working on Capitol. 

6757
05:55:05,000 --> 05:55:07,300
Mark's recognized a 
methodological kinship with 

6758
05:55:07,308 --> 05:55:12,000
Darwin writing Darwin's work is 
most important and Suits my 

6759
05:55:12,000 --> 05:55:14,700
purpose in that it provides a 
basis in natural science for the

6760
05:55:14,700 --> 05:55:18,100
historical class struggle. 
Both men were attempting to 

6761
05:55:18,100 --> 05:55:20,900
discover underlying patterns and
developmental laws in their 

6762
05:55:20,900 --> 05:55:24,700
respective fields. this 
scientific orientation LED marks

6763
05:55:24,700 --> 05:55:28,000
to revises theories, when new 
evidence emerged, During his 

6764
05:55:28,000 --> 05:55:31,900
study of Russian rural communes 
in the 1870s marked, 

6765
05:55:31,900 --> 05:55:34,300
specifically learned Russian to 
read original economic and 

6766
05:55:34,300 --> 05:55:37,500
ethnographic studies. 
His notes reveal a willingness 

6767
05:55:37,500 --> 05:55:40,800
to reconsider his early views on
historical development based on 

6768
05:55:40,808 --> 05:55:44,400
this Empirical research, Late in
life, he acknowledged that 

6769
05:55:44,400 --> 05:55:47,000
different countries might follow
different paths to social 

6770
05:55:47,000 --> 05:55:49,700
transformation rather than the 
linear progression. 

6771
05:55:49,700 --> 05:55:52,600
He had earlier postulated. 
Marks his mathematical 

6772
05:55:52,600 --> 05:55:56,300
manuscripts larger until 
recently shows his attempts to 

6773
05:55:56,308 --> 05:55:59,100
develop mathematically rigorous 
models of economic processes. 

6774
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:02,400
He filmed notebooks with 
Calculus problems, and algebraic

6775
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:05,700
formulations trying to express 
value for nation and capital 

6776
05:56:05,700 --> 05:56:09,000
accumulation in mathematical 
terms while these efforts were 

6777
05:56:09,000 --> 05:56:10,400
primitive by contemporary 
standards. 

6778
05:56:10,400 --> 05:56:14,200
They demonstrate his commitment 
to analytical Precision rather 

6779
05:56:14,200 --> 05:56:18,100
than mere rhetoric. 
The British museum reading room 

6780
05:56:18,100 --> 05:56:21,800
where Mark's conducted much of 
his research was the equivalent 

6781
05:56:21,800 --> 05:56:25,700
of a modern research University.
Marx Library requests. 

6782
05:56:25,700 --> 05:56:28,200
Show him Consulting Works in 
multiple languages across 

6783
05:56:28,200 --> 05:56:32,000
disciplines including economics,
history, anthropology, 

6784
05:56:32,000 --> 05:56:35,100
chemistry. 
Geology and agriculture, modern 

6785
05:56:35,100 --> 05:56:38,000
researchers might recognize his 
work as an early form of 

6786
05:56:38,000 --> 05:56:41,200
interdisciplinary, social 
science rather than political 

6787
05:56:41,200 --> 05:56:44,000
philosophy. 
Marks is empirical approach, 

6788
05:56:44,000 --> 05:56:46,800
involved, both quantitative and 
qualitative methods. 

6789
05:56:46,800 --> 05:56:51,200
He collected statistical data on
wages prices and productivity. 

6790
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:53,700
While also Gathering 
ethnographic accounts of working

6791
05:56:53,700 --> 05:56:56,500
conditions. 
His description of Manchester 

6792
05:56:56,500 --> 05:57:00,800
factories in capital, combines 
numerical analysis with detailed

6793
05:57:00,800 --> 05:57:03,100
observation of production 
processes, and worker 

6794
05:57:03,100 --> 05:57:07,000
experiences methodology, that 
resembles modern mixed methods, 

6795
05:57:07,000 --> 05:57:10,600
research, his correspondence 
reveals frustration with 

6796
05:57:10,600 --> 05:57:13,700
revolutionaries, who prioritize,
political agitation, over 

6797
05:57:13,700 --> 05:57:18,300
careful analysis in an 1864 
letter marks complained about 

6798
05:57:18,300 --> 05:57:21,700
German socialists who had not 
made a single theoretical 

6799
05:57:21,700 --> 05:57:25,600
contribution and merely recycled
slogans with without empirical 

6800
05:57:25,600 --> 05:57:28,100
investigation. 
This scientific commitment 

6801
05:57:28,100 --> 05:57:30,700
sometimes put him at odds with 
those who wanted simple 

6802
05:57:30,700 --> 05:57:35,100
revolutionary formulas rather 
than complex analysis Mark's 

6803
05:57:35,100 --> 05:57:37,300
research methods were 
constrained by 19th century 

6804
05:57:37,300 --> 05:57:40,200
limitations. 
He lacked computing power 

6805
05:57:40,200 --> 05:57:44,800
sophisticated statistical 
techniques, an organized data 

6806
05:57:44,800 --> 05:57:47,100
sets that modern social 
scientists take for granted 

6807
05:57:48,000 --> 05:57:50,800
Nevertheless, he pioneered 
systematic approaches to 

6808
05:57:50,800 --> 05:57:54,500
studying economic systems which 
anticipated later developments 

6809
05:57:54,500 --> 05:57:58,500
in economics and sociology. 
What separates marks from many 

6810
05:57:58,500 --> 05:58:01,200
contemporaries was his 
integration of historical and 

6811
05:58:01,200 --> 05:58:04,500
economic analysis. while 
classical economists, treated 

6812
05:58:04,500 --> 05:58:08,200
economic laws as universal, and 
Timeless marks insisted on 

6813
05:58:08,200 --> 05:58:11,900
historicizing economic 
relationships, his comparative 

6814
05:58:11,900 --> 05:58:15,100
studies, of different economic 
systems from ancient Rome to 

6815
05:58:15,100 --> 05:58:19,000
Medieval Europe to 19th century,
capitalism represented, an early

6816
05:58:19,000 --> 05:58:22,700
form of comparative, historical 
analysis now, common in social 

6817
05:58:22,700 --> 05:58:26,900
science, Even marks his errors, 
demonstrated his scientific 

6818
05:58:26,900 --> 05:58:29,600
orientation. 
His labor theory of value has 

6819
05:58:29,600 --> 05:58:32,600
been critiqued by the modern 
economists, but it represented 

6820
05:58:32,600 --> 05:58:35,000
an attempt to develop a 
quantifiable. 

6821
05:58:35,000 --> 05:58:38,900
Measure of economic value based 
on available data and Concepts. 

6822
05:58:40,000 --> 05:58:42,000
His predictions about 
capitalism's development 

6823
05:58:42,000 --> 05:58:44,600
contain, both remarkable 
insights and significant 

6824
05:58:44,600 --> 05:58:48,100
misconceptions but they were 
grounded in systematic analysis 

6825
05:58:48,100 --> 05:58:50,500
of empirical patterns rather 
than wishful thinking. 

6826
05:58:51,600 --> 05:58:55,600
While Marx's economic analysis, 
dominates his reputation, his 

6827
05:58:55,600 --> 05:58:59,600
writings on literature art, and 
culture, revealed dimensions of 

6828
05:58:59,608 --> 05:59:02,100
his thought that challenge 
conventional understanding. 

6829
05:59:03,200 --> 05:59:06,400
Marks wasn't merely concerned 
with material production but had

6830
05:59:06,400 --> 05:59:09,100
sophisticated views on 
Aesthetics that continued to 

6831
05:59:09,100 --> 05:59:12,500
influence cultural Theory. 
Marx began his intellectual 

6832
05:59:12,500 --> 05:59:13,900
Life. 
As a literary figure, rather 

6833
05:59:13,900 --> 05:59:17,900
than an economist his early 
notebooks contain poetry, a 

6834
05:59:17,900 --> 05:59:21,400
satirical novel, and an 
unfinished play. he considered 

6835
05:59:21,400 --> 05:59:24,300
literature Central to human 
development, not a mere 

6836
05:59:24,308 --> 05:59:27,500
superstructure reflection of 
economic relations as vulgar, 

6837
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:31,200
Marxism would later suggest 
Throughout his life marks 

6838
05:59:31,200 --> 05:59:33,700
returned to literature for both 
pleasure and insight. 

6839
05:59:33,700 --> 05:59:37,300
Even while writing Capital, he 
regularly re-read Shakespeare's 

6840
05:59:37,300 --> 05:59:40,600
of Antares, and Greek dramatists
his aesthetic. 

6841
05:59:40,600 --> 05:59:43,400
Judgments often contradicted, 
his economic theories and 

6842
05:59:43,400 --> 05:59:46,400
revealing ways. 
Marks admired, the conservative 

6843
05:59:46,400 --> 05:59:49,400
writer Honore. 
De Balzac considering his novels

6844
05:59:49,400 --> 05:59:52,700
more profound social analysis 
than many Progressive writers 

6845
05:59:52,700 --> 05:59:55,000
work. 
Marx wrote to Engels that. 

6846
05:59:55,000 --> 05:59:58,800
He had learned more about French
society from Balzac and from all

6847
05:59:58,800 --> 06:00:02,600
the professional historians 
economists and statisticians of 

6848
06:00:02,600 --> 06:00:05,800
the period together. 
This appreciation for aesthetic 

6849
06:00:05,800 --> 06:00:09,400
quality, regardless of political
alignment challenges, simplistic

6850
06:00:09,400 --> 06:00:12,300
views of marks as reducing art 
to propaganda. 

6851
06:00:13,300 --> 06:00:16,100
Mark is literary. 
Tastes were surprisingly Cannon 

6852
06:00:16,100 --> 06:00:17,500
forming rather than 
revolutionary. 

6853
06:00:17,500 --> 06:00:21,700
He revered classical, Greek 
literature, Shakespeare Gutter 

6854
06:00:21,700 --> 06:00:24,800
and Dante all standard 
components of Bourgeois 

6855
06:00:24,800 --> 06:00:27,500
education. 
During family evenings his 

6856
06:00:27,500 --> 06:00:29,000
daughters remembered him 
reciting. 

6857
06:00:29,000 --> 06:00:31,400
Lengthy Shakespearean. 
Passages from memory. 

6858
06:00:32,100 --> 06:00:34,700
This cultural conservatism 
existed alongside his 

6859
06:00:34,700 --> 06:00:37,400
revolutionary politics 
suggesting a more complex 

6860
06:00:37,400 --> 06:00:40,300
relationship between cultural 
and political values than often 

6861
06:00:40,300 --> 06:00:43,400
attributed to him. 
The marks household, cultivated 

6862
06:00:43,400 --> 06:00:45,100
literary and Theatrical 
activities. 

6863
06:00:45,800 --> 06:00:48,900
Family, letters describe home, 
performance of Shakespeare plays

6864
06:00:48,900 --> 06:00:52,200
with marks, taking multiple 
roles his daughters received 

6865
06:00:52,200 --> 06:00:55,300
rigorous literary education with
Mark's personally guiding their 

6866
06:00:55,300 --> 06:00:58,600
reading in multiple languages, 
Eleanor Marx became a 

6867
06:00:58,600 --> 06:01:01,600
significant literary figure 
herself translating Ibsen and 

6868
06:01:01,600 --> 06:01:03,500
flow bear while writing literary
criticism. 

6869
06:01:03,500 --> 06:01:08,100
Perhaps most surprising is marks
his nuanced view of how economic

6870
06:01:08,100 --> 06:01:11,600
conditions influence artistic 
production in his introduction. 

6871
06:01:11,600 --> 06:01:14,900
To the critique of political 
economy, Mark's puzzled over. 

6872
06:01:14,900 --> 06:01:17,400
Why Greek art remained 
aesthetically powerful despite 

6873
06:01:17,400 --> 06:01:19,800
emerging from a less-developed 
economic system. 

6874
06:01:19,800 --> 06:01:25,100
The 19th century industrial 
society, This Greek problem in 

6875
06:01:25,100 --> 06:01:28,200
Marxist Aesthetics acknowledges,
that artistic achievement 

6876
06:01:28,200 --> 06:01:30,700
doesn't simply Advanced 
alongside Economic Development, 

6877
06:01:30,700 --> 06:01:34,200
contrary to Mechanical 
interpretations of his theories.

6878
06:01:35,100 --> 06:01:38,000
Media marks is writings on 
literature contain insights that

6879
06:01:38,000 --> 06:01:40,000
anticipated later. 
Literary Theory. 

6880
06:01:40,700 --> 06:01:43,600
His discussion of how Victor 
Hugo's novel Le miserable 

6881
06:01:43,600 --> 06:01:47,200
transforms social contradictions
into aesthetic form, resembles 

6882
06:01:47,200 --> 06:01:50,400
aspects of structuralist, 
literary, analysis developed, a 

6883
06:01:50,400 --> 06:01:53,200
century later. 
His critique of Eugene Seuss, 

6884
06:01:53,200 --> 06:01:55,800
mysteries of Paris, analyzes how
popular literature can 

6885
06:01:55,800 --> 06:01:59,900
simultaneously Expose and 
mystify social problems, and 

6886
06:01:59,900 --> 06:02:02,300
anticipating cultural studies 
approaches to Media. 

6887
06:02:02,300 --> 06:02:05,200
Unlike many Victorian 
intellectuals, who dismissed 

6888
06:02:05,200 --> 06:02:08,600
popular culture marks paid 
serious attention to diverse 

6889
06:02:08,600 --> 06:02:11,500
cultural forms. 
He analyzed newspaper crime, 

6890
06:02:11,500 --> 06:02:14,900
reporting popular novels and 
theater alongside canonical 

6891
06:02:14,900 --> 06:02:17,200
literature. 
While teaching his daughter's 

6892
06:02:17,200 --> 06:02:20,000
literature, he included. 
Popular works as well as 

6893
06:02:20,000 --> 06:02:22,300
Classics. 
Recognizing that Cultural 

6894
06:02:22,300 --> 06:02:25,700
Literacy required understanding,
both high and popular forms. 

6895
06:02:26,600 --> 06:02:29,400
Marks is aesthetic Theory, 
includes a robust concept of 

6896
06:02:29,400 --> 06:02:33,600
human creativity that extends 
Beyond utilitarian production in

6897
06:02:33,600 --> 06:02:36,000
his early economic, and 
philosophic. 

6898
06:02:36,000 --> 06:02:40,200
Manuscripts, Marx described art 
as a form of non alienated labor

6899
06:02:40,200 --> 06:02:43,600
that allows human creative 
capacities to develop freely. 

6900
06:02:44,300 --> 06:02:47,500
This perspective, suggests that 
aesthetic activity isn't merely 

6901
06:02:47,500 --> 06:02:51,000
decorative, But Central to human
flourishing, a view that aligns 

6902
06:02:51,000 --> 06:02:53,800
marks with humanistic Traditions
despite his materialist 

6903
06:02:53,800 --> 06:02:56,800
reputation. 
The emancipatory potential of 

6904
06:02:56,800 --> 06:02:59,100
art remained important to Mark 
throughout his life. 

6905
06:02:59,100 --> 06:03:02,400
He saw aesthetic experience as 
potentially liberating 

6906
06:03:02,400 --> 06:03:05,800
Consciousness from everyday 
constraints, allowing people to 

6907
06:03:05,800 --> 06:03:08,500
imagine alternatives to existing
social Arrangements. 

6908
06:03:09,400 --> 06:03:12,300
This perspective explains why 
cultural questions remained 

6909
06:03:12,300 --> 06:03:14,200
important to him alongside 
economic analysis. 

6910
06:03:15,100 --> 06:03:18,300
In Marx's view revolutionary 
change required, not just 

6911
06:03:18,300 --> 06:03:21,400
material transformation, but new
forms of Consciousness that 

6912
06:03:21,400 --> 06:03:24,700
could help. 
Marks his cultural interests 

6913
06:03:24,700 --> 06:03:28,000
extended Beyond literature to 
music visual art and 

6914
06:03:28,000 --> 06:03:31,100
architecture. 
He attended Opera performance is

6915
06:03:31,100 --> 06:03:34,100
when Finance is permitted and 
closely followed the career of 

6916
06:03:34,100 --> 06:03:36,000
composer. 
Richard Wagner, though, 

6917
06:03:36,000 --> 06:03:38,500
expressing ambivalence about 
Wagner's nationalist, 

6918
06:03:38,500 --> 06:03:42,200
Tendencies, these cultural 
Dimensions reveal a marks, far 

6919
06:03:42,200 --> 06:03:44,000
more complex than the economic 
determinist. 

6920
06:03:44,000 --> 06:03:47,200
Often presented in textbooks, 
Apps. 

6921
06:03:47,200 --> 06:03:50,000
The most revealing aspect of 
marks is intellectual life, is 

6922
06:03:50,000 --> 06:03:53,100
what he left, unfinished. 
His Grand project remained in 

6923
06:03:53,100 --> 06:03:55,800
complete, not just in the 
conventional sense of the 

6924
06:03:55,800 --> 06:03:59,500
unfinished volumes of capital, 
but in deeper ways that explain 

6925
06:03:59,500 --> 06:04:01,400
enduring debates about his 
legacy. 

6926
06:04:02,200 --> 06:04:06,700
When Marx died in 1883, only the
first volume of capital had been

6927
06:04:06,700 --> 06:04:09,900
published. 
Volumes 2 and 3 were assembled 

6928
06:04:09,900 --> 06:04:13,400
by the angles from Marx's notes,
creating endless, scholarly 

6929
06:04:13,400 --> 06:04:15,800
debate about whether these 
posthumous Publications 

6930
06:04:15,800 --> 06:04:19,100
accurately represent marks 
intentions. what's less 

6931
06:04:19,100 --> 06:04:21,500
discussed is that Mark's 
deliberately delayed publication

6932
06:04:21,500 --> 06:04:26,200
continuously revising his work 
as new economic data emerged and

6933
06:04:26,200 --> 06:04:28,800
is thinking evolved Marx's final
years. 

6934
06:04:28,800 --> 06:04:32,300
Show a thinker moving in 
unexpected to create to the 

6935
06:04:32,300 --> 06:04:34,900
actions rather than solidifying 
a dogmatic system. 

6936
06:04:35,900 --> 06:04:39,500
His notebooks from the 1870s and
early 1880s reveal intensive 

6937
06:04:39,500 --> 06:04:42,300
study of anthropology. 
Particularly Lewis Henry 

6938
06:04:42,300 --> 06:04:44,200
Morgan's work on Ancient 
societies. 

6939
06:04:44,200 --> 06:04:48,100
These investigations LED marks 
to question uni, linear theories

6940
06:04:48,100 --> 06:04:50,900
of historical development, 
including some of his own early 

6941
06:04:50,900 --> 06:04:54,400
formulation as he recognized 
alternative, social formations, 

6942
06:04:54,400 --> 06:04:58,100
beyond the European pattern. 
The late Marx showed increasing 

6943
06:04:58,100 --> 06:05:01,100
interest in non-western 
societies his notes on rational 

6944
06:05:01,100 --> 06:05:03,700
communes. 
Suggest he saw potentially 

6945
06:05:03,700 --> 06:05:06,500
revolutionary possibilities in 
these traditional structures. 

6946
06:05:06,500 --> 06:05:09,300
Rather than insisting, they 
follow Western European 

6947
06:05:09,300 --> 06:05:11,300
developmental patterns through 
capitalism. 

6948
06:05:12,800 --> 06:05:17,000
In an 1881 letter to Vera 
zasulich Marx, explicitly 

6949
06:05:17,000 --> 06:05:19,900
rejected interpreting his work. 
As a historical philosophical 

6950
06:05:19,900 --> 06:05:23,000
theory of General development, 
imposed by Fate on All Peoples. 

6951
06:05:23,800 --> 06:05:26,400
This Evolution challenges 
mechanical interpretations of 

6952
06:05:26,408 --> 06:05:30,000
historical materialism Marx's 
planned, but Unwritten Works 

6953
06:05:30,000 --> 06:05:32,400
reveal how much of his project 
remained incomplete. 

6954
06:05:32,400 --> 06:05:36,300
He intended to write books on 
the state international trade 

6955
06:05:36,300 --> 06:05:39,000
and the World Market that would 
have clarified aspects of his 

6956
06:05:39,000 --> 06:05:41,300
theory that remain. 
Most contested. 

6957
06:05:42,200 --> 06:05:45,000
His outline for Capital 
originally included, six 

6958
06:05:45,000 --> 06:05:47,000
volumes. 
With the three, we have 

6959
06:05:47,000 --> 06:05:49,100
representing only half his 
envisioned project. 

6960
06:05:50,300 --> 06:05:53,000
Particularly significant was 
Mark's Unwritten book on wage 

6961
06:05:53,000 --> 06:05:55,900
labor, which would have 
complemented his analysis of 

6962
06:05:55,900 --> 06:05:59,400
capital without this 
counterpart, his theory appears 

6963
06:05:59,400 --> 06:06:01,500
more deterministic than he 
likely intended. 

6964
06:06:02,200 --> 06:06:04,700
Evidence suggests, this volume 
would have explored worker, 

6965
06:06:04,700 --> 06:06:08,100
resistance and organization. 
Themes that appear only briefly 

6966
06:06:08,100 --> 06:06:10,800
in the published volumes but 
were Central to Mark's political

6967
06:06:10,800 --> 06:06:13,400
work. 
Health problems, increasingly 

6968
06:06:13,400 --> 06:06:16,800
limited marks his productivity 
in his final years, chronic 

6969
06:06:16,800 --> 06:06:18,800
insomnia liver disease, and 
respiratory. 

6970
06:06:18,800 --> 06:06:21,400
Ailments made sustained 
intellectual work difficult 

6971
06:06:21,400 --> 06:06:25,100
letters from this period show a 
man aware that time was running 

6972
06:06:25,100 --> 06:06:28,600
out to complete his project. 
This physical decline partly 

6973
06:06:28,600 --> 06:06:32,400
explains why so much remained 
unfinished but also reflects his

6974
06:06:32,400 --> 06:06:36,200
unwillingness to prematurely a 
perfectionism that contributed 

6975
06:06:36,200 --> 06:06:39,900
to his Works in completeness. 
Marx was perpetually distracted 

6976
06:06:39,900 --> 06:06:43,000
by political obligations that 
diverted energy from theoretical

6977
06:06:43,000 --> 06:06:45,500
work. 
His leadership role in the first

6978
06:06:45,500 --> 06:06:49,000
International involved writing, 
countless reports resolutions 

6979
06:06:49,000 --> 06:06:52,100
and addresses while mediating 
disputes between factions. 

6980
06:06:52,100 --> 06:06:55,700
He complained to angles that 
these responsibilities prevented

6981
06:06:55,700 --> 06:06:59,200
progress on Capital, but felt 
obligated to the working class 

6982
06:06:59,200 --> 06:07:01,300
movement, despite these 
intellectual costs. 

6983
06:07:03,000 --> 06:07:05,300
The financial pressures that 
played marks throughout his 

6984
06:07:05,300 --> 06:07:08,800
life, worsened these delays 
journalism and other paid 

6985
06:07:08,800 --> 06:07:10,700
writing took precedence over 
theoretical. 

6986
06:07:10,700 --> 06:07:12,700
Work that offered no immediate 
income. 

6987
06:07:13,400 --> 06:07:16,600
Financial crises repeatedly 
interrupted Marx famous working 

6988
06:07:16,600 --> 06:07:19,400
Habit in the British museum, 
requiring him to write 

6989
06:07:19,400 --> 06:07:21,400
desperately letters to friends 
for loan's. 

6990
06:07:21,400 --> 06:07:24,500
These material conditions of 
intellectual production aren't 

6991
06:07:24,500 --> 06:07:27,800
merely biographical details but 
shape the development and 

6992
06:07:27,800 --> 06:07:31,700
incompleteness of his thought 
Perhaps most significant about 

6993
06:07:31,700 --> 06:07:34,800
Mark's unfinished. 
Work is how it created space for

6994
06:07:34,800 --> 06:07:38,400
diverse interpretations. 
The gaps and ambiguity in his 

6995
06:07:38,400 --> 06:07:40,700
theory. 
Allowed later, Marx exists from 

6996
06:07:40,700 --> 06:07:44,500
Lenin to Luxembourg to gramshi 
to creatively develop aspects of

6997
06:07:44,500 --> 06:07:45,900
his thought in different 
directions. 

6998
06:07:45,900 --> 06:07:49,600
Had marks completed a more 
systematic, presentation of his 

6999
06:07:49,600 --> 06:07:52,200
mature views. 
This theoretical fertility, 

7000
06:07:52,200 --> 06:07:56,300
might have been reduced Marx's 
final notebook, entries, show a 

7001
06:07:56,300 --> 06:07:58,600
thinker still evolving rather 
than reaching definitive 

7002
06:07:58,600 --> 06:08:02,200
conclusions, unlike philosophers
who develop systematic theories,

7003
06:08:02,200 --> 06:08:06,300
they then defend unchanged Marx,
continuously revised his 

7004
06:08:06,300 --> 06:08:08,900
thinking based on new evidence 
in historical developments. 

7005
06:08:08,900 --> 06:08:12,200
His final notes contain 
questions rather than answers 

7006
06:08:12,200 --> 06:08:15,600
suggesting an open intellectual 
project rather than a closed 

7007
06:08:15,600 --> 06:08:19,100
theoretical system. 
This unfinished quality explains

7008
06:08:19,100 --> 06:08:22,000
why Marx remains relevant, 
despite the collapse of regimes 

7009
06:08:22,000 --> 06:08:25,700
that Legacy, the open-ended 
nature of his work, allows 

7010
06:08:25,700 --> 06:08:29,100
reconsideration of his insights 
separate from dogmatic 

7011
06:08:29,100 --> 06:08:32,100
applications. 
The Unfinished marks offers 

7012
06:08:32,100 --> 06:08:34,500
analytical tools, rather than 
Richard doctrines. 

7013
06:08:35,300 --> 06:08:37,500
Explaining why his thought 
continues generating new 

7014
06:08:37,500 --> 06:08:39,800
interpretations for 
understanding contemporary, 

7015
06:08:39,800 --> 06:08:41,600
capitalism's, contradictions, 
and possib.