How Ancient Egypt Worked When No One Was Watching | History For Sleep

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Tonight everyone who is eager to
get some sleep, you don't need 

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to focus on monuments or 
remember names. 

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This is a story about what 
happened in the spaces between 

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them. 
Away from temples and ceremonies

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ancient Egypt function through 
ordinary routines record-keeping

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food, preparation, maintenance 
and labor. 

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That continued steadily. 
Whether anyone noticed or not If

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you enjoy these slow, careful, 
Journeys into how past societies

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actually worked. 
You can like the video, 

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subscribe, and let me know where
you're listening from and what 

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time it is. 
Now, dim the lights, turn on a 

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fan for some noise and let's 
ease in. 

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Your stepping into the everyday 
life of ancient Egypt, far from 

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the grand temples and Royal 
procession here along the Niles 

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Banks. 
And within mud brick Villages 

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Ordinary People wake each 
morning to work, that has 

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sustained their families for 
Generations. 

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The rhythm of their days follows
the river, the sun, and the 

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seasons, creating a world held 
together by routine, shared 

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labor, and the quiet knowledge 
of how things have always been 

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done. 
You wake Before Dawn, most 

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mornings, not to an alarm, but 
to your body's recognition of 

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First Light filtering through 
the small window, opening near 

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your sleeping mat. 
The air holds a coolness that 

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will disappear within hours. 
You sit up slowly, letting your 

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eyes, adjust to the dim interior
of your home, where your family 

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still sleeps in the comfortable 
Silence of early morning. 

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Your first task, like most 
mornings, involves water you 

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reach for the ceramic jar, near 
the doorway, checking its 

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weight. 
Nearly empty. 

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This means a walk to the 
riverbank or to the Village. 

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Well before the day grows hot, 
Step outside into are that feels

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gentle against your skin. 
Carrying the faint, dampness 

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that rises from the night on 
each night. 

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Other people are already moving 
through the village. 

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You see a neighbor lifting her 
own water jar onto her shoulder,

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balancing it with practiced 
ease, a man passes leading a 

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donkey loaded with bundles of 
reeds. 

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Children who woke up early? 
Play quietly near a doorway. 

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Drawing shapes in the dust with 
sticks. 

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No one speaks much yet. 
Morning, feels like a time for 

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movement rather than 
conversation. 

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The path to the river follows 
the same route you've taken. 

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Since childhood your feet know, 
each dip and rise in the pack to

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Earth. 
Date palms. 

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Create patches of shade along 
the way. 

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You notice the season by small 
signs the height of the river 

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against its banks, the color of 
the water and whether certain 

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plants have begun to flower or 
fade. 

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These details, tell you what 
work needs doing, what foods 

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might be available and how the 
weeks ahead will unfold. 

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At the riverbank you find. 
Others already filling their 

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jars. 
The water moves slowly here. 

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Barely Rippling you kneel on the
smooth Stones worn by countless 

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people performing this same 
task. 

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The water feels cool. 
Is you dip your jar beneath the 

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surface, letting it fill 
gradually to avoid, stirring up,

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silt from the bottom. 
You lift, it carefully testing 

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its weight before hoisting, it 
onto your hip for the walk home.

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On your return, you pause where 
someone has set up a simple 

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arrangement of baskets 
containing vegetables and dried 

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fish. 
This isn't a formal Market, just

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a neighbor with extra produce 
from their garden plot. 

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You trade a small piece of linen
you over last week for a handful

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of onions and some lettuce The 
Exchange happens with nods and 

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brief words. 
Both of, you know, roughly what 

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things are worth and what 
constitutes fairness in the 

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small transactions back home, 
you pour some water into a 

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shallow bowl for washing and 
save the rest for cooking and 

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drinking throughout the day. 
Your family begins to stir your 

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youngest child. 
Sits up rubbing sleep from his 

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eyes. 
Your wife moves to the grinding 

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stones to begin working grain 
into flour. 

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A task that takes up a portion 
of nearly every morning. 

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The sound of stone against Stone
creates a steady rhythmic 

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scraping that carries through 
the village, as other women do 

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the same work in their homes, 
after a simple breakfast of 

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bread and some dates, you head 
to your work. 

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If you're a farmer, this means 
walking to the fields that your 

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family has cultivated for 
Generations. 

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The Niles annual flooding has 
left behind rich dark soil. 

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That needs little encouragement 
to produce wheat, and barley. 

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You check the irrigation 
channels making sure water flows

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where it should. 
Sometimes a channel gets blocked

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with debris or mud. 
Requiring you to clear it with 

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your hands or simple, wooden 
tool. 

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If you work with your hands in 
other ways, your morning might 

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involve Gathering materials. 
Read Cutters wade into the 

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marshes where Papyrus Christ 
tall and thick. 

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You grasp a stem near its base 
and slice through it with a 

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curved blade then gather the 
reads into bundles The work 

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requires attention, but not 
constant. 

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Thought your hands know what to 
do. 

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The marsh Birds continue their 
activities around. 

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You barely noticing your 
presence. 

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Clay workers walk to Riverbanks,
where the mud has the right 

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consistency. 
You test it with your fingers 

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looking for that particular 
texture that will shape well 

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without crumbling. 
You feel baskets with the clay 

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and carry it back to your work 
area where you'll shape it into 

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pots dishes or bricks over the 
coming days. 

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Each load represents future 
objects that your household, or 

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neighbors will use until they 
eventually break and need 

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replacing wood is scarce in this
landscape. 

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So those who work with it, move 
carefully, through stands of 

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acacia, trees or Tamarisk. 
Selecting branches, that can 

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become tool, handles Furniture 
parts or supports for doorways. 

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You don't cut living trees 
without need. 

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Instead, you look for dead 
branches, Fallen Limbs and would

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that the river has deposited 
during flood season, You 

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recognize, which Woods will 
split easily, which will hold up

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underweight and which work best 
for different purposes. 

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Gathering fuel for cooking 
fires, involves collecting dried

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dung from livestock pens and 
Fields were animals graze. 

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This isn't unpleasant work just 
practical, the dried material 

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Burns, steadily and provides the
heat needed for baking bread and

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cooking, stews children often 
help with this task filling 

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baskets and carrying them home. 
they learn early that nothing 

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gets wasted that every material 
has its use in keeping daily 

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life running smoothly women and 
girls gather wild plants that 

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supplement cultivated Foods you 
know which Marsh grasses have 

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edible roots, which desert 
plants produce seeds worth 

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collecting and when different 
plants, reach their Peak, This 

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knowledge passes from mothers to
daughters through years of 

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walking, the same paths pointing
out plants and teaching when to 

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harvest and what to avoid you 
fill the fold of your linen 

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dress, with your findings, 
carrying them home to sort and 

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prepare the village. 
Well, serves as another 

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gathering point, if your home 
isn't close to the river, you 

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come here, instead, taking your 
turn at the rope and bucket. 

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While waiting you hear bits of 
news, someone's daughter is 

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marrying into a family from the 
next Village. 

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Someone's goat, gave birth to 
twins and someone needs help 

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replying their roof. information
flows naturally in these spaces 

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where people pause in their 
work, Basketry materials require

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regular collecting. 
You need Palm, fronds reads and 

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tough grasses to weave the 
containers that hold everything 

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in your household. 
You gather these materials and 

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quantity when you find them 
storing them in a dry place 

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until needed, the work of 
gathering, never really ends. 

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As soon as you've collected. 
Enough of one material, another 

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runs low and needs. 
Replenishing By mid-morning most

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people have completed their 
first round of gathering and 

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returned home or to work areas. 
The temperature is risen 

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noticeably you see people 
seeking shade as they continue 

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their tasks, moving their work 
under trees or beneath simple 

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retailers. 
The urgency of early morning as 

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passed. 
Now, comes the steady with the 

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main work day. 
Where tasks begun this morning 

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will continue through the 
afternoon. 

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You sit in the shade of your 
home's out, a wall examining a 

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basket that has developed a 
split along one side. 

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This basket is carried 
vegetables from the garden and 

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grain from storage. 
For several years, you don't 

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discard it. 
Instead you soak some read 

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strips in water until they 
become pliable, then weave them 

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through, the damaged section, 
reinforcing the weak spot, Your 

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fingers move almost without 
conscious Direction following 

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patterns. 
You've repeated countless times.

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Within a short. 
While the basket is whole, 

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again, ready for more years of 
use. 

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Repair. 
Work fills a significant portion

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of daily life objects, brake 
materials, wear down, and 

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structures need attention. 
You address these needs as they 

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arise usually. 
Before they become serious 

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problems, this morning's 
maintenance keeps everything 

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functioning without requiring 
dramatic interventions or 

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expensive replacements. 
Your neighbor sits nearby 

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working on a cracked grinding 
stone. 

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He examines where the stone is 
split. 

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Determining, if it can still be 
used or needs replacing. 

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The crack isn't severe. 
He'll continue using it for now,

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but he's already thinking about 
where to obtain a new stone. 

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When this one finally gives out 
completely that might not happen

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for months or even years, but 
awareness of eventual need 

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guides, his planning. 
Clothing requires constant 

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attention. 
Linen fabric. 

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While durable, develops, tears, 
and warn spots with regular use 

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Women spend parts of most days, 
mending garments using bony 

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needles and linen thread to 
close seems and reinforce areas 

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that receive the most stress. 
A man's loin cloth that tears at

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the waist, gets new tie, a 
child's dress that has grown too

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short receives an added band of 
fabric at the Hem. 

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Nothing gets thrown away while. 
It can still serve a purpose. 

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You watch your wife work on a 
piece of weaving, creating new 

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linen from thread. 
She spun herself. 

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The loom stands. 
Upright, leaning against the 

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house wall. 
She works the shuttle back and 

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forth, building the fabric row 
by row. 

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This slow methodical process, 
eventually produces the 

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material, your family uses, for 
clothing bedding and trading. 

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She can work while also keeping 
an eye on the children and 

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participating conversations with
neighbors, who pass by Pottery 

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repair happens, regularly clay 
vessels crack or chip. 

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The small damage, you make a 
paste from mud and use it to 

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seal the crack. 
For larger breaks. 

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You might drill small holes on 
either side of the break and tie

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the pieces together with cord. 
A pot that can no longer hold 

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liquids might still serve for 
storing Dry Goods. 

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Even broken pieces, get ground 
up and mixed into new clay 

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rather than discarded. 
Your home itself needs regular 

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maintenance. 
The mud brick walls, don't last 

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forever without care. 
You mix new mud with chopped 

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straw and water. 
Creating a plaster that you 

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sprayed over areas where the 
wall has begun to crumble or 

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crack. 
The work isn't difficult. 

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Just repetitive you smooth, the 
mud with your hands. 

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Working it into all the gaps and
weak spots once it dries, it 

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blends with the existing wall 
adding strength and extending 

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the structures life roof repair 
requires more effort. 

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The roof consists of wooden 
beams covered with Reed. 

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Mats and topped with mud when 
rain comes rare but hard. 

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It can wash away some of the mud
covering or loosen the reeds. 

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Climb onto the roof, several 
times a year to check its 

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condition and make repairs. 
You replace older Reed, mats 

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with new ones, add fresh mud, 
where needed and make sure water

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will drain properly rather than 
pooling and seeping through. 

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Tools need sharpening and 
repair. 

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You take your hoe to a neighbor 
who are skill with stone and 

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Metal. 
He examines the blade noting 

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where it has worn down or 
developed Nicks, using careful 

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strike with a harder Stone. 
He reshapes The Edge. 

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Making it effective again. 
You'll return his help later 

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when he needs assistance with 
the task that requires more than

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one person. 
This exchange of skills and 

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labor, holds the community 
together, without formal 

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accounting. 
Fishing nets, need constant 

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attention. 
If you make your living from the

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river, you spread the net on the
ground and examine every 

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section. 
Looking for breaks in the 

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cordage. 
Where you find damage you tie 

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new chord into place matching 
the Nets pattern. 

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00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:02,400
This work requires good light, 
and patience rush through it and

234
00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:04,600
you'll miss problems, that will 
cost you fish later. 

235
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:09,200
Take your time and the net will 
serve reliably when you cast it 

236
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:12,000
into the water boats. 
Require even more. 

237
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,600
Careful maintenance, whether you
own a small, read boat for 

238
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,700
personal use, or work on a 
larger wooden vessel. 

239
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:20,600
You check it regularly for 
damage. 

240
00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:24,800
Read boats need rebinding where 
the bundles of begun to separate

241
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:29,000
Wooden Boats, need their seams 
sealed with pitch and resin to 

242
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:31,600
prevent leaking. 
You turn the boat over to 

243
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:35,200
examine its bottle looking for 
areas where where has made the 

244
00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:38,600
whole thing all week. 
Earlier tension to small 

245
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:40,700
problems, prevents larger 
failures. 

246
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:42,900
That could leave. 
You stranded on the water. 

247
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:46,700
Storage containers for grain and
other Foods need protection 

248
00:13:46,700 --> 00:13:50,200
against moisture and pests he 
coat the inside of a large clay 

249
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:53,000
vessels with a mixture that 
helps preserve their contents. 

250
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:56,800
You check wooden boxes and 
baskets for signs of insects or 

251
00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:58,600
mold. 
Good storage. 

252
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,100
Means your food lasts from one 
Harvest to the next. 

253
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:03,500
Providing security through 
Seasons. 

254
00:14:03,500 --> 00:14:07,400
When fresh food, becomes scarce 
children, learn repair work by 

255
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:11,200
watching and helping a young boy
holds tools for his father. 

256
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:15,200
While a broken plow gets fixed a
girl watches her mother men 

257
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,100
clothing, learning which 
stitches work best for different

258
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:21,000
types of Tears. 
By the time children reach 

259
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:23,800
adolescence, they already 
possess many of the skills, 

260
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:25,600
they'll need to maintain their 
own households. 

261
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:30,100
This knowledge transfers through
quiet demonstration rather than 

262
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:33,600
formal teaching. 
You notice the repair work 

263
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:37,100
creates a meditative state. 
Your hands, stay busy while your

264
00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:40,700
mind, wanders or rests. 
You think about tomorrow's 

265
00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:44,500
tasks, remember, past of vents 
or simply exist in the moment. 

266
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,400
Without particular, thoughts 
demanding attention. 

267
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,500
The repetitive nature of the 
work allows for this kind of 

268
00:14:50,508 --> 00:14:54,700
mentally ease, making it restful
despite being physical labor. 

269
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:57,200
Older people in the village 
often. 

270
00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,300
Specialized in repair work, that
requires experience and 

271
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,700
knowledge, rather than physical 
strength. 

272
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,600
An elderly woman might spend her
days repairing baskets while 

273
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,800
sitting in the shade, her 
skilled fingers working quickly 

274
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:11,900
through problems that would 
stump young people. 

275
00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:16,300
An older man might shape 
replacement tool handles drawing

276
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:19,200
on Decades of knowledge, about 
which Woods work best, and how 

277
00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:21,400
to shape them for comfortable 
use and long life. 

278
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:24,300
Seasonal changes affect repair 
work. 

279
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,800
After the flood season, many 
items need attention due to the 

280
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:31,300
moisture and rough handling. 
During that busy time. 

281
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:35,200
After harvest tools that saw 
heavy, use need care before 

282
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:39,100
storage You develop a mental 
calendar of when different types

283
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:42,500
of Maintenance typically become 
necessary preparing for these 

284
00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:45,100
needs in advance. 
When possible the afternoon 

285
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,600
grows hotter and you move your 
repair work to a shadier spot. 

286
00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:51,700
You'll continue until the 
temperature becomes truly 

287
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,700
uncomfortable, then pause for 
rest before resuming later when 

288
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,500
things cool down. 
The pace of work had just 

289
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:01,500
naturally to the days 
conditions. 

290
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:06,100
No one expects maximum effort 
during the hottest hours that 

291
00:16:06,100 --> 00:16:10,800
would be wasteful of energy and 
potentially harmful instead you 

292
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,900
work steadily. 
When conditions, allow and rest,

293
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,000
when they don't, You live 
surrounded by people. 

294
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:21,300
You've known your entire life, 
the village consists mostly of 

295
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:23,500
extended families, whose 
connections go back, 

296
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:28,600
Generations, your neighbor to 
one side is your cousin, The 

297
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,300
family across the Narrow Lane, 
shares a grandparent with your 

298
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,900
father. 
This web of relationship shapes 

299
00:16:34,900 --> 00:16:37,900
daily life in ways that don't 
require explanation or 

300
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:40,900
enforcement. 
Children move freely between 

301
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:43,900
households, a child, playing 
near your doorway. 

302
00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:46,800
Might belong to your sister's 
family, your neighbors family, 

303
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:51,000
or your own family adults, keep 
a general watch overall children

304
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:53,400
without strict assignment of 
responsibility. 

305
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:57,100
If a child wanders, too. 
Close to Danger, whoever notices

306
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,800
will redirect them. 
If a child needs food or water, 

307
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,300
they can get it from any nearby 
adult. 

308
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,500
This Collective care means, 
children. 

309
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:10,500
Rarely lacks supervision even 
though no single person watches 

310
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,400
them. 
Constantly you share labor 

311
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,800
naturally when tasks require 
more hands than one household 

312
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:21,500
can provide Building a new story
shed replace during a large wall

313
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:24,400
or moving heavy, Stones becomes 
a group activity. 

314
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:28,900
People show up without formal 
invitation understanding that 

315
00:17:28,900 --> 00:17:30,900
today. 
You need help and tomorrow 

316
00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:33,500
someone else will. 
You work together and 

317
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:36,600
comfortable silence or with a 
light conversation, breaking 

318
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:39,500
periodically to drink water, or 
rest in the shade. 

319
00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:43,200
Food, sharing happens regularly 
without formal ritual. 

320
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:47,100
If your family has caught extra 
fish, you give some to Neighbors

321
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,400
when someone bakes more bread 
than their household needs, they

322
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,000
distribute the Surplus, no one 
tracks. 

323
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,600
These exchanges precisely the 
assumption is that everything 

324
00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:00,000
balances over time the 
generosity flows, in all 

325
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,500
directions and that everyone 
benefits from this informal 

326
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:07,500
system, A family experience in 
temporary hardship. 

327
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:11,400
Receives food and help from 
others without shame or 

328
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:15,600
obligation to repay quickly. 
Knowledge passes between 

329
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:19,000
neighbor's constantly. 
You mention that your onions are

330
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:20,700
being affected by some kind of 
pest? 

331
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,400
An older neighbor, describes a 
mixture of water and crushed 

332
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:25,300
leaves. 
That might help. 

333
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:29,400
Another person suggests planting
something different in that spot

334
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,600
next season. 
You try these suggestions and if

335
00:18:32,608 --> 00:18:35,200
they work, you'll pass the 
information along to someone 

336
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:39,400
else, facing a similar problem. 
The Village collectively holds 

337
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:43,600
far more knowledge than any 
individual possesses. disputes 

338
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:47,800
happen, but rarely escalate If 
your goat wanders into someone's

339
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:51,500
guard and causes damage your 
apologize and help, prepare any 

340
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:54,300
harm done. 
If someone's child accidentally 

341
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:57,100
break something of yours, the 
parents are acknowledged it and 

342
00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,900
make things, right? 
The close quarters and extended 

343
00:19:00,900 --> 00:19:03,900
relationships, encourage 
resolution, rather than ongoing 

344
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:07,800
conflict. holding grudges 
becomes too costly when you see 

345
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,800
the person every day and rely on
them for various forms of help 

346
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:15,600
and cooperation, women gather in
the mornings to grind grain 

347
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:19,700
together, This work goes faster 
with company and the time 

348
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:23,100
becomes social. 
You talk about children about 

349
00:19:23,100 --> 00:19:26,600
whose palm tree is producing 
well, this year. and about small

350
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:31,300
funny incidents that happened 
recently, Laughter comes easily.

351
00:19:32,100 --> 00:19:35,600
The sound of multiple grinding, 
Stones creates a rhythm that 

352
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:38,800
carries a cross, the village 
marking the morning hours as 

353
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:42,900
surely as the sun's position. 
Men often work near each other, 

354
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:46,800
even when performing individual 
tasks, you might prepare a 

355
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:48,400
fishing net. 
While your brother-in-law shapes

356
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,600
a new hoe handle and your 
neighbor patches his sandals 

357
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:53,700
being together. 
Makes the work feel less 

358
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:56,400
solitary. 
If someone encounters a problem 

359
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,200
others can offer suggestions or 
assistance. 

360
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:03,000
The loose Congregation of people
create to sense of companionship

361
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:07,200
without requiring constant 
interaction, elderly members of 

362
00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:09,600
the community receive care from 
the whole village. 

363
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,000
If an old woman can no longer 
walk to the river for water. 

364
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,000
Younger women bring it to her. 
If an elderly man needs help 

365
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,800
with repairs to his home, 
others, take care of it without 

366
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:25,000
being asked. in return, older 
people offer wisdom settle 

367
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,100
occasional disputes and provide 
child care when their Mobility 

368
00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:31,900
allows Their presence 
stabilizes, the community 

369
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:36,400
connecting present activity to 
past experience skill, 

370
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:39,100
specialization exists, but isn't
rigid. 

371
00:20:39,900 --> 00:20:42,600
One person might have a 
particular Talent with Pottery 

372
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,400
another with basket weaving and 
another with carpentry. 

373
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:49,400
People seek out these 
Specialists when they need 

374
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,600
something made well, but 
everyone possesses basic 

375
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:54,800
competence in most necessary 
tasks. 

376
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:58,300
If the pot needs a basket, he 
can make it himself even though 

377
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:00,800
it won't be as fine as what the 
basket Weaver would produce. 

378
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:04,900
This widespread capability means
the community doesn't become 

379
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:06,900
helpless. 
If one skilled person is 

380
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:10,300
unavailable children, learn 
adult work through gradual 

381
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:13,300
inclusion. 
A young girl Begins by watching 

382
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:17,000
her mother baked bread, then 
helps with simple tasks like 

383
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,700
adding fuel to the fire. 
Then assists with mixing dough 

384
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:23,600
and eventually makes bread 
herself while her mother 

385
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:28,100
watches. a boy follows his 
father to the fields first just 

386
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,700
walking along then carrying 
light loads, then learning to 

387
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:36,500
use tools and finally working 
independently This progression 

388
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:39,900
happens, naturally over years, 
without formal stages or 

389
00:21:39,900 --> 00:21:43,100
ceremonies. 
Families, often work their 

390
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:45,500
fields or pursue their crafts 
side by side. 

391
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,700
Your field borders, your 
brother's field, making it easy 

392
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:53,800
to talk while you both work. 
If one of you finishes a task 

393
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:56,300
earlier, you might help the 
other complete theirs. 

394
00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:59,900
This cooperation increases 
efficiency without requiring 

395
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:03,200
planning or meetings. 
It simply makes sense to help 

396
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,600
each other when you're already 
present and able evening brings 

397
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:10,800
different patterns of gathering.
After the main work ends, people

398
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,700
sit outside their homes enjoying
cooler air and softer light. 

399
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,900
conversations happen between 
doorways, someone might be 

400
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,100
carving, a piece of wood, 
another person braiding rope, 

401
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:27,000
and another person just sitting 
and watching children play The 

402
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,800
atmosphere feels relaxed with no
urgency pushing anyone to 

403
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,700
accomplish specific goals. 
Music sometimes, emerges 

404
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,100
spontaneously, someone begins 
singing while they work. 

405
00:22:38,100 --> 00:22:40,500
Others might join in or might 
not. 

406
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:44,500
A person with a simple flute, 
plays A Melody that drifts 

407
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:47,300
across the village. 
These moments of Music create 

408
00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:50,200
shared pleasure without 
interrupting other activities 

409
00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:53,500
songs often have words. 
Everyone knows and verses that 

410
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:57,100
have been sung for Generations 
telling stories, or describing 

411
00:22:57,100 --> 00:23:00,000
seasonal changes or simply 
celebrating ordinary life. 

412
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,200
Festivals and celebrations 
punctuate the year, bringing 

413
00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:07,900
more formal gatherings. 
But even these maintain an easy 

414
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:11,500
familiar quality rather than 
requiring, elaborate preparation

415
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,800
or exotic elements. 
People wear clean clothing, 

416
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:18,400
share special foods and dance or
play games. 

417
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:22,600
Children, especially enjoy these
breaks from routine, the 

418
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:26,600
celebrations, acknowledge the 
seasons, the River Cycles and 

419
00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,100
the communities continuation 
through another year. 

420
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,300
The Village functions through 
habit, as much as through active

421
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:37,000
cooperation, you know, when your
neighbor typically goes to the 

422
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:38,900
river. 
So you time your trip 

423
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:42,600
differently to avoid crowding, 
you understand which paths 

424
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:46,100
people prefer for different 
purposes so you don't block them

425
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,100
with your activities. 
These small adjustments happen 

426
00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:53,200
unconsciously creating order 
without rules or enforcement. 

427
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:58,300
Strangers rarely appear in the 
village when they do people 

428
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,700
approach them with cautious 
curiosity rather than fear or 

429
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:04,600
hostility. 
A traveling Merchant might 

430
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,600
arrive with goods from distant 
areas. 

431
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:09,800
People examine, what's offered, 
and make some trades. 

432
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,900
The merchant moves on a message.
Carrier bringing news from 

433
00:24:13,900 --> 00:24:18,400
another Village receives food, 
and rest before continuing the 

434
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:20,800
occasional presence of Outsiders
reminds you that your world 

435
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:24,000
extends Beyond immediate 
surroundings, even though most 

436
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:28,400
of your life unfolds within a 
small familiar territory, The 

437
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:31,800
Sun reaches its highest point 
and you feel the temperature, 

438
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:35,400
increased noticeably this isn't 
a signal to stop working 

439
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,300
entirely, but everyone 
automatically adjusts their pace

440
00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:41,900
and location you move from 
direct sunlight into shade. 

441
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:45,400
If you've been performing 
strenuous physical labor, you 

442
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,900
switch to lighter tasks or 
simply pause your body has 

443
00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,000
learned over years to recognize,
when pushing forward would be 

444
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:56,100
unwise, you sit with your back 
against the cool mud brick wall 

445
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:59,300
of your home, feeling the 
contrast between the walls 

446
00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:02,600
temperature and the heated are 
others in your family and 

447
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,200
throughout the village make 
similar adjustments, The streets

448
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:10,700
become quieter, the sounds of 
grinding stones and hammering 

449
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:14,900
fade, children Retreat, to 
shaded areas, their play, 

450
00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:16,800
becoming calmer and less 
energetic. 

451
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:20,700
Water become a specially 
important during these hours. 

452
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,400
You drink from the jar, you feel
this morning? 

453
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,500
Feeling the liquid, cool, your 
throat and settle in your 

454
00:25:26,508 --> 00:25:29,400
stomach. 
He went a cloth and wipe your 

455
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:34,500
face neck and arms removing dust
and sweat this simple act 

456
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,000
refreshes you without requiring 
much effort or water. 

457
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,200
The damp cloth also helps lower 
your body temperature slightly 

458
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,900
as the moisture evaporates. 
Some people use this time for 

459
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,500
tasks that don't require 
movement or exertion your wife 

460
00:25:48,508 --> 00:25:52,100
continues, her sewing in the 
shade, her hands working slowly 

461
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:55,000
and steadily. 
And older child practices 

462
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:56,800
writing on a piece of broken 
pottery. 

463
00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:58,900
Forming the symbols, their 
learning. 

464
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,600
A neighbor repairs, a sandal, 
the leatherwork, requiring 

465
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:04,500
attention, but not physical 
strength. 

466
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,200
These activities maintain 
productivity while respecting 

467
00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:12,100
the days thermal Peak, Sleep 
isn't uncommon during these 

468
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:15,900
hours, you might lie down on a 
mat inside your home, where the 

469
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:19,000
walls block direct sunlight and 
provide relative. 

470
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:23,300
Coolness your eyes closed your 
breathing deepens. 

471
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:26,700
This rest isn't full nighttime 
sleep. 

472
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:30,600
Just a brief surrender to the 
body's preference for Stillness.

473
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,300
When conditions become 
uncomfortable, You wake 

474
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:38,000
naturally after a short time, 
feeling some restored and ready 

475
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,100
to resume work. 
Babies and young, children 

476
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:43,300
almost always sleep during these
hours. 

477
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:47,400
The heat affects the more 
strongly than adults and their 

478
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,500
bodies demand more frequent rest
anyway. 

479
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:52,900
Mothers nurse their infants. 
Then lay them down in the 

480
00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:54,100
coolest. 
Part of the home. 

481
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,100
Older toddlers. 
Curl up on sleeping, mats 

482
00:26:57,100 --> 00:26:59,300
sometimes several children 
together. 

483
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:02,300
Seeking each other's company 
even in sleep. 

484
00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:06,800
The household becomes very 
quiet, most voices, dropping to 

485
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:09,200
Whispers to avoid disturbing 
these resting children. 

486
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:14,400
Animals also seek rest during 
Peak heat donkey, stand in 

487
00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:17,900
whatever shade they can find 
heads lowered appearing or most 

488
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:21,400
toes dog, sprawling dust beneath
trees. 

489
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:24,300
Barely moving. 
Even Birds, reduce their 

490
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,900
activity, calling less 
frequently and staying within 

491
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:30,300
foliage, rather than flying 
between trees. 

492
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:34,000
The whole landscape seems to 
acknowledge the sun's power 

493
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,000
during these hours and chooses 
not to challenge it 

494
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,500
unnecessarily. 
You notice how rest creates a 

495
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:42,800
natural division in the day? 
Morning. 

496
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,000
Work feels like one complete 
period ending. 

497
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:50,200
When heat becomes too strong. 
After noon work, which will 

498
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,500
resume later, become a second 
period with his own character, 

499
00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:57,400
this break prevents exhaustion 
and makes the total amount of 

500
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:01,000
work feel more manageable. 
Without it, the day would feel 

501
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,300
Relentless wearing you down 
rather than simply keeping you 

502
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:06,900
busy. 
Conversation during rest 

503
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,200
periods, differs from morning, 
talk voices, remain lower 

504
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:14,800
quieter, topics, become less 
practical and more reflective. 

505
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:18,600
Someone might mention a dream, 
they had or recall an event from

506
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,800
years ago or simply make 
observations about birds, or 

507
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:26,900
clouds or the quality of light. 
No one expects, quick responses 

508
00:28:26,900 --> 00:28:30,500
or active engagement. 
The talk drifts pauses and 

509
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:34,300
resumes without pressure, if 
you're in the fields rather than

510
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:37,600
the village you rest beneath 
what ever trees are available or

511
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:39,500
in the shadow of a wall or large
Rock. 

512
00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:43,000
Other workers spread out, 
similarly, each finding their 

513
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:46,100
own spot. 
Feels become still except for 

514
00:28:46,108 --> 00:28:49,700
the occasional sound of someone 
shifting position or taking a 

515
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:52,200
drink. 
The landscape shimmers in the 

516
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,500
heat making distant objects 
unclear, and wavering, some 

517
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:58,900
people use, rest time for 
grooming and personal care. 

518
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,500
You might check your fingernails
and toenails trimming them with 

519
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,200
a sharp stove. 
If needed you comb through your 

520
00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,300
hair with your fingers, 
removeing Tangles and debris, 

521
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:11,800
these small acts of Maintenance 
feel satisfying without 

522
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:15,100
requiring real energy. 
They also help you feel more 

523
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:16,600
comfortable when you return to 
work. 

524
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,500
The river continues flowing 
regardless of human activity. 

525
00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:25,000
Its sound constant and soothing,
if you're resting near the water

526
00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:28,400
you listen to its gentle 
movement, the way it laps 

527
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,000
against the banks and swirls 
around reads. 

528
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:35,700
This sound has accompanied every
moment of your life becoming so 

529
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:37,600
familiar. 
You barely notice it. 

530
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:41,600
Consciously Yet its absence, if 
you traveled far from the river,

531
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:43,900
would feel strange and 
unsettling. 

532
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:48,200
As the afternoon progresses, the
worst heat gradually passes. 

533
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:52,300
You sent this shift before, you 
could name, any specific change,

534
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,000
but the air feels slightly less 
heavy. 

535
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:57,800
Perhaps, Shadows have length and
just a bit. 

536
00:29:57,808 --> 00:30:02,400
Perhaps your body simply knows. 
It has rested enough, you stand 

537
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,500
stretch and prepare to return to
work, Others throughout the 

538
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:10,300
village makes similar movements.
The sound of activity resumed 

539
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:12,200
gradually rather than all at 
once. 

540
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:17,200
A grinding, stone starts up. 
Someone calls out to a neighbor 

541
00:30:17,208 --> 00:30:20,400
children emerge from the 
sleeping spots and begin playing

542
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:24,900
again their energy renewed. 
The days second phase begins 

543
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:27,800
naturally, without any signal or
announcement. 

544
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:32,500
You return to the task you left 
earlier, or begin a new one. 

545
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,200
If the previous work finished 
before rest became necessary, 

546
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:40,000
Your body feels capable again, 
ready for several more hours of 

547
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:43,700
effort. 
The rest is purpose, not just 

548
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,000
restoring physical energy but 
also providing mental relief 

549
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:50,900
from sustained Focus. 
The afternoon stretches ahead 

550
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:54,600
long enough for Meaningful 
accomplishment, but not so long 

551
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:58,200
that you can't Envision its end.
You begin preparing the evening 

552
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:00,600
meal, while afternoon lights 
still provides good visibility 

553
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,800
for the details work involved. 
First, you check your supplies 

554
00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:08,500
inventory of available the 
household stores, barley and 

555
00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:09,400
Emma wheat. 
In large. 

556
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:13,200
Clay vessels have onions, 
garlic, and some dried fish from

557
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,800
recent trading a basket holds 
dates that are beginning to 

558
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:20,600
wrinkle, but remain good. 
Some fresh lettuce and cucumbers

559
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,800
came from the garden. 
This morning making bread forms 

560
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:27,400
the foundation of the meal. 
As it does most days, you 

561
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:30,500
measure out grain and carry it 
to the grinding Stones. 

562
00:31:30,500 --> 00:31:35,900
These Stones one flat and one 
curved have worn smooth hollows 

563
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:39,200
from years of use. 
You pour grain into the hollow 

564
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:41,800
of the lowest Stone. 
Then use the upper Stone to 

565
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:45,900
grind it with repeated circular 
motion. the grain gradually 

566
00:31:45,900 --> 00:31:49,400
breaks down into flour, though, 
it remains coarser than what you

567
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:53,300
could achieve with more time and
effort, the grinding produces a 

568
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:55,700
rhythmic scraping sound that 
other women in neighboring 

569
00:31:55,700 --> 00:31:59,600
houses, also create You can hear
three or four other families 

570
00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,100
performing the same task at 
roughly the same time. 

571
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,300
Your arms develop a steady 
Rhythm that you can make for the

572
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:09,100
extended period needed to 
produce enough flour for your 

573
00:32:09,108 --> 00:32:12,300
family's bread. 
The motion becomes almost 

574
00:32:12,300 --> 00:32:16,800
meditative requiring attention, 
but not intense concentration. 

575
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:21,300
Once you have sufficient flower,
you mix it with water in a 

576
00:32:21,308 --> 00:32:25,100
ceramic Bowl, your hands work, 
the mixture, adding water 

577
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:29,100
gradually until the dough 
reaches the right consistency to

578
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,700
dry, and it won't hold together 
two wet and it will stick to 

579
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:36,800
everything you've made bread. 
Countless times and your hands, 

580
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:40,500
know the feeling. 
You need the doe briefly then 

581
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:45,300
shape it into flat round loaves.
Fire pit sits outside your home.

582
00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:48,800
A circle of stones, containing 
ashes, and partially burned. 

583
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:51,800
Would you add dried dung and 
some small sticks to the 

584
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:55,100
existing coals flowing gently to
encourage flames? 

585
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,500
The fire catches growing 
gradually rather than blazing up

586
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,500
all at once. 
You let it burn until you have a

587
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,800
good bed of hot coals. 
Then reduce the Flames to a more

588
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,100
controlled level you place the 
bread loaves directly on hot 

589
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,100
Stones arranged around the fire 
turning them periodically to 

590
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:16,100
ensure even cooking The bread 
begins to firm up developing a 

591
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:19,300
slightly crispy exterior, while 
remaining softer inside. 

592
00:33:19,900 --> 00:33:22,400
The smell of baking bread. 
Drifts through the village 

593
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,000
mixing with similar scents from 
other households. 

594
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:29,100
This smells signals the approach
of evening and the end of the 

595
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:31,300
work day as reliably as the 
sun's position. 

596
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:34,400
While the bread bakes, you 
prepare other food. 

597
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:39,600
You slice, onions and garlic, 
combine them with water and a 

598
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:43,800
bit of oil in a clay pot and set
it near the fire to cook slowly.

599
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:49,200
The dried fish gets soaked in 
water to soften it, then added 

600
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:51,700
to the pot. 
This simple stew will provide 

601
00:33:51,700 --> 00:33:54,100
flavor and substance beyond the 
bread. 

602
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:57,700
You stir it occasionally, making
sure nothing sticks to the 

603
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:01,200
bottom of the pot. 
Fresh vegetables require minimal

604
00:34:01,200 --> 00:34:03,600
preparation. 
You rent the lettuce and 

605
00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,800
cucumbers in water? 
Then slice them into pieces that

606
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,199
can be easily eaten. 
These will be served raw, 

607
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,199
providing a crisp texture and 
fresh taste. 

608
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:15,400
That contrasts with the cooked 
elements of the meal. 

609
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:19,500
You arrange them on a flat. 
Ceramic dish that has survived 

610
00:34:19,500 --> 00:34:22,699
years of daily use despite 
several repaired cracks. 

611
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:26,600
Dates need only to be checked 
for any that have spoiled or 

612
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,199
attracted insects you sort 
through them. 

613
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:32,900
Discarding a few that have gone 
bad and arranging the rest in a 

614
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:36,000
bowl dates provide sweetness 
that most other Foods lack. 

615
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:40,300
Children look forward to them, 
often eating them as a treat 

616
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:43,900
separate from the main meal. you
have some deer that you prepared

617
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:48,400
several days ago, Process 
involves sprouting grain drying 

618
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,400
it. 
Grinding it mixing it with water

619
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:56,199
and allowing it to ferment. 
The result is thick nutritious 

620
00:34:56,199 --> 00:35:00,600
and mildly alcoholic. 
Strain it through a basket to 

621
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:05,300
remove solid particles then pour
it into jars for serving beer. 

622
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:09,400
Provides hydration nutrition and
a pleasant mild Buzz that helps 

623
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,200
everyone relax in the evening. 
The bread finishes baking. 

624
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:17,100
You remove each loaf from the 
hot Stones, using a folded cloth

625
00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:20,500
to protect your hands. 
The bread has risen slightly in 

626
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:23,000
developed brown spots, where it 
contacted the stones. 

627
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:26,700
You stack the loaves in a basket
covering them with a cloth to 

628
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:28,500
keep them warm and protect them 
from dust? 

629
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:32,400
To you is similar to long enough
for the flavors to blend and the

630
00:35:32,408 --> 00:35:35,100
fish to break down into small 
tender pieces. 

631
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:38,900
You taste it judging, whether it
needs anything else. 

632
00:35:39,900 --> 00:35:43,600
Perhaps a bit more water to 
thin, it slightly, you stir in 

633
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:46,100
the addition and let it cook a 
few moments longer. 

634
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:50,200
Your children, gather as the 
cooking nears completion drawn 

635
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:52,400
by the smell and by the 
knowledge that meal time 

636
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,800
approaches, they know not to ask
for food until you're ready to 

637
00:35:55,800 --> 00:36:00,700
serve, but they stay closed and 
anticipating Your husband 

638
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,100
arrives from the fields setting 
down his tools and washing his 

639
00:36:04,100 --> 00:36:06,000
hands and face before joining 
the family. 

640
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:10,000
You lay out the food on simple, 
ceramic dishes. 

641
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:14,000
And the woven mat where your 
family eats everyone sits 

642
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,100
reaching for bread. 
First tearing pieces from the 

643
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:22,200
loaves, you Laidlaw into bowls, 
passing them around the 

644
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:24,200
vegetables, get shared from the 
common dish. 

645
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:26,300
Eat person taking what they 
want. 

646
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:30,200
The dates remain in their bowl 
available throughout the meal 

647
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:32,900
eating doesn't require much 
conversation. 

648
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:38,200
Hungry people focus on food. 
The taste of familiar comforting

649
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,700
rather than exciting. 
This meal closely resembles 

650
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:43,700
yesterday's meal and tomorrow's 
meal. 

651
00:36:43,700 --> 00:36:47,500
The consistency provides 
security, rather than boredom, 

652
00:36:47,500 --> 00:36:50,000
you know what to expect? 
You know, you'll have enough. 

653
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:53,400
You know, your body will feel 
satisfied when you finish. 

654
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,000
Children, eat quickly, their 
hunger, demanding immediate, 

655
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:01,100
satisfaction adults, eat more 
slowly taking time to enjoy the 

656
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:04,600
food and the break from work. 
Someone might comment on the 

657
00:37:04,608 --> 00:37:07,900
bread's texture or mention that 
the fish was particularly good. 

658
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,100
These observations acknowledge 
the Kooks work without requiring

659
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:16,200
elaborate praise or response. 
After the main eating finishes 

660
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:20,400
people continue sitting, perhaps
have a few more dates or another

661
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:24,600
cup of beer. the children drift 
away to play briefly before, 

662
00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:28,800
full Darkness arrives, adults 
talk quietly about tomorrow's 

663
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:32,600
plans or about nothing in 
particular, the empty dishes, 

664
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:36,400
sit temporarily forgotten the 
clean up something that can wait

665
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,700
for the moment. 
Eventually you gather the dishes

666
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:42,600
and carry them to a large bowl 
where you'll wash them with 

667
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,100
water and sand. 
The simple friction of sand 

668
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:48,100
removes food particles and 
Greece. 

669
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:51,800
You rinse the dishes with clean 
water and stack them to dry. 

670
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:55,000
The cooking pot gets similar 
treatment, though. 

671
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,500
You leave a thin layer of 
residue that will seize it for 

672
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:01,700
future use. 
Fire dies down to coals, you 

673
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:05,200
don't extinguish it completely, 
these coals will make starting 

674
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,400
tomorrow's fire easier, saving, 
time and fuel. 

675
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:13,200
You sweep up any spilled grain 
or food scraps, feeding them to 

676
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:16,000
the household animals or adding 
them to the compost area. 

677
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,400
Nothing edible goes to waste, 
even scraps have value as feed. 

678
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:24,700
Or fertilizer, the sun lowers 
toward the Horizon. 

679
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:27,100
Casting Long Shadows across the 
village. 

680
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:30,900
The quality of light changes 
becoming softer and more gold 

681
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:34,500
and you feel the temperature 
dropping the oppressive heat of 

682
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:39,500
midday finally breaking this 
shift brings relief and signals 

683
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,000
the Days. 
Inn approaching work that must 

684
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,800
finish today receives finally 
attention while tasks that can 

685
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:49,500
wait, get set aside for 
tomorrow, you sit outside, your 

686
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:52,600
doorway taking advantage of the 
pleasant temperature and 

687
00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:55,600
remaining light. 
Your wife joins you bringing 

688
00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:58,400
simple hand work, that doesn't 
require a close Focus. 

689
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:01,400
She's repairing a tear in a 
child's clothing. 

690
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:03,900
A fingers. 
Moving automatically through 

691
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,800
familiar stitches. 
You're not doing anything in 

692
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:09,900
particular, just resting and 
watching The Village settle in 

693
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:12,600
to evening. 
Children play in the narrow 

694
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:16,000
Lanes between houses, their 
games growing gentler as their 

695
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,600
energy, wanes. 
They chase each other at half 

696
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:22,300
speed laughing, but without the 
shrieks that characterized their

697
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,000
earlier play. 
Some draw in the dust with 

698
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,100
sticks, creating temporary 
pictures that will be erased by 

699
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:30,400
tomorrow's foot traffic. 
Others? 

700
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:34,700
Sit in small groups, talking and
handling simple toys made from 

701
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:39,800
Clay Wood or bundled reads. 
A neighbor passes by leading 

702
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,500
their donkey, back from the 
fields, the animal walks slowly 

703
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:48,400
its head bobbing with each step,
it's load has been removed, and 

704
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:50,800
it seems to understand that 
workers ended for the day. 

705
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,900
Your neighbor nods in greeting, 
but doesn't stop. 

706
00:39:54,900 --> 00:39:59,100
Everyone is engaged in the same 
process of winding down an 

707
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:01,700
interrupting it with lengthy 
conversation feels wrong somehow

708
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,200
Smoke rises from cooking fires, 
throughout the village, creating

709
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,600
a haze that softens the air and 
Carries mixed sentence of baking

710
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:13,800
bread and cooking stews. 
This communal cloud of smoke 

711
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:17,700
marks, the transition from work,
time to home time from public 

712
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:22,000
activity to private family life.
The smell is become so 

713
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,800
associated with evening that you
probably feel disoriented if it 

714
00:40:25,800 --> 00:40:28,800
were absent. 
Hear someone singing in a nearby

715
00:40:28,808 --> 00:40:31,800
house, a woman's voice, carrying
a familiar Melody. 

716
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:36,500
The song has words you've known 
since childhood versus about the

717
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,800
river and the Harvest and the 
Turning seasons. 

718
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:42,600
Other voices, occasionally join 
in for a phrase or two before 

719
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:46,300
falling silent again. 
The music provides a soundtrack 

720
00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:49,400
to the evening's activities 
without demanding active, 

721
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,300
listening or participation If 
you older children gather around

722
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,600
an elderly man, who's begun 
telling a story, he told this 

723
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,800
particular story many times 
before and the children know 

724
00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:01,700
most of it but they listen 
anyway. 

725
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:04,900
The story involves animals that 
can talk. 

726
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:08,900
Series of mishaps that 
eventually resolve happily. 

727
00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:14,400
The old man's voice Rises and 
falls with practice timing. the 

728
00:41:14,408 --> 00:41:16,900
children laugh at the funny 
parts, even though they know 

729
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:21,200
their coming, In inside your 
home, you like to simple oil, 

730
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:24,300
lamp as the natural light 
becomes insufficient for seeing 

731
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:28,000
clearly. 
The lamp consists of a shallow 

732
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:29,900
dish. 
Containing oil with a twisted 

733
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:33,500
Wick of linen. 
The flame is small but provides 

734
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:35,800
enough light for basic tasks and
navigation. 

735
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:39,300
Most families have several of 
these lamps placed strategically

736
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:42,500
around their homes. 
The flickering, light creates 

737
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:45,500
moving Shadows that give the 
space a different character. 

738
00:41:45,500 --> 00:41:49,700
Then it has during the day. 
Your youngest child comes to you

739
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:52,900
tired and ready for sleep 
earlier than the older children.

740
00:41:52,900 --> 00:41:56,600
You pick her up. 
Feeling her weight settle 

741
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,500
against your chest. 
She had a full day of playing 

742
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:02,800
helping with small tasks and 
exploring her immediate world. 

743
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:07,900
Now her body demands rest, you 
carry her to the sleeping area, 

744
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:11,900
lay her on her mat and cover her
with a light piece of linen. 

745
00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:14,400
She's a sleep. 
Almost immediately. 

746
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,300
Her breathing, deepening into 
the rhythm of rest. 

747
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:21,900
Your wife finishes her mending 
and sets to decide she drinks. 

748
00:42:21,900 --> 00:42:25,800
Some water then begins braiding 
her hair for Sleep, working it 

749
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,800
into a simple Platt that will 
keep it from tangling during the

750
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,200
night. 
You watch this familiar routine,

751
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,400
having seen it nearly every 
evening of your married life. 

752
00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:38,700
The consistency of these small 
rituals create to sense of order

753
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:42,400
and predictability that feels 
comforting rather than boring. 

754
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:46,200
The older children eventually 
come inside, surrendering to the

755
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,200
growing darkness and their own 
fatigue. 

756
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:51,200
They don't need much 
encouragement to prepare for 

757
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,200
sleep. 
They moved to their sleeping 

758
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:55,300
mats. 
Arranging them in preferred 

759
00:42:55,300 --> 00:42:57,800
positions. 
They might talk quietly among 

760
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:00,900
themselves for a few minutes, 
reviewing, the days of events or

761
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:02,400
making plans for tomorrow's 
play. 

762
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:06,600
Their voices, grow softer, and 
less frequent as sleep overtakes

763
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,100
them. 
You step outside one more time, 

764
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:12,500
checking the sky. 
Stars are beginning to appear. 

765
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:16,300
Faint at first, but gradually 
becoming more visible as the 

766
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:19,200
last daylight fades. 
The air has cooled 

767
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:22,500
significantly. 
You can hear the rivers constant

768
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:25,100
sound more clearly. 
Now, the daytime activity is 

769
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:28,400
ceased A dog barks somewhere in 
the village. 

770
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,100
It sound carrying clearly in the
quiet. 

771
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:35,400
Another dog answers briefly then
silence returns. 

772
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:40,600
Fire outside has reduced to a 
few glowing coals you decide 

773
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:42,500
whether to bank it for the night
or let it die. 

774
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,200
Completely. 
If you bank it, you cover the 

775
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:47,800
coals without Ash. 
Which preserves some heat and 

776
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:49,600
makes morning. 
Fire Starting easier. 

777
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,800
If you let it die, you'll need 
to start fresh tomorrow, but 

778
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:55,900
that's not difficult. 
When you have experienced and 

779
00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:59,500
proper materials, you return in 
side and secure the door by 

780
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:01,200
placing a piece of wood across 
the opening. 

781
00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:05,700
This provides minimal security 
but the village is safe and 

782
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,000
theft is rare. 
The door mainly keeps out 

783
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,200
animals and provides privacy 
rather than functioning a 

784
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:15,700
serious protection. you check 
that all family members are 

785
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:18,800
present and accounted for a 
quick mental inventory that 

786
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:23,600
brings reassurance The oil lamps
burn quietly their Flames. 

787
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:28,100
Barely moving you leave one lamp
lit but reduces Wick to conserve

788
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:30,800
oil. 
The small flame provides just 

789
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:33,300
enough light to navigate if 
someone needs to get up during 

790
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:35,700
the night. 
But not so much that it disturbs

791
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:38,400
sleep. 
Shadows in the room become 

792
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:42,400
deeper creating a cocoon like 
atmosphere that encourages rest.

793
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:46,600
You lie down on your own 
sleeping mat, feeling the days 

794
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,000
accumulated, fatigue in your 
muscles, and joints. 

795
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:52,900
The matters isn't thick or 
particularly soft, but you're 

796
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:56,000
accustomed to it. 
Your body relaxes into the 

797
00:44:56,000 --> 00:45:00,200
familiar surface, your wife lies
nearby close enough to touch if 

798
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,600
either of you reaches out. 
The children quiet breathing 

799
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:06,800
creates a subtle rhythm. 
In the darkness tomorrow will 

800
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:10,000
bring similar tasks similar 
rhythms and similar challenges. 

801
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:12,500
But that thought doesn't trouble
you. 

802
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:16,400
The consistency means, you know 
what, to expect know. 

803
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:20,300
You can handle it and know your 
family will be fed and safe and 

804
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,200
together. 
These certainties allow you to 

805
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:27,400
let go of the day without worry 
to sleep without your mind 

806
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:29,800
churning through, anxiety or 
concerns. 

807
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:34,300
The lamp flame Waverly, as air 
moves through the room, the 

808
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:38,100
night settles fully over the 
village, all the preparation, 

809
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:41,300
all the work, and all the 
cooperation, that sustained this

810
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:43,100
day of brought you to the point 
of arrest. 

811
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:47,200
You Close Your Eyes feeling 
sleep, approached like a gentle 

812
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:50,100
tide. 
You awaken darkness when your 

813
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:54,500
infant daughter begins to fuss. 
The sound starts quietly, just 

814
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:58,300
small noises that signal 
discomfort or hunger rather than

815
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:02,200
true distress your alert 
immediately but not alarmed. 

816
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:06,200
Nighttime waking is normal 
expected, and part of the 

817
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:08,100
natural rhythm of caring for 
young children. 

818
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:11,500
You've done this many times 
before with your older children 

819
00:46:11,500 --> 00:46:15,200
and you'll do it many times more
before this child grows past the

820
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:19,000
need for night feeding. 
You reach for the baby lifting, 

821
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:21,900
her gently. 
Her body feels warm and slightly

822
00:46:21,900 --> 00:46:24,000
damp from sleeping in the 
night's warmth. 

823
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:26,600
You settle her against you in 
the position. 

824
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,700
That works best for nursing. 
Supporting her head and body 

825
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:35,200
with practiced ease. 
She latches quickly a suckling 

826
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:38,300
creating a small rhythmic sound 
in the quiet house. 

827
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,500
You lean back against the wall 
comfortable enough for the 

828
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:46,000
duration of the feeding. 
The rest of the house remains 

829
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:48,800
mostly asleep. 
Your husband has stirred 

830
00:46:48,808 --> 00:46:52,300
slightly but not fully awakened.
The older children haven't 

831
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,200
moved. 
This kind of night, waking 

832
00:46:55,200 --> 00:46:58,400
rarely disturbs. 
The whole household, everyone 

833
00:46:58,400 --> 00:46:59,900
has learned to sleep through the
Quiet. 

834
00:46:59,900 --> 00:47:03,200
Sounds of infant care waking 
only, if something seems 

835
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,700
genuinely wrong. 
The remaining oil lamp cost, 

836
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:10,100
barely any light just to dim 
glow that allows you to see 

837
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:13,700
shapes and movement without 
fully Illuminating the space. 

838
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:16,700
Your eyes have adjusted to the 
darkness. 

839
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:20,100
Well enough that this minimal 
light feels sufficient, you 

840
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,700
don't need to see clearly to 
care for your baby, Your Hands 

841
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:26,500
and Body know what to do without
guidance from your eyes. 

842
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:32,200
The baby nurse is deadly. 
A small hands resting against 

843
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:35,600
your chest. you feel her 
gradually relaxing as her 

844
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:39,900
hunger, eases these nighttime 
feedings create moments of quiet

845
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:43,500
connection, just you, and this 
child in the peaceful Darkness, 

846
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,700
During the day of the demands 
constantly interrupt, your 

847
00:47:47,708 --> 00:47:51,200
attention at night, there's 
nothing else, requiring your 

848
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:55,100
focus, you can simply be present
with her without thinking about 

849
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:57,800
the dozen of the tasks that 
usually occupy your mind. 

850
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,100
When she finishes nursing. 
You hold her upright briefly 

851
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:03,900
gently patting her back until 
she burps. 

852
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:07,800
Then you lay her back down on 
her mat covering her again, with

853
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:11,500
the light cloth. 
He settles immediately, her body

854
00:48:11,500 --> 00:48:13,900
going limp with satisfied 
sleepiness. 

855
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:18,900
You remain sitting for a moment,
making sure she's truly settled.

856
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:22,900
Before you lie down yourself, An
older child wakes needing to 

857
00:48:22,908 --> 00:48:26,500
relieve himself. 
He sits up quietly then makes 

858
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:30,700
his way to the doorway. 
The family keeps a simple Pot 

859
00:48:30,700 --> 00:48:34,100
near the entrance for nighttime.
Use avoiding the need to go 

860
00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,400
outside and darkness. 
The child uses it without 

861
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,100
difficulty, then returns to his 
sleeping mat. 

862
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,200
The whole process happens. 
Almost silently. 

863
00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:47,600
Disturbing, no one. 
By the time, the child lies back

864
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:49,400
down. 
He's already falling back into 

865
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:51,400
sleep. 
You hear someone in a 

866
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:54,500
neighboring house, moving 
around, probably dealing with 

867
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:56,300
their own child's nighttime 
needs. 

868
00:48:57,400 --> 00:49:00,700
Sounds carry easily through the 
thin walls and in the still 

869
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:02,800
night. 
Are you find these sounds 

870
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:06,800
companionable rather than 
intrusive Their remind you that 

871
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,100
other families are managing the 
same night time, routines, that 

872
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,400
your experience is a shared and 
normal, rather than unique or 

873
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:16,000
difficult. 
Sometimes a child has a bad 

874
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:19,000
dream. 
One of your sons whimpers. 

875
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:21,600
In his sleep, his body twitching
slightly. 

876
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:25,500
You moved to him. 
Quickly, placing a gentle hand 

877
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:29,900
on his shoulder. 
He wakes briefly disoriented and

878
00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:34,700
upset, you speak. 
Softly reassuring him, that he's

879
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:38,300
safe, that it was only a dream 
and that nothing bad is 

880
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:42,600
happening. 
He calms within moments his fear

881
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:46,400
dissipating as Consciousness 
returns and he recognizes his 

882
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:50,400
familiar surroundings. 
He lies back down and you stay 

883
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,100
beside him briefly until his 
breathing deepens again. 

884
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:56,000
The night is never completely 
silent. 

885
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,200
The river provides constant, 
background sound. 

886
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,800
Cagely an animal makes noise 
outside a donkey shifting 

887
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:06,500
position or a dog investigating 
something. 

888
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:10,300
These sounds don't alarm. 
You are part of the normal 

889
00:50:10,300 --> 00:50:12,800
nighttime, soundscape, familiar 
and expected. 

890
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:17,600
True silence would actually feel
strange, perhaps, even worrying.

891
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,400
If a child becomes ill during 
the night, you respond calmly. 

892
00:50:22,300 --> 00:50:25,400
You check for Fever by touching 
their forehead off a water if 

893
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:28,600
they're thirsty and clean up any
mess if they've been sick to 

894
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,500
their stomach. 
You know, which mild herbs can 

895
00:50:31,508 --> 00:50:34,800
help with common problems, you 
keep some prepared for easy 

896
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:38,100
access. 
Most childhood illnesses pass 

897
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:41,000
quickly without needing anything
more than comfort and basic 

898
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:44,100
care. 
You stay close to a sick child 

899
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:45,800
throughout the night of 
necessary. 

900
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:48,800
Sleeping lightly. 
So you can respond to their 

901
00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:50,900
needs. 
Your own sleep. 

902
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:53,900
During these years of young 
children is rarely Unbroken. 

903
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:58,000
You've adjusted to this pattern 
learning to fall back asleep, 

904
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:00,600
quickly after attending to a 
child's needs. 

905
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:05,000
Deep sleep, still happens just 
in shorter periods between 

906
00:51:05,000 --> 00:51:07,900
waking. 
Your body has adapted to this 

907
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,500
Rhythm taking rest, where it can
find it, rather than demanding 

908
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:15,700
eight uninterrupted hours. 
Older children and adults might 

909
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:18,900
wake to step outside briefly 
preferring to walk a short 

910
00:51:18,900 --> 00:51:21,800
distance from the house rather 
than use the indoor pot. 

911
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:24,700
The night. 
Air feels cool and fresh. 

912
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:28,500
Stars fill the sky with more 
brightness than seems possible. 

913
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:32,200
During the day, you notice the 
Moon's phase without thinking 

914
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:35,500
about it the same way, you 
notice the rivers level or the 

915
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:38,300
season. 
This information becomes part of

916
00:51:38,308 --> 00:51:40,000
your general, awareness of the 
world's. 

917
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:45,000
Cycle's occasionally someone has
difficulty sleeping awake while 

918
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:47,600
their mind churned through 
worries or planes. 

919
00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:50,400
When this happens, you don't 
fight it. 

920
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:54,900
You simply lie, quietly, resting
your body, even if your mind 

921
00:51:54,908 --> 00:51:58,900
won't settle, sometimes you step
outside and sit for a while, 

922
00:51:58,900 --> 00:52:01,800
looking at the stars and 
listening to the night. 

923
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,800
Sounds the cool air and change 
of position, often helps sleep 

924
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:08,700
return. 
If not, you remain calm, knowing

925
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:11,400
tomorrow's work will happen 
regardless of whether you slept 

926
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:15,300
perfectly tonight, The period 
before Dawn brings the deepest 

927
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:18,900
of the night after whatever 
middle of the night, waking of 

928
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:21,600
occurred. 
Everyone tends to sink into 

929
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:25,000
heavy arrest during these hours.
The house becomes a very still 

930
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:29,700
even the baby sleeps soundly a 
small body finally satisfied 

931
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:33,500
with milk and rest. 
This is the time when you truly 

932
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:37,200
rest when your body repairs 
itself from the previous day's 

933
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:39,400
work and prepares for the next 
day's demands. 

934
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,400
You wake gradually. 
As first light begins to 

935
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:45,500
penetrate the darkness. 
You don't rise immediately 

936
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:50,700
instead you like quietly, 
noticing your body's transition 

937
00:52:50,700 --> 00:52:55,100
from sleep to wakefulness. 
Your mind becomes aware before 

938
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:58,500
your body wants to move. 
You hear the first Morning 

939
00:52:58,500 --> 00:53:02,700
Sounds beginning out side Birds 
calling someone else starting 

940
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:05,800
their fire and the village 
beginning its daily return to 

941
00:53:05,800 --> 00:53:09,000
activity the baby wakes and 
needs feeding again. 

942
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,200
You nurse at while still lying 
down both of you drowsy and 

943
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:16,000
comfortable. 
The older children begin to stir

944
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:18,200
their movements, becoming less 
still as Consciousness. 

945
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:22,300
Returns your husband, sits up 
stretching and preparing to face

946
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:24,700
the day. 
The night has done its work, 

947
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:29,700
providing rest, and renewal, Now
morning arrives again bringing 

948
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:31,900
with it. 
The familiar cycle of tasks and 

949
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:33,600
rhythms that structure your 
life. 

950
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:36,700
The routines, you follow each 
day are the same routines, your 

951
00:53:36,700 --> 00:53:39,900
parents followed and their 
parents before them reaching 

952
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:42,700
back through more Generations 
than anyone can count. 

953
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:48,400
The methods for grinding grain 
Building Homes, weaving, baskets

954
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:50,600
and catching fish. 
Have changed little over 

955
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:54,100
centuries. 
This continuity creates a deep 

956
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:57,800
stability that allows life to 
proceed without constant, 

957
00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:03,300
reinvention or adaptation to 
dramatic change. you inhabit a 

958
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:05,600
world where knowledge 
accumulates gradually, and then 

959
00:54:05,608 --> 00:54:09,500
plateaus Your grandparents new 
essentially, everything you need

960
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:13,300
to know to sustain your life. 
They taught your parents who 

961
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:15,700
taught, you and you're now 
teaching your children. 

962
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:19,900
The substance of these teaching 
remains constant. 

963
00:54:20,700 --> 00:54:24,900
How to read the river's moods 
when to plant and harvest which 

964
00:54:24,900 --> 00:54:28,100
materials work best for 
different purposes, how to 

965
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:31,700
maintain tools and structures 
and how to live cooperatively 

966
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:36,300
within a closed community. 
The gods exist in your awareness

967
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:40,500
and occasionally receive 
offerings or acknowledgment, but

968
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:43,500
they don't dominate daily life. 
You're not particularly 

969
00:54:43,500 --> 00:54:47,800
religious in any intense sense. 
The Divine feels distant 

970
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:51,100
concerned with large matters, 
beyond your immediate 

971
00:54:51,100 --> 00:54:54,800
experience. 
Your practical concerns Center 

972
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:59,400
on crops, family, neighbors, and
the steady progression of 

973
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:02,500
seasons. 
The massive temples and 

974
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:06,000
elaborate rituals belong to a 
different world than the one you

975
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,800
inhabit most directly. 
Similarly, the Pharaoh rules in 

976
00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:12,500
theory, but affects your daily 
life minimally. 

977
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:16,900
You're aware of his existence, 
you know, your village exists 

978
00:55:16,900 --> 00:55:18,600
within a larger political 
structure. 

979
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:21,700
Occasionally officials pass 
through collecting taxes or 

980
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:25,700
organizing labor for large 
projects, These intrusions are 

981
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:29,600
in frequent most days you live 
without thinking about Royal 

982
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:33,600
Authority or national politics. 
Your immediate World consists of

983
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:36,900
people, you know, personally and
work, you understand completely.

984
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:40,600
This narrow scope might seem 
limiting but you don't 

985
00:55:40,600 --> 00:55:43,700
experience it as confinement. 
You have everything. 

986
00:55:43,700 --> 00:55:50,300
Necessary for Life food shelter,
family community and purpose. 

987
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:53,900
The lack of variety doesn't 
trouble you because you've never

988
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:57,200
experienced anything different. 
The life you're living is the 

989
00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:59,200
life. 
Everyone has always lived in 

990
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:01,900
this place. 
It feels complete rather than 

991
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:05,000
restricted. 
The Nile provides the foundation

992
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:08,100
for everything. 
Its annual flood brings the 

993
00:56:08,100 --> 00:56:12,300
silt, that enriches your Fields,
its water, sustains crops 

994
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:16,200
livestock and people, it's fish 
supplement your diet. 

995
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,800
It's reads, provide building 
materials. 

996
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:22,500
It's predictable cycle gives 
structure to your year and your 

997
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:26,300
planning The rivers presents is 
so constant that you'd struggle 

998
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,800
to imagine life without it. 
Some of your ancestors, long 

999
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:33,200
ago, must have migrated to this 
Valley but that history has been

1000
00:56:33,200 --> 00:56:36,600
forgotten. 
Now, you simply belong here part

1001
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:40,500
of a landscape shaped by the 
rivers rhythms. your village 

1002
00:56:40,500 --> 00:56:43,600
continues because each 
generation successfully raises 

1003
00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:47,200
the next Children grow into 
adults, who take over their 

1004
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,900
parents roles. 
Young people marry combining 

1005
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,100
families and creating new 
households that resemble. 

1006
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:58,700
Their parents households the 
cycle repeats endlessly each 

1007
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:01,500
iteration almost identical to 
the previous one. 

1008
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:06,300
This repetition creates profound
stability, but also means 

1009
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:10,400
individual lives blend together 
becoming variations on the same 

1010
00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:13,200
essential pattern rather than 
unique stories. 

1011
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,000
You're aware of other Villages 
along the river, some nearby, 

1012
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:20,000
and some distant. 
Occasionally people travel 

1013
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:24,100
between communities for trade or
marriage news filters through 

1014
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,400
these connections though. 
Slowly you might hear about a 

1015
00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:30,900
particularly good harvest in a 
village, two days walk away or 

1016
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:33,600
learn that a skilled crafts. 
Person has moved to a different 

1017
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,400
area. 
These distant events rarely 

1018
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:39,700
affect you directly. 
Your world remains primarily 

1019
00:57:39,700 --> 00:57:43,500
local focused on the people and 
places you encounter regularly. 

1020
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:47,300
The work, you do sustains life 
but doesn't dramatically, 

1021
00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:50,200
improve it. 
Each generation lives 

1022
00:57:50,200 --> 00:57:52,400
approximately as well as the 
previous generation. 

1023
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,400
Better weather might bring 
better crops in one year and 

1024
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:58,200
worse. 
Weather might bring hardship in 

1025
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:02,400
another but over time things 
balance out to a consistent 

1026
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:06,600
level of modest, efficiency, you
have enough, which feels like 

1027
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:10,100
the right amount rather than too
little The concept of having 

1028
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:12,700
much more than enough, doesn't 
really enter your thinking. 

1029
00:58:13,600 --> 00:58:16,900
Death comes periodically to the 
Village, sometimes to the old 

1030
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:20,200
sometimes to the young. 
And sometimes to people in their

1031
00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:23,600
productive years. 
You accept this as inevitable 

1032
00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:27,700
rather than fighting against it 
or demanding explanations when 

1033
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:31,000
someone dies their family Mourns
the community helps with burial 

1034
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:35,000
preparations and life continues.
The dead person's role gets 

1035
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,900
filled by someone else. 
Usually a family member the Gap.

1036
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:43,000
They leave closest quickly out 
of practical necessity memory 

1037
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:46,600
persists for a while, then Fades
as new births and deaths. 

1038
00:58:46,600 --> 00:58:50,500
Create fresh memories, your own 
individual significance feel 

1039
00:58:50,500 --> 00:58:54,400
small but not depressing your 
part of something larger than 

1040
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:58,300
yourself, your family, your 
village, the long chain of 

1041
00:58:58,308 --> 00:59:01,900
ancestors, who lived before you 
and descendants who will live 

1042
00:59:01,900 --> 00:59:04,900
off to you. 
This larger context gives 

1043
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:07,600
meaning to your daily work. 
Even when that works seems 

1044
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:11,400
repetitive or mundane your 
maintaining something important,

1045
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:15,100
keeping the pattern going and 
ensuring that life continues in 

1046
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,100
the way, it should. 
The physical landscape around. 

1047
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:21,200
You Bears, the marks of human 
activity going back, many 

1048
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:25,300
lifetimes, the fields. 
You work were cleared and shaped

1049
00:59:25,300 --> 00:59:27,400
by your ancestors. 
The paths. 

1050
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,100
You walk have been worn, Smooth 
by countless feet. 

1051
00:59:30,100 --> 00:59:33,700
The irrigation channels follow 
routes established so long ago 

1052
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:35,600
that no one remembers their 
creation. 

1053
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:39,200
Your inhabiting and maintaining 
a landscape, created by 

1054
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:41,400
cumulative human effort over 
centuries. 

1055
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:44,100
Stories. 
Circulating The Village about 

1056
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:46,700
the old days, though. 
These stories of become more 

1057
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:50,200
myth and history. 
People speak of ancestors, who 

1058
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:52,700
are unusually wise, strong or 
skilled? 

1059
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:57,000
They mention events that happen 
long ago though, the details of 

1060
00:59:57,000 --> 01:00:00,700
grown vague, These stories, 
create a sense of Connection to 

1061
01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:04,200
the Past without providing 
precise historical knowledge. 

1062
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:07,800
They suggest that people have 
always lived roughly as you live

1063
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:12,200
now facing similar challenges 
and finding similar Solutions. 

1064
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:15,400
Future feels like it will 
resemble the past. 

1065
01:00:15,400 --> 01:00:19,000
You expect your children to live
much as you've lived your 

1066
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:21,200
grandchildren to repeat the same
patterns. 

1067
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:25,100
Change happens. 
But slowly enough that it's 

1068
01:00:25,100 --> 01:00:28,800
barely perceptible within a 
single lifetime, a tool design 

1069
01:00:28,800 --> 01:00:32,500
might improve slightly. 
Crop variety might prove more 

1070
01:00:32,500 --> 01:00:35,300
productive. 
Building techniques might evolve

1071
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:38,100
gradually. 
But the fundamental shape of 

1072
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:41,700
Life remains constant. 
This stability, allows you to 

1073
01:00:41,708 --> 01:00:45,700
face each day without anxiety 
about what it might bring, you 

1074
01:00:45,700 --> 01:00:47,900
know, what needs doing, you 
know, how to do it. 

1075
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:51,700
You know, others will help when 
necessary you trust that the 

1076
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:56,100
river will flood crops will 
grow, children will be born and 

1077
01:00:56,100 --> 01:01:00,500
life will continue. 
This trust isn't Blind Faith but

1078
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:05,000
accumulated experience verified 
by generations of consistent 

1079
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:07,800
patterns. 
As evening approaches and you 

1080
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:10,700
prepare for sleep. 
Once again, you feel the day 

1081
01:01:10,700 --> 01:01:13,700
folding into the endless 
sequence of similar days, that 

1082
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:16,100
stretches behind you and a head 
of you. 

1083
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,300
Tomorrow will bring the same 
basic tasks with minor 

1084
01:01:20,300 --> 01:01:23,200
variations. 
The season will progress 

1085
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:25,300
according to its established 
pattern. 

1086
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:29,200
Your children will grow 
incrementally older, The Village

1087
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,000
will continue functioning 
through the combined small 

1088
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:35,400
efforts of all its members, you 
settle onto your sleeping mat, 

1089
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:39,200
your body tired from work. 
But satisfied by accomplishment.

1090
01:01:40,200 --> 01:01:43,000
The day has been neither 
exceptional, nor disappointing, 

1091
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:45,800
just normal in the best sense of
the word. 

1092
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:49,500
You've done what needed doing 
maintained what needed 

1093
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:52,700
maintaining and cared for those 
who needed care. 

1094
01:01:52,700 --> 01:01:56,300
This is enough, this is always 
been enough. 

1095
01:01:56,300 --> 01:01:59,900
This will continue to be enough 
for as long as anyone can 

1096
01:01:59,900 --> 01:02:03,100
imagine. 
The darkness deepens around you.

1097
01:02:03,100 --> 01:02:08,000
The village grows quiet. 
The river flows on as it has 

1098
01:02:08,000 --> 01:02:11,500
always flowed. 
You're breathing slows, and 

1099
01:02:11,500 --> 01:02:16,100
deepens sleep comes easily 
naturally without resistance. 

1100
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:21,100
Tomorrow, Waits patient, and 
predictable ready to unfold in 

1101
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:24,100
ways, that require no 
explanation, because they've 

1102
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:26,000
been repeated countless times 
before. 

1103
01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:29,400
You rest in the knowledge that 
you're part of something stable,

1104
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:32,100
something ongoing something that
works. 

1105
01:02:38,800 --> 01:02:42,000
Picturing England in the early 
1500s and try to forget 

1106
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:43,800
everything you think you know 
about it. 

1107
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:47,900
This isn't the England of Empire
and Industry of T and 

1108
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:51,500
parliamentary democracy. 
This is an island nation, still 

1109
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:54,400
finding its footing still 
figuring out what it wants to 

1110
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:56,300
be. 
When it grows up the Morning, 

1111
01:02:56,300 --> 01:02:59,700
Light filtered through the small
thick glass, windows of a Manor 

1112
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:03,400
House in the Cotswolds 
Illuminating dust that danced in

1113
01:03:03,400 --> 01:03:06,200
the cold air. 
You can smell the wood smoke 

1114
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:09,900
from cooking fires, mixing with 
the earthy Ascent of Russia's 

1115
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:13,100
covering the floor. 
Rushes, that need changing, but 

1116
01:03:13,100 --> 01:03:15,300
probably won't be replaced for 
another week. 

1117
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:19,900
The herbs scattered among them 
lavender Rosemary and mint. 

1118
01:03:20,500 --> 01:03:22,500
Release their fragrance, when 
you step on them. 

1119
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:25,800
A medieval attempt at air 
freshening, that works better in

1120
01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:27,900
theory than in practice. 
England. 

1121
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:32,400
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 
million Souls, which means it 

1122
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:35,600
has fewer people than modern Los
Angeles spread across an entire 

1123
01:03:35,600 --> 01:03:38,300
country. 
Most of those Souls live in 

1124
01:03:38,308 --> 01:03:41,000
villages. 
So small you could walk from one

1125
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,400
end of the other. 
In the time it takes to finish 

1126
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:47,100
your morning coffee. 
The largest city London houses. 

1127
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:51,300
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 
along the Thames their Timber 

1128
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:53,600
framed houses leaning into 
narrow streets. 

1129
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:56,700
Where the upper story is, nearly
touch across the way, blocking 

1130
01:03:56,700 --> 01:03:59,400
out the sky. 
The River of Life follows the 

1131
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,400
church bells at punctuate each 
day with their bronze voices. 

1132
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:07,100
You wake to the sound of prime, 
the first morning prayer and 

1133
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:12,600
move through your day, Guided by
Taurus, sexed, none Vespers and 

1134
01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:17,100
finally complain, as Darkness 
Falls The bells aren't just 

1135
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:19,200
timekeepers. 
They're the heartbeat of a 

1136
01:04:19,208 --> 01:04:22,100
society where the church isn't 
separate from daily life. 

1137
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,200
But woven into every aspect of 
it, like threads in the very 

1138
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:29,000
fabric you wear and what fabric 
it is. 

1139
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:32,300
If you're wealthy enough you 
might own Woolen cloth in deep 

1140
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:35,800
Reds or Blues colors that cost 
more than a labor earns in 

1141
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:38,400
months. 
The wool itself. 

1142
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,600
Tells a story England's economy 
runs on sheep. 

1143
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:45,500
Those Placid creatures grazing 
on every available Hillside 

1144
01:04:45,500 --> 01:04:48,800
their fleece transformed and 
workshops and sold across 

1145
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,300
Europe. 
When you wear wool in Tudor 

1146
01:04:51,300 --> 01:04:54,800
England, you're wearing the 
nation's primary export, its 

1147
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:58,900
economic engine, and its claim 
to International relevance, the 

1148
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,700
Catholic Church dominates the 
landscape, both literally and 

1149
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:04,700
figuratively. 
Parish churches, anchor every 

1150
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:08,800
Community, their Stone Towers 
Rising above, thatched Cottages 

1151
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:10,600
like parents watching over 
children. 

1152
01:05:11,700 --> 01:05:13,500
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 
countryside. 

1153
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:18,100
There are nearly 900 religious 
houses in England home to 

1154
01:05:18,100 --> 01:05:22,600
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 
Friars these aren't just places 

1155
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:26,400
of prayer, their hospitals, 
schools hostels for travelers 

1156
01:05:26,400 --> 01:05:30,400
and landlords controling, vast 
Estates the Abbot. 

1157
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:32,600
Glastonbury owns land in several
counties. 

1158
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:36,400
The monastery at Westminster 
practically as a small town unto

1159
01:05:36,400 --> 01:05:38,400
itself. 
Your relationship with the 

1160
01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:40,300
church isn't optional or 
occasional. 

1161
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:42,700
It's as fundamental as 
breathing. 

1162
01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:46,300
You're born into it, literally 
with baptism, washing Away, 

1163
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:48,400
original sin within days of 
birth. 

1164
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:52,900
You marry in it, the priest 
blessing transforming a private 

1165
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:54,800
Arrangement into a public 
sacrament. 

1166
01:05:55,800 --> 01:05:59,600
You'll die in it, receiving last
rites that determine your souls 

1167
01:05:59,600 --> 01:06:03,100
destination. 
In between you attend Mass 

1168
01:06:03,100 --> 01:06:06,600
regularly confess your sins to a
priest who knows all your 

1169
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:10,500
neighbor's business too. 
Pay your tithes observe the fast

1170
01:06:10,500 --> 01:06:14,100
days and purchase Indulgence is 
to reduce time in purgatory. 

1171
01:06:14,100 --> 01:06:18,000
The Pope in Rome that distant 
figure in his Vatican Palace 

1172
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:21,300
holds more practical power over 
English daily life than you 

1173
01:06:21,300 --> 01:06:23,400
might imagine. 
He can annul. 

1174
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:26,700
Marriage is the Jitter mized 
children and Grant special 

1175
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,800
dispensation for everything from
eating meat on Friday to 

1176
01:06:29,800 --> 01:06:32,900
marrying your cousin. 
He appoints Bishops who become 

1177
01:06:32,900 --> 01:06:36,600
major political figures. 
He can excommunicate anyone from

1178
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:40,200
King to Peasant, which in this 
society means cutting them off 

1179
01:06:40,200 --> 01:06:43,700
from all social connection and 
condemning their soul to hell. 

1180
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:47,700
It's a threat that carries real 
weight when everyone you know 

1181
01:06:47,708 --> 01:06:53,500
believes it absolutely but there
are grumbles in these dim 

1182
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:56,800
smoke-filled rooms where hail 
flows and inhibitions loose and 

1183
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:00,300
you might hear men complain 
about how much land the church 

1184
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:03,500
owns while paying no taxes. 
You might hear Merchants 

1185
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:06,000
frustrated by religious 
restrictions on business 

1186
01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:08,900
practices. 
You might even hear whispers 

1187
01:07:08,900 --> 01:07:12,200
about church corruption though. 
No one speaks too loudly because

1188
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:15,200
heresy is a burning offense. 
Literally, the political 

1189
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:18,500
landscape is equally complex. 
England Has a King. 

1190
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,500
Henry, the seventh, who won his 
crown by killing the previous 

1191
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:24,000
King on a battlefield. 
And who spent his Reign 

1192
01:07:24,000 --> 01:07:26,300
consolidating power and filling 
the treasury. 

1193
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,300
Parliament exists, but it meets 
a regularly when the king needs 

1194
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:33,300
money. 
Local Administration happens 

1195
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:37,500
through a patchwork of nobles 
Bishops, sheriffs, and justices 

1196
01:07:37,500 --> 01:07:41,100
of the Peace A system that works
mostly because everyone's known 

1197
01:07:41,100 --> 01:07:42,800
everyone else's families for 
Generations. 

1198
01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:46,700
England's place in The Wider. 
European world is complicated. 

1199
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:50,000
It's not quite the Backwater. 
Some Continental Scholars 

1200
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:52,700
dismiss, but it's not a major 
power either. 

1201
01:07:53,700 --> 01:07:56,600
Spain and France of the real 
players with their larger 

1202
01:07:56,600 --> 01:08:01,200
populations stronger, economies 
and more assertive Kings the 

1203
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:03,700
Holy Roman Empire sprawls across
Central Europe. 

1204
01:08:03,700 --> 01:08:07,600
A complicated Patchwork that 
makes England's administrative 

1205
01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:09,300
system. 
Look, elegantly simple. 

1206
01:08:10,200 --> 01:08:13,100
The Italian city states 
controlled trade and banking 

1207
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:17,899
England makes good wool and 
occasionally causes trouble when

1208
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:19,600
it's King's. 
Remember they technically 

1209
01:08:19,600 --> 01:08:23,399
claimed the French throne. 
Technology is beginning to stir 

1210
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:26,899
printing, presses are starting 
to appear the books, remain 

1211
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:29,100
expensive, and most people can't
read anyway. 

1212
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,500
Navigation techniques are 
improving making longer sea 

1213
01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:36,899
voyages possible. 
Gunpowder is changing Warfare 

1214
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:39,100
though. 
Knights in armor still ride a 

1215
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:40,600
battle as if nothing has 
changed. 

1216
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:43,800
Its a world caught between 
medieval traditions and 

1217
01:08:43,800 --> 01:08:47,899
something new, trying to be born
in this England of 1509. 

1218
01:08:47,899 --> 01:08:51,200
No one imagines, the 
transformation coming, the 

1219
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:54,899
monasteries seemed Eternal, the 
Pope's Authority unquestionable.

1220
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:58,700
And the rhythm of Catholic life 
is unchanging as the seasons. 

1221
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:02,399
If you could tell an English 
villager that within 30 years, 

1222
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:05,800
their local Abbey would be torn 
down their Latin Mass replaced 

1223
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:09,100
with English prayer and their 
spiritual connection to Rome 

1224
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:12,500
severed forever. 
They would think you mad the 

1225
01:09:12,500 --> 01:09:16,899
changes coming carried, not by 
armies or philosophers by one 

1226
01:09:16,899 --> 01:09:18,899
young man's desperate desire for
something. 

1227
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,899
He cannot have a legitimate son 
on an April day. 

1228
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:27,000
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry
became King Henry the 8th. 

1229
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:30,200
And England, got a ruler who 
looked like he'd been ordered 

1230
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,500
from a royal catalog featuring 
only the most impressive 

1231
01:09:33,500 --> 01:09:38,200
specifications, picture him at 
his coronation 6, ft 2 inches 

1232
01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:40,500
tall in an air. 
When most men, barely reached 

1233
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:43,899
five and a half feet Shoulders 
broad enough to fill out the 

1234
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:47,200
elaborate doublets. 
He favors legs muscular from 

1235
01:09:47,200 --> 01:09:51,600
years of hunting and jousting 
his hair catches, the light 

1236
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,900
through Westminster Abbey 
stained glass reddish gold. 

1237
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:56,800
Warren long enough to curl at 
his neck. 

1238
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:00,900
His face hasn't yet acquired, 
the Jolly heaviness of his later

1239
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:03,900
years. 
Instead, it's all Youth and 

1240
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:07,500
confidence with blue eyes that 
sparkle, when he's pleased and 

1241
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:09,600
turned cold. 
When he's not Henry moves 

1242
01:10:09,600 --> 01:10:12,400
through his coronation ceremony 
with the grace of someone who's 

1243
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,800
been preparing for this moment. 
His entire life, which isn't 

1244
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:18,900
quite accurate. 
He was actually the spare are 

1245
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:22,300
the insurance policy while. 
His older brother Arthur was 

1246
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:26,600
groomed for King ship. 
But Arthur died at 15, 7 years. 

1247
01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:30,300
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 
not just a crown, but also 

1248
01:10:30,300 --> 01:10:32,600
Arthur's Widow, Catherine of 
Aragon. 

1249
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:36,200
The young king is what we might 
call a renaissance, man, though,

1250
01:10:36,200 --> 01:10:39,500
that term won't be coined for 
centuries, he speaks Latin 

1251
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:43,500
fluently reads, French nose 
enough, Spanish to charm, his 

1252
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:47,000
wife, and his learning Italian, 
because educated people should 

1253
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:52,000
know Italian, He writes poetry 
not particularly good poetry but

1254
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:56,100
in enthusiastic poetry the scans
properly an occasionally hit on 

1255
01:10:56,100 --> 01:11:00,100
a decent metaphor. 
He composes music playing the 

1256
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:03,800
lute virginals and recorder with
genuine skill. 

1257
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:08,500
His song Pastime with good 
company will still be performed 

1258
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:11,800
500 years later though. 
Mostly by people who enjoy 

1259
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,500
singing in Period costume Henry 
jousts with the aggressive 

1260
01:11:15,500 --> 01:11:19,500
confidence of someone who's very
good at sports and knows it He 

1261
01:11:19,508 --> 01:11:23,000
hunts almost obsessively 
sometimes riding for 8 or 10 

1262
01:11:23,008 --> 01:11:26,400
hours straight wearing out 
horses and companions with equal

1263
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:30,300
ease, he dances with the kind of
vigor that makes watching him 

1264
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:33,400
exhausting at his coronation 
celebrations. 

1265
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:35,900
He reportedly went through 
multiple partners because he 

1266
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:38,900
kept wearing them out. 
Henry's, most impressive feature

1267
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:42,700
might be his mind. 
He's genuinely intelligent with 

1268
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:44,800
that particular, kind of 
intelligence, that loves 

1269
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:47,100
learning new things, and showing
off that knowledge. 

1270
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,500
He can debate theology with 
Scholars, discussed tactics with

1271
01:11:51,500 --> 01:11:54,600
military commanders and hold 
forth on everything from 

1272
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:58,400
architecture to astronomy. 
He's also convinced he's right 

1273
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:01,300
about everything which will 
become more problematic as he 

1274
01:12:01,308 --> 01:12:03,900
ages. 
But at 17 just seems like 

1275
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:08,600
confidence his father left him a
full treasury unprecedented for 

1276
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:12,000
an English king and young Henry 
approaches spending this money 

1277
01:12:12,000 --> 01:12:14,700
with the enthusiasm of someone 
who has just discovered their 

1278
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:19,700
parents credit card has no limit
He throws tournaments that cost 

1279
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:21,900
more than the annual income for 
small counties. 

1280
01:12:22,800 --> 01:12:26,400
His coronation festivities last 
for days and include enough food

1281
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:29,700
to feed a small army, which is 
appropriate since he's 

1282
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:33,100
essentially feeding his entire 
court plus, hundreds of guests. 

1283
01:12:33,100 --> 01:12:35,800
The new Kings household is a 
world unto itself. 

1284
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:39,600
A mobile Village of hundreds of 
people who exist solely to 

1285
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:41,400
maintain Royal comfort and 
dignity. 

1286
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:45,000
There are Gentlemen of the privy
chamber who helped him dress 

1287
01:12:45,000 --> 01:12:49,400
Grooms, who manages extensive 
wardrobe servers, who bring his 

1288
01:12:49,400 --> 01:12:53,900
meals musicians, who provide 
entertainment chaplains, who 

1289
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:56,900
lead prayers Physicians, who 
monitor his health? 

1290
01:12:57,700 --> 01:13:00,500
And countless others whose jobs 
have titles like Yeoman of the 

1291
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,200
mouth and make perfect sense in 
context. 

1292
01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:06,200
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

1293
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:10,500
He rises around six or seven 
hearing Mass almost immediately 

1294
01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:13,400
because religious devotion of 
political display conveniently 

1295
01:13:13,400 --> 01:13:18,000
overlap, he conducts business in
the morning, signing documents, 

1296
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:23,100
receiving ambassadors Consulting
with counselors, but never so 

1297
01:13:23,100 --> 01:13:26,000
much business that it interferes
with dinner at ten or eleven. 

1298
01:13:27,300 --> 01:13:29,700
After dinner comes the real Joy 
of his day. 

1299
01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:34,600
Hunting Hawking tennis or 
jousting? 

1300
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:39,900
Depending on whether and mood. 
Supper arrives around 5 or 6, 

1301
01:13:39,900 --> 01:13:45,200
followed by entertainment music 
cards, dice dancing, that can 

1302
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:48,300
continue until midnight his 
marriage to Catherine of Aragon 

1303
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:50,600
seems initially quite 
successful. 

1304
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:56,300
Thrin is 23 to Henry 17 which 
makes her practically an older 

1305
01:13:56,300 --> 01:13:59,100
woman in an era where most Royal
brides are teenagers. 

1306
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:04,400
She's intelligent educated 
deeply religious and genuinely 

1307
01:14:04,400 --> 01:14:08,600
seems to love her young husband 
Henry appears equally devoted 

1308
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:12,500
calling her his true wife and 
clearly enjoying her company. 

1309
01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:16,900
Their Crown together ruled 
together and seem to share both 

1310
01:14:16,900 --> 01:14:21,200
affection and respect Catherine 
comes from impressive stock. 

1311
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:25,100
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 
and Isabella of Spain, the 

1312
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:28,100
monarchs who completed the 
Reconquista and funded 

1313
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:31,600
Columbus's voyage. 
Her upbringing emphasized, 

1314
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:33,900
educational and piety in equal 
measure. 

1315
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:38,400
She reads Latin speaks multiple 
languages and understands 

1316
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:41,300
politics with the sophistication
of someone raised in one of 

1317
01:14:41,308 --> 01:14:44,700
Europe's, most powerful courts. 
She's Not Just decorative. 

1318
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:48,800
She's competent, which Tudor 
England actually values in its 

1319
01:14:48,800 --> 01:14:50,600
Queen. 
Consorts the court. 

1320
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,600
Henry creates around himself is 
magnificent by English 

1321
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:56,400
standards. 
The Continental observers 

1322
01:14:56,400 --> 01:14:57,800
sometimes find it a bit 
provincial. 

1323
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:02,200
The Great Hall at any of his 
palaces fills with courtiers 

1324
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:06,600
wearing their finest clothes 
doublets in Rich, Fabrics, gowns

1325
01:15:06,600 --> 01:15:09,500
with the elaborate sleeves, and 
hats sporting feathers that cost

1326
01:15:09,500 --> 01:15:13,500
small fortunes. 
The tables grown under roasted 

1327
01:15:13,500 --> 01:15:18,100
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 
sculptures and wine from France 

1328
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,000
and Spain. 
Musicians play from galleries 

1329
01:15:21,000 --> 01:15:23,800
while jesters and acrobats 
provide entertainment between 

1330
01:15:23,800 --> 01:15:27,600
courses, but beneath the 
magnifiscents Henry's court is 

1331
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:29,600
also a place of careful 
calculation. 

1332
01:15:29,600 --> 01:15:34,100
Every favor granted creates 
obligation every position, 

1333
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:37,700
filled affects the balance of 
power between competing noble 

1334
01:15:37,700 --> 01:15:40,700
families. 
Every smile or frown from the 

1335
01:15:40,700 --> 01:15:45,200
King can make or break careers. 
Men and women surrounding Henry 

1336
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:47,800
are playing a complex game where
the rules aren't written down, 

1337
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:51,400
but everyone knows them. 
And the penalty for mistakes can

1338
01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:54,200
be severe. 
Henry's approached King ship in 

1339
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:57,800
these early years is energetic 
but not particularly focused. 

1340
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:02,000
He wants to be a great king. 
Certainly But his understanding 

1341
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:06,000
of greatness comes partly from 
medieval romance and partly from

1342
01:16:06,000 --> 01:16:09,400
his father's example, great 
Kings, go to war. 

1343
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:12,400
So Henry will go to war. 
Great Kings of learned. 

1344
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:16,000
So, Henry will be learned, great
kings are Pious so Henry will be

1345
01:16:16,008 --> 01:16:19,500
pious. 
It's kingship as performance and

1346
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:23,600
Henry is a natural performer, 
his counselors particularly the 

1347
01:16:23,600 --> 01:16:26,900
brilliant Thomas Wolsey who 
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 

1348
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:30,200
Chancellor and Cardinal handle. 
Most, actual governance. 

1349
01:16:31,000 --> 01:16:35,600
Woolsey is everything, Henry 
isn't lowborn detail oriented 

1350
01:16:35,600 --> 01:16:38,200
and willing to do the boring 
administrative work. 

1351
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,300
That keeps the kingdom 
functioning He's also ambitious 

1352
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:45,700
clever and completely devoted to
managing Henry's Affairs, in 

1353
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:49,500
ways that keep his royal master 
happy while accumulating power 

1354
01:16:49,500 --> 01:16:53,100
for himself, the relationship 
between Henry and Woolsey works 

1355
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:55,300
because it satisfies both men's 
needs. 

1356
01:16:56,100 --> 01:16:59,700
Henry gets to play King fighting
Wars hosting tournaments 

1357
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:03,300
impressing foreign ambassadors 
while Woolsey runs the country. 

1358
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:08,200
Wooly gets wealth power and 
influence far beyond what his 

1359
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,700
butcher's, son background, would
normally allow It's a 

1360
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,800
partnership that will last for 
two decades and accomplish 

1361
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,800
remarkable things, until the 
moment, it doesn't in these 

1362
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:20,700
early years. 
Henry, occasionally mentioned, 

1363
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:23,700
his desire for his son. 
Catherine becomes pregnant 

1364
01:17:23,700 --> 01:17:26,000
multiple times, but the babies 
don't survive. 

1365
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:30,100
Stillborn daughter. 
A son who lives only weeks and 

1366
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:33,600
more heartbreak, this is common 
in the 16th century. 

1367
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:37,700
When infant mortality claims, at
least a third of all babies, but

1368
01:17:37,700 --> 01:17:40,500
it's particularly significant 
when you're trying to secure a 

1369
01:17:40,500 --> 01:17:43,700
dynasty. 
Still Henry and Catherine are 

1370
01:17:43,700 --> 01:17:46,800
young. 
There's time everyone says this 

1371
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:50,700
time Henry's, Englund in these 
early years hums with optimism. 

1372
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:56,300
The king is Young energetic and 
generous Treasury is full the 

1373
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:59,800
wars with France, while 
expensive and not particularly 

1374
01:17:59,800 --> 01:18:02,500
successful. 
At least make England feel 

1375
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:06,100
important on the European stage.
The monasteries continue their 

1376
01:18:06,100 --> 01:18:09,500
centuries old routines the 
parish churches, anchor their 

1377
01:18:09,500 --> 01:18:12,900
communities, the Pope's 
Authority remains unquestioned, 

1378
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:17,300
everything seems stable 
permanent and part of a natural 

1379
01:18:17,300 --> 01:18:19,100
order that will continue 
indefinitely. 

1380
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:21,800
No one yet. 
Imagine that this gold golden 

1381
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,900
young king So devoted to his 
Spanish. 

1382
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:27,800
Catholic wife will become the 
man who breaks England away from

1383
01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:30,400
Rome. 
No one suspects that his 

1384
01:18:30,408 --> 01:18:33,600
desperate desire for her son 
will reshape English, religion, 

1385
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:38,100
politics, and daily life. 
The revolution is coming, but it

1386
01:18:38,100 --> 01:18:42,300
approaches quietly disguised as 
personal frustration, rather 

1387
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:46,600
than ideological conviction as 
the 1520s unfold, you might 

1388
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,800
notice subtle changes in how 
England's King speaks about 

1389
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,200
Authority and Power. 
It's nothing. 

1390
01:18:52,200 --> 01:18:55,900
Dramatic at first, just a young 
man in his thirties. 

1391
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:59,900
Growing more confident about his
own judgment and less interested

1392
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:02,800
in deferring to others. 
Even others wearing papal. 

1393
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:05,600
Tiaras Henry's. 
Theological education is 

1394
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:09,200
impressive for a king, Most 
monarchs content themselves with

1395
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:12,100
attending mass and letting 
clergy handle the complicated 

1396
01:19:12,100 --> 01:19:14,300
stuff. 
But Henry, actually reads 

1397
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:17,600
theology. 
His Library contains volume by 

1398
01:19:17,600 --> 01:19:22,200
Church fathers like Augustine 
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 

1399
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:25,000
like Thomas Aquinas and 
contemporary humanists. 

1400
01:19:26,000 --> 01:19:29,100
He doesn't just read them, he 
makes notes in the margins 

1401
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,300
arguing with long dead 
theologians as if they're 

1402
01:19:32,300 --> 01:19:33,400
sitting across from him at 
dinner. 

1403
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:37,700
In 1521, Henry writes a book 
defending the seven sacraments 

1404
01:19:37,700 --> 01:19:42,100
against Martin Luther's attacks?
Yes, rights not commission's, 

1405
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:46,100
not takes credit for, but 
actually writes complete with 

1406
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,000
crossed out sections and 
revisions that Scholars will 

1407
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:52,700
examine centuries later. 
The book earns him in the title 

1408
01:19:52,700 --> 01:19:55,500
Defender Of The Faith, from 
Pope, Leo X. 

1409
01:19:56,100 --> 01:19:58,600
Which is deliciously ironic 
given what's coming. 

1410
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:03,500
Henry is genuinely proud of this
title wearing it like a teenager

1411
01:20:03,500 --> 01:20:06,700
wears their first Varsity 
letter, but here's what makes 

1412
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:09,600
Henry Dangerous. 
He's smart enough to understand 

1413
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:13,700
complex, theological arguments, 
but convinced enough of his own 

1414
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:16,100
righteousness to believe that 
when he understands something 

1415
01:20:16,100 --> 01:20:19,700
differently than traditional 
interpretation tradition must be

1416
01:20:19,700 --> 01:20:22,200
wrong. 
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 

1417
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:24,800
in a crowd and it's going to 
reshape a nation. 

1418
01:20:24,800 --> 01:20:27,800
The issue of his marriage to 
Catherine begins, noring at 

1419
01:20:27,808 --> 01:20:29,600
Henry like a persistent. 
Toothache. 

1420
01:20:30,300 --> 01:20:34,000
By the mid-50s, Catherine is in 
her 40s and unlikely to have 

1421
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:36,400
more children. 
There are only surviving child 

1422
01:20:36,400 --> 01:20:40,800
is Princess Maori an England has
never successful been ruled by a

1423
01:20:40,800 --> 01:20:44,100
queen in her own right? 
Henry starts wondering if 

1424
01:20:44,100 --> 01:20:46,100
perhaps his marriage was cursed 
from the beginning. 

1425
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:49,600
He finds his answer in 
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 

1426
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:51,500
book of laws that most people 
skip over. 

1427
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:56,000
Chapter 20 verse 281. 
If a man shall take his 

1428
01:20:56,000 --> 01:20:58,400
brother's wife, it is an unclean
thing. 

1429
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:02,300
They shall be childless. 
Never mind that he has a 

1430
01:21:02,308 --> 01:21:05,000
daughter. 
The Hebrew word Henry decides 

1431
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:08,600
really means sunless. 
Never mind that the pope granted

1432
01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:11,600
a dispensation specifically 
allowing him to marry his 

1433
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:14,600
brother's widow. 
Henry has convinced himself that

1434
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:17,300
God is punishing him for 
violating Divine Law. 

1435
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:21,300
This conclusion isn't entirely 
self-serving though it 

1436
01:21:21,300 --> 01:21:24,900
conveniently aligns with his 
desires, Henry genuinely 

1437
01:21:24,900 --> 01:21:27,700
believes in Divine judgment and 
biblical Authority. 

1438
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,300
He also genuinely wants a 
legitimate male heir to prevent 

1439
01:21:31,300 --> 01:21:33,800
the Civil War. 
That could erupt, if he dies 

1440
01:21:33,800 --> 01:21:37,100
without one, And he very 
definitely wants to marry Anne 

1441
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,600
Boleyn the dark eyed lady in 
waiting, who has captured his 

1442
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:44,400
attention, and refuses, to 
become his mistress, and Berlin 

1443
01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:48,000
is not the conventional Beauty. 
You might expect contemporary 

1444
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:50,500
description suggests. 
She's interesting looking rather

1445
01:21:50,500 --> 01:21:56,500
than pretty Long neck dark hair,
dark eyes, and an extra finger 

1446
01:21:56,500 --> 01:22:00,300
on one hand that she carefully 
conceals with long sleeves but 

1447
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,800
she's sophisticated having spent
years at the French Court 

1448
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:08,000
educated Beyond most women of 
her time and possessed of that 

1449
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:10,500
quality. 
That is impossible to Define but

1450
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:14,400
instantly recognizable. 
She's fascinating more 

1451
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:17,000
importantly and refuses to 
sleep, with Henry without 

1452
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:19,800
marriage, a system. 
Mary had been the king's 

1453
01:22:19,800 --> 01:22:22,300
mistress and had been discarded 
when he lost interest. 

1454
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:26,400
Anna's observed, this lesson and
drawn conclusions. 

1455
01:22:27,500 --> 01:22:31,800
She'll be queen or nothing. 
Which drives Henry absolutely 

1456
01:22:31,800 --> 01:22:35,400
mad with desire and frustration 
in equal measure, Henry's 

1457
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:37,600
approach to solving his great 
matter. 

1458
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:41,300
As the proposed annulment 
becomes known reveals both his 

1459
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:46,000
intelligent and his limitations.
He deploys theologians to argue 

1460
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:49,500
his case commission, scholarly 
opinions from universities 

1461
01:22:49,500 --> 01:22:52,000
across Europe, and has his agent
search. 

1462
01:22:52,000 --> 01:22:55,300
Libraries for precedence. 
He's treating his marriage, like

1463
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,600
a legal case to be one through 
Superior argument and evidence. 

1464
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:02,500
Cardinal Woolsey that brilliant 
administrator whose managed 

1465
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,600
England for years. 
Find himself, tasked with 

1466
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,300
accomplishing something nearly 
impossible, convincing Pope 

1467
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:11,200
Clement, the seven to a null 
Henry's. 

1468
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:14,000
Marriage to Catherine who 
happens to be the of Charles, 

1469
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:17,000
the fifth, the Holy Roman 
Emperor who recently sacked, 

1470
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:20,000
Rome and has the pope 
essentially, under house arrest.

1471
01:23:20,000 --> 01:23:23,600
It's like asking someone to 
convince their Capital to anger 

1472
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:28,400
their captors on Woolsey tries 
everything, negotiation 

1473
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:33,300
persuasion legal arguments, 
implied threats. 

1474
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:36,600
But it's a chess game. 
Where the opposing player 

1475
01:23:36,600 --> 01:23:40,400
controls, most of the board, the
annulment process drags on for 

1476
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:42,800
years. 
And during these years, you can 

1477
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:47,900
feel England beginning to shift.
Little at first, like the change

1478
01:23:47,900 --> 01:23:51,700
in air pressure before a storm 
Henri starts, questioning papal,

1479
01:23:51,700 --> 01:23:54,200
Authority, and ways that would 
have shocked his younger self. 

1480
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:59,000
If the pope won't Grant, what 
Henry knows is just perhaps the 

1481
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:01,500
Pope's Authority isn't as 
absolute. 

1482
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:05,200
As everyone assumed Protestant 
ideas have been filtering into 

1483
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:08,200
England like water seeping 
through cracks in a damn. 

1484
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:10,800
Merchants traveling to the 
continent. 

1485
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:13,300
Bring back books by Luther and 
other reformers. 

1486
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,400
University Scholars, debate, new
theological Concepts. 

1487
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:21,500
Someone keeps smuggling English 
translations of the Bible into 

1488
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:24,000
the country though. 
Possessing them is heresy. 

1489
01:24:25,000 --> 01:24:28,200
These aren't mainstream views, 
most English people remain 

1490
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:32,000
thoroughly Catholic but their 
creating intellectual space for 

1491
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:33,800
questioning traditional 
Authority. 

1492
01:24:33,800 --> 01:24:37,800
Henry's, personal piety, remains
intense, even as he questioned 

1493
01:24:37,800 --> 01:24:41,200
his papal power, he still hears 
multiple masses. 

1494
01:24:41,200 --> 01:24:45,600
Daily still observes fasts and 
holy days and still makes 

1495
01:24:45,600 --> 01:24:47,700
pilgrimages to important 
shrines. 

1496
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:51,200
But he's developing a 
distinction in his mind between 

1497
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,000
the Eternal truths of 
Christianity, and the 

1498
01:24:54,008 --> 01:24:57,900
institutional structures of the 
Catholic Church. if those 

1499
01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:01,600
structures stand between him and
what, he's convinced God wants, 

1500
01:25:01,600 --> 01:25:05,800
perhaps the structures need 
adjustment, the English clergy 

1501
01:25:05,800 --> 01:25:09,300
finds itself in an impossible 
position, they were allegiance 

1502
01:25:09,300 --> 01:25:12,500
to both their King and their 
Pope, which works fine, until 

1503
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:16,100
those two authorities, want 
opposite things, Some clergy, 

1504
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:18,700
particularly those who've 
studied reformed theology. 

1505
01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:22,400
Starts suggesting that perhaps 
National churches should govern 

1506
01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:24,000
themselves. 
Others. 

1507
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:27,800
Remain firmly committed to papal
Supremacy which is brave. 

1508
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:31,700
But increasingly dangerous, 
Thomas, Kramer a Cambridge 

1509
01:25:31,700 --> 01:25:35,600
scholar with quiet manners, and 
radical ideas, enters Henry, 

1510
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:39,700
Circle During the period, 
Cranmer suggest that in our 

1511
01:25:39,700 --> 01:25:42,900
asking, the pope for permission 
Henry should simply declare 

1512
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:44,400
that. 
English religious matters should

1513
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:48,100
be decided in England. 
It's a revolutionary idea raped 

1514
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:50,900
in reasonable sounding language 
and Henry loves it. 

1515
01:25:51,800 --> 01:25:54,000
Here's someone telling him that 
he's not rebelling against 

1516
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:56,600
proper Authority, he's claiming 
Authority. 

1517
01:25:56,600 --> 01:26:00,100
That was rightfully his all 
along the break with Rome when 

1518
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:03,200
it comes won't happen in a 
single dramatic moment. 

1519
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:07,400
Instead it will unfold across 
several years through a series 

1520
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:11,400
of parliamentary acts and Royal 
declarations each one, taking 

1521
01:26:11,400 --> 01:26:14,800
another step away from papal, 
Authority, while claiming to 

1522
01:26:14,800 --> 01:26:18,300
restore ancient English 
Liberties its revolution 

1523
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:22,600
disguised as restoration, 
radical change presented as a 

1524
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:25,900
return to proper order, but 
before the formal break, you can

1525
01:26:25,900 --> 01:26:28,100
feel English society 
recalibrating. 

1526
01:26:28,900 --> 01:26:31,800
Conversations and taverns 
include speculation about the 

1527
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:34,800
Kings marriage. 
Sermons from pulpits begin. 

1528
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:37,700
Carefully exploring questions 
about religious Authority. 

1529
01:26:38,500 --> 01:26:40,600
Nobles calculate which side. 
They should support. 

1530
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:43,900
Families divided by religious 
conviction. 

1531
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:46,100
Navigating increasingly awkward 
dinners. 

1532
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,700
The foundation's are shifting 
though, the building still looks

1533
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:53,100
solid from outside? 
Henry himself becomes more 

1534
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:55,000
unpredictable during these years
of frustration. 

1535
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:59,400
He's in his 30s now, no longer 
the gold and youth of his 

1536
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:03,000
coronation. 
His leg injured in a jousting 

1537
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:06,700
accident, troubles. 
Increasingly His temper always 

1538
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:11,300
quick becomes quicker. he's used
to getting what he wants and the

1539
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,300
continued resistance to his 
annulment to defend him both 

1540
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:18,500
politically and personally He's 
the king shouldn't that mean 

1541
01:27:18,500 --> 01:27:21,600
something the thing about Henry 
that makes him particularly 

1542
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:25,200
dangerous as a religious 
revolutionary is that he doesn't

1543
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:26,900
think of himself as 
revolutionary. 

1544
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:31,300
In his mind, he's defending 
proper order against people 

1545
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:34,100
overreach. 
Claiming rights that English 

1546
01:27:34,100 --> 01:27:37,100
kings always possessed but 
previous generations. 

1547
01:27:37,100 --> 01:27:41,000
Fail, to exercise, he's not 
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.

1548
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:44,700
His breaking with people 
authority over England which in 

1549
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:47,800
his increasingly firm 
conviction, our entirely 

1550
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:50,500
different things, the 
transformation of England's. 

1551
01:27:50,500 --> 01:27:53,600
Religious life, doesn't happen 
with trumpets and proclamations 

1552
01:27:53,600 --> 01:27:55,400
announcing that everything has 
changed. 

1553
01:27:56,300 --> 01:28:00,200
Instead it arrives. 
Quietly almost apologetically. 

1554
01:28:01,100 --> 01:28:05,700
Skies does administrative reform
and legal clarification in 1531 

1555
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:07,600
Henry. 
Has Parliament declare him, 

1556
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:10,700
Supreme head of the Church of 
England with the careful 

1557
01:28:10,700 --> 01:28:13,400
qualifier as far as the law of 
Christ allows. 

1558
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:16,900
Which is just vague enough to 
let everyone interpret it. 

1559
01:28:16,908 --> 01:28:20,300
However, they need to clergy, 
who find the song, Comfortable 

1560
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,900
can focus on the qualifier. 
Reformers can focus on the main 

1561
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:28,000
Clause Henry can presented to 
simple recognition of existing 

1562
01:28:28,000 --> 01:28:30,600
reality. 
The act of Supremacy in 1534 

1563
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:33,300
removes, the qualifier and makes
it official. 

1564
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:37,500
The king not, the pope is the 
Supreme head of the church in 

1565
01:28:37,500 --> 01:28:39,800
England. 
If you're a parish priest, 

1566
01:28:39,800 --> 01:28:42,600
reading this proclamation to 
your congregation, you might 

1567
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:46,100
notice the awkward silence. 
That follows your prisoners 

1568
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:47,700
aren't sure how to react 
nothing. 

1569
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:50,900
Looks different, same church, 
building same vestments. 

1570
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:55,300
Same Latin Mass but somehow, 
Everything Has Changed Thomas 

1571
01:28:55,300 --> 01:28:57,500
Cromwell who has become Henry's 
chief minister. 

1572
01:28:57,500 --> 01:29:00,900
After wolsey's Fall approaches 
the transformation of England 

1573
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:03,700
with the efficiency of a modern 
corporate restructure. 

1574
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:07,100
Werewolves. 
He was a cardinal first and an 

1575
01:29:07,100 --> 01:29:09,500
administrator. 
Second Cromwell is purely 

1576
01:29:09,500 --> 01:29:13,200
practical, a blacksmith's son, 
who understands that power comes

1577
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:15,300
not from Noble birth or church 
office. 

1578
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:19,500
But from controlling information
and process, Cromwell sends 

1579
01:29:19,500 --> 01:29:23,000
Commissioners across English to 
inventory Church property a 

1580
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:25,000
process called The Valor 
ecclesiasticus. 

1581
01:29:25,900 --> 01:29:28,900
Imagine teams of men with paper 
and Pen pens, visiting your 

1582
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:32,700
local Monastery, counting every 
Candlestick measuring, every 

1583
01:29:32,700 --> 01:29:36,800
acre of land and calculating 
every pound of income. 

1584
01:29:37,600 --> 01:29:40,000
They're creating a date of 
database of ecclesiastical 

1585
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:42,600
wealth though. 
Nobody uses that term yet. 

1586
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:46,600
The monks and nuns watch, this 
inventory process with growing 

1587
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:49,200
unease, sensing that you don't 
count things. 

1588
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,100
This carefully, unless you're 
planning to take them the 

1589
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:55,800
dissolution of the monasteries 
begins in 1536 with the smaller 

1590
01:29:55,800 --> 01:29:59,200
houses, those with annual 
incomes under 200 dollars. 

1591
01:30:00,100 --> 01:30:04,200
The official justification 
involves moral failings laziness

1592
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:07,400
and Corruption though. 
Most monasteries probably 

1593
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:10,500
function, no better or worse 
than they have for centuries. 

1594
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:13,800
The real reason is simpler. 
Henry needs money. 

1595
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:17,700
Wars with France have depleted, 
his father's carefully 

1596
01:30:17,700 --> 01:30:20,800
accumulated Treasury and 
hundreds of monasteries 

1597
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:23,700
collectively owned somewhere 
between a quarter and a third of

1598
01:30:23,708 --> 01:30:26,100
England's land. 
If you're living near a 

1599
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:29,700
monastery in 1536, you watch 
with mixed feelings. 

1600
01:30:29,700 --> 01:30:32,700
As the Commissioners arrived, 
the monastery provided 

1601
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:36,100
employment for local people, 
bought supplies from local, 

1602
01:30:36,100 --> 01:30:40,000
Merchants operated, a hospital 
that treated anyone who showed 

1603
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:44,400
up ran a school, where boys, 
learn to read and write and gave

1604
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:48,400
food to the poor every week. 
It's all so well he while paying

1605
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:52,300
no taxes holds ancient rites 
that sometimes burden the 

1606
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:56,300
community and houses monks whose
behavior isn't always a 

1607
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:58,000
spiritual as their vows 
suggested. 

1608
01:30:58,000 --> 01:31:01,500
The dissolution process is 
surprisingly bureaucratic. 

1609
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:05,800
Commissioners, inventory, the 
property pension off the monks 

1610
01:31:05,800 --> 01:31:10,400
and nuns and sell the valuable 
items, gold and silver plate. 

1611
01:31:10,400 --> 01:31:14,900
LED from the roofs Bells from 
the towers and even the Stone 

1612
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:18,800
from the buildings themselves. 
Local people sometimes buy 

1613
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,700
chunks of Monastery, to build 
their own houses which means 600

1614
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:26,300
years later, someone will be 
living in a cottage whose walls 

1615
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:30,500
include stones that once echoed 
with Gregorian chant the speed 

1616
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:34,300
of physical transformation is 
startling a monastery that stood

1617
01:31:34,300 --> 01:31:37,800
for 400 years can be stripped, 
and partially demolished in 

1618
01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:41,500
months. 
Visit the site year later and 

1619
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:43,300
you'll find ruins open to the 
sky. 

1620
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:47,700
Ivy already beginning to reclaim
walls and locals using the old 

1621
01:31:47,700 --> 01:31:51,700
chapter house as a sheep pen. 
The destruction is so complete 

1622
01:31:51,700 --> 01:31:54,300
that people will later assumed 
these ruins must be ancient. 

1623
01:31:55,300 --> 01:31:58,200
Surely nothing so recent could 
look so thoroughly lost. 

1624
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:02,100
The transformation goes deeper 
than dismantling buildings. 

1625
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:06,100
The dissolution eliminates the 
entire monastic Network that 

1626
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:08,300
provided Social Services across 
England. 

1627
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,900
Hospitals closed, schools 
disappear, the regular 

1628
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:15,000
distribution of food to the poor
stops. 

1629
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:19,200
Travelers lose their free. 
Accommodation, monasteries that 

1630
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:21,100
copied manuscripts and 
preserved. 

1631
01:32:21,100 --> 01:32:24,100
Learning a gone. 
It's like simultaneously 

1632
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:28,500
shutting down hospitals hotels, 
schools, library and social 

1633
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:30,700
welfare offices across an entire
nation. 

1634
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:35,100
Some communities resist In 
northern England, the pilgrimage

1635
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:38,300
of Grace brings together. 
Thousands of people, not just 

1636
01:32:38,300 --> 01:32:42,600
monks but Farmers Merchants and 
local Nobles demanding 

1637
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:45,100
restoration of the monasteries 
and the old ways. 

1638
01:32:45,100 --> 01:32:49,200
It's the largest popular 
uprising of Tudor England and 

1639
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:52,200
Henry handles it with his 
characteristic combination of 

1640
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:56,400
promises and ruthlessness. 
He makes concessions waits for 

1641
01:32:56,400 --> 01:33:00,000
the rebels to disperse, then 
arrest, the leaders and execute 

1642
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:03,300
them by the time he's finished. 
Nobody else wants to lead a 

1643
01:33:03,300 --> 01:33:06,700
rebellion, the larger 
monasteries fall between 1538 

1644
01:33:06,700 --> 01:33:10,000
and 1540. 
Even the great houses like, 

1645
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:13,000
Glastonbury Abbey. 
That once seemed as permanent as

1646
01:33:13,000 --> 01:33:17,300
the hills themselves. 
The dissolution transfers an 

1647
01:33:17,300 --> 01:33:20,700
enormous amount of property into
Royal hands, which Henry 

1648
01:33:20,700 --> 01:33:24,100
immediately begins selling or 
granting to Loyal supporters. 

1649
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,800
It's the largest redistribution 
of property in England since the

1650
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:31,700
Norman conquest, and it creates 
a class of landowners whose 

1651
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:34,600
wealth depends on the religious 
changes continuing. 

1652
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:37,900
You can't go back to the old 
system without dispossessing 

1653
01:33:37,900 --> 01:33:40,600
thousands of newly wealthy 
families who now have strong 

1654
01:33:40,600 --> 01:33:44,300
interests in maintaining the New
Order religious practice itself.

1655
01:33:44,300 --> 01:33:47,200
Changes more. 
Gradually, the Latin Mass can 

1656
01:33:47,200 --> 01:33:50,400
continue in most parishes 
looking and sounding almost 

1657
01:33:50,400 --> 01:33:52,200
identical to what it's always 
been. 

1658
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:57,300
Small changes appear like cracks
in familiar surfaces, certain 

1659
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:01,600
feast days are eliminated 
shrines to Saints or dismantled 

1660
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:04,400
in their Treasures, seized 
pilgrimages. 

1661
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,400
Once a standard part of 
religious life are discouraged. 

1662
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:11,700
The veneration of relics, those 
bits of bone and cloth. 

1663
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:15,200
Supposedly from Saints is 
criticized as Superstition. 

1664
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:17,900
English Bibles. 
Begin appearing in churches. 

1665
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:21,600
Enormous volumes chained 
electrons, so nobody can steal 

1666
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:24,400
them. 
For people who can read, this is

1667
01:34:24,400 --> 01:34:27,300
revolutionary. 
They can now check whether the 

1668
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:31,300
priest Latin sermon actually 
reflects what the text says, for

1669
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:34,600
people who can't read, which is 
most people someone in the 

1670
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:38,200
community, usually can and Bible
reading becomes a communal 

1671
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:39,800
activity. 
As people gather to hear 

1672
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:43,500
scripture in their own language.
The theological changes are more

1673
01:34:43,500 --> 01:34:46,600
subtle Henry insists. 
He's maintained Catholic 

1674
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:50,900
Doctrine, even while rejecting 
people Authority, The six 

1675
01:34:50,900 --> 01:34:54,400
articles of 1539 reaffirmed 
traditional beliefs about 

1676
01:34:54,400 --> 01:34:58,600
transubstantiation clerical, 
celibacy and confession. 

1677
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:02,700
But the door has been open to 
questioning and once you start 

1678
01:35:02,700 --> 01:35:05,900
questioning one form of 
authority, it becomes harder to 

1679
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:09,300
insist on unquestioning 
acceptance of others, Thomas 

1680
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,200
cranmer. 
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 

1681
01:35:12,200 --> 01:35:17,000
begins carefully, cautiously 
pushing England toward more 

1682
01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:20,300
Protestant positions. 
He's a brilliant politician. 

1683
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:23,300
Who understands that Henry? 
Won't accept dramatic changes. 

1684
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:27,700
So he works incrementally a 
modification to the Liturgy 

1685
01:35:27,700 --> 01:35:30,700
here. 
A revised prayer there slowly 

1686
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:33,700
Shifting the service away from 
medieval Catholic practice 

1687
01:35:33,700 --> 01:35:37,800
towards something more reformed,
the chantries come under 

1688
01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:40,100
scrutiny. 
Next these are endowments for 

1689
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:43,500
priests to say masses for the 
dead based on the Catholic 

1690
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:47,400
doctrine of purgatory. wealthy 
people have for centuries left 

1691
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:50,600
money to pay for prayers, that 
will shorten their time in 

1692
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:54,800
purgatory's, purifying fires, If
you question Purgatory, 

1693
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:58,600
existence, these endowments 
become pointless and the 

1694
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:01,600
property supporting them becomes
available for other purposes. 

1695
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:05,400
Like funding the Kings 
government, daily life, ordinary

1696
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:08,500
English, people become a 
religiously confusing. your 

1697
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:12,000
grandparents taught you to pray 
to Saints, to make pilgrimages 

1698
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:16,500
and to purchase Indulgence is 
the old priest emphasized, these

1699
01:36:16,500 --> 01:36:20,100
practices as essential for 
salvation, the new priest says, 

1700
01:36:20,108 --> 01:36:23,200
their Superstition, you're 
supposed to stop venerating 

1701
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:27,100
relics, but continue believing 
in transubstantiation, You 

1702
01:36:27,100 --> 01:36:29,800
should read the Bible in English
but maintain traditional liturgy

1703
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:32,300
and Latin. 
It's like trying to follow rules

1704
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:33,700
that keep changing without 
anyone. 

1705
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:37,300
Quite explaining the new system,
the destruction of religious art

1706
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:39,300
represents a particularly 
visible loss. 

1707
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,400
Parish churches contained, 
centuries of accumulated, Beauty

1708
01:36:43,400 --> 01:36:48,100
painted walls showing biblical 
scenes stained glass windows 

1709
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:51,600
depicting Saints. 
Elaborate wooden screens carved 

1710
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:55,500
by local Craftsmen and statues 
that children had always known 

1711
01:36:56,600 --> 01:37:00,200
Commissioners order, this art 
destroyed as idolatrous and 

1712
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:03,300
people watch as Beauty 
accumulated over Generations is 

1713
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:05,700
whitewashed smashed or carted 
away. 

1714
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:10,200
Something about this destruction
feels wrong even to people who 

1715
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:12,600
support reform must 
Transformations. 

1716
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,100
Require such comprehensive 
elimination of the past, the 

1717
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:19,200
religious upheaval reshapes, 
English daily life in ways, both

1718
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:23,200
obvious and subtle Like water, 
changing course, and cutting new

1719
01:37:23,200 --> 01:37:25,200
channels through a familiar 
landscape. 

1720
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:28,200
Your morning. 
Still begins with bells but 

1721
01:37:28,200 --> 01:37:31,700
fewer Bells than before the 
monastic hours that once 

1722
01:37:31,700 --> 01:37:34,900
punctuated each day with their 
bronze voices, have fallen 

1723
01:37:34,900 --> 01:37:38,700
silent leaving, only Parish 
church bells to Mark the passing

1724
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:41,300
time. 
The absence is like, missing 

1725
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:44,800
teeth in a smile. 
You don't notice until you do 

1726
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:46,700
and then you can't stop 
noticing. 

1727
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:51,300
The calendar itself has changed.
Those feast days that once 

1728
01:37:51,300 --> 01:37:54,700
dotted the year like raisins in 
a pudding giving breaks from 

1729
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:58,100
labor and reasons for Community 
celebration have been 

1730
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:02,000
drastically reduced. 
The new religious authorities 

1731
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:05,000
consider many Saints days to be 
superstitious success. 

1732
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:08,600
But to work in people, they were
welcome breaks in the grinding 

1733
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:10,700
routine of Labor. 
Fewer. 

1734
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:14,500
Holy days means more work days 
which pleases employers but not 

1735
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:19,300
employees, food, culture shifts 
in unexpected ways the Catholic 

1736
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:21,600
Church required. 
Fasting on Fridays and during 

1737
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:27,100
Lent, no meat though fish was 
permitted This created a huge 

1738
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:30,300
market for fish supporting 
Coastal communities and 

1739
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:32,900
providing nutrition to people 
who might not otherwise afford 

1740
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:36,100
protein. 
Protestant idea spread and 

1741
01:38:36,100 --> 01:38:38,000
fasting requirements of 
questioned. 

1742
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:41,000
The fish trade suffers 
Parliament, eventually has to 

1743
01:38:41,008 --> 01:38:43,300
pass laws. 
Requiring fish consumption on 

1744
01:38:43,300 --> 01:38:47,700
certain days for purely economic
reasons, which creates the odd 

1745
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:50,300
situation of enforcing, 
religious dietary rules for 

1746
01:38:50,300 --> 01:38:53,200
commercial purposes. 
After abandoning them for 

1747
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:57,200
Spiritual reasons, the poor feel
the dissolution of monasteries 

1748
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:01,000
most acutely. that Weekly 
distribution of food, from the 

1749
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:04,900
Abbey, is gone hospital that 
treated anyone who arrived no 

1750
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:09,100
longer exists, The monks Who 
provided education to clever 

1751
01:39:09,100 --> 01:39:12,600
children from poor families of 
dispersed, The Travelers. 

1752
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:16,200
Accommodation has closed. 
The result is more people with 

1753
01:39:16,200 --> 01:39:19,800
nowhere to turn when times are 
hard, which in the 16th century 

1754
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:23,100
is frequently parishes. 
Find the cells, responsible for 

1755
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:24,500
poor relief without the 
resources. 

1756
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:28,800
Monasteries once provided Parish
has to care for its own poor, 

1757
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:32,500
which sounds reasonable Until 
you realize poor people can't 

1758
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:35,100
travel to find work without 
losing their, Parish residents, 

1759
01:39:35,100 --> 01:39:37,200
effectively, trapping them in 
poverty. 

1760
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:41,100
Its like deleting the social 
safety net and replacing it with

1761
01:39:41,100 --> 01:39:45,000
a smaller less effective. 
Local version while pretending 

1762
01:39:45,000 --> 01:39:48,800
you've improved things education
transforms from religious to 

1763
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,400
secular control though. 
The transition takes decades and

1764
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,500
leaves gaps. 
Monastery, schools have 

1765
01:39:55,500 --> 01:39:57,900
vanished. 
Cathedral schools continue. 

1766
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,300
But with different emphasis, 
grammar schools, begin appearing

1767
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:04,700
funded by Merchants money or 
wealthy individuals rather than 

1768
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,900
religious houses. 
The education is still heavily 

1769
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:10,500
religious. 
You can't escape that in Tudor 

1770
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:12,900
England but its purpose shifts 
from training. 

1771
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:15,100
Clergy to training gentlemen and
professionals. 

1772
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:18,400
The English language itself 
begins changing as religious 

1773
01:40:18,400 --> 01:40:23,000
vocabulary transforms. 
Words like priests acquired 

1774
01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:24,600
different. 
Implications depending on 

1775
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:28,900
whether your Protestant or 
Catholic, Church might mean the 

1776
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:32,300
building the community of 
Believers or the institutional 

1777
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:35,700
structure and which meaning you 
intend, says something about 

1778
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:40,000
your religious position. 
The Bible in English, introduces

1779
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,000
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 
directly into common speech 

1780
01:40:43,000 --> 01:40:47,100
enriching the language even as 
religious controversy to divide 

1781
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:49,500
communities. 
Women women's roles shift in 

1782
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:53,800
complex ways, the dissolution of
nunnery is eliminates the one 

1783
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,200
respectable option for women who
didn't want to marry or whose 

1784
01:40:57,200 --> 01:40:58,900
families could not provide 
dowries. 

1785
01:40:59,800 --> 01:41:02,900
Before the dissolution, an 
educated woman could become a 

1786
01:41:02,908 --> 01:41:06,400
prior arrest or Abby's managing 
substantial property and 

1787
01:41:06,400 --> 01:41:10,900
wielding real Authority. 
After the dissolution that path 

1788
01:41:10,900 --> 01:41:14,400
no longer exists. 
Marriage becomes more thoroughly

1789
01:41:14,400 --> 01:41:16,700
compulsory which isn't 
Liberation. 

1790
01:41:16,700 --> 01:41:20,500
Even if Protestant, theology 
emphasizes companionate marriage

1791
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:24,200
over Catholic acceptance of 
celibacy architecture, begins 

1792
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:27,800
changing. 
The gradually new houses built 

1793
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:29,800
by families who bought Monastery
lands. 

1794
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:33,000
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

1795
01:41:33,000 --> 01:41:37,100
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

1796
01:41:37,100 --> 01:41:39,300
Now that clear glass is becoming
more available. 

1797
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,400
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

1798
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,600
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose wealth comes from 

1799
01:41:45,600 --> 01:41:49,700
Royal favor and land speculation
rather than ancient inheritance 

1800
01:41:49,700 --> 01:41:52,700
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

1801
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:56,300
Flick traditionally included, 
elaborate rituals surrounding 

1802
01:41:56,300 --> 01:41:59,400
death. 
Last rites prayers for the dead 

1803
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:02,500
and masses purchased to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

1804
01:42:03,600 --> 01:42:06,500
Protestant theology. 
Question's Purgatory is 

1805
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:09,800
existence which removes the 
urgency around death bed, 

1806
01:42:09,800 --> 01:42:12,500
preparation while also 
eliminating the Comfort. 

1807
01:42:12,500 --> 01:42:16,400
Many people found in believing, 
they could help deceased loved 

1808
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:19,600
ones, through prayer, and paid 
masses gilts and 

1809
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:22,600
confraternities. 
Those medieval organizations 

1810
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:25,100
that combined Professional 
Organization with religious 

1811
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:27,700
Brotherhood. 
Find their religious functions 

1812
01:42:27,700 --> 01:42:30,800
questioned. 
The guild still regulates who 

1813
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:34,700
can practice certain trades. 
But the shared masses, the 

1814
01:42:34,700 --> 01:42:37,800
processions on patron, saints 
days and the religious 

1815
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:39,700
obligations. 
That bound members together. 

1816
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:44,200
These are increasingly 
problematic Some guilds adapt. 

1817
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:47,100
Others decline, an urban 
community. 

1818
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:49,900
Life becomes somehow more 
commercial and less communal 

1819
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:53,500
publishing explodes. 
As religious controversy creates

1820
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:56,700
demand for books and pamphlets. 
Arguing different positions, 

1821
01:42:56,700 --> 01:43:01,400
print shops in London, and other
cities turn out, Bibles prayer, 

1822
01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:05,600
books, theological treaties, and
controversial pamphlets. 

1823
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:08,700
The government tries to control 
this through license and 

1824
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:11,700
censorship but books are small 
and smuggling is easy. 

1825
01:43:12,600 --> 01:43:15,400
Ideas spread faster than the 
authorities can suppress them 

1826
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:18,300
which is both thrilling and 
frightening depending on which 

1827
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:22,000
ideas you support music in 
churches, shifts from elaborate 

1828
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:25,100
cliffony sung by trained choirs 
to simpler hymns. 

1829
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:27,700
The congregations can actually 
sing together. 

1830
01:43:28,700 --> 01:43:32,100
The Glorious complexity of late 
medieval church music as being 

1831
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:35,500
replaced by something more 
participatory but perhaps less 

1832
01:43:35,500 --> 01:43:38,200
transcended. 
If you love that soaring 

1833
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:42,500
polyphony, this feels like loss.
If you always felt excluded by 

1834
01:43:42,500 --> 01:43:44,900
Latin hymns, you couldn't 
understand sung by 

1835
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:47,300
professionals. 
You couldn't match the change. 

1836
01:43:47,300 --> 01:43:49,800
Feels like finally being invited
to participate. 

1837
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,800
The rhythm of the weak changes 
as Sunday becomes more strictly 

1838
01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:57,000
observed protest in emphasis on 
Sabbath. 

1839
01:43:57,000 --> 01:44:00,000
Rest means fewer of the 
entertainments that wants a 

1840
01:44:00,000 --> 01:44:04,100
company had holy days. 
No dancing, no plays and no 

1841
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:06,300
excessive merry-making on the 
Lord's Day. 

1842
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:12,200
This creates peculiarly English 
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 

1843
01:44:12,200 --> 01:44:16,000
to Children, then and now, but 
also theoretically a day of rest

1844
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:19,600
that even servants and 
apprentices should receive legal

1845
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:22,400
changes. 
Ripple through Daily Life Church

1846
01:44:22,400 --> 01:44:25,900
courts which once handle cases 
involving morality marriage, 

1847
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:30,100
wills and defamation lose 
jurisdiction to secular courts. 

1848
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,400
This sounds technical Until you 
realize it affects where you go,

1849
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:38,800
if your neighbor's land as you 
how you can test a will or how 

1850
01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:40,200
you prove your marriage as 
valid. 

1851
01:44:41,000 --> 01:44:44,600
The Familiar systems, people 
relied on for Generations are 

1852
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,000
being replaced with new 
structures that work differently

1853
01:44:47,000 --> 01:44:50,900
and required different 
expertise, Market Days can 

1854
01:44:50,900 --> 01:44:54,200
continue as always the need to 
buy and sell predate any 

1855
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:57,700
religious controversy. 
That the character of markets, 

1856
01:44:57,700 --> 01:44:59,800
shifts subtly. 
Fewer. 

1857
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:02,800
Religious festivals means fewer.
Special Market Days. 

1858
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:06,800
The dissolution of monasteries 
eliminates major institutional 

1859
01:45:06,800 --> 01:45:11,400
buyers of agricultural products.
former Monastery land being 

1860
01:45:11,400 --> 01:45:15,000
converted to sheep pasture by 
new owners changes, what's being

1861
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:18,900
produced The Invisible Hand of 
the market is adjusting to 

1862
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:22,400
religious upheaval in ways 
economists won't theorize about 

1863
01:45:22,400 --> 01:45:25,300
for centuries. 
Travel becomes simultaneously 

1864
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:28,500
easier and harder easier because
you no longer have to 

1865
01:45:28,500 --> 01:45:31,600
coordinate, pilgrimages around 
the religious calendar, or 

1866
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:34,700
obtain, permissions from church 
authorities harder. 

1867
01:45:34,700 --> 01:45:38,500
Because the network of monastic,
guest houses as vanished leaving

1868
01:45:38,500 --> 01:45:41,500
Travelers dependent on 
Commercial ins, that cost money.

1869
01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:45,000
The highways are more crowded 
with people seeking work. 

1870
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:47,800
After losing positions in 
dissolved religious houses, 

1871
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:51,800
which makes roads both busier 
and potentially more dangerous 

1872
01:45:51,800 --> 01:45:54,800
Family Life. 
Absorbs, these changes like a 

1873
01:45:54,800 --> 01:45:58,900
sponge absorbs water, gradually 
pervasively, changing texture in

1874
01:45:58,900 --> 01:46:01,400
the process. 
Parents who grew up in 

1875
01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:03,800
Thoroughly Catholic? 
England must raise children in 

1876
01:46:03,800 --> 01:46:05,600
this. 
New confused religious 

1877
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:08,100
landscape. 
Do you teach your daughter to 

1878
01:46:08,100 --> 01:46:11,200
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 
were taught or is that now? 

1879
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:15,400
A dangerous Superstition, do you
tell your son about purgatory or

1880
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:17,400
is that been definitively 
rejected? 

1881
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:20,900
The answers depend on which 
priest is currently preaching, 

1882
01:46:20,900 --> 01:46:24,500
which faction is currently 
dominant and how willing you are

1883
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:26,600
to risk? 
Being labeled either heretic or 

1884
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:29,000
papers. 
The English language of religion

1885
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:31,700
is creating unexpected intimacy 
with scripture. 

1886
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:34,900
When you hear the Bible in 
Latin, it sounds sacred 

1887
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:38,700
mysterious and authoritative 
when you hear it in English, it 

1888
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:41,500
sometimes sounds strange or even
shocking. 

1889
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:44,600
The Song of Solomon is quite 
explicit. 

1890
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,900
Once you understand it? 
The profits complaints about 

1891
01:46:47,900 --> 01:46:50,900
Israel's, unfaithfulness use 
metaphors that make sense, but 

1892
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:52,600
aren't exactly polite in a 
conversation. 

1893
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:57,200
Suddenly scripture is both more 
accessible and more difficult to

1894
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,200
explain to Children 
neighborliness grows complicated

1895
01:47:00,200 --> 01:47:03,300
as religious divisions. 
Cut through communities, your 

1896
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:05,300
neighbor with whom you've lived 
peacefully for years. 

1897
01:47:05,300 --> 01:47:07,700
Turns out to hold different 
views about trance 

1898
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:10,600
substantiation, which shouldn't 
matter except that it 

1899
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:13,600
increasingly does. 
Your associate with known 

1900
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:15,800
Catholic at risk of being 
suspect yourself. 

1901
01:47:16,700 --> 01:47:19,100
Do you shun reformers even 
though you've known them since 

1902
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:21,700
childhood? 
These aren't theoretical 

1903
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:24,000
questions. 
They're the stuff of daily 

1904
01:47:24,000 --> 01:47:27,300
social navigation in a time when
religious positions, carry 

1905
01:47:27,300 --> 01:47:31,300
political consequences clothes, 
don't change dramatically, but 

1906
01:47:31,300 --> 01:47:34,500
they become markers of religious
affiliation in subtle ways. 

1907
01:47:35,400 --> 01:47:38,700
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 
suggest Protestant sympathies 

1908
01:47:38,700 --> 01:47:41,200
while elaborate decoration might
indicate. 

1909
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,600
Catholic, leanings though, these
associations are fluid and 

1910
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,700
unreliable looking to Catholic 
can be dangerous but looking to 

1911
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:51,100
Protestant, can also attract 
negative attention. 

1912
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:55,100
Fashion becomes a negotiation 
between personal preference and 

1913
01:47:55,100 --> 01:47:58,700
political Prudence entertainment
adapts to the new religious 

1914
01:47:58,700 --> 01:48:01,600
landscape. 
The mystery plays that once 

1915
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:05,200
traumatized biblical stories 
during religious festivals are 

1916
01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:08,600
increasingly problematic. 
Their religious instruction, but

1917
01:48:08,600 --> 01:48:12,200
also performance Catholic in 
origin, but popular with 

1918
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,900
everyone traditional but 
potentially heretical depending 

1919
01:48:15,900 --> 01:48:20,900
on current theological position.
Some with modification others 

1920
01:48:20,900 --> 01:48:24,300
disappear leaving gaps and 
community life that nothing 

1921
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:28,000
quite replaces Furniture in 
homes gradually changes as 

1922
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,100
Protestant theology emphasizes 
word over image. 

1923
01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:35,200
That small in the corner where 
your grandmother kept candles 

1924
01:48:35,200 --> 01:48:37,100
and a picture of the Virgin 
becomes awkward. 

1925
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:40,500
Do you remove it and risk, 
offending older, family members 

1926
01:48:40,500 --> 01:48:44,200
or keep it and risk visits from 
officials checking for Catholic 

1927
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:47,200
sympathies. 
Many families compromise. 

1928
01:48:47,200 --> 01:48:51,700
The altar is quietly dismantled,
but the picture is kept in a 

1929
01:48:51,700 --> 01:48:55,300
draw just in case the pub that 
is Central English. 

1930
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:58,900
Institution becomes more 
important as Church, centered 

1931
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:02,400
Community Life diminishes. 
When holy days, no longer 

1932
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:05,600
provide regular Community, 
Gatherings people need other 

1933
01:49:05,600 --> 01:49:09,400
places to meet talk and maintain
social bonds. 

1934
01:49:10,600 --> 01:49:13,500
The Ale House serves this 
function though religious 

1935
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:17,100
authorities frequently complain 
about how much time people spend

1936
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:20,800
drinking instead of attending 
services or reading scripture 

1937
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:24,500
children growing up in this era 
of transformation experience and

1938
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:26,100
different England than their 
parents knew. 

1939
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:30,800
They learn English prayers and 
often ones reading English 

1940
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:35,600
Bibles in church and never know 
a world with monasteries to them

1941
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:39,000
the changes their parents 
described sound like fairy tales

1942
01:49:39,000 --> 01:49:42,600
about a lost world. 
I can't quite imagine what was 

1943
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:44,900
lost, because they've only known
what replaced it. 

1944
01:49:44,900 --> 01:49:48,700
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 
agricultural, practice adapts to

1945
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:53,400
new land ownership patterns. 
The great monastic Estates once 

1946
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:56,500
managed for long-term 
sustainability and Community 

1947
01:49:56,500 --> 01:50:01,000
Support are being divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

1948
01:50:01,000 --> 01:50:03,600
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

1949
01:50:03,608 --> 01:50:07,200
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields are being converted to 

1950
01:50:07,200 --> 01:50:10,200
more. 
Lucrative uses The landscape 

1951
01:50:10,200 --> 01:50:13,600
itself is being reorganized 
according to economic logic 

1952
01:50:13,600 --> 01:50:16,800
rather than traditional usage 
rights death. 

1953
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:21,000
Always a constant companion in 
the 16th century becomes 

1954
01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:24,600
religiously uncertain. 
The elaborate Catholic funeral 

1955
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:27,100
rites the prayers, the paid 
masses. 

1956
01:50:27,100 --> 01:50:30,600
The belief that the living could
help the dead provided both 

1957
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:35,100
comfort and structure for grief.
Protestant theology offers 

1958
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:38,500
different Comfort. 
The deceased is in God's hands 

1959
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:40,200
prayer. 
Can't change their fate. 

1960
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,700
Which some find liberating and 
others, find Kohl's. 

1961
01:50:44,500 --> 01:50:48,000
Grief remains that the approved 
ways of expressing and 

1962
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,500
addressing it have changed. 
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 

1963
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:55,300
in 1547, England has become 
something unprecedented. 

1964
01:50:56,400 --> 01:50:59,800
A nation that's Catholic indeed 
but Protestant in governance, 

1965
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:04,600
traditional in practice, but 
radical in theory, conservative 

1966
01:51:04,600 --> 01:51:08,600
by Royal Decree, but unsettled 
in popular opinion, the England 

1967
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:11,600
Henry leaves behind is 
thoroughly confused about its 

1968
01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:15,900
religious identity, which is 
partly his doing and partly the 

1969
01:51:15,900 --> 01:51:18,900
inevitable result of trying to 
maintain Catholic theology, 

1970
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:21,300
while rejecting people or 
authority. 

1971
01:51:22,100 --> 01:51:24,700
This like trying to follow a 
recipe while substituting 

1972
01:51:24,700 --> 01:51:26,400
different ingredients and 
insisting. 

1973
01:51:26,400 --> 01:51:30,300
The result is the original dish,
but something deeper has shifted

1974
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:32,800
beyond the specific theological 
positions. 

1975
01:51:32,800 --> 01:51:36,400
England has discovered that it 
can exist independently of 

1976
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:40,800
Continental approval, To 
centuries English kings looked 

1977
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:44,500
at the pope for legitimacy to 
France, for cultural standards, 

1978
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:46,900
and to roam for intellectual 
Authority. 

1979
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:51,000
Henry's break with Rome, 
whatever its motivation. 

1980
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:55,100
Has forced England to develop 
its own Answers, to Religious 

1981
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:58,200
and political questions. 
The English Bible which Henry 

1982
01:51:58,200 --> 01:52:00,000
authorized. 
Despite his conservative 

1983
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:02,600
theology proves transformative 
in ways. 

1984
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:06,600
Nobody initially anticipated. 
Now, that ordinary people can 

1985
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:09,800
read scripture themselves, they 
start developing their own 

1986
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,600
interpretations. 
Religious Authority becomes less

1987
01:52:13,600 --> 01:52:16,700
about receiving instruction and 
more about individual 

1988
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,900
understanding, which is 
fundamentally Protestant. 

1989
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:23,200
Even when the reader doesn't 
identify as Protestant, the 

1990
01:52:23,200 --> 01:52:25,600
dissolution of monasteries is 
redistributed. 

1991
01:52:25,600 --> 01:52:28,400
So much property, that thousands
of families. 

1992
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:31,500
Now are vested interest in 
preventing Catholic restoration,

1993
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:36,000
They've bought Monastery lands, 
built houses on them and 

1994
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:38,400
established their fortunes 
through Henry's religious 

1995
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:41,000
policies. 
Going back to the old system 

1996
01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:43,400
would impoverish them. 
So they become committed 

1997
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:46,200
Defenders of the New Order, even
if they don't particularly care 

1998
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:49,000
about theology. 
Parliament has grown stronger 

1999
01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:51,400
through its role in authorizing 
religious changes. 

2000
01:52:52,400 --> 01:52:55,900
Henry needed parliamentary acts 
to break with Rome, desolve, 

2001
01:52:55,900 --> 01:53:00,700
monasteries, and establish Royal
Supremacy each acting increased 

2002
01:53:00,700 --> 01:53:04,100
parliament in Portland's, and 
set precedence for legislative 

2003
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:06,800
authority over matters that were
previously considered Royal 

2004
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:09,800
prerogative. 
England is accidentally 

2005
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:12,800
developing constitutional 
government while trying to 

2006
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:16,400
manage religious transformation.
The English language has gained 

2007
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:20,700
Prestige through his religious 
use When the Bible prayer book 

2008
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:23,400
and religious instruction all 
appear in English rather than 

2009
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:27,600
Latin the language stops, being 
merely vernacular and becomes 

2010
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:29,700
worthy of serious literature and
scholarship. 

2011
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:33,600
This linguistic nationalism will
eventually contribute to an 

2012
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,000
extraordinary flowering of 
English literature. 

2013
01:53:36,000 --> 01:53:39,700
Those Shakespeare is still 
decades in the future national 

2014
01:53:39,700 --> 01:53:43,000
identity is forming around these
religious changes in ways that 

2015
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:46,500
will last centuries. 
To be English, will increasingly

2016
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:49,400
mean to be Protestant while to 
be Catholic. 

2017
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:54,400
Will seem somehow foreign This 
Association is unfair to English

2018
01:53:54,400 --> 01:53:58,200
Catholics who are as thoroughly 
English as anyone but it becomes

2019
01:53:58,200 --> 01:53:59,800
embedded in National 
consciousness. 

2020
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,700
English patriotism and 
Protestant identity become 

2021
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:06,800
intertwined in ways that shape 
everything from politics to 

2022
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:10,500
poetry, the Royal Navy, which 
will eventually make England. 

2023
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:14,100
A global power is growing During
the period partly because 

2024
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:17,800
Henry's break with Rome makes 
Continental Catholic Powers 

2025
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:21,600
potential enemies. 
Island nations need strong, 

2026
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:25,000
navies, and England is learning 
this lesson through religious 

2027
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:27,900
controversy. 
The ship's being built during 

2028
01:54:27,900 --> 01:54:30,500
Henry's later years will 
defending England against Spain 

2029
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,700
and eventually control sea lanes
that connect continents 

2030
01:54:33,700 --> 01:54:38,100
education is expanding even as 
its religious character shifts. 

2031
01:54:38,900 --> 01:54:41,000
Grammar schools are being 
founded, sometimes on the 

2032
01:54:41,008 --> 01:54:42,600
property of dissolved 
monasteries. 

2033
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:46,400
Teaching Latin, Greek and 
increasingly English to boys 

2034
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:48,000
whose fathers can afford to send
them. 

2035
01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:51,100
These schools will produce the 
next generation of 

2036
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:54,800
Administrators clergy, lawyers 
and writers, who will run 

2037
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:58,300
Elizabethan England and create 
its cultural achievements, the 

2038
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:01,000
printing press, which arrived in
England, just decades before. 

2039
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:04,200
Henry's break, with Rome has 
become a tool of religious 

2040
01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:07,800
transformation. 
Every theological pamphlet, 

2041
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:11,500
every English Bible and every 
prayer book represents 

2042
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:15,200
technology enabling religious 
change in an era without 

2043
01:55:15,200 --> 01:55:19,100
Electronic media, printers 
revolutionary making ideas 

2044
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:23,100
portable permanent and 
reproducible in ways that oral 

2045
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:26,200
culture never allowed English 
cooking loses. 

2046
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:29,400
Some of its medieval complexity 
as fish days are reduced and 

2047
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:32,000
spices, become less essential 
for preserving meat. 

2048
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:35,700
The elaborate Cuisine of the 
late Middle Ages with its 

2049
01:55:35,700 --> 01:55:39,300
emphasis on strong flavors and 
exotic ingredients, gradually 

2050
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:43,500
gives way to something simpler 
heartier and more focused on the

2051
01:55:43,500 --> 01:55:47,700
quality of basic ingredients. 
English food is developing its 

2052
01:55:47,700 --> 01:55:50,200
reputation for plainness. 
The weather. 

2053
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:54,000
This is progress is debatable. 
Architecture is creating a 

2054
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:57,800
distinctly English style that 
combines medieval Gothic 

2055
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:01,200
Traditions with Renaissance 
classical influences and 

2056
01:56:01,200 --> 01:56:05,200
Protestants in simplicity. 
The great house is being built 

2057
01:56:05,200 --> 01:56:08,700
by Henry's courtiers and their 
successes will Define English 

2058
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:10,900
architectural taste for 
centuries. 

2059
01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:15,800
Those long galleries, those 
symmetrical facades, and those 

2060
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:18,900
elaborate Gardens designed for 
entertaining rather than 

2061
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:23,000
monastic, contemplation, music 
is diverging from Continental 

2062
01:56:23,000 --> 01:56:25,500
Catholic Traditions, while 
developing its own character. 

2063
01:56:26,400 --> 01:56:29,100
English composers are creating 
works that reflect the 

2064
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:32,300
Protestant emphasis on text 
comprehension while. 

2065
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:35,900
Maintaining the sophisticated 
musical tradition, that England 

2066
01:56:35,900 --> 01:56:39,500
has always possessed. 
The music of Thomas Tallis, and 

2067
01:56:39,500 --> 01:56:42,900
his contemporaries sounds 
distinctly English in ways that 

2068
01:56:42,900 --> 01:56:47,000
earlier church music. 
Based on Continental models, did

2069
01:56:47,000 --> 01:56:49,600
not. 
The concept of loyalty is being 

2070
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:52,500
redefined for centuries English 
people. 

2071
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:56,400
Owed Legions to King, country 
and Pope in a hierarchy that 

2072
01:56:56,400 --> 01:57:00,700
usually didn't conflict Henry's.
Break with Rome forced a choice.

2073
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:05,200
When King and Pope disagreed, 
which authority was Supreme 

2074
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:09,100
England, chose the king 
establishing a pattern of 

2075
01:57:09,108 --> 01:57:12,100
national loyalty over religious 
obedience, that will shape 

2076
01:57:12,100 --> 01:57:14,400
English, identity through future
centuries. 

2077
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:16,700
Women's literacy is slowly 
increasing. 

2078
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:20,900
As Protestant emphasis on Bible 
reading extends to daughter's as

2079
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:23,800
well as Sons. 
If everyone should read 

2080
01:57:23,800 --> 01:57:27,500
scripture, then girls need 
education, too at least enough 

2081
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:29,000
to read the Bible and prayer 
book. 

2082
01:57:29,000 --> 01:57:33,200
This isn't a quality girls, 
education remains limited 

2083
01:57:33,200 --> 01:57:36,700
compared to boys, but it's a 
foundation that future 

2084
01:57:36,700 --> 01:57:40,000
Generations will build upon the 
merchant class is growing 

2085
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:43,400
wealthier, and more confident. 
The men who bought Monastery 

2086
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:46,300
lands, who trade with the 
continent and who financed 

2087
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:50,300
Ventures to the Americas are 
developing economic power that 

2088
01:57:50,300 --> 01:57:52,900
will eventually translate into 
political influence. 

2089
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:57,000
Tudor England is accidentally, 
creating the conditions for 

2090
01:57:57,000 --> 01:58:00,500
capitalism while trying to solve
religious controversies. 

2091
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:03,300
Regional distinctions are 
becoming more pronounced as 

2092
01:58:03,300 --> 01:58:07,500
religious changes affect 
different areas, unevenly the 

2093
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:11,900
north more conservative and more
attached to monasteries resists 

2094
01:58:11,900 --> 01:58:14,100
changes that the South accept 
more redly. 

2095
01:58:14,800 --> 01:58:18,300
Wales and Cornwall with their 
distinct languages and cultures 

2096
01:58:18,300 --> 01:58:21,700
experience religious 
transformation differently than 

2097
01:58:21,700 --> 01:58:24,100
England. 
Proper Unity is more 

2098
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:28,100
aspirational than reality, the 
legal professional expands as 

2099
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:30,700
religious changes create 
endlessly to Nation. 

2100
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:33,600
Question about property rights 
from dissolved. 

2101
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:37,100
Monasteries the leader of 
marriages under changing rules 

2102
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:39,600
and enforcement of religious 
Conformity. 

2103
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:44,200
All require lawyers The ends of 
Court training lawyers in London

2104
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,700
are becoming more important. 
Creating a professional class, 

2105
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:50,200
that will influence England's, 
political development, for 

2106
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:54,100
centuries, Henry's, personal 
life continues chaotically, 

2107
01:58:54,100 --> 01:58:56,200
through these years of national 
transformation. 

2108
01:58:56,800 --> 01:58:59,700
He marries Jane Seymour, who 
gives him the son? 

2109
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:04,100
He desperately wanted. 
Edward but dies shortly after 

2110
01:59:04,100 --> 01:59:07,000
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

2111
01:59:07,008 --> 01:59:09,900
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

2112
01:59:09,900 --> 01:59:13,400
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

2113
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:16,300
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, then executes her

2114
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,500
for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

2115
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:22,900
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

2116
01:59:22,900 --> 01:59:27,100
Tack and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

2117
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:30,800
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

2118
01:59:30,800 --> 01:59:34,700
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

2119
01:59:34,700 --> 01:59:38,900
annulment, couldn't get people 
permission broke with Rome and 

2120
01:59:38,900 --> 01:59:40,800
in the process. 
Transformed a nation. 

2121
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:44,600
Its cause an effect operating on
a scale, usually reserved for 

2122
01:59:44,600 --> 01:59:48,000
Wars or plagues. 
Except the Catalyst was one 

2123
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:51,900
man's desperate desire for a 
legitimate son and his equally 

2124
01:59:51,900 --> 01:59:55,300
strong conviction that God 
supported his claim as you 

2125
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:57,300
settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

2126
01:59:57,300 --> 01:59:59,000
Perhaps, refreshing. 
That warm drink. 

2127
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:03,600
Let's contemplate what Henry the
8th Left Behind not just the 

2128
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:07,400
obvious political and religious 
changes but the subtle ways his 

2129
02:00:07,400 --> 02:00:10,500
Reign reshaped. 
How England thought about itself

2130
02:00:10,500 --> 02:00:16,800
and its place in the world Henry
died in January 1547 enormously 

2131
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:22,000
fat. probably weighing over 300 
pounds in constant pain from his

2132
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:25,700
ulcerated leg and convinced of 
his own righteousness, until the

2133
02:00:25,700 --> 02:00:29,900
end, His will provided for 
elaborate prayers for his soul, 

2134
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:33,500
despite Protestant questioning 
of prayers for the dead because 

2135
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,800
Henry, never stopped being 
Catholic in his own mind, even 

2136
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:40,000
as he destroyed Catholic, 
institutional power in England, 

2137
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:44,600
his son Edward the six that 
desperately wanted male Heir. 

2138
02:00:44,600 --> 02:00:47,800
Ruled for only six years before 
dying at 15. 

2139
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:52,200
During Edwards, brief Reign 
Protestant reformed as pushed 

2140
02:00:52,200 --> 02:00:55,000
England further from Catholic 
practices than Henry ever 

2141
02:00:55,000 --> 02:00:58,800
intended. 
The Latin Mass disappeared with 

2142
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,300
English prayer services. 
Priests were allowed to marry 

2143
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:04,900
Church. 
Interiors were whitewashed, and 

2144
02:01:04,908 --> 02:01:06,500
stripped of remaining 
decoration. 

2145
02:01:07,600 --> 02:01:10,700
Henry's attempt to maintain 
Catholic theology while 

2146
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:14,000
rejecting PayPal Authority 
collapsed into something much 

2147
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:17,000
more thoroughly. 
Protestant Then Came Mary. 

2148
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:20,800
Henry's daughter by Catherine of
Aragon who tried desperately to 

2149
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:24,300
reverse her father's religious 
policies and restore England to 

2150
02:01:24,300 --> 02:01:27,600
Catholic obedience. 
Her five-year Reigns or the 

2151
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:31,300
return of papal Authority, the 
restoration of some monasteries 

2152
02:01:31,300 --> 02:01:35,300
and the burning of protestant 
Heretics, which earned her the 

2153
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:38,600
nickname Bloody Mary. 
And ensured that her religious 

2154
02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:42,500
policies would die with her. 
You can't reverse a generation 

2155
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:46,000
of change through Force, 
especially when so many people 

2156
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:48,700
have economic interest in 
maintaining the new system 

2157
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:52,900
finally Elizabeth. 
The first Henry's daughter by 

2158
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:56,800
Anne Boleyn created what became 
known as the Elizabethan 

2159
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,800
settlement. 
A moderate Protestant church 

2160
02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:03,600
that retained some traditional 
practices while firmly rejecting

2161
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:08,000
people Authority, Elizabeth 
understood what her father 

2162
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:12,300
brother and sister had not that 
most English people wanted 

2163
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:15,100
religious stability more than 
doctrinal purity. 

2164
02:02:16,000 --> 02:02:19,400
They were exhausted by change, 
frightened by a religious 

2165
02:02:19,400 --> 02:02:22,500
violence and ready for someone 
to Simply make decisions and 

2166
02:02:22,500 --> 02:02:25,100
stick with them. 
The Church of England that 

2167
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:27,600
emerged from this Tudor, tumult 
was something unique. 

2168
02:02:28,600 --> 02:02:32,700
Protestant in theology but 
Catholic instructure reformed in

2169
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:36,700
Doctrine, but traditional in 
practice, independent of Rome 

2170
02:02:36,700 --> 02:02:38,300
but connected to Christian 
history. 

2171
02:02:39,000 --> 02:02:42,800
It was Henry's compromise. 
Extended and elaborated, made 

2172
02:02:42,800 --> 02:02:46,100
workable through Elizabeth's, 
political genius and the English

2173
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:49,100
people's practical acceptance 
that this was preferable to 

2174
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:52,100
continued turmoil, the 
dissolution of monasteries 

2175
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:53,700
permanently, altered the English
landscape. 

2176
02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:59,500
Those ruins, you can still visit
revolve fountains Tintin a 

2177
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,700
monuments to this 
transformation, 600 years of 

2178
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:06,300
Benedictine cistern and 
Augustine in life ended in a 

2179
02:03:06,300 --> 02:03:10,000
decade and the physical remnants
became romantic ruins. 

2180
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:12,300
That later generations would 
paint and photograph. 

2181
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:15,300
Forgetting. 
They represented the violent 

2182
02:03:15,300 --> 02:03:18,900
destruction of an entire way of 
life, the Landry distribution, 

2183
02:03:18,900 --> 02:03:22,300
created a Gentry class that were
dominating English politics for 

2184
02:03:22,300 --> 02:03:25,500
centuries. 
The family who bought Monastery 

2185
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:27,600
lands, became the country's 
governing class. 

2186
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:32,500
Serving as Justice of the Peace 
sitting in Parliament and 

2187
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:36,300
providing local Administration. 
English governments became less 

2188
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:39,200
centralized and more based on 
local Elites who had both 

2189
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,100
Authority and property. 
A system that works 

2190
02:03:42,100 --> 02:03:44,800
surprisingly. 
Well, until it didn't English, 

2191
02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:48,400
national identity crystallized 
around these religious changes 

2192
02:03:48,400 --> 02:03:52,200
in ways that Henry couldn't have
predicted To be English came to 

2193
02:03:52,200 --> 02:03:55,700
mean being Protestant being 
independent of Continental 

2194
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:59,400
Catholic Powers being loyal to 
the crown over the Pope. 

2195
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:03,300
This identity would shape 
England's conflicts with Spain 

2196
02:04:03,300 --> 02:04:07,500
and France, its eventual 
overseas expansion and its 

2197
02:04:07,500 --> 02:04:11,200
internal politics for centuries.
The act of Supremacy 

2198
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:14,400
established, the principle that 
Parliament could legislate on 

2199
02:04:14,400 --> 02:04:17,800
religious matters, which was 
revolutionary even if nobody 

2200
02:04:17,800 --> 02:04:21,800
quite realized it at the time. 
Religious Authority came from 

2201
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:24,300
law rather than traditional 
Divine appointment. 

2202
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:27,800
This principle would have 
eventually extend to all areas 

2203
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:31,900
of governance, making Parliament
Supreme and establishing the 

2204
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:34,300
constitutional monarchy that 
England. 

2205
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:38,200
Still technically maintains 
English Bible, proved perhaps 

2206
02:04:38,200 --> 02:04:40,700
the most lasting of Henry's 
unintended legacies. 

2207
02:04:40,700 --> 02:04:43,200
He authorized it for political 
reasons. 

2208
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:46,200
But once Ordinary, People could 
read scripture themselves, 

2209
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:50,400
religious Authority could never 
be purely higher archaeal again.

2210
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,900
Every reader became potentially 
a theologian every 

2211
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:57,500
interpretation created potential
controversy. 

2212
02:04:58,300 --> 02:05:01,400
Authority had to be justified 
through persuasion rather than 

2213
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:05,400
simply imposed through position.
The destruction of Catholic art,

2214
02:05:05,400 --> 02:05:08,600
and religious culture left gaps,
that took generations to fill 

2215
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:13,000
English music visual art and 
literature had to develop new 

2216
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:17,100
forms that reflected Protestant 
values while satisfying human 

2217
02:05:17,100 --> 02:05:20,900
aesthetic needs this eventually 
produced extraordinary 

2218
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:25,100
achievements Shakespeare's plays
the King James Bible English 

2219
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:29,100
madrigals but represented a 
break with medieval artistic 

2220
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:31,100
Traditions. 
That was both liberating and 

2221
02:05:31,100 --> 02:05:34,100
costly. 
The social welfare system never 

2222
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,800
recovered from the dissolution 
of monasteries England developed

2223
02:05:37,800 --> 02:05:41,200
poor laws that made parishes 
responsible for their own poor. 

2224
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:44,800
But this system was less 
comprehensive and less generous 

2225
02:05:44,800 --> 02:05:46,800
than what monasteries have 
provided. 

2226
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:51,700
The poorest English people were 
probably worse off to the 

2227
02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:55,000
dissolution than before. 
Which is an irony, given the 

2228
02:05:55,000 --> 02:05:59,200
Protestant emphasis on charity 
and social responsibility, women

2229
02:05:59,200 --> 02:06:02,000
lost options without recovering 
equivalent alternatives. 

2230
02:06:03,000 --> 02:06:06,000
The convents that once provided 
respectable Life Choices, for 

2231
02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:07,800
women, who didn't marry 
disappeared? 

2232
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,600
While Protestant emphasis on 
marriage made spinster Hood more

2233
02:06:11,600 --> 02:06:14,400
problematic. 
Some women gained from the 

2234
02:06:14,400 --> 02:06:17,200
Protestant emphasis on Bible, 
reading and spiritual equality. 

2235
02:06:17,200 --> 02:06:22,100
But institutional opportunities,
actually decreased Henry's 

2236
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,500
personal reputation, underwent 
fascinating Transformations over

2237
02:06:25,500 --> 02:06:28,700
the centuries. 
To Protestants, he became the 

2238
02:06:28,700 --> 02:06:31,200
hero who freed England from 
papal tyranny. 

2239
02:06:31,200 --> 02:06:35,600
Despite his conservative 
theology to catholic's, he 

2240
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,600
became the villain who destroyed
England's, Catholic Heritage for

2241
02:06:38,600 --> 02:06:42,200
personal reasons, despite his 
initial defense of Catholic 

2242
02:06:42,200 --> 02:06:45,700
Doctrine, To moderns. 
He is often that fascinating 

2243
02:06:45,700 --> 02:06:51,400
monster, brilliant charismatic 
ruthless and ultimately tragic 

2244
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:55,000
in his desperate quest for 
dynasty this historical debate 

2245
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:58,300
about where the Henry was 
reformer or opportunist a hero 

2246
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,800
or villain and a Visionary. 
Or eager test continues because 

2247
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:03,400
he was genuinely all of these 
things. 

2248
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:07,400
He broke with Rome for personal 
reasons, but created space for 

2249
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:11,400
genuine religious reform. 
Brutally suppressed opposition 

2250
02:07:11,400 --> 02:07:13,700
but were sincerely convinced of 
his righteousness. 

2251
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:17,200
He destroyed monasteries for 
money but believed he was 

2252
02:07:17,208 --> 02:07:20,800
correcting religious error. 
His motives were selfish. 

2253
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:23,300
His consequences were 
transformative. 

2254
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:27,300
The Tudor periods religious 
turmoil taught England lessons 

2255
02:07:27,300 --> 02:07:29,900
about tolerance. 
That wouldn't be fully learned 

2256
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:33,000
and for Generations. 
The burning of Heretics under 

2257
02:07:33,000 --> 02:07:36,900
Mary, the persecution of 
Catholics under Elizabeth and 

2258
02:07:36,900 --> 02:07:40,300
the continued conflicts over 
religious Conformity all 

2259
02:07:40,300 --> 02:07:43,500
demonstrated that religious, 
uniformity enforced through 

2260
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:47,400
violence creates resentment, 
rather than genuine agreement. 

2261
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:51,100
Eventually centuries. 
Later, England would develop 

2262
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:53,900
religious tolerance, though. 
The path would be long and 

2263
02:07:53,900 --> 02:07:57,500
painful, the expansion of 
literacy that began with English

2264
02:07:57,500 --> 02:08:00,000
Bibles and prayer books, created
a reading public. 

2265
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,600
That would have eventually 
demand more than religious 

2266
02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:05,700
texts. 
By Elizabeth reign printing, 

2267
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:10,300
presses were producing plays, 
poems histories and practical 

2268
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:14,000
manuals, the culture of literacy
that merged from religious 

2269
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:17,100
controversy laid, the groundwork
for England's literary 

2270
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,300
achievements, architecture, and 
landscape design, reflecting 

2271
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,500
Protestant values, simpler more 
focused on function, less 

2272
02:08:24,500 --> 02:08:28,300
concerned with religious 
symbolism created, distinctly 

2273
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:32,500
English aesthetic preferences. 
The great houses with their long

2274
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,900
Galleries and Protestants 
implicity the gardens designed 

2275
02:08:35,900 --> 02:08:39,100
for pleasure, rather than 
contemplation and the churches 

2276
02:08:39,100 --> 02:08:42,100
stripped of Statuary, but 
retaining their basic Gothic 

2277
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:45,100
structure. 
All reflected this, Protestant 

2278
02:08:45,100 --> 02:08:46,900
transformation of physical 
space. 

2279
02:08:46,900 --> 02:08:49,900
The Royal Navy's development 
during an after Henry's. 

2280
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:53,400
Reign partly motivated by the 
need to defend Protestant 

2281
02:08:53,400 --> 02:08:57,000
England against Catholic Powers,
the eventually made England, a 

2282
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:00,600
global power. 
The same religious controverses 

2283
02:09:00,600 --> 02:09:03,200
that destroyed monasteries and 
persecuted descent. 

2284
02:09:03,200 --> 02:09:07,300
The ships that were defeat the 
Spanish Armada and eventually 

2285
02:09:07,300 --> 02:09:11,100
created a worldwide Empire legal
developments during Henry's 

2286
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:13,800
Reign, particularly Parliament, 
increased Authority. 

2287
02:09:13,800 --> 02:09:17,500
And the expansion of secular 
courts of the expense of church 

2288
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:20,000
courts, laid foundation's for 
English. 

2289
02:09:20,000 --> 02:09:24,300
Common laws development, The 
legal system that emerged from 

2290
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:27,900
Tudor religious controversies 
would eventually be exported to 

2291
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:32,100
England colonies, influencing 
legal Traditions across multiple

2292
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:34,800
continents? 
The Scientific Revolution that 

2293
02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:38,400
would flourish in 17th century. 
England was partly enabled by 

2294
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:42,500
Henry's religious changes. 
Once religious Authority became 

2295
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:46,000
questionable all authority 
became potentially questionable.

2296
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:49,900
The habit of questioning 
established truths in religion, 

2297
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:53,200
transferred to questioning 
established in natural 

2298
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:56,000
philosophy, creating 
intellectual space for 

2299
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,400
scientific inquiry, as your 
warm, drink cools and your eyes 

2300
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,600
grow heavy. 
Consider one final thought about

2301
02:10:02,600 --> 02:10:04,900
Henry the 8th and his 
transformation of England. 

2302
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:09,500
Changes. 
He initiated evolving long after

2303
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:12,500
his death. 
Creating consequences he never 

2304
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:16,500
imagined and solving problems. 
He didn't know existed, the 

2305
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:19,000
Church of England, he created 
became the foundation for 

2306
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:22,900
worldwide Anglican communion. 
Spreading a cross continents as 

2307
02:10:22,900 --> 02:10:27,200
England expanded overseas. 
Churches from Nigeria to 

2308
02:10:27,200 --> 02:10:30,900
Australia to Canada Trace their 
institutional ancestry to 

2309
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:34,200
Henry's break with Rome though. 
They might emphasize Thomas 

2310
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:37,600
theology over Henry's, Politics,
the English language. 

2311
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:40,700
He elevated through biblical 
translation became a global 

2312
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:44,400
language, Carried by English 
speakers across oceans and 

2313
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:48,100
continents eventually becoming 
the international language of 

2314
02:10:48,108 --> 02:10:53,500
business science and diplomacy. 
The King James Bible published 

2315
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,700
60 years after Henry's, death 
shaped English pro-style for 

2316
02:10:56,700 --> 02:10:59,500
centuries and remains imprint 
today, the principle of 

2317
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:02,500
parliamentary Supremacy. 
He accidentally, strengthened by

2318
02:11:02,500 --> 02:11:06,000
using Parliament, authorized 
religious changes, became the 

2319
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:09,400
foundation, of English 
constitutional government, when 

2320
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:12,700
American colonists argued that 
Parliament had no authority to 

2321
02:11:12,700 --> 02:11:16,200
tax them without representation,
they were invoking principles, 

2322
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:19,600
that emerged partly from Tudor 
religious controverses, the 

2323
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:21,800
nationalism. 
He fostered by making England, 

2324
02:11:21,800 --> 02:11:24,200
religiously independent 
contributed to England's 

2325
02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:26,700
resistance, to various 
Continental threats. 

2326
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:31,500
The Spanish Armada, Napoleon's 
Empire and Hitler's Invasion 

2327
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:33,900
plans. 
English identity. 

2328
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:36,500
Formed around. 
This idea of Independence became

2329
02:11:36,500 --> 02:11:39,700
a resource during times of 
Christ's, but Henry's Legacy 

2330
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:42,400
also includes religious 
divisions that persisted for 

2331
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:45,200
centuries. 
Catholics faced discrimination 

2332
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:48,800
and legal disabilities, and 
England until the 19th century. 

2333
02:11:50,400 --> 02:11:52,700
Tensions between Protestant and 
Catholic. 

2334
02:11:52,700 --> 02:11:55,500
In Northern Ireland, Trace 
partly to the Tudor 

2335
02:11:55,500 --> 02:11:59,100
transformation of religion. 
Religious Strife that Henry's 

2336
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:01,900
actions initiated killed 
thousands across multiple 

2337
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:04,800
Generations. 
The destruction of monasteries 

2338
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:08,200
and religious art represents 
cultural loss that can never be 

2339
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:11,200
fully. 
Calculated will never hear the 

2340
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,100
music that was lost. 
Read the manuscripts that were 

2341
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:15,708
burned. 
Will see the ark that was 

2342
02:12:15,716 --> 02:12:18,900
smashed. 
Every whitewashed Church wall 

2343
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:22,600
represents not just religious 
transformation but cultural 

2344
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:25,700
impoverishment. 
However necessary reformers 

2345
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:28,900
considered it, the social 
welfare gaps created by 

2346
02:12:28,908 --> 02:12:32,100
monastic, dissolution took 
centuries to address through all

2347
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:36,800
alternative institutions Modern 
social security systems are 

2348
02:12:36,800 --> 02:12:40,400
attempting to solve problems. 
That Tudor England created when 

2349
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:43,400
it destroyed medieval Catholic 
Social infrastructure without 

2350
02:12:43,400 --> 02:12:46,600
providing adequate Replacements 
without Henry's. 

2351
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:50,000
Break with Rome, England might 
have remained a minor European 

2352
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:53,500
power, culturally derivative and
politically subordinate. 

2353
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:58,300
The Independents political 
religious and intellectual that 

2354
02:12:58,300 --> 02:13:01,800
emerged from Tudor religious 
controversies created space for 

2355
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:04,300
English achievements. 
In everything from literature to

2356
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:08,200
science to political philosophy.
Shakespeare's play is written 

2357
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,900
during Elizabeth reign emerge 
from a culture transformed by 

2358
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:15,200
Henry's actions. 
The English identity, 

2359
02:13:15,200 --> 02:13:18,500
Shakespeare explored and 
celebrated in his histories and 

2360
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:22,300
comedies was partly created by 
his grandfather's Generations 

2361
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:24,500
experience of religious 
transformation. 

2362
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:27,700
The Language Shakespeare 
affected was enriched by 

2363
02:13:27,700 --> 02:13:30,400
religious controversy and 
biblical translation. 

2364
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:35,100
The Scientific Revolution that 
produced Newton boil and other 

2365
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:37,600
English scientists emerged 
partly from habits of 

2366
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:40,600
questioning Authority. 
That began with religious 

2367
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:44,100
Reformation. 
Once people questioned, papal, 

2368
02:13:44,100 --> 02:13:47,900
Authority, intellectual 
authority of all kinds became 

2369
02:13:47,900 --> 02:13:50,500
potentially questionable 
creating space. 

2370
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:53,400
For empirical investigation 
over, traditional explanation, 

2371
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:58,100
England's distinctive, political
development, its constitutional 

2372
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:00,400
monarchy, its parliamentary 
Supremacy. 

2373
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:05,300
It's gradual extension of 
political rights, Connects in 

2374
02:14:05,300 --> 02:14:09,300
complicated ways to religious 
controversies that began with 

2375
02:14:09,300 --> 02:14:12,900
Henry. 
Religious tolerance emerged 

2376
02:14:12,900 --> 02:14:16,900
slowly from religious strife. 
Limited government emerged 

2377
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:19,300
partly from centuries of 
negotiating religious 

2378
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:23,300
settlements that required 
compromise rather than absolute 

2379
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:26,400
Authority. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

2380
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:29,700
might reflect the Henry that 
never intended most of what his 

2381
02:14:29,700 --> 02:14:33,700
actions produced. 
He wanted a son and an annulment

2382
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:39,000
instead he triggered changes 
that reshaped religion politics 

2383
02:14:39,000 --> 02:14:43,900
culture and national identity 
across centuries history, rarely

2384
02:14:43,900 --> 02:14:47,900
unfolds as anyone plans, small 
decisions combined with 

2385
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:49,900
structural forces to produce 
outcomes. 

2386
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:54,300
Nobody predicted the young king 
Who Loved Theology and wanted to

2387
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:58,000
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 
became the man who broke England

2388
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:02,400
from Rome The desperate father 
seeking a legitimate male Heir. 

2389
02:15:02,400 --> 02:15:05,000
Became the Catalyst for a 
religious Revolution. 

2390
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:09,100
The Monarch trying to maintain 
tradition while solving a 

2391
02:15:09,100 --> 02:15:12,300
personal problem became an agent
of transformational England 

2392
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:16,600
before Henry was one kind of 
place medieval Catholic looking 

2393
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:18,600
to the continent for cultural 
leadership. 

2394
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:20,800
England. 
After Henry was something 

2395
02:15:20,800 --> 02:15:24,700
different Protestant independent
developing. 

2396
02:15:24,700 --> 02:15:29,500
Its own cultural confidence. 
The transition was painful and 

2397
02:15:29,500 --> 02:15:33,800
costly independent and, and 
produced winners and losers 

2398
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:37,600
across every social class. 
But it created the foundation 

2399
02:15:37,600 --> 02:15:40,000
for the England that would 
eventually emerge as a global 

2400
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:43,400
power for better and worse 
tonight. 

2401
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,900
As you drift off to sleep, your 
part of a world, Henry helped 

2402
02:15:46,900 --> 02:15:50,700
create The English language you 
speak was elevated partly 

2403
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:54,300
through his religious policies, 
the ideas about limited 

2404
02:15:54,300 --> 02:15:56,500
government, and individual 
rights, that shape. 

2405
02:15:56,500 --> 02:15:59,800
Modern democracies emerged 
partly from the English 

2406
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:01,700
experience of religious 
transformation. 

2407
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:05,800
Scientific world view that 
produced modern technology 

2408
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:09,300
developed partly in the 
intellectual space created by 

2409
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:12,700
questioning religious Authority.
Henry, the 8th died. 

2410
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:17,300
Over 470 years ago but his 
decisions Echo forward in to our

2411
02:16:17,308 --> 02:16:19,800
present. 
Every time someone questioned 

2412
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:23,900
Authority read scripture in 
their own language or argues 

2413
02:16:23,900 --> 02:16:25,400
that National sovereignty 
matters. 

2414
02:16:25,400 --> 02:16:28,200
They can continue in 
conversations, Henry helped 

2415
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:31,300
begin though, usually without 
knowing it sleep. 

2416
02:16:31,300 --> 02:16:34,900
Well knowing that history is 
made not just by great plans and

2417
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:38,900
Noble intentions, but by human 
beings pursuing very human 

2418
02:16:38,900 --> 02:16:42,799
desires. 
Love legitimacy Authority. 

2419
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:46,799
Certainly in ways that produce 
consequences. 

2420
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:52,200
Far beyond their imagining Henry
wanted a son instead, he got 

2421
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,799
Legacy whether that's tragedy or
Triumph depends on your 

2422
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:59,799
perspective and which aspects of
the Legacy or measuring the 

2423
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:03,299
bells that once marked monastic 
hours a silent now, but you can 

2424
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:06,700
still hear church bells. 
If you listen, the monastery is 

2425
02:17:06,708 --> 02:17:11,700
a ruins but their Stones built 
houses people still inhabit The 

2426
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:14,900
old Faith disappeared, 
officially but traces remain in 

2427
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:19,299
language culture and memory, 
everything changed nothing 

2428
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:23,400
completely disappeared. 
That's perhaps the real lesson 

2429
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:27,100
of Henry's Reformation. 
Transfer nation is never as 

2430
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,100
complete as revolutionary as 
hope or conservatives fear. 

2431
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,500
Rest now and dream. 
Perhaps of a youngest simpler 

2432
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:36,900
England, where Stone monasteries
caught the morning light and 

2433
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:39,700
bells. 
Mark the hours where change came

2434
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:42,000
slowly. 
In the old ways seemed eternal, 

2435
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:44,600
Or dream of the England that 
emerged. 

2436
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,700
Confident. 
Independent finding its own 

2437
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:53,100
voice and identity. 
Both things existed. 

2438
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:56,900
One after the other. 
Separated by a few Decades of 

2439
02:17:56,900 --> 02:18:01,100
tumultuous transformation led by
an unlikely revolutionary King, 

2440
02:18:01,100 --> 02:18:04,799
who never quite meant to 
revolutionize anything tomorrow.

2441
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:07,900
When you wake, you'll rise into 
a world, still shape by these 

2442
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,500
distant, chewed a transformation
still wrestling with questions 

2443
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,700
about Authority identity and 
faith. 

2444
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:18,900
That Henry's choices made urgent
five centuries ago. but tonight,

2445
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:24,000
rest let history become a story 
and let the story become the 

2446
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:34,500
gentle companion of sleep. 
Albert Einstein was born on 

2447
02:18:34,500 --> 02:18:38,700
March 14th, 1879. 
In the modest city of ULM in the

2448
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:42,799
German Empire, his father, 
Herman managed small, electric 

2449
02:18:42,799 --> 02:18:46,100
chemical Ventures and his mother
Pauline nurtured. 

2450
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:48,700
A love of Music. 
Contrary to later myths, he 

2451
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:50,000
wasn't a poor student. 
Rather. 

2452
02:18:50,000 --> 02:18:53,600
He disliked wrote memorization 
and preferred exploring ideas on

2453
02:18:53,600 --> 02:18:56,200
his own at age. 
Five, he received a simple 

2454
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,299
Compass. 
Its unwavering needle Guided by 

2455
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:02,600
an unseen Force, left him 
Spellbound, hinting at Hidden 

2456
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:05,799
laws in nature in school. 
He often seemed preoccupied 

2457
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,000
building intricate houses of 
cards or lost in thought. 

2458
02:19:09,700 --> 02:19:12,400
Though, teachers labeled him in 
different, he was quite quietly.

2459
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,200
Constructing mental pictures, 
that reached far beyond mundane 

2460
02:19:15,200 --> 02:19:17,900
lessons music also shaped his 
early life. 

2461
02:19:17,900 --> 02:19:21,600
Pauline insisted he learned 
violin and though, reluctant at 

2462
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:26,299
first, he found a kinship with 
Mozart's compositions This link 

2463
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:29,100
between artistic Harmony and 
orderly principles of the 

2464
02:19:29,100 --> 02:19:32,600
universe captivated him even as 
a child, he sensed that 

2465
02:19:32,600 --> 02:19:35,299
creativity and logic could 
co-exist productively. 

2466
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:40,400
His family's moves first to 
Munich then to Italy, created in

2467
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:42,799
him. 
A sense of displacement rather 

2468
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:45,799
than fitting snugly into any 
single cultural or academic 

2469
02:19:45,799 --> 02:19:47,799
mold. 
He became an observer 

2470
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:52,000
questioning, everything around 
him during a stint at a 

2471
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:53,900
Catholic. 
Elementary school, he briefly 

2472
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:57,800
embraced religious devotion, 
Yet, he soon gravitated toward a

2473
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:01,400
more personal sense. 
Of wonder One Unbound by strict 

2474
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:06,200
Doctrine later, he would speak 
of a cosmic religious feeling a 

2475
02:20:06,200 --> 02:20:08,500
reverence for the unfathomable 
mysteries of existence. 

2476
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:12,600
The German educational system 
clashed with his inquisitive 

2477
02:20:12,600 --> 02:20:15,400
spirit. 
Teachers focused on memorization

2478
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,600
while Einstein was enthralled by
independent exploration. 

2479
02:20:18,600 --> 02:20:22,800
He poured over geometry and 
calculus texts in his free time.

2480
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:27,100
Often outpacing his peers in 
conceptual understanding One 

2481
02:20:27,100 --> 02:20:29,800
tutor noticed his knack for 
dissecting problems from 

2482
02:20:29,800 --> 02:20:33,200
multiple angles, an early sign 
of the thought experiments. 

2483
02:20:33,200 --> 02:20:36,500
He would later make famous. 
Meanwhile Herman's business 

2484
02:20:36,500 --> 02:20:40,100
Pursuits, met with limited 
success adding Financial strain 

2485
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,700
to the household. 
Yet in that uncertainty, 

2486
02:20:42,700 --> 02:20:45,100
Einstein found pockets of 
Freedom. 

2487
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:47,900
His parents rarely scolded him 
for daydreaming. 

2488
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:51,200
Instead, they recognized his 
inclination to probe and 

2489
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:54,000
analyze. 
When he built card Towers. 

2490
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:58,300
It was more than play, he 
studied balanced structure and 

2491
02:20:58,300 --> 02:21:00,800
resilience qualities. 
He would apply to his 

2492
02:21:00,800 --> 02:21:04,100
theoretical work. 
Overlooked details of his youth 

2493
02:21:04,100 --> 02:21:06,000
further, illustrate his 
distinctive perspective. 

2494
02:21:07,300 --> 02:21:09,800
He once spent hours, trying to 
visualize how a beam of light 

2495
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:11,900
might appear, if one could race 
alongside it. 

2496
02:21:12,600 --> 02:21:15,500
These musings were embryonic 
glimpses of the relativity. 

2497
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:19,300
He would formalize years later. 
Far from Mere fanciful flights. 

2498
02:21:19,300 --> 02:21:22,300
They were a training ground for 
a mind unafraid to question 

2499
02:21:22,300 --> 02:21:26,300
conventional frame of reference.
Another seldom noted aspect was 

2500
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:29,600
his relationship with language 
raised in a multilingual 

2501
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:33,800
environment German at home 
occasionally Italian outside, he

2502
02:21:33,800 --> 02:21:37,000
developed a nuanced, 
appreciation for Words later in 

2503
02:21:37,000 --> 02:21:38,700
life. 
He would craft carefully, 

2504
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:41,600
balanced scientific papers where
Clarity took precedence over 

2505
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:44,600
flourish. 
But as a boy, he simply 

2506
02:21:44,600 --> 02:21:47,700
recognized that words were 
imperfect vessels for ideas. 

2507
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:51,500
Sparking a habit of visualizing 
Concepts to grasp the more 

2508
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:55,300
deeply. 
By his early teens Einstein grew

2509
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:57,500
increasingly restless with 
formal schooling. 

2510
02:21:57,500 --> 02:22:02,200
The Louetta Museum in Munich 
with its strict regiment clashed

2511
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:05,800
with his burgeoning interests, 
feeling stifled, he began to 

2512
02:22:05,800 --> 02:22:09,400
defy conventional academic paths
in a decision that alarmed his 

2513
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:12,000
teachers. 
He left school before graduation

2514
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:13,400
and followed his family to 
Italy. 

2515
02:22:13,400 --> 02:22:16,800
To sum it looked like a rash 
move yet. 

2516
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:19,300
It was an act of 
self-determination fueled by a 

2517
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:20,700
longing to learn without 
constraint. 

2518
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:24,900
During this period, he explored 
philosophy as well, delving into

2519
02:22:24,908 --> 02:22:27,000
Camp's works and pondering the 
nature of reality. 

2520
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:30,800
Such readings, reinforced his 
conviction, that genuine 

2521
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:34,200
understanding required, more 
than reciting facts, he craved 

2522
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:37,500
first-hand, encounters with the 
puzzles of the Universe from the

2523
02:22:37,500 --> 02:22:39,600
motion of planets to the 
properties of light. 

2524
02:22:40,500 --> 02:22:43,200
Though his childhood did not 
revolve solely around science, 

2525
02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:47,300
he played violin enjoyed walks 
and showed flashes of humour. 

2526
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:49,600
It was imbued with a special 
kind of curiosity. 

2527
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,900
He was neither the hapless 
student or the overnight Prodigy

2528
02:22:52,900 --> 02:22:56,300
that later narratives would 
portray instead, he was a 

2529
02:22:56,300 --> 02:22:59,400
reflective somewhat solitary 
child who found, meaning in 

2530
02:22:59,400 --> 02:23:03,100
probing life's deeper questions,
his early experience is compass 

2531
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:06,500
in Hand cards, neatly stacked 
violin tucked under his chin, 

2532
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:08,700
crystallized into the core of a 
worldview. 

2533
02:23:08,700 --> 02:23:11,000
That would soon turn the 
scientific World on its head. 

2534
02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:14,900
Ultimately the disparate strands
of his youth would unite in a 

2535
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:16,500
bold questioning of the 
established order. 

2536
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:19,800
Few recognized how far his 
curiosity would carry him. 

2537
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,900
Einstein's choice to abandon the
lewitt gymnasium before 

2538
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:27,300
graduating startled, his 
teachers but he felt stifled by 

2539
02:23:27,300 --> 02:23:30,700
wrote drills. 
He rejoined his family in Milan 

2540
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:32,700
where Herman hoped to save his 
faltering business. 

2541
02:23:32,700 --> 02:23:37,300
Finally freed from rigid, school
routines, Einstein studied math 

2542
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:41,200
and philosophy on his own 
devouring Cuts Works nurturing 

2543
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:43,300
and obsession with the 
universe's hidden structure. 

2544
02:23:44,200 --> 02:23:48,500
Still the need for formal 
credentials loomed in. 1895 he 

2545
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,600
applied to the Swiss Federal 
Polytechnic in Zurich known for 

2546
02:23:51,600 --> 02:23:55,200
its forward-thinking curriculum.
Although he excelled in math and

2547
02:23:55,200 --> 02:23:59,400
physics, he flunked the entrance
exams other parts undeterred. 

2548
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:03,000
He spent a transformative year 
at the cantonal school in aarau 

2549
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:06,400
Switzerland. 
This school's Progressive, ethos

2550
02:24:06,400 --> 02:24:10,000
welcomed curiosity and debate an
environment in which Einstein 

2551
02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:12,500
thrived. 
Living with the winter are 

2552
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:15,300
family. 
He formed close bonds, he 

2553
02:24:15,300 --> 02:24:19,200
briefly romanced their daughter 
Marie but also made lifelong 

2554
02:24:19,200 --> 02:24:21,800
friendships armed with improved 
preparation. 

2555
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,100
He passed the Polytechnic 
entrance exam in 1896 and 

2556
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:28,200
pursued a teaching diploma in 
math and physics. 

2557
02:24:29,100 --> 02:24:32,900
Zurich's intellectual pulse 
invigorated him by day, he 

2558
02:24:32,900 --> 02:24:36,000
endured lectures by night. 
He wrestled with scientific 

2559
02:24:36,000 --> 02:24:39,600
texts or debated Theory and 
cafes less enthralled with rope 

2560
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:42,700
note taking you favored 
independent study though he 

2561
02:24:42,708 --> 02:24:46,700
admired some professors others, 
saw him as dismissive and unruly

2562
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:49,700
reputation, that would later 
cost him solid references. 

2563
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:54,100
during this period Einstein 
MetLife marriage, the only woman

2564
02:24:54,100 --> 02:24:58,300
in their physics cohort, she was
bright and tenacious undeterred 

2565
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:02,200
by an academic world, largely 
unwelcome to women, They're Bond

2566
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:04,500
into twined, intellectual 
exchange and romantic 

2567
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:08,000
attraction. letters between 
them, reveal Lively dialogues 

2568
02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:11,100
about abstract science and the 
deeper questions of existence, 

2569
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:14,200
Critics. 
Sometimes question, the extent 

2570
02:25:14,200 --> 02:25:17,800
of maleva contributions to 
Einstein's, early work, But it 

2571
02:25:17,808 --> 02:25:20,800
certain she engaged in 
stimulating discussions, at a 

2572
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:24,500
formative time in his career, 
Einstein graduated in 1900. 

2573
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:26,900
Despite his clear gift for 
physics? 

2574
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:31,300
Job prospects were scarce 
dismissed by some professors as 

2575
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:33,800
headstrong. 
He received only lukewarm 

2576
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:36,500
recommendations over the next 
two years. 

2577
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:40,300
He subsisted on tutoring gigs 
and part-time teaching roles, 

2578
02:25:40,300 --> 02:25:43,700
struggling to pay rent. 
Meanwhile, his relationship with

2579
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:47,700
Malaysia grew more serious. 
They had a daughter liezel whose

2580
02:25:47,700 --> 02:25:50,600
fate remains one of the murkiest
aspects of Einstein's life 

2581
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:53,800
records suggests. 
She may have been adopted but 

2582
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:57,800
details are sparse Financial 
anxiety, nordid him and paternal

2583
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:01,400
disapproval of maleva added 
stress, yet his scientific 

2584
02:26:01,400 --> 02:26:05,500
passion, never dimmed, whenever 
he found a spare, our Einstein 

2585
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:08,600
tackled research problems in 
thermodynamics or statistical 

2586
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:11,300
mechanics. 
Despite their lack of widespread

2587
02:26:11,300 --> 02:26:15,000
attention, the small papers, 
demonstrated Einstein's capacity

2588
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:17,300
to critically examine 
conventional assumptions. 

2589
02:26:18,200 --> 02:26:20,800
A modest Beacon of stability 
arrived in 1902. 

2590
02:26:20,800 --> 02:26:25,200
Einstein secured a post as a 
technical expert third class at 

2591
02:26:25,200 --> 02:26:27,400
the Swiss patent office in Byrne
while. 

2592
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,700
Many might view patent reviewing
as mundane the job offered a 

2593
02:26:30,700 --> 02:26:33,500
predictable schedule and a 
steady wage precisely what he 

2594
02:26:33,500 --> 02:26:36,800
needed. crucially, it also left 
him mental space, for 

2595
02:26:36,808 --> 02:26:39,500
independent thought, Far from 
being a lull. 

2596
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:42,100
This period set the stage for 
his most significant 

2597
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:45,400
breakthroughs. 
Burn itself was unassuming but 

2598
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:47,800
it possessed an understated 
cultural Vitality. 

2599
02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:51,400
Einstein ever sociable in an 
understated way. 

2600
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:53,600
Found a small circle of 
like-minded acquaintances. 

2601
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:57,500
They shared books, debated 
philosophical, ideas, and 

2602
02:26:57,500 --> 02:27:00,600
sometimes playfully referred to 
themselves as the Olympia 

2603
02:27:00,600 --> 02:27:03,400
Academy. 
The groups, informal Spirit 

2604
02:27:03,400 --> 02:27:05,100
aligned perfectly with 
Einstein's. 

2605
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:08,900
Own approach, free wheeling. 
Yet anchored by a deep respect, 

2606
02:27:08,900 --> 02:27:12,200
for rational inquiry. 
Meanwhile, his personal life. 

2607
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:15,300
Moved forward. 
He in Malaysia married in 1903 

2608
02:27:15,300 --> 02:27:19,400
hoping to create a steel home. 
The union was hardly perfect 

2609
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:22,400
fraught with the usual 
challenges of newlyweds. 

2610
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:25,600
Compounded by Einstein's 
preoccupation with science and 

2611
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:29,100
ongoing money worries. 
Still having a supportive 

2612
02:27:29,100 --> 02:27:30,900
partner with a keen interest in 
physics. 

2613
02:27:30,900 --> 02:27:34,100
Likely encouraged his 
intellectual wandering during 

2614
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:39,400
these formative years. 
Between 1902 and 1904 Einstein 

2615
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:43,100
churned through patent 
applications by day, evaluating 

2616
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:45,300
new inventions for novelty and 
feasibility. 

2617
02:27:45,900 --> 02:27:49,600
At night, he scribbled equations
and chased the big questions 

2618
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:52,000
that had haunted him. 
Since childhood, the nature of 

2619
02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:54,900
light the structure of time and 
whether the cosmos had 

2620
02:27:54,908 --> 02:27:58,500
fundamental certainties little 
did anyone suspect that his 

2621
02:27:58,500 --> 02:28:02,100
quiet hours in Burn would yield 
a series of scientific papers 

2622
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:05,400
that would upend centuries of 
accepted physics and elevator 

2623
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,400
once errant student to the front
ranks of modern science in a few

2624
02:28:09,408 --> 02:28:11,200
years. 
He would unleash a torrent of 

2625
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:15,500
revolutionary ideas proving that
unorthodox paths can lead to 

2626
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:19,600
remarkable destinations Settled 
at the Swiss patent office in 

2627
02:28:19,608 --> 02:28:22,300
Byrne. 
Einstein was a Clarke reviewing 

2628
02:28:22,300 --> 02:28:25,100
applications for new invention, 
unofficially. 

2629
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:28,600
He was a theorist probing, the 
Bedrock of physics, the job's 

2630
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:30,900
predictable routine. 
Left him, time to explore the 

2631
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:35,100
mysteries of light motion and 
energy questions that had 

2632
02:28:35,100 --> 02:28:37,300
haunted him. 
Since childhood, his personal 

2633
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:41,100
life had stabilized somewhat. 
He in Malaysia now, married 

2634
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:46,300
lived modestly mindful of every 
expense Their son hands, Albert,

2635
02:28:46,300 --> 02:28:51,200
born in 1904 haddid, new 
responsibilities own physics. 

2636
02:28:51,200 --> 02:28:54,500
Background made her supportive 
Confidant for Einstein's musics 

2637
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:56,000
though. 
The precise scope of her 

2638
02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:59,400
influence remains debated. 
In 1905. 

2639
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:03,800
Einstein Unleashed four seminal 
papers in annaland are physic 

2640
02:29:03,800 --> 02:29:07,000
the first explain the 
photoelectric effect by treating

2641
02:29:07,000 --> 02:29:10,600
light as particles helping seed,
the future field of quantum 

2642
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:13,700
mechanics. 
Next came his work on Brownian 

2643
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:17,200
motion using statistics to 
confirm the existence of atoms 

2644
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:20,400
and molecules. 
Then in his special theory of 

2645
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,900
relativity he shattered the old 
notion of absolute time 

2646
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,600
proposing that simultaneity 
depends on an observer's motion 

2647
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:32,700
finally in a spare but dazzling 
note heard E equals MC is 

2648
02:29:32,700 --> 02:29:36,400
squared revealing the profound 
equivalents of mass and energy 

2649
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:41,100
at first these radical ideas 
mixed responses some Scholars 

2650
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:45,000
found them to speculative others
grasped their seismic potential.

2651
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:49,700
Over time the consensus grew 
Einstein had transformed physics

2652
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:53,000
from the inside out, his 
reputation slowly spread. 

2653
02:29:53,000 --> 02:29:57,500
Though, he remained a patent 
Clark until 1909 yearned for an 

2654
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:00,400
academic post, but faced 
challenges, he lacked the usual 

2655
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:03,700
pedigrees and some professors 
gave tepid recommendations. 

2656
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:06,800
Eventually the University of 
Zurich appointed him as a 

2657
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,700
lecturer opening the door to 
more formal scientific 

2658
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:12,300
Community. 
Maleva managed their growing 

2659
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:16,600
family, which now included a 
second son, Edward while 

2660
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,700
Einstein wrestled with teaching 
duties and ongoing research, But

2661
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:23,900
their marriage started to show 
cracks strained by the financial

2662
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:27,000
pressures and Einstein's 
single-minded Devotion to work. 

2663
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:30,700
Despite domestic tension his 
scientific profile Rose, 

2664
02:30:30,700 --> 02:30:33,800
swiftly. 
Younger physicists marveled at 

2665
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:36,700
his knack for taking early 
insights such as those from 

2666
02:30:36,700 --> 02:30:39,800
hendrik, lorentz, and honorary, 
poincare and unifying them into 

2667
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:43,500
a cohesive vision. 
The outcome was more than a 

2668
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:47,200
patchwork of theories, it was a 
radical recasting of how energy 

2669
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:52,600
space and time interlock. 
He left Bern for Zurich in 1909,

2670
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:56,200
then moved to Prague in 1911 for
another professorship. 

2671
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:00,100
The labor followed, but the 
demands of uprooting and the 

2672
02:31:00,108 --> 02:31:02,900
complexities of raising children
chipped away at their 

2673
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:06,600
partnership in Prague. 
Einstein refined his thoughts on

2674
02:31:06,600 --> 02:31:10,000
gravity hinting at a broader 
framework to come though. 

2675
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:12,400
Overshadowed by cultural and 
political tensions. 

2676
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:15,900
In the austro-hungarian Empire, 
the city still offered pockets 

2677
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:19,200
of intellectual ferment. 
Einstein found colleague's 

2678
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:21,400
intrigued by his work and critic
skeptical of it. 

2679
02:31:21,400 --> 02:31:24,800
He thrived on debate defending 
his theories with calm 

2680
02:31:24,800 --> 02:31:28,300
conviction by 1912. 
He was back in Zurich at the 

2681
02:31:28,300 --> 02:31:31,600
Polytechnic. 
Now as a professor, this time he

2682
02:31:31,600 --> 02:31:34,000
delved deeper into the 
mathematics needed to extend 

2683
02:31:34,000 --> 02:31:35,900
relativity to gravitational 
fields. 

2684
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:39,200
His collaboration with 
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 

2685
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,200
was vital laying the groundwork 
for what would become the 

2686
02:31:42,208 --> 02:31:45,900
general theory of relativity? 
While special relativity had 

2687
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:48,300
reconfigured space and time on a
flat stage. 

2688
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:51,500
Einstein, now aimed to show how 
massive objects could warp that 

2689
02:31:51,500 --> 02:31:55,500
stage itself in parallel 
tensions at home, worsened. 

2690
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:58,700
Malev has hopes for our own 
scientific contributions had 

2691
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,800
faded into domestic obligations 
Einstein's growing. 

2692
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:05,300
Fame, meant invitations to speak
and collaborate pulling him away

2693
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,600
for extended periods at times 
letters. 

2694
02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:10,500
Reveal a coldness creeping into 
their marriage. 

2695
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:14,400
He could be absent-minded 
impatient and increasingly 

2696
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:16,400
dismissive of male as emotional 
needs. 

2697
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:20,400
The personal costs of Genius 
were mounting even if the 

2698
02:32:20,400 --> 02:32:24,300
broadest world was beginning to 
admire him as a visionary, by 

2699
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:27,000
the end of 1912 Einstein's, 
Ambitions were clear. 

2700
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:30,500
He had cemented a reputation as 
the Mind behind special 

2701
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,300
relativity and he was on the 
cusp of unveiling, a more 

2702
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:36,600
comprehensive framework to 
explain gravity University's 

2703
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:39,600
courted him and scientific 
societies began to Lord his 

2704
02:32:39,600 --> 02:32:42,100
insights. 
Yet beneath this rise, like 

2705
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:45,200
private Discord. 
Tension's that would escalate 

2706
02:32:45,200 --> 02:32:48,900
once his career carried him to 
Berlin for now though I 

2707
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:51,100
Einstein's path, LED an 
extremely toward one of the 

2708
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:54,800
greatest intellectual Feats in 
history folded by that same 

2709
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:57,400
Restless curiosity that once 
made him walk away from 

2710
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:01,700
gymnasium classes and questions,
the simplest of nature despite 

2711
02:33:01,700 --> 02:33:03,700
term oil. 
His momentum was Unstoppable. 

2712
02:33:05,400 --> 02:33:09,200
The stage was set for him to 
finalize a theory of gravity, a 

2713
02:33:09,200 --> 02:33:11,900
masterpiece that would reshape 
Humanities view of the cosmos. 

2714
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:17,000
In 1913 the Prussian Academy of 
Sciences in Berlin Bays, 

2715
02:33:17,000 --> 02:33:20,400
beckoned Albert Einstein with a 
prestigious post that required 

2716
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:24,100
minimal teaching. 
By 1914 he was in the German 

2717
02:33:24,100 --> 02:33:27,800
Capital poised to perfect his 
theory of gravity yet the move 

2718
02:33:27,800 --> 02:33:30,000
magnified personal and political
tensions. 

2719
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:33,600
His marriage to maleva was 
fracturing and Europe, stood on 

2720
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,400
the brink of War. 
A pacifist at heart. 

2721
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:39,900
Einstein found himself at odds, 
with the fervent nationalism 

2722
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,000
gripping, Germany unperturbed by
the storm outside. 

2723
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:46,400
He pushed forward on general 
relativity, aided by 

2724
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,900
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
their goal was to show that 

2725
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,700
gravity arose from curved 
space-time a radical notion 

2726
02:33:53,700 --> 02:33:58,400
demanding complex tensor 
calculus by 1915 Einstein had, 

2727
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:01,000
refined the field equations, 
describing how Mass deforms 

2728
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:03,600
space-time and how that 
curvature dictates motion. 

2729
02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:07,200
A Triumph soon. 
Followed the new Theory 

2730
02:34:07,200 --> 02:34:10,400
explained, Mercury's orbital 
quirks better than Newtonian 

2731
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:13,800
physics. 
Overjoyed Einstein wrote to a 

2732
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:16,800
friend that is heart shivered 
upon seeing the data aligned 

2733
02:34:16,800 --> 02:34:19,900
with his calculations, but his 
personal world was unraveling 

2734
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:24,500
Maleva struggled in Berlin, 
stifling atmosphere and felt 

2735
02:34:24,500 --> 02:34:28,200
increasingly isolated. 
Meanwhile Einstein grew close to

2736
02:34:28,208 --> 02:34:31,200
his cousin Elsa louvain tile 
letters. 

2737
02:34:31,200 --> 02:34:33,800
Show me levers, Despair and 
Einstein's emotional withdrawal.

2738
02:34:33,800 --> 02:34:36,800
She took their sons back to 
Switzerland and the marriage 

2739
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:39,100
ended in divorce. 
He later wed. 

2740
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:41,700
Elsa igniting gossip about his 
private life. 

2741
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:45,100
Even as general relativity 
gained traction, among 

2742
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,100
physicists, his personal 
reputation became fodder for 

2743
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:51,900
public speculation. 
World War 1 had also splintered 

2744
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:55,200
scientific exchanges while many 
German intellectuals. 

2745
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:59,400
In the war Einstein stood nearly
alone, signing anti-war 

2746
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:03,200
petitions and voicing Pacific 
Views, his stance stirred 

2747
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:06,500
resentment at home. 
Still foreign scientists such as

2748
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:09,600
the British astronomer Arthur 
Eddington recognized the 

2749
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:13,600
significance of Einstein's work.
Eddington's 1919 Eclipse, 

2750
02:35:13,600 --> 02:35:16,100
Expedition tested, whether 
Starlight passing near the sun 

2751
02:35:16,100 --> 02:35:18,900
would bend, according to 
Einstein's predictions, the 

2752
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:21,900
measurements matched, 
electrifying the global press, 

2753
02:35:21,900 --> 02:35:26,100
and the throning Newton in the 
public eye overnight, Einstein 

2754
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:30,200
became a symbol of modern genius
newspapers everywhere, featured 

2755
02:35:30,200 --> 02:35:34,300
his thoughtful gaze and unruly 
hair invitations, rained down 

2756
02:35:34,300 --> 02:35:37,700
from universities and societies.
While he believed in Sharing 

2757
02:35:37,700 --> 02:35:41,600
knowledge openly, he disliked 
the frenzied attention and grew 

2758
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:45,600
uneasy with Germany's renewed 
nationalism post-war turmoil, 

2759
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:49,400
fanned political flames and 
Einstein's pacifism Drew I from 

2760
02:35:49,408 --> 02:35:53,100
right-wing groups Nevertheless, 
the validation of general 

2761
02:35:53,100 --> 02:35:56,300
relativity, cemented his place. 
Atop The Scientific hierarchy. 

2762
02:35:57,000 --> 02:36:00,000
Even Skeptics admitted that his 
calculations matched, observable

2763
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:02,000
reality in a way. 
No previous Theory. 

2764
02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:06,300
Could with Malaysia in Zurich 
caring for their sons, Einstein 

2765
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:07,700
found, both freedom and 
loneliness. 

2766
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:12,600
He married Elsa in 1919 on her 
to manage his crowded schedule 

2767
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:17,700
and mitigate public demands. 
As the 1920s donned Einstein was

2768
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,700
heralded as a Visionary, whose 
equations recast, the universe 

2769
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:23,100
as a pliable fabric shape by 
energy and mass. 

2770
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:26,700
These Notions paved the way for 
Cosmic models, that would soon. 

2771
02:36:26,700 --> 02:36:30,100
Suggest an expanding Universe 
involving astronomers like Edwin

2772
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:34,500
Hubble Initially, Einstein 
proposed a cosmological constant

2773
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,800
to keep the universe static but 
later deemed that idea a 

2774
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:41,500
mistake, a rare admission of 
error from a man idolized for 

2775
02:36:41,500 --> 02:36:44,500
brilliance. 
Meanwhile, he turned his 

2776
02:36:44,500 --> 02:36:46,800
attention back to Quantum 
Mechanics, a field. 

2777
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:49,500
He had inadvertently sparked 
with his photoelectric paper. 

2778
02:36:50,400 --> 02:36:53,900
Newcomers like Werner Heisenberg
and urban Schrodinger, Advanced 

2779
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:56,500
idea that clashed with 
Einstein's comfort zone. 

2780
02:36:56,500 --> 02:36:59,300
He bought at. 
The problem, is they proposed? 

2781
02:36:59,300 --> 02:37:01,700
Insisting. 
Their must be a deeper 

2782
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:05,300
deterministic layer. 
Thus began the famous series of 

2783
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:08,900
debates with Neil's bore with 
Einstein challenging, the notion

2784
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:12,700
that reality might hinge on 
randomness. by mid-decade 

2785
02:37:12,700 --> 02:37:16,600
Einstein's travel schedule 
ballooned He turned the United 

2786
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:20,900
States and parts of Europe, 
drawing huge, crowds Statesman 

2787
02:37:20,900 --> 02:37:24,500
celebrities and fellow Scholars 
courted, his presence in 

2788
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:26,600
Germany. 
However, he faced mounting 

2789
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:29,300
hostility from nationalist, 
factions who died in his 

2790
02:37:29,300 --> 02:37:32,300
theories, as Jewish science. 
Unfazed. 

2791
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:36,900
He pressed on confident that 
empirical evidence would Outlast

2792
02:37:36,900 --> 02:37:39,300
Prejudice. 
His personal realm. 

2793
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:43,100
Now Tethered to Elsa offered 
stability, she shielded him from

2794
02:37:43,100 --> 02:37:46,400
ceaseless demands allowing him 
to pursue his ideas and 

2795
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:47,100
relative. 
Peace. 

2796
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:50,800
Yet the creeping political tide 
would soon overshadow even 

2797
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:53,700
Einstein's lofty. 
Pursuits at the dawn of the next

2798
02:37:53,700 --> 02:37:57,600
decade, Einstein found himself a
global icon yet behind that 

2799
02:37:57,600 --> 02:38:00,300
Fame, lady deeper struggles and 
fresh challenges that would 

2800
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:04,000
shape his destiny. 
The 1920s were a whirlwind. 

2801
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:07,100
Reinstein blending. 
Scientific Milestones with 

2802
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,200
Worldwide acclaim. 
Ever the Restless thinker. 

2803
02:38:10,200 --> 02:38:12,900
He spent these years grappling 
with quantum theory while 

2804
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:14,900
maintaining his fascination with
relativity. 

2805
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:18,100
Though, his general theory of 
relativity was universally 

2806
02:38:18,100 --> 02:38:20,600
hailed. 
He grew increasingly uneasy 

2807
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:23,800
about the indeterminate flavor 
of quantum mechanics to him. 

2808
02:38:23,800 --> 02:38:27,000
The idea that fundamental 
processes could be governed by 

2809
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:31,800
pure chance, seemed incomplete 
Einstein's Public Image soared 

2810
02:38:31,800 --> 02:38:35,600
as he told Europe and North 
America lecture Halls. 

2811
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,900
Overflowed audience is drawn, 
not just to his ideas but also 

2812
02:38:39,900 --> 02:38:44,600
to his Persona rumpled suits, 
mischievous humor and an aura of

2813
02:38:44,608 --> 02:38:47,900
introspective brilliance. 
Journalists clamored for 

2814
02:38:47,908 --> 02:38:51,800
interviews often distorting his 
words into simplistic sound 

2815
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:55,100
bites, despite Elsa's best 
efforts to safeguard his 

2816
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:57,300
privacy. 
The Cult of Personality grew 

2817
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:00,900
Politicians hoped his presence 
would lend Prestige to their 

2818
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:04,600
events and luminaries from other
fields sought his endorsement 

2819
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:08,500
beneath the accolades. 
Einstein remained wary of Fame, 

2820
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:11,900
he believed that genuine 
Discovery flourished in quiet 

2821
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:15,200
reflection, not in the spotlight
whenever possible. 

2822
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:18,600
He escaped to the Alps or the 
countryside, reveling and 

2823
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:21,500
Mountain walks and violin 
practice music. 

2824
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:24,300
Provided a counterbalance to the
rigors of theoretical work, 

2825
02:39:24,300 --> 02:39:27,900
reinforcing his belief that Art 
and Science shared a quest for 

2826
02:39:27,908 --> 02:39:30,800
harmony. 
Meanwhile in academic circles, 

2827
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:35,100
the quantum Revolution thundered
on physicists like Niels Bohr, 

2828
02:39:35,100 --> 02:39:38,908
Heisenberg and Max born claimed 
that probabilities lay at the 

2829
02:39:38,916 --> 02:39:42,500
heart of physical reality. 
Einstein countered that God does

2830
02:39:42,500 --> 02:39:45,700
not play dice questioning. 
Whether Randomness was the final

2831
02:39:45,700 --> 02:39:48,300
word. 
Their debate polite, yet 

2832
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:51,200
intense. 
Fulton, New Era of theoretical 

2833
02:39:51,200 --> 02:39:55,400
exploration. the young Quantum 
guard, revered Einstein's 

2834
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,400
contributions, but insisted that
his skepticism missed the 

2835
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:02,300
theories core Elegance At the 
same time, Europe was 

2836
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:04,700
experiencing social and 
political upheavals in the 

2837
02:40:04,708 --> 02:40:09,000
aftermath of World War 1. 
Germany's bimar Republic, veered

2838
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:11,200
between fragile democracy. 
And looming chaos, 

2839
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:13,700
hyperinflation devastated, the 
middle class. 

2840
02:40:14,700 --> 02:40:17,400
Extremist factions, including 
the nascent Nazi party 

2841
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:21,000
exploited, economic despair, 
promoting xenophobia, and 

2842
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:24,300
anti-Semitism, Einstein, as a 
Jewish intellectual. 

2843
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:28,100
And an outspoken pacifist became
a prime target for nationalists.

2844
02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:32,000
Hate mail arrived with 
disturbing regularity, accusing 

2845
02:40:32,000 --> 02:40:35,600
him of undermining Germany. 
Scientific Heritage despite 

2846
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:38,000
these threats Einstein refused 
to hide. 

2847
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:40,900
He rallied for disarmament and 
international cooperation, 

2848
02:40:40,900 --> 02:40:44,000
endorsing pacifist. 
Causes that were deeply 

2849
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:48,000
unpopular among nationalists, 
his celebrity magnified, the 

2850
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,100
visibility of his stance, making
him a lightning rod for 

2851
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:53,900
political hatred. 
Some colleagues implored him to 

2852
02:40:53,900 --> 02:40:57,000
be more guarded, but he believed
moral convictions, outweighed, 

2853
02:40:57,000 --> 02:41:01,700
personal safety. in 1922 
Einstein was awarded the Nobel 

2854
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:05,200
Prize in physics, not for 
relativity, surprisingly, but 

2855
02:41:05,200 --> 02:41:09,800
for his earlier explanation of 
the photoelectric effect, By 

2856
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:12,500
then the Nobel committee had 
become weary of the ongoing 

2857
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:15,600
debates about relativity yet. 
They could not ignore his 

2858
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:19,300
contributions to Quantum Theory.
When news arrived, Einstein was 

2859
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:22,500
traveling in Asia, embarked on a
tour that took him to Japan 

2860
02:41:22,500 --> 02:41:26,000
where he was met by enthralled 
crowds and showered with gifts 

2861
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:29,600
notes, from that trip reveal a 
man torn between gratitude for 

2862
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:33,700
the adulation and a desire for 
Solitude Upon returning to 

2863
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,000
Germany. 
Einstein found the political 

2864
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:39,700
climate darker, the early 
stirrings of Nazi ideology were 

2865
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:42,000
creeping into universities and 
public discourse. 

2866
02:41:42,000 --> 02:41:45,600
Well though, he tried to remain 
above Petty bickering, vicious 

2867
02:41:45,600 --> 02:41:49,200
attacks on his own German 
physics, intensified right-wing 

2868
02:41:49,200 --> 02:41:51,500
Publications branded relativity 
a hoax. 

2869
02:41:51,500 --> 02:41:54,000
Some of his lectures were 
disrupted by hostile, 

2870
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:57,400
demonstrators and rumors of 
assassination, plots circulated.

2871
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:02,600
Elsa deeply concerned urged him 
to consider emigrating yet. 

2872
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:06,000
Einstein hesitated. 
He felt a profound connection to

2873
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:07,600
German speaking intellectual 
life. 

2874
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:10,300
Despite recognizing Its 
dangerous, currents. 

2875
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:14,200
He also clung to the hope that 
reason and Goodwill might 

2876
02:42:14,200 --> 02:42:18,300
Prevail when not entangled in 
politics, he continued refining,

2877
02:42:18,300 --> 02:42:21,900
his approach to Quantum puzzles,
He developed thought experiments

2878
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:24,200
aimed at exposing hidden 
variables or revealing 

2879
02:42:24,200 --> 02:42:26,000
contradictions in the quantum 
framework. 

2880
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:29,200
Each new exchange with bore 
underscored. 

2881
02:42:29,200 --> 02:42:31,900
The chasm between Einstein's 
quest for determinism and the 

2882
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:36,100
Copenhagen schools acceptance of
uncertainty by the late 1920s 

2883
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,900
Einstein's stature had grown 
colossal but so had his 

2884
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:41,900
disillusionment with Europe's 
volatile mood. 

2885
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:45,900
Whispers of an eventual 
departure grew louder in public.

2886
02:42:45,900 --> 02:42:48,700
He spoke calmly about the 
spiritual crisis. 

2887
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:52,600
Afflicting the continent. 
Privately he pondered where his 

2888
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:55,800
future, lay the man who had once
roamed Italy in his youth, 

2889
02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:59,800
yearning for free thought. 
Again stood, at a Crossroads, 

2890
02:43:01,000 --> 02:43:05,100
When Adolf Hitler Rose to power 
in 1933 Einstein's predicament 

2891
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:09,100
crystallized, the Nazis targeted
Jewish scientists as scapegoats 

2892
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:11,800
accusing them of corrupting 
German culture. 

2893
02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:16,100
For Einstein, an internationally
admired thinker yet domestic 

2894
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:18,900
Pariah remaining in Germany 
became untenable. 

2895
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,700
Acting on Elsa's urging and his 
own sense of imminent danger. 

2896
02:43:22,700 --> 02:43:25,900
He left Berlin for what would 
become a permanent exile. 

2897
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:29,800
Stopping briefly in Europe, he 
announced his resignation from 

2898
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:32,600
the Prussian Academy. 
The move was both symbolic and 

2899
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:34,800
pragmatic. 
He refused to serve an 

2900
02:43:34,800 --> 02:43:36,400
institution bent on persecuting 
him. 

2901
02:43:37,300 --> 02:43:40,000
Though, his name still 
commanded, respect abroad in 

2902
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:41,900
Germany. 
His books were publicly burned 

2903
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:46,200
and officials seized his assets.
Nazi propaganda labeled him. 

2904
02:43:46,200 --> 02:43:50,900
The arch enemy of true science 
unfazed by police and attacks. 

2905
02:43:50,900 --> 02:43:54,200
Einstein worried about friends 
and colleagues trapped in a 

2906
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:55,500
regime that suppress free 
thought. 

2907
02:43:56,400 --> 02:43:59,800
He soon found refuge in the 
United States, accepting an 

2908
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:01,600
appointment at the newly 
established Institute for 

2909
02:44:01,600 --> 02:44:05,400
advanced study in Princeton New 
Jersey, Princeton offered 

2910
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:08,400
Serenity and intellectual 
autonomy with no formal teaching

2911
02:44:08,400 --> 02:44:11,200
duties. 
The institutes wooded campus and

2912
02:44:11,200 --> 02:44:13,900
quiet community reminded 
Einstein of the Tranquility. 

2913
02:44:13,900 --> 02:44:15,500
He wants treasured in 
Switzerland. 

2914
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:18,600
He took up residence in a modest
house on Mercer Street. 

2915
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:23,300
Where Curious townsfolk would 
spot him on daily walks, unruly 

2916
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:26,000
hair pipe in hand lost in 
reflection. 

2917
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:31,100
Yet, Exile weighed on him. 
The grateful for safety, he 

2918
02:44:31,100 --> 02:44:34,100
missed the vibrant cafes of 
Europe and lamented the plight 

2919
02:44:34,100 --> 02:44:36,500
of Jewish refugees barred from 
many countries. 

2920
02:44:36,500 --> 02:44:40,000
He became an outspoken advocate 
for civil rights and 

2921
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:43,700
international cooperation. 
Determined to counter the Nazi 

2922
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:46,300
threat. 
He supported various relief 

2923
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:49,400
organizations, assisting 
displaced Scholars letters from 

2924
02:44:49,408 --> 02:44:53,600
this period reflect a mix of 
relief, sorrow and moral urgency

2925
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:57,200
scientifically. 
Einstein, continued to question 

2926
02:44:57,200 --> 02:44:58,600
the underpinnings of quantum 
mechanics. 

2927
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:02,600
He collaborated with Boris 
podolsky and Nathan Rosen on the

2928
02:45:02,608 --> 02:45:07,200
famous 1935 epr, Paradox 
asserting that quantum theory 

2929
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,000
was incomplete. 
This paper challenged the 

2930
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:13,900
Copenhagen interpretation by 
suggesting that spooky action at

2931
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:16,600
a distance conflicted with the 
principles of locality and 

2932
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:19,700
realism though intended to 
reveal quantum mechanics 

2933
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,400
shortcomings. 
The paper instead, paved the way

2934
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:25,600
for future breakthroughs in 
quantum, entanglement research, 

2935
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:31,400
ironically fueling the very 
field Einstein doubted Meanwhile

2936
02:45:31,400 --> 02:45:35,900
Global tensions escalated as 
Nazi Germany, expanded its 

2937
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:39,600
militaristic Ambitions Einstein 
was drawn into geopolitical 

2938
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,300
concerns. 
He had tried to avoid Friends. 

2939
02:45:42,300 --> 02:45:44,700
Cautioned him about the 
possibility of an atomic bomb, 

2940
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:46,900
highlighting the dire 
consequences. 

2941
02:45:46,900 --> 02:45:49,000
If Hitler's regime managed to 
harness nuclear. 

2942
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:52,600
Efficient first, ironically, it 
was Einstein's own mass energy. 

2943
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:55,600
Equivalents E equals MC squared.
That foreshadowed the 

2944
02:45:55,600 --> 02:45:59,200
destructive power of splitting 
the atom Alarmed by such 

2945
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:01,800
Prospect. 
He allowed Hungarian emigres 

2946
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:03,900
physicist. 
Leo, silard to draft a letter in

2947
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:07,200
1939. 
Alerting US President Franklin, 

2948
02:46:07,200 --> 02:46:10,000
D, Roosevelt to the possibility 
of a German Atomic program. 

2949
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:14,400
This letter bearing Einstein's 
signature catalyzed the 

2950
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:17,100
Manhattan Project, though, 
Einstein himself never worked 

2951
02:46:17,100 --> 02:46:21,400
directly on Atomic weapons. 
Regret haunted him in later 

2952
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:23,600
Recollections. 
He lamented that had. 

2953
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:26,100
He foreseen the scale of 
Devastation nuclear arms would 

2954
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,100
bring. 
He might never have signed the 

2955
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:31,100
warning yet at the time 
Einstein's. 

2956
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:33,200
Pacifist. 
Leanings clashed with real 

2957
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,400
politic a painful contradiction.
He carried to the end of his 

2958
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,500
life. 
Princeton gradually became home.

2959
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:42,500
Einstein strolled its streets in
tattered sweaters. 

2960
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:45,800
Occasionally offering an 
impromptu violin performance for

2961
02:46:45,800 --> 02:46:48,300
friends. 
You feel did letters from admire

2962
02:46:48,300 --> 02:46:51,800
as worldwide often replying with
brief that thoughtful notes. 

2963
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:55,900
Photos from the era show, a 
gentle face figure equal parts 

2964
02:46:55,900 --> 02:46:59,300
grandfather and inscrutable he 
advised youngest younger 

2965
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:02,000
scientists although his own 
research shifted away from 

2966
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:05,500
mainstream physics fixated on 
unifying gravity with 

2967
02:47:05,500 --> 02:47:08,400
electromagnetic forces. 
He pursued a theory of 

2968
02:47:08,408 --> 02:47:11,200
everything that increasingly 
isolated him from The Cutting 

2969
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:15,100
Edge, work on Quantum, Fields 
outside, the academic sphere, 

2970
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:17,500
Einstein gained a voice in 
public debates. 

2971
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:21,400
Spoke out Against Racism. 
In America, comparing it to the 

2972
02:47:21,400 --> 02:47:24,600
anti-jewish sentiments, he had 
witnessed in Europe, he 

2973
02:47:24,600 --> 02:47:27,100
supported civil rights activists
and forged friendships with 

2974
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:30,200
prominent black leaders despite 
the era's pervasive 

2975
02:47:30,200 --> 02:47:33,200
discrimination. 
Occasionally, he faced criticism

2976
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:36,600
for meddling and social issues 
rather than sticking to science.

2977
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,800
But Einstein considered moral 
responsibility Inseparable from 

2978
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,100
intellectual freedom. 
As World War Two raged 

2979
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:46,900
Einstein's heartbreak was 
twofold, Germany. 

2980
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:51,000
Once his intellectual cradle had
become a synonym for barbarity, 

2981
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:54,300
while the Allies were forced to 
develop weapons of unprecedented

2982
02:47:54,300 --> 02:47:57,200
lethality. 
He could only watch from afar 

2983
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:00,100
offering moral support and 
condemnation of fascist 

2984
02:48:00,100 --> 02:48:03,300
ideologies. 
In the aftermath of World War 2 

2985
02:48:03,300 --> 02:48:06,400
Albert Einstein status as a 
global on solidified. 

2986
02:48:07,300 --> 02:48:09,400
Yet his latter years were marked
by reflection. 

2987
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,400
In a sense of unresolved 
question's despite pushing 

2988
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:15,400
physics towards quantum theory, 
he remained resistant to its 

2989
02:48:15,400 --> 02:48:19,000
probabilistic core. 
Though, the Manhattan Project 

2990
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,700
had validated the destructive 
potential of equals mc squared. 

2991
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:25,900
It all so weighed heavily on his
conscience. 

2992
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:29,800
He loads the arms race that 
followed and spoke openly 

2993
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:34,200
against nuclear proliferation. 
Living in Princeton. he 

2994
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:37,300
continued his quest for a 
unified field Theory, an 

2995
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:40,000
ambitious bid to reconcile 
electromagnetism and gravity 

2996
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:43,400
under one framework He toiled 
over complex equations, 

2997
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:46,500
convinced that nature possessed 
an underlying simplicity. 

2998
02:48:47,300 --> 02:48:49,600
Critics. 
Meanwhile, argued that he was 

2999
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:51,800
out of touch with emerging 
Quantum field, theories, 

3000
02:48:51,800 --> 02:48:56,200
undeterred Einstein pursued his 
unification program almost in 

3001
02:48:56,200 --> 02:49:00,200
solitude, like in himself, to a 
lone traveler on a Winding Road,

3002
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:04,300
Younger physicists acknowledged 
his genius but often parted ways

3003
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:07,300
with his methods. 
Embracing, instead, the quantum 

3004
02:49:07,300 --> 02:49:10,400
approach had always found on 
settling Beyond science, 

3005
02:49:10,400 --> 02:49:13,200
Einstein's voice resonated in 
global debate. 

3006
02:49:13,200 --> 02:49:16,700
He championed a supernatural 
government to curb, the risk of 

3007
02:49:16,708 --> 02:49:19,800
nuclear war advocating 
collective security over 

3008
02:49:19,800 --> 02:49:22,800
nationalism. 
Despite controverses many 

3009
02:49:22,800 --> 02:49:26,500
admired, his stance seeing him a
moral compass shaped by 

3010
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:28,700
first-hand experience of 
authoritarianism. 

3011
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:30,700
He wrote letters to world 
leaders. 

3012
02:49:30,700 --> 02:49:34,600
Sometimes scoring partial 
victories, often meeting polite 

3013
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:38,100
in different Yeti pressed on, 
believe in that scientific 

3014
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:40,900
Insight conferred, a duty to 
safeguard Humanity from its 

3015
02:49:40,900 --> 02:49:43,800
invention. 
His private life in Princeton 

3016
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:46,900
had a gentle routine. 
Each morning brought a steady 

3017
02:49:46,908 --> 02:49:48,800
stream of letters. 
Seeking his opinion on 

3018
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:51,400
everything from cosmic theories 
to personal woes. 

3019
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:55,000
He obliged when he could, but 
dismissed frivolous requests 

3020
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,400
afternoons, often involved, 
slow, walks or reading classical

3021
02:49:58,400 --> 02:50:00,400
literature. 
Evening's might find him 

3022
02:50:00,400 --> 02:50:03,000
improvising on the violin 
seeking solace in music. 

3023
02:50:03,000 --> 02:50:05,800
Structured, Freedom friends, 
found him warm. 

3024
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:08,800
But occasionally aloof an 
introvert, who valued genuine 

3025
02:50:08,800 --> 02:50:12,200
conversation, yet disdained, 
Small Talk, else's death in 

3026
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:15,700
1936, had left an emotional Gap 
that he filled through 

3027
02:50:15,700 --> 02:50:19,600
companionship with his 
stepdaughter Margo and a circle 

3028
02:50:19,600 --> 02:50:22,900
of close confidants. 
His older son Hans, Albert 

3029
02:50:22,900 --> 02:50:26,600
pursued, an engineering career. 
While younger son, Edward 

3030
02:50:26,600 --> 02:50:29,700
battled Health Challengers that 
Einstein struggled to comprehend

3031
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:32,600
but he remains stared fast in 
providing financial and 

3032
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:37,700
emotional support from afar. 
Has the Cold War donned Einstein

3033
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:40,000
found himself in a complicated 
political environment. 

3034
02:50:40,900 --> 02:50:45,000
Paradoxical the FBI kept files 
on him, viewing his pacifist, 

3035
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:48,700
leanings and Global Outlook. 
As potentially subversive rumors

3036
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:51,200
circulated that he was 
sympathetic to communist causes 

3037
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:53,700
though, he consistently 
denounced star and his 

3038
02:50:53,700 --> 02:50:57,900
depression instead, Einstein 
championed Universal human 

3039
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:01,700
rights, he grew vocally, 
critical of McCarthyism branding

3040
02:51:01,700 --> 02:51:03,500
at an assault on intellectual 
Freedom. 

3041
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:07,200
Akin to the political witch 
hunts, he had fled in Germany By

3042
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:11,000
the early 1950s health issues, 
nudged him toward a quieter 

3043
02:51:11,000 --> 02:51:15,100
Pace, yet his mind remained 
agile and he sometimes engaged 

3044
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:18,400
in public letters, urging 
scientists to unite for peaceful

3045
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:21,000
Endeavors. 
He admired younger luminaries 

3046
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:23,700
like Kurt girdle and conversed 
with them about the nature of 

3047
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:26,600
logic and Mathematics. 
But he found little common 

3048
02:51:26,600 --> 02:51:28,700
ground with the new wave of 
particle physics. 

3049
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,600
Students worldwide still saw him
as an emblem of pure genius, 

3050
02:51:32,600 --> 02:51:35,300
while Einstein himself 
downplayed personal accolades. 

3051
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:38,600
Insisting, he had simply 
followed his curiosity wherever 

3052
02:51:38,600 --> 02:51:42,800
it led. 
In 1955 Einstein experience in 

3053
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:45,800
internal bleeding from an 
abdominal aneurysm though. 

3054
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:49,300
Doctors recommended surgery, he 
refused to declaring that. 

3055
02:51:49,300 --> 02:51:51,000
It was his time to go with 
dignity. 

3056
02:51:51,700 --> 02:51:53,500
True to form. 
He spent his final days. 

3057
02:51:53,500 --> 02:51:56,700
Revising, a speech intended to 
deliver for Israel, 7th 

3058
02:51:56,700 --> 02:51:59,800
anniversary reflecting his 
longstanding support for Jewish 

3059
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:01,500
communities, while advocating 
peaceful. 

3060
02:52:01,500 --> 02:52:07,000
Coexistence, he died on April 
18th 1955, leaving behind notes,

3061
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:08,900
and half finished equations and 
search of that. 

3062
02:52:08,900 --> 02:52:11,900
Elusive unified field news of 
his passing. 

3063
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,200
Reverberated across the globe, 
world leaders, and fellow 

3064
02:52:15,200 --> 02:52:17,100
scientists. 
Paid tribute to the man who had 

3065
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:20,600
reshaped our understanding of 
space time and energy. 

3066
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:24,600
Yet Einstein's Legacy extended 
Beyond equations. 

3067
02:52:25,300 --> 02:52:28,000
He embodied the principle that 
moral conviction, and 

3068
02:52:28,000 --> 02:52:33,100
intellectual daring can and must
coexist in death, he became even

3069
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:35,700
more iconic. 
His name synonymous with 

3070
02:52:35,700 --> 02:52:38,500
Visionary genius and his 
photograph instantly 

3071
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:41,200
recognizable as a totem of human
possibility. 

3072
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:45,500
Today, Einstein's, work 
undergirds Technologies from GPS

3073
02:52:45,500 --> 02:52:48,500
to nuclear power. 
His debate about quantum 

3074
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,200
mechanics, remain at the heart 
of physics pointing toward 

3075
02:52:51,200 --> 02:52:53,500
Frontiers in entanglement and 
information Theory. 

3076
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:56,700
In that tension between 
breathtaking Discovery and 

3077
02:52:56,700 --> 02:52:59,500
ethical uncertainty lies. 
The fullest measure of Albert 

3078
02:52:59,500 --> 02:53:01,700
Einstein's. 
Singular complex Legacy. 

3079
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:11,800
Okay, check this out. 
Your stepping into the year 1066

3080
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:14,700
and you've just witnessed the 
most successful hostile 

3081
02:53:14,700 --> 02:53:16,800
Takeover. 
In English History, though, they

3082
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:20,700
didn't call it that back then. 
William the Conqueror who 

3083
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:24,000
probably would have made an 
excellent corporate CEO has just

3084
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,600
defeated Harold at Hastings and 
suddenly everyone who matters is

3085
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,300
speaking French. 
The Norman Court wasn't like the

3086
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:33,900
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 
Where Warriors might burst into 

3087
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:36,600
song between courses and dogs 
wandered, freely, among the 

3088
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:40,800
rushes know, William brought 
Continental sophistication to 

3089
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:44,200
England, which was rather like 
introducing fine wine to a group

3090
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:46,300
of people who had been perfectly
happy with ale. 

3091
02:53:46,300 --> 02:53:49,700
You can imagine the culture 
shock, One day you're an 

3092
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:53,200
Anglo-Saxon Noble comfortable, 
in your familiar world of mead 

3093
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:55,800
halls and familiar customs. 
And the next day, there's a 

3094
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:58,800
french-speaking king issuing 
orders in a language. 

3095
02:53:58,800 --> 02:54:00,500
That sounds like someone 
gargling honey. 

3096
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,200
The Normans didn't just conquer 
England, they redecorated it 

3097
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:08,700
entirely William's Court, moved 
constantly a medieval Roadshow 

3098
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:10,900
that would have given Modern 
event planners nightmares. 

3099
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:14,400
The Royal household packed up 
every few weeks and trudged from

3100
02:54:14,400 --> 02:54:17,500
Castle to Castle carrying. 
Everything from the King's 

3101
02:54:17,500 --> 02:54:19,200
favorite chair to the Royal 
toilet seat. 

3102
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:22,000
Yes, medieval kings had portable
toilet seats. 

3103
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:25,500
Even conquerors need comfort. 
The domesday book, William's 

3104
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,000
famous survey of England reads, 
like the world's most 

3105
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:31,500
comprehensive tax audit. 
Imagine teams of Norman, 

3106
02:54:31,500 --> 02:54:34,300
Clarke's descending on English 
Villages like medieval 

3107
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:38,200
accountants, counting every 
pigeon, and patch of turnips. 

3108
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:41,300
The locals must have watched 
these proceedings with the same 

3109
02:54:41,300 --> 02:54:43,800
enthusiasm. 
Modern people show for tax 

3110
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:45,800
season. 
What made the Norman Court 

3111
02:54:45,800 --> 02:54:48,300
fascinating? 
Was that it was essentially a 

3112
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:51,000
startup that achieved success 
Beyond anyone's expectations. 

3113
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:55,700
William took a relatively small 
group of French Nobles and 

3114
02:54:55,700 --> 02:54:58,800
convinced them to cross the 
channel and reinvent an entire 

3115
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:01,200
Kingdom. 
They brought new architecture, 

3116
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:04,900
new laws, new fashions. 
And most importantly, new ideas 

3117
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:06,500
about how Royal courts should 
function. 

3118
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:09,400
The Normans turned, the English 
Court into Europe's. 

3119
02:55:09,400 --> 02:55:12,200
Most efficient government 
machine, they created a 

3120
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:14,200
bureaucracy. 
So organized that historian, 

3121
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,600
still Marvel at it today. 
Every penny was accounted for 

3122
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:21,700
every legal decision recorded 
and every Royal progress plan 

3123
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:26,000
with military precision, If the 
Saxons had been Jazz musicians 

3124
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:30,000
improvising freely and following
their instincts, the Normans 

3125
02:55:30,000 --> 02:55:33,300
were a full orchestra playing 
from carefully, written sheet 

3126
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:35,400
music. 
What's remarkable is how quickly

3127
02:55:35,400 --> 02:55:39,100
the two cultures began to blend 
within a generation Norman? 

3128
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:41,800
Knights were marrying English 
heiresses and their children. 

3129
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:44,700
Grew up, bilingual the court 
became a place where French 

3130
02:55:44,700 --> 02:55:48,000
efficiency met English 
practicality creating something 

3131
02:55:48,000 --> 02:55:50,800
entirely new. 
You might say it was the 

3132
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:54,200
Medieval equivalent of fusion 
Cuisine except instead of mixing

3133
02:55:54,200 --> 02:55:57,300
thigh and Mexican flavors, they 
were blending governmental 

3134
02:55:57,300 --> 02:55:59,700
systems. 
The castle became the symbol of 

3135
02:55:59,700 --> 02:56:02,300
this new order. 
These weren't just fortresses, 

3136
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:06,700
they were corporate headquarters
Law Courts, tax offices and 

3137
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,400
luxury hotels. 
All rolled into massive Stone 

3138
02:56:09,400 --> 02:56:11,700
packages. 
You were entering the nerve 

3139
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:13,700
center of a kingdom. 
That was systematically 

3140
02:56:13,700 --> 02:56:16,600
reorganizing from the ground up.
When you stepped into a Norman 

3141
02:56:16,600 --> 02:56:19,000
Castle's. 
Great Hall fast, forward to the 

3142
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:22,100
plantagenets and you'll find 
yourself in what amounts to the 

3143
02:56:22,100 --> 02:56:24,000
world's longest running family. 
Drama. 

3144
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:28,200
If the Normans were efficient to
administrators, the planes were 

3145
02:56:28,200 --> 02:56:30,900
passionate performers, who 
happened to run a kingdom on the

3146
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,400
side. 
Henry the second, the first plan

3147
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:36,900
King inherited an Empire that 
stretched from the Scottish 

3148
02:56:36,900 --> 02:56:40,400
borders to the Pyrenees. 
Managing this required him to be

3149
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:44,600
part politician, part, general 
part Diplomat and part traveling

3150
02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:47,500
salesman. 
He was constantly on the Move, 

3151
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:50,400
governing his vast territories, 
with the energy of someone who 

3152
02:56:50,400 --> 02:56:53,600
had far too much medieval 
coffee, if such a thing had 

3153
02:56:53,600 --> 02:56:56,600
existed, the plantagenet court 
was where politics became 

3154
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:58,500
personal in the most spectacular
ways. 

3155
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:02,700
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor
of Aquitaine a woman who was 

3156
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:04,600
essentially the power broker of 
her age. 

3157
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,900
Eleanor had already been queen 
of France before marrying Henry 

3158
02:57:07,900 --> 02:57:10,400
bringing with her the 
sophisticated culture of 

3159
02:57:10,400 --> 02:57:13,200
Southern France. 
She turned the English Court 

3160
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:15,400
into a place where Troubadour 
sang Love Songs. 

3161
02:57:15,400 --> 02:57:18,800
Poets competed for Royal favor 
and courtly romance. 

3162
02:57:18,800 --> 02:57:22,600
Flourished, like exotic flowers,
in a hot house, but Ellen, and 

3163
02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:24,500
Henry's. 
Married was less romance, novel 

3164
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:28,700
and more psychological Thriller.
They spent years alternately 

3165
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:31,800
partnering in ambitious 
political schemes and plotting 

3166
02:57:31,800 --> 02:57:35,200
each other's downfall. 
Their four Sons Henry, the young

3167
02:57:35,200 --> 02:57:39,200
king Richard, the lionheart 
Jeffrey and John grew up 

3168
02:57:39,208 --> 02:57:42,100
watching their parents complex 
relationship and apparently 

3169
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:44,200
decided that family Harmony was 
overrated. 

3170
02:57:44,200 --> 02:57:47,500
The result was a royal family 
that treated succession planning

3171
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:50,500
like a contact sport. 
The prince is rebelled against 

3172
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:54,300
their father formed alliances 
with foreign Kings and generally

3173
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:56,100
behaved, like teenagers with 
armies. 

3174
02:57:56,900 --> 02:58:00,500
When Henry the young king died 
in the 1183, he was technically 

3175
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:02,300
still in Rebellion against his 
father. 

3176
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:05,700
Family, dinners must have been 
extraordinarily awkward. 

3177
02:58:05,700 --> 02:58:08,700
Richard the first, the lionheart
spent most of his Reign away 

3178
02:58:08,708 --> 02:58:10,600
from England crusading in the 
Holy Land. 

3179
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:13,900
He treated his kingdom, rather 
like a wealthy parent, might 

3180
02:58:13,900 --> 02:58:16,900
treat a trust fund a reliable 
source of income for more 

3181
02:58:16,900 --> 02:58:19,700
exciting. 
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 

3182
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:22,800
spoke little English and visited
England, perhaps twice during 

3183
02:58:22,800 --> 02:58:26,100
his ten-year Reign. 
However, he continues to be one 

3184
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:27,900
of England's. 
Most renowned monarchs 

3185
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:31,300
demonstrating that time apart, 
can truly deep, and once 

3186
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:34,300
affection Then Came John. 
And if you've seen any movie 

3187
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:36,400
about Robin Hood, you know, John
as the villain. 

3188
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:41,100
The real John was more complex 
than Hollywood suggests, less 

3189
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,200
cartoonishly evil more 
disastrously incompetent. 

3190
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:47,000
He succeeded in losing the 
majority of his French 

3191
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,700
territories facing 
excommunication from the pope 

3192
02:58:49,700 --> 02:58:52,600
and inciting armed Rebellion 
among his own barons. 

3193
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:56,700
In 1215 they literally cornered 
him at running Meade and made 

3194
02:58:56,700 --> 02:58:58,900
him. 
Sign Magna carter which was 

3195
02:58:58,900 --> 02:59:00,300
medieval England's way of 
saying. 

3196
02:59:00,300 --> 02:59:03,900
We need to have a serious talk 
about your management style, the

3197
02:59:03,900 --> 02:59:06,400
plantation at court during 
John's Reign likely felt like 

3198
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:10,000
working for a startup in which 
the CEO continually makes 

3199
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,600
decisions that everyone knows 
will lead to failure. 

3200
02:59:13,300 --> 02:59:14,900
Yet. 
No one can determine how to 

3201
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:18,900
intervene the Barons, ultimately
took action establishing the 

3202
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:21,500
first formal limits on Royal 
power in English History. 

3203
02:59:21,500 --> 02:59:25,800
John's son Henry, the third 
inherited this mess at age, 9 

3204
02:59:25,800 --> 02:59:28,900
growing up as a child. 
King meant the Henry's entire 

3205
02:59:28,900 --> 02:59:31,700
education in kingship. 
Came from watching Regents and 

3206
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:34,300
advisors managed the kingdoms 
recovery from his father's 

3207
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:37,600
disasters. 
Perhaps this explains why Henry 

3208
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:41,300
developed such an obsession with
beautiful things, architecture 

3209
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:43,700
art and luxury goods. 
That would make medieval 

3210
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:47,000
Instagram followers, weep With 
Envy Henry, the third's court 

3211
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:49,300
was where English Royal 
ceremonial really began to 

3212
02:59:49,300 --> 02:59:52,700
flourish He reconstructed 
Westminster Abbey in the gothic 

3213
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:55,800
style, setting the stage for the
crowning of English monarchs for

3214
02:59:55,800 --> 02:59:59,700
the ensuing 8th centuries. 
He collected art patronized 

3215
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:02,700
Scholars and turn the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

3216
03:00:02,700 --> 03:00:04,600
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

3217
03:00:04,600 --> 03:00:08,300
The plants established patterns 
that would echo through English,

3218
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,500
Royal history, the tension 
between the king's personal 

3219
03:00:11,500 --> 03:00:15,200
desires and his public duties. 
The constant need to balance 

3220
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:18,300
English interests against 
Continental Ambitions and the 

3221
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:21,100
recurring discovery, that even 
Kings must occasionally listen 

3222
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:23,000
to their subjects, opinions 
about governance. 

3223
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:26,300
Edward the first arrived on the 
throne, like someone finally 

3224
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:28,900
reading the instruction manual 
after generations of 

3225
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:32,300
improvisation. 
Where his predecessors had 

3226
03:00:32,300 --> 03:00:34,400
stumbled through the 
complexities of medieval 

3227
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:37,200
kingship Edward approached the 
job with the systematic, 

3228
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:39,100
thoroughness of a master 
Craftsman. 

3229
03:00:39,100 --> 03:00:42,400
You can picture Edwards Court as
a place where everything finally

3230
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:45,100
ran on time. 
This was a king who conquered 

3231
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:48,200
Wales, not through dramatic, 
Cavalry Charges, but through 

3232
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,100
methodical strategic planning 
and Superior Logistics. 

3233
03:00:51,100 --> 03:00:54,500
He built a ring of castles that 
looked like they'd been designed

3234
03:00:54,500 --> 03:00:57,400
by someone, who'd studied every 
military engineering textbook, 

3235
03:00:57,400 --> 03:01:01,300
ever written. 
Which in a sense, Edward had the

3236
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:03,300
court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

3237
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:04,800
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

3238
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:08,900
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

3239
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:13,000
legislated he created new laws 
reformed old ones and 

3240
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:15,700
established legal procedures 
that lasted for centuries. 

3241
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:18,500
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

3242
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:21,100
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance. 

3243
03:01:21,900 --> 03:01:25,500
While other kings or lawmaking 
as a tedious, necessity, Edward 

3244
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:27,700
treated it as creative 
problem-solving. 

3245
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:31,200
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony into 

3246
03:01:31,200 --> 03:01:34,700
Political theater. 
His conquest of Wales culminated

3247
03:01:34,700 --> 03:01:37,500
in one of history's, most 
effective publicity stunts, 

3248
03:01:37,500 --> 03:01:42,000
presenting his infant son Edward
later, Edward the second to the 

3249
03:01:42,000 --> 03:01:46,000
Welsh as their prince of Wales, 
A native-born ruler, who 

3250
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:48,500
happened to speak. 
No Welsh, but whose birth in 

3251
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:51,200
carefull and castle made him. 
Technically, Welsh enough to 

3252
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:53,000
satisfy the political 
requirements. 

3253
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:56,200
The court during Edward's Reign 
felt like the headquarters of a 

3254
03:01:56,200 --> 03:02:00,200
successful consulting firm 
organized, purposeful, and 

3255
03:02:00,200 --> 03:02:02,100
slightly intimidating to 
Outsiders. 

3256
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,300
For an ambassadors arrived, 
expecting medieval chaos and in 

3257
03:02:06,308 --> 03:02:09,000
Stead found Clarks, who could 
produce any document within 

3258
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,500
minutes treasury officials, who 
knew exactly how much money was 

3259
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:15,600
available for any proposed 
Venture and a king who actually 

3260
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:18,300
read The Briefing papers. 
Edwards relationship with 

3261
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:21,200
Parliament illustrates his 
practical approach to politics. 

3262
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:23,900
He didn't summon Parliament, 
because he believed in 

3263
03:02:23,900 --> 03:02:27,500
Democratic principles, such 
ideas were still centuries in 

3264
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:30,000
the future. 
He called Parliament because he 

3265
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:33,300
needed money for his military 
campaigns and he discovered that

3266
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,300
representatives were more likely
to approve taxes if they felt 

3267
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:39,000
consulted about how those taxes 
would be spent. 

3268
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:43,600
It was medieval crowdfunding 
with a constitutional twist, the

3269
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,500
Court's daily routine, reflected
Edward systemic, nature morning,

3270
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:49,400
councils dealt with 
administrative business. 

3271
03:02:49,400 --> 03:02:53,200
Afternoon sessions, handled 
legal appeals, and evenings were

3272
03:02:53,208 --> 03:02:55,800
reserved for diplomatic 
receptions and cultural events. 

3273
03:02:56,800 --> 03:02:59,900
Even the Royal meals. 
Followed precise protocols, not 

3274
03:02:59,900 --> 03:03:03,000
because Edward was particularly 
formal, but because he'd figured

3275
03:03:03,000 --> 03:03:06,300
out that consistent procedures. 
Prevented the sort of chaos that

3276
03:03:06,300 --> 03:03:10,000
had plagued earlier Reigns, 
Edwards, Queen Eleanor of 

3277
03:03:10,000 --> 03:03:12,700
Castile brought her own 
sophisticated household that 

3278
03:03:12,700 --> 03:03:14,500
merged seamlessly with the 
English Court. 

3279
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:17,400
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 
Royal wife. 

3280
03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:20,800
She was a political partner who 
managed extensive estate's 

3281
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:24,300
engaged in diplomatic 
negotiations and helped create 

3282
03:03:24,300 --> 03:03:27,600
the cultural atmosphere that 
made Edwards Court a magnet for 

3283
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:30,200
European Talent. 
The famous Eleanor crosses. 

3284
03:03:30,200 --> 03:03:32,900
The elaborate monuments Edward 
directed at every place. 

3285
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:35,200
Ellen as funeral procession 
rested on, its way to 

3286
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:39,100
Westminster what just 
expressions of Royal grief, they

3287
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:40,800
were architectural 
advertisements for the 

3288
03:03:40,800 --> 03:03:43,200
plantagenet dynasty 
sophistication and power. 

3289
03:03:43,200 --> 03:03:46,600
Each cross served as a visual 
cue that those ruling. 

3290
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:50,000
This Kingdom understood both 
emotional depth, and artistic 

3291
03:03:50,000 --> 03:03:52,900
Excellence, Edwards Court, 
produced the administrative 

3292
03:03:52,900 --> 03:03:55,700
Innovation that allowed England 
to function as a unified Kingdom

3293
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,800
rather Than a collection of 
semi-independent regions, the 

3294
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:02,400
Royal Chancery developed 
standardized procedures for 

3295
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:04,300
everything from diplomatic 
correspondence. 

3296
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:07,800
To land grants, the exchequer 
refined accounting methods, that

3297
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:10,200
tracked, Royale income with 
Precision that would have 

3298
03:04:10,208 --> 03:04:11,700
impressed Renaissance. 
Bankers. 

3299
03:04:11,700 --> 03:04:15,700
When Edward died in 1307, he 
left his son a kingdom that 

3300
03:04:15,700 --> 03:04:19,000
functioned like a well-designed 
machine unfortunately. 

3301
03:04:19,000 --> 03:04:22,100
As we'll discover, not every 
King was mechanically inclined. 

3302
03:04:22,100 --> 03:04:25,400
Edward the second inherited. 
His father's efficient Kingdom 

3303
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:28,400
and promptly, demonstrated. 
That governmental expertise 

3304
03:04:28,400 --> 03:04:32,300
isn't necessarily genetic. 
If Edward the first Court had 

3305
03:04:32,300 --> 03:04:35,600
been a Precision, timepiece, his
son's caught was more like an 

3306
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,900
expensive watch the kept losing 
time because the owner couldn't 

3307
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:40,300
stop fiddling with the 
mechanism. 

3308
03:04:40,300 --> 03:04:43,400
The problem wasn't that Edward, 
the second elect intelligence or

3309
03:04:43,400 --> 03:04:45,800
education. 
He'd received the finest, 

3310
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,900
medieval schooling of available 
and understood Royal duties 

3311
03:04:48,900 --> 03:04:52,400
perfectly well in theory. 
The problem was that Edward. 

3312
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,400
The second found the actual work
of King ship, monumentally 

3313
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:58,100
boring. 
He preferred spending time with 

3314
03:04:58,100 --> 03:05:01,600
his close friends engaging in 
manual crafts and generally 

3315
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:04,500
behaving like someone who'd 
inherited a successful family 

3316
03:05:04,500 --> 03:05:07,700
business but would rather be 
pursuing artistic interests, 

3317
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,700
this created the medieval 
equivalent of an office where 

3318
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:14,100
the CEO spends most of his time 
in the employee break room while

3319
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:16,200
important decisions pile up on 
his desk. 

3320
03:05:16,200 --> 03:05:19,800
Edwards Court became a place 
where ambitious, Nobles competed

3321
03:05:19,800 --> 03:05:22,700
not for the Kings attention 
regarding policy matters. 

3322
03:05:22,700 --> 03:05:26,600
But for positions in his inner 
Social Circle, the situation 

3323
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:29,000
became complicated. 
When Edward developed an 

3324
03:05:29,000 --> 03:05:32,300
intensely close relationship 
with Piers gaveston, a young 

3325
03:05:32,300 --> 03:05:35,100
nobleman who possessed, the 
medieval equivalent of magnetic 

3326
03:05:35,100 --> 03:05:39,100
charisma. 
Gaveston was witty stylish and 

3327
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:42,100
completely uninterested in the 
sort of respectful, deference 

3328
03:05:42,100 --> 03:05:44,900
that other Nobles expected to 
receive from Royal favourites. 

3329
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:49,000
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 
with insulting pet names and 

3330
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:51,500
generally behaved like someone 
who'd never read the handbook 

3331
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:54,400
on, medieval Court Politics, the
established nobility. 

3332
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:57,300
Watch this relationship with the
mounting horror of senior 

3333
03:05:57,300 --> 03:06:00,200
Executives discovering that the 
bosses college roommate has been

3334
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:01,600
appointed as their new 
supervisor. 

3335
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:04,600
Galveston wasn't just 
inappropriate. 

3336
03:06:04,600 --> 03:06:08,300
He was effective at making the 
traditional power Brokers, feel 

3337
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:11,400
excluded, from important 
decisions, the court, split into

3338
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:14,800
factions, those who found the 
situation tolerable and those 

3339
03:06:14,800 --> 03:06:18,900
who decidedly did not the result
was a series of political crises

3340
03:06:18,900 --> 03:06:21,700
that read like, medieval office 
politics taken to their logical 

3341
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:24,500
extreme. 
The Barons repeatedly forced 

3342
03:06:24,500 --> 03:06:28,300
Edward to send gaveston into 
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 

3343
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,600
ways to bring him back and 
Galveston. 

3344
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:33,100
Repeatedly managed to offend 
everyone who mattered. 

3345
03:06:33,900 --> 03:06:37,800
The cycle continued until 1312. 
When a group of girls decided to

3346
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:41,700
solve the problem permanently by
murdering Edwards reaction to 

3347
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:43,800
his favorite death. 
Transformed him from an 

3348
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,700
ineffective, but harmless King 
in to a genuinely dangerous 

3349
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:50,100
enemy. 
The gentle artistic Soul, who'd 

3350
03:06:50,100 --> 03:06:53,400
preferred crafts to Conquest 
suddenly developed a talent for 

3351
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:55,800
sustained Vengeance. 
That would have impressed his 

3352
03:06:55,800 --> 03:06:56,400
Warrior. 
Father. 

3353
03:06:57,300 --> 03:07:00,100
The court became a place where 
courteous calculated not just 

3354
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:04,000
political Advantage, but 
personal survival, the dispenser

3355
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,700
family, Huey, The Elder and Hugh
the younger replaced Galveston 

3356
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:11,900
as Edwards closest to advisors, 
but they brought none of charm 

3357
03:07:11,900 --> 03:07:13,700
and all of his talent for making
enemies. 

3358
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:18,500
The dispensers treated Royal 
favour as a license for systemic

3359
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:21,500
corruption, using their 
positions to acquire lands, 

3360
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:24,000
titles and wealth through 
methods that would have 

3361
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:27,300
embarrassed medieval robber 
barons, meanwhile, Edwards, 

3362
03:07:27,300 --> 03:07:30,100
Queen, Isabella of France. 
Watched her husband's 

3363
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:33,300
relationships with male 
favorites and gradual descent 

3364
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:36,500
into Political paranoia with the
patience of someone waiting for 

3365
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,100
the right moment to file for 
divorce. 

3366
03:07:38,100 --> 03:07:41,300
If such a thing had existed in 
medieval Royal marriage 

3367
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:44,200
contracts, Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

3368
03:07:44,200 --> 03:07:47,300
wife to political revolutionary,
deserves its own chapter, in any

3369
03:07:47,300 --> 03:07:51,000
study of medieval character 
development, she began the reign

3370
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:54,100
as a conventional, Royal 
consort, due totally producing 

3371
03:07:54,100 --> 03:07:55,400
heirs and managing her 
household. 

3372
03:07:56,700 --> 03:08:00,900
By 1325, she had evolved into a 
master political strategist who 

3373
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,600
could give lessons in regime 
change to Modern intelligence 

3374
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,200
agencies her alliance with Roger
Mortimer. 

3375
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:09,600
One of England's, most powerful 
Barons created the medieval 

3376
03:08:09,600 --> 03:08:11,000
equivalent of a shadow 
government. 

3377
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:14,100
Isabella and Mortimer 
established themselves in 

3378
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:17,800
France, gathered military 
support and plan their invasion 

3379
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:19,500
of England with the thoroughness
that Edward. 

3380
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:21,900
The second had never applied to 
actual governance. 

3381
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:25,500
When is Isabella's, forces 
landed in England, in 1326 

3382
03:08:25,500 --> 03:08:28,400
Edwards government collapsed 
with the speed of a house of 

3383
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:32,300
cards in a stiff breeze, the 
king who had spent 20 years 

3384
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:34,500
alienating. 
His most important supporters 

3385
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,000
discovered that loyalty cannot 
be stored like grain in a Royal 

3386
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:40,800
Warehouse. 
It spoils if neglected for too 

3387
03:08:40,800 --> 03:08:45,500
long Edwards capture and forced 
abdication in 1327 ended one of 

3388
03:08:45,500 --> 03:08:48,300
the most psychologically complex
rains in English History. 

3389
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:50,900
His court had become a 
cautionary. 

3390
03:08:50,900 --> 03:08:53,900
Tale about what happens when 
personal relationships override 

3391
03:08:53,900 --> 03:08:56,700
political judgment. 
And when kings forget that, 

3392
03:08:56,700 --> 03:08:59,900
their private preferences cannot
be separated from their public 

3393
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:02,900
responsibilities Edward. 
The third inherited, a kingdom 

3394
03:09:02,900 --> 03:09:05,700
that desperately needed someone 
who actually wanted to be king. 

3395
03:09:06,700 --> 03:09:08,600
Fortunately, that's exactly what
they got. 

3396
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:12,300
Where his father had approached 
kingship, like a reluctant 

3397
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,800
employee showing up for a job. 
He'd never wanted Edward, the 

3398
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:18,800
third embraced royal power with 
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 

3399
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,000
been waiting his entire life for
the opportunity. 

3400
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,000
The court of Edward, the third 
felt like a medieval version of 

3401
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:26,400
Mission Control during an 
exciting Space Program. 

3402
03:09:26,400 --> 03:09:30,000
Everything was focused on the 
great project of proving that 

3403
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,900
England could compete with 
France as a major European 

3404
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:35,500
power. 
This required transforming 

3405
03:09:35,500 --> 03:09:39,500
English, military capabilities 
diplomatic relationships and 

3406
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:42,600
cultural Prestige. 
Simultaneously Edward solution 

3407
03:09:42,600 --> 03:09:45,000
was to turn Warfare into a 
combination of professional 

3408
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:48,300
efficiency and chivalrous 
spectacle his court became the 

3409
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:50,100
headquarters for military 
innovations. 

3410
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:53,100
That would revolutionize 
European combat English 

3411
03:09:53,100 --> 03:09:56,300
longbowmen weren't just skilled 
archers, they were Precision 

3412
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:58,600
weapons specialist, whose 
training regiments would have 

3413
03:09:58,608 --> 03:10:01,700
impressed modern Olympic 
coaches, the creation of the 

3414
03:10:01,700 --> 03:10:05,900
order of the Garter in 1348. 
Illustrates Edwards genius for 

3415
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:08,700
combining practical politics 
with romantic imagery. 

3416
03:10:09,700 --> 03:10:12,300
The Story Goes that Edward 
rescued, a ladies garter that 

3417
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:15,600
had fallen during a court. 
Dance, declaring, honey, sweet. 

3418
03:10:15,600 --> 03:10:18,500
Molly pass Shane on him. 
Who thinks evil of it? 

3419
03:10:19,200 --> 03:10:21,800
Whether this actually happened 
matters less than Edwards 

3420
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:24,000
Insight. 
That nightly honor needed 

3421
03:10:24,000 --> 03:10:26,500
institutional structure to 
remain politically useful. 

3422
03:10:26,500 --> 03:10:29,500
The Garter Knights weren't just 
ceremonial appointments. 

3423
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:33,200
They were Edwards Corps military
and political leadership bound 

3424
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:36,200
together by Oaths that merged 
personal loyalty with service to

3425
03:10:36,200 --> 03:10:38,800
the kingdom. 
It was medieval team building 

3426
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:42,200
with lasting constitutional 
implications Edwards Court 

3427
03:10:42,200 --> 03:10:46,600
during the early phases of the 
100th of a successful startup. 

3428
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:50,200
That's just secured major 
funding. the victory at crazy, 

3429
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:54,100
in 1346 proved that English 
Tactical Innovations could 

3430
03:10:54,100 --> 03:10:58,000
defeat traditional French 
military superiority The capture

3431
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:00,200
of Calais gave England. 
A permanent foothold on the 

3432
03:11:00,208 --> 03:11:03,700
continent. 
The victory at plaatje in 1356 

3433
03:11:03,700 --> 03:11:06,500
where Edward son? 
The black prince captured, the 

3434
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:08,900
French King himself established,
the English. 

3435
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:11,700
Royal Family's reputation as 
Europe's Most formidable 

3436
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:15,400
military Dynasty but courts that
revolve around military success 

3437
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:18,200
inevitable challenges when the 
victory stopped coming. 

3438
03:11:19,100 --> 03:11:23,000
The black death, which reached 
England in 1348, killed 

3439
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:26,100
approximately 1/3 of the 
population and disrupted. 

3440
03:11:26,100 --> 03:11:28,700
The economic systems. 
That funded Edwards, Continental

3441
03:11:28,700 --> 03:11:31,500
ambitions. 
Suddenly, the court found itself

3442
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:34,100
managing not just military 
campaigns, but social 

3443
03:11:34,100 --> 03:11:36,900
Revolution, the plagues 
aftermath created labor. 

3444
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:39,900
Shortages that gave surviving 
peasants, unprecedented 

3445
03:11:39,900 --> 03:11:43,000
bargaining power. 
Traditional social hierarchies 

3446
03:11:43,000 --> 03:11:46,000
began shifting in ways that made
established Nobles nervous. 

3447
03:11:46,000 --> 03:11:49,000
The court had to navigate 
between maintaining traditional 

3448
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:52,700
Privileges and acknowledging New
Economic realities, Edward age 

3449
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:55,300
into someone who'd learned that 
even successful Kings cannot 

3450
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:58,300
control all the variables, that 
determine their Reigns outcomes.

3451
03:11:59,100 --> 03:12:01,500
The energetic Warrior who 
launched England's bid for 

3452
03:12:01,500 --> 03:12:04,500
Continental Empire became a 
somewhat Melancholy figure 

3453
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:06,900
presiding over a kingdom. 
That was simultaneously more 

3454
03:12:06,900 --> 03:12:08,700
powerful, and more troubled than
it had. 

3455
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:12,200
Been at his accession the court.
During Edwards, final Year's 

3456
03:12:12,200 --> 03:12:15,700
reflected this complexity Royal 
ceremonies maintain their 

3457
03:12:15,700 --> 03:12:18,900
magnificent diplomatic 
negotiations can continue to 

3458
03:12:18,900 --> 03:12:21,900
cross Europe and Military 
campaigns proceeded, according 

3459
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:25,300
to established strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

3460
03:12:25,300 --> 03:12:28,400
routines, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions underlying 

3461
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:31,200
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

3462
03:12:31,200 --> 03:12:33,600
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

3463
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:37,100
death in. 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

3464
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:41,000
plantagenet system Edward the 
third had created a court 

3465
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:43,700
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

3466
03:12:43,700 --> 03:12:46,400
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

3467
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:49,800
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

3468
03:12:49,808 --> 03:12:52,100
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

3469
03:12:52,100 --> 03:12:56,500
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

3470
03:12:56,500 --> 03:12:59,400
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

3471
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:02,900
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

3472
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:06,000
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

3473
03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:09,100
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king 

3474
03:13:09,100 --> 03:13:12,100
and instead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

3475
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:15,800
If Edward the third's court had 
been focused outward toward 

3476
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:19,600
Continental Conquest Richards, 
Court turned inward toward 

3477
03:13:19,600 --> 03:13:22,700
creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

3478
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:26,000
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

3479
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,300
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess you

3480
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:32,000
can imagine the confusion this 
caused among Nobles, who spent 

3481
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:34,600
their entire careers preparing 
for careers, as Knights and 

3482
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:37,200
Military Commanders. 
Suddenly, they found themselves 

3483
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:40,000
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry, 

3484
03:13:40,000 --> 03:13:43,800
appreciating architectural 
Innovations, and navigating 

3485
03:13:43,800 --> 03:13:46,900
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

3486
03:13:46,900 --> 03:13:48,900
than traditional feudal 
relationships. 

3487
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:52,200
Richards, Court developed its 
own aesthetic that modern artist

3488
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:55,200
historians still study with 
fascination The king, 

3489
03:13:55,200 --> 03:13:57,000
commissioned illuminated 
manuscripts. 

3490
03:13:57,000 --> 03:14:00,100
That looked like medieval 
graphic novels patronized 

3491
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:02,800
architects who created buildings
that seemed to float. 

3492
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:06,500
Despite being constructed from 
heavy Stone and surrounded 

3493
03:14:06,500 --> 03:14:10,000
himself with intellectuals who 
treated political philosophy as 

3494
03:14:10,000 --> 03:14:12,100
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 
dedication. 

3495
03:14:12,100 --> 03:14:15,800
The famous Wilton diptych 
probably created for Richard's 

3496
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:19,800
Court, captures the atmosphere 
perfectly It shows Richard being

3497
03:14:19,800 --> 03:14:22,400
presented to the Virgin, Mary by
his patron saints. 

3498
03:14:22,400 --> 03:14:26,200
But the paintings real subject 
is the idea that Royal Authority

3499
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:29,100
derives from Divine aesthetic 
judgment rather than military 

3500
03:14:29,100 --> 03:14:31,500
prowess. 
Richard looks less like a 

3501
03:14:31,500 --> 03:14:34,500
warrior and more like a medieval
art critic, whose discovered 

3502
03:14:34,500 --> 03:14:37,300
something beautiful. 
This cultural revolution wasn't 

3503
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:40,900
just decorative, understood that
Royal Authority needed. 

3504
03:14:40,900 --> 03:14:43,100
New Foundations. 
Now that the Black Death had 

3505
03:14:43,100 --> 03:14:45,100
disrupted traditional social 
hierarchies. 

3506
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,500
If Kings could no longer rely 
solely on military, force, and 

3507
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:51,700
feudal, obligation to maintain 
power, they needed to create new

3508
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:55,600
forms of prestige and Authority.
Richard's solution was to make 

3509
03:14:55,600 --> 03:14:58,200
the Royal Court. 
So culturally magnificent, that 

3510
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:00,900
association with it, became 
irresistible to ambitious. 

3511
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,200
Nobles, the result was a court 
where political negotiations 

3512
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:07,800
felt like elaborate theatrical 
performances, Richard developed 

3513
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:11,000
ceremonies that turned routine 
administrative tasks into 

3514
03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:14,100
rituals that demonstrated Royal 
Authority through aesthetic 

3515
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:17,100
Excellence, rather than raw 
power for an ambassadors 

3516
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:19,000
arrived. 
Expecting traditional medieval 

3517
03:15:19,000 --> 03:15:21,100
formality. 
And instead encountered 

3518
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:23,200
governmental procedures that 
seemed designed by 

3519
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:26,800
choreographers Richards personal
style, reflected, this approach 

3520
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:29,200
he dressed with an attention to 
detail. 

3521
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:31,300
That would have impressed 
Renaissance fashion designers 

3522
03:15:31,300 --> 03:15:34,300
spoke with the Precision of 
someone who studied rhetoric as 

3523
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,600
a fine art and carried himself 
with the conscious Grace of a 

3524
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:40,900
performer who understood that 
every public appearance was a 

3525
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:43,800
political statement, the king's 
relationship with literature 

3526
03:15:43,800 --> 03:15:45,100
produced. 
Some of the most important 

3527
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:47,000
cultural developments in English
History. 

3528
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,000
Richard's, Court patronized 
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 

3529
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:54,000
Canterbury Tales captures the 
social complexity of late, 

3530
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:56,700
medieval England with 
psychological insight, that 

3531
03:15:56,700 --> 03:16:01,000
still amazes modern readers 
position as a royal Customs 

3532
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:04,600
official allowed him to observe 
English society from both 

3533
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:08,100
aristocratic and Commercial 
perspectives, giving his writing

3534
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:10,700
a breath that purely academic 
poets, couldn't match. 

3535
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:14,000
But Richards, aesthetic approach
to King ship created, its own 

3536
03:16:14,000 --> 03:16:17,500
political challenges. 
Noble to expected to advance 

3537
03:16:17,500 --> 03:16:20,300
their careers through military 
service found themselves 

3538
03:16:20,300 --> 03:16:23,300
competing in cultural Arenas, 
where they felt disadvantaged 

3539
03:16:24,200 --> 03:16:26,600
The court became a place where 
traditional Warriors, tried to 

3540
03:16:26,600 --> 03:16:30,800
master skills, sophisticated 
conversation appreciation of 

3541
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:35,200
artistic subtlety, understanding
of literary references that seem

3542
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:38,000
to have little connection to the
Practical business of governing 

3543
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:40,800
a kingdom. 
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 

3544
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:43,800
tested Richards, unconventional 
approach to Royal Authority. 

3545
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:47,200
When what Tyler, LED thousands 
of rebellious peasants to 

3546
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:50,400
London, demanding social, and 
economic reforms that would have

3547
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:53,800
dismantled the feudal system. 
The 14 year old King Face, his 

3548
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:57,900
first major, political crisis, 
His response, demonstrated both 

3549
03:16:57,900 --> 03:17:00,900
the strengths and limitations of
his aesthetic approach to power.

3550
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:04,900
Richard, met the rebels personal
using his Royal presence and 

3551
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:08,800
rhetorical skills to diffuse 
their immediate anger for a 

3552
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:10,400
moment. 
It seemed as if the young King's

3553
03:17:10,400 --> 03:17:13,700
cultural sophistication might 
succeed, where traditional 

3554
03:17:13,700 --> 03:17:15,600
military responses would have 
failed. 

3555
03:17:16,500 --> 03:17:19,300
But when Tyler was killed during
the negotiations Richards, 

3556
03:17:19,300 --> 03:17:22,300
promise of reforms was quickly 
forgotten and the Revolt was 

3557
03:17:22,300 --> 03:17:25,600
suppressed with traditional 
violence, The Experience seems 

3558
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:28,400
to have convinced Richard, that 
cultural Authority alone was not

3559
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:32,500
sufficient for Royal survival. 
His court during the 1399 

3560
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:39,400
political methods. 
Richard began demanding, new 

3561
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,100
forms of Royal reverence 
creating ceremonies that 

3562
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:43,800
elevated. 
The king above traditional 

3563
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,100
feudal relationships, the famous
scene where Richard required 

3564
03:17:47,100 --> 03:17:50,100
Nobles, to approach his throne 
on their knees and address him. 

3565
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:54,200
Only when spoken to wasn't just 
Royal vanity, it was a 

3566
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:56,500
systematic attempt to 
reconstruct Royal Authority 

3567
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,500
along different lines than his 
predecessors had used. 

3568
03:18:00,300 --> 03:18:03,000
Richard understood that if 
cultural Prestige was going to 

3569
03:18:03,000 --> 03:18:05,900
replace military dominance as 
the foundation of royal power, 

3570
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:09,800
then Royal dignity needed. 
Unprecedented protection by the 

3571
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:12,500
late 1390. 
Richards Court had become a 

3572
03:18:12,508 --> 03:18:15,300
place where aesthetic Excellence
co-existed with political 

3573
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:18,000
paranoia. 
The king who'd created 

3574
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:19,600
England's. 
Most culturally sophisticated 

3575
03:18:19,600 --> 03:18:23,100
Royal household was 
simultaneously alienating the 

3576
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:26,000
noble families who support he 
needed for political survival. 

3577
03:18:26,700 --> 03:18:29,500
The beautiful ceremonies and 
magnificent art were real 

3578
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:32,500
achievements but they couldn't 
substitute for the Practical 

3579
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:35,600
political skills that successful
medieval King ship required. 

3580
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:40,000
When Henry bowling broke deposed
Richard the Second in 1399, he 

3581
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:41,900
faced a challenge that no 
previous English. 

3582
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:45,100
King had confronted. 
How do you establish legitimacy 

3583
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:48,200
when you've just proven that 
Royal Authority isn't actually 

3584
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:50,900
sacred Henry. 
The 4th Court had to function 

3585
03:18:50,900 --> 03:18:54,100
simultaneously as a functioning 
government and as a constant 

3586
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,300
argument for why the lancastrian
dynasty deserve to rule England,

3587
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,600
the solution was to create a 
court culture that emphasized 

3588
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:03,400
practical competence over 
aesthetic, magnificence. 

3589
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:06,300
Where Richards Court had felt 
like an art gallery. 

3590
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:09,600
That occasionally conducted 
government business Henry's 

3591
03:19:09,600 --> 03:19:12,400
Court, operated more like a 
well-run law firm that happened 

3592
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:15,600
to be housed in Royal palaces 
Henry, the fourth understood 

3593
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:17,500
that his questionable claim to 
the throne meant. 

3594
03:19:17,500 --> 03:19:19,900
He needed to govern more 
effectively than Kings with 

3595
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:23,300
uncontested legitimacy. 
His Court established 

3596
03:19:23,300 --> 03:19:26,500
administrative procedures aimed 
at showcasing Royal competence 

3597
03:19:26,500 --> 03:19:31,400
by ensuring visible efficiency. 
Foreign ambassadors and domestic

3598
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:34,600
Nobles alike could see that this
government actually worked. 

3599
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,400
Bills were paid on time. 
Legal decisions were rendered 

3600
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:41,800
promptly and Military campaigns 
were organized with professional

3601
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:44,000
thoroughness. 
The lancastrian, courts 

3602
03:19:44,000 --> 03:19:46,600
relationship with Parliament 
illustrates this practical 

3603
03:19:46,600 --> 03:19:49,100
approach. 
Henry didn't call Parliament 

3604
03:19:49,100 --> 03:19:52,300
because he enjoyed legislative 
debate but because he needed 

3605
03:19:52,300 --> 03:19:54,800
regular communication with the 
social groups who support 

3606
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:56,500
maintained his Dynasty's 
position. 

3607
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,400
Parliamentary sessions during 
Henry's Reign felt less like 

3608
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:03,500
Royal ceremonies and more like 
business meetings where 

3609
03:20:03,500 --> 03:20:07,000
practical people discussed, 
practical problems, this created

3610
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:09,700
a court atmosphere, that was 
less visually spectacular than 

3611
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:11,600
Richards, but more politically 
sustainable. 

3612
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,500
Henry's courtiers Advance their 
careers through administrative 

3613
03:20:15,500 --> 03:20:18,600
competence military, 
Effectiveness and practical 

3614
03:20:18,600 --> 03:20:21,400
problem-solving rather than 
cultural sophistication or 

3615
03:20:21,400 --> 03:20:25,100
aesthetic sensitivity. 
The change wasn't necessarily an

3616
03:20:25,100 --> 03:20:28,300
improvement England, lost some 
of the cultural achievements 

3617
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:31,600
that Richards patronage had. 
Fostered, it was more suited to 

3618
03:20:31,600 --> 03:20:35,000
the political realities of 
usurped King ship Henry, the 5th

3619
03:20:35,000 --> 03:20:37,500
inherited. 
This practical Court culture and

3620
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:40,800
applied it to the grandest 
possible project proofing that 

3621
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:44,500
the lancastrian dynasty could 
achieve military successes that 

3622
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:46,600
would justify its questionable 
Origins. 

3623
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:50,000
His court became the planing 
headquarters for the most 

3624
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:52,200
successful military campaign in 
English History. 

3625
03:20:52,200 --> 03:20:55,800
The preparation for Henry's 
French campaigns reveals how the

3626
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:58,600
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 
into something resembling a 

3627
03:20:58,600 --> 03:21:01,700
modern general staff. 
Every aspect of the Adrian. 

3628
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:04,900
Court campaign Logistics 
intelligence gathering 

3629
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:08,900
diplomatic preparation. 
Financial planning was organized

3630
03:21:08,900 --> 03:21:10,700
with systematic attention to 
detail. 

3631
03:21:10,700 --> 03:21:12,200
That previous generations of 
English. 

3632
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,300
Kings had rarely achieved 
Henry's Court during the French 

3633
03:21:15,300 --> 03:21:17,100
campaigns. 
Must have felt like Mission 

3634
03:21:17,100 --> 03:21:19,300
Control during a successful 
space program. 

3635
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,300
Maps, covered the walls. 
Dispatchers arrived daily from 

3636
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:26,100
Agents throughout France and 
treasury officials. 

3637
03:21:26,100 --> 03:21:28,800
Calculated the cost of 
maintaining English armies on 

3638
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:31,500
foreign soil with accounting 
Precision that would have 

3639
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:34,700
impressed Renaissance Bankers 
the victory at Agincourt in 

3640
03:21:34,700 --> 03:21:37,300
1415, provided exactly the 
legitimacy. 

3641
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,900
Boost that lancastrian kingship 
needed Henry had proven that. 

3642
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:44,200
His dynasty could achieve 
military successes that rivaled 

3643
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:46,200
the greatest accomplishments of 
the plantagenets. 

3644
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:49,700
The Court's practical approach 
to governance had produced 

3645
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:51,700
practical results. 
That no one could question. 

3646
03:21:51,700 --> 03:21:54,800
But Henry's early death in 1422 
left. 

3647
03:21:54,800 --> 03:21:58,000
His infant son, Henry, the sixth
to inherit both the French 

3648
03:21:58,000 --> 03:22:01,300
conquests and the systematic 
Court culture that had achieved 

3649
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:03,700
them. 
This created a fascinating 

3650
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:05,900
problem. 
What happens when a court 

3651
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:08,400
designed around practical 
competence is headed by someone?

3652
03:22:08,400 --> 03:22:10,100
Who's more interested in 
scholarly? 

3653
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:13,700
Pursuits, an administrative 
efficiency Henry, the sixth 

3654
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:15,600
Court represents. 
One of the most intriguing 

3655
03:22:15,600 --> 03:22:19,400
experiments in English, Royal 
history, King was genuinely 

3656
03:22:19,400 --> 03:22:23,600
Pious, intellectually gifted and
temperamentally unsuited for the

3657
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,500
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

3658
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:28,900
required. 
His courtiers found themselves 

3659
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,600
managing a kingdom on behalf of 
someone who is more interested 

3660
03:22:31,600 --> 03:22:34,600
in founding educational 
institutions that maintaining 

3661
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:37,500
military conquests. 
The result was a court where 

3662
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:39,900
practical administrators 
gradually took over the 

3663
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:42,700
functions that previous Kings 
had performed personality. 

3664
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:46,200
This might have worked if 
Henry's Noble's had been content

3665
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:49,400
with administrative kingship, 
but many of them had their own 

3666
03:22:49,400 --> 03:22:51,600
ideas about how Royal Authority 
should function. 

3667
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:55,000
Henry, the 6th Court was too 
well, organized for its own 

3668
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:58,300
good, which contributed to the 
start of the wars of the Roses. 

3669
03:22:59,300 --> 03:23:02,000
the efficient administrative 
systems that Henry the fourth 

3670
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:06,100
and Henry, the 5th had created 
to function even when the king 

3671
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:09,700
himself provided minimal 
leadership, This allowed 

3672
03:23:09,700 --> 03:23:12,600
ambitious Nobles to use Royal 
administrative machinery for 

3673
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:15,000
their purposes. 
Turning the crowns own 

3674
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:17,600
governmental Effectiveness 
against Lancaster and Authority 

3675
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:21,300
by the 1450s the Lancaster and 
Court had become a place where 

3676
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,500
formal governmental procedures 
continued. 

3677
03:23:23,500 --> 03:23:27,000
While actual political power 
shifted toward Noble factions 

3678
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:31,400
that were preparing for Civil 
War The courtiers who created 

3679
03:23:31,400 --> 03:23:33,700
England's most efficient 
medieval government found 

3680
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:36,100
themselves managing the 
systematic destruction of the 

3681
03:23:36,100 --> 03:23:38,800
dynasty they'd serve. 
So effectively head with the 

3682
03:23:38,808 --> 03:23:42,100
fourth Court. 
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 

3683
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:44,700
challenge of governing a kingdom
where everyone had just learned 

3684
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:47,900
that Kings could be overthrown 
by subjects with sufficient 

3685
03:23:47,900 --> 03:23:50,100
military support and political 
determination. 

3686
03:23:51,200 --> 03:23:53,100
The Orca solution was to create 
a royal. 

3687
03:23:54,300 --> 03:23:57,200
The court was so magnificently 
impressive that people would 

3688
03:23:57,200 --> 03:23:59,500
forget how recently, the dynasty
had come to power. 

3689
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,400
Edward understood that 
successful usurpers, need to 

3690
03:24:02,400 --> 03:24:05,000
establish legitimacy, through 
demonstration, rather than 

3691
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:07,800
argument. 
His court became a showcase 

3692
03:24:07,800 --> 03:24:09,900
designed to prove. 
That York is kingship 

3693
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,000
represented, not just political 
change, but cultural advancement

3694
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,600
every ceremony, every 
architectural project and every 

3695
03:24:16,600 --> 03:24:20,400
diplomatic reception was planned
to demonstrate that this dynasty

3696
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,200
governed with the sophistication
that justified. 

3697
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:26,700
Its hold on power, the orcas 
courts daily routine reflected 

3698
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:29,600
this strategy. 
Morning administrative sessions.

3699
03:24:29,600 --> 03:24:32,800
Handled governmental business 
with efficiency that maintained 

3700
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:34,900
continuity from Lancaster and 
practices. 

3701
03:24:34,900 --> 03:24:37,900
But after noon in evening 
events, showcased Royal 

3702
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:40,700
magnificence that surpassed 
anything England had seen. 

3703
03:24:40,700 --> 03:24:43,900
Since Richard the Second as 
aesthetic experiments Edwards, 

3704
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,000
personal style contributed 
significantly to his atmosphere.

3705
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:51,000
The King was exceptionally tall,
strikingly handsome and 

3706
03:24:51,000 --> 03:24:53,800
possessed the sort of natural 
Charisma that made people want 

3707
03:24:53,800 --> 03:24:57,900
to be associated with his court.
Foreign visitors, consistently 

3708
03:24:57,900 --> 03:25:00,700
reported that Edward looked like
what they expected a king to 

3709
03:25:00,700 --> 03:25:04,500
look like which provided exactly
the sort of visual legitimacy 

3710
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:06,800
that usurped dynasties 
particularly needed. 

3711
03:25:06,800 --> 03:25:10,100
But the Yorkers courts really 
Innovation was its approach to 

3712
03:25:10,100 --> 03:25:13,500
economic policy. 
Edward, the Fourth was the first

3713
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:17,000
English king to understand that 
Royal Authority in the late 15th

3714
03:25:17,000 --> 03:25:19,500
century needed to be financially
self-sustaining. 

3715
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:23,100
His court developed trading 
relationships, investment, 

3716
03:25:23,100 --> 03:25:26,200
strategies and revenue, 
generating systems that made the

3717
03:25:26,200 --> 03:25:29,500
crown less dependent on 
parliamentary grants than any 

3718
03:25:29,508 --> 03:25:32,500
previous medieval Dynasty. 
This economic independence 

3719
03:25:32,500 --> 03:25:35,700
allowed Edward to create a court
culture that combined political 

3720
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:40,000
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

3721
03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:42,400
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

3722
03:25:42,400 --> 03:25:45,900
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

3723
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:48,400
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

3724
03:25:49,400 --> 03:25:51,700
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

3725
03:25:51,700 --> 03:25:54,800
aesthetic, achievement 
reinforced each other, rather 

3726
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:57,300
than competing for Royal 
attention Edwards. 

3727
03:25:57,300 --> 03:26:00,900
Married to Elizabeth Woodville 
in 1464 illustrates both the 

3728
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:03,000
strengths and the complications 
of this approach. 

3729
03:26:03,900 --> 03:26:06,300
Elizabeth wasn't a foreign 
princess, whose marriage would 

3730
03:26:06,300 --> 03:26:10,100
cement diplomatic alliance's. 
She was an English Widow, whose 

3731
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:12,400
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

3732
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:14,900
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

3733
03:26:14,900 --> 03:26:18,100
practical, but socially 
controversial, creating Court 

3734
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:20,900
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

3735
03:26:20,900 --> 03:26:24,400
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

3736
03:26:24,400 --> 03:26:28,400
created, the medieval equivalent
of nepotism concerns but their 

3737
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:31,100
actual administrative competence
was generally impressive. 

3738
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:34,500
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 
new energy and fresh 

3739
03:26:34,500 --> 03:26:37,300
perspectives, to court positions
that had sometimes, become 

3740
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:41,500
routine under previous dynasties
Edwards Court during the 1470s 

3741
03:26:41,500 --> 03:26:43,700
represented, the high point of 
yorkist achievement. 

3742
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,100
The king had successfully 
combined military Effectiveness 

3743
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:51,000
administrative competence and 
cultural sophistication in ways 

3744
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:53,800
that seem to justify the walls 
of the Roses as necessary 

3745
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:56,600
modernization rather than 
destructive civil conflict. 

3746
03:26:56,600 --> 03:27:08,200
The brief restoration of Henry. 
The 6th and 1 4 7 Henry's 

3747
03:27:08,200 --> 03:27:11,200
restored, Corps felt our kayak 
and ineffective compared to the 

3748
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:13,400
yorkist innovations that 
courtiers had recently 

3749
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:17,200
experienced. 
When Edward returned from exile 

3750
03:27:17,200 --> 03:27:20,500
to reclaim his throne, he found 
that many previously neutral 

3751
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:23,200
Nobles and decided that Yorkies 
King ship was simply more 

3752
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:26,400
impressive than Lancaster and 
Alternatives Edwards sudden 

3753
03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:30,900
death in 1483 at age, 40 ended 
this experiment in systemic 

3754
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:34,100
Royal magnificence before. 
Its long-term Effectiveness 

3755
03:27:34,100 --> 03:27:37,600
could be fully evaluated His 
brother, Richard the third 

3756
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:40,800
inherited a kingdom, where Court
culture, had become Central to 

3757
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,900
political legitimacy. 
But where the specific elements 

3758
03:27:43,900 --> 03:27:46,700
of that culture were closely 
associated with Edwards, 

3759
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:48,900
personal Charisma, and 
leadership, style. 

3760
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:51,100
Richard, the third's court 
represents. 

3761
03:27:51,100 --> 03:27:53,700
One of history is most 
fascinating studies in the 

3762
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,100
relationship between political 
Effectiveness and public 

3763
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:58,700
perception. 
By most objective measures, 

3764
03:27:58,700 --> 03:28:01,700
Richard was a competent 
administrator who governed 

3765
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:03,900
England efficiently during his 
brief reign. 

3766
03:28:04,700 --> 03:28:07,100
His court maintained the 
organizational systems that 

3767
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:10,800
Edward had established. 
The cultural patronage that had 

3768
03:28:10,800 --> 03:28:14,400
made Yorkies kingship impressive
and handled domestic and foreign

3769
03:28:14,400 --> 03:28:17,600
policy with reasonable skill but
Richard's Court could never 

3770
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:20,900
escape the circumstances of his 
accession to power, The 

3771
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:24,200
Disappearance of his nephews. 
Edward, the fifth and Richard 

3772
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:28,400
Duke of York created suspicions 
that no amount of governmental 

3773
03:28:28,400 --> 03:28:32,000
competence could overcome 
Richard found himself managing a

3774
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:35,100
court where formal procedures 
continued, normally while 

3775
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:38,600
underlying political support 
steadily eroded, the irony of 

3776
03:28:38,600 --> 03:28:41,200
Richards Reign was that he'd 
inherited the most sophisticated

3777
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:45,000
Royal Court in English History. 
That precisely the moment, when 

3778
03:28:45,000 --> 03:28:49,300
courts of fistic to matter The 
yorkist Innovations in 

3779
03:28:49,300 --> 03:28:52,800
governmental efficiency cultural
patronage and economic 

3780
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:55,700
independence were genuine 
achievements but they couldn't 

3781
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:58,600
compensate for fundamental 
questions about dynastic 

3782
03:28:58,600 --> 03:29:02,800
legitimacy when Henry Tudor 
landed at Milford Haven in 1485.

3783
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:07,200
He represented not just another 
dynastic claimant, but a return 

3784
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:10,300
to the principle that Royal 
courts should be judged 

3785
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:14,100
primarily on their political 
Effectiveness rather than their 

3786
03:29:14,100 --> 03:29:17,800
cultural achievements. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

3787
03:29:17,800 --> 03:29:20,700
ended the orcust experiment and 
began a new phase in English. 

3788
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:24,500
Royal Court development Henry, 
the 7th Court after 1485 

3789
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:27,700
functioned like a startup 
company, whose founder 

3790
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,200
understood that survival 
required completely different 

3791
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:33,100
strategies than those needed for
initial success. 

3792
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:36,100
Having won the crown through 
military Victory. 

3793
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,000
Henry faced the challenge of 
establishing a dynasty that 

3794
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:41,700
could maintain power through 
means other than continued 

3795
03:29:41,700 --> 03:29:43,700
Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

3796
03:29:43,700 --> 03:29:46,400
deliberately modest compared to 
your kissed magnificence. 

3797
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:49,800
Henry, understood that 
impressive ceremonies and 

3798
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:53,100
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

3799
03:29:53,100 --> 03:29:56,400
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

3800
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:00,200
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

3801
03:30:00,200 --> 03:30:04,200
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

3802
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:07,100
potential Rivals. 
You can pick your Henry's Court 

3803
03:30:07,100 --> 03:30:10,100
as a place where accountants 
held higher status than poets. 

3804
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:12,900
Where treasury records received 
more attention than 

3805
03:30:12,900 --> 03:30:16,700
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

3806
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:18,800
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

3807
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:22,800
This wasn't because Henry lacked
appreciation for cultural 

3808
03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:26,000
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

3809
03:30:26,000 --> 03:30:29,800
newly established dynasties must
observe the Court's daily 

3810
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:32,300
routine reflected. 
These priorities morning 

3811
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:34,200
sessions, dealt with financial 
planning. 

3812
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:37,200
That would have impressed, 
modern budget analysts after 

3813
03:30:37,200 --> 03:30:40,200
noon meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence, that 

3814
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:43,400
gradually established England's 
credibility with European powers

3815
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:46,200
who are still uncertain about 
due to legitimacy. 

3816
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:50,000
Evening events were modest 
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal

3817
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:52,100
dignity without the 
extravagance. 

3818
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:55,300
That might suggest governmental 
irresponsibility, Henry's 

3819
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:58,000
marriage to Elizabeth of York 
was, perhaps the most successful

3820
03:30:58,000 --> 03:30:59,600
political Alliance in English 
History. 

3821
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:04,000
Are uniting the Yorkies and 
Lancaster in claims Henry 

3822
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:06,200
created. 
A dentisty whose legitimacy was 

3823
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,800
based on National reconciliation
rather than fictional victory. 

3824
03:31:10,700 --> 03:31:13,100
The court became a place where 
former enemies worked together 

3825
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:16,700
on shared governmental projects 
demonstrating that the wars of 

3826
03:31:16,708 --> 03:31:19,700
the Roses are truly ended. 
The Tudor courts approached to 

3827
03:31:19,708 --> 03:31:22,800
Noble management was 
particularly Innovative rather 

3828
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:24,400
than trying to eliminate 
powerful. 

3829
03:31:24,400 --> 03:31:28,000
Aristocratic families Henry 
created systems, that channeled 

3830
03:31:28,000 --> 03:31:30,500
Noble ambition towards service 
to the crowd. 

3831
03:31:31,400 --> 03:31:33,800
Court positions became 
opportunities for career 

3832
03:31:33,800 --> 03:31:36,400
advancement, that required, 
demonstrated, loyalty and 

3833
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:39,200
competence rather than 
hereditary privilege alone. 

3834
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,200
This created a court atmosphere 
that combined traditional 

3835
03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:45,300
medieval hierarchy with 
meritocratic elements that 

3836
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:47,600
anticipated later. 
Governmental developments. 

3837
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,900
Noble birth remained important, 
but actual responsibility was 

3838
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:55,400
distributed based on proven 
ability to advance Tudor 

3839
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:57,600
dynastic. 
Interests Henry, the seventh 

3840
03:31:57,600 --> 03:32:00,100
success in establishing 
Financial Independence for the 

3841
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:03,100
crown had profound implications 
for court culture. 

3842
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:07,000
Unlike previous dynasties, that 
needed to maintain parliamentary

3843
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,200
support for regular Tax. 
Grants, the Tudor Court could 

3844
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:13,200
plan long-term projects, without
constant, negotiation, with 

3845
03:32:13,200 --> 03:32:15,500
potentially hostile legislative 
assemblies. 

3846
03:32:15,500 --> 03:32:19,200
This financial autonomy allowed 
Henry the 8th to inherit a court

3847
03:32:19,200 --> 03:32:21,400
that could support, dramatic, 
cultural and political 

3848
03:32:21,400 --> 03:32:24,100
Innovations. 
Where his father had necessarily

3849
03:32:24,100 --> 03:32:27,300
focused on consolidation and 
survival Henry. 

3850
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:29,800
The 8th could pursue Grand 
Ambitions that were transforming

3851
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:33,000
English, Royal Authority and 
fundamental ways Henry. 

3852
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,000
The 8th Court represents the 
moment when medieval King ship 

3853
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:39,500
evolved into something 
recognizably modern The young 

3854
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:42,100
king inherited, his father's 
financial resources and 

3855
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:45,300
administrative competence but 
applied them to projects that 

3856
03:32:45,300 --> 03:32:47,900
would have seemed impossible to 
previous generations of English.

3857
03:32:47,900 --> 03:32:51,500
Monarchs Henry, the 8th achieved
a dramatic change in Royal Court

3858
03:32:51,500 --> 03:32:54,800
culture as Illustrated in the 
field of the cloth of gold in 

3859
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:57,800
1520. 
This meeting with Francis. 

3860
03:32:57,800 --> 03:33:00,500
The first of France was 
essentially a three-week 

3861
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:03,800
festival that demonstrated 
English wealth, cultural 

3862
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,400
sophistication and technological
capability on a scale that 

3863
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:11,400
amazed contemporary Observers. 
The temporary buildings, 

3864
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:14,300
constructed for the event, 
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 

3865
03:33:14,300 --> 03:33:17,100
in their magnificence. 
But Henry's Court culture wasn't

3866
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:20,700
just about impressive displays, 
the king assembled intellectual 

3867
03:33:20,700 --> 03:33:23,300
and artistic talent that 
transformed England's cultural 

3868
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:28,000
landscape, Thomas More hands, 
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 

3869
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:31,200
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 
to creating a court that 

3870
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:34,500
combined Renaissance Learning, 
artistic Innovation and 

3871
03:33:34,500 --> 03:33:37,300
administrative efficiency and 
unprecedented ways. 

3872
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:40,600
The king's break with Rome in 
the 1530s transformed, the 

3873
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:44,100
English Court in to something 
unprecedented, a royal household

3874
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:46,400
that function simultaneously as 
a government Headquarters. 

3875
03:33:46,400 --> 03:33:50,000
A Center of religious reform and
a cultural laboratory 

3876
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:53,900
experimenting with new forms of 
Royal Authority, Henry's Court 

3877
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:56,700
during the Reformation years 
buzzed with the energy of people

3878
03:33:56,700 --> 03:33:59,800
who understood, they were 
participating in historical 

3879
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:02,400
changes that would reshape 
European civilization. 

3880
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:05,600
Courtiers found themselves 
managing not just traditional 

3881
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,800
governmental business but also 
the systematic reorganization of

3882
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:11,800
English religious life, the 
redistribution of monastic 

3883
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:14,900
wealth, and the creation of new 
legal Frameworks for Royal 

3884
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:16,800
Supremacy. 
The dissolution of the 

3885
03:34:16,800 --> 03:34:19,200
monasteries provided Henry's 
court with resources that 

3886
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:21,300
previous English kings could 
hardly have imagined. 

3887
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:25,500
Certainly centuries of religious
patronage had given the crown 

3888
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:28,700
control over vast. 
Estates architectural, Treasures

3889
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:31,200
libraries and artistic 
collections. 

3890
03:34:32,100 --> 03:34:34,800
The court became a place, where 
former monastic buildings, were 

3891
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:38,600
converted into Royal residences 
where illuminated manuscripts 

3892
03:34:38,600 --> 03:34:42,100
were repurposed for secular use 
and where centuries of religious

3893
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,200
art were evaluated for their 
potential contribution to Royal 

3894
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:48,200
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 
role in managing these 

3895
03:34:48,200 --> 03:34:50,600
Transformations. 
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 

3896
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:53,300
culture had evolved Beyond 
traditional feudal relationships

3897
03:34:53,300 --> 03:34:57,300
Cromwell was neither a powerful 
nobleman, nor a church official,

3898
03:34:57,300 --> 03:35:01,100
but a lawyer and administrator 
whose expertise in governmental 

3899
03:35:01,100 --> 03:35:02,800
procedure. 
Made him indispensable to 

3900
03:35:02,800 --> 03:35:06,500
Henry's revolutionary projects. 
His rise to power illustrate. 

3901
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:09,600
How the Tudor Court had become a
meritocracy where technical 

3902
03:35:09,600 --> 03:35:12,200
competence could overcome 
traditional social limitations. 

3903
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:15,900
Henry's six, marriages created a
court atmosphere where personal 

3904
03:35:15,900 --> 03:35:19,100
relationships and political 
calculations became inseparably 

3905
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:21,600
intertwined. 
Each wedding brought new 

3906
03:35:21,600 --> 03:35:25,500
families into Royal favor each 
divorce or execution eliminated 

3907
03:35:25,500 --> 03:35:28,700
established Court networks. 
And each new Queen created 

3908
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:31,200
opportunities for ambitious 
courtiers, to advance their 

3909
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,400
careers, through association 
with their household, the court 

3910
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:36,500
during Henry's. 
Final years, had become a place 

3911
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:39,800
where survival required constant
attention to the king's 

3912
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:41,600
changing. 
Moods shifting, political 

3913
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:44,100
alliances and evolving religious
policies. 

3914
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:48,200
Courteous developed the sort of 
psychological sensitivity, that 

3915
03:35:48,200 --> 03:35:51,100
would have impressed. 
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning

3916
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:55,100
to interpret, Royal gestures 
decode, ambiguous statements and

3917
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:58,200
anticipate policy changes before
they were officially announced. 

3918
03:35:58,200 --> 03:36:01,800
Elizabeth, the first inherited a
kingdom, exhausted, by religious

3919
03:36:01,800 --> 03:36:04,000
upheaval and Dynasty 
uncertainity. 

3920
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:07,700
Then spent 45 years transforming
her Court in to the most 

3921
03:36:07,700 --> 03:36:10,800
successful piece of political 
theater in European history. 

3922
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:14,600
Henry, the 8th Court had been a 
workshop for religious and 

3923
03:36:14,600 --> 03:36:17,700
political Innovation. 
Elizabeth Court was a stage 

3924
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:20,200
where every day brought new 
performance is designed to 

3925
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:23,100
demonstrate that England. 
Had a cultural and political 

3926
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:25,400
greatness. 
You can imagine the challenge 

3927
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:28,000
Elisabeth as a young Queen in 
1558. 

3928
03:36:28,900 --> 03:36:31,500
She was unmarried in an age when
female rule was considered 

3929
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:35,100
unnatural religiously suspect in
a kingdom divided between 

3930
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:37,800
Catholic and Protestant, 
factions and politically 

3931
03:36:37,800 --> 03:36:40,300
vulnerable in a Europe where 
major Powers were actively 

3932
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:41,800
plotting. 
England's destruction. 

3933
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:44,600
Her solution was to create a 
court culture. 

3934
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:48,500
So dazzling, that domestic and 
foreign observers became too 

3935
03:36:48,500 --> 03:36:51,100
fascinated by the spectacle to 
focus on the underlying 

3936
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:54,000
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan
Court operated on 

3937
03:36:54,000 --> 03:36:56,600
multiple-level. 
Simultaneously, the surface 

3938
03:36:56,600 --> 03:37:00,000
level was pure pageantry, 
elaborate costumes, complex 

3939
03:37:00,000 --> 03:37:03,600
ceremonies and artistic displays
that made Royal receptions feel 

3940
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:07,600
like theatrical performances. 
But underneath the spectacle was

3941
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:10,600
a sophisticated intelligence 
operation that gathered 

3942
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,100
information from across Europe, 
a diplomatic Network that played

3943
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:17,600
Major Powers against each other,
and an administrative system, 

3944
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:20,200
that managed England's 
transformation into a major 

3945
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:22,500
commercial. 
Power Elizabeth's, famous 

3946
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:25,400
progresses her annual tours 
through England's, Countryside 

3947
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:29,900
illustrate this multi-layered 
approach perfectly From one 

3948
03:37:29,900 --> 03:37:33,600
perspective, these were costly 
exercises in Royal vanity, that 

3949
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:36,800
allowed the queen to enjoy 
magnificent Hospitality at her 

3950
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:38,700
subjects. 
Expense from another 

3951
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:40,700
perspective, they were 
systematic efforts to 

3952
03:37:40,700 --> 03:37:43,200
demonstrate. 
Royal accessibility gather 

3953
03:37:43,200 --> 03:37:46,500
intelligence about local 
conditions and maintain personal

3954
03:37:46,500 --> 03:37:49,600
relationships with the noble 
families, who support the crown 

3955
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:53,400
needed for political stability. 
The progresses as mobile, 

3956
03:37:53,400 --> 03:37:55,300
advertisements for Elizabeth and
achievement. 

3957
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:58,800
When the Queens enormous 
Entourage arrived at the country

3958
03:37:58,808 --> 03:38:02,600
estate local populations, could 
see for themselves, the wealth 

3959
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,800
sophistication and cultural 
confidence of their government. 

3960
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:09,000
These visits were live 
demonstrations that England 

3961
03:38:09,000 --> 03:38:12,000
under Elizabeth was prospering 
in ways that justified the 

3962
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:15,100
religious and political changes 
of the previous generation, the 

3963
03:38:15,100 --> 03:38:17,700
courts relationship with 
literature during Elizabeth's 

3964
03:38:17,700 --> 03:38:20,300
Reign created some of the 
greatest achievements in English

3965
03:38:20,300 --> 03:38:23,100
cultural history. 
Edmond Spencer's. 

3966
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:26,500
The fairy queen was essentially 
an extended compliment to 

3967
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:28,700
Elizabeth that happened to be 
written in some of the most 

3968
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:30,500
beautiful. 
Poetry in the English language, 

3969
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:33,800
Christopher, Marlowe and William
Shakespeare wrote plays that 

3970
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:37,000
explored themes, of power, and 
ambition, and political 

3971
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:40,800
legitimacy with psychological 
depth, that still amazes modern 

3972
03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:44,300
audience's, but this wasn't just
Royal patronage of talented 

3973
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:46,800
artists. 
Elizabeth understood, that 

3974
03:38:46,800 --> 03:38:50,600
cultural achievement was a form 
of political power, and foreign 

3975
03:38:50,600 --> 03:38:52,700
ambassadors attended, 
performance of Shakespeare's 

3976
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:54,800
plays at court. 
They were witnessing 

3977
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:57,900
demonstrations of English, 
intellectual sophistication that

3978
03:38:57,900 --> 03:39:01,300
carried diplomatic implications 
a kingdom that could produce 

3979
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:03,200
such art. 
Was clearly not the backward, 

3980
03:39:03,200 --> 03:39:06,800
isolated nation, that hostile. 
European observers preferred to 

3981
03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:09,500
imagine the famous question of 
Elizabeth's. 

3982
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:11,300
Marriage, demonstrates. 
How thoroughly she had 

3983
03:39:11,300 --> 03:39:14,200
integrated personal decisions 
with political strategy? 

3984
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:18,200
Every potential marriage 
Alliance was simultaneously, a 

3985
03:39:18,200 --> 03:39:21,800
romantic possibility, a 
diplomatic negotiation, and a 

3986
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:24,500
piece of theatrical performance 
designed to keep foreign powers 

3987
03:39:24,500 --> 03:39:27,200
guessing about English. 
Intentions, the Queen's 

3988
03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:31,100
courtship with various suitors, 
Philip the second of Spain Eric,

3989
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:35,200
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 
Charles of Austria and most 

3990
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:39,100
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 
Leicester provided ongoing 

3991
03:39:39,100 --> 03:39:42,000
entertainment that distracted 
attention from more sensitive 

3992
03:39:42,000 --> 03:39:45,200
political matters Elizabeth 
managed to keep multiple 

3993
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:48,600
marriage negotiations active for
decades without actually 

3994
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:51,900
committing to any of them using 
romantic possibility. 

3995
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:55,400
As a diplomatic tool with 
unprecedented skill, the courts 

3996
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:57,300
response to the Spanish Armada 
in 1588. 

3997
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:01,200
Showcased Elizabethan political 
theater at his most effective 

3998
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:05,300
Elizabeth's appearance before 
her troops at Tilbury declaring 

3999
03:40:05,300 --> 03:40:08,600
that she had the body of a weak 
and feeble woman, but the heart 

4000
03:40:08,600 --> 03:40:11,600
and stomach of a king was 
political communication that 

4001
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:15,000
transformed a potential military
disaster into a moment of 

4002
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:17,900
national inspiration. 
The victory over the Spanish 

4003
03:40:17,900 --> 03:40:20,300
Armada validated, all of 
Elizabeth's, governmental 

4004
03:40:20,300 --> 03:40:24,200
strategies simultaneously, 
English Naval Innovations had, 

4005
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:27,300
proven Superior to Spanish, 
military tradition, Protestant 

4006
03:40:27,300 --> 03:40:30,400
religious, conviction had 
apparently received Divine 

4007
03:40:30,400 --> 03:40:33,800
approval, and Elizabeth son, 
married status, which critics 

4008
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:37,100
had long considered a national 
weakness, suddenly appeared to 

4009
03:40:37,100 --> 03:40:39,300
be evidence of her unique 
dedication to England's, 

4010
03:40:39,300 --> 03:40:41,500
welfare. 
The Elizabethan Court, during 

4011
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:44,900
the 15th is felt like the head. 
Of a successful Revolution. 

4012
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:49,600
That had exceeded, everyone's 
expectations England had become 

4013
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:52,400
a major European power despite 
lacking the traditional 

4014
03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:56,200
resources vast territories, 
massive populations. 

4015
03:40:56,200 --> 03:41:00,100
Abundant precious metals that 
other powers relied upon for 

4016
03:41:00,100 --> 03:41:03,500
their International influence. 
Elizabeth's achievement was to 

4017
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,600
demonstrate that a relatively 
small Kingdom could compete with

4018
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:10,600
Continental Empires, through 
Superior organization, cultural 

4019
03:41:10,600 --> 03:41:13,100
sophistication and political 
creativity. 

4020
03:41:14,100 --> 03:41:17,600
Her Court became the model that 
later English monarchs would 

4021
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:21,000
many attempt to emulate her, but
few can match her unique 

4022
03:41:21,000 --> 03:41:23,500
combination of theatrical Flair,
and practical. 

4023
03:41:23,500 --> 03:41:26,100
Effectiveness James, the first 
arrival in England. 

4024
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:30,400
In 1603 created a fascinating 
collision between Scottish Royal

4025
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:32,300
traditions and Elizabethan Court
culture. 

4026
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:35,200
James brought with him ideas 
about kingship. 

4027
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:38,100
That were theoretically more 
sophisticated than elisabeth's, 

4028
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:41,200
practical approach, but proved 
less suited to English political

4029
03:41:41,200 --> 03:41:43,800
realities. 
The Jacobian Court, resembled a 

4030
03:41:43,808 --> 03:41:46,900
university that had unexpectedly
taken on governmental duties. 

4031
03:41:47,700 --> 03:41:51,100
James was genuinely learned, he 
wrote books on political Theory,

4032
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:52,900
Theology and even Tobacco 
Control. 

4033
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:56,400
But his intellectual approach to
King ship, sometimes conflicted 

4034
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,200
with the Practical political 
skills that successful, English 

4035
03:41:59,200 --> 03:42:01,900
Monarchy required. 
You can pick the culture shock 

4036
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:04,100
that occurred. 
When James is Scottish courteous

4037
03:42:04,100 --> 03:42:06,700
and countered the complex 
Protocols of Elizabethan Court 

4038
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:09,300
life. 
The Scotts were accustomed to 

4039
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:12,100
more informal relationships 
between the king and his Nobles.

4040
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:15,200
While English courtiers had 
developed elaborate ceremonial 

4041
03:42:15,200 --> 03:42:17,500
procedures. 
That treated Royal access as a 

4042
03:42:17,500 --> 03:42:20,600
carefully rationed privilege. 
The result was a court where two

4043
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:23,500
different styles of monarchy 
existed in constant tension, 

4044
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:27,200
James preferred, scholarly 
discussion and theoretical 

4045
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:29,300
debate. 
While his English, courtiers 

4046
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:32,000
were more comfortable with the 
sort of political theater that 

4047
03:42:32,000 --> 03:42:33,800
had made Elizabeth reign 
successful. 

4048
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,000
The mixture produced some 
fascinating cultural 

4049
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:40,000
achievements, but also political
complications that would 

4050
03:42:40,000 --> 03:42:41,600
influence English history for 
Generations. 

4051
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:45,100
James's Court, patronized the 
translation of the Bible that 

4052
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:48,300
bears his name. 
The King James version completed

4053
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,900
in 1611 which became one of the 
most influential works of 

4054
03:42:51,900 --> 03:42:55,000
English prose. 
Everton the king's personal 

4055
03:42:55,000 --> 03:42:57,900
involvement in this project 
demonstrates, how Jacobian 

4056
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:00,900
caught culture, could combine 
serious intellectual work with 

4057
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:04,800
practical, political purposes, 
The new Bible translation was 

4058
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:07,700
simultaneously, a scholarly 
achievement, a religious 

4059
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:10,500
statement, and a political 
document designed to establish 

4060
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:12,900
Royal authority over English 
spiritual life. 

4061
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:16,200
The courts relationship with 
theater during James's Reign. 

4062
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:20,300
Produced some of Shakespeare's 
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth

4063
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:23,400
and the Tempest were all written
for Royal audiences. 

4064
03:43:23,400 --> 03:43:25,900
Who understood the political 
themes, these Works explored. 

4065
03:43:26,800 --> 03:43:29,600
When Coty has watched Macbeth's,
meditation on the relationship 

4066
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:32,800
between ambition and legitimacy,
they were seeing their own 

4067
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:35,500
political concerns, reflected in
dramatic, poetry of 

4068
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:39,400
extraordinary power, but James's
theoretical approach to monarchy

4069
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:41,000
created. 
Practical problems. 

4070
03:43:41,000 --> 03:43:42,600
That became increasingly 
serious. 

4071
03:43:42,600 --> 03:43:45,900
As his reign progressed. 
His belief in the divine, right 

4072
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:49,700
of kings was intellectually 
coherent, but politically and 

4073
03:43:49,700 --> 03:43:51,900
practical in a kingdom, where 
Parliament had grown accustomed 

4074
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:54,200
to being consulted about major 
policy decisions. 

4075
03:43:54,200 --> 03:43:58,000
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, 
provided James with an 

4076
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:00,600
opportunity to demonstrate that 
his scholarly approached to 

4077
03:44:00,608 --> 03:44:04,300
kingship could handle serious, 
political crises his 

4078
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:07,400
investigation of the conspiracy 
showed genuine detective skills 

4079
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:10,200
and his management of the 
aftermath demonstrated. 

4080
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,400
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 
and decisive action against 

4081
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:16,600
genuine threats. 
However, James is financial 

4082
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:19,500
management created ongoing 
tensions that his son, Charles 

4083
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:21,600
the first would inherit along 
with the crown. 

4084
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:25,000
The Jack of being caught was 
expensive in ways that even 

4085
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:29,100
Elizabeth magnificent progresses
had not been James, distributed,

4086
03:44:29,100 --> 03:44:32,500
titles lands and pensions with 
generosity that reflected his 

4087
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:34,900
theoretical belief. 
That Royal magnificent was 

4088
03:44:34,900 --> 03:44:38,200
essential to monarchical 
dignity, but his practical 

4089
03:44:38,200 --> 03:44:40,800
accounting skills were less 
impressive than his theoretical 

4090
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:43,200
knowledge, Charles the first 
inherited. 

4091
03:44:43,200 --> 03:44:45,800
His father's intellectual 
approach to King ship, but 

4092
03:44:45,800 --> 03:44:48,100
lacked James's political 
flexibility and personal 

4093
03:44:48,100 --> 03:44:51,000
charisma. 
Charles's Court, became a place 

4094
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,100
where theoretical Perfection was
pursued with systemic, 

4095
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:57,100
Dedication, that ignored the 
political compromises that 

4096
03:44:57,100 --> 03:45:00,400
successful monarchy required. 
The Carolyn Court during the 

4097
03:45:00,408 --> 03:45:03,200
1630s achieved, a level of 
artistic and cultural 

4098
03:45:03,200 --> 03:45:05,800
sophistication. 
That rivaled the greatest 

4099
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:09,600
European achievements, Anthony 
Van Dyke's, portraits of Charles

4100
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:13,400
and his family created visual 
representations of Royal dignity

4101
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:16,900
that still influence how we 
imagined 17th century monarchy 

4102
03:45:17,700 --> 03:45:20,300
The court musk's designed by 
Inigo Jones. 

4103
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:24,400
Combined architecture music 
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 

4104
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:27,200
in ways that amazed contemporary
observers. 

4105
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:30,400
But this cultural achievement 
existed in increasing tension 

4106
03:45:30,400 --> 03:45:33,400
with political realities, that 
Charles seemed determined to 

4107
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:36,300
ignore his court. 
Became a place where beautiful 

4108
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:40,000
ceremonies and magnificent art 
co-existed with governmental 

4109
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:42,900
policies that were 
systematically alienating, the 

4110
03:45:42,900 --> 03:45:44,500
social groups who support the 
English. 

4111
03:45:44,500 --> 03:45:47,900
Monarchy traditionally required 
the 11-year period, when Charles

4112
03:45:47,900 --> 03:45:52,100
ruled without Parliament, the so
called personal rule from 1629 

4113
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,600
to 1640, transformed the Royal 
Court into something 

4114
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:58,600
unprecedented in English 
History, a government that 

4115
03:45:58,600 --> 03:46:01,600
functioned independently of the 
legislative institutions that 

4116
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,000
had been Central to English 
political developments in 

4117
03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:07,600
medieval times Charles's Court 
during these years operated with

4118
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:09,700
efficiency that would have 
impressed his Tudor 

4119
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:12,100
predecessors. 
But it's effective news, was 

4120
03:46:12,100 --> 03:46:15,400
undermined by growing popular 
conviction that the King was 

4121
03:46:15,400 --> 03:46:17,700
governing in ways that violated 
fundament. 

4122
03:46:17,700 --> 03:46:20,500
Little English political 
Traditions, the court became 

4123
03:46:20,500 --> 03:46:23,500
isolated from the broader 
political nation in ways that 

4124
03:46:23,500 --> 03:46:25,500
made future conflicts almost 
inevitable. 

4125
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:28,900
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

4126
03:46:28,900 --> 03:46:31,900
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

4127
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:35,000
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

4128
03:46:35,008 --> 03:46:38,500
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

4129
03:46:38,500 --> 03:46:41,300
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

4130
03:46:41,300 --> 03:46:44,500
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

4131
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:47,300
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

4132
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:50,400
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

4133
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,000
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

4134
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:56,500
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

4135
03:46:56,500 --> 03:46:59,600
whether traditional governmental
functions required traditional 

4136
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:02,700
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 
Oliver cromwell's, government 

4137
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,600
faced the challenge of 
maintaining domestic order and 

4138
03:47:05,600 --> 03:47:08,700
international respectability 
without the institutional 

4139
03:47:08,700 --> 03:47:11,600
structures that had supported 
English political Authority for 

4140
03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:14,500
centuries. 
The result was a series of 

4141
03:47:14,500 --> 03:47:17,500
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

4142
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:21,300
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

4143
03:47:21,300 --> 03:47:23,900
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

4144
03:47:23,900 --> 03:47:26,900
when familiar Royal ceremony is 
simply disappeared from public 

4145
03:47:26,900 --> 03:47:29,700
life. 
No more Royal progresses through

4146
03:47:29,700 --> 03:47:32,200
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

4147
03:47:32,200 --> 03:47:35,700
Celebrations, to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

4148
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:39,200
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

4149
03:47:39,200 --> 03:47:41,400
previous generations about 
political stability. 

4150
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:45,100
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

4151
03:47:45,100 --> 03:47:47,400
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

4152
03:47:47,400 --> 03:47:51,000
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

4153
03:47:51,000 --> 03:47:53,500
dignity that governmental 
authorities seem to require 

4154
03:47:54,600 --> 03:47:57,400
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate.

4155
03:47:57,400 --> 03:48:00,600
Formality important, stator 
occasions, still required, 

4156
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,000
public ceremonies and political 
Authority, still needed visible 

4157
03:48:04,000 --> 03:48:05,800
demonstrations of its 
legitimacy. 

4158
03:48:05,800 --> 03:48:08,500
Cromwell's, personal style 
reflected this challenge. 

4159
03:48:08,500 --> 03:48:11,700
He rejected Royal titles and 
traditional monarchical 

4160
03:48:11,700 --> 03:48:15,100
ceremonies but he lived in. 
Royal palaces used Royal 

4161
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:18,600
ceremonial objects and gradually
adopted many of the protocols 

4162
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:19,900
that had previously been 
associated. 

4163
03:48:19,900 --> 03:48:23,500
With crowned Kings, the line 
between Republican leadership 

4164
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,500
and monarchical Authority proved
more difficult to maintain them.

4165
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:29,400
Theoretical political 
philosophy, had suggested the 

4166
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:32,300
Commonwealth periods, cultural 
achievements were real, but 

4167
03:48:32,300 --> 03:48:34,400
different from traditional Royal
patronage. 

4168
03:48:35,100 --> 03:48:38,300
John Milton's political writings
including the tenure of kings 

4169
03:48:38,300 --> 03:48:42,400
and magistrates and later 
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 

4170
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:45,300
of authority, rebellion and 
political legitimacy with 

4171
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,700
intellectual depth that 
surpassed most Court sponsored 

4172
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:51,200
literature. 
But these Works were produced 

4173
03:48:51,200 --> 03:48:54,500
despite governmental policy 
rather than because of Royal 

4174
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:57,100
encouragement, the absence of a 
Royal Court. 

4175
03:48:57,100 --> 03:48:59,700
Also affected English 
international relations in ways 

4176
03:48:59,700 --> 03:49:02,700
that became increasingly 
problematic as the Commonwealth 

4177
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:06,200
period continued. 
European monarchs were reluctant

4178
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:09,400
to treat cromwell's government 
as a legitimate equal partly, 

4179
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:11,300
because it lacked the ceremonial
structures. 

4180
03:49:11,300 --> 03:49:13,500
That traditional diplomacy 
required for normal 

4181
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:17,900
International relationships. 
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 

4182
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:20,600
son, Richard briefly attempted 
to continue the Commonwealth 

4183
03:49:20,600 --> 03:49:23,800
system, but the experiment 
quickly, demonstrated that 

4184
03:49:23,800 --> 03:49:27,200
Republican government required 
personal Authority that couldn't

4185
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:29,000
be inherited through family 
succession. 

4186
03:49:29,000 --> 03:49:31,700
The irony was that effective 
Republican. 

4187
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,300
Leadership seemed to require 
many of the same qualities that 

4188
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:37,600
successful monarchy demanded. 
Charles the second's returned to

4189
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:40,700
England in 1660 created, one of 
the most remarkable 

4190
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:42,700
transformations in English Court
history. 

4191
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:46,900
The king had spent his Exile in 
French and Dutch courts. 

4192
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:49,000
That had continued developing 
while England. 

4193
03:49:49,000 --> 03:49:52,800
Experimented with republicanism 
When Charles established his 

4194
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:55,000
restored Court? 
He brought Continental 

4195
03:49:55,000 --> 03:49:57,700
Innovation that revolutionized 
English Royal culture. 

4196
03:49:57,700 --> 03:50:01,200
The restoration Court felt like 
a party that had been postponed 

4197
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,300
for 11 years and was finally 
being celebrated with 

4198
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:08,700
accumulated enthusiasm Charles 
understood that his restoration 

4199
03:50:08,700 --> 03:50:12,000
needed to demonstrate, not just 
political legitimacy, but 

4200
03:50:12,000 --> 03:50:15,500
cultural superiority over the 
Republican experiment that a 

4201
03:50:15,500 --> 03:50:17,800
temporarily replaced. 
Traditional, monarchy, you can 

4202
03:50:17,808 --> 03:50:20,600
picture the excitement that must
have filled London when familiar

4203
03:50:20,600 --> 03:50:22,900
Royal ceremonies returned to 
English public life. 

4204
03:50:23,700 --> 03:50:26,500
The coronation processions 
caught celebrations and Royal 

4205
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:29,900
progresses provided Visual 
Evidence that normal political 

4206
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:33,100
order had been restored. 
The Charles's Court was more 

4207
03:50:33,100 --> 03:50:35,300
than just a return to pre-civil 
war Traditions. 

4208
03:50:35,300 --> 03:50:38,100
It was an upgrade that 
incorporated, the best features 

4209
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:41,100
of European Royal culture. 
The king's personal style, 

4210
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:44,500
reflected his Continental 
education, Charles was witty 

4211
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:47,700
sophisticated and possessed, the
sort of easy charm that made 

4212
03:50:47,700 --> 03:50:49,500
people want to spend time in his
presence. 

4213
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:53,000
His court became a place where 
conversation was considered an 

4214
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:56,000
art form where scientific 
discussion co-existed with 

4215
03:50:56,000 --> 03:50:59,000
theatrical entertainment and 
where English cultural life 

4216
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:02,000
reconnected with broader 
European developments, the Royal

4217
03:51:02,000 --> 03:51:05,300
Society. 
Founded in 1660 illustrates how 

4218
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:08,000
the restoration Court supported 
intellectual achievements. 

4219
03:51:08,000 --> 03:51:12,200
That combined practical, utility
with cultural Prestige, when is 

4220
03:51:12,200 --> 03:51:15,400
Isaac Newton, Christopher Wren, 
and Robert Hooke conducted their

4221
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:18,200
experiments under Royal 
patronage, they were advancing 

4222
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:19,700
human knowledge. 
While simultaneously 

4223
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:23,600
demonstrating that the English 
Monarchy supported the sort of 

4224
03:51:23,608 --> 03:51:26,600
scientific progress, that was 
transforming European 

4225
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:29,400
civilization. 
Charles's Court was also where 

4226
03:51:29,400 --> 03:51:33,500
English theater achieved some of
its greatest successes The Kings

4227
03:51:33,500 --> 03:51:36,200
enthusiastic support for 
dramatic performance is helped 

4228
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:38,800
create the conditions that 
produced restoration comedy. 

4229
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:43,200
Theatrical form that combines 
sophisticated social observation

4230
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:46,200
with entertainment that appealed
to both courtly and popular 

4231
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:49,000
audiences. 
But the restoration courts, most

4232
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:51,900
significant Innovation was its 
approach to religious diversity.

4233
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:55,900
Charles's personal Catholic 
sympathies were balanced by his 

4234
03:51:55,900 --> 03:51:58,500
political understanding. 
That England required, 

4235
03:51:58,500 --> 03:52:01,000
Protestant Royal Authority for 
domestic stability. 

4236
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:04,400
His court became a place where 
religious differences were 

4237
03:52:04,400 --> 03:52:06,700
managed through practical 
tolerance rather than 

4238
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:09,600
theoretical. 
Resolution this created a court 

4239
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:11,200
atmosphere. 
That was more intellectually 

4240
03:52:11,200 --> 03:52:13,700
diverse than England had 
experienced since before the 

4241
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:18,100
Reformation, Catholic's 
anglicans and various Protestant

4242
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:21,700
denominations, all found places 
in court life, though, their 

4243
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:23,300
relationships were sometimes 
tense. 

4244
03:52:23,300 --> 03:52:25,000
And always politically 
complicated. 

4245
03:52:25,000 --> 03:52:29,800
The Great Fire of London in 1666
provided Charles's court with an

4246
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:32,600
opportunity to demonstrate Royal
leadership during a genuine 

4247
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:35,600
National crisis. 
The king's personal involvement 

4248
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,700
in firefighting efforts and his 
support for Christopher. 

4249
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:41,600
Wren's rebuilding plans showed 
that the restored monarchy could

4250
03:52:41,600 --> 03:52:44,300
provide effective practical 
leadership, as well as 

4251
03:52:44,300 --> 03:52:48,500
ceremonial magnifiscents James. 
The second succession in 1685 

4252
03:52:48,500 --> 03:52:51,200
created immediate tension 
between the court culture that 

4253
03:52:51,200 --> 03:52:54,800
Charles had established and 
James's determination to restore

4254
03:52:54,800 --> 03:52:57,300
Catholicism. 
As England's official religion. 

4255
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:01,700
James had inherited his brother 
sophisticated court system but 

4256
03:53:01,700 --> 03:53:04,500
lacked Charles's political 
sensitivity about the religious 

4257
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:06,900
compromises that the English 
Monarchy required. 

4258
03:53:06,900 --> 03:53:10,100
The Jacobite Court during 
James's brief Reign felt like a 

4259
03:53:10,100 --> 03:53:12,500
place where people were waiting 
for something dramatic to happen

4260
03:53:12,500 --> 03:53:14,100
though. 
No one was quite sure. 

4261
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:17,300
What formed that drama would 
take James's policies, 

4262
03:53:17,300 --> 03:53:19,700
systematically alienated. 
The Protestant political 

4263
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:22,800
establishment that had supported
his brothers restoration, while 

4264
03:53:22,800 --> 03:53:25,100
his court ceremonies 
increasingly emphasized, 

4265
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:28,300
Catholic religious elements that
made most English observers 

4266
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:32,100
nervous, when William of Orange 
landed in England, in 1688 

4267
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:35,300
James's Court collapsed with 
startling speed. 

4268
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:38,500
The king who had inherited the 
most sophisticated Royal 

4269
03:53:38,500 --> 03:53:41,100
household in English. 
History, found himself with 

4270
03:53:41,100 --> 03:53:42,900
almost no domestic political 
support. 

4271
03:53:42,900 --> 03:53:46,700
When the crisis finally arrived,
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 

4272
03:53:46,700 --> 03:53:49,400
fundamentally changed. 
The relationship between 

4273
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:52,200
English, Royal courts and 
political Authority. 

4274
03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:55,700
William the third and Mary, the 
second established a court 

4275
03:53:55,708 --> 03:53:59,400
system that operated within 
constitutional limitations that 

4276
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:02,100
would have seemed impossible to 
earlier generations of English. 

4277
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:04,200
Monarchs. 
The new Royal Court had to 

4278
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:07,200
function simultaneously as a 
ceremonial Center, that 

4279
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,100
maintained monarchy called 
dignity and as a governmental 

4280
03:54:10,100 --> 03:54:13,400
institution that acknowledged 
parliamentary Supremacy over 

4281
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:17,200
major policy decisions. 
This required developing new 

4282
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:20,100
protocols that preserved Royal 
Prestige, while respecting the 

4283
03:54:20,100 --> 03:54:22,600
political realities, that the 
Glorious Revolution had 

4284
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:24,900
established. 
You can imagine the delicate 

4285
03:54:24,900 --> 03:54:27,600
balance that caught officials 
needed to maintain during this 

4286
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:30,900
transitional period. 
Royal ceremonies still needed to

4287
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:34,100
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,
but they couldn't suggest that 

4288
03:54:34,100 --> 03:54:36,100
the crowned Authority that 
Parliament. 

4289
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:39,600
Now controlled foreign diplomats
still needed to be received with

4290
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,700
suitable formality but 
diplomatic policies required, 

4291
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:45,900
legislative approval in ways 
that complicated traditional 

4292
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:49,500
Royal prerogatives, the 
Hanoverian succession in 1714 

4293
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:52,000
brought another Continental 
influence to English Court 

4294
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,100
culture, But George, the first 
Court face, the additional 

4295
03:54:55,100 --> 03:54:58,300
challenge of establishing 
legitimacy for a dynasty with 

4296
03:54:58,300 --> 03:55:01,600
limited English connections. 
The early Georgian Court 

4297
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:04,600
compensated for this linguistic 
and cultural Distance by 

4298
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:07,900
developing ceremonial procedures
that emphasize constitutional 

4299
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:10,300
propriety rather than personal 
Charisma. 

4300
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:13,000
George the second Court 
achieved, a more comfortable 

4301
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:15,500
balance between German Royal 
traditions and English 

4302
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:18,800
constitutional requirements. 
The king spoke better English 

4303
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:22,100
than his father understood 
English, political customs, more

4304
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,200
thoroughly and created a court 
atmosphere that successfully 

4305
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:27,700
combined. 
Continental sophistication with 

4306
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:30,800
domestic, political sensitivity,
but it was during George. 

4307
03:55:30,800 --> 03:55:33,500
The third's, long Reign that the
Georgian Court System reached 

4308
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:36,200
its mature form George. 
The third was the first 

4309
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:39,200
Hanoverian Monarch who was 
thoroughly English in education 

4310
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:43,100
temperament and political 
understanding his court became 

4311
03:55:43,100 --> 03:55:46,100
the template for constitutional 
monarchy that would influence 

4312
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:49,300
British royal culture for the 
next two centuries, the Georgian

4313
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:52,800
courts daily routine reflected 
these constitutional limitations

4314
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:55,800
Morning sessions, dealt with 
ceremonial business. 

4315
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:58,700
That maintained Royal dignity 
without challenging 

4316
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:01,900
parliamentary Authority. 
After noon, meetings, handled 

4317
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:05,100
diplomatic correspondence. 
That required coordination with 

4318
03:56:05,100 --> 03:56:07,200
government ministers, who were 
responsible to Parliament. 

4319
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,800
Rather than to the crown alone, 
George the third's court, during

4320
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:13,300
the American Revolution, 
demonstrates how constitutional 

4321
03:56:13,300 --> 03:56:17,500
monarchy functioned during major
political crises, the king 

4322
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:20,600
personally opposed American 
independence, but his court had 

4323
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:23,400
to manage a military conflict 
that was primarily directed by 

4324
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:24,800
ministers. 
Who were accountable to 

4325
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:27,900
Parliament. 
Royal Authority in parliamentary

4326
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:30,900
government operated in parallel 
rather than in the hierarchical 

4327
03:56:30,900 --> 03:56:33,400
relationship that had 
characterized early appeared, 

4328
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:36,600
the Court's response to George 
the third's periodic mental 

4329
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:40,300
illness created unprecedented 
constitutional challenges that 

4330
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:44,700
required improvised Solutions, 
The Regency crisis of 1788 

4331
03:56:44,700 --> 03:56:47,900
forced Parliament and the Royal 
household to develop procedures 

4332
03:56:47,900 --> 03:56:49,800
for managing governmental 
continuity. 

4333
03:56:49,800 --> 03:56:52,700
When the Monarch was unable to 
perform his constitutional 

4334
03:56:52,700 --> 03:56:55,100
duties. 
These experiences established 

4335
03:56:55,100 --> 03:56:57,500
precedents, that would prove 
crucial during the formal 

4336
03:56:57,500 --> 03:57:00,000
Regency period from 1811 to 
1820. 

4337
03:57:00,000 --> 03:57:02,800
When the future, George the 
fourth governed on his father's 

4338
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:05,700
behalf. 
The Regency Court represented, 

4339
03:57:05,700 --> 03:57:08,000
the full flowering of Georgian 
Royal culture. 

4340
03:57:08,000 --> 03:57:12,300
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 
expensive enough to scandalize 

4341
03:57:12,300 --> 03:57:15,600
contemporary critics, George the
fourth's court as Prince, Regent

4342
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,600
achieved, a level of cultural 
patronage that rivaled the 

4343
03:57:18,608 --> 03:57:21,800
greatest European achievements. 
The rebuilding of the royal 

4344
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:24,800
Pavilion at Brighton, the 
planning of Regent Street and 

4345
03:57:24,800 --> 03:57:27,700
Regents Park in London. 
And the support for artists 

4346
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:31,200
writers and musicians, created a
court culture that combined 

4347
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:33,800
aesthetic achievement with 
constitutional propriety 

4348
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:37,400
Victoria's accession in 1837 and
created a dramatic 

4349
03:57:37,400 --> 03:57:40,500
transformation in English Court 
culture that reflected broader 

4350
03:57:40,500 --> 03:57:44,100
changes in social attitudes, 
economic relationships and 

4351
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:48,100
Imperial responsibilities. 
The 18 year old Queen inherited 

4352
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:50,400
a court system that had been 
designed for Georgian Royal 

4353
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:53,400
lifestyle but would need to 
accommodate Victorian moral 

4354
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:55,600
expectations and Global Imperial
duties. 

4355
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:58,700
The early, Victorian Court faced
the challenge of establishing 

4356
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,100
respect for a young female monk 
in an age when political 

4357
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:04,700
Authority was generally 
associated with masculine 

4358
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:07,300
leadership. 
Victorious solution was to 

4359
03:58:07,300 --> 03:58:10,300
create a court culture that 
emphasized moral Authority, 

4360
03:58:10,300 --> 03:58:14,200
domestic virtue and Imperial 
responsibility rather than the 

4361
03:58:14,200 --> 03:58:17,200
personal Charisma, or cultural 
sophistication that had 

4362
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:18,900
characterized earlier. 
Royal Traditions. 

4363
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:21,500
You can imagine the dramatic 
change in the court. 

4364
03:58:21,500 --> 03:58:23,700
Atmosphere that Victoria's moral
standards produced. 

4365
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:28,100
Where Georgian Court life had 
celebrated wit sophistication 

4366
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:30,700
and a certain tolerance for 
personal scandal. 

4367
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:35,100
Victorian Court, culture, 
emphasized Duty propriety, and 

4368
03:58:35,100 --> 03:58:37,600
the sort of moral earnestness 
that would have made earlier 

4369
03:58:37,600 --> 03:58:40,900
generations of courtiers deeply 
uncomfortable, Victoria's 

4370
03:58:40,900 --> 03:58:43,800
marriage to Prince, Albert in 
1840, established the 

4371
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:46,600
partnership that would define 
Victorian Royal culture for the 

4372
03:58:46,608 --> 03:58:49,700
next two decades. 
Albert Braut, German 

4373
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:52,300
thoroughness, and intellectual 
seriousness to English Court 

4374
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:55,800
life, creating an atmosphere 
where governmental efficiency 

4375
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:59,500
cultural patronage, and moral 
Improvement, were pursued with 

4376
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:02,600
systemic dedication. 
The Victorian courts approached 

4377
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:04,700
to ceremonial Innovation 
illustrates this. 

4378
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:08,200
New seriousness of purpose. 
The great exhibition of 1851 

4379
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:12,400
organized under Albert's 
leadership was simultaneously a 

4380
03:59:12,400 --> 03:59:14,900
celebration of British 
industrial achievement a 

4381
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:18,000
demonstration of Imperial wealth
and a moral statement about the 

4382
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:21,000
benefits of international 
cooperation and technological 

4383
03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:23,300
progress. 
Halbert's influence on court 

4384
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:26,800
culture, extended far beyond 
ceremonial occasions, he 

4385
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:30,200
reorganized Royal finances. 
Modernized Royal Estates and 

4386
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,200
established new standards for 
the sort of cultural patronage 

4387
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:36,900
that the monarchy should provide
The prince consort treated Royal

4388
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:39,400
duties with the systematic 
attention to detail that 

4389
03:59:39,400 --> 03:59:41,900
successful. 
Businesses required applying 

4390
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,200
commercial principles to 
monarchical responsibilities the

4391
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,900
courts, daily routine, during 
Albert's lifetime reflected 

4392
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:51,200
this, business-like approach, 
Morning sessions, handled 

4393
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:53,000
administrative business with 
efficiency. 

4394
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:55,400
That would have impressed Tudor 
bureaucrats. 

4395
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:58,800
After noon meetings, dealt with 
the charitable organizations 

4396
03:59:58,800 --> 04:00:02,100
educational institutions and 
cultural projects that have 

4397
04:00:02,100 --> 04:00:05,900
become Central to Victorian 
Royal identity Victoria's grief 

4398
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:08,700
after Albert's death in 1861, 
transformed the court. 

4399
04:00:08,700 --> 04:00:12,400
Once again this time in ways 
that created long-term problems 

4400
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:16,300
for monarchical Prestige, the 
Queen's withdrawal from public 

4401
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,500
ceremonial duties meant that the
Victorian Court maintained its 

4402
04:00:19,500 --> 04:00:22,200
administrative functions while 
losing much of its symbolic 

4403
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:24,500
visibility. 
The court during Victoria's 

4404
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:27,500
widowhood operated like a 
governmental Department, whose 

4405
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:29,800
chief executive had chosen to 
work from home. 

4406
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:33,800
While Royal business proceeded, 
efficiently, the ceremonial 

4407
04:00:33,800 --> 04:00:37,100
aspects of monarchy which served
as public demonstrations of 

4408
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:39,900
constitutional continuity. 
Saw a significant reduction. 

4409
04:00:39,900 --> 04:00:42,900
This created opportunities for 
other members of the royal 

4410
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:44,600
family, particularly the Prince 
of Wales. 

4411
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:48,200
The future with the seventh to 
develop, alternative approaches 

4412
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:52,100
to Royal public life. 
Edwards Court in Waiting became 

4413
04:00:52,100 --> 04:00:55,000
a center for the sort of social 
activities that Victoria's 

4414
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:57,200
morning had eliminated from 
official Royal culture. 

4415
04:00:57,200 --> 04:01:00,600
The tension between Victoria's 
withdrawn approach and Edward's 

4416
04:01:00,600 --> 04:01:03,300
sociable style created two 
different models of Royal 

4417
04:01:03,300 --> 04:01:06,200
behavior that coexisted 
uncomfortably within the same 

4418
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:10,000
constitutional system. 
The Queen's moral Authority was 

4419
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:12,800
unquestioned, but her sons 
understanding of Royal 

4420
04:01:12,800 --> 04:01:15,500
ceremonial requirements, seemed 
more suited to practical 

4421
04:01:15,500 --> 04:01:19,500
political needs Victoria's 
golden jubilee in 1887 and 

4422
04:01:19,500 --> 04:01:23,000
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 
demonstrated that the Queen's 

4423
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:25,200
moral Authority. 
Had created a new form of 

4424
04:01:25,200 --> 04:01:28,300
monarchical. 
Prestige these celebrations were

4425
04:01:28,300 --> 04:01:31,400
just British occasions. 
There were Imperial festivals 

4426
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:34,400
that demonstrated how Victorian 
Royal culture had expanded to 

4427
04:01:34,400 --> 04:01:36,000
Encompass Global 
responsibilities. 

4428
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:39,200
The Victorian courts final 
achievement was establishing the

4429
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:42,300
Constitutional framework that 
would allow the British Monarchy

4430
04:01:42,300 --> 04:01:45,000
to survive the Democratic 
transformation of the 20th 

4431
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:48,000
century. 
Victoria's combination of moral 

4432
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:50,900
Authority, Imperial 
responsibility, and 

4433
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,200
constitutional propriety created
template for monarchical. 

4434
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:57,200
Relevance that proved adaptable 
to changing political 

4435
04:01:57,200 --> 04:02:00,200
circumstances as we reach the 
end of our gentle Journey 

4436
04:02:00,200 --> 04:02:02,100
Through the centuries of Royal 
courts. 

4437
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,900
You might find yourself 
reflecting on how these ancient 

4438
04:02:04,900 --> 04:02:07,100
patterns still echo in 
contemporary life. 

4439
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:11,700
The challenges that medieval 
kings faced balancing personal 

4440
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:14,600
desires with public 
responsibilities managing 

4441
04:02:14,600 --> 04:02:17,300
competing interest groups, 
adapting traditional 

4442
04:02:17,300 --> 04:02:21,300
institutions to changing 
circumstances remain remarkably 

4443
04:02:21,300 --> 04:02:24,000
familiar to anyone who observes 
modern politics or 

4444
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:26,000
organizational leadership 
English. 

4445
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:28,300
Royal courts of old from 
William, the conqueror's 

4446
04:02:28,300 --> 04:02:31,700
efficient Norman Administration.
To Victoria's moral Imperial 

4447
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:34,800
Authority, illustrating 
Humanities continuing 

4448
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:36,600
experiment. 
With the relationship between 

4449
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:38,700
individual Authority and 
Collective. 

4450
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:41,300
Governance. 
Each generation discovered that 

4451
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:44,900
successful leadership required 
inherited Traditions to 

4452
04:02:44,900 --> 04:02:48,300
contemporary realities while 
maintaining enough continuity to

4453
04:02:48,300 --> 04:02:49,800
preserve institutional 
legitimacy. 

4454
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,600
Perhaps, the most striking 
pattern is how consistently 

4455
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:56,900
English, Royal courts, served as
Laboratories for political 

4456
04:02:56,900 --> 04:02:59,800
innovation. 
The Magna Carta emerged from 

4457
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:03,100
King John's administrative 
failures Parliament developed 

4458
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:05,600
from Edward. 
The first financial needs the 

4459
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:09,200
Reformation Grew From Henry, the
8th's personal circumstances and

4460
04:03:09,200 --> 04:03:12,200
constitutional monarchy evolved 
from the Glorious revolution's 

4461
04:03:12,200 --> 04:03:14,900
political Necessities. 
These weren't planned 

4462
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:16,800
developments Guided by 
theoretical political 

4463
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:20,400
philosophy, they were practical 
solutions to immediate problems 

4464
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:23,200
created by people who were 
trying to make inherited 

4465
04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:26,100
governmental systems work under 
changing circumstances. 

4466
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:30,600
The Genius of English political 
development was its capacity to 

4467
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:33,900
transform temporary expedience 
into permanent constitutional 

4468
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:37,200
principles, the human Stories 
Behind These institutional 

4469
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:40,200
changes, Eleanor of aquitaine's 
political sophistication. 

4470
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:44,200
Richard the second's aesthetic 
Innovations, Elizabeth the first

4471
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:46,900
theatrical statecraft and 
Charles the second's, 

4472
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:49,900
Continental sophistication, 
remind us that political 

4473
04:03:49,900 --> 04:03:53,100
systems, ultimately expressions 
of individual personality 

4474
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,700
interacting with historical 
circumstance, as you settle 

4475
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:58,200
deeper into your comfortable 
spot. 

4476
04:03:58,200 --> 04:04:01,500
Tonight, you might consider how 
these Royal courts created, the 

4477
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,200
governmental Traditions that 
still influenced Democratic 

4478
04:04:04,200 --> 04:04:07,400
societies today. 
The idea that political 

4479
04:04:07,400 --> 04:04:10,900
Authority, requires popular 
consent, that governmental power

4480
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:14,200
should be limited by law and 
that cultural achievement in 

4481
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:18,000
enhances political legitimacy. 
These Concepts developed through

4482
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,400
centuries of experimentation in 
Royal households that were 

4483
04:04:21,408 --> 04:04:23,900
trying to solve practical, 
problems of leadership and 

4484
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:25,800
governments. 
The English Royal courts 

4485
04:04:25,800 --> 04:04:29,100
Evolution from medieval warrior 
Kings to constitutional monarchs

4486
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:31,900
reflects Humanity's broader 
journey toward more 

4487
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:33,900
sophisticated forms of social 
organization. 

4488
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,200
Each generation built upon 
previous achievements while 

4489
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:41,300
adapting to New Challenges, 
creating institutional, 

4490
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,700
continuity that allowed gradual 
transformation rather than 

4491
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:48,200
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 
as you drift towards sleep, you 

4492
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,100
carry with you, the stories of 
nearly a thousand years of human

4493
04:04:51,100 --> 04:04:55,700
creativity adaptation and the 
endless fascinating complexity 

4494
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:58,800
of people learn to live together
in organized societies. 

4495
04:04:59,600 --> 04:05:02,900
Sweet dreams and may your rest 
be as peaceful as a medieval 

4496
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:04,700
Monastery Garden on a quiet 
summer evening. 

4497
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:16,100
During the summer of 1962, when 
Kennedy was the president of the

4498
04:05:16,108 --> 04:05:19,200
Beatles were still unknown young
men in Liverpool, three men. 

4499
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:22,500
Each nursing dreams as vast as 
the Pacific that surrounded, 

4500
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:25,500
their concrete cage, sat in the 
heart of America's most 

4501
04:05:25,500 --> 04:05:30,100
notorious prison Alcatraz 
Federal Penitentiary, The Rock 

4502
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,400
to those. 
Who knew her intimately perched,

4503
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:36,000
like a medieval fortress on her 
Island, Throne, 22 Acres of 

4504
04:05:36,000 --> 04:05:38,200
hubris in fog and federal 
Authority. 

4505
04:05:39,400 --> 04:05:44,200
Frank Morris, inmate as 1441 
possessed, the kind of mind that

4506
04:05:44,200 --> 04:05:48,200
could unravel a Rubik's cube 
blindfolded, if such puzzles had

4507
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:52,800
existed. 
Then His IQ of 133, made him the

4508
04:05:52,800 --> 04:05:55,500
prisons unofficial genius, 
though. 

4509
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:58,000
His criminal resumes suggested 
he'd been applying his 

4510
04:05:58,000 --> 04:06:00,300
considerable, intellect to all 
the wrong equations. 

4511
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:04,200
Frank had collected felonies, 
such as bank robbery, car theft 

4512
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,900
and armed robbery, similar to 
how other men collect baseball 

4513
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:09,400
cards, and he did. 
So with about as much long-term 

4514
04:06:09,400 --> 04:06:12,600
planning, In the cell. 
Next to Frank's Metropolitan 

4515
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:17,500
headquarters, sat John Anglin, 
as 1476 a man whose Southern 

4516
04:06:17,500 --> 04:06:19,400
drawl could charm honey from a 
hive. 

4517
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:22,300
But who Sticky Fingers had 
landed him in more trouble than 

4518
04:06:22,300 --> 04:06:25,400
a cat in a yarn Factory. 
John and his brother Clarence 

4519
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:27,700
had been robbing banks. 
Since they were old enough to 

4520
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:30,200
reach the telur Windows though 
their methods lack, the 

4521
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:32,700
sophisticated planning that 
Frank brought to his Endeavors. 

4522
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:35,500
They were the kind of criminals 
who robbed a bank and then 

4523
04:06:35,500 --> 04:06:36,800
stopped for ice cream on the way
home. 

4524
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:39,600
Not realizing that mint 
chocolate chip doesn't provide 

4525
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:44,300
much of an alibi. 
Clarence Anglin as 1485 

4526
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:46,800
completed, this Unholy Trio of 
criminals. 

4527
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:50,600
If John was the charmer and 
Frank was the brain, Clarence 

4528
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:53,300
was the Steady Hand, the man who
could keep his cool. 

4529
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:55,100
When the heat was on the law was
closing in. 

4530
04:06:56,000 --> 04:06:58,300
Together. 
The three headed accumulated, 

4531
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:02,000
enough time Behind Bars to spend
several geological, epochs their

4532
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:05,000
sentences stretching into a 
future where flying cars and 

4533
04:07:05,000 --> 04:07:07,400
moon colonies, seemed more 
plausible than parole. 

4534
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:11,000
The rocket earned her reputation
through careful cultivation of 

4535
04:07:11,000 --> 04:07:14,600
despair. 
Alcatraz surrounded by Waters so

4536
04:07:14,600 --> 04:07:16,300
cold. 
They could freeze a man's Soul 

4537
04:07:16,300 --> 04:07:19,200
before his body. 
Hit the bay was designed by men 

4538
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,100
who understood that sometimes 
the most effective prison bars 

4539
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:23,800
are made of saltwater and 
hyperthermia. 

4540
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:26,800
The Swift and unforgiving, 
currents around the island. 

4541
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:30,000
Carried the dreams of would be 
escapes towards the Golden Gate 

4542
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:32,300
Bridge. 
And towards the sea Warden Olin 

4543
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:34,400
Blackwell, ran the prison with 
the Precision of a Swiss 

4544
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:36,900
timepiece and the warmth of a 
January morning and Siberia. 

4545
04:07:36,900 --> 04:07:40,100
He didn't herited Alcatraz from 
his predecessor like a family 

4546
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:45,400
curse this description includes 
the mythology of impregnated 

4547
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:50,700
criminals Under his watch 23 men
had attempted to escape in 14. 

4548
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:56,700
Separate trees, all had been 
recaptured shot or drowned, a 

4549
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:58,500
track record that would make any
Warden proud. 

4550
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:01,800
And any inmates thoughtful, the 
daily routine at Alcatraz 

4551
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:06,000
followed a rhythm as predictable
as a metronome wake at 6:30 to 

4552
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:08,400
the sound of a bell that had 
been imported from a defunct 

4553
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:12,200
Monastery to add a touch of 
ironic spirituality to the 

4554
04:08:12,200 --> 04:08:14,700
preceding, the kitchen staff 
prepared. 

4555
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:18,900
Breakfast leaving no room for 
weapons tools or hope the meals 

4556
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:21,000
were nutritionally adequate and 
gastronomically. 

4557
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,200
Devastating a combination that 
seemed designed to break the 

4558
04:08:24,200 --> 04:08:26,500
spirit while preserving the body
for future punishment. 

4559
04:08:27,400 --> 04:08:30,400
Work assignments, varied from 
the mundane to the mind-numbing.

4560
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:33,900
some inmates worked in the 
prison laundry whether they 

4561
04:08:33,900 --> 04:08:35,800
could contemplate the 
cleanliness, they were providing

4562
04:08:35,800 --> 04:08:38,800
to the outside world while 
wearing uniforms that made them 

4563
04:08:38,800 --> 04:08:42,200
look like extras in a 
particularly Grim musical others

4564
04:08:42,200 --> 04:08:44,700
worked in the kitchen, where 
they learned to create meals, 

4565
04:08:44,700 --> 04:08:48,300
that would make a medieval 
peasant grateful for gruel The 

4566
04:08:48,300 --> 04:08:51,200
most fortunate were employed in 
the prison Library where they 

4567
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:53,400
could immerse themselves, 
entails of locations, where the 

4568
04:08:53,400 --> 04:08:55,900
walls remained, free of 
condensation, and the Sea did 

4569
04:08:55,900 --> 04:08:57,300
not talk them with its close 
proximity. 

4570
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:00,600
But it was in the industrial 
Workshop that are three 

4571
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:03,600
protagonists found themselves a 
signed surrounded. 

4572
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:06,300
By tools, that were counted more
carefully than votes in a 

4573
04:09:06,300 --> 04:09:09,400
contested election. 
Amid the center of machine oil 

4574
04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:11,000
and the rhythm of industrial 
equipment. 

4575
04:09:11,000 --> 04:09:15,600
Frank Morris began to notice 
details Frank Morris observed, 

4576
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,000
the gradual settling of the 
concrete walls, over the 

4577
04:09:18,000 --> 04:09:21,200
decades. 
Of condensation, suggested 

4578
04:09:21,200 --> 04:09:23,200
different densities in the 
construction. 

4579
04:09:23,200 --> 04:09:26,500
Materials. the sound travels, 
through the ventilation system 

4580
04:09:26,500 --> 04:09:30,400
like whispered secrets, every 
evening as the sun painted, the 

4581
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,500
bay in shades of Freedom, the 
three men would return to their 

4582
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:36,200
cells. 
Six feet by nine feet of 

4583
04:09:36,200 --> 04:09:39,700
government issued solitude, But 
while their bodies were 

4584
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:42,900
confined, their minds began to 
wander down paths that would 

4585
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:45,100
have made Houdini himself nod 
with approval. 

4586
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:49,000
They started to see Alcatraz, 
not as an impregnable Fortress, 

4587
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:52,100
but is a very elaborate puzzle 
waiting to be solved. 

4588
04:09:53,100 --> 04:09:56,300
As the darkness in their cells 
grew and the fog rolled in from 

4589
04:09:56,300 --> 04:09:57,900
the Pacific like a protective 
blanket. 

4590
04:09:57,900 --> 04:10:01,500
Three men began to dream of a 
morning when they would awaken 

4591
04:10:01,500 --> 04:10:04,500
in a different place Ventura 
arrived at Alcatraz like an 

4592
04:10:04,508 --> 04:10:07,900
unwelcome relative settling in 
for a long stay and making 

4593
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:09,900
everyone miserable with its 
presence. 

4594
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:14,500
The fog grew thicker, the winds 
intensified, and the concrete 

4595
04:10:14,500 --> 04:10:17,800
walls appear to radiate despair.
It was during these gray months,

4596
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:20,800
that Frank Morris began to study
the prison with the dedication 

4597
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:24,100
of a doctoral candidate whose 
thesis was titled, creative 

4598
04:10:24,100 --> 04:10:25,900
applications of Structural 
Engineering. 

4599
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:30,200
The beauty of Frank's mind, lay 
not in its criminal applications

4600
04:10:30,200 --> 04:10:31,900
though, those had been 
impressive in their own 

4601
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:35,900
misguided way but in its ability
to see patterns where others saw

4602
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:38,300
only chaos. 
While his fellow inmates, 

4603
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:41,200
counted days until released 
dates that existed only in their

4604
04:10:41,208 --> 04:10:45,300
most optimistic fantasies Frank,
counted rivets measured shadows 

4605
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:48,400
and calculated thermal expansion
of Aging concrete. 

4606
04:10:49,400 --> 04:10:51,900
The Revelation came to him 
during a, particularly tedious 

4607
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:55,000
afternoon in the workshop, while
he was a signed to a pair of 

4608
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:57,400
ventilation great that had been 
damaged by the previous winter 

4609
04:10:57,400 --> 04:11:00,300
storms. 
As he worked, Frank noticed that

4610
04:11:00,300 --> 04:11:03,800
the concrete around the vent 
developed small cracks hairline,

4611
04:11:03,800 --> 04:11:06,600
fractures that spoke of a 
building settling into middle 

4612
04:11:06,600 --> 04:11:09,000
age. 
The Salt Air had been working at

4613
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:12,500
slow chemistry on the structure 
for decades and even the mighty 

4614
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:15,500
Alcatraz was not immune to the 
patient Persistence of time. 

4615
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:19,300
That evening, as the lights 
dimmed, and the prison settled 

4616
04:11:19,300 --> 04:11:22,800
into its nightly routine of, 
enforced contemplation, Frank, 

4617
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:26,100
shared his observation with the 
Anglin Brothers, their cell 

4618
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:29,400
Block, B Block had been 
constructed in the 1910s, when 

4619
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:32,800
concrete was more an art than a 
science and building codes were 

4620
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:35,700
suggestions, rather than 
Commandments the walls, that 

4621
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:38,400
held them with enough to contain
their bodies, but Frank 

4622
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:42,500
suspected, not necessarily their
Ingenuity, John Anglin, despite 

4623
04:11:42,500 --> 04:11:45,900
his reputation for impulsive 
decision-making, possessed, a 

4624
04:11:45,900 --> 04:11:49,300
Craftsman's, understanding of 
tools, and materials years of 

4625
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:51,900
breaking into places, had taught
him to read the language of 

4626
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:54,400
locks hinges and structural weak
points. 

4627
04:11:55,200 --> 04:11:57,600
When Frank described the 
condition of the concrete around

4628
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:01,000
the ventilation systems, John's 
eyes lit up with the kind of 

4629
04:12:01,000 --> 04:12:03,200
enthusiasm. 
Usually reserved for surprise 

4630
04:12:03,200 --> 04:12:07,200
inheritances or unexpected 
pardons Clarence. 

4631
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:09,700
Brought a different skill set to
their growing conspiracy. 

4632
04:12:09,700 --> 04:12:12,600
His years of incarceration. 
Had taught him The rhythms of 

4633
04:12:12,608 --> 04:12:15,500
prison life. 
When guards changed shifts which

4634
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,100
routes the security, patrols, 
followed, and how to move 

4635
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:20,800
through the institutional 
routine without attracting 

4636
04:12:20,800 --> 04:12:23,700
attention. 
If Frank acted as the architect 

4637
04:12:23,700 --> 04:12:26,600
and John as the engineer 
Clarence took on the role of the

4638
04:12:26,600 --> 04:12:28,700
choreographer. 
In their Evermore, intricate 

4639
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:31,900
Dance With Disaster. 
The plan began to take shape 

4640
04:12:31,900 --> 04:12:34,500
during their evening 
conversations whispered through 

4641
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:37,000
the ventilation system that 
connected their cells Like A 

4642
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:40,700
Primitive telephone Network. 
They would begin by widening. 

4643
04:12:40,700 --> 04:12:44,000
The ventilation greats in their 
individual cells, not enough to 

4644
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:47,400
escape immediately, but enough 
to create passage to the utility

4645
04:12:47,400 --> 04:12:49,000
Corridor. 
That ran by the cell block. 

4646
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:53,100
From there, they could access 
the roof and theoretically find 

4647
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,600
a way to reach the water. 
The word theoretically held 

4648
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:58,400
significant weight in their 
discussions. 

4649
04:12:58,400 --> 04:13:02,200
The distance from Alcatraz to 
Angel Island was about two miles

4650
04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:05,000
of water, that had more 
experienced swimmers than any of

4651
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:06,800
them. 
The currents were unpredictable.

4652
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:10,700
The water temperature, really 
Rose above 55 degrees and the 

4653
04:13:10,700 --> 04:13:13,100
Coast Guard maintained regular 
patrols specifically to 

4654
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:14,900
discourage the kind of Maritime 
Adventure. 

4655
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:18,200
They were contemplating But 
Frank had been studying the 

4656
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:20,600
tides and currents with the 
dedication of a marine 

4657
04:13:20,600 --> 04:13:23,300
biologist. 
He'd noticed that during certain

4658
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:26,700
tidal conditions debris from the
prison would wash up on Angel. 

4659
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:29,200
They set out to reach the 
island. 

4660
04:13:29,200 --> 04:13:31,400
Determine not to let the sea 
sweep them away. 

4661
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:35,200
If they could time their escape 
properly, the same current that 

4662
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:37,000
had doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

4663
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:39,500
carry them to safety. 
Frank had been modifying and 

4664
04:13:39,500 --> 04:13:41,800
hiding tools in the prison 
Workshop that could be used to 

4665
04:13:41,800 --> 04:13:45,300
chip away at the concrete, Frank
meticulously sharpened and 

4666
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:48,400
hardened, the spoon handle Frank
had broken off a piece of the 

4667
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:50,700
saw blade and concealed it in 
the soul of his shoe. 

4668
04:13:51,500 --> 04:13:54,500
Small tools that would do small 
work over a long time, the kind 

4669
04:13:54,508 --> 04:13:56,800
of patient progress that builds 
pyramids and topples 

4670
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,000
governments. 
But tools alone wouldn't be 

4671
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:00,900
enough. 
They would need to conceal their

4672
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:04,500
work from the daily inspections 
which meant creating dummy 

4673
04:14:04,500 --> 04:14:05,800
walls. 
That would hide the growing 

4674
04:14:05,800 --> 04:14:08,600
holes while appearing completely
normal to casuals of Asian. 

4675
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:11,900
This required materials, that 
weren't exactly available 

4676
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:15,000
through the prison commissary 
paint, that matched the cell 

4677
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:18,000
walls cardboard, that could be 
shaped, and colored to look like

4678
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:20,600
concrete and some way to hold it
all in place. 

4679
04:14:21,600 --> 04:14:24,900
John anglin's, artistic talents,
previously, applied only to 

4680
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:26,800
forging signatures and 
identification. 

4681
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:29,400
Documents would be put to more 
constructive use. 

4682
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,600
He began experimenting with 
soap, paint chips, and hair 

4683
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:35,200
clippings to create a mixture. 
That could be molded into shape 

4684
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:36,800
and painted to match the cell 
walls. 

4685
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:40,200
The results wouldn't fool a 
detailed inspection but they 

4686
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:42,000
might survive. 
The cursory glances that were 

4687
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:45,400
part of the daily routine. 
Meanwhile Clarence had been 

4688
04:14:45,408 --> 04:14:48,100
mapping the guard schedules with
the Precision of a railroad 

4689
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:50,900
timetable. 
He, which guards were thorough, 

4690
04:14:50,900 --> 04:14:53,900
which were lazy and which were 
easily distracted by 

4691
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:57,800
conversation about sports or 
whether more importantly, he'd 

4692
04:14:57,800 --> 04:15:00,900
identified the 15-minute window 
each evening when the cell block

4693
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,400
was essentially unguarded while 
the guards changed shifts and 

4694
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:06,300
counted heads. 
As winter deepened into spring, 

4695
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,500
their plan evolved from wishful 
thinking to genuine possibility,

4696
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:13,200
they would work at night when 
the prison settling sounds would

4697
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:16,200
cover the scraping. 
They would take turns keeping 

4698
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:19,000
watch communicating through 
their improvised, telephone 

4699
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:22,400
system, and carefully disposing 
of the concrete dust and debris.

4700
04:15:23,500 --> 04:15:26,500
The timeline was ambitious. 
They hoped to complete their 

4701
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:29,600
excavation by early summer and 
the water temperatures would be 

4702
04:15:29,608 --> 04:15:32,400
at their warmest and the weather
most favorable for their aquatic

4703
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,000
Adventure. 
But even as they refined their 

4704
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:38,000
plans and gather their 
materials, each man understood 

4705
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:40,700
that they were essentially 
planning and elaborate form of 

4706
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,000
suicide with a slim chance of 
success. 

4707
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:46,800
Yet somehow the impossibility of
their scheme, made it more 

4708
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,600
appealing rather than less after
years of being told what to do 

4709
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:53,900
when to wake up and what to eat 
planning, anything felt like a 

4710
04:15:53,900 --> 04:15:56,900
rebellion against the cosmic 
forces that had deposited them 

4711
04:15:56,900 --> 04:16:00,300
on this rock in the middle of 
the Bay Spring of 1962, brought 

4712
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:02,700
New Hope to Alcatraz in the form
of fresh paint and 

4713
04:16:02,700 --> 04:16:06,100
administrative optimism. 
The Bureau of Prisons had 

4714
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,400
decided that a little color 
might improve morale. 

4715
04:16:08,400 --> 04:16:11,500
Apparently operating under the 
theory that sage green Walls 

4716
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:14,000
would somehow make Federal 
incarceration, more palatable 

4717
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:17,600
While painters applied their 
cheerful coats of institutional 

4718
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:20,700
Improvement three inmates had 
begun their renovation project 

4719
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:23,300
working with tools that wouldn't
have impressed the most 

4720
04:16:23,308 --> 04:16:25,400
desperate Home Improvement 
enthusiast. 

4721
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:29,900
Frank Morris had perfected the 
art of productive insomnia each 

4722
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:34,600
night after the 9:30 lights out.
He would wait exactly 43 minutes

4723
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:37,200
for the sounds of the prison to 
settle into their nocturnal 

4724
04:16:37,200 --> 04:16:39,900
Rhythm. 
Then with the dedication of a 

4725
04:16:39,900 --> 04:16:42,800
medieval monk, Illuminating 
manuscripts, he would begin his 

4726
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:44,700
careful destruction of federal 
property. 

4727
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:48,300
The concrete around his sells 
ventilation, great had revealed 

4728
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:51,500
itself to be surprisingly, 
Cooperative crumbling away in 

4729
04:16:51,500 --> 04:16:54,600
small satisfying chunks under 
the persistent attention of his 

4730
04:16:54,600 --> 04:16:57,800
modified spoonhouse handle. 
The work required, a level of 

4731
04:16:57,800 --> 04:16:59,900
patience, that would have 
challenged a Buddhist monk. 

4732
04:16:59,900 --> 04:17:03,500
Each scrap of the improvised 
chisel, had to be gentled enough

4733
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:05,800
to avoid detection, but 
persistent enough to make 

4734
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:09,000
progress to aggressive and the 
sound would carry through the 

4735
04:17:09,000 --> 04:17:12,100
cell block like a dinner bell. 
If he was too tentative, he 

4736
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:14,400
would still be chipping away 
when the next ice age arrived. 

4737
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,200
Frank developed, a rhythm, three
gentle scrapes, paused to 

4738
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:21,500
listen, three more scrapes pause
to dispose of debris. 

4739
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:26,000
It was meditation through 
demolition, a Zen approached to 

4740
04:17:26,000 --> 04:17:29,000
jailbreaking. 
John Anglin had discovered an 

4741
04:17:29,000 --> 04:17:32,500
unexpected talent for forgery 
that extended Beyond signatures 

4742
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:35,700
and identification cards. 
His dummy ventilation great 

4743
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:38,800
crafted from cardboard and 
painted with a mixture that 

4744
04:17:38,800 --> 04:17:41,200
included soap, shavings paint 
chips. 

4745
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:43,100
And what he optimistically 
called? 

4746
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:46,500
Artistic license was becoming a 
masterpiece of deceptive 

4747
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:49,400
craftsmanship. 
The challenge wasn't just making

4748
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:53,000
it look like concrete and metal.
It had to look like old concrete

4749
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:56,500
and metal complete with the 
stains scratches and accumulated

4750
04:17:56,500 --> 04:18:00,100
Grime of Decades of neglect. 
The paint mixture had required 

4751
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:03,100
considerable experimentation too
much soap. 

4752
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:07,400
And it looked like what it was 
soap too little and it wouldn't 

4753
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:09,000
hold together long enough to be 
useful. 

4754
04:18:10,000 --> 04:18:12,900
John had finally achieved the 
right consistency by adding hair

4755
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:15,000
clippings. 
His own collected from monthly 

4756
04:18:15,000 --> 04:18:18,100
haircuts and Tiny fragments of 
concrete dust from Frank's 

4757
04:18:18,100 --> 04:18:20,800
excavation. 
The result was a substance that 

4758
04:18:20,800 --> 04:18:23,700
could be molded painted and 
positioned to fool. 

4759
04:18:23,700 --> 04:18:27,300
Anyone who wasn't looking too, 
careful, Clarence Anglin had 

4760
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:29,900
appointed himself, the 
Expeditions intelligence officer

4761
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:32,100
maintaining surveillance 
schedules, that would have 

4762
04:18:32,100 --> 04:18:35,700
impressed the CIA. 
He identified guard Paterson as 

4763
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:39,000
their most dangerous threat. 
A man who approached sell 

4764
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:41,200
inspections with the 
thoroughness of attacks auditor 

4765
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:43,000
and the suspicion of a jealous 
husband. 

4766
04:18:44,300 --> 04:18:48,200
This encountered rivets checked 
shadows and had once discovered 

4767
04:18:48,200 --> 04:18:50,800
a Contraband cigarette hidden 
inside, a hollowed-out bar of 

4768
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:54,000
soap if their deception was 
going to fail, Patterson would 

4769
04:18:54,000 --> 04:18:57,000
be the one to expose it. 
But even Patterson had 

4770
04:18:57,000 --> 04:19:00,600
weaknesses, he was diabetic and 
his blood sugar crashes, made 

4771
04:19:00,600 --> 04:19:04,200
him irritable and hurried during
evening inspections, he was also

4772
04:19:04,200 --> 04:19:07,000
a creature of habit following 
the same route through the cell 

4773
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:11,000
block every night spending. 
Exactly 45 seconds in each cell 

4774
04:19:11,000 --> 04:19:13,600
before. 
Moving on, if they could predict

4775
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,100
his timing and mood, they could 
ensure their dummy. 

4776
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,000
Walls were in place when he 
looked and removed when they 

4777
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:22,600
needed to work the disposal of 
excavated concrete presented, 

4778
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:26,300
its challenges simply dumping, 
it would create suspicious piles

4779
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,100
of debris that even the most 
inattentive guard would notice 

4780
04:19:30,000 --> 04:19:32,600
Instead they developed a 
distribution system, that would 

4781
04:19:32,600 --> 04:19:37,300
have impressed a drug cartel. 
They make small amounts of 

4782
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:40,100
concrete dust with soap and 
washed it down the drains during

4783
04:19:40,100 --> 04:19:43,600
their evening washing routine. 
They canceled larger chunks in 

4784
04:19:43,608 --> 04:19:46,100
the seams of their mattresses 
Distributing them. 

4785
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:49,300
So gradually that the changes in
weight and texture undetectable 

4786
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:52,600
They scattered some in the 
workshop, allowing it to blend 

4787
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:55,200
with the dust and debris of 
daily industrial activity. 

4788
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:59,600
They had recruited Alan West. 
Another inmate who sell was 

4789
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:02,900
adjacent to their operation. 
As both a lookout and a 

4790
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:06,300
participant West, sell required 
the same treatment as the others

4791
04:20:06,300 --> 04:20:08,600
and his Escape would help 
provide cover for the main 

4792
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,200
operation. 
However, West brought a level of

4793
04:20:11,200 --> 04:20:14,900
enthusiasm, that sometimes 
exceeded his competence while 

4794
04:20:14,900 --> 04:20:17,800
Frank approached the work with 
surgical precision and the 

4795
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:20,300
Anglin Brothers, contributed 
their specialized skills. 

4796
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:23,400
West attacked, his concrete with
the subtlety of a demolition 

4797
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:26,200
crew. 
West scraping was audible from 

4798
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:29,100
three cells away and his Moc 
wall resembled. 

4799
04:20:29,100 --> 04:20:31,400
Something a child might 
construct during a particularly 

4800
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,600
unsuccessful art project. 
The work progressed through 

4801
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:37,600
spring with the slow but steady 
pace of erosion, carving 

4802
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:41,800
Canyon's by Mae, Frank had 
created an opening large enough 

4803
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:44,900
to squeeze through, though, he 
tested it, only with careful 

4804
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:47,000
measurements rather than actual 
human trials. 

4805
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:49,100
The Anglin Brothers had 
achieved. 

4806
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:52,100
Similar progress though. 
John's perfectionist Tendencies 

4807
04:20:52,100 --> 04:20:53,900
meant. 
He spent almost as much time in 

4808
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:56,800
proving his dummy wall as he did
in large his opening. 

4809
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:00,600
The psychological toll of the 
work was as challenging as the 

4810
04:21:00,608 --> 04:21:03,600
physical demands each night, 
brought the possibility of 

4811
04:21:03,608 --> 04:21:06,500
Discovery and each morning, 
required them to resume their 

4812
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:09,600
roles as model prisoners. 
While concealing their growing 

4813
04:21:09,600 --> 04:21:11,700
excessive excitement and 
anxiety. 

4814
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:15,500
They had to maintain their 
routines participate in work. 

4815
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:18,900
Assignments and interact with 
guards and fellow inmates as if 

4816
04:21:18,900 --> 04:21:22,400
they're only concerns with a 
quality of the evening meal and 

4817
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:26,100
the possibility of mail call. 
Frank found himself studying the

4818
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:30,000
guards with new intensity, not 
just for security purposes but 

4819
04:21:30,000 --> 04:21:33,000
to understand how normal people 
behaved when they were not 

4820
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:36,500
planning impossible escapes. 
Guard Morrison had a habit of 

4821
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:39,000
humming as he made his rounds 
guard Peterson. 

4822
04:21:39,000 --> 04:21:41,600
Had a habit of pausing at 
specific cells to engaging 

4823
04:21:41,600 --> 04:21:44,300
conversation with the inmates. 
He held a particular dislike for

4824
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:47,000
guard. 
Colins developed a nervous habit

4825
04:21:47,000 --> 04:21:49,500
of jingling his keys whenever he
felt anxious about something. 

4826
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:52,900
These details would be crucial 
when the time came to move 

4827
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:56,100
through the prison undetected. 
The weather had begun to 

4828
04:21:56,108 --> 04:21:59,300
cooperate with their plans. 
The fog that rolled in each 

4829
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,200
evening, provided natural cover,
and the spring tides were 

4830
04:22:02,208 --> 04:22:05,100
creating current patterns that 
might actually help rather than 

4831
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:08,700
hinder, their water Escape. 
Frank had been studying the 

4832
04:22:08,700 --> 04:22:12,700
movements of debris and sea weed
noting, which pieces ended up on

4833
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:15,200
Angel Island and which 
disappeared into the Pacific. 

4834
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:18,900
Their window of opportunity was 
approaching, but so was the 

4835
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:21,800
increase risk that came with 
each passing day of this secret 

4836
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:25,300
construction project. 
As May progress toward June 

4837
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,700
three men continued their 
nightly routine of carefully 

4838
04:22:28,700 --> 04:22:32,200
destroying their prison cells, 
while maintaining the facade of 

4839
04:22:32,200 --> 04:22:35,100
resigned acceptance. 
They had committed themselves to

4840
04:22:35,100 --> 04:22:39,100
a plan that required perfect 
timing, Flawless execution, and 

4841
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:43,000
a considerable amount of luck. 
The alternative spending the 

4842
04:22:43,000 --> 04:22:46,700
remainder of their lives in 6 by
9 foot concrete boxes provided 

4843
04:22:46,700 --> 04:22:49,500
all the motivation they needed 
to continue their invisible 

4844
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:53,700
demolition project, June arrived
at Alcatraz with unusual warmth 

4845
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:57,200
as if the Pacific had decided to
offer a brief respite from its 

4846
04:22:57,200 --> 04:22:59,300
customary, indifference to human
comfort. 

4847
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:02,800
The unseasonably Pleasant 
weather felt like a cosmic wink 

4848
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:05,000
to three men who had been 
planning their departure for 

4849
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:07,000
months though. 
They maintained the prison's 

4850
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:09,700
routine with the dedication of 
method actors preparing for the 

4851
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,900
performance of their lives. 
Frank Morris had discovered that

4852
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:16,300
escaping from Alcatraz required 
skills, not typically taught in 

4853
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:19,600
criminal Enterprise's. 
Take navigation as an example. 

4854
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:22,800
The waters around the island 
moved with currents that 

4855
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:26,600
followed patterns more complex 
than Advanced calculus a 

4856
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,000
miscalculating. 
Their timing could result in a 

4857
04:23:29,000 --> 04:23:32,800
one-way trip to the Pharrell on 
Islands or more like the bottom 

4858
04:23:32,800 --> 04:23:35,400
of the Bay. 
Frank had been studying the 

4859
04:23:35,400 --> 04:23:38,200
movement of everything from 
seagull formations to sandwich 

4860
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:41,700
wrappers thrown overboard by the
weekly supply boat building a 

4861
04:23:41,700 --> 04:23:45,200
mental map of how the water 
moved and when The Breakthrough 

4862
04:23:45,200 --> 04:23:48,200
came when he noticed that prison
garbage thrown into the bay 

4863
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,000
during certain tidal conditions 
would wash up on July Island 

4864
04:23:51,000 --> 04:23:53,700
within hours. 
If they could time their escape 

4865
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:56,600
to coincide with those same 
conditions, the treacherous 

4866
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:58,700
currents that are doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

4867
04:23:58,700 --> 04:24:01,400
carry them to safety. 
It was a theory that sounded 

4868
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:04,700
plausible in whispered sailboat 
conversations but would require 

4869
04:24:04,700 --> 04:24:06,700
testing their hypothesis with 
their lives. 

4870
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:10,200
John Anglin had been perfecting 
what he called, the Great 

4871
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:12,500
deception, a collection of 
dummy. 

4872
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:14,900
Heads that would occupy their 
beds during The crucial hours 

4873
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:16,600
when guards conducted Knight 
counts. 

4874
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:21,000
Using a mix of soap, toilet, 
paper, paint, and hair collected

4875
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:22,300
from the prison. 
Barber Shop floor. 

4876
04:24:22,300 --> 04:24:25,800
John had created sculptures that
Bora reasonable resemblance to 

4877
04:24:25,808 --> 04:24:28,500
sleeping inmates. 
Assuming the guards didn't look 

4878
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:31,600
too closely and the lighting 
remained appropriately dim. 

4879
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:36,400
The heads were works of inspired
improvisation, John used real 

4880
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,400
hair, which he carefully 
arranged to match the individual

4881
04:24:39,400 --> 04:24:42,800
hairstyles of the sculptures. 
The features were molded from 

4882
04:24:42,800 --> 04:24:46,400
soap painted with pigments, 
extracted from magazine pages 

4883
04:24:46,400 --> 04:24:49,800
and mixed with substances that 
John preferred not to identify 

4884
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:52,700
two specifically. 
The ears were particularly 

4885
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:56,100
challenging apparently creating 
believably, as from soap, 

4886
04:24:56,100 --> 04:24:58,700
required an artistic sensibility
that John had never previously 

4887
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,400
applied to anything more 
ambitious than forging 

4888
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:04,200
signatures. 
Clarence Anglin had graduated 

4889
04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:06,600
from intelligence gathering to 
operational planning. 

4890
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:10,200
He'd identified, the exact route
they would take from their cells

4891
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:12,800
to the roof through the utility 
Corridor. 

4892
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:15,300
Behind the cell block up 
ventilation shaft that led to 

4893
04:25:15,300 --> 04:25:17,600
the roof. 
And then across the prison roof,

4894
04:25:17,600 --> 04:25:19,900
top to a point where they could 
descend to the water without 

4895
04:25:19,900 --> 04:25:21,300
being seen from the guard 
towers. 

4896
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:24,400
The journey would require them 
to navigate in complete 

4897
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:26,700
darkness, through spaces that 
were barely large enough. 

4898
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:30,000
For human passage carrying 
equipment that couldn't be left 

4899
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:33,300
behind, Alan West had become 
their weakling in ways that were

4900
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:34,700
both predictable and 
frustrating. 

4901
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:37,700
While the other three had been 
methodically preparing for every

4902
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,400
aspect of their escape West had 
been treating the project like 

4903
04:25:40,400 --> 04:25:42,900
an extended hobby rather than a 
life or death endeavor. 

4904
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:46,900
His concrete removal had been 
inconsistent, his dummy wall was

4905
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:49,900
unconvincing and his security 
awareness was approximately 

4906
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,500
equivalent to that of a tourist 
taking photos at a military 

4907
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:55,300
installation. 
The tools and materials for 

4908
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:57,500
their water Escape had been 
accumulated through a 

4909
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:01,800
combination of theft creativity 
and what Frank called adaptive 

4910
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:05,700
resource acquisition. 
Prison raincoats have been sewn 

4911
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:09,100
together to create a makeshift 
raft and life preservers it. 

4912
04:26:09,100 --> 04:26:11,200
Soaked the raft together, using 
thread from prison clothing. 

4913
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:14,100
And needles, fashioned from a 
metal scraps found in the 

4914
04:26:14,100 --> 04:26:16,500
workshop. 
The result looked like something

4915
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:19,100
that might have been rejected by
particularly undermining 

4916
04:26:19,100 --> 04:26:21,900
coastguard inspection, but it 
would hopefully provide enough 

4917
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,300
buoyancy to keep them alive 
until they reached land. 

4918
04:26:25,200 --> 04:26:27,600
Paddles had been carved from 
wooden pieces, found in the 

4919
04:26:27,600 --> 04:26:29,900
workshop shaped and smooth 
during lunch breaks. 

4920
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:33,300
And Stolen Moments, When guards 
were distracted, the paddles 

4921
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:35,900
were crude but functional 
assuming they didn't encounter 

4922
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:38,100
waves larger than those found in
an average bathtub. 

4923
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:41,300
Frank had calculated that they 
would need to cover 

4924
04:26:41,300 --> 04:26:45,000
approximately two miles of Open 
Water, probably in fog, while 

4925
04:26:45,000 --> 04:26:47,200
being sought by every law 
enforcement agency in Northern 

4926
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:50,300
California, the Escape timeline 
had been planned with the 

4927
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:52,500
Precision of a military 
operation there with 

4928
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:54,300
significantly less reliable 
equipment. 

4929
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:59,200
They would begin their departure
at 9:45 p.m. 15 minutes after 

4930
04:26:59,200 --> 04:27:02,000
lights out when the cell block 
settled in to its evening 

4931
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:04,200
routine. 
The dummy heads would be 

4932
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:07,200
positioned in their beds, the 
fake walls would be put in place

4933
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:09,800
behind their ventilation greats 
and they would begin their 

4934
04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:11,900
Journey Through the utility 
corridor. 

4935
04:27:12,900 --> 04:27:15,500
The climb to the roof would be 
the most dangerous part of their

4936
04:27:15,500 --> 04:27:18,900
internal navigation. 
The ventilation shaft was barely

4937
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:22,100
wide enough for human passage 
and any noise during the ascent 

4938
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:23,900
could alert guards to their 
escape attempt. 

4939
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:27,000
They would have to climb 
approximately 30 feet in 

4940
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:30,400
complete darkness, carrying 
their makeshift equipment while 

4941
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:35,000
remaining absolutely silent. 
Frank had rehearsed the climb in

4942
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:37,100
previous reconnaissance 
missions, but the actual 

4943
04:27:37,100 --> 04:27:39,200
performance was a completely 
different matter. 

4944
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,400
Once on the roof, they would 
have to cross approximately 60 

4945
04:27:42,400 --> 04:27:44,400
yards of open space to reach 
their descent Point. 

4946
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,500
Moving carefully to avoid being 
seen by guards in the towers. 

4947
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:50,300
The guard towers had searched 
lights that. 

4948
04:27:50,300 --> 04:27:53,400
Swept the prison grounds on 
irregular, schedules and being 

4949
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:55,000
caught in. 
One of those beams would end 

4950
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:57,500
their escape attempt in a hail 
of gunfire and official 

4951
04:27:57,500 --> 04:28:00,400
disappointment. 
The Descent the water would 

4952
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:02,900
require them to climb down the 
outside of the prison building 

4953
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:05,900
using makeshift ropes created 
from sheets and towels, stolen 

4954
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:09,100
from the laundry, the drop was 
approximately 50 feet and the 

4955
04:28:09,100 --> 04:28:11,500
improvised climbing equipment 
would have to support their 

4956
04:28:11,500 --> 04:28:13,500
weight, plus the weight of their
escape materials. 

4957
04:28:14,300 --> 04:28:16,400
Frank had tested the Rope 
strength using methods. 

4958
04:28:16,400 --> 04:28:19,400
He preferred not to describe in 
detail but the results had been 

4959
04:28:19,400 --> 04:28:22,500
marginally encouraging Has June 
progressed? 

4960
04:28:22,500 --> 04:28:24,900
Their preparations entered, the 
Final Phase. 

4961
04:28:24,900 --> 04:28:28,900
The concrete removal was 
essentially complete But West 

4962
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:31,000
continued to struggle with 
opening his act. 

4963
04:28:31,800 --> 04:28:34,200
The dummy heads were ready for 
their theatrical debut. 

4964
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:37,200
The Escape equipment was as 
prepared as prison resources 

4965
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:40,300
would allow where the conditions
were favorable with fog, 

4966
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:42,700
predicted for the evening, they 
had chosen for their departure. 

4967
04:28:42,700 --> 04:28:46,600
But perhaps, most importantly, 
three men had committed 

4968
04:28:46,600 --> 04:28:49,500
themselves psychologically to an
undertaking that required them 

4969
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,500
to bet their lives on the 
accuracy of their planning and 

4970
04:28:52,500 --> 04:28:54,500
the reliability of their 
improvised equipment. 

4971
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:57,400
They had reached the point where
backing down was no longer 

4972
04:28:57,408 --> 04:29:00,600
possible, not because of 
external pressure, but because 

4973
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:03,500
they had convinced themselves 
that freedom was worth the 

4974
04:29:03,500 --> 04:29:09,400
considerable risk of death. 
The date was set, June 11th 1962

4975
04:29:09,400 --> 04:29:12,400
in less than 48 hours. 
They would discover where the 

4976
04:29:12,408 --> 04:29:15,100
months of planning and 
preparation had created a viable

4977
04:29:15,100 --> 04:29:17,800
escape plan or an elaborate form
of suicide. 

4978
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:21,500
The Pacific Ocean would render 
its verdict with the finality 

4979
04:29:21,500 --> 04:29:25,100
that only nature can provide the
morning, sun painted, San 

4980
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:27,200
Francisco Bay in shades of gold 
and promise. 

4981
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:30,600
While inside Alcatraz three men 
move through their daily 

4982
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:33,800
routines with the focused calm 
of actors preparing for opening 

4983
04:29:33,800 --> 04:29:36,100
night each Monday night 
activity. 

4984
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:39,200
Greek first work. 
Detail afternoon, Recreation 

4985
04:29:39,200 --> 04:29:43,200
carried the weight of finality 
as if they were participating in

4986
04:29:43,200 --> 04:29:47,300
a farewell tour of institutional
life, Frank Morris spent the 

4987
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:49,800
morning in the workshop with 
unusual attention to his 

4988
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:52,700
assigned, tasks repairing, 
ventilation equipment with the 

4989
04:29:52,700 --> 04:29:55,800
ironic dedication of a man who 
had spent months systematically 

4990
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:59,900
dismantling similar fixtures. 
his hands worked automatically, 

4991
04:29:59,900 --> 04:30:03,300
while his mind ran through the 
evenings timeline, like a 

4992
04:30:03,300 --> 04:30:06,800
conductor rehearsing a complex 
Symphony, Every movement had 

4993
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:10,600
been choreographed every 
contingency considered yet the 

4994
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:12,600
fundamental uncertainty 
remained. 

4995
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:15,400
With their months of 
preparation, prove, sufficient, 

4996
04:30:15,400 --> 04:30:18,700
or would they join the ranks of 
alcatroz fail to escape 

4997
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,800
attempts, the Anglin Brothers 
maintained, their customary 

4998
04:30:21,800 --> 04:30:24,100
routine with studied normalcy 
though. 

4999
04:30:24,100 --> 04:30:26,900
John found himself paying 
unusual attention to details. 

5000
04:30:26,900 --> 04:30:30,500
He might never see again. 
The afternoon, like dance 

5001
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:33,800
Through the Windows of the cell 
block, the sound of fog horns. 

5002
04:30:33,800 --> 04:30:37,300
Beginning, their evening chorus 
years of daily interaction had 

5003
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:39,800
made the guards familiar faces 
as predictable as sunrise. 

5004
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:43,600
These observations didn't stem 
from sentiment as they couldn't 

5005
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:46,000
afford it. 
But rather from the sharp aware 

5006
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:48,300
that often accompany 
irreversible decision's. 

5007
04:30:49,400 --> 04:30:51,900
Alan West had been struggling 
with his concrete removal for 

5008
04:30:51,900 --> 04:30:55,000
weeks, working with the Frantic 
energy of a student cramming for

5009
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:57,400
final exams. 
All though his opening was still

5010
04:30:57,400 --> 04:31:00,000
slightly too small for 
comfortable, passage his 

5011
04:31:00,000 --> 04:31:02,100
perfectionist, Tendencies had 
run out of time. 

5012
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:04,600
The tides would be favorable to 
night. 

5013
04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:07,800
The guards schedules were 
optimal and weather forecasts 

5014
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:10,300
predicted the fog cover they 
needed Westwood. 

5015
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:12,700
Have to make his existing 
opening work or risk 

5016
04:31:12,700 --> 04:31:14,300
compromising the entire 
operation. 

5017
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:18,300
As evening approached, the 
prison settled into its familiar

5018
04:31:18,300 --> 04:31:21,500
rhythm of enforced, routine 
dinner was consumed with the 

5019
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:24,800
usual institutional, efficiency 
food that was nutritionally. 

5020
04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:28,200
Adequate and gastronomically. 
Forgettable served by kitchen 

5021
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:29,400
staff. 
Who had perfected? 

5022
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:30,900
The art of culinary. 
Indifference. 

5023
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,800
Conversation, followed the 
approved patterns complaints 

5024
04:31:34,800 --> 04:31:38,000
about food quality speculation 
about guard, Personnel changes 

5025
04:31:38,000 --> 04:31:41,400
and discussions of scores from 
newspapers that are arrived 

5026
04:31:41,400 --> 04:31:44,800
days, late and already obsolete.
But beneath this surface 

5027
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:48,000
normalcy three, men were 
conducting final equipment 

5028
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:50,800
checks with the thoroughness of 
astronauts preparing for launch.

5029
04:31:51,600 --> 04:31:53,300
The dummy heads were positioned 
and ready. 

5030
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:56,800
The makeshift flotation devices 
were concealed and accessible. 

5031
04:31:57,600 --> 04:32:00,900
We tested the improvised, rope's
one final time employing 

5032
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:03,900
methods, that would not draw the
attention of casual observers. 

5033
04:32:03,900 --> 04:32:08,100
Everything was ready as months 
of prison-based preparation 

5034
04:32:08,100 --> 04:32:12,600
could make it at 9:30 p.m. the 
lights went out on schedule and 

5035
04:32:12,600 --> 04:32:15,200
Alcatraz began its transition to
night time security. 

5036
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,200
Protocols the three 
conspirators, waited in this 

5037
04:32:18,200 --> 04:32:20,600
cells with the patients of 
experience, criminals, who 

5038
04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:22,300
understood that timing was 
everything. 

5039
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:25,800
If they are to early, the guards
would still be conducting their 

5040
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:29,500
initial counts. too late and 
that they would miss the title 

5041
04:32:29,500 --> 04:32:31,800
conditions that could mean the 
difference between reaching 

5042
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:37,700
Angel Island and disappearing 
into the Pacific 945 PM arrived 

5043
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:42,100
with astronomical precision. 
Frank Morris began the delicate 

5044
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:44,500
process of removing his dummy 
ventilation, great. 

5045
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:48,200
And positioning, his soap 
sculpture head in his bed, the 

5046
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:50,300
head looked reasonably 
convincing in the dim light. 

5047
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:52,800
Certainly, convincing enough to 
fool a guard. 

5048
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,400
Conducting a routine count from 
the cell block corridor. 

5049
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:58,700
The real test would come at 
midnight when God's would 

5050
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:00,200
conduct their more thorough 
inspection. 

5051
04:33:00,200 --> 04:33:04,500
But by then the escape parties 
would either be safely away or 

5052
04:33:04,500 --> 04:33:06,900
Beyond caring. 
About Garden spectrums, the 

5053
04:33:06,900 --> 04:33:09,200
utility Corridor behind the cell
block was everything. 

5054
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:11,099
Frank had expected and several 
things. 

5055
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:13,800
He hadn't. 
The space was crammed filled 

5056
04:33:13,800 --> 04:33:15,500
with pipes and electrical 
conduits. 

5057
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:17,800
That seemed determined to catch 
on clothing and Equipment. 

5058
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:21,300
The air was thick with Decades 
of accumulated dust and the 

5059
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:22,800
metallic smell of Aging 
infrastructure. 

5060
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,099
Moving through the corridor 
required, a combination of 

5061
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,500
athletic ability and 
contortionist skills Complicated

5062
04:33:29,500 --> 04:33:32,300
by the need to remain absolutely
silent while carrying a 

5063
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:34,400
equipment that seemed designed 
to make noise at the worst 

5064
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:37,200
possible moments with the grace 
of a man who had spent 

5065
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:40,099
considerable time. 
Practicing the movement, John 

5066
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:42,300
Anglin emerged from his cell 
into the corridor. 

5067
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:46,500
His dummy head was positioned 
his fake wall, was in place and 

5068
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:48,800
his portion of the Escape 
equipment was secured and ready 

5069
04:33:48,800 --> 04:33:51,700
for transport. 
The months of preparation had 

5070
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:54,300
honed a level of coordination 
that would have impressed 

5071
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,300
professional dancers, despite 
the significant risk of missing 

5072
04:33:57,300 --> 04:33:59,099
a cue compared to audience 
disapproval. 

5073
04:34:00,300 --> 04:34:02,800
Clarence followed with the 
steady competence that had made 

5074
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:04,000
him. 
The Operations Logistics 

5075
04:34:04,000 --> 04:34:06,800
coordinator. 
Everything that could be planned

5076
04:34:06,800 --> 04:34:09,900
had been planned and everything 
else would have to be improvised

5077
04:34:09,900 --> 04:34:12,700
on principles of creative 
problem-solving and desperate 

5078
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:15,800
innovation. 
The utility Corridor of the 

5079
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:19,099
atmosphere of a theaters 
backstage area where the 

5080
04:34:19,108 --> 04:34:21,599
performance held Paramount, 
importance of the audience 

5081
04:34:21,599 --> 04:34:23,700
consisted, solely of our armed 
critics. 

5082
04:34:24,500 --> 04:34:26,900
Alan West encountered. 
His first major crisis at 

5083
04:34:26,900 --> 04:34:31,599
exactly 9:52 p.m. his 
ventilation opening some way 

5084
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:35,000
despite weeks of enlargement 
efforts remained slightly too 

5085
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:38,300
small for comfortable Passage. 
what had seemed like a minor 

5086
04:34:38,300 --> 04:34:40,800
issue during planning now 
revealed itself as a potentially

5087
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:44,599
catastrophic problem, West 
struggled with his opening while

5088
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,099
his Partners waited in the 
corridor precious minutes 

5089
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:49,500
ticking away like a countdown to
launch that couldn't be 

5090
04:34:49,500 --> 04:34:52,099
postponed. 
The decision was made with the 

5091
04:34:52,099 --> 04:34:55,000
brutal efficiency that 
emergencies Situation's demand 

5092
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:58,099
Westwood, continue working on 
his opening and follow when he 

5093
04:34:58,108 --> 04:35:00,300
could. 
The others would proceed with 

5094
04:35:00,300 --> 04:35:03,000
the Escape rather than risk the 
entire operation for one 

5095
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:06,500
person's preparation problems. 
It was a calculated decision, 

5096
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:09,099
but prison had taught all of 
them that survival. 

5097
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,500
Sometimes necessitated 
abandoning those who couldn't 

5098
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:15,800
keep up the climb to the roof 
began at 10:03 p.m. 13 minutes 

5099
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:17,800
behind schedule. 
But still within acceptable 

5100
04:35:17,800 --> 04:35:21,000
parameters. 
The ventilation shaft was as 

5101
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:24,099
challenging as reconnaissance 
had suggested, narrow dark and 

5102
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,900
filled with obstacles that seem 
designed by someone with a 

5103
04:35:26,900 --> 04:35:30,300
sadistic sense of humor. 
Frank led the climb followed by 

5104
04:35:30,300 --> 04:35:33,599
John and Clarence each man 
carrying equipment that made the

5105
04:35:33,608 --> 04:35:36,200
ascent more difficult than 
climbing a ladder while juggling

5106
04:35:36,200 --> 04:35:39,300
flaming torches. 
The roof of Alcatraz stretched 

5107
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:42,300
before them like a concrete. 
Ocean bathed in fog that 

5108
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:44,200
provided both concealment and 
navigation. 

5109
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:47,599
Challenges the guard towers were
visible as points of light in 

5110
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:50,500
the Mist, their searchlights 
creating moving patterns that 

5111
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,099
had to be avoided with the 
Precision of Dance AS performing

5112
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,599
a deadly choreography. 
The three men moved across the 

5113
04:35:56,599 --> 04:36:00,200
roof with careful steps, where 
the single misstep could result 

5114
04:36:00,200 --> 04:36:02,400
in noise that would bring guards
running, from all directions, 

5115
04:36:02,400 --> 04:36:06,099
1047 p.m. they, reached their 
descent point and began the 

5116
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,200
rappelled to the water's edge, 
the improvised ropes, supported 

5117
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:11,300
the men's weight. 
But they creaked and stretched 

5118
04:36:11,300 --> 04:36:13,099
in a way that made each man 
questioned whether he would 

5119
04:36:13,099 --> 04:36:15,700
successfully complete The 
Descent or become an unwilling 

5120
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:19,900
test of gravity's reliability. 
The water below was dark cold 

5121
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:22,800
and moving with current that 
would determine whether their 

5122
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:25,200
months of planning would result 
in Freedom or tragedy. 

5123
04:36:25,200 --> 04:36:28,500
As they prepared to enter the 
bay three men stood at the edge 

5124
04:36:28,500 --> 04:36:31,099
of the Pacific Ocean with 
equipment that looked like, it 

5125
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:33,700
had been designed by optimistic 
children and faith that had been

5126
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:36,200
tested by months of impossible 
preparation. 

5127
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:40,400
Behind them, lay Alcatraz a 
head, lay the unknown and all 

5128
04:36:40,400 --> 04:36:42,000
around them. 
Lay water that had claimed 

5129
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:44,599
previous Escape attempts with 
the indifference of natural 

5130
04:36:44,599 --> 04:36:47,200
forces operating. 
According to laws, that didn't 

5131
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,700
recognize human ambition. 
The moment of commitment had 

5132
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:53,099
arrived. 
There would be no more planning,

5133
04:36:53,099 --> 04:36:54,700
no more preparation. 
No more rehearsals. 

5134
04:36:54,700 --> 04:36:57,800
Will, they had, was the water, 
the darkness and the hope that 

5135
04:36:57,800 --> 04:36:59,300
their months of diligent 
neighborhood. 

5136
04:36:59,300 --> 04:37:01,900
Yielded something capable of 
guiding them towards Liberation 

5137
04:37:01,900 --> 04:37:08,300
at 11:23 p.m. on June 11th, 1962
three men slipped into San 

5138
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:11,300
Francisco Bay with the quiet 
desperation of souls entering 

5139
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:13,800
Purgatory. 
The waters coldness was the 

5140
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:16,400
liquid embodiment of all their 
doubts, after months of 

5141
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:19,000
planning. 
Frank Morris The Mastermind 

5142
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:22,200
whose IQ had crafted their 
escape found himself wandering. 

5143
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:26,099
If intelligence was any match 
for the Primal forces of tide 

5144
04:37:26,099 --> 04:37:28,000
and current that now controlled 
their destiny. 

5145
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:31,800
The makeshift raft, cobbled 
together from prison raincoats 

5146
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:34,599
and sustained by faith rather 
than engineering principles. 

5147
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,599
Settled into the water with all 
the buoyancy of a concrete life 

5148
04:37:38,599 --> 04:37:41,500
preserver. 
What had appeared relatively sea

5149
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:43,500
worthy during their cell block 
planning, session's. 

5150
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:46,000
Now, stood as a testament, to 
the victory of Hope, over 

5151
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:50,099
hydraulic Dynamics, The 
improvised paddles carved from 

5152
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:53,099
workshops scraps and felt out 
about as effective as using 

5153
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:57,000
spoons to navigate the Atlantic.
John Anglin whose artistic 

5154
04:37:57,000 --> 04:37:59,099
talents had created their 
deceptive dummy. 

5155
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:02,099
Heads discovered that artistic 
Vision, didn't translate to 

5156
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:05,200
Maritime navigation. 
The fog that had seemed like 

5157
04:38:05,207 --> 04:38:06,700
providential cover from the 
shore. 

5158
04:38:06,700 --> 04:38:09,700
Now, surrounded them like a 
living entity reducing 

5159
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:12,599
visibility to approximately the 
length of their inadequate raft.

5160
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:16,300
Every direction looked 
identical, Dark Water Fading 

5161
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:20,099
Into Dark Mist with no landmarks
visible and no clear indication 

5162
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:23,099
of which way LED to Angel Island
versus Which Way led to the 

5163
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:25,000
Farallon Islands in certain 
death. 

5164
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:28,800
Clarence Anglin, the Steady Hand
who had mapped guards, 

5165
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:31,700
schedule's with military, 
Precision, found himself trying 

5166
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,400
to apply that same methodical 
approach to reading water, 

5167
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:38,099
currents and complete darkness. 
The bay moved around them with 

5168
04:38:38,099 --> 04:38:42,300
liquid complexity streams, 
within streams Eddies and flows.

5169
04:38:42,300 --> 04:38:44,700
That seem to follow patterns 
that were comprehensible only to

5170
04:38:44,700 --> 04:38:47,700
marine biologists and the swords
spirits of drowned sailors. 

5171
04:38:48,800 --> 04:38:52,000
Every paddle stroke was a 
calculated guests and every 

5172
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:54,700
navigational decision, carried a
risk of hypothermia and 

5173
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:57,500
drowning. 
The sound of their escape had 

5174
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:00,400
been swallowed by fog and 
distance but somewhere behind 

5175
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:03,800
them Alcatraz continued. 
Its nightly routine unaware that

5176
04:39:03,808 --> 04:39:06,700
three of its most reluctant 
residents had departed without 

5177
04:39:06,700 --> 04:39:10,599
filing, the proper paperwork. 
Alan West remained in his cell. 

5178
04:39:10,599 --> 04:39:13,400
Still struggling with his 
ventilation opening his escape 

5179
04:39:13,400 --> 04:39:15,900
attempt abandoned in favor of 
not alerting guards to the 

5180
04:39:15,900 --> 04:39:19,099
absence of his cellmates. 
His failure to join them was 

5181
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:21,500
both a personal tragedy and a 
tactical Advantage. 

5182
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,500
One fewer person to crowd their 
inadequate Raft. 

5183
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:27,900
One More dummy, head in place to
maintain the illusion of normal 

5184
04:39:27,900 --> 04:39:30,800
occupancy. 
The Pacific Ocean began its 

5185
04:39:30,800 --> 04:39:33,500
examination of their escape plan
with the thoroughness of a 

5186
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:35,300
federal prosecutor reviewing 
evidence. 

5187
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:39,100
Every weakness in their 
preparation was tested by waves,

5188
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:42,100
that seemed larger than physics,
should have allowed currents 

5189
04:39:42,100 --> 04:39:45,000
that pulled them in directions. 
They could not identify and 

5190
04:39:45,000 --> 04:39:47,400
water temperatures that made 
their improvised life, 

5191
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:51,600
preservers feel like ice cubes 
with straps the raft designed by

5192
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:54,700
hope and constructed. 
By necessity began to show signs

5193
04:39:54,700 --> 04:39:57,500
of structural anxiety as 
saltwater found every seam and 

5194
04:39:57,500 --> 04:40:01,200
tested every improvised repair. 
Frank had calculated that they 

5195
04:40:01,200 --> 04:40:03,900
needed to cover approximately 
two miles to reach Angel Island,

5196
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:06,700
the calculations. 
Assuming of the starting point 

5197
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:10,200
destination and Direction, all 
of which had become theoretical 

5198
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:14,000
Concepts in the fog, wraps 
Darkness The lights of San 

5199
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,400
Francisco were obscured by The 
Mists and Angel Island felt as 

5200
04:40:17,400 --> 04:40:20,500
distant as another continent. 
Their navigational equipment. 

5201
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:24,300
Relied on Instinct desperation 
and three waterlogged paddles 

5202
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:26,700
that were starting to show their
own structural issues. 

5203
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:30,000
The cold was becoming a factor 
that no amount of planning at 

5204
04:40:30,000 --> 04:40:33,400
adequately addressed Prison 
uniforms weren't designed for 

5205
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,400
aquatic adventures and the 
improvised flotation devices 

5206
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:40,200
provided buoyancy, but no 
insulation, each man could feel 

5207
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:43,000
his body a temperature dropping 
with the systematic efficiency 

5208
04:40:43,000 --> 04:40:45,700
of a thermometer in a freezer 
and they're paddling became less

5209
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:48,300
about navigation and more about 
generating enough movement to 

5210
04:40:48,300 --> 04:40:51,500
maintain circulation. 
But the most dangerous enemy 

5211
04:40:51,500 --> 04:40:55,100
wasn't cold or current. 
It was doubt every minute in the

5212
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:57,700
water brought new evidence. 
That their plan had been created

5213
04:40:57,700 --> 04:40:59,500
by optimism. 
Rather than reality. 

5214
04:41:00,200 --> 04:41:02,900
The raft was too small, the 
equipment to improvised the 

5215
04:41:02,900 --> 04:41:05,400
distance too far and the 
conditions too hostile. 

5216
04:41:06,000 --> 04:41:09,100
Each wave that washed over their
makeshift vessel, carried the 

5217
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:11,400
whispered suggestion that they 
should have stayed in their 

5218
04:41:11,400 --> 04:41:15,300
cells, accepted their sentences 
and grown old Behind Bars, 

5219
04:41:15,300 --> 04:41:16,700
rather than young beneath the 
bay. 

5220
04:41:16,700 --> 04:41:19,800
Yes, something kept them 
paddling, perhaps it was the 

5221
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:21,900
months of investment they had 
made in the Escape Plan. 

5222
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:24,900
Perhaps it was the knowledge 
that returned to Alcatraz would 

5223
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:27,500
mean solitary confinement and 
the kind of official attention 

5224
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:30,700
that makes prison life 
considerably more unpleasant or 

5225
04:41:30,700 --> 04:41:32,800
perhaps it was the simple human 
refusal to surrender. 

5226
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:36,400
When surrender means death, even
when the alternative seems 

5227
04:41:36,400 --> 04:41:39,600
equally terminal. 
The fog began to thin around. 

5228
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:43,500
1:30 a.m. revealing patches of 
Starlit sky, that provided their

5229
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:45,700
first reliable navigation, 
reference in hours. 

5230
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:48,700
Frank oriented himself using 
constellations. 

5231
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:51,600
He remembered from childhood 
camping trips, before his life, 

5232
04:41:51,600 --> 04:41:54,000
had taken the series of Wrong 
Turns that led to Federal 

5233
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,900
incarceration. 
The North Star steady, and 

5234
04:41:56,900 --> 04:41:59,300
reliable helped him. 
Establish Direction though 

5235
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:00,900
establishing their location 
remained. 

5236
04:42:00,900 --> 04:42:03,400
A matter of educated, guesswork 
and Maritime prayer. 

5237
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:07,300
As a visibility improved, they 
could make out the darker mass 

5238
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:09,900
of land ahead. 
Whether Angel Island, Alcatraz 

5239
04:42:09,900 --> 04:42:12,700
or some previously, undiscovered
piece of real estate remained to

5240
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:16,100
be determined, their paddling 
had become automatic their arms.

5241
04:42:16,100 --> 04:42:18,600
Moving with the mechanical 
Persistence of men who had 

5242
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:20,500
discovered that stopping mint 
sinking. 

5243
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:23,900
The raft, structural Integrity 
had degraded into the point 

5244
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:26,500
where it was more of a flotation
suggestion in an actual 

5245
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,600
watercraft held together by 
determination and rapidly 

5246
04:42:29,600 --> 04:42:32,300
failing adhesive. 
The current had been carrying 

5247
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:34,900
them steadily, but it remained 
unclear whether they were 

5248
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:37,400
heading towards salvation or 
destruction and until they felt 

5249
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:39,500
their improvised paddles, 
scraping against something 

5250
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:41,700
solid. 
Sand rock. 

5251
04:42:42,700 --> 04:42:45,400
The Blessed resistance of land 
meeting water was evident. 

5252
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:49,000
They had reached Shore the 
weather, they had traveled to 

5253
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:52,100
miles to Angel Island or 200 
yards in a circle back to 

5254
04:42:52,100 --> 04:42:54,500
Alcatraz would be determined 
when they could see their 

5255
04:42:54,500 --> 04:42:57,600
surroundings in daylight. 
Dragging themselves onto the 

5256
04:42:57,600 --> 04:42:59,000
beach with the grace of 
exhausted. 

5257
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:01,700
Seals three, men collapsed onto 
Solid Ground. 

5258
04:43:01,700 --> 04:43:04,500
For the first time in hours, 
there are Escape equipment. 

5259
04:43:04,500 --> 04:43:07,100
What remained of it was 
abandoned to the tide? 

5260
04:43:07,900 --> 04:43:11,700
The prison uniforms were soaked 
torn and decorated with seaweed 

5261
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:14,200
in ways that wouldn't have 
impressed any fashion critics 

5262
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:18,500
but they were alive on land and 
no longer inmates of Alcatraz 

5263
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:21,800
Federal Penitentiary Dawn would 
reveal their location and 

5264
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:25,600
determine their next moves. 
Until then they lay on an 

5265
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:28,500
unknown Beach watching the fog 
roll back across the bay, 

5266
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:31,600
listening to the sound of waves 
that had carried them either to 

5267
04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:33,300
Freedom or to a different kind 
of captivity. 

5268
04:43:34,200 --> 04:43:37,200
The Pacific had rendered its 
verdict but the final judgment 

5269
04:43:37,200 --> 04:43:40,500
remained to be written by 
daylight luck and the ability of

5270
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:43,200
three exhausted fugitives to 
continue their improvised 

5271
04:43:43,200 --> 04:43:45,600
journey to wherever escaped 
convicts. 

5272
04:43:45,600 --> 04:43:46,900
Go. 
When the impossible becomes 

5273
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:52,000
merely improbable Dawn arrived 
on June 12th 1962 with the cruel

5274
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:54,300
Clarity that daylight brings to 
midnight decision. 

5275
04:43:55,300 --> 04:43:57,300
Three men who had spent the 
night discovering where the 

5276
04:43:57,300 --> 04:43:58,700
desperation could overcome 
physics. 

5277
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:01,300
Now face, the morning's harsh 
accounting of their aquatic 

5278
04:44:01,300 --> 04:44:03,800
Adventure The beach beneath them
was real. 

5279
04:44:03,800 --> 04:44:07,200
The water behind them was real 
but their location remained a 

5280
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:10,100
mystery that would be sold by 
geography rather than hope. 

5281
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:14,100
Frank Morris opened his eyes to 
find himself staring at a 

5282
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:16,900
landscape that looked 
suspiciously like the California

5283
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:19,700
coast the weather. 
They had reached Angel Island 

5284
04:44:19,700 --> 04:44:23,400
returned to Alcatraz or washed 
up on some entirely different 

5285
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:25,400
piece of real estate remained to
be determined. 

5286
04:44:26,200 --> 04:44:29,100
His body ached with the specific
pain that comes from spending 

5287
04:44:29,100 --> 04:44:30,600
hours. 
In cold water, while wearing 

5288
04:44:30,600 --> 04:44:33,900
clothes, designed for indoor 
prison use rather than Maritime 

5289
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:38,800
Adventures The brilliant escape 
plan so carefully crafted during

5290
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:42,100
months of cell block 
conspiracies, had deposited them

5291
04:44:42,100 --> 04:44:43,700
on an unknown Shore with no 
equipment. 

5292
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:47,100
No identification. 
And no clear idea of what to do 

5293
04:44:47,108 --> 04:44:49,500
next. 
The Anglin Brothers moved 

5294
04:44:49,500 --> 04:44:52,300
cautiously like men testing 
which parts of their bodies 

5295
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:54,900
still functioned after spending 
a night in the ocean. 

5296
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:59,100
John's artistic talents. 
So useful for creating dummy, 

5297
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:01,700
heads and fake walls. 
Seemed less applicable to their 

5298
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:04,600
current situation which called 
for skills, more, commonly 

5299
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,400
associated with survival 
training than creative forgery. 

5300
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:10,800
Circumstances that are 
transcended the predictable 

5301
04:45:10,800 --> 04:45:13,400
routine of prison life. 
Similarly challenged clarence's 

5302
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:17,100
systematic approach to planning 
Their first priority was to 

5303
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:20,700
pinpoint their location, a task 
that necessitated a level of 

5304
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:23,100
urgency in their reconnaissance 
compared to their early 

5305
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:26,200
intelligence gathering. 
If they had somehow managed to 

5306
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:29,100
Circle back to Alcatraz, there 
are escaped attempt, would 

5307
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:31,200
become a very short story with 
an unhappy ending. 

5308
04:45:32,200 --> 04:45:34,700
If they had reached Angel 
Island, they would need to find 

5309
04:45:34,700 --> 04:45:37,400
a way off the island. 
Before Park Rangers or Coast 

5310
04:45:37,400 --> 04:45:38,400
Guard. 
Patrols discovered their 

5311
04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:40,400
presence. 
If they had been taken 

5312
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:43,100
elsewhere, they would have to 
find their bearings and continue

5313
04:45:43,100 --> 04:45:46,400
their journey to Freedom. 
The coastline revealed itself as

5314
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:50,000
they explored and the News was 
both good and problematic, they 

5315
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:53,300
had indeed reached Angel Island,
their intended destination, 

5316
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:55,800
which meant their navigation had
been more accurate than the 

5317
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:59,000
conditions had suggested. 
However, Angel Island was not 

5318
04:45:59,000 --> 04:46:00,600
exactly a launching pad to 
Freedom. 

5319
04:46:00,600 --> 04:46:04,000
It was a state park regularly, 
patrolled and connected to the 

5320
04:46:04,000 --> 04:46:06,500
mainland only by ferry service. 
That required tickets 

5321
04:46:06,500 --> 04:46:09,200
identification and the kind of 
paperwork. 

5322
04:46:09,200 --> 04:46:13,000
They were unlikely to possess 
But they were no longer inmates 

5323
04:46:13,000 --> 04:46:16,200
of Alcatraz which represented 
progress of a sort. 

5324
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,800
Their legal status, had evolved 
from incarcerated to escaped 

5325
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:24,400
fugitives, which was arguably an
improvement in terms of personal

5326
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:27,200
autonomy, though it came with 
its set of challenges. 

5327
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:31,200
The FBI would shortly be 
genuinely interested in their 

5328
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:33,400
whereabouts. 
The US Marshals would be 

5329
04:46:33,400 --> 04:46:36,700
updating their wanted posters 
and every law enforcement agency

5330
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:39,600
in Northern California would be 
looking for three men, whose 

5331
04:46:39,600 --> 04:46:42,600
descriptions would be circulated
with the efficiency of a chain 

5332
04:46:42,600 --> 04:46:44,800
letter. 
The immediate challenge was 

5333
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:47,500
getting off Angel Island before 
their presence was discovered 

5334
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:49,700
ferry service was out of the 
question. 

5335
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:53,000
Swimming was no longer appealing
after their previous aquatic 

5336
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:56,200
experience and commandeering a 
boat would add Maritime theft to

5337
04:46:56,200 --> 04:46:59,100
their growing list of federal 
charges, they needed 

5338
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:01,600
transportation, that was both 
available and inconspicuous 

5339
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:04,800
which narrowed their options to 
Creative Solutions, that would 

5340
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:09,200
have tested the Ingenuity of a 
professional escape artist Their

5341
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:11,600
prison uniforms had to be 
addressed before they could move

5342
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:13,200
in public without attracting 
attention. 

5343
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:16,700
The site of three men in 
drenched federal prison 

5344
04:47:16,700 --> 04:47:18,500
clothing. 
Was likely to spark curiosity, 

5345
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,700
leading to calls to authorities 
in a swift end to their fleeting

5346
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,300
moment of Freedom. 
They needed civilian clothes, 

5347
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:28,300
which meant finding them through
methods that were available to 

5348
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:31,700
escaped convicts with no money, 
no connections, and no 

5349
04:47:31,700 --> 04:47:35,400
legitimate means of acquisition.
The morning progressed with the 

5350
04:47:35,400 --> 04:47:38,100
methodical problem solving that 
had characterized their Escape 

5351
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:41,300
Plan. 
Frank's intelligents, John's 

5352
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:44,600
creative resourcefulness and 
Clarence is systematic approach.

5353
04:47:44,600 --> 04:47:47,300
Were applied to challenges that 
were immediate and practical. 

5354
04:47:48,000 --> 04:47:52,600
Food clothing, transportation 
and avoiding recapture long 

5355
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,500
enough to establish some kind of
sustainable existence outside 

5356
04:47:55,500 --> 04:47:59,100
Federal custody, but even as 
they plan their next moves, each

5357
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:01,800
Manor, understood that their 
escape from Alcatraz was only 

5358
04:48:01,800 --> 04:48:03,500
the beginning of a much longer 
Journey. 

5359
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:06,500
They had proved that the 
inescapable prison could be 

5360
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:08,700
escaped. 
But they had also committed 

5361
04:48:08,700 --> 04:48:11,700
themselves to lives as permanent
fugitives in a country where 

5362
04:48:11,700 --> 04:48:14,700
their faces would be known to 
every law enforcement officer 

5363
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:18,100
from coast to coast. 
The morning, sun illuminated, 

5364
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:21,500
the Paradox of their success 
warming, their salts stiffened 

5365
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:24,200
clothes and revealing the 
California landscape and sharp 

5366
04:48:24,200 --> 04:48:27,800
detail. 
They had the impossible escaping

5367
04:48:27,800 --> 04:48:31,500
from Alcatraz Federal 
Penitentiary, using improvised 

5368
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:34,500
tools, handmade equipment and 
planning that have been 

5369
04:48:34,508 --> 04:48:37,400
conducted entirely within the 
most secure prison in America 

5370
04:48:37,400 --> 04:48:40,500
yet their triumphant for 
delivered, the not to freedom, 

5371
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:42,400
but to a different kind of 
captivity. 

5372
04:48:42,400 --> 04:48:45,900
The hunted existence of men who 
could never again, live under 

5373
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:48,200
their names, or return to the 
places they had. 

5374
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:50,700
No. 
As they prepared to leave Angel 

5375
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:53,100
Island and begin the next 
chapter of their story. 

5376
04:48:53,100 --> 04:48:55,500
Three men stood at the 
intersection of Legend and 

5377
04:48:55,500 --> 04:48:58,600
reality they had become part of 
Alcatraz mythology. 

5378
04:48:58,600 --> 04:49:01,100
There are escaped joining the 
annals of impossible 

5379
04:49:01,100 --> 04:49:03,800
achievements that Inspire others
to attempt the improbable. 

5380
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:07,400
But they had also learned that 
escaping from prison is only the

5381
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:10,400
first step in a journey that 
continues for the rest of their 

5382
04:49:10,400 --> 04:49:12,900
lives. 
However, long those lives might 

5383
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:17,300
prove to be The Pacific Ocean 
which are tested their resolve 

5384
04:49:17,300 --> 04:49:20,400
and nearly claimed their lives 
stretched behind them like, a 

5385
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:24,000
liquid barrier between their 
past and their future ahead, lay

5386
04:49:24,000 --> 04:49:27,400
the mainland, with its 
opportunities, and dangers, its 

5387
04:49:27,400 --> 04:49:30,800
promise of freedom, and its 
guarantee of Perpetual Pursuit. 

5388
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:34,400
Three men who had started. 
As inmates had become fugitives 

5389
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:37,500
and their story was no longer 
about escaping from Alcatraz. 

5390
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,300
It was about learning to live 
with the consequences of having 

5391
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,600
done the impossible. where the 
Frank Morris and the Anglin 

5392
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:47,100
Brothers survived their escape 
established new identities and 

5393
04:49:47,100 --> 04:49:49,800
lived out their days in 
Anonymous Freedom or whether 

5394
04:49:49,800 --> 04:49:52,900
they perished in the bay that 
night remains, one of America's 

5395
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:59,300
most enduring Mysteries, On June
of 11th 1962 three men showed 

5396
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,000
that even the most secure prison
is only a strong as the 

5397
04:50:02,000 --> 04:50:04,200
imagination of those its seeks 
to contain. 

5398
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:08,500
They transform themselves from 
criminals into legends from 

5399
04:50:08,500 --> 04:50:12,000
prisoners into symbols of the 
Eternal human desire to be free.

5400
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:14,900
And somewhere in the Morning, 
Mist rolling off. 

5401
04:50:14,900 --> 04:50:19,000
San Francisco Bay their story 
continues, not as history, but 

5402
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:22,500
as possibility, not as fact but 
as the kind of truth that grows 

5403
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,700
stronger with each telling 
reminding us that sometimes the 

5404
04:50:25,700 --> 04:50:28,300
most impossible Dreams are the 
ones most worth pursuing. 

5405
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:37,900
Now, shut your eyes and 
visualize yourself floating 

5406
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,300
slowly through centuries of 
History until you gently land 

5407
04:50:41,300 --> 04:50:46,600
in, what is now Iraq. 
Circa, 2100 BCE, the smell is 

5408
04:50:46,608 --> 04:50:51,200
what hits you first, not the 
site, baking bread river water. 

5409
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:55,300
And yes, a lot of livestock. 
Welcome to the first real 

5410
04:50:55,300 --> 04:50:58,300
neighborhood in Civilization 
where people made the decision 

5411
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:01,100
to settle down and stop 
aimlessly wandering around like 

5412
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:04,200
lost tourists. 
Tigris and Euphrates are two 

5413
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:07,300
rivers, that would make any real
estate agent cry with delight. 

5414
04:51:08,100 --> 04:51:10,000
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

5415
04:51:10,000 --> 04:51:12,900
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

5416
04:51:12,900 --> 04:51:15,600
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

5417
04:51:16,500 --> 04:51:19,000
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

5418
04:51:19,000 --> 04:51:22,200
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

5419
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:24,000
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

5420
04:51:24,000 --> 04:51:27,400
to a dinner party guests, maybe 
asking yourself, why anyone 

5421
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:29,900
would decide to live in, what is
effectively a massive flood 

5422
04:51:29,900 --> 04:51:32,400
plain? 
Imagine having soil, that is so 

5423
04:51:32,400 --> 04:51:34,600
dark and Rich that with a little
encouragement. 

5424
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:38,600
You could probably grow tomatoes
every year when these Rivers 

5425
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,900
flood, they leave behind a thick
layer of the most Fertile Mud on

5426
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:44,400
the planet. 
It took the rest of us, 

5427
04:51:44,400 --> 04:51:46,500
Millennia, to realize what the 
locals are discovered. 

5428
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:50,000
Sometimes the greatest things in
life, have a small mess 

5429
04:51:50,000 --> 04:51:52,700
associated with them. 
You wouldn't recognize the 

5430
04:51:52,700 --> 04:51:55,100
cities that arising all around 
you from contemporary urban 

5431
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:57,900
planning. 
This place lacks tidy Suburban 

5432
04:51:57,900 --> 04:52:02,300
grids and straight lines, rather
visualize organic growth. 

5433
04:52:02,300 --> 04:52:07,200
Akin to a coral reef composed of
human ambition and mud bricks 

5434
04:52:07,200 --> 04:52:10,900
narrow streets, wind between 
houses like old hiking trails 

5435
04:52:10,900 --> 04:52:13,500
and houses clustered together as
if they are having a 

5436
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:16,400
never-ending neighborhood. 
Conversation, another thing that

5437
04:52:16,400 --> 04:52:18,700
strikes you as being very 
Antiquated, is the lack of 

5438
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:22,400
electrical hums, the quiet of 
engines and the absence of any 

5439
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:23,900
traffic that resembles rush 
hour. 

5440
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:28,000
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

5441
04:52:28,000 --> 04:52:31,500
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

5442
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:33,200
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

5443
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:36,400
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

5444
04:52:36,400 --> 04:52:38,900
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

5445
04:52:38,900 --> 04:52:42,700
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

5446
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:46,300
The first large-scale urban 
living experiment in history is 

5447
04:52:46,300 --> 04:52:49,600
what you're seeing in essence, 
these individuals are inventing.

5448
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:52,300
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

5449
04:52:52,300 --> 04:52:55,400
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

5450
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:58,600
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

5451
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:02,000
eats When your neighbors goat 
keeps eating your Bali. 

5452
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:03,600
How do you keep things from 
going? 

5453
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,800
Completely out of control, as 
you will see, the answer 

5454
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:10,500
combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

5455
04:53:10,500 --> 04:53:13,100
can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

5456
04:53:13,100 --> 04:53:17,300
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

5457
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:18,700
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

5458
04:53:18,700 --> 04:53:21,500
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

5459
04:53:21,500 --> 04:53:24,300
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

5460
04:53:24,300 --> 04:53:27,200
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

5461
04:53:28,000 --> 04:53:30,500
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

5462
04:53:30,500 --> 04:53:34,200
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

5463
04:53:34,200 --> 04:53:36,900
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

5464
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:40,200
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

5465
04:53:40,200 --> 04:53:43,400
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

5466
04:53:43,400 --> 04:53:47,100
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

5467
04:53:47,100 --> 04:53:51,000
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

5468
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:55,100
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what, instead of just 

5469
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:58,200
accepting this water when you 
feel like giving it to us, we're

5470
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:00,000
going to convince you to share 
it on our schedule. 

5471
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:03,200
The Mesopotamian said glancing 
at their rushing Rivers. 

5472
04:54:03,200 --> 04:54:06,500
The end effect is a network of 
watery highways that would make 

5473
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:08,500
the roads of ancient Rome appear
straightforward. 

5474
04:54:09,300 --> 04:54:12,500
Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

5475
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:15,800
From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

5476
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:19,500
channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

5477
04:54:19,500 --> 04:54:22,400
water but it goes to your barley
patch rather than your kitchen 

5478
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:25,700
sink in addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing. 

5479
04:54:25,700 --> 04:54:29,300
If this system fails, the city 
as a whole loses lunch, in 

5480
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,300
addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

5481
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:35,700
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which has never been done before

5482
04:54:35,700 --> 04:54:38,900
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

5483
04:54:38,900 --> 04:54:41,900
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbors crops are 

5484
04:54:41,900 --> 04:54:43,800
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

5485
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:46,500
Upstream to construct a damn, 
without taking Downstream 

5486
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:49,400
residents in to account. 
People must look beyond their 

5487
04:54:49,400 --> 04:54:51,900
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

5488
04:54:51,900 --> 04:54:53,500
For the first time in human 
history. 

5489
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:55,800
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

5490
04:54:55,800 --> 04:54:59,300
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

5491
04:54:59,300 --> 04:55:03,700
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B insists

5492
04:55:03,700 --> 04:55:07,100
is irrigation ditch was there 
first and farmer, a accuses 

5493
04:55:07,100 --> 04:55:08,500
farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

5494
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:11,200
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

5495
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,600
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

5496
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:17,000
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

5497
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:19,900
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

5498
04:55:19,908 --> 04:55:23,100
clipboards they combine elements
of weather, forecasting, 

5499
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,900
engineering diplomacy and 
refereeing they must comprehend.

5500
04:55:26,900 --> 04:55:30,300
Not only the flow of water but 
also human thought crop growth 

5501
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:33,900
and how to stop Neighbors from 
igniting generation long feuds. 

5502
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:37,700
The good news is that it does 
work, your witnessing thousands 

5503
04:55:37,700 --> 04:55:40,200
of people successfully, 
arranging their daily schedules 

5504
04:55:40,200 --> 04:55:44,000
around common resources. 
Every year, the Harvest arrives,

5505
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,400
the fields, turn green at the 
appropriate times and the 

5506
04:55:47,408 --> 04:55:50,400
irrigation ditches run. 
According to plan, when the 

5507
04:55:50,408 --> 04:55:53,400
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

5508
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,700
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

5509
04:55:56,700 --> 04:55:59,700
strangle their neighbor's. 
It's like watching a huge 

5510
04:55:59,700 --> 04:56:02,300
Antiquated version of a 
neighborhood potluck, except in 

5511
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:05,800
stead of bringing casserole's, 
this system's success has a 

5512
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:07,600
significant impact on human 
society. 

5513
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:10,500
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

5514
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:12,900
consistently produce more food 
than they were required for 

5515
04:56:12,900 --> 04:56:15,600
survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

5516
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:17,700
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

5517
04:56:17,700 --> 04:56:21,700
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

5518
04:56:21,700 --> 04:56:24,300
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

5519
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,700
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

5520
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:31,500
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

5521
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:33,600
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

5522
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,400
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

5523
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:39,700
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

5524
04:56:39,700 --> 04:56:42,200
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

5525
04:56:42,200 --> 04:56:45,900
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

5526
04:56:45,900 --> 04:56:47,700
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

5527
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,800
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

5528
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,800
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

5529
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:56,500
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you continue 

5530
04:56:56,500 --> 04:56:58,700
your leisurely, exploration of 
this ancient world. 

5531
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:01,900
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

5532
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:06,000
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

5533
04:57:06,000 --> 04:57:08,500
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

5534
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:11,400
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

5535
04:57:11,400 --> 04:57:14,200
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

5536
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,600
bronze and more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

5537
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:21,200
they have ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

5538
04:57:21,200 --> 04:57:23,900
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

5539
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:27,400
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

5540
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:30,600
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

5541
04:57:30,600 --> 04:57:33,100
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

5542
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,500
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

5543
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,300
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

5544
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:42,300
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

5545
04:57:42,300 --> 04:57:46,000
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

5546
04:57:46,000 --> 04:57:49,100
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

5547
04:57:49,100 --> 04:57:52,400
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

5548
04:57:52,400 --> 04:57:55,400
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

5549
04:57:55,400 --> 04:57:58,900
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

5550
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:01,500
best metal. 
Is build reputations and people 

5551
04:58:01,500 --> 04:58:04,300
begin to request tools made by 
particular Artisans. 

5552
04:58:04,300 --> 04:58:08,300
So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

5553
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:11,200
Yelp, reviews, except of posting
them online. 

5554
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:13,900
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

5555
04:58:13,900 --> 04:58:15,500
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

5556
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:19,500
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

5557
04:58:19,500 --> 04:58:23,000
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

5558
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:24,500
is being created by these 
individuals. 

5559
04:58:24,500 --> 04:58:28,300
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

5560
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:30,000
between people who have 
different needs. 

5561
04:58:30,000 --> 04:58:32,900
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

5562
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,400
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

5563
04:58:36,400 --> 04:58:39,900
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

5564
04:58:39,900 --> 04:58:42,500
grow barley. 
The toolmaker needs copper for 

5565
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:44,800
his next project. 
Not barley, but he wants 

5566
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:47,600
payment. 
In order to trade up north, the 

5567
04:58:47,600 --> 04:58:49,800
copper Trader needs wool, not 
barley. 

5568
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:52,400
The shepherd needs Bali, but he 
has wool. 

5569
04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:55,600
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

5570
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:58,100
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

5571
04:58:58,100 --> 04:58:59,500
through their irrigation 
channels. 

5572
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:02,600
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

5573
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:04,300
value to move throughout the 
community. 

5574
04:59:05,500 --> 04:59:08,100
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

5575
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:10,800
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

5576
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:12,300
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

5577
04:59:13,100 --> 04:59:15,400
Toolmaker agrees to make your 
plow right away. 

5578
04:59:15,400 --> 04:59:19,000
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

5579
04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:23,200
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

5580
04:59:23,200 --> 04:59:25,500
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

5581
04:59:25,500 --> 04:59:27,800
this system, not just any 
writing. 

5582
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,900
But every day, useful, writing 
that can document who is 

5583
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:34,600
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

5584
04:59:34,600 --> 04:59:38,100
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, your

5585
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:40,400
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

5586
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:43,600
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

5587
04:59:43,600 --> 04:59:46,600
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

5588
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:50,200
earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

5589
04:59:50,200 --> 04:59:54,400
Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

5590
04:59:54,400 --> 04:59:58,500
inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay, with 

5591
04:59:58,500 --> 05:00:01,200
marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

5592
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:04,100
bureaucracy, indeed. 
You're also witnessing the 

5593
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:07,000
development of accounting. 
All of these promises 

5594
05:00:07,000 --> 05:00:09,900
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

5595
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:13,800
community must be monitored by 
someone even though the early 

5596
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:17,400
accountants worked by Lamplight 
with clay, tablets and Reed 

5597
05:00:17,400 --> 05:00:20,400
styluses rather than in 
contemporary offices with 

5598
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:23,700
computers, they were addressing 
the same issues that accountants

5599
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:25,800
do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

5600
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:29,500
Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

5601
05:00:29,500 --> 05:00:32,100
the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

5602
05:00:32,100 --> 05:00:35,700
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

5603
05:00:35,700 --> 05:00:38,500
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

5604
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:41,000
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

5605
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:42,800
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

5606
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:46,300
exploration of this ancient 
world, These Mesopotamians 

5607
05:00:46,300 --> 05:00:49,000
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

5608
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:51,900
issues like trade and 
irrigation, they're aiming for 

5609
05:00:51,908 --> 05:00:55,200
something greater something that
appeals to the basic human need 

5610
05:00:55,200 --> 05:00:58,600
to build monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

5611
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:02,000
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

5612
05:01:02,000 --> 05:01:05,500
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

5613
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:08,600
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

5614
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:11,700
buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertions 

5615
05:01:11,700 --> 05:01:15,100
proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

5616
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:18,100
potential. 
People say, we can move 

5617
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,100
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

5618
05:01:21,108 --> 05:01:24,600
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

5619
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:27,100
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

5620
05:01:27,100 --> 05:01:29,700
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

5621
05:01:29,700 --> 05:01:32,300
site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

5622
05:01:32,300 --> 05:01:35,100
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

5623
05:01:35,100 --> 05:01:38,500
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

5624
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:42,100
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

5625
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:46,800
willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

5626
05:01:46,800 --> 05:01:49,700
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

5627
05:01:49,700 --> 05:01:51,800
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

5628
05:01:51,800 --> 05:01:55,300
bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

5629
05:01:55,300 --> 05:01:58,900
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

5630
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,400
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

5631
05:02:02,400 --> 05:02:04,000
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

5632
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:07,100
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

5633
05:02:07,100 --> 05:02:10,900
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

5634
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:14,900
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

5635
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:17,600
effectively managing the Biggest
construction company in the 

5636
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:20,600
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

5637
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:22,800
the workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

5638
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:26,300
Considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

5639
05:02:26,300 --> 05:02:28,600
world, they are citizens 
carrying out. 

5640
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:32,500
Their civic duties, seasonal 
workers and skilled Artisans. 

5641
05:02:32,500 --> 05:02:35,900
People donate their time to 
building projects that benefit 

5642
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:39,100
everyone during the agricultural
offseason when the fields, don't

5643
05:02:39,100 --> 05:02:41,600
need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

5644
05:02:41,600 --> 05:02:44,900
greater than anyone person could
on their own, has a very human 

5645
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,800
quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

5646
05:02:47,800 --> 05:02:51,100
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

5647
05:02:51,100 --> 05:02:55,000
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats are also symbolic Look

5648
05:02:55,000 --> 05:02:56,500
what we can do when we work 
together. 

5649
05:02:56,500 --> 05:03:00,400
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

5650
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:03,100
engineering is needed. 
The builders must comprehend. 

5651
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:06,700
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

5652
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,300
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

5653
05:03:10,300 --> 05:03:13,900
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

5654
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:15,900
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

5655
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:19,000
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

5656
05:03:19,000 --> 05:03:21,800
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

5657
05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:25,400
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

5658
05:03:25,400 --> 05:03:27,700
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

5659
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:30,700
producing millions of identical 
bricks to guarantee. 

5660
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,700
Uniformity throughout large 
production runs they create 

5661
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:37,700
standardized molds, quality 
assurance, protocols, and drying

5662
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,300
methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

5663
05:03:40,300 --> 05:03:42,100
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

5664
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:43,900
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

5665
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:46,900
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

5666
05:03:46,900 --> 05:03:49,300
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

5667
05:03:49,300 --> 05:03:52,600
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

5668
05:03:52,600 --> 05:03:55,500
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

5669
05:03:55,500 --> 05:03:57,300
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

5670
05:03:57,300 --> 05:03:59,200
Others are moving them and 
still. 

5671
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:01,000
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

5672
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:04,300
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

5673
05:04:04,300 --> 05:04:08,300
to be motivated, supervised and 
in sync, it's similar to 

5674
05:04:08,308 --> 05:04:11,400
conducting an orchestra except 
that hundreds of construction 

5675
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:14,600
workers are used in place of 
musicians and architecture that 

5676
05:04:14,600 --> 05:04:16,900
will Outlast Empires is used in 
place of music. 

5677
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:19,900
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

5678
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:23,100
enormous construction projects 
that is actually far more 

5679
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:25,800
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

5680
05:04:25,800 --> 05:04:27,700
through this amazing 
civilization. 

5681
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:32,200
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

5682
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:35,800
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

5683
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:37,500
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

5684
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:40,900
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings 

5685
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:44,200
dotted across the city's young 
adults and children are 

5686
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:46,000
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

5687
05:04:46,000 --> 05:04:49,200
and workshops or fields. 
The lessons they are learning at

5688
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:51,600
the first schools in history 
will have a lasting impact on 

5689
05:04:51,600 --> 05:04:54,500
human civilization. 
These are not informal teachings

5690
05:04:54,500 --> 05:04:56,000
that parents in part to their 
children. 

5691
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,400
This is formal education, 
complete with learning 

5692
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:02,000
objectives standardized, 
curricula and qualified 

5693
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:04,400
teachers. 
In addition to learning 

5694
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:06,700
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and law. 

5695
05:05:06,700 --> 05:05:10,200
Students, also practice writing 
by copying out traditional 

5696
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:12,600
texts. 
They are becoming literate in 

5697
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:15,500
the art of knowledge acquisition
as well as in their native 

5698
05:05:15,500 --> 05:05:17,800
tongue. 
Your high school algebra teacher

5699
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:20,400
would be ecstatic about the 
mathematics being developed 

5700
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:22,700
here. 
These individuals are dealing 

5701
05:05:22,700 --> 05:05:26,000
with ideas that appear to be 
nearly contemporary, geometric 

5702
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,400
principles, place value, 
notation and mathematical 

5703
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:32,200
relationships that are still 
utilized by architects today, 

5704
05:05:32,200 --> 05:05:35,500
their finding abstract 
mathematical truths that exist 

5705
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:38,800
apart from any real world 
applications, not just counting 

5706
05:05:38,800 --> 05:05:41,400
things. 
What's amazing though is that 

5707
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:45,100
they're using a number system on
60 rather than 10. 

5708
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:48,200
They're thinking in basic 60 
while you're counting on your 

5709
05:05:48,208 --> 05:05:50,200
fingers and working with powers 
of 10. 

5710
05:05:50,200 --> 05:05:54,200
This sounds really strange Until
you realize that 60 is more 

5711
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,400
divisible by numbers than 10 
years for many mathematical 

5712
05:05:57,400 --> 05:05:59,400
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

5713
05:05:59,400 --> 05:06:01,700
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

5714
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:04,900
better wheel was created. 
But 1,000 of years later were 

5715
05:06:04,900 --> 05:06:07,600
still using the subpar one. 
There is more to this. 

5716
05:06:07,600 --> 05:06:10,800
Mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye, the same 

5717
05:06:10,800 --> 05:06:14,000
individuals who divided circles 
into 360 Degrees. 

5718
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,100
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

5719
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:20,000
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

5720
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:23,700
exact measurement and document 
They're making calendars that 

5721
05:06:23,700 --> 05:06:26,400
line agricultural activities 
with astronomical events, 

5722
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:29,500
tracking the Motions of planets 
and forecasting. 

5723
05:06:29,500 --> 05:06:33,100
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

5724
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:36,100
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

5725
05:06:36,100 --> 05:06:38,500
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

5726
05:06:38,508 --> 05:06:42,100
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

5727
05:06:42,108 --> 05:06:45,800
Star, as a Morning Star, they 
have developed mathematical 

5728
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:49,600
models to forecast, astronomical
events, and identified, as a 

5729
05:06:49,600 --> 05:06:52,700
diele constellations. 
Most impressive though is the 

5730
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:55,700
way they're tackling these 
issues, they are searching for 

5731
05:06:55,700 --> 05:06:58,900
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

5732
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:01,100
predictions in addition to 
merely Gathering of 

5733
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:03,800
observations. 
For another few thousand years, 

5734
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,300
they would not refer to what 
they are doing as science. 

5735
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:09,600
But they are this methodical 
approach to knowledge is not 

5736
05:07:09,600 --> 05:07:11,100
limited to astronomy and 
Mathematics. 

5737
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:15,200
Students are learning how to 
evaluate court cases, write 

5738
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:18,200
poetry and accordance with 
formal guide, lines and 

5739
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:20,000
comprehend historical 
precedence. 

5740
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:22,600
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

5741
05:07:22,600 --> 05:07:25,800
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

5742
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:27,400
down from one generation to the 
next. 

5743
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:31,000
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

5744
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:33,600
today. 
For the first time in history, 

5745
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:36,900
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

5746
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:40,200
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

5747
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:42,700
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

5748
05:07:43,500 --> 05:07:46,500
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

5749
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:49,000
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

5750
05:07:49,000 --> 05:07:51,700
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

5751
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:54,500
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding. 

5752
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:58,200
People whose job it is to think 
about abstract problems, begin 

5753
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:00,700
to draw connections between 
various fields of knowledge. 

5754
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,400
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

5755
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,800
geometric principles, the 
astronomer learns that natural 

5756
05:08:07,800 --> 05:08:10,200
events can be predicted by 
mathematical models. 

5757
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,400
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

5758
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:15,800
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

5759
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:19,300
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

5760
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:22,400
travels and become a custom to 
the mild routine of this amazing

5761
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:24,700
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

5762
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:26,700
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

5763
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:29,800
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

5764
05:08:29,800 --> 05:08:33,600
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

5765
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,600
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

5766
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:39,300
Windows of the house, let in the
first of the day. 

5767
05:08:40,200 --> 05:08:42,900
The first thing that strikes you
is how different their everyday 

5768
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:45,800
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly similar, 

5769
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:49,200
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

5770
05:08:49,200 --> 05:08:51,700
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the households grain 

5771
05:08:51,700 --> 05:08:54,400
supplies. 
Father is going over, is to-do 

5772
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:57,300
list in his head including, 
which irrigation channels 

5773
05:08:57,300 --> 05:09:00,400
require upkeep, which tools 
require a pair and which 

5774
05:09:00,400 --> 05:09:03,100
neighbors he needs to work with 
in preparation for the Harvest, 

5775
05:09:03,100 --> 05:09:06,600
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

5776
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:08,200
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

5777
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:10,900
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

5778
05:09:10,900 --> 05:09:13,600
mathematics to assist with the 
family business and little 

5779
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:16,800
shamat refuses to practice her 
knee form writing exercises. 

5780
05:09:17,900 --> 05:09:20,700
It appears that certain aspects 
of human nature never go out of 

5781
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:23,000
style. 
However, these every day 

5782
05:09:23,000 --> 05:09:26,000
occurrences contain innovations 
that continue to shape Our Lives

5783
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:28,800
to this day. 
In order to trade, fairly with 

5784
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:31,600
her neighbors, the mother uses 
standardized weights and 

5785
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:33,500
measures when she measures out 
grain for breakfast. 

5786
05:09:34,600 --> 05:09:38,300
Father uses a filing system that
arranges data in ways that any 

5787
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:40,700
contemporary office worker would
recognize when he looks through 

5788
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:42,500
his business. 
Records, from the previous day, 

5789
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,600
the breakfast itself 
demonstrates, the sophistication

5790
05:09:45,600 --> 05:09:49,800
of Technology, yeast cultures a 
biological technology, that 

5791
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:52,600
turns simple grain into 
sustenance that can support 

5792
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:55,000
complex. 
Societies have been preserved 

5793
05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:57,500
and passed down through the 
generations to make the bread 

5794
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:00,100
the beer. 
Yes, they have beer for 

5795
05:10:00,108 --> 05:10:02,500
breakfast, which makes sense, 
given the dubious quality of 

5796
05:10:02,500 --> 05:10:05,400
ancient Water Supplies. 
Represents fermentation 

5797
05:10:05,400 --> 05:10:08,300
processes that call for exact 
timing and temperature control. 

5798
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:10,900
You're watching the 
infrastructure of civilization 

5799
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:14,200
in action as the family go about
their morning routines. 

5800
05:10:14,200 --> 05:10:17,800
Thousands of people are served 
by the distribution system that 

5801
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:19,300
provides them with the water 
they use. 

5802
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:22,500
Sewage disposal stops disease 
outbreaks. 

5803
05:10:22,500 --> 05:10:25,000
That would otherwise render big 
cities, uninhabitable. 

5804
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:29,300
Agricultural systems that can 
sustain populations much larger 

5805
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:32,200
than the actual workers in the 
fields are the source of the 

5806
05:10:32,200 --> 05:10:34,300
food. 
Your witnessing the beginning of

5807
05:10:34,300 --> 05:10:37,900
expert crossword when the father
leaves for his Workshop, he's 

5808
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:40,700
not just producing. 
He's also upholding standards 

5809
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:44,200
creating methods and 
establishing a reputation for 

5810
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:46,100
excellence. 
That goes well beyond his local 

5811
05:10:46,100 --> 05:10:49,800
area, his Goods will be traded 
over great distances, spreading 

5812
05:10:49,800 --> 05:10:51,500
the fame of his City to 
locations. 

5813
05:10:51,500 --> 05:10:54,600
He will never be able to visit 
Mother's Day is equally 

5814
05:10:54,600 --> 05:10:56,800
noteworthy. 
She is in charge of a household 

5815
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:00,400
that serves as both the place of
residents and a business She's 

5816
05:11:00,400 --> 05:11:03,900
handling family, finances, 
preserving social ties that are 

5817
05:11:03,900 --> 05:11:06,900
the foundation of community, 
life and processing food for 

5818
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:09,500
preservation. 
Is teaching kids, not only 

5819
05:11:09,500 --> 05:11:13,100
useful skills, but also social 
norms cultural values and the 

5820
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:16,000
information, they will need to 
navigate a complex society as 

5821
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:17,800
adults. 
You're seeing something, that 

5822
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:20,500
would be entirely familiar to 
any Modern Family, when the 

5823
05:11:20,500 --> 05:11:23,400
evening rolls around and they 
all sit down to their main meal.

5824
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:26,700
But it's also utterly 
revolutionary for its time. 

5825
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:30,700
They are sharing food that has 
been prepared preserved and 

5826
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:34,300
processed in ways that enable 
them to eat healthily even in 

5827
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:35,600
the absence of fresh 
ingredients. 

5828
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:39,400
They are talking about the days 
activities in a way that helps 

5829
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:41,900
kids comprehend, how they fit 
into the larger Community. 

5830
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:45,300
Most astonishingly though they 
are at ease, they are not 

5831
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:48,300
fighting for basic survival even
though they live in what we 

5832
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:50,100
might consider primitive 
conditions. 

5833
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:54,100
People can now, enjoy their 
lives plan for the future and 

5834
05:11:54,100 --> 05:11:55,900
pursue interests beyond their 
immediate needs. 

5835
05:11:55,900 --> 05:11:58,600
Thanks to advancements in 
agriculture, Commerce, and 

5836
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:03,100
social organization, there may 
be games storytelling or music 

5837
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:06,100
after supper. 
Another revolutionary idea is 

5838
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:09,600
that people have Leisure Time. 
Human culture can thrive in 

5839
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:12,600
previously, Unthinkable ways. 
When survival is safe enough for

5840
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,900
people to devote their time to 
Pursuits that have no immediate 

5841
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:18,600
practical value. 
In addition, to sleeping off the

5842
05:12:18,600 --> 05:12:21,000
days labor, the family is 
refueling for tomorrow's 

5843
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:24,300
involvement, in Humanity's first
complex Urban living experiment.

5844
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,200
They will awaken tomorrow. 
And once more play a part in 

5845
05:12:28,200 --> 05:12:31,400
preserving the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

5846
05:12:31,400 --> 05:12:35,300
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

5847
05:12:35,300 --> 05:12:39,000
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

5848
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:42,500
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

5849
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:45,400
managed to manage sizable, 
diverse populations without 

5850
05:12:45,400 --> 05:12:47,600
everything, collapsing, and 
Anarchy, and conflict. 

5851
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:51,400
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

5852
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:54,100
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

5853
05:12:54,100 --> 05:12:56,100
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

5854
05:12:56,100 --> 05:12:59,500
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

5855
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,700
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

5856
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:05,600
and unavoidable conflicts, with 
their neighbors, you have 

5857
05:13:05,600 --> 05:13:09,500
competing religious Traditions, 
diverse ethnic groups, economic 

5858
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,700
classes and the inherent human 
propensity for short, 

5859
05:13:12,700 --> 05:13:16,500
sightedness and selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

5860
05:13:16,500 --> 05:13:19,100
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

5861
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:21,700
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

5862
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:25,100
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the, top is a king 

5863
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:27,300
who represents both religion and
politics. 

5864
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:31,200
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

5865
05:13:31,200 --> 05:13:35,100
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

5866
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:37,200
is also channeling, the will of 
the Gods. 

5867
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:40,700
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a law, not 

5868
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:44,300
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrant's 

5869
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:46,700
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

5870
05:13:46,700 --> 05:13:50,800
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

5871
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,600
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

5872
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:57,800
The priests Merchants Artisans 
and farmers, who, truly govern, 

5873
05:13:57,800 --> 05:14:01,300
the society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

5874
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:03,700
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

5875
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:05,400
for long. 
You have an advanced 

5876
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,400
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

5877
05:14:08,400 --> 05:14:11,900
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

5878
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:16,400
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

5879
05:14:16,400 --> 05:14:18,200
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

5880
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:21,400
Every administrative level has 
cleared due to his and 

5881
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:24,200
accountability to both Superior 
and supporting it authorities. 

5882
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:27,600
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

5883
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:30,200
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

5884
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,400
draft thorough legal codes that 
aimed to cover every potential 

5885
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,500
conflict or offense nearly 300 
laws. 

5886
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:39,600
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

5887
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:43,000
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

5888
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:45,600
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

5889
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:47,500
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

5890
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:50,600
comprehensive nurse. 
They distinguish between various

5891
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:52,200
property types and social 
classes. 

5892
05:14:52,200 --> 05:14:55,900
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

5893
05:14:55,900 --> 05:14:59,300
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, they offer 

5894
05:14:59,300 --> 05:15:01,700
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

5895
05:15:01,700 --> 05:15:03,900
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

5896
05:15:03,908 --> 05:15:07,200
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

5897
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,500
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

5898
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:14,100
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

5899
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:17,600
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

5900
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,800
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and court 

5901
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:22,500
procedures that guarantee Fair 
Hearings. 

5902
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:26,300
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

5903
05:15:26,300 --> 05:15:29,800
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

5904
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:33,000
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

5905
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:35,100
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

5906
05:15:35,100 --> 05:15:38,200
legal system is open to the 
public the laws of visible to 

5907
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,300
everyone, because they are 
engraved in stone. 

5908
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:42,800
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

5909
05:15:42,800 --> 05:15:46,000
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

5910
05:15:46,000 --> 05:15:49,200
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

5911
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:50,800
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

5912
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:53,800
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

5913
05:15:53,800 --> 05:15:56,700
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

5914
05:15:56,700 --> 05:16:00,300
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

5915
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:02,700
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king. 

5916
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:04,800
Wants. 
People are aware of their 

5917
05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:07,600
obligations when they are due 
and what they get in return 

5918
05:16:07,600 --> 05:16:10,800
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

5919
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:13,600
infrastructure, upkeep, and 
judicial Services. 

5920
05:16:13,600 --> 05:16:16,800
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

5921
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:18,900
law. 
A system that treats people 

5922
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:22,000
fairly and accordance with 
established standards offers 

5923
05:16:22,000 --> 05:16:23,600
procedures for settling 
conflicts. 

5924
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:27,700
Amicably and fosters incentives 
for collaboration rather than 

5925
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:30,800
conflict is probably more 
desirable than perfect Justice 

5926
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:35,200
which is probably, an achievable
stability, is the outcome due to

5927
05:16:35,200 --> 05:16:37,700
their reasonable confidence in 
the stability of the legal and 

5928
05:16:37,700 --> 05:16:39,900
social framework. 
People are able to make 

5929
05:16:39,900 --> 05:16:42,800
long-term plans. 
Because they believe they will 

5930
05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:45,900
be able to reap the rewards when
those projects mature, they are 

5931
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:48,500
willing to put time and effort 
into Endeavors that won't yield 

5932
05:16:48,500 --> 05:16:51,700
results, right away. 
The intricate irrigation systems

5933
05:16:51,700 --> 05:16:55,600
intricate trade networks, 
educational institutions and 

5934
05:16:55,600 --> 05:16:59,200
Architectural projects, that 
take generations to complete are

5935
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:02,300
all made possible by this 
stability, which in turn lays 

5936
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:05,000
the groundwork, for everything 
else we've been investigating. 

5937
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:08,900
Without governmental structures 
that can uphold continuity and 

5938
05:17:08,900 --> 05:17:11,400
Order over decades or even 
centuries. 

5939
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:14,300
None of these would be feasible.
As you continue, your 

5940
05:17:14,300 --> 05:17:15,900
exploration of ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5941
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:19,700
You may be surprised to learn 
that these pragmatic engineering

5942
05:17:19,700 --> 05:17:23,400
minded, individuals are 
profoundly spiritual but not in 

5943
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:25,700
a way that separates the sacred 
from the secular. 

5944
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:28,100
They don't practice their 
religion during special 

5945
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:31,800
ceremonies or on the weekends. 
It permeates every part of their

5946
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:35,300
lives from how they plan their 
cities, to how they go about 

5947
05:17:35,300 --> 05:17:38,500
their jobs. 
However, this is a faith that 

5948
05:17:38,508 --> 05:17:42,400
sanctifies, practical activity 
and finds the Divine in human 

5949
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:45,600
achievement, not the kind of 
spirituality that demands 

5950
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,900
people, reject the material, 
world Mesopotamian gods are 

5951
05:17:48,900 --> 05:17:52,900
strikingly human-like but in the
most positive sense, they are 

5952
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:56,200
individuals with preferences 
knowledge and continuous 

5953
05:17:56,200 --> 05:17:59,900
engagement in worldly matters 
rather than impersonal abstract 

5954
05:17:59,900 --> 05:18:03,000
ideals. 
Enlil is in charge of the wind 

5955
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:05,500
and storms, which bring 
fertility as well as 

5956
05:18:05,500 --> 05:18:08,600
destruction. 
For those who civilization 

5957
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:12,900
relies on both intelligence and 
irrigation rule over freshwater 

5958
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:16,600
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

5959
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:18,600
essential components of The 
Human Experience. 

5960
05:18:18,600 --> 05:18:21,600
Anonymous stands for both Love 
and War. 

5961
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:24,800
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

5962
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:27,400
they serve as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

5963
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:31,100
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

5964
05:18:31,100 --> 05:18:34,500
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

5965
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:38,000
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

5966
05:18:38,900 --> 05:18:41,300
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

5967
05:18:41,300 --> 05:18:43,700
worshiping. 
They are also honing the social 

5968
05:18:43,700 --> 05:18:46,700
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

5969
05:18:46,700 --> 05:18:49,300
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

5970
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:51,800
temples that are much more than 
just places of worship. 

5971
05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:55,700
There are combination of social 
service agencies, educational 

5972
05:18:55,700 --> 05:18:59,800
institutions and economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

5973
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:02,300
rituals the priests who work in 
these temples. 

5974
05:19:02,300 --> 05:19:05,900
Also, oversee agricultural, 
Estates run, educational 

5975
05:19:05,900 --> 05:19:09,900
institutions, care for libraries
and offer welfare assistance to 

5976
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:13,000
members of the community who are
struggling a society, where 

5977
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:16,000
religious life supports rather 
than contradicts the value's 

5978
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:18,300
required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

5979
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:20,900
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

5980
05:19:20,900 --> 05:19:23,800
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

5981
05:19:23,800 --> 05:19:26,000
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

5982
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:30,000
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

5983
05:19:30,000 --> 05:19:33,200
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

5984
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:36,500
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

5985
05:19:36,500 --> 05:19:39,800
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

5986
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:43,500
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

5987
05:19:43,500 --> 05:19:47,000
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

5988
05:19:47,000 --> 05:19:50,300
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

5989
05:19:50,300 --> 05:19:53,500
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

5990
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:56,800
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

5991
05:19:56,800 --> 05:19:58,700
The religious mandate to 
support. 

5992
05:19:58,700 --> 05:20:01,700
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

5993
05:20:01,700 --> 05:20:04,800
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

5994
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:08,100
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

5995
05:20:08,100 --> 05:20:11,100
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

5996
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:14,900
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat and not merely 

5997
05:20:14,900 --> 05:20:16,600
taking part in a building 
project. 

5998
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:19,900
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

5999
05:20:19,908 --> 05:20:23,000
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

6000
05:20:23,000 --> 05:20:26,200
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

6001
05:20:26,200 --> 05:20:28,100
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

6002
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:31,900
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

6003
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:34,900
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

6004
05:20:34,908 --> 05:20:37,900
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

6005
05:20:37,900 --> 05:20:41,100
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

6006
05:20:41,100 --> 05:20:44,300
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

6007
05:20:44,300 --> 05:20:47,300
all part of the divine plan, 
that creates civilization out of

6008
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,800
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

6009
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:54,700
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

6010
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,700
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

6011
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,900
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

6012
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:04,700
water require careful 
observation and logical 

6013
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,100
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

6014
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:10,000
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

6015
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:13,500
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

6016
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:16,300
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

6017
05:21:16,300 --> 05:21:19,300
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

6018
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:22,300
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

6019
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,500
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

6020
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:29,200
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

6021
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:31,000
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

6022
05:21:31,000 --> 05:21:33,300
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

6023
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:36,800
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

6024
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:40,600
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

6025
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:44,000
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

6026
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:45,800
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

6027
05:21:45,800 --> 05:21:48,500
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

6028
05:21:48,500 --> 05:21:51,500
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

6029
05:21:51,508 --> 05:21:55,200
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

6030
05:21:55,200 --> 05:21:58,100
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

6031
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:01,500
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

6032
05:22:01,500 --> 05:22:04,000
Society Has Changed by writing 
in every other way. 

6033
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:07,600
Because Engineers can document 
effective techniques and learn 

6034
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,600
from past mistakes. 
The irrigation system becomes 

6035
05:22:10,600 --> 05:22:13,600
much more sophisticated, once 
information can be permanently 

6036
05:22:13,600 --> 05:22:17,300
recorded because precedence can 
be documented and consulted 

6037
05:22:17,300 --> 05:22:21,200
legal systems become more 
Equitable and consistent because

6038
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:24,100
contracts can specify precise 
terms and conditions. 

6039
05:22:24,100 --> 05:22:27,300
Trade becomes more. 
Complicated because knowledge 

6040
05:22:27,300 --> 05:22:29,800
can be systematically 
transmitted and preserved. 

6041
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:34,400
Education becomes more effective
however writing all so opens up 

6042
05:22:34,400 --> 05:22:36,600
new possibilities that no one 
had foreseen. 

6043
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:39,900
You can learn mathematics. 
Once you can record numbers, 

6044
05:22:39,900 --> 05:22:43,300
astronomical science can be 
produced when observations can 

6045
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:46,300
be preserved, chemistry and 
medicine can be developed. 

6046
05:22:46,300 --> 05:22:50,000
Once experiments are documented,
Every advancement creates 

6047
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:52,300
opportunities for even more 
advanced movements in 

6048
05:22:52,308 --> 05:22:54,800
unpredictable ways in the realm 
of Economics. 

6049
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:58,500
The networking effect is the 
same once who production is 

6050
05:22:58,500 --> 05:23:02,100
stable, some people can focus on
crafts, you can create better 

6051
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:04,300
tools and methods. 
Once you have talented artists 

6052
05:23:04,300 --> 05:23:07,800
with improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

6053
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:11,100
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

6054
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:14,800
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

6055
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:17,800
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

6056
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:21,000
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

6057
05:23:21,000 --> 05:23:22,600
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

6058
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:26,200
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, People gain 

6059
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:29,700
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

6060
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:32,700
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in, even 

6061
05:23:32,700 --> 05:23:35,500
more ambitious projects, once 
they have faith in group efforts

6062
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:40,600
in ways that exponentially speed
up progress, success, breeds 

6063
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:42,600
success. 
The Mesopotamians are 

6064
05:23:42,600 --> 05:23:45,000
experiencing the fascinating 
discovery that human 

6065
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:47,200
communities. 
Can generate value that far, 

6066
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:49,700
surpasses, what individuals 
could produce working alone. 

6067
05:23:50,600 --> 05:23:52,900
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

6068
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:54,800
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

6069
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:57,900
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

6070
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:00,900
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

6071
05:24:00,900 --> 05:24:04,100
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

6072
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:06,600
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

6073
05:24:06,600 --> 05:24:09,000
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

6074
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:12,400
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

6075
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,100
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

6076
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,000
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

6077
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:20,200
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

6078
05:24:20,200 --> 05:24:23,400
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

6079
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:26,500
quality inputs, is made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

6080
05:24:26,500 --> 05:24:30,000
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

6081
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:33,100
significant, People start to 
have bigger dreams after 

6082
05:24:33,100 --> 05:24:36,400
realizing that prosperity and 
security can be achieved through

6083
05:24:36,400 --> 05:24:39,200
human effort. 
They are more inclined to trust 

6084
05:24:39,200 --> 05:24:41,800
strangers and engage in larger 
communities. 

6085
05:24:41,800 --> 05:24:43,800
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

6086
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:46,800
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone.

6087
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:49,800
They are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

6088
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:52,200
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

6089
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:54,400
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization, 

6090
05:24:54,400 --> 05:24:57,500
this is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

6091
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:00,700
People are choosing to become 
interdependent in stead of 

6092
05:25:00,708 --> 05:25:03,100
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history. 

6093
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:06,500
They're coming to the conclusion
that working together is more 

6094
05:25:06,500 --> 05:25:08,400
advantageous than relying on 
other people. 

6095
05:25:08,400 --> 05:25:11,500
There are risking everything 
that humans societies can be 

6096
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:13,000
more than short-term 
convenience. 

6097
05:25:13,000 --> 05:25:15,600
Alliance's. 
You're seeing networking effects

6098
05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:18,000
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

6099
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:21,600
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamia Innovations, 

6100
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:24,700
influence events throughout the 
ancient world by way of trade 

6101
05:25:24,700 --> 05:25:27,900
routes, diplomatic contacts and 
migration patterns. 

6102
05:25:28,700 --> 05:25:31,700
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

6103
05:25:31,700 --> 05:25:34,600
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

6104
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:38,400
legal precepts developed in her.
From Egypt to India, population 

6105
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:41,200
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian agricultural, 

6106
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,100
Innovations, your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

6107
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:48,100
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

6108
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:49,900
influence and interaction that 
link. 

6109
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:53,900
Far-flung Society is and enable 
Innovations to proliferate well 

6110
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:58,600
beyond their original locations.
For the first time, human 

6111
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:01,000
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

6112
05:26:01,000 --> 05:26:05,000
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

6113
05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:08,200
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

6114
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,400
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

6115
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:12,900
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

6116
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:16,400
Comes to an end, you return to 
the Comforts of the present with

6117
05:26:16,400 --> 05:26:19,800
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

6118
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:22,600
past, the Golden Age of 
witnessed was golden. 

6119
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:26,000
Not because it was Flawless, but
because it was the first time 

6120
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:29,000
that Humanity had successfully 
attempted to build sophisticated

6121
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:33,200
societies that boosted rather 
than depleted human potential. 

6122
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:37,500
With creativity teamwork and an 
incredible belief in human 

6123
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:39,700
potential. 
These individuals overcame 

6124
05:26:39,700 --> 05:26:42,000
obstacles that. 
No other generation had ever 

6125
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:45,900
faced their Solutions were not 
coincidental or short-term fixes

6126
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,500
thousands of years later, we are
still using modified versions of

6127
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:52,600
the institution's systems and 
ways of thinking, they 

6128
05:26:52,600 --> 05:26:54,000
established, because they were 
so successful. 

6129
05:26:54,000 --> 05:26:57,500
Your building on the foundations
established by these ancient 

6130
05:26:57,500 --> 05:27:01,300
Pioneers each time you use 
mathematics, read a written 

6131
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:05,000
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

6132
05:27:05,000 --> 05:27:08,100
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

6133
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:10,900
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

6134
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:14,500
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

6135
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:17,000
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

6136
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:19,500
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

6137
05:27:19,508 --> 05:27:22,100
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

6138
05:27:22,100 --> 05:27:24,600
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

6139
05:27:24,600 --> 05:27:28,300
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

6140
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:31,400
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

6141
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:34,200
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

6142
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:37,300
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

6143
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:40,600
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

6144
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:44,000
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

6145
05:27:44,000 --> 05:27:47,400
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

6146
05:27:47,400 --> 05:27:51,200
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

6147
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:54,300
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

6148
05:27:54,300 --> 05:27:58,000
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

6149
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:01,800
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

6150
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:04,400
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

6151
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:07,400
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

6152
05:28:07,408 --> 05:28:11,000
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

6153
05:28:11,000 --> 05:28:13,000
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

6154
05:28:13,000 --> 05:28:16,300
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

6155
05:28:16,300 --> 05:28:19,500
that will benefit coming 
Generations, even though the 

6156
05:28:19,500 --> 05:28:22,200
cities are now covered in desert
sand and the irrigation channels

6157
05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:25,200
are dry, the human ability to 
bring order out of chaos, 

6158
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:29,100
abundance out of scarcity and 
meaning out of life's, basic 

6159
05:28:29,100 --> 05:28:31,700
materials, still flows like 
those ancient Rivers. 

6160
05:28:31,700 --> 05:28:34,800
Between the Tigris, new 
Freights, rest easy knowing that

6161
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:37,400
you're a part of a story that 
started with the first cities 

6162
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:41,200
and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

6163
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:44,800
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

6164
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:48,800
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

6165
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:50,300
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

6166
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:52,500
times are never truly over. 
Rather. 

6167
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:55,700
They are always just getting 
started and a waiting to be 

6168
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,900
shaped by the next generation of
people who prepared to cooperate

6169
05:28:58,900 --> 05:29:02,200
in order to achieve common 
goals, the same mathematical 

6170
05:29:02,200 --> 05:29:05,000
patterns that the ancient 
astronomers found still govern 

6171
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:06,700
the way the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

6172
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,200
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

6173
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:14,600
something bigger than personal 
survival is still as strong as 

6174
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:16,900
the fires in the old bronze 
workshops. 

6175
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:19,200
And tomorrow, we carry on the 
work. 

6176
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:21,900
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

6177
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:24,800
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

6178
05:29:24,800 --> 05:29:27,600
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

6179
05:29:27,600 --> 05:29:30,900
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

6180
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:33,600
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

6181
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:37,300
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

6182
05:29:37,308 --> 05:29:40,900
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

6183
05:29:40,900 --> 05:29:44,300
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

6184
05:29:44,300 --> 05:29:47,200
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carried

6185
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:50,400
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

6186
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:52,400
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

6187
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:55,300
discovered that a floodplain 
could become a paradise if they 

6188
05:29:55,300 --> 05:29:58,100
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

6189
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:01,300
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

6190
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,000
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

6191
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:07,700
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

6192
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:10,600
interests of the community. 
Even though there's zigurat as 

6193
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:13,700
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 
still be heard in every Public 

6194
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:17,600
Library, contemporary hospital 
and infrastructure project that 

6195
05:30:17,600 --> 05:30:20,700
enhances the lives of people, 
the Builders of never met. 

6196
05:30:21,500 --> 05:30:25,000
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

6197
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:28,100
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

6198
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,400
endures in every book website 
and classroom where new 

6199
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:34,500
information is learned their 
understanding that abundance 

6200
05:30:34,500 --> 05:30:37,900
comes from cooperation, rather 
than competition is evident in 

6201
05:30:37,908 --> 05:30:42,100
every successful Business, 
Partnership community garden and

6202
05:30:42,100 --> 05:30:45,300
instance where neighbors choose 
to support one another rather 

6203
05:30:45,300 --> 05:30:48,900
than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

6204
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:52,300
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

6205
05:30:52,308 --> 05:30:55,100
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

6206
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:56,900
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

6207
05:30:56,900 --> 05:31:00,700
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

6208
05:31:00,700 --> 05:31:04,300
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

6209
05:31:04,300 --> 05:31:08,900
enough food and enough, security
enough purpose, enough Beauty to

6210
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:12,600
make life worthwhile. 
If we are patient creative and 

6211
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:15,600
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

6212
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:18,200
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

6213
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,600
people but also the quiet 
assurance that the same 

6214
05:31:21,600 --> 05:31:25,600
inventive collaborative spirit, 
that created the first cities is

6215
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:27,300
still creating a better world 
today. 

6216
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:31,200
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

6217
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:34,500
empathy ahead of judgment and 
every contribution to a cause 

6218
05:31:34,500 --> 05:31:36,700
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

6219
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:40,100
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

6220
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:43,000
destination. 
The stories mostly aspect is 

6221
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:46,200
that it isn't yet over it, 
persists, in every heart, that 

6222
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:50,000
selects cooperation over 
rivalry, hope over fear and 

6223
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:52,400
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

6224
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:55,500
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

6225
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:56,900
part of its continuous 
development. 

6226
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,500
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

6227
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,600
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

6228
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:06,000
Gardens. 
That will reopen tomorrow, good 

6229
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:08,300
night, civilisation Builder, 
good night. 

6230
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:11,700
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

6231
05:32:11,700 --> 05:32:15,500
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

6232
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:18,500
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

6233
05:32:18,508 --> 05:32:22,200
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

6234
05:32:22,200 --> 05:32:24,700
capacity for Wonder really are 
Eternal. 

6235
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:28,200
The stars that led, those early 
astronomers continue to shine 

6236
05:32:28,200 --> 05:32:31,000
down on you in the same Timeless
patterns. 

6237
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:34,200
They found get enough. 
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 

6238
05:32:35,200 --> 05:32:38,200
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful

6239
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:40,800
task of bringing the world 
closer to the paradise. 

6240
05:32:40,800 --> 05:32:43,300
They saw between two rivers so 
long ago. 

6241
05:32:54,600 --> 05:32:56,600
You know that feeling when 
you're making dinner and you 

6242
05:32:56,600 --> 05:32:59,500
realize you've forgotten to 
defrost the chicken Well, 

6243
05:32:59,500 --> 05:33:03,500
imagine if I told you that back 
in 1851, someone invented a 

6244
05:33:03,500 --> 05:33:06,200
machine that could have solved 
that problem and about 50 

6245
05:33:06,200 --> 05:33:07,400
others. 
You didn't even know you had, 

6246
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:10,400
pull up your favorite chair. 
And let me tell you about some 

6247
05:33:10,400 --> 05:33:12,500
inventions that were so close to
changing everything. 

6248
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,200
They practically had their bags 
packed for fame. 

6249
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:18,500
Dr. John gorrie was sweating 
bullets and Florida. 

6250
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,700
Literally. 
Not because he was nervous but 

6251
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:24,700
because it was 1842 and air 
conditioning was still a pipe 

6252
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:27,200
dream. 
This person was watching, 

6253
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:29,500
yellow, fever. 
Patients suffer in the humid 

6254
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:32,400
heat and he thought there's got 
to be a better way. 

6255
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:35,000
So he built the first ice making
machine. 

6256
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:38,200
This was not the type of 
machine, that simply drops ice 

6257
05:33:38,200 --> 05:33:40,300
cubes into your glass with a 
satisfying plunk. 

6258
05:33:40,300 --> 05:33:44,000
Instead, it was an actual Ice 
Factory capable of cooling. 

6259
05:33:44,000 --> 05:33:47,900
Entire building's picture. 
This gory's contraction looked 

6260
05:33:47,900 --> 05:33:50,400
like someone had crossed a steam
engine with a grandfather clock 

6261
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:54,100
and fed it too much coffee. 
It compressed air, let it expand

6262
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:56,700
and Wallah is appeared like 
magic. 

6263
05:33:56,700 --> 05:34:00,600
He was basically performing 
Miracles with thermodynamics yet

6264
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:01,700
somehow. 
Nobody cared. 

6265
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,500
The timing was all wrong. 
People thought I was supposed to

6266
05:34:05,508 --> 05:34:08,500
come from Frozen ponds in 
Winter, not from some mechanical

6267
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:11,700
beasts that made suspicious 
noises the really heartbreaking 

6268
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:14,000
part. 
Gory died. 

6269
05:34:14,000 --> 05:34:17,900
Broken forgotten In 1855, just 
as the world was starting to 

6270
05:34:17,900 --> 05:34:22,000
figure out that maybe just 
maybe, controlling temperature 

6271
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:25,900
might be useful. 
If he'd invented his machine 50 

6272
05:34:25,900 --> 05:34:28,400
years later, he'd have been 
richer than a chocolate fountain

6273
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,900
at a weight loss convention. 
Instead we had to wait until 

6274
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:35,200
1902 for Willis carrier to 
essentially reinvent. 

6275
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,100
The same thing and become the 
father of modern air 

6276
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:39,700
conditioning. 
But here's where it gets 

6277
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:42,200
interesting. 
Gory's ice machine could have 

6278
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:45,200
changed everything about where 
people lived how cities 

6279
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:48,300
developed. 
And even what we ate, Imagine 

6280
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,200
the American South becoming a 
population Center decades 

6281
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,900
earlier or fresh food being 
available year round everywhere.

6282
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,900
Instead of the Great Migration 
North, maybe we'd have seen the 

6283
05:34:58,900 --> 05:35:01,900
Great Migration to Florida and 
not just for retirement. 

6284
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:06,100
The patent office didn't help 
matters back then getting a 

6285
05:35:06,100 --> 05:35:08,700
patent was like trying to 
convince your teenager to clean 

6286
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:12,800
their room technically possible 
but requiring supernatural 

6287
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,200
patience. 
Gorey got his pattern in 1851 

6288
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:19,700
but by then he was too exhausted
and too poor to manufacturers 

6289
05:35:19,700 --> 05:35:22,600
machines. 
It is akin to finally obtaining.

6290
05:35:22,600 --> 05:35:25,700
The recipe for the ideal 
chocolate chip cookie only to 

6291
05:35:25,700 --> 05:35:28,100
discover that you lack, the 
means to purchase the necessary 

6292
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:30,900
ingredients. 
What makes this scenario 

6293
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,200
scenario? 
Even more frustrating is that 

6294
05:35:33,200 --> 05:35:36,300
ice was already a big business. 
Frederic Tudor. 

6295
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:39,000
The Ice King was shipping ice 
from Massachusetts to the 

6296
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:42,900
Caribbean and making a fortune. 
People knew ice was valuable, 

6297
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:45,900
they just couldn't imagine 
making it themselves, it was 

6298
05:35:45,908 --> 05:35:48,600
like having a money tree in your
backyard but insisting on 

6299
05:35:48,600 --> 05:35:52,100
walking to the bank instead, the
Ripple effects of gory's 

6300
05:35:52,100 --> 05:35:53,900
failure. 
Touch everything around us 

6301
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:57,000
today. 
Hospital design food storage, 

6302
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,100
urban planning. 
All of it had to wait another 

6303
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:04,100
half century to evolve Did the 
scorching Southerners force 

6304
05:36:04,100 --> 05:36:07,200
people to migrate North? 
They could have been sold before

6305
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,800
the Civil War, did the seasonal 
food, shortages that played 

6306
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:15,000
Humanity, for Millennia ever get
resolved gory had the key, but 

6307
05:36:15,000 --> 05:36:16,600
the world wasn't ready to turn 
the lock. 

6308
05:36:17,400 --> 05:36:20,200
Sometimes the best inventions 
arrived like party guests. 

6309
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:23,800
Either two early, when you're 
still in your pajamas, or two 

6310
05:36:23,800 --> 05:36:26,100
late, when you've already eaten,
all the delicious snacks. 

6311
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:29,700
Gory's ice machine was 
definitely the pajamas scenario.

6312
05:36:29,700 --> 05:36:34,000
It was brilliant practical and 
absolutely ahead of its time 

6313
05:36:34,000 --> 05:36:36,400
which in the world of invention 
is sometimes. 

6314
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:39,500
The cruel is fate of all. 
Speaking of timing, let's drift 

6315
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:42,700
over to 1838 when Samuel Morse 
was tapping out. 

6316
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:44,700
His famous water, God, wrought 
message. 

6317
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:47,200
Here's something that will keep 
you up at night. 

6318
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:51,000
Another Telegraph system was 
already working perfectly and it

6319
05:36:51,000 --> 05:36:53,600
might have prevented some of the
bloodiest conflicts in human 

6320
05:36:53,600 --> 05:36:56,700
history. 
Claude sharp had built something

6321
05:36:56,700 --> 05:37:00,300
called the optical Telegraph 
across France in the 1790s. 

6322
05:37:01,200 --> 05:37:03,400
Picture a network of towers 
stretching across the 

6323
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:06,000
countryside. 
Each one topped with mechanical 

6324
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:08,500
arms that moved like a person 
doing semaphore. 

6325
05:37:09,400 --> 05:37:12,300
These weren't just quaint 
windmill decorations, they could

6326
05:37:12,300 --> 05:37:15,300
send a message from Paris to the
Mediterranean faster than a 

6327
05:37:15,300 --> 05:37:16,800
horse could Gallop to the next 
Village. 

6328
05:37:17,600 --> 05:37:20,100
The entire system, functioned 
akin to a highly Advanced 

6329
05:37:20,100 --> 05:37:21,700
version of the childhood 
telephone game. 

6330
05:37:21,700 --> 05:37:25,400
But in stead of mutilating 
whispered words these Tower 

6331
05:37:25,400 --> 05:37:28,700
operators utilize telescopes to 
interpret armed positions and 

6332
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:32,000
transmit coded messages, a 
communication that would take 

6333
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:33,900
weeks on Horseback. 
Could travel the length of 

6334
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:36,500
France in hours. 
It was like having the internet,

6335
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:40,000
except it ran on human eyeballs 
and mechanical precision. 

6336
05:37:41,000 --> 05:37:44,100
Now here's where your heart 
might break a little, the 

6337
05:37:44,100 --> 05:37:46,800
chappie telegraph was so 
effective that Napoleon used it 

6338
05:37:46,800 --> 05:37:48,700
to coordinate his military 
campaigns. 

6339
05:37:48,700 --> 05:37:52,200
However the French government 
kept the telegraph technology 

6340
05:37:52,200 --> 05:37:54,400
secret from other countries 
because they believed it 

6341
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:56,600
provided them with two 
significant and Advantage. 

6342
05:37:56,600 --> 05:37:59,500
Imagine if they shared the 
technology instead. 

6343
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:03,000
The Crimean War might have been 
settled over a cup of tea rather

6344
05:38:03,000 --> 05:38:05,900
than 14 years. 
The American Civil War could 

6345
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:08,300
have been a series of 
strongly-worded telegrams and of

6346
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,400
a four-year. 
Bloodbath The optical Telegraph 

6347
05:38:11,400 --> 05:38:14,100
faced a minor issue that 
ultimately led to its demise. 

6348
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:17,500
It required, favorable weather 
conditions and daylight hours to

6349
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:20,500
function, Fog, rain or 
nighttime. 

6350
05:38:20,500 --> 05:38:23,400
Turn the most sophisticated 
communication Network in the 

6351
05:38:23,408 --> 05:38:26,500
world into an expensive 
collection of wooden Towers. 

6352
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,900
It was like having a sports car 
that only worked on Tuesdays 

6353
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:32,500
when it wasn't cloudy. 
When morse's electrical 

6354
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:36,800
Telegraph came along, it worked 
in any weather day or night, the

6355
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:39,600
optical system became as 
obsolete as a sundial in a 

6356
05:38:39,600 --> 05:38:42,600
smartphone world. 
But here's the thing that should

6357
05:38:42,600 --> 05:38:43,700
make. 
You sit up in bed. 

6358
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:46,900
If someone had figured out how 
to make the optical system work 

6359
05:38:46,900 --> 05:38:49,700
in the dark, we might have had 
instant Global Communication 

6360
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:53,300
decades early. 
The French had over 5,000 

6361
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:55,100
kilometers of optical Telegraph 
Lines. 

6362
05:38:55,100 --> 05:38:58,600
By the 1840s they could have 
connected every major city in 

6363
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:00,100
Europe. 
If other countries had adopted 

6364
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:03,200
the system, instead of treating 
it like a military secret. 

6365
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:07,900
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 
in 1815 with delegate actually 

6366
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:10,400
able to communicate with their 
home countries in real time. 

6367
05:39:11,100 --> 05:39:14,200
Diplomatic crises that escalated
due to slow instructions. 

6368
05:39:14,200 --> 05:39:16,900
For ambassadors might have been 
resolved over lunch. 

6369
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:21,100
But the real tragedy is what 
happened to Claude shap himself.

6370
05:39:21,100 --> 05:39:24,900
He watched his life's work 
overtaken by electrical systems 

6371
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:28,400
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

6372
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:31,900
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

6373
05:39:31,908 --> 05:39:34,000
development of modern 
telecommunications. 

6374
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:37,800
His Towers were the direct 
ancestors of every cell phone 

6375
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:41,800
tower, every fiber optic cable, 
and every satellite dish that 

6376
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:46,200
keeps our world connected today.
The optical telegraph was like a

6377
05:39:46,208 --> 05:39:49,200
bridge between the ancient world
of signal fires and smoke 

6378
05:39:49,200 --> 05:39:52,800
signals and our modern world of 
instant Global Communication. 

6379
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,600
It proved that with enough 
clever engineering and human 

6380
05:39:56,600 --> 05:40:00,100
cooperation, you could shrink 
the world down to a manageable 

6381
05:40:00,100 --> 05:40:04,300
size, it took a century for that
lesson to sink in and by then 

6382
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:06,800
we'd fought Wars that better 
communication might have 

6383
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:10,300
prevented now reclining into 
your pillows as the upcoming 

6384
05:40:10,300 --> 05:40:12,500
story May inspire you to rewrite
history, books. 

6385
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:15,400
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

6386
05:40:15,400 --> 05:40:18,900
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

6387
05:40:18,900 --> 05:40:22,300
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

6388
05:40:22,300 --> 05:40:25,200
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut, Sky two

6389
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,000
years before Alan will, but even
got their Famous 12 seconds off 

6390
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:30,500
the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

6391
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:33,400
inventors who looked like he'd 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

6392
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:37,700
Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

6393
05:40:37,700 --> 05:40:40,500
Dreams and an obsession with 
anything that could fly. 

6394
05:40:41,600 --> 05:40:44,100
While the Wright brothers, were 
methodically, testing gliders, 

6395
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:47,100
and keeping detailed notes. 
Whitehead was building flying 

6396
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:49,900
machines in his backyard, like 
he was assembling furniture from

6397
05:40:49,900 --> 05:40:55,100
a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

6398
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:57,000
claimed. 
They saw Whitehead's number 21. 

6399
05:40:57,000 --> 05:41:00,200
Aircraft fly for about half a 
mile at 50 feet of the ground 

6400
05:41:00,200 --> 05:41:03,400
near Bridgeport. 
The local newspaper, reported it

6401
05:41:03,400 --> 05:41:06,200
the next day with the kind of 
casual enthusiasm, you might use

6402
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:08,500
to describe a particularly 
excellent barbecue. 

6403
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:13,500
Gustav Whitehead flew yesterday,
they essentially said as if 

6404
05:41:13,508 --> 05:41:16,300
people took to the air every 
Tuesday, here's where it gets 

6405
05:41:16,300 --> 05:41:19,800
frustrating enough to make you 
kick your blanket, Unlike the 

6406
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:21,900
Wright brothers, who documented 
everything? 

6407
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:23,900
Like, they were preparing for a 
patent lawsuit. 

6408
05:41:23,900 --> 05:41:27,700
Whitehead was more of a, let's 
see what happens if I attached 

6409
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:31,700
this engine to These Wings kind 
of guy, no, photographs, no 

6410
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:35,100
official records, just 
eyewitness accounts and one very

6411
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:39,400
enthusiastic newspaper article. 
The aircraft itself was a Marvel

6412
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,700
of early 20th century, 
engineering optimism. 

6413
05:41:41,700 --> 05:41:44,900
It had a lightweight motor that 
Whitehead built himself 

6414
05:41:44,900 --> 05:41:48,800
silkwings and a control system 
that required the pilot to 

6415
05:41:48,800 --> 05:41:51,400
basically become one with the 
machine flying. 

6416
05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:54,100
It was less like driving a car 
and more like riding a very 

6417
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:57,500
Cooperative dragon. 
The whole Contraption weighed 

6418
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:00,600
about 800 pounds and looked 
like, it had been designed by 

6419
05:42:00,600 --> 05:42:03,600
someone who'd seen birds flying,
but had never actually met one 

6420
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:06,900
personally. 
What makes this story even more 

6421
05:42:06,900 --> 05:42:08,900
intriguing? 
Is that several Aviation 

6422
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:12,900
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 
came away convinced he'd 

6423
05:42:12,900 --> 05:42:16,400
achieved powered flight. 
He is individuals were Not Mere 

6424
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:19,700
passes by, but rather serious 
engineers, and Aviation 

6425
05:42:19,700 --> 05:42:22,900
enthusiasts who understood the 
distinction between mere flight 

6426
05:42:22,900 --> 05:42:25,800
and True Flight. 
However, the Wright brothers, 

6427
05:42:25,800 --> 05:42:28,900
publicity overshadowed, their 
Testament is The problem was 

6428
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:31,200
that Whitehead couldn't repeat, 
his success, consistently 

6429
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:34,700
Whitehead's engines, exhibited 
temperamental Behavior. 

6430
05:42:34,700 --> 05:42:38,300
His aircraft designs, underwent 
constant changes, and his 

6431
05:42:38,300 --> 05:42:40,800
business Acumen was akin to that
of a golden retriever. 

6432
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:43,300
While the Wright brothers were 
building? 

6433
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:46,800
A sustainable flying program. 
Whitehead was having what you 

6434
05:42:46,800 --> 05:42:49,000
might charitably? 
Call Adventure flights 

6435
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,000
impressive. 
When they worked. 

6436
05:42:51,600 --> 05:42:54,500
Spec spectacular when they 
didn't imagine if Whitehead had 

6437
05:42:54,500 --> 05:42:57,300
been a better record keeper, or 
if someone with a camera had 

6438
05:42:57,300 --> 05:42:59,900
been there, that August morning.
We might be talking about 

6439
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:02,300
Whitehead field in stead of 
Wright, Patterson Air Force 

6440
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:05,500
Base, the whole mythology of 
American Aviation might have 

6441
05:43:05,508 --> 05:43:07,700
started in Connecticut rather 
than North Carolina. 

6442
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:10,500
Beach tourism might have 
developed very differently. 

6443
05:43:11,800 --> 05:43:14,300
But here's the thing that might 
keep you staring at the ceiling.

6444
05:43:14,300 --> 05:43:18,100
Even if Whitehead did fly first,
the Wright Brothers, still 

6445
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:20,900
deserve their Fame. 
They didn't just achieve flight,

6446
05:43:20,900 --> 05:43:24,300
they made it reproducible 
improvable and eventually 

6447
05:43:24,300 --> 05:43:27,700
practical Whitehead was like the
person who accidentally 

6448
05:43:27,700 --> 05:43:30,300
discovers a great recipe but 
forgets to write it down. 

6449
05:43:31,100 --> 05:43:33,600
The Wright brothers were the 
ones who turned flying into 

6450
05:43:33,600 --> 05:43:35,600
something more than a 
spectacular accident. 

6451
05:43:36,400 --> 05:43:39,100
The aviation World probably 
needed both approaches 

6452
05:43:39,100 --> 05:43:42,600
whiteheads, Fearless 
experimentation and the Wright 

6453
05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:46,000
brothers methodical development.
One, pushed the limits of what 

6454
05:43:46,000 --> 05:43:48,000
was possible. 
The other made sure those 

6455
05:43:48,000 --> 05:43:51,600
boundaries stayed pushed It's 
just a shame that history tends 

6456
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:54,200
to remember the finishers better
than the Pioneers who cleared 

6457
05:43:54,200 --> 05:43:56,200
the path. 
Let's pull the covers up a bit 

6458
05:43:56,208 --> 05:43:58,700
higher and discuss something 
that might change how you think 

6459
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:02,200
about World War Two entirely. 
While everyone was focused on 

6460
05:44:02,200 --> 05:44:05,700
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 
German engineer named Konrad 

6461
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:09,000
zuse was quietly building the 
world's first programmable 

6462
05:44:09,000 --> 05:44:10,700
computer in his parents living 
room. 

6463
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:13,900
Indeed, he was building the 
world's first programmable 

6464
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:15,500
computer in his parents living 
room. 

6465
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:18,900
Imagine trying to explain that 
to your homeowners insurance. 

6466
05:44:18,900 --> 05:44:24,400
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 
like someone had taken a pocket 

6467
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:26,800
calculator and fed its steroids 
for two years. 

6468
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:30,700
It could perform floating Point 
arithmetic, handle, conditional 

6469
05:44:30,700 --> 05:44:34,000
operations, and even run 
programs stored on punched film.

6470
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:36,700
This wasn't some glorified 
adding machine. 

6471
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:40,300
This was a genuine computer 
complete with memory processing 

6472
05:44:40,300 --> 05:44:43,600
power and the ability to solve 
complex, mathematical problems, 

6473
05:44:43,600 --> 05:44:46,700
that would have taken human 
calculators weeks to figure out 

6474
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:49,400
Zeus built this Marvel using 
telephone. 

6475
05:44:49,400 --> 05:44:52,500
Relays the kind of switches that
connected your long-distance 

6476
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:54,900
calls back. 
When operators asked number 

6477
05:44:54,900 --> 05:45:00,200
please, The Z3 had about 2600, 
relays clicking away. 

6478
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:04,000
Like a mechanical Orchestra each
one making tiny decisions that 

6479
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:06,100
added up to genuine 
computational power. 

6480
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:10,500
The sound it made while working 
was probably like being inside a

6481
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:13,500
huge, very busy typewriter. 
Here's where your mind might 

6482
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,000
start racing. 
The German military had 

6483
05:45:16,000 --> 05:45:18,900
recognized what Zeus had created
and funded it properly. 

6484
05:45:18,900 --> 05:45:21,600
They could have had 
computational advantages that 

6485
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:25,100
might have changed the entire 
War, codebreaking ballistics 

6486
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,700
calculations Logistics, 
optimization all the number 

6487
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:30,600
crunching nightmares. 
That bogged down military 

6488
05:45:30,600 --> 05:45:32,900
operations. 
Could have been sold by machines

6489
05:45:32,900 --> 05:45:36,000
in of rooms full of 
mathematicians with slide rules.

6490
05:45:37,200 --> 05:45:39,800
But the German authorities 
looked at Zeus's computer and 

6491
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:43,100
essentially Shrugged, they were 
more interested in bigger tanks 

6492
05:45:43,100 --> 05:45:45,000
and faster. 
Planes than in some clicking 

6493
05:45:45,000 --> 05:45:47,200
contraption that solved math 
problems. 

6494
05:45:48,000 --> 05:45:50,700
It was like being offered a 
magic wand and asking if it came

6495
05:45:50,700 --> 05:45:53,700
in a different color. 
The military applications were 

6496
05:45:53,700 --> 05:45:54,800
so obvious. 
They were invisible. 

6497
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:58,000
Meanwhile, on the other side of 
the Atlantic similar 

6498
05:45:58,000 --> 05:46:00,700
computational needs were driving
the development of machines, 

6499
05:46:00,700 --> 05:46:04,200
like any act and Colossus The 
difference was that the Allies 

6500
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:06,800
understood, they were fighting a
war that would be won by whoever

6501
05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:10,300
could process information, 
faster and more accurately. 

6502
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:14,600
The Germans had the technology 
first couldn't see past their 

6503
05:46:14,600 --> 05:46:18,100
traditional military thinking. 
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 

6504
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:22,900
destroyed in an Allied bombing 
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 

6505
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:25,200
it. 
By then he'd already started 

6506
05:46:25,200 --> 05:46:27,900
work on the Z4, which was even 
more advanced. 

6507
05:46:27,900 --> 05:46:31,800
But imagine if that bombing raid
had never happened or if Zeus 

6508
05:46:31,800 --> 05:46:33,900
had been working in a properly 
funded well, protected, 

6509
05:46:33,900 --> 05:46:37,300
government facility and stead of
his parents living room The 

6510
05:46:37,300 --> 05:46:40,400
computational revolution might 
have started in the 1940s 

6511
05:46:40,400 --> 05:46:43,100
Germany in state of the 1950s 
America. 

6512
05:46:43,900 --> 05:46:46,800
The real tragedy is that Zeus 
understood exactly what he did. 

6513
05:46:46,800 --> 05:46:50,600
He wrote the first algorithmic 
programming language developed 

6514
05:46:50,600 --> 05:46:54,100
floating Point arithmetic, and 
even theorized about artificial 

6515
05:46:54,100 --> 05:46:56,600
intelligence decades before 
anyone else was thinking 

6516
05:46:56,600 --> 05:47:00,100
seriously about machine 
thinking, He was like a time 

6517
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:02,700
traveler who brought back 
blueprints from the future 

6518
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:05,600
except nobody believed. 
The future was worth visiting. 

6519
05:47:06,700 --> 05:47:09,900
After the war, when the world 
finally caught up to what Zeus 

6520
05:47:09,900 --> 05:47:12,500
had been doing? 
Computer Revolution exploded. 

6521
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:18,700
But those crucial years, from 
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost

6522
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:21,500
opportunity that might have 
reshaped everything, not just 

6523
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:24,000
the war, but the entire 
development of computational 

6524
05:47:24,000 --> 05:47:27,400
Technology could have been 
accelerated by a decade or more.

6525
05:47:28,200 --> 05:47:30,900
This is one of those historical 
scenarios that can keep you 

6526
05:47:30,900 --> 05:47:33,800
awake at night. 
What if the side with the moral 

6527
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:35,700
High Ground also had the best 
tech? 

6528
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:38,500
What if the computational 
revolution had started 

6529
05:47:38,500 --> 05:47:41,900
differently? 
The most important battles in 

6530
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:44,400
history are sometimes fought 
with ideas that don't get the 

6531
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:46,900
attention they deserve. 
Now, let's talk about something 

6532
05:47:46,900 --> 05:47:49,600
that might make you grateful for
modern medicine, in a whole new 

6533
05:47:49,600 --> 05:47:54,100
way picture. 
This it's 1847, and women are 

6534
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:56,900
dying in childbirth at 
horrifying rates, not from 

6535
05:47:56,900 --> 05:47:59,500
complications during delivery, 
but from something called 

6536
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:03,000
childbed fever that strikes 
afterward in Vienna's General 

6537
05:48:03,000 --> 05:48:04,900
Hospital. 
One maternity ward has a death 

6538
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:08,200
rate of 18% while another Ward 
right down the hall. 

6539
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:13,000
Has a death rate of only 2% Same
Hospital, same city, same year 

6540
05:48:13,000 --> 05:48:16,000
but somehow one hallway is a 
death trap while the other is 

6541
05:48:16,000 --> 05:48:20,200
relatively safe. 
Enter Ignat semmel Vice a 

6542
05:48:20,200 --> 05:48:22,200
Hungarian Doctor, Who looked at 
this situation and thought. 

6543
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:26,400
Something is very wrong here. 
He was like a medical detective 

6544
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:28,800
in an era when most doctors 
thought disease was caused by 

6545
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:32,300
bad air or moral failings. 
Seminole wise noticed something 

6546
05:48:32,300 --> 05:48:35,600
that should have been obvious, 
but somehow wasn't the deadly. 

6547
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:37,900
Ward was staffed by doctors and 
medical students. 

6548
05:48:37,900 --> 05:48:40,300
While the safe Ward was run by 
midwives. 

6549
05:48:40,300 --> 05:48:43,500
Here's where it gets intriguing 
enough to make you sit up in 

6550
05:48:43,500 --> 05:48:45,900
bed. 
The doctors and medical 

6551
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:48,600
students, spent their mornings 
performing autopsies on women 

6552
05:48:48,600 --> 05:48:52,300
who had died from childbirth 
fever, then walked directly to 

6553
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:55,400
the Maternity Ward to deliver 
babies without washing their 

6554
05:48:55,400 --> 05:48:57,000
hands. 
The Midwives. 

6555
05:48:57,000 --> 05:49:01,600
On the other hand didn't do all 
tops is Samuel's put two and two

6556
05:49:01,608 --> 05:49:04,300
together and got an answer that 
nobody wanted to hear. 

6557
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:09,100
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

6558
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,600
with claimed at lime solution 
before examining patients. 

6559
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:15,900
The death rate in the doctor's 
Ward immediately dropped from 

6560
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:19,800
18% to less than 2%. 
You'd think the change would 

6561
05:49:19,800 --> 05:49:22,200
have made seminal Vice the hero 
of Vienna General Hospital. 

6562
05:49:22,200 --> 05:49:24,900
Maybe even got him a statue in 
the courtyard. 

6563
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:28,700
Instead it made him the most 
hated man in the medical 

6564
05:49:28,700 --> 05:49:31,600
establishment. 
The other doctors were Furious. 

6565
05:49:31,600 --> 05:49:35,000
The idea that gentleman's hands 
could be unclean was insulting 

6566
05:49:35,000 --> 05:49:37,900
to their social status. 
Doctors were supposed to be 

6567
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:41,200
learned men of science, not 
common workers who needed to 

6568
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:44,200
scrub up like servants. 
The concept that invisible 

6569
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:47,500
particles on their hands could 
cause disease was so absurd. 

6570
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:51,100
It was practically offensive. 
They essentially told semmel 

6571
05:49:51,100 --> 05:49:53,400
vase that his germ theory was 
crazy talk. 

6572
05:49:53,400 --> 05:49:55,700
What makes this even more 
heartbreaking? 

6573
05:49:55,700 --> 05:49:58,000
Is that Samuel waste could prove
his point with numbers. 

6574
05:49:58,800 --> 05:50:02,000
Every month that hand washing 
was enforced, fewer women died. 

6575
05:50:02,000 --> 05:50:05,100
Every time the policy was 
relaxed, the death rate shot 

6576
05:50:05,100 --> 05:50:07,000
back up, it was caused an 
effect. 

6577
05:50:07,000 --> 05:50:09,700
So clear you could teach it to a
child yet the medical 

6578
05:50:09,700 --> 05:50:12,000
establishment treated it like 
dangerous nonsense. 

6579
05:50:13,000 --> 05:50:15,400
The pushback against Semel ice 
was so intense that he 

6580
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:18,200
eventually suffered what? 
We'd now probably call a nervous

6581
05:50:18,200 --> 05:50:20,400
breakdown. 
He became increasingly 

6582
05:50:20,400 --> 05:50:24,000
frustrated, and confrontational 
writing bitter letters to 

6583
05:50:24,000 --> 05:50:25,700
prominent doctors, calling them 
murderers. 

6584
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:30,000
Technically, he was correct. 
They were killing patients due 

6585
05:50:30,000 --> 05:50:32,800
to ignorance. 
But he never excelled intact. 

6586
05:50:33,700 --> 05:50:36,900
In 1865, he was committed to an 
asylum where he died. 

6587
05:50:36,900 --> 05:50:40,300
Just two weeks later, possibly 
from the same kind of infection.

6588
05:50:40,300 --> 05:50:44,000
He'd spent his career fighting. 
Here's the part that might keep 

6589
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:47,600
you staring at the ceiling. 
The medical world had accepted 

6590
05:50:47,600 --> 05:50:50,400
semmelweiss hand-washing 
protocol in 1847. 

6591
05:50:50,400 --> 05:50:52,800
Millions of lives. 
Could have been saved. 

6592
05:50:53,600 --> 05:50:55,900
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

6593
05:50:55,900 --> 05:50:59,700
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have

6594
05:50:59,700 --> 05:51:02,700
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 
respectable the entire 

6595
05:51:02,700 --> 05:51:05,300
development of modern medicine 
could have accelerated by 

6596
05:51:05,300 --> 05:51:08,100
decades. 
Imagine Civil War Field 

6597
05:51:08,100 --> 05:51:10,900
hospitals where doctors wash 
their hands between patients. 

6598
05:51:10,900 --> 05:51:15,100
Imagine surgery becoming safer 
20 years earlier than it 

6599
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:17,600
actually did. 
Imagine all the mothers and 

6600
05:51:17,600 --> 05:51:20,400
babies who could have lived if 
the medical establishment had 

6601
05:51:20,400 --> 05:51:24,300
been willing to consider that. 
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 

6602
05:51:24,300 --> 05:51:27,100
doctored figured out something 
important about invisible 

6603
05:51:27,100 --> 05:51:30,700
killers. 
In steadily became a tragic 

6604
05:51:30,700 --> 05:51:34,800
footnote Vindicated only after 
his death when pastor and Lister

6605
05:51:34,800 --> 05:51:38,000
made germ Theory fashionable. 
Occasionally the most important 

6606
05:51:38,000 --> 05:51:41,000
discoveries aren't rejected 
because they're wrong but 

6607
05:51:41,000 --> 05:51:43,300
because they're so right. 
They threaten everything. 

6608
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:45,900
People think they know about how
the world Works. 

6609
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:49,000
Let's shift gears again and talk
about something that could have 

6610
05:51:49,000 --> 05:51:52,200
made your daily commute. 
Look very different While 

6611
05:51:52,200 --> 05:51:54,500
everyone was getting excited 
about cars and airplanes. 

6612
05:51:54,500 --> 05:51:57,600
In the early 1900s, there was 
another Transportation 

6613
05:51:57,600 --> 05:52:01,300
Revolution Brewing that most 
people have never heard of It 

6614
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:04,600
involved pneumatic tubes. 
Basically shooting capsules 

6615
05:52:04,600 --> 05:52:07,000
through pressurized air systems.
Like you are emailing yourself 

6616
05:52:07,000 --> 05:52:10,300
across the city. 
The beach pneumatic transit 

6617
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:13,200
system in New York was like 
something out of a Jules, Verne 

6618
05:52:13,200 --> 05:52:15,400
novel, except it actually 
worked. 

6619
05:52:16,000 --> 05:52:20,800
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a
300 to 12 foot demonstration 

6620
05:52:20,800 --> 05:52:24,300
tunnel under Broadway and shot a
cylindrical car carrying 

6621
05:52:24,300 --> 05:52:26,500
passengers through it. 
Using nothing but air pressure. 

6622
05:52:27,300 --> 05:52:30,200
The car was plushie appointed 
with upholstered seats and 

6623
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:34,000
Elegant Lighting, making it feel
more like riding in a Victorian 

6624
05:52:34,000 --> 05:52:36,400
parlor than being shot through 
an underground tube. 

6625
05:52:37,900 --> 05:52:40,100
Passengers described the 
experience as surprisingly 

6626
05:52:40,100 --> 05:52:43,200
smooth and quiet. 
The car would whoosh through the

6627
05:52:43,200 --> 05:52:46,400
tunnel carried Along by a giant 
fan, that created air pressure 

6628
05:52:46,400 --> 05:52:50,700
behind it and suction in front. 
At the end of the line, the 

6629
05:52:50,700 --> 05:52:53,800
process reversed and the car 
would slide gently back to the 

6630
05:52:53,800 --> 05:52:56,800
starting point. 
It was like being inside a huge,

6631
05:52:56,800 --> 05:52:58,600
very comfortable pneumatic 
message system. 

6632
05:52:58,600 --> 05:53:01,900
Beach envisioned a network of 
these pneumatic Railways, 

6633
05:53:01,900 --> 05:53:04,900
crisscrossing Manhattan, 
transporting passengers at 

6634
05:53:04,900 --> 05:53:06,600
speeds. 
That would rival those of modern

6635
05:53:06,600 --> 05:53:09,600
Subway systems. 
No noise, no smoke. 

6636
05:53:09,600 --> 05:53:12,000
No horses. 
Dropping inconvenient packages 

6637
05:53:12,000 --> 05:53:14,300
on the street. 
Just clean quiet. 

6638
05:53:14,300 --> 05:53:18,200
Efficient Transportation powered
by compressed air, the whole 

6639
05:53:18,200 --> 05:53:20,600
system could have been running 
on renewable energy, if they 

6640
05:53:20,608 --> 05:53:22,700
connected the fans to win Mills 
or water wheels. 

6641
05:53:23,600 --> 05:53:26,000
But here's where the story takes
a turn that might make you want 

6642
05:53:26,000 --> 05:53:27,400
to throw your pillow across the 
room. 

6643
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:31,700
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. 
New York's notoriously corrupt 

6644
05:53:31,700 --> 05:53:33,900
political machine were heavily 
invested. 

6645
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:35,900
In street-level transportation 
systems. 

6646
05:53:35,900 --> 05:53:39,000
Horse-drawn omnibuses elevated 
Railways. 

6647
05:53:39,000 --> 05:53:43,100
And eventually street cars. 
The pneumatic system that bypass

6648
05:53:43,100 --> 05:53:46,500
street level corruption and kick
back opportunities was about, as

6649
05:53:46,500 --> 05:53:49,700
well as a tax audit. 
The political opposition to 

6650
05:53:49,700 --> 05:53:52,800
beaches system was so intense 
that he had to build his 

6651
05:53:52,800 --> 05:53:56,500
demonstration tunnel in secret 
working at night and disposing 

6652
05:53:56,500 --> 05:53:59,300
of excavated dirt through a 
basement in a nearby building. 

6653
05:54:00,000 --> 05:54:02,500
He was literally conducting an 
underground Transportation 

6654
05:54:02,500 --> 05:54:05,700
Revolution underground in both 
the physical and political 

6655
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:09,000
sense. 
When Beach Finally Revealed his 

6656
05:54:09,000 --> 05:54:13,900
system to the public, it was an 
instant sensation over. 400,000 

6657
05:54:13,900 --> 05:54:16,500
people paid to ride the 
demonstration line in its first 

6658
05:54:16,500 --> 05:54:20,000
year of operation. 
The public loved it, the pressed

6659
05:54:20,000 --> 05:54:23,100
it and Engineering, experts 
confirmed, it was completely 

6660
05:54:23,100 --> 05:54:25,800
feasible. 
Everything was perfect, except 

6661
05:54:25,800 --> 05:54:27,900
for the small matter of 
political approval for 

6662
05:54:27,900 --> 05:54:30,900
expansion. 
Tweed and his cronies made sure 

6663
05:54:30,900 --> 05:54:34,300
that beaches request for permits
and funding got buried deeper 

6664
05:54:34,300 --> 05:54:36,800
than his tunnel. 
They want to Transportation 

6665
05:54:36,800 --> 05:54:39,200
Systems. 
They could control profit from 

6666
05:54:39,200 --> 05:54:41,600
and use a sources of political 
patronage. 

6667
05:54:42,500 --> 05:54:45,900
A pneumatic system that could be
built quickly and operated 

6668
05:54:45,900 --> 05:54:48,100
efficiently. 
Offered too few opportunities 

6669
05:54:48,100 --> 05:54:50,700
for the kind of Creative 
Accounting that kept political 

6670
05:54:50,700 --> 05:54:53,300
machines running. 
The beach tunnel eventually 

6671
05:54:53,300 --> 05:54:56,500
closed, not because the 
technology didn't work but 

6672
05:54:56,500 --> 05:54:59,700
because the politics didn't 
work, the demonstration tunnel 

6673
05:54:59,700 --> 05:55:01,900
was sealed up and forgotten 
until it was accidentally 

6674
05:55:01,900 --> 05:55:04,700
rediscovered during Subway 
Construction in 1912. 

6675
05:55:05,500 --> 05:55:07,400
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

6676
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:10,400
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

6677
05:55:10,400 --> 05:55:12,700
system. 
We know today, imagine if 

6678
05:55:12,700 --> 05:55:16,000
beached succeeded Manhattan, 
might have had a transportation 

6679
05:55:16,000 --> 05:55:19,600
Network that was fast faster, 
quieter and cleaner than what we

6680
05:55:19,600 --> 05:55:22,500
ended up with. 
The whole development of urban 

6681
05:55:22,500 --> 05:55:25,300
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

6682
05:55:26,000 --> 05:55:28,500
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded. 

6683
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:31,500
Subways cities might have 
developed silent smooth, 

6684
05:55:31,500 --> 05:55:33,900
pneumatic networks. 
That shot people around like 

6685
05:55:33,900 --> 05:55:37,200
packages in a delivery system. 
The technology wasn't the 

6686
05:55:37,200 --> 05:55:39,200
problem. 
Pneumatic tube systems were 

6687
05:55:39,200 --> 05:55:41,700
already being used successfully 
for male delivery in major 

6688
05:55:41,700 --> 05:55:44,300
cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

6689
05:55:44,300 --> 05:55:47,800
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

6690
05:55:47,800 --> 05:55:51,100
aren't ready to support it. 
Sometimes the best inventions 

6691
05:55:51,100 --> 05:55:54,300
fail not because they don't 
work, but because they work too 

6692
05:55:54,300 --> 05:55:57,400
well for the wrong people. 
Now as we settle in for the 

6693
05:55:57,400 --> 05:55:59,900
final part of our journey 
through forgotten invention's, 

6694
05:55:59,900 --> 05:56:02,800
let's talk about something that 
could have changed the entire 

6695
05:56:02,800 --> 05:56:07,000
course of the 20th century. 
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 

6696
05:56:07,000 --> 05:56:08,800
Tesla were having their famous 
war of currents. 

6697
05:56:08,800 --> 05:56:12,000
Another inventor was quietly 
working on something that could 

6698
05:56:12,000 --> 05:56:14,100
have made both of their 
electrical systems look like 

6699
05:56:14,108 --> 05:56:16,900
child's toys. 
Nikola Tesla. 

6700
05:56:16,900 --> 05:56:19,100
Yes, the same Tesla. 
Who won the AC? 

6701
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:21,500
DC battle hadn't. 
Even bigger idea. 

6702
05:56:21,500 --> 05:56:24,400
Brewing in His Brilliant. 
Slightly obsessive mind. 

6703
05:56:25,200 --> 05:56:27,300
He believed he could transmit 
electrical power. 

6704
05:56:27,300 --> 05:56:29,400
Wirelessly through the Earth 
itself. 

6705
05:56:29,400 --> 05:56:32,800
Making power lines as obsolete 
as carrier pigeons. 

6706
05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:36,200
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 
Island, wasn't just an 

6707
05:56:36,200 --> 05:56:39,000
experimental radio station. 
It was supposed to be the 

6708
05:56:39,000 --> 05:56:41,400
prototype for a Global Wireless 
power system. 

6709
05:56:42,300 --> 05:56:46,100
Picture this instead of cities 
crisscrossed with power lines, 

6710
05:56:46,100 --> 05:56:49,800
you'd have Elegant Towers space 
to cross the landscape beaming 

6711
05:56:49,800 --> 05:56:52,600
electricity, through the ground 
to receive his anywhere in the 

6712
05:56:52,600 --> 05:56:55,200
world. 
No more power, outages from 

6713
05:56:55,200 --> 05:56:59,200
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,
electrical infrastructure, and 

6714
05:56:59,200 --> 05:57:01,300
no more limitations on where you
could build things. 

6715
05:57:01,300 --> 05:57:03,500
Based on how close they were to 
power sources. 

6716
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,700
The whole planet would become 
one giant electrical grid test 

6717
05:57:07,700 --> 05:57:10,700
Tesla system worked on the 
principal that the Earth itself 

6718
05:57:10,700 --> 05:57:14,300
could act as a conductor. 
By pumping electrical energy 

6719
05:57:14,300 --> 05:57:16,000
into the ground at specific 
frequencies. 

6720
05:57:16,000 --> 05:57:18,800
He believed he could create 
standing waves. 

6721
05:57:18,800 --> 05:57:21,300
That would allow power to be 
extracted anywhere on the 

6722
05:57:21,300 --> 05:57:24,700
planet. 
Sounds like science fiction but 

6723
05:57:24,700 --> 05:57:26,900
Tesla had already demonstrated 
Wireless power. 

6724
05:57:26,900 --> 05:57:30,500
Transmission on a smaller scale,
lighting, bulbs from miles away 

6725
05:57:30,500 --> 05:57:34,700
without any connecting wires. 
The financial backing for Warden

6726
05:57:34,700 --> 05:57:38,000
Cliff came from JP Morgan who 
initially thought he was funding

6727
05:57:38,000 --> 05:57:40,000
and improved Wireless 
communication system. 

6728
05:57:40,900 --> 05:57:44,400
When Tesla revealed his true 
intention free wireless power 

6729
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:48,400
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm
called faster than coffee left 

6730
05:57:48,400 --> 05:57:49,400
on a porch. 
In January. 

6731
05:57:49,400 --> 05:57:53,300
Free Power meant no metered 
usage, which meant no way to 

6732
05:57:53,300 --> 05:57:55,500
charge customers, which meant no
profit. 

6733
05:57:56,300 --> 05:58:00,000
Morgan pulled his funding in 
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 

6734
05:58:00,000 --> 05:58:02,900
dreams died with it. 
Here's where you might want to 

6735
05:58:02,900 --> 05:58:06,300
pull the blankets, over your 
head and contemplated timelines.

6736
05:58:07,800 --> 05:58:10,600
Tesla's, Wireless power system 
had worked as intended, the 

6737
05:58:10,600 --> 05:58:13,100
entire 20th century could have 
unfolded differently. 

6738
05:58:14,000 --> 05:58:16,400
There would have been known 
assess for large-scale power 

6739
05:58:16,400 --> 05:58:19,000
plants in each region. 
The system would have been 

6740
05:58:19,000 --> 05:58:21,500
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

6741
05:58:21,500 --> 05:58:25,000
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

6742
05:58:25,000 --> 05:58:27,500
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

6743
05:58:28,400 --> 05:58:31,700
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

6744
05:58:31,700 --> 05:58:35,000
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened in 

6745
05:58:35,000 --> 05:58:37,700
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

6746
05:58:37,700 --> 05:58:40,300
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

6747
05:58:40,300 --> 05:58:43,400
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

6748
05:58:43,400 --> 05:58:46,600
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

6749
05:58:46,600 --> 05:58:50,000
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

6750
05:58:50,000 --> 05:58:53,300
system, had one crucial flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

6751
05:58:53,300 --> 05:58:55,200
start. 
It would have been almost 

6752
05:58:55,200 --> 05:58:58,600
impossible to control who used 
the power unlike electrical 

6753
05:58:58,600 --> 05:59:02,000
lines, that could be meted and 
disconnected Wireless power beam

6754
05:59:02,000 --> 05:59:04,200
through the Earth would have 
been available to anyone with 

6755
05:59:04,200 --> 05:59:07,700
the right receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

6756
05:59:07,700 --> 05:59:10,400
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

6757
05:59:10,400 --> 05:59:13,500
The irony is that Tesla's 
Wireless power transmission. 

6758
05:59:13,500 --> 05:59:18,700
Actually worked on a small scale
is Colorado Springs laboratory 

6759
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:22,300
successfully transmitted power 
wirelessly across significant 

6760
05:59:22,300 --> 05:59:24,400
distances. 
The problem wasn't the 

6761
05:59:24,400 --> 05:59:26,400
technology. 
It was the economics and 

6762
05:59:26,400 --> 05:59:28,700
politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

6763
05:59:28,700 --> 05:59:33,100
to paying for After Warden. 
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 

6764
05:59:33,100 --> 05:59:35,800
rest of his life as a brilliant,
but increasingly eccentric, 

6765
05:59:35,800 --> 05:59:38,800
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

6766
05:59:38,800 --> 05:59:42,100
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

6767
05:59:42,100 --> 05:59:46,800
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

6768
05:59:46,800 --> 05:59:49,800
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

6769
05:59:49,800 --> 05:59:54,400
Robotics were not only possible 
but a central As you drift off 

6770
05:59:54,408 --> 05:59:58,000
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

6771
05:59:58,000 --> 06:00:01,000
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

6772
06:00:01,000 --> 06:00:03,500
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

6773
06:00:03,500 --> 06:00:06,800
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

6774
06:00:06,800 --> 06:00:10,200
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

6775
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:13,200
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

6776
06:00:13,200 --> 06:00:16,400
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers prove that 

6777
06:00:16,400 --> 06:00:20,100
the future is always closer than
we think it's just waiting for 

6778
06:00:20,100 --> 06:00:23,100
the right combination of 
Technology timing and the 

6779
06:00:23,100 --> 06:00:26,100
courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

6780
06:00:26,100 --> 06:00:28,700
impossible after all sweet 
dreams. 

6781
06:00:28,700 --> 06:00:31,800
And remember, tomorrow's 
impossibility might just be 

6782
06:00:31,800 --> 06:00:34,500
tonight's bedtime story waiting 
to come true.